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Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T09:44:55Z

AndrewJordan: made basic article and citations.

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Balurghat {{Small|WB-6}}
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Balurghat.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Balurghat Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Sukanta Majumdar - Kolkata 2022-08-04 0400.jpg
| mp = [[Sukanta Majumdar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Itahar Assembly constituency|Itahar]] [[Kushmandi Assembly constituency|Kushmandi]] [[Kumarganj Assembly constituency|Kumarganj]] [[Balurghat Assembly constituency|Balurghat]] [[Tapan Assembly constituency|Tapan]] [[Gangarampur Assembly constituency|Gangarampur]] [[Harirampur Assembly constituency|Harirampur]]
| electors = 15,61,966(2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |title=Voter Turnout Data|publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2024-05-25 |access-date=2025-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=2024-05-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Balurghat]] in [[West Bengal]]. While six of the assembly segments of No. 6 Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency are in [[South Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur district]], one assembly segment is in [[North Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur district]]. The seat was earlier reserved for scheduled castes but from 2009 it is an open seat.

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|250px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. '''Balurghat''', 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 6 Balurghat is composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|36
|[[Itahar Assembly constituency|Itahar]]
|[[Uttar Dinajpur]]
|[[Mosaraf Hussen]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|37
|[[Kushmandi Assembly constituency|Kushmandi]] (SC)
| rowspan="6" |[[Dakshin Dinajpur]]
|[[Tapas Chandra Roy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|38
|[[Kumarganj Assembly constituency|Kumarganj]]
|[[Toraf Hossain Mandal]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|39
|[[Balurghat Assembly constituency|Balurghat]]
|[[Bidyut Kumar Roy (Indian politician)|Bidyut Roy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|40
|[[Tapan Assembly constituency|Tapan]] (ST)
|[[Budhrai Tudu]]
|-
|41
|[[Gangarampur Assembly constituency|Gangarampur]] (SC)
|[[Satyendra Nath Ray]]
|-
|42
|[[Harirampur Assembly constituency|Harirampur]]
|[[Biplab Mitra]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balurghat Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/balurghat.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|Susil Ranjan Chattopadhyay{{Efn|West Dinajpur (1952-62)}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Selku Mardi]]
|-
|Chapala Kanta Bhattacharjee
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Sarkar Murmu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[J.N.Pramanick]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Rasendranath Barman]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Palas Barman|Palash Barman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=10}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Ranen Barman]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Prasanta Kumar Majumdar]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Arpita Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Sukanta Majumdar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Balurghat]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sukanta Majumdar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=574,996|percentage=46.47|change={{increase}}1.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Biplab Mitra]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=564,610|percentage=45.63|change={{increase}}3.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Joydeb Siddhanta|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|votes=54,217|percentage=4.38|change={{decrease}}1.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=7,437|percentage=0.6|change={{decrease}}0.52}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,386|percentage=0.84|change={{decrease}}1.94}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,35,347{{efn|does not include postal ballots}}|percentage=79.09|change={{decrease}}4.6}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Balurghat]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sukanta Majumdar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 539,317
|percentage = 45.02
|change = +25.04
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= [[Arpita Ghosh]]
|party=All India Trinamool Congress
|votes=506,024
|percentage=42.24
|change=+3.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ranen Barman]]
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|votes = 72,990
|percentage = 6.09
|change = -22.38
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=Abdus Sadeq Sarkar
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes=36,783
|percentage=3.07
|change=-4.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Naran Tudu
|votes = 6,387
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Muslima Khatun
|votes = 4,950
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bibhuti Tudu
|votes = 4,719
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Ranjit Kumar Mohanta
|votes = 3,300
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Ranendra Nath Mali
|votes = 2,007
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Kamtapur People's Party (United)
|candidate = Nubash Chandra Barman
|votes = 1,763
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Biren Mahanta
|votes = 1,526
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star
|candidate = Manas Chakraborty
|votes = 1,349
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 13,414
|percentage = 1.12
|change = +0.02
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 33,293
|percentage = 2.78
|change = -7.28
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,198,237
|percentage = 83.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,431,704
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +10.67
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Balurghat<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Arpita Ghosh]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 4,09,641
|percentage = 38.53
|change = -5.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bimalendu Sarkar|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|votes=302,677|percentage=28.47|change=-15.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bishwapriya Roychowdhury|votes=223,014|percentage=20.98|change=+14.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Om Prakash Mishra|party=Indian National Congress|votes=80,715|percentage=7.59|change=+7.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdus Sadek Sarkar|party=All India United Democratic Front|votes=10,547|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shiben Sarkar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=5,647|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Som Hemram|party=Jharkhand Disom Party|votes=4,774|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajen Hansda|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=4,581|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sasti Chandra Sarkar|party=Rashtriya Janadhikar Suraksha Party|votes=3,969|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Islam Nural|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=2,644|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ranendranath Mali|party=Bahujan Mukti Party|votes=1,687|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=11,691|percentage=1.10|change=---}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,06,964|percentage=10.06|change=-9.47}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,63,053|percentage=84.74|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: [[Balurghat]]<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 22 May 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Prasanta Kumar Majumdar
|votes = 388,444
|percentage = 44.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Biplab Mitra
|votes = 383,339
|percentage = 43.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Subhash Chandra Barman
|votes = 59,741
|percentage = 6.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gobinda Hansda
|votes = 13,977
|percentage = 1.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Assam United Democratic Front
|candidate = Mridul Ghosh
|votes = 10,460
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Samu Soren
|votes = 8,182
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Chamru Oram
|votes = 5,722
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Prahallad Barman
|votes = 5,495
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,005
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 875,360
|percentage = 86.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1951-2004===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Winner
|
!Runner-up
|-
|
!Candidate
!Party
!Candidate
!Party
|-
|1951
|[[Susil Ranjan Chattopadhyay]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Narendra Mohan Sen
|[[Communist Party of India]]<ref name="loksabha1952">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120817/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=23 May 2013 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|1957
|Selku Mardi
|Indian National Congress
|
|
|-
|
|Chapala Kanta Bhattacharjee
|Indian National Congress
|Narendra Mohan Sen
|Communist Party of India<ref name="loksabha1957">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf |access-date=23 May 2013 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|1962
|Sarkar Murmu
|Communist Party of India
|Selku Mardi
|Indian National Congress<ref name="loksabha1962">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |access-date=23 May 2013 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|1967
|J.N.Pramanick
|Indian National Congress
|D.P.Kanti
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name="loksabha1967">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=23 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|1971
|Rasendranath Barman
|Indian National Congress
|Pijush Kanti Das
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name="loksabha1971">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=23 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|1977
|Palas Barman
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]]
|Rasendra Nath Burman
|Indian National Congress<ref name="loksabha1977">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1980
|Palas Barman
|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|Ranajit Sarkar
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<ref name="loksabha1980">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1984
|Palas Barman
|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|Satyendra Nath Ray
|Indian National Congress<ref name="loksabha1984">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1989
|Palas Barman
|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|Satyendra Nath Ray
|Indian National Congress<ref name="loksabha1989">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1991
|Palas Barman
|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|Rasendra Nath Burman
|Indian National Congress<ref name="loksabha1991">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1996
|[[Ranen Barman]]
|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|Satyendra Nath Ray
|Indian National Congress<ref name="loksabha1996">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1998
|Ranen Barman
|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|Nani Gopal Roy
|[[Trinamool Congress]]<ref name="loksabha1998">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=July 18, 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1999
|Ranen Barman
|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|Subhash Chandra Barman
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="loksabha1999">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=July 18, 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|Ranen Barman
|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|Manomohan Roy
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="loksabha2004">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|}
Note: In 1951 and 1957 the contest was in the West Dinajpur constituency. From 1962, it was Balurghat constituency.

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Balurghat]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Dakshin Dinajpur topics}}

{{Coord|25.22|N|88.77|E|display=title|format=dms|}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Dakshin Dinajpur district]]

Gossaigaon Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T04:13:39Z

AndrewJordan: New - done

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gossaigaon
| mla = [[Sabharam Basumatary]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bodoland People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent politician|None}}
| latest_election_year = 2026
| preceded_by = [[Jiron Basumatary]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]]
| district = [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 1
| map_image = Gossaigaon Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
}}
'''Gossaigaon''' is one of the 126 constituencies of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. Gossaigaon forms a part of the [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Extent ==
After 2023, Gossaigaon Assembly constituency is made up Gossaigaon Town Committe, and parts of Gossaigaon, Hatidhura and Kachugaon Development Blocks.<ref name=":0" />

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Jatindra Narayan Das
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Mithius Tudu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" | Tajendra Narzary
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[Mithius Tudu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Majendra Narzary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}" |
| rowspan="3" | [[Bodoland People's Front]]
|-
| [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}" |
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}" |
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election#Bypolls|2021]]^
| [[Jiron Basumatary]]
|{{Full party name with color| United People's Party Liberal}}
|-
|2026
|[[Sabharam Basumatary]]
|
|[[Bodoland People's Front]]
|}
^ bypoll

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Gossaigoan}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sabharam Basumatary]]|party=Bodoland People's Front|votes=44394|percentage=44.35|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=PHEDRICSON HANSDAK|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|votes=21417|percentage=21.40|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Aninda Basumatary|party=United People's Party Liberal|votes=17431|percentage=17.41|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Joseph Hasda|party=Indian National Congress|votes=15128|percentage=15.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=HELEN MURMU|party=Independent|votes=600|percentage=0.60|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=1123|percentage=1.12|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22977 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=100093|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =1,14,486 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=BPF|loser=UPPL |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021 bypoll===
{{Election box begin |title=2021 Assam Legislative Assembly By-Election: Gossaigaon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = United People's Party Liberal
|candidate = [[Jiron Basumatary]]
|votes = 58,769
|percentage = 39.64
|change = +1.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jowel Tudu
|votes = 30,517
|percentage = 20.58
|change = -2.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = Dhruba Kumar Brahma Narzary
|votes = 20,435
|percentage = 13.78
|change = -31.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Khairul Anam Khandakar
|votes = 19,255
|percentage = 12.99
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Osman Goni Sheikh
|votes = 14,334
|percentage = 9.67
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Kamal Roy
|votes = 1,478
|percentage = 1
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1,369
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,252
|percentage = 19.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,48,274
|percentage =77.70
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United People's Party Liberal
|loser = Bodoland People's Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Gossaigaon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party =Bodoland People's Front
|candidate =[[Majendra Narzary]]
|votes =70,407
|percentage =45.19
|change = +13.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=United People's Party Liberal|candidate=Somnath Narzary|votes=60,064|percentage=38.55|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate =Khairul Anam Khandakar
|votes =9,174
|percentage =5.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate =Surjyanath Tudu
|votes =3,982
|percentage =2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate =Abdul Samad Choudhury
|votes =3,831
|percentage =2.46
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority||votes=10,343|percentage=6.71|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,59,239|percentage=84.03|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bodoland People's Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Gossaigaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = [[Majendra Narzary]]
|votes = 45,517
|percentage = 31.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Ravi Sankar Kasireddy
|votes = 39,476
|percentage = 27.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Indian National Congress
|candidate =Ashim Hasda
|votes =32,187
|percentage =22.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate =Somnath Narzary
|votes =17,924
|percentage =12.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate =Wilson Hasda
|votes =3,786
|percentage =2.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =6,041
|percentage =4.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =85.83
|change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bodoland People's Front
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Kokrajhar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

T. Ali

2026-05-05T15:14:47Z

AndrewJordan: created first bio nd citations

{{Short description|Bangladeshi lawyer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| native_name = টি আলী
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = T. Ali.jpg
| office = Federal Minister of Pakistan
| 1blankname = Governor-general
| 1namedata = [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]]
| 2blankname = Portfolio
| 2namedata = Commerce
| term_start = 7 December 1953
| term_end = 4 October 1954
| predecessor = [[Fazlur Rahman (politician, born 1905)|Fazlur Rahman]]
| successor = [[Abul Hassan Ispahani]]
| office1 = Provincial Minister of East Pakistan
| governor1 = {{ubl|[[Frederick Chalmers Bourne]]|[[A. S. M. Akram]]|[[Feroz Khan Noon]]|[[Abdur Rahman Siddiqui]]|[[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]]}}
| 1blankname1 = Portfolio
| 1namedata1 = Finance, Revenue and Agriculture
| term_start1 = 15 September 1948
| term_end1 = 6 December 1953
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[Hamidul Huq Choudhury]]|[[Abdul Motaleb Malik]]}}
| successor1 = {{ubl|[[Abu Hussain Sarkar]]|[[Abdul Latif Biswas (Politician in Pakistan)|Abdul Latif Biswas]]|[[Yusuf Ali Chowdhury]]}}
| birth_name = Md. Tafazzal Ali
| birth_date = 1 July 1906
| birth_place = [[Comilla Division|Tipperah District]], [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1988|12|13|1906|07|01}}
| death_place = [[Bangkok Hospital]], Thailand
| party = [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|PML]]
| other_party = [[All-India Muslim League|AIML]] (1937–1947)
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| education =
| profession = Lawyer
| resting_place = [[Banani graveyard]]
| relations = [[Reza Ali]] (son)
}}
'''Md. Tafazzal Ali''', commonly known as '''T. Ali''' (1906–1988), was a Bangladeshi lawyer and politician, who was federal minister of Pakistan as a member of [[Ministry of Talents]] and provincial minister of [[East Pakistan]] as a member of [[Amin ministry]].

== Biography ==
Ali was born in 1 July 1906 in Kasba, [[Tippera District]], [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], British India.<ref name=d/><ref name=w/> He acquired his Bachelor of Arts degree from [[Maulana Azad College|Islamia College, Calcutta]]. After obtaining his Bachelor of Law degree from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1933, Ali started his career as a lawyer of [[Calcutta High Court]]. In 1936, he became a member of the Tippera District Board.<ref name=w>{{cite book|title=The India and Pakistan Year Book and Who's Who|year=1950|volume=36|page=791|first=Stanley|last=Reed|publisher=Bennet, Coleman & Co., Ltd}}</ref>

He was elected from the Tippera North-East constituency in the [[1946 Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], becoming a member and deputy speaker of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite document|title=Bengal Legislative Assembly Proceedings on Partition of Bengal (The 20th June 1947) Volume LXXII Issue IV|page=V, VIII|orig-year=1947|year=2002|publisher=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref name=d/> After 1947, he became a member of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://burichang.comilla.gov.bd/bn/site/page/8kiQ-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC|script-title=bn:প্রখ্যাত ব্যক্তিত্ব|language=bn|work=Burichang Upazila|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608082743/https://burichang.comilla.gov.bd/bn/site/page/8kiQ-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC|archive-date=8 June 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1948, he was appointed as provincial minister for revenue in East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=bn:পূর্ব্ববঙ্গের নূতন মন্ত্রিসভা বিভিন্ন দপ্তর বণ্টন|language=bn|page=6|date=17 September 1948|newspaper=[[Jugantar Patrika]]}}</ref> Later, he was given the provincial portfolios of finance and agriculture.<ref name=d/> In 1953, he was appointed as federal minister for commerce in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|title=পাকিস্তান মন্ত্রিসভার সম্প্রসারণ সমাপ্ত|language=bn|page=1|date=8 December 1953|newspaper=[[The Azad]]}}</ref>

In 1955, he was appointed as ambassador of Pakistan to Egypt for a year.<ref name=r/><ref name=d/> He was elected president of the East Pakistan High Court Bar Association in 1962 and [[Bangladesh Supreme Court Bar Association]] in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SCBA {{!}} SCBA Presidents |url=https://scba.org.bd/scba_presidents.php |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=scba.org.bd}}</ref><ref name=d/> Ali died on 13 December 1988 at [[Bangkok Hospital]], Thailand.<ref name=d>{{cite news|title=টি আলীর ইন্তেকাল|language=bn|pages=1, 2|date=14 December 1988|newspaper=[[The Daily Ittefaq]]}}</ref> Politician [[Reza Ali]]<ref name=r>{{cite news|url=https://ekattor.tv/others/39391/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E2%80%99%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE|script-title=bn:সাবেক এমপি ও বিটপী'র প্রতিষ্ঠাতা রেজা আলী মারা গেছেন|language=bn|date=13 February 2023|work=[[Ekattor TV]]}}</ref> and military personnel Major Sadek Ali were his sons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/634829/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC.-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE|script-title=bn:মেজর (অব.) সাদেক আলীর মৃত্যুতে ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া সমিতি ঢাকা'র শোক|date=7 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Daily Ittefaq]]|language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi lawyers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Egypt]]
[[Category:Commerce ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Provincial ministers of East Pakistan]]
[[Category:East Bengal MLAs 1947–1954]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1946–1947]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:People from Kasba Upazila]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]
[[Category:Maulana Azad College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Srinivasa Reddy

2026-05-01T22:53:34Z

AndrewJordan: created new details w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian actor, film producer and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Srinivasa Reddy
| image = Ysrinusmile.jpg
| birth_name = Yaramala Srinivasa Reddy
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|11|16}}
| birth_place = [[Khammam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India (now [[Telangana]], India)
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| yearsactive = 1995 - present
}}
'''Yaramala Srinivasa Reddy''' is an Indian actor known for his work in [[Telugu cinema]]. He started his career as a television anchor, hosting comedy shows, and later moved into films. He made his acting debut with ''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]'' (2001) and gained popularity with his comic role in ''[[Idiot (2002 film)|Idiot]]'' (2002), where his "Boost" dialogue became widely recognized.

He went on to become a well-known comedian, appearing in over 100 films. Some of his notable works include ''[[Venky]]'' (2004), ''[[Desamuduru]]'' (2007), ''[[Parugu]]'' (2008), ''[[Bendu Apparao R.M.P|Bendu Apparao RMP]]'' (2009), ''[[Anjaneyulu (film)|Anjaneyulu]]'' (2009), ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'' (2010), ''[[Solo (2011 film)|Solo]]'' (2011), ''[[Pataas]]'' (2015), and ''[[Raja the Great]]'' (2017).<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Y. Sunitha Chowdhary |date=11 December 2011 |title=Interview With Srinivasa Reddy |url=http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/interviews/interview-with-srinivasa-reddy-111211.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811080120/http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/interviews/interview-with-srinivasa-reddy-111211.html |archive-date=11 August 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |work=Cinegoer}}</ref>

In addition to supporting roles, he also played lead roles in films like ''[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|Geethanjali]]'' (2014) and ''[[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (2016 film)|Jayammu Nischayammu Ra]]'' (2016), both of which received critical appreciation.<ref name=":2" />

In 2019, Srinivasa Reddy made his directorial debut with the comedy film ''[[Bhagyanagara Veedhullo Gammattu]]'', which he also produced under his own production banner.<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
Srinivasa Reddy was born in Chinakorukondi, a village in [[Kalluru mandal|Kalluru Mandal]] of [[Khammam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] (now in Telangana). He was the youngest of four siblings born to Yaramala Rami Reddy, a Village Development Officer (V.D.O.) and stage actor, and Venkataravamma. His father’s involvement in theatre influenced Srinivasa Reddy’s early exposure to the performing arts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=25 December 2019 |title=అపహాస్యానికి అవకాశం ఇవ్వను - కమెడియన్ శ్రీనివాస రెడ్డి |url=https://telugucinemacharitra.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/comedian-srinivasareddi-1.jpg |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Navya |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |page=46 |language=en-US |via=Telugu Cinema Charitra}}</ref>

During his childhood, he was inspired by cinematic icons like [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[N. T. Rama Rao]], and [[Chiranjeevi]]. Known for his talent in storytelling, he would narrate film plots to his peers and mimic dance routines inspired by N. T. Rama Rao. His school play performances earned him recognition and admiration.<ref name=":0" />

While pursuing [[Education in India#Higher Secondary / Senior Secondary / Intermediate Education|intermediate education]], he became a [[mimicry artist]], gaining popularity in Khammam district for imitating film stars such as [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. He later earned a [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]] degree in [[Khammam]] and won several accolades for his performances, including the title "Man of the University" at [[Gulbarga University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |date=23 January 2011 |title=Bluffmaster |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article1117271.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212208/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Bluffmaster/article15529440.ece |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=27 July 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Career ==
After completing his degree, Srinivasa Reddy moved to [[Hyderabad]] around 1997 to pursue a career in the film industry. He initially appeared in television serials, including
''[[Chanakya (TV series)|
Chanakya]]'' on [[Doordarshan]]. However, his career was briefly interrupted by a road accident in 1998. After recovering, he gained prominence as an [[Television presenter|anchor]] for television shows such as ''Fun Tonic'' on Siti Cable and ''Navvu Navvinchu'' on [[Gemini TV]]. His exposure in these shows helped him connect with director [[Puri Jagannadh]], thanks to an introduction by [[Raghu Kunche]] and Jr. Relangi.<ref name=":0" />

Srinivasa Reddy made his acting debut in the film ''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]'' (2001). His breakthrough came with Puri Jagannadh’s [[Idiot (2002 film)|''Idiot'']] (2002), where he portrayed the friend of [[Ravi Teja]]’s character. His comedic performance and the iconic "Boost" dialogue, delivered while clad only in underwear, became a memorable moment in Telugu cinema. This role established him as a sought-after comedic actor.<ref name=":0" />

Following his success in ''Idiot'', Srinivasa Reddy appeared in several successful films, including ''[[Venky]]'' (2004), ''[[Desamuduru]]'' (2007), [[Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)|''Lakshmi Kalyanam'']] (2007), ''[[Parugu]]'' (2008), [[Bendu Apparao R.M.P|''Bendu Apparao RMP'']] (2009), ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'' (2010), and [[Solo (2011 film)|''Solo'']] (2011). He became well known for portraying the protagonist's friend or a supporting character throughout these films. His humorous dialogues, such as "Ippudu kakapothe inkeppudu" ({{Translation|"If not now, when?"}}) in ''[[Pataas]]'' (2015) and "Uhu Hoo… Hoo…" in ''[[Raja the Great]]'' (2017), became widely popular. Srinivasa Reddy also worked as an assistant director for ''Raja the Great'' and as an associate director for ''[[Athili Sattibabu LKG]]'' (2007).<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=25 December 2019 |title=అపహాస్యానికి అవకాశం ఇవ్వను - కమెడియన్ శ్రీనివాస రెడ్డి |url=https://telugucinemacharitra.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/comedian-srinivasareddi-2.jpg |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Navya |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |page=47 |language=en-US |via=Telugu Cinema Charitra}}</ref>

He frequently collaborated with actors like [[Brahmanandam]] and directors [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] and [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]. While primarily known for his comedic roles, Srinivasa Reddy showcased his versatility in films such as [[Geethanjali (2014 film)|''Geethanjali'']] (2014) and [[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (2016 film)|''Jayammu Nischayammu Ra'']] (2016), where he played the lead roles.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2014-08-17 |title=Moment of reckoning |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/srinivas-reddys-geetanjali-a-success/article6325989.ece |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In ''Jayammu Nischayammu Ra'', he portrayed the role of the hero, an innocent and intelligent man who wins his love, earning him recognition for his shift from comedy to a more dramatic role.<ref name=":02" />

In 2019, Srinivasa Reddy ventured into direction with ''[[Bhagyanagara Veedhullo Gammattu]]'', which he also produced under his banner, Flying Colours Entertainment. However, the film did not achieve commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-20 |title=Exclusive Interview: Srinivasa Reddy – I want to get back my reputation as a comedian |url=https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/exclusive-interview-srinivasa-reddy-i-want-to-get-back-my-reputation-as-a-comedian.html |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=123Telugu.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Srinivasa Reddy is married to Swathi Reddy, the daughter of his elder sister.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" /> The couple has two daughters, Aakruthi(2007),and Aasrithi(2017). Known for his strong connection to Telugu culture, Srinivasa Reddy values maintaining a balance between his professional commitments and family life.<ref name=":02" />

His father, Yaramala Rami Reddy, played a key character in ''[[Bhagyanagara Veedhullo Gammattu]]'', a film directed and produced by Srinivasa Reddy.<ref name=":02" />

==Filmography==
{{incomplete list|date=December 2018}}

=== Films ===
*''All films are in Telugu language unless otherwise noted''
{|class="wikitable sortable table"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Note
|-
|1997
|''Nayanamma''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001||''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]'' || Ravi
|
|-
|''Inspector Vikram''
|
|
|-
|2002||''[[Idiot (2002 film)|Idiot]]'' || Chanti's friend
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2003
|''[[Vijayam (film)|Vijayam]]''
|Raju's friend
|
|-
|''Kabeer Das''
|
|
|-
|''[[Naaga]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]''
|Thief
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2004
|''Sorry Naaku Pallaindhi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Love Today (2004 film)|Love Today]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Venky]]''
|Suri Babu
|
|-
| ''[[143 (2004 film)|143]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Sakhiya]]''
| Hari's friend
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Guru (2005 film)|Guru]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Mr. Errababu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
|''[[Oka `V` Chitram]]''
|Balaram's friend
|
|-
|''[[Bangaram (film)|Bangaram]]''
|Vinay's friend
|
|-
| ''[[Roommates (2006 Telugu film)|Roommates]]''
|Seshu
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2007
|''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]''
|Gopalam
|
|-
|''[[Yamadonga]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vijayadasami (film)|Vijayadasami]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Desamuduru]]''
|Ravi
|
|-
|''[[Dubai Seenu]]''
|Seenu's friend
|
|-
|''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]''
|Babloo's friend
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2008
|''[[Parugu]]''
|Krishna's friend
|
|-
|''[[Blade Babji]]''
|Krishna Manohar
|
|-
|''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]''
|Giri
|
|-
|''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]''
|Raju Garu
|
|-
|''[[King (2008 film)|King]]''
|Sai Kishore
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2009
|''[[Kasko]]''
|Vamsi's friend
|
|-
|''[[Malli Malli]]''
|
|
|-
|''Jagadguru Sri Shiridi Saibaba''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bendu Apparao R.M.P]]''
|Tailor
|
|-
|''Rathri''
|
|
|-
|''[[Arya 2]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thoranai|Pistha]]''
|Police officer
|
|-
|''[[Kasko]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Anjaneyulu (film)|Anjaneyulu]]''
|Anjaneyulu's colleague
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
|''[[Namo Venkatesa]]''
|Murthy
|
|-
|''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]''
|Prabha's friend
|
|-
|''Comedy Express''
|
|
|-
|''[[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]''
|Jilani
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2011
|''[[Solo (2011 film)|Solo]]''
|Gautham's friend
|
|-
|''[[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]]''
|
|
|-
|''Poison''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dookudu]]''
|Director
|
|-
|''[[Kandireega]]''
|Sreenu's friend
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2012
|''[[Naan Ee]]''
| rowspan="2" |Sudeep's PA
|
|-
|''[[Eega]]''
|
|-
|''[[Racha (film)|Rachcha]]''
|Raj's friend
|
|-
|''[[Daruvu]]''
|Ravindra's assistant
|
|-
|''[[Ishq (2012 film)|Ishq]]''
|Siva's assistant
|
|-
|''[[Sarocharu]]''
|Karthik's friend
|
|-
|''[[Ayyare]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2013
|''[[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]]''
|Psycho Srinu's student
|
|-
|''[[Abbai Class Ammai Mass]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Race (2013 film)|''Race'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Balupu]]''
|Ravi's friend
|
|-
|''[[Iddarammayilatho]]''
|Sanju's friend/musical gang member
|
|-
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
|Baddam Bhaskar's assistant
|
|-
|''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]''
|Peddodu's friend
|
|-
|''[[Sevakudu]]''
|Raju
|
|-
|''[[Tadakha]]''
|Karthik's friend
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2014
|''[[Bhimavaram Bullodu]]''
|Yadagiri
|
|-
|''[[Oka Laila Kosam]]''
|Kiran
|
|-
|''[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|Geethanjali]]''
|Srinivas / Sreenu
|
|-
|''[[Race Gurram]]''
|Lucky's friend
|
|-
|''[[1 (2014 film)|1: Nenokkadine]]''
|Baasha's subordinate
|
|-
|''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
|Car broker
|
|-
| ''[[Boochamma Boochodu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
|''[[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|Shivam]]''
|Ramakrishna
|
|-
|''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]''
|Nandana's relative
|
|-
|''[[Kick 2]]''
|Suribabu
|
|-
|''[[Pataas]]''
|C.I. Reddy
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016
|''[[Speedunnodu]]''
|Suri
|
|-
|''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]''
|Srinu
|
|-
|''[[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (2016 film)|Jayammu Nischayammu Raa]]''
|Sarva Mangalam "Sarvesh"
|Lead role
|-
|''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]''
|E. Kanaka Rao "EK"
|
|-
|''[[A Aa]]''
|Gopal
|
|-
|''[[Supreme (film)|Supreme]]''
|Musician Seenayya
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2017
|''[[Mister (film)|Mister]]''
|Seenu
|
|-
|''[[Two Countries (2017 film)|Two Countries]]''
|Bose
|
|-
|''[[Balakrishnudu]]''
|Chitti Babu
|
|-
|''[[Veedevadu]]''
|
|Telugu version
|-
|''[[Raja the Great]]''
|Bujji
|
|-
|''[[Anando Brahma]]''
|Sidhu
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2018
|''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]''
|Kandulu
|
|-
|''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''
|Abhi's assistant
|
|-
|''[[Krishnarjuna Yudham]]'' || Bhasker ||
|-
|''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]''
|Balu
|
|-
|''[[Pantham]]''
|Vikranth's friend
|
|-
|''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (2018 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]''
|Varun
|Lead Role
|-
|''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Veera Bhoga Vasantha Rayalu]]''
|Constable 403
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|''[[F2: Fun and Frustration]]''
|Ranga
|
|-
|''[[Ruler (film)|Ruler]]''
|Krishna Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''
|Ramakrishna
|
|-
|''[[Bhagyanagara Veedhullo Gammattu]]''
|Srinu
|Also director and co-producer
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
|''[[Alludu Adhurs]]''
|Jaypal Reddy's henchmen
|
|-
|''[[Gaali Sampath]]''
|Driver
|
|-
|[[Mugguru Monagallu (2021 film)|''Mugguru Monagallu'']]
|Sushanth
|
|-
|[[Maestro (2021 film)|''Maestro'']]
|[[Sub Inspector|SI]] P. Srinivas Naik
|
|-
|''[[Manchi Rojulochaie]]''
|Broker Srinivas
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|''[[Bhala Thandanana]]''
|Murthy
|
|-
|''[[House Arrest]]'' || Thief ||
|-
|''[[F3 (film)|F3]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Bimbisara (film)|Bimbisara]]''|| Zubedha||
|-
|''[[Karthikeya 2]]''
|Sadananda
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu]]
|-
|''[[First Day First Show]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=First Day First Show Review: Bland writing, banal jokes |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/first-day-first-show-review-bland-writing-banal-jokes |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=7 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529015536/https://telugucinema.com/reviews/first-day-first-show-review-bland-writing-banal-jokes |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2023
|''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
|Dollar Babu
|
|-
|''[[Bhuvana Vijayam (film)|Bhuvana Vijayam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Maya Petika]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Hidimba (film)|Hidimba]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Geethanjali Malli Vachindi]]''
|Srinivas / Sreenu
|
|-
|''[[Aranmanai 4|Baak]]''
|Carpenter
|Partially reshot version of ''Aranmanai 4''
|-
| ''[[Vidya Vasula Aham]]'' || Narada ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2025
|''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]''
|Dr. Sreenu
|
|-
|''[[Coffee with a Killer]]''
|Pothana
|
|-
|''[[Ramam Raghavam]]''
|Atin Raju
|
|-
|''[[Mazaka]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ari: My Name is Nobody]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[K-Ramp]]''
|Lecturer
|
|-
|''[[Paanch Minar]]''
|Y. Sherlock Reddy
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu]]''
|Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Vishnu Vinyasam]]''
|OC
|
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|1997
|''[[Lady Detective (TV series)|Lady Detective]]''
|Fruit seller
| rowspan="2" |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Episode 21
|-
|2000
|''[[Santhi Nivasam (TV series)|Santhi Nivasam]]''
|
|
|-
|
|''Fun Tonic''
|Anchor
|Siti Cable
|
|-
|
|''Navvu Navvinchu''
|Anchor
| rowspan="2" |[[Gemini TV]]
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]''
|Koya dora, Thief and Sanjeevani's friend's husband
|In various guest roles
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|0994021}}

{{authority control}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Srinivasa}}
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Khammam]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]

Death of P. Jayaraj and J. Bennix

2026-04-24T13:58:05Z

AndrewJordan: New - done

{{Short description|Deaths in custody in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Death of P. Jayaraj and J. Bennix
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| english_name =
| time = 7:45 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], [[UTC+05:30]]
| duration = 
| date = {{start and end dates|2020|06|19|2020|06|23}}
| venue =
| location = [[Sathankulam]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = 
| also_known_as =
| type =
| theme =
| cause =
| motive =
| target =
| first_reporter =
| filmed_by =
| participants =
| outcome =
| reported deaths = '''P. Jayaraj''' (age 59) '''J. Bennix''' (age 31)
| reported injuries =
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest = Three doctors conducted post-mortem in the presence of the judicial magistrate. The entire procedure was video-recorded.
| coroner =
| arrests = Sreedhar Balakrishnan Raghu Ganesh Murugan Muthu Raja Samadurai Chelladurai Thomas Francis Veilumuthu Pauldurai (died of Covid August 2020)
| accused =
| convicted = Sreedhar Balakrishnan Raghu Ganesh Murugan Muthu Raja Samadurai Chelladurai Thomas Francis Veilumuthu
| charges =
| blank_label = Reason for arrest
| blank_data = Wrong confinement of Lockdown Violation<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-14|title=Trial on Wrong confinement and murder:Hyndustani times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-custodial-death-case-trial-begins-after-eight-months-101613647994039-amp.html|access-date=2021-04-20|website=Christiani times|language=en}}</ref>
| trial = Started on 18th February 2021<ref name="auto"/>
| verdict = 6 April 2026
| convictions =
| sentence = [[Capital punishment in India|Death]]
| publication_bans =
| litigation =
| awards =
| url =
| notes =
}}
The arrest of shopkeepers '''P. Jayaraj''' (59 years old) and his son '''J. Bennix''' (also spelled '''Fennix''', '''Benniks''') (31 years old) by the Tamil Nadu Police in [[Sathankulam]], [[Thoothukudi district]] on 19 June 2020 and their subsequent sexual and physical abuse in custody resulted in their deaths three days later. The incident sparked strikes and protests by [[Sathankulam]] shopkeepers against [[police brutality]], attracting significant media coverage and celebrity attention.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-27 |title=Tamil Nadu Can't Turn Blind Eye to Police Torture: Amnesty India |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-cant-turn-blind-eye-to-police-torture-amnesty-india-sathankulam-thoothukudi-police-brutality-jayaraj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804020144/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-cant-turn-blind-eye-to-police-torture-amnesty-india-sathankulam-thoothukudi-police-brutality-jayaraj |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=2020-06-28 |newspaper=The Quint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-27|title="India's George Floyds": Father-son death in police custody sparks outrage|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-police-crime-idUSKBN23Y0FB|access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref> The incident shone a light on the impunity of provincial policing in Tamil Nadu; the complicity of the courts in turning a blind eye to police corruption; the involvement of the members of the community policing initiative "Friends of the Police" in acts of police brutality; and the negligence of doctors conducting medical inspections of detainees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayarajan |first=Sreedevi |date=8 June 2021 |title=Rajkumar,‌ ‌Jayaraj‌, ‌Bennix‌: How‌ ‌doctors‌ ‌failed‌ ‌‌these three custodial‌ death victims ‌ |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/rajkumar-jayaraj-bennix-how-doctors-failed-these-three-custodial-death-victims-150281 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917001330/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/rajkumar-jayaraj-bennix-how-doctors-failed-these-three-custodial-death-victims-150281 |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> In response to the outrage compensation was paid to affected family members; nine police officers were arrested, the remainder transferred to new locations, government support for the [[Friends of Police|Friends of the Police]] organisation revoked, and an inquiry into the event handed over to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]].
On 6 April 2026 sessions court judge G Muthukumaran awarded the death penalty to all 9 convicted police officers <ref>{{Cite web | date=2026-04-07 | title=Sathankulam custodial deaths of father-son duo: Madurai court awards death sentence to 9 cops | url=https://timesofindia.com/articleshow/130061312.cms}}</ref>

==Arrest and custodial deaths==

=== Friday, 19 June ===
On 19 June 2020, at 7:30 pm Jayaraj was arrested at his workshop in Kamarajar Chowk by Sub-Inspector Balakrishnan, Inspector S Sridhar, Police Constable M. Muthuraja and other officials following an argument with police over allegations of violating COVID restrictions on trading hours (some reports state that their shop was open 15 minutes after curfew).

Between 7:30 and 7:45pm, Jayaraj's son Bennix<ref>{{Cite web |author=Adrian |date=2026-04-07 |title=Sattankulam Case: 9 Cops Get Death Sentence Verdict |url=https://factfilterhub.com/post/sattankulam-custodial-death-case-from-2020-torture-to-2026-death-sentences |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=Fact Filter Hub |language=en}}</ref>, who had a mobile stand near the Kamarajar statue, was told of his father's arrest, and went to the police station with a friend. Bennix was called in by the police while he was waiting outside. Once inside, he saw his father being pushed to the floor by Sub inspector Balakrishnan and beaten<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=Justice for Jayaraj and Bennix: Timeline of two shocking custodial deaths in TN |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/justice-jayaraj-fenix-bennix-timeline-two-shocking-custodial-deaths-tn-127424 |access-date=2020-06-28 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> resulting in an altercation between Bennix and Balakrishnan and police constable M. Muthuraja. The police subsequently confined Bennix inside the police station, and commenced beating him along with his father from 7:45pm, denying access to lawyers and friends who had gathered outside the police station. These witnesses reported that they heard the police shout "How you dare speak against the police".

The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] chargesheet would state that the door of the police station was locked, with both Jayaraj and Bennix being subjected to several rounds of beatings and torture from 7:45 pm and 3 am the next day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-27 |title=TN Father-son Duo, Killed in Police Custody, Was Tortured for Over 7 Hours, Reveals CBI Chargesheet |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tn-father-son-duo-killed-in-police-custody-was-tortured-for-over-7-hours-reveals-cbi-chargesheet-3011255.html |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Jayaraj-Benniks custodial deaths: Father, son were tortured for 7 hours, made to clean blood, says CBI |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-custodial-deaths-father-son-were-tortured-for-7-hours-made-to-clean-blood-says-cbi-6023301.html |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref> The first round continued until 9:45pm. Eyewitness would later report that violence inside the police station escalated after 11:30pm when Sub-Inspector Raghu Ganesh arrived. As per the CBI investigation, whenever there was a silence, the inspector used to urge the staff by asking about reasons for silence and thereby instigating them to start fresh rounds of beating. Police volunteers present inside the station also allegedly started assaulting the duo. During the ordeal, the clothes of victims were removed to add to the brutality of torture.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |author=Akshaya Nath |date=27 October 2020 |title=Tuticorin custodial deaths: Father-son duo brutally tortured, made to clean their own blood, says forensic report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tuticorin-custodial-deaths-father-son-jayaraj-benniks-brutally-tortured-blood-walls-cbi-forensic-report-1735390-2020-10-27 |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> DNA samples from the blood splatters on the walls and floor of the room would later provide evidence of the brutal beating.<ref name="auto1"/>

=== Saturday, 20 June ===
On the morning of 20 June, the police took Jayaraj and Bennix to Kovilpatti Hospital for medical fitness testing. In spite of requiring a change of six [[Lungi|''lungis'']] due to the profuse bleeding from their rectums, a medical fitness certificate was provided by Doctor Vennila.

After that, they were taken to Sathankulam Magistrate D Saravanan, who remanded the injured duo in custody without examining their physical condition or speaking with them directly as the result of COVID protocols. D. Saravanan came out and stood at the balcony of his house when the team of police were standing around Jayaraj and Bennix at the entrance. Without following the protocol to examine for potential police brutality, D.Saravanan waved his hands to the police to take them away.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kaveri|first=Megha|date=26 June 2020|title=Justice for Jayaraj and Bennix: Timeline of two shocking custodial deaths in TN|work=The News Minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/justice-jayaraj-fenix-bennix-timeline-two-shocking-custodial-deaths-tn-127424|access-date=29 June 2020}}</ref> The two victims were subsequently taken to [[Kovilpatti]] sub-jail, located 100km from [[Sathankulam]]. Lawyers were not allowed to meet Bennix or his father until the evening of 20 June.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thoothukudi: Outrage after father, son die in police custody |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/thoothukudi-outrage-father-son-die-police-custody-200627093900227.html |access-date=2020-06-28 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>

=== Sunday-Tuesday, 21-23 June ===
On 22 June 2020, while Bennix was undergoing treatment at Government Hospital, Kovilpatti, he died at 9:00 pm, due to heavy [[internal bleeding]]. P. Jayaraj was admitted at Government Hospital, Kovilpatti by the authorities of Sub Jail, Kovilpatti on the same day at 10:30 pm.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/pdf_upload-377084.pdf|journal=The Madurai Bench of Madras High Court|pages=8|title=Suo Motu W.P. (MD) No.7042 of 2020}}</ref> At 4:30am on the following day, P. Jayaraj died while undergoing treatment for a [[Pneumothorax|punctured lung]].<ref name="auto2"/>

The same evening of Jayaraj's death protests began amongst Sathankulam shopkeepers and the public began, spreading to the rest of [[Tamil Nadu]] the following day and resulting in the first media coverage of the incident.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaveri |first=Megha |date=26 June 2020 |title=Justice for Jayaraj and Bennix: Timeline of two shocking custodial deaths in TN |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/justice-jayaraj-fenix-bennix-timeline-two-shocking-custodial-deaths-tn-127424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309092235/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/justice-jayaraj-fenix-bennix-timeline-two-shocking-custodial-deaths-tn-127424 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>

== Response to the incident ==

=== Police response ===
Following protests and media coverage of the deaths, on 24 June, the Police Department suspended two sub inspectors and an inspector and transferred all Sathankulam police to other locations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2020 |title=Sathankulam station inspector Sridhar suspended over custodial deaths |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sathankulam-station-inspector-sridhar-suspended-over-custodial-deaths-127538 |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Vignessh |date=2020-06-23 |title=Tension grips TN's Tuticorin district due to custodial death of father-son duo |url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/tension-grips-tns-tuticorin-district-due-to-custodial-death-of-father-son-duo/ |access-date=2020-06-28 |website=The Federal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=M. K. Ananth |date=23 June 2020 |title=Sathankulam News: Custodial deaths of father-son duo spark tension in Tamil Nadu's Tuticorin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/custodial-deaths-of-father-son-duo-spark-tension-in-tamil-nadus-tuticorin/articleshow/76526428.cms |access-date=2020-06-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Intervention by the Madras High Court ===
In response to public outrage, the Madurai bench of [[Madras High Court]] took ''[[Sua sponte|suo motu]]'' cognizance of the matter and on 24 June, a bench consisting of Justices P.N. Prakash and B. Pugalendhi called the Superintendent of Police, Thoothukudi before the court. The court ordered the Superintendent to inquire into the incident and submit an interim status report within two days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu: Social Media Outrage, Protests Over Brutal Thoothukudi Custodial Deaths|url=https://thewire.in/rights/tamil-nadu-protests-thoothukudi-custodial-deaths|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Wire}}</ref> The order included a requirement to videograph the [[autopsy]], which was to be done by a panel of three experts in the presence of a magistrate<ref>{{Cite news|author=M. K. Ananth|title=Man, son die in custody: Relatives, traders complain of police torture in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/man-son-die-in-custody-relatives-traders-complain-of-police-torture/articleshow/76539691.cms|access-date=2020-06-29|website=The Times of India|date=24 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> after the police completed its inquest proceedings.

Copies of both reports of the [[autopsy]] and inquest were submitted to the high court. The [[State Human Rights Commission Tamil Nadu]] took ''[[suo motu]]'' cognizance of the offence and asked the Police Department to file a reply in this regard.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Vignessh|date=2020-06-24|title=Sexual torture inflicted on father-son in TN police custody: Witnesses|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/sexual-torture-inflicted-on-father-son-duo-before-death-in-tn-eyewitnesses/|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Reaction on social media ===
{{quote box
| width = 30em
| align = right
| quote = ” Reeling from what I'm hearing. Absolutely stunned, sad, and angry. No human being deserves such brutality, whatever be their crime. The guilty must not be allowed to go unpunished. We need facts. I cannot even begin to imagine what the family must be going through. Sending strength and prayers. We need to use our collective voices to seek #JusticeForJayarajandBennicks”
| source = — [[Priyanka Chopra]] wrote on '' Twitter '' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Priyanka Chopra condemns alleged custodial deaths of father-son in Tuticorin|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/jun/27/priyanka-chopra-condemns-alleged-custodial-deaths-of-father-son-in-tuticorin-2162142.html|access-date=2020-06-29|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 June 2020 }}</ref>
}}

Celebrities, politicians, and several notable people used social media to reveal the details of the attack and condemn the police action. Within three days of the deaths hundreds of thousands of tweets were sent out using the hashtag "#JusticeforJayarajandBennix", which was among the top Twitter topics trending in India on 26 June 2020 and among the top 30 trending globally.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-27 |title='India's George Floyds': Father-son death in police custody sparks outrage |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-police-crime-idINKBN23Y0FH |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628183642/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-police-crime-idINKBN23Y0FH |archive-date=28 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-28 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-27 |title=Tamil Nadu Can't Turn Blind Eye to Police Torture: Amnesty India |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-cant-turn-blind-eye-to-police-torture-amnesty-india-sathankulam-thoothukudi-police-brutality-jayaraj |access-date=2020-06-28 |newspaper=Thequint |language=en}}</ref> Celebrities, including [[Ravichandran Ashwin]], [[Shikhar Dhawan]], [[Suchitra]], [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Karthik Subbaraj]], [[D. Imman]], [[Suriya]] used the hashtag.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Janani K. |date=26 June 2020 |title=Tuticorin custodial death: Khushbu to Jayam Ravi, celebs demand justice |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tuticorin-custodial-death-khushbu-to-jayam-ravi-celebs-demand-justice-1692861-2020-06-26 |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2020 |title=Indian cricketers Rahhvichandran Ashwin, Shikhar Dhawan call for justice in Tamil Nadu custodial death case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/jun/27/indian-cricketers-ravichandran-ashwin-shikhar-dhawan-call-for-justice-in-tamil-nadu-custodial-death-2162203.html |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Jignesh Mevani]], a social activist and lawyer from Gujarat in western India, wrote on Twitter that "The [[George Floyd]] of India are far too many".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-27 |title='India's George Floyds': Father-Son Death in Police Custody Sparks Outrage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/06/27/world/asia/27reuters-india-police-crime.html |access-date=2020-06-28 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |agency=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2020 |title='India's George Floyds': Father-son death in police custody sparks outrage |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/indias-george-floyds-father-son-death-in-police-custody-sparks-outrage-6217491.htm |access-date=2020-06-28 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Film director [[Hari (director)|Hari]] issued a statement condemning police brutality and expressing regret for glorifying policemen in five of his films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Regret glorifying police brutality: Director Hari |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/jun/29/regret-glorifying-police-brutality-director-hari-2162762.html |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-29 |title=Govt. action in custodial deaths case insufficient: Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/govt-action-in-custodial-deaths-case-insufficient-kamal-haasan/article31941597.ece |access-date=2020-06-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Government response ===
[[Kanimozhi]], [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] for the Thoothukudi Constituency said the incident was a collective failure of police and other officials and a gross violation of human rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=DMK MP Kanimozhi writes to NHRC over 'custodial death' of shopkeeper, son |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/dmk-mp-kanimozhi-writes-to-nhrc-over-custodial-death-of-shopkeeper-son-6477250/ |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=COVID-19 in Tamil Nadu: Kanimozhi writes to NHRC over custodial deaths; 3000 TASMAC outlets to have CCTV cameras |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/covid-19-in-tamil-nadu-updates-6477931/ |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 24 June 2020, [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] issued a public statement stating that Jayaraj and his son Bennix had died due to illness.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2020-07-01 |title=CM has lost moral responsibility to rule: Stalin |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cm-lost-moral-responsibility-to-rule-stalin/article31958549.ece |access-date=2026-04-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Restrain TN CM from holding home ministry till completion of custody death probe' |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/07/03/restrain-tn-cm-from-holding-home-ministry-till-custody-death-probe-is-complete.html |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> On 25 June 2020, Palaniswami announced a solatium of ₹10 lakh each to their family and stated that a government job would be provided to one family member of the deceased.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-25 |title=₹10 lakh solatium for Sattankulam victims |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/10-lakh-solatium-forsattankulam-victims/article31910147.ece |access-date=2026-04-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 28 June, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Palaniswami directed that the inquest into the deaths be handed over to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-28 |title=Sattankulam custodial deaths: CBI will investigate the case, says Tamil Nadu CM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sattankulam-custodial-deaths-tn-decides-to-hand-over-probe-to-cbi-says-palaniswami/article31938757.ece |access-date=2020-06-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Will seek permission from Court to transfer Tuticorin custodial death case to CBI: Palaniswami |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/will-seek-permission-from-court-to-transfer-tuticorin-custodial-death-case-to-cbi-palaniswami20200628210904/ |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

===Judicial inquiry===

{{quote box
| width = 27em
| align = right
| quote = ” What has happened in Tamil Nadu’s Thoothukudi district is worse than the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|Nirbhaya case]] for which four persons involved were hanged early this year. ”
| source = — Retired Judge of Supreme Court of India [[Markandey Katju]] wrote on '' [[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] '' <ref>{{Cite web|title=OPINION: Thoothukudi police violence case worse than Nirbhaya|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/06/28/opinion-thoothukudi-police-violence-case-worse-than-nirbhaya.html|access-date=2020-06-29|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>
}}

During the pendency of the autopsy inquiry, [[Magistrate]] M S Bharathidasan submitted a report to the High Court describing ''[[Rudeness|rude]] behaviour'' by Constable Maharajan at the Sathankulam police station. In the report, the Magistrate said Constable Maharajan made a “very disparaging remark” against him in the presence of D Kumar, [[Superintendent of police (India)|Additional Superintendent of Police]] and C Prathapan, [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police]], even as policemen at the station recorded the videos of the proceeding.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-29|title=Police used disparaging remarks: JM probing father, son custodial deaths|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/police-used-disparaging-remarks-jm-probing-father-son-custodial-deaths-855180.html|access-date=2020-06-30|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

Following the complaint, the Madurai Bench of Madras High Court began a suo motu [[contempt of court]] proceeding and ordered the [[Police ranks and insignia of India|Inspector General of Police]] for the South Zone to take action against the officers. The Inspector General suspended Maharajan; D Kumar, ADSP, and C Prathapan, DSP was moved to a waiting list. The High Court also directed the Thoothukudi district collector to depute revenue officials and take control of the police station to enable the magistrate to collect the necessary documents. This incident represents the first time in the [[Indian Police Service#History|history of Indian Police]] that a district administration had seized control of a police station. The judges further directed the Additional Director of Forensic Sciences department to send a team of experts to collect materials from the station.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sathankulam police not cooperating with judicial inquiry; HC orders revenue officials to take control of police station|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/jun/29/sathankulam-police-not-cooperating-with-judicial-inquiry-hc-orders-revenue-officials-to-take-contro-2162949.html|access-date=2020-06-30|website=The New Indian Express|date=29 June 2020 }}</ref>

{{clear}}

==CBI Investigation ==
[[Central Bureau of Investigation]] had registered two cases on 7 July 2020 related to the allegations of custodial death. On the request of Tamil Nadu Government & further notification from Govt of India, and taken over the investigation of both the cases, earlier registered vide Crime no. 649 & 650 at Police Station Kovilpatti. A CBI team camped continuously at Madurai and worked in the case during COVID-19 pandemic. During the investigation 10 police officials including Inspector/SHO, 3 Sub inspector, 2 HC, 4 Constables, all of Sathankulam Police Station were arrested. The CBI had filed a chargesheet on 26 September 2020 against all arrested police officials U/s 120-B of IPC r/w sections 302, 342, 201, 182, 193, 211, 218 & 34 & substantive offences. One more accused, Sub Inspector Palthurai died during investigation due to COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBI Files a Chargesheet in Two Cases Related to Death of Two Traders in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.cbi.gov.in/pressreleases/pr_2020-09-26-1.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031074600/http://www.cbi.gov.in/pressreleases/pr_2020-09-26-1.php |archive-date=2020-10-31 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Central Bureau of Investigation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Akshaya Nath|title=Tuticorin custodial deaths: Father-son duo brutally tortured, made to clean their own blood, says forensic report|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tuticorin-custodial-deaths-father-son-jayaraj-benniks-brutally-tortured-blood-walls-cbi-forensic-report-1735390-2020-10-27|access-date=2020-10-30|website=India Today|date=27 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Court verdicts==
{{Quote box
| quote = The case was a rare one where the police officers, who were obligated to maintain law and order, had themselves acted against the law and brutally assaulted the father and son, who did not have any criminal case against them.

— the presiding judge, G. Muthukumaran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sajeev |first=Upasana |date=2026-04-06 |title=Sathankulam Custodial Deaths Case: Madurai Court Awards Death Penalty To All Nine Police Officers |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/sathankulam-custodial-death-nine-police-officers-sentenced-to-death-529197 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Livelaw|language=en}}</ref>
| source =
| align = right
| width = 27em
}}

On 23 March 2026, a special court in [[Madurai]] convicted all 9 [[Tamil Nadu Police|police]] personnel involved in the case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2026 |title=All 9 Cops Convicted In Tamil Nadu Father-Son Custodial Death Case. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-9-cops-convicted-in-tamil-nadu-father-son-custodial-death-case-11255763 |access-date=23 March 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref> On 6 April 2026, the First Additional District and Sessions Court in Madurai sentenced nine police personnel to [[Capital punishment in India|death]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-06 |title=Sathankulam custodial deaths of father-son duo: Madurai court awards death sentence to all nine accused cops |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/sathankulam-custodial-deaths-nine-cops-sentenced-to-death/articleshow/130061312.cms |access-date=2026-04-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-06 |title=Sattankulam Jayaraj-Benicks custodial deaths case: All nine policemen sentenced to death |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sattankulam-jayaraj-benicks-custodial-deaths-case-all-nine-policemen-sentenced-to-death/article70830300.ece |access-date=2026-04-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The court also ordered the officers to collectively pay compensation amounting to ₹1.40 crore to the family of the deceased.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sajeev |first=Upasana |date=2026-04-06 |title=Sathankulam Custodial Deaths Case: Madurai Court Awards Death Penalty To All Nine Police Officers |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/sathankulam-custodial-death-nine-police-officers-sentenced-to-death-529197 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
On 23 June 2020, members of the public staged a road blockade in Sathankulam, demanding that murder charges be registered against Sub-Inspectors Balakrishnan and Pauldurai. [[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan|Anita R. Radhakrishnan]], the MLA for [[Tiruchendur]], participated in the protest and supported the demand. [[M. K. Stalin]], then Leader of the Opposition, sought an explanation from Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]. [[K. S. Alagiri]], president of the [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee]], called for an inquiry by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-23 |title=Tension prevails in Tamil Nadu’s Sattankulam as trader, son held during lockdown die |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/father-son-die-in-judicial-custody-in-sattankulam-tension-prevails/article31897154.ece |access-date=2026-04-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 1 July 2020, Stalin criticised Palaniswami for his earlier statement that the two had died due to illness, alleging that the remark suppressed facts surrounding the deaths.<ref name=":1" /> On 8 July 2020, the Office of the [[Additional Chief Secretary]] issued an order disbanding the [[Friends of Police]] movement in the whole of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 2020|title=Government Orders Portal|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/go/hpe_e_156_2020_2D.pdf|access-date=10 July 2020|website=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Police brutality]]
*[[List of cases of police brutality in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Custodial death}}
[[Category:Deaths in police custody in India]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]
[[Category:Police brutality in the 2020s]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Rape of males]]
[[Category:Prisoner abuse]]
[[Category:Violence against men in India]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in India]]

Chahenge Tumhe Itna

2026-04-21T09:43:12Z

AndrewJordan: Done

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Chahenge Tumhe Itna title card.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]|[[Family film|Family]]|[[Romance film|Romance]]}}
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| developer = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| writer = Dheeraj Sarna
| story = Divya Sinha
| screenplay = Divya Sinha
| director = Khwaja Mughal
| creative_director = Shriya Srivastav
| starring = {{ubl|Bharat Ahlawat|Swati Sharma}}
| theme_music_composer = {{ubl|Nawab Arzoo|Binod Ghimire}}
| open_theme = ''Chahenge Tumhe Itna''
| composer =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 156
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ekta Kapoor]]|[[Shobha Kapoor]]}}
| cinematography = Dharmendra Choudhary
| editor = {{ubl|Vikas Sharma|Vishal Sharma}}
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 22–25 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[Shemaroo Umang]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|02|20|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2024|08|19|df=yes}}
| related =
}}

'''''Chahenge Tumhe Itna''''' ({{Translation|Will Love You That Much...}}) is an Indian dramatic television series which premiered on 20 February 2024 on [[Shemaroo Umang]]. It was produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Shobha Kapoor]] under [[Balaji Telefilms]]. It starred Bharat Ahlawat and Swati Sharma.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-19 |title=Exclusive! Bharat Ahlawat on playing the lead in Chahenge Tumhe Itna: The role was a perfect fit for me |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bharat-ahlawat-on-playing-the-lead-in-chahenge-tumhe-itna-the-role-was-a-perfect-fit-for-me/articleshow/106993450.cms |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ahlawat On Bagging The Lead Role In 'Chahenge Tumhe Itna': This Was A Perfect Fit For Me |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/bharat-ahlawat-on-bagging-the-lead-role-in-chahenge-tumhe-itna-this-was-a-perfect-fit-for-me |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Outlook India |date=19 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The series aims to break the stereotypes surrounding the daughter-in-law and father-in-law relationship. The series explores the emotional conflicts that arise within family dynamics, especially those that are often left unspoken. The main plot of the series revolves around the tagline 'Kunwari Suhagan' literally meaning unmarried wife!

==Cast==
=== Main ===
* Bharat Ahlawat as Kunal Chaudhary aka Siddharth "Sid" Sharma: Amrita and Amit's son; Abhimanyu and Kala's adopted son; Aashi's husband; Nidhi and Vidya's brother (2024)
* [[Swati Sharma (actress)|Swati Sharma]] as Aashi Chaudhary: Kunal's wife; Vinod and Jaya's daughter (2024)

=== Recurring ===
* Abhay Bhargava as Amit Choudhary: Amrita's husband; Kunal, Nidhi and Vidya's father; Aashi's father-in-law (2024)
* Khyati Keswani as Amrita Choudhary: Amit's wife; Kunal, Nidhi and Vidya's mother; Aashi's mother-in-law (2024)
* Aishwarya Aher as Nidhi Choudhary: Amrita and Amit's younger daughter; Kunal and Vidya's sister (2024)
* Veronica Talreja as Vidya Chaudhary: Amrita and Amit's elder daughter; Kunal and Nidhi's elder sister (2024)
* Prashant Singh Rajput as Vikas: Sid's friend
* Kishan Bhan as Vinod Thakur: Aashi's father (2024)
* Massheuddin Qureshi as Abhimanyu Sharma: Neelima's ex-husband; Kala's husband; Kunal's adoptive father
* Annapurna Bhairi as Girija Devi Chaudhary: Amit's mother; Kunal, Nidhi and Vidya's grandmother
* Hitesh Makhija as Kundan "Fake Kunal" Mishra: Aashi's fiancee’
* [[Arzoo Govitrikar]] as Neelima Singh: Kala's sister; Abhimanyu's former wife; Kunal's adopted maternal aunt
* Anjali Gupta as Kala Sharma: Abhimanyu's second wife; Kunal's adopted mother
* [[Saumya Saraswat]] as Geet:

==Production==
The series is developed and produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Shobha Kapoor]] under their banner [[Balaji Telefilms]]. First promo was released on 23 January 2024. The series premiered on 20 February 2024 on [[Shemaroo Umang]]. Bharat Ahlawat and Swati Sharma were signed as the leads.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Yeh Hai Chahatein actors Bharat Ahlawat and Swati Sharma roped in for Ektaa Kapoor's next |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-yeh-hai-chahatein-actors-bharat-ahlawat-and-swati-sharma-roped-in-for-ektaa-kapoors-next-1263908 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-19 |title=Exclusive! Bharat Ahlawat on playing the lead in Chahenge Tumhe Itna: The role was a perfect fit for me |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bharat-ahlawat-on-playing-the-lead-in-chahenge-tumhe-itna-the-role-was-a-perfect-fit-for-me/articleshow/106993450.cms |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Abhay Bhargava was cast as the father-in-law<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhay Bhargava Opens Up About Fathers Bonding With Daughters-In-Law |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/abhay-bhargava-opens-up-about-fathers-bonding-with-daughters-in-law |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Outlook India |date=21 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and Khyati Keswani as the mother-in-law.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Khyaati Keswani's reaction to late payment, extra working hours for THIS production will leave you stunned |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/khyaati-keswanis-reaction-to-late-payment-extra-working-hours-for-this-production-will-leave-you-stunned-1279289 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Khyati Keswani: My role in 'Chaahenge Tumhe Itnaa' is layered with shades of grey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khyati-keswani-my-role-in-chaahenge-tumhe-itnaa-is-layered-with-shades-of-grey/articleshow/107828394.cms |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title |30974079}}
* [http://balajitelefilms.com/television.php Production website]

{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Shemaroo Umang original programming]]

Operation Sindhu

2026-04-21T03:45:00Z

AndrewJordan:

{{Short description|Evacuation of Indians from Iran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox operational plan
| name = Operation Sindhu
| partof = the [[Twelve-Day War]]
| scope = Humanitarian relief
| planned_by = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| objective = Evacuation of Indian nationals from [[Iran]]
| date = {{Start date|2025|06|18|df=y}} {{en dash}} 27 June 2025
| executed_by = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| outcome = 4,429 people evacuated
| fatalities = None
| injuries = None
}}
The '''Operation Sindhu''' is an evacuation operation launched by India to evacuate Indian nationals from [[Iran]] following the escalation of the [[Twelve-Day War]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='অপারেশন সিন্ধু' |url=https://www.aaroananda.com/story/latest-news/breaking-news/india-launches-operation-sindhu-to-evacuate-indian-nationals-from-iran-june-18-2025/10722740 |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=aaroananda.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2025 |title=India launches 'Operation Sindhu' as it evacuates Indian students stranded in Iran |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iranisrael-tensions-india-launches-operation-sindhu-as-it-evacuates-indian-students-stranded-in-iran-101750259481690.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India Launches 'Operation Sindhu' To Rescue Stranded Citizens From War-Hit Iran |url=https://www.news18.com/india/india-launches-operation-sindhu-to-rescue-stranded-citizens-from-war-hit-iran-9392636.html |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Anirban Bhaumik |title=Operation Sindhu: India Begins Evacuation from Israel Amid Iran Conflict Escalation |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/under-operation-sindhu-india-to-evacuate-its-nationals-from-israel-amid-escalating-tension-with-iran-3593957 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=20 June 2025 |language=en-in}}</ref>

== Background ==
On 13 June, [[Israel]] struck Iranian nuclear sites across [[Iran]], prompting response from [[Iran]]. This marked a major escalation and the beginning of the [[Twelve-Day War]]. Both countries launched missile and drone strikes upon one another resulting in Indian students becoming stuck in the midst of the conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2025 |title=Israel-Iran conflict: 'We are scared', Indian students desperately await evacuation; 110 already rescued |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/israel-iran-conflict-we-are-scared-indian-students-desperately-await-evacuation-110-already-rescued/articleshow/121910468.cms |access-date=18 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Routes ==
The first 110 Indian students were evacuated to [[Armenia]]. The [[Government of India]] expressed gratitude to Armenia for their assistance in the process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2025 |title=India launches Operation Sindhu to evacuate Indian nationals from Iran (June 18, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/39693/India_launches_Operation_Sindhu_to_evacuate_Indian_nationals_from_Iran_June_18_2025 |website=Ministry of External Affairs Government of India}}</ref>

== Operation ==
There are thousands of Indian nationals in Iran. The number of students being estimated 1,500-2,000 and thousands of professionals, workers, maritime personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=18 June 2025 |title=Operation Sindhu To Evacuate Indian Nationals From Iran Is Underway |url=https://stratnewsglobal.com/world-news/first-evacuation-flight-from-iran-expected-to-land-in-delhi-tonight/ |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=StratNews Global |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2025 |title=India launches Operation Sindhu to evacuate its nationals from Iran |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/india-launches-operation-sindhu-to-evacuate-its-nationals-from-iran-125061801269_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

As the first step of the operation, India has already evacuated 110 Indians and assisted them onto entering [[Armenia]]. The commercial aircraft operated by [[IndiGo]], which took it's departure on 18 June from [[Yerevan]], Armenia, is scheduled to land in [[New Delhi]] by the early hours of 19 June.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=18 June 2025 |title=Operation Sindhu To Evacuate Indian Nationals From Iran Is Underway |url=https://stratnewsglobal.com/world-news/first-evacuation-flight-from-iran-expected-to-land-in-delhi-tonight/ |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=StratNews Global |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2025 |title=India launches Operation Sindhu to evacuate Indian nationals from Iran (June 18, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/39693/India_launches_Operation_Sindhu_to_evacuate_Indian_nationals_from_Iran_June_18_2025 |website=Ministry of External Affairs Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2025 |title=India launches Operation Sindhu to evacuate nationals from Iran |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-launches-operation-sindhu-to-evacuate-nationals-from-iran-amid-conflict-with-israel-2742751-2025-06-18 |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Sheenu |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=18 June 2025 |title=Operation Sindhu: India begins evacuation of Indian nationals from Iran amid rising Israel-Iran tensions |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/operation-sindhu-india-begins-evacuation-of-indian-nationals-from-iran-amid-rising-israel-iran-war-tensions-and-conflicts-2025-06-18-995252 |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 June, [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|MEA]] announced their extension of Operation Sindhu by preparing the evacuation of India citizens from [[Israel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2025 |title=Operation Sindhu - Evacuation of Indian nationals from Israel |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/39700/Operation_Sindhu__Evacuation_of_Indian_nationals_from_Israel |website=Ministry of External Affairs Government of India}}</ref>

On late 20 June, 290 students mostly from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] arrived at Delhi Airport. Two more flights were scheduled to bring 1,000 Indians by the next day.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=20 June 2025 |title=Operation Sindhu: 290 Indian students return from Iran, land in Delhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/operation-sindhu-indian-students-return-from-iran-to-delhi/article69719278.ece |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2025 |title=Flight carrying 290 Indian students from Iran lands in Delhi, two more expected later today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/flight-carrying-290-indians-stranded-in-iran-lands-in-delhi-two-more-expected-later-today-101750468771942.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621182657/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/flight-carrying-290-indians-stranded-in-iran-lands-in-delhi-two-more-expected-later-today-101750468771942.html |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 21 June, two flights arrive in Delhi, evacuating hundreds of Indian students from Iran, the first flight arrived at Indira Gandhi International Airport at 4:30 PM on Saturday and the second plane arrived later that day, 827 Indian students were evacuated by 21 June. Nepali and Sri Lankan students were also evacuated by India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=21 June 2025 |title=Operation Sindhu continues amid Iran-Israel conflict; 827 Indians evacuated so far: MEA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/operation-sindhu-517-indian-nationals-brought-back-from-iran-so-far-says-mea/article69720348.ece |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> 162 Indian nationals were on the way to India from Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2025 |title=Operation Sindhu: Flight with 285 evacuees from Iran lands in Delhi; 3 more evacuation planned |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/operation-sindhu-flight-with-285-evacuees-from-iran-lands-in-delhi-3-more-evacuation-planned/articleshow/122011753.cms |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 22 June, a flight arrived at Delhi with 285 Indians, by adding to 1,713 Indians evacuated by the eighth batch.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2025 |title=Operation Sindhu: Flight with 285 evacuees from Iran lands in Delhi; 3 more evacuation planned |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/operation-sindhu-flight-with-285-evacuees-from-iran-lands-in-delhi-3-more-evacuation-planned/articleshow/122011753.cms |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 23 June, 161 Indians had been evacuated from Israel and expected to arrive by 24 June.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Operation Sindhu: First batch of 160 Indians evacuated from Israel through Jordan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/operation-sindhu-indians-evacuated-from-israel-israel-iran-conflict-jordon-indian-embassy-2744709-2025-06-23 |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> A total of 603 students taken out from Israel in two days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=23 June 2025 |title=Operation Sindhu: Second Batch Of 443 Indians Leave From Israel Through Jordan, Egypt In 2 Flig |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/operation-sindhu-second-batch-of-443-indians-leave-from-israel-through-jordan-egypt-in-2-flights-1782484 |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 24 June, 1,100 Indians from Iran and Israel arrived in India, by far evacuating 3,170 students.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=24 June 2025 |title=Operation Sindhu: India evacuates over 3,100 Indians from Iran, Israel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/operation-sindhu-2576-indian-nationals-have-now-been-brought-home-from-iran-says-mea/article69732507.ece |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2025 in aviation]]
[[Category:2025 in international relations]]
[[Category:June 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Evacuations of Indians]]
[[Category:Humanitarian military operations involving India|Sindhu]]
[[Category:Non-combatant evacuation operations|Sindhu]]
[[Category:Reactions to the Twelve-Day War]]
[[Category:Aviation history of India]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Airlifts]]
[[Category:Armenia–India relations]]
[[Category:India–Iran relations]]
[[Category:India–Israel relations]]

Eidgah Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:37Z

AndrewJordan: Starting

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Eidgah]]
| mla = [[Mubarak Gul]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]
| established = 1977
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 25
}}

'''Eidgah Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Eidgah is also part of [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Eidgah Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/eidgah.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Abdul Rashid Kabuli|Abdul Rashid Kabli]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[Mubarak Gul]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| Mohammad Shafi Khan
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=5|[[Mubarak Gul]]
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Eidgah<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mubarak Ahmed Gul]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,700 |percentage=33.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=6,020 |percentage=26.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Khurshid Alam |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=3,302 |percentage=14.37% |change={{decrease}}23.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irfan Ahmad Mattoo |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=1,285 |percentage=5.59% |change={{increase}}3.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imtiyaz Ahmad Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=957 |percentage=4.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakeel Ahmad Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=741 |percentage=3.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irfan Ahmad Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=712 |percentage=3.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arif Majeed Pampore |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=479 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Faheem Reshi |party=Independent politician |votes=470 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Ashraf Bhat Palpori |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=442 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=404 |percentage=1.76% |change={{increase}}0.68 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,680 |percentage=7.31% |change= {{increase}}3.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,985 |percentage=37.14% |change= {{increase}}9.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,885 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}7.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Eidgah<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mubarak Ahmed Gul]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,766 |percentage=41.38% |change={{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammad Wani |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=6,158 |percentage=37.66% |change={{increase}}15.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imtiyaz Ahmad Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,274 |percentage=7.79% |change={{increase}}5.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fayaz Ahmad Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,238 |percentage=7.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irfan Ahmad Mattoo |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=385 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehraj Ud Din Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=213 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=177 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=608 |percentage=3.72% |change= {{decrease}}9.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,352 |percentage=27.80% |change= {{increase}}5.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,822 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Eidgah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mubarak Ahmed Gul]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,457 |percentage=35.97% |change={{decrease}}24.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asifa Tariq Qara |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=2,778 |percentage=22.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammad Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,916 |percentage=15.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Bhat |party=Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Party Nationalist |votes=862 |percentage=6.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bakshi Mohammad Ashraf |party=Independent politician |votes=576 |percentage=4.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammad Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=565 |percentage=4.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=330 |percentage=2.66% |change={{decrease}}9.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aasif Sidiq Ronga |party=Independent politician |votes=257 |percentage=2.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tauseef Ahmad Shah (Buchh) |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=225 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehraj-Ud-Din Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=138 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mufti Nazeem-Ud-Din |party=Independent politician |votes=84 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,679 |percentage=13.55% |change= {{decrease}}24.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,390 |percentage=22.07% |change= {{increase}}17.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,150 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}20.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}24.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Eidgah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mubarak Ahmed Gul]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,026 |percentage=60.62% |change={{decrease}}17.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ashraf Bakashi |party=Independent politician |votes=747 |percentage=22.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=395 |percentage=11.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Khaliq Bhat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=90 |percentage=2.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romesh Lal |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=84 |percentage=2.51% |change={{decrease}}3.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,279 |percentage=38.27% |change= {{decrease}}30.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,342 |percentage=4.75% |change= {{decrease}}14.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,372 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}17.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Eidgah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mubarak Ahmed Gul]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,206 |percentage=78.12% |change={{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Farooq Ahmad |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,035 |percentage=9.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rashid Kabuli]] |party=Independent politician |votes=637 |percentage=6.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=626 |percentage=5.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,171 |percentage=68.27% |change= {{increase}}26.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,504 |percentage=20.01% |change= {{decrease}}56.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,838 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Eidgah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Shafi Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=26,904 |percentage=70.41% |change={{decrease}}23.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=11,122 |percentage=29.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,782 |percentage=41.30% |change= {{decrease}}49.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,212 |percentage=76.63% |change= {{decrease}}10.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,627 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Eidgah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mubarak Ahmed Gul]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=36,769 |percentage=93.87% |change={{increase}}46.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Misgar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,285 |percentage=3.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohmad Ashraf Aram |party=Independent politician |votes=420 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Nowshehri |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=267 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Wadoo |party=Independent politician |votes=258 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,484 |percentage=90.59% |change= {{increase}}84.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,169 |percentage=86.63% |change= {{increase}}6.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,600 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}41.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Eidgah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rashid Kabuli]] |party=Janata Party |votes=18,255 |percentage=52.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool Rashi |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,298 |percentage=47.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,957 |percentage=5.66% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,553 |percentage=80.77% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,541 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Srinagar]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|33.997|74.872|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Srinagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu 2

2026-04-15T10:37:54Z

AndrewJordan: created some details v1

{{Short description|2019 Indian Tamil action sports drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu 2
| image = Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu 2 poster.jpg
| director = Selva Sekaran
| producer = Poongavanam Anandh
| screenplay = Selva Sekaran
| story = [[Suseenthiran]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vikranth]]|[[Arthana Binu]]}}
| music = [[V. Selvaganesh]]
| cinematography = E. Krishnasamy
| editing = Ajay
| studio = Saai Arputham Cinemas
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|07|12}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross =
}}
'''''Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu 2''''' ({{translation|White Moon [[Kabaddi]] Team 2}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[sports film|sports]] [[action film]] directed by Selva Sekaran. A sequel to ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' (2009), the film is written by the original's director [[Suseenthiran]] and features [[Vikranth]] and [[Arthana Binu]]. An ensemble cast including [[Pasupathy]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Anupama Kumar]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Appukutty]], and [[Ganja Karuppu]] also plays pivotal roles. Featuring music composed by [[V. Selvaganesh]], the venture began production in December 2016 and was released on 12 July 2019.

==Plot==
Saravanan makes a living by selling audio cassettes. His father Saamy is a bus driver by profession, but his heart lies in [[Kabaddi]], and wherever a match is being played, he makes his presence there, thereby neglecting his work and getting suspended. Saravanan scolds his father often for his mistakes, and the family decides to sell all the jewels that they have and buy an ambassador car for Saamy to drive, but he loses that too for a good deed, angering everyone. Elsewhere, Saravanan falls for a college girl named Malar from an upper-class family, and problems start for him. At an important juncture, Saravanan discovers who his father really is and sets out to become a Kabadi player, a sport which he hates, for his father. Whether the hero succeeds in his mission or not and gets his girl forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vikranth]] as Saravanan
** [[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]] as Young Saravanan
* [[Arthana Binu]] as Malar
* [[Pasupathy]] as Saamy, Saravanan's father
* [[Anupama Kumar]] as Chinnathaayi, Saravanan's mother
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Subramani
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Savadamuthu
* [[Ganja Karuppu]] as Pandi, Saravanan's uncle
* [[Ravi Mariya]] as Pazhani, Malar's father
* [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia Venkat]] as Malar's mother
* [[Appukutty]] as Appukutty
* [[Aruldoss]] as Doss
* [[Vasu Vikram]]
* Akalya
* Madurai Saroja as Malar's grandmother
* Poraali Dileepan as Kumar
* Karur Murali as Murali, Saravanan's friend
* Benjamin as Saravanan's friend
* Mippu as Saravanan's friend
* Pechimuthu
* [[Nitish Veera]] as Sekar
* Hari Vairavan as Ayyappan
* Ramesh Pandiyan as Pandi
* Maayi Sundar as Murthy
* Rail Ravi as Police Inspector
* Thavasi as Kodangi
* Paun Raj as Murugan
* Jatti Jaganathan as Young Saravanan's friend
* Vijay Ganesh
* Raandilya as Kabaddi Player
* Priya Asmitha in a special appearance
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack==
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[V. Selvaganesh]].
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title_width =
| writing_width =
| music_width =
| lyrics_width =
| extra_width =
| title1 = Kabaddi Kabaddi
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 4:11
| title2 = Orasatha Di
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length2 = 4:41
| title3 = Otha Parvayil
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]]
| length3 = 3:52
| title4 = Thiruvizha
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]
| length4 = 4:16
}}

==Production==
[[Suseenthiran]] had written a script for the sequel of ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' (2009) soon after the release of the film, with the story taking forward the tale of the kabadi team following the death of their captain, portrayed by [[Vishnu Vishal|Vishnu]] in the original film. In March 2015, it was announced that Lakshman Narayan had been signed on to play the lead role after Suseenthiran was impressed with his performance in ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]'' (2014), while [[Pasupathy]] would portray his father.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=Lakshman in Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu sequel |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Lakshman-in-Vennila-Kabaddi-Kuzhu-sequel/articleshow/46516401.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317043716/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Lakshman-in-Vennila-Kabaddi-Kuzhu-sequel/articleshow/46516401.cms |archive-date=17 March 2015 |access-date=13 December 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=10 March 2015 |title=Lakshman ready for kabaddi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lakshman-ready-for-kabaddi/article6978289.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221143505/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lakshman-ready-for-kabaddi/article6978289.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=13 December 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Aishwarya Dutta]] was also brought in to feature as the lead actress, before the film was put on hold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamilwire.net - |url=http://tamilwire.net/47956-aishwarya-dutta-vennila-kabadi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220164342/http://tamilwire.net/47956-aishwarya-dutta-vennila-kabadi.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref>

News about the project re-emerged in November 2016, where it was revealed that [[Vikranth]] had instead been signed on to play the lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=Suseenthiran gets Vikranth to play kabaddi in his sequel |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Suseenthiran-gets-Vikranth-to-play-kabaddi-in-his-sequel/articleshow/55636015.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214194140/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Suseenthiran-gets-Vikranth-to-play-kabaddi-in-his-sequel/articleshow/55636015.cms |archive-date=14 December 2016 |access-date=13 December 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film began production in a temple in Kovilanchery in the outskirts of Chennai on 10 December 2016, with actors from the original film like [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] and [[Appukutty]] revealed to be playing pivotal roles. [[Pasupathy]] and [[Anupama Kumar]] joined the cast to essay important roles. A debutant actress, Arthana, was also brought in to play the leading female role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2016 |title=Complete details of Suseenthiran's Next - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vikranth-arthana-soori-vennila-kabadi-kuzhu-2-details-of-cast-and-crew-tamil-news-173284.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=The 'kabaddi' film kicks off at a temple |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-kabaddi-film-kicks-off-at-a-temple/articleshow/55911084.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215022304/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-kabaddi-film-kicks-off-at-a-temple/articleshow/55911084.cms |archive-date=15 December 2016 |access-date=13 December 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8011290}}

[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian sports films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Selvaganesh]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 action films]]
[[Category:Kabaddi in popular culture]]
[[Category:Sports action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Kabaddi films]]

Indian aid to Africa

2026-04-15T04:02:01Z

AndrewJordan: Stub

'''Indian aid to Africa''' is [[aid]] provided by the [[Government of India]] to African governments. India provides [[Development aid|development assistance]] to Africa through [[Line of credit|lines of credit]], [[capacity building]], [[Duty Free Tariff Preference|duty free and preferential]] [[market access]], educational [[Scholarship|scholarships]], and [[Humanitarian aid|humanitarian assistance]]. Between 2010 and 2024, India provided over US$ 13 billion in concessional aid and grants to African countries. In addition, India donated 150 metric tons of medical aid to 25 African countries to help fight the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Africa|COVID-19 pandemic]], and donated over 24.7 million doses of COVID vaccines to 42 countries in Africa as of February 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Harsh V. Pant, Abhishek |title=Is India the New China in Africa? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/17/india-china-africa-development-aid-investment/ |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

==History==
India's development co-operation with Africa began in 1949, just two years after its independence, when it provided 70 educational scholarships for students to study in India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Malancha |title=India-Africa relations: Partnership, COVID-19 setback and the way forward |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/india-africa-relations-partnership-covid19-setback-way-forward/#_edn15 |website=ORF |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> Co-operation grew further after the 1955 [[Bandung Conference]], a meeting of Asian and African states most of which were newly independent.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Can India Offer Africa? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/what-can-india-offer-africa/ |website=thediplomat.com |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Venkatachalam |first1=Meera |last2=Modi |first2=Renu |title=A look at how India's Africa strategy is working |url=https://theconversation.com/a-look-at-how-indias-africa-strategy-is-working-113658 |website=The Conversation |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> India was the first Asian country to become a member of the Africa Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Ian |title=India’s rise in Africa |url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/journals/riia/v88i4/f_0025566_20916.pdf |website=Columbia University |access-date=13 November 2021 |date=2012}}</ref>

At the first [[India–Africa Forum Summit]] in 2008, India pledged $5.4 billion in development assistance to African countries. It pledged an additional $5 billion at the second India–Africa Forum Summit in May 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last1=May 25 |first1=Dipanjan Roy Chaudhury |title=India gives $5-billion aid to Africa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/rest-of-the-world/story/pm-announces-five-billion-dollars-aid-for-africa-134355-2011-05-25 |website=India Today |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Pan-African e-Network project]] was launched on 26 February 2009. It is an [[information and communications technology]] (ICT) project between India and the [[African Union]] that seeks to connect the 55 member states of the Union through a satellite and [[fiber-optic communication|fibre-optic network]] to India and to each other to enable access to and sharing of expertise between India and African states in the areas of tele-education, [[telemedicine]], [[Voice over IP]], [[infotainment]], resource mapping, meteorological services, [[e-governance]] and [[e-commerce]] services.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Pan-African e-network for education and health care|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/11/stories/2009101153491000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014231846/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/11/stories/2009101153491000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 14, 2009|access-date=4 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=October 11, 2009}}</ref><ref name="tcil-india">{{cite web|title=Ethiopia Pilot Project Highlights|url=http://www.tcil-india.com/new/html/Pilot_Proj.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719004501/http://tcil-india.com/new/html/Pilot_Proj.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 19, 2008|publisher=Telecommunications Connsultants India Limited|access-date=4 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statement by H.E. Mr. Gurjit Singh, Ambassador of India to Ethiopia and Djibouti and Representative of India to the African Union and the UNECA at the World Information Technology Forum|url=http://www.panafricanenetwork.com/Portal/NewsDetails.jsp?newsidhide=14&newsnamehide=Statement%20by%20H.E.%20Mr.%20Gurjit%20Singh,%20Ambassador%20of%20India%20to%20Ethiopia%20and%20Djibouti%20and%20Representative%20of%20lndia%20to%20the%20African%20Union%20and%20the%20UNECA%20at%20the%20World%20Information%20Technology%20Forum%20|access-date=4 January 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The project is often described as Africa's biggest ever in the ICT sector and is expected to extend ICT infrastructure to rural and previously underserved areas.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pan-African e-network project launched|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/article1741299.ece|access-date=4 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu Businessline}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India kicks off pan-African e-network project|url=http://www.infoworld.com/t/networking/india-kicks-pan-african-e-network-project-666|access-date=4 January 2013|newspaper=InfoWorld|date=September 8, 2006}}</ref> The second phase of the project called e-VidyaBharti (Tele-education) and e-ArogyaBharti (Tele-medicine) was launched on 7 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Launch of e-VidyaBharti and e-ArogyaBharti Project by External Affairs Minister (October 09, 2019) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31928/Official+Launch+of+eVidyaBharti+and+eArogyaBharti+Project+by+External+Affairs+Minister+October+09+2019 |website=www.mea.gov.in |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The Indian Foreign Ministry contracted [[Telecommunications Consultants India]] to implement the project.<ref>{{cite web |title=India launches new digital bridge with Africa |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-launches-new-digital-bridge-with-africa-118091000560_1.html |website=Business Standard India |access-date=13 November 2021 |date=10 September 2018}}</ref>

In May 2017, India and [[Japan]] proposed building an Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) to boost economic development in region.<ref>{{cite web |last1=P |first1=Jagannath P. |title=Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC): An India-Japan Arch in the Making? |url=https://isdp.eu/publication/asia-africa-growth-corridor-aagc-india-japan/ |website=Institute for Security and Development Policy |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> As of May 2019, 42% of all lines of credit extended by India had been extended to African countries.<ref name = "Chaudhury">{{cite web |last1=Chaudhury |first1=Dipanjan Roy |title=India’s partnership with Africa is free of conditionalities |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-partnership-with-africa-is-free-of-conditionalities/articleshow/69568080.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

Over 13 current or former African heads of state and government are graduates of Indian educational and training institutions including Mozambique President [[Filipe Nyusi]], Nigerian President [[Muhammadu Buhari]], and former Tanzanian President [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]]. Six current and former chiefs of armed forces in Africa have received training at Indian military institutions.<ref name = "Chaudhury"/>

==Algeria==
India provided Algeria with US$1 million as humanitarian aid for the victims of the earthquake which struck Algeria in May 2003. Medicines worth half a million US dollars were handed over in April 2004 and $2 million, which is the balance in the form of construction steel for the houses for the victims was handed over in October 2006. The [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] launched the Algerian satellite Alsat 2A into orbit in July 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iacci.org/country-algeria.html |title=Algeria Chamber of Commerce, Algeria Chamber of Industry, Algeria Chamber of Industries |publisher=Iacci.org |access-date=2012-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305165435/http://www.iacci.org/country-algeria.html |archive-date=2017-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Angola==
The Indian Foreign Ministry gifted ambulances manufactured by [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] to the [[Government of Angola]] as a goodwill gesture in December 2005.<ref name="MEAAngola2021">{{cite web|title=India-Algeria Bilateral Relations|url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/AngolaInd.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|publisher=Embassy of India, Algiers|access-date=1 October 2021|date=July 2021}}</ref> India extended a $40 million line of credit (LOC) to Angola for the rehabilitation of the [[Moçâmedes Railway]] in 2005. The [[Government of India]] also extended to Angola three different grants worth $28.8 million for the purchase of agricultural equipment and infrastructure. The [[State Bank of India]], which opened its representative office in Luanda in April 2005, also extended concessional lines of credit of US$15.8 million for supply of tractors and import of capital equipment from India. The Government of India extended a $30 million aid to set up an industrial park and a $15 million aid to establish a cotton ginning and spinning plant in Angola in 2008–09.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembangola.org/angolaeconomic_commercial.html |title=Angola - India- Angola relations - Economic & Commercial - Embassy Of India, Luanda, Angola |publisher=Indembangola.org |access-date=2012-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822215031/http://www.indembangola.org/angolaeconomic_commercial.html |archive-date=2018-08-22 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> In June 2012, the Exim Bank provided a $23 million LOC for supply of tractors, implements and related spares.<ref name="MEAAngola2021"/>

Recently, India offered Angola a grant of $100 million in May 2021 for the purchase of naval boats, interceptor crafts and construction of naval vessels and slipways.<ref name="MEAAngola2021"/>

==Cameroon==
India donated 60 tractors and agricultural implements to the Government of Cameroon in 2007. India extended an [[aid]] worth $37.65 million on 29 May 2009 to fund rice and maize farm plantations. The [[Pan-African e-Network project]] was implemented in Cameroon in June 2010. India established tele-medicine and tele-education projects at the Cameroon State Regional University Yaoundé and its hospital. India provided Cameroon with a grant of $42 million in September 2012 for [[Cassava]] plantation projects in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIA-CAMEROON BILATERAL RELATIONS|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Cameroon_-_December_2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=14 April 2017|date=December 2016}}</ref>

==Madagascar==
In 2022, India sent 500 tons of rice to flood hit Madagascar. India has donated 15,000 bicycles to the country on the occasion of '[[World Bicycle Day]]' for students who need to walk for hours to get to school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bicycle day: India announces donation of 15 thousand bicycles to Madagascar |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=World-Bicycle-day:-India-announces-donation-of-15-thousand-bicycles-to-Madagascar&id=442423 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India donates 15,000 bicycles to Madagascar on its 76th Independence Day |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/pacific/india-donates-15000-bicycles-to-madagascar-on-its-76th-independence-day20220815180806/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, India has sent medicinal assistant to Madagascar also sent food grains to draught hit country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's aid to Madagascar |url=http://theprint.in/world/india-hands-over-5000-tonnes-of-rice-to-madagascar-as-humanitarian-assistance/1120254/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=The Print}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India extends a helping hand to Madagascar yet again; Sends food and medical supplies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/india-extends-a-helping-hand-to-madagascar-yet-again-sends-food-and-medical-supplies/2204966/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

The initiative was named 'Mission Sagar'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MISSION SAGAR |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1796165 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==Sierra Leone==
India provides [[development assistance]] to Sierra Leone primarily through concessional [[lines of credit]] (LOC) and through the [[ECOWAS]] Bank for Investment and Development. As of June 2021, India had provided over US$250 million worth of development assistance to Sierra Leone.<ref name="MEASierraLeone2021">{{cite web|title=India-Sierra Leone Bilateral Relations|url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Sierra_Leone_2021new.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|publisher=High Commission of India, Freetown|access-date=4 October 2021|date=June 2021}}</ref>

India provided US$15 million for agricultural projects including procurement of tractors, harvesters, rice threshers, rice mills, maize shellers and pesticide spray equipment in 2008. A $29.45 million line of credit was provided in 2010 for modernization and expansion of state-owned [[Sierratel]]'s network and infrastructure, and for the procurement of buses for university and tertiary institutions. India provided $30 million for rehabilitation of existing potable water facilities and addition of new infrastructure to supply potable water in 2010, $20 million for public lighting of Freetown and 13 municipal headquarters through solar energy in 2011, and $78 million to build transmission lines and sub-stations in 2016.<ref name="MEASierraLeone2021"/> In 2018, [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA]] (India, Brazil, South Africa) approved a $1 million contribution from the IBSA Fund to expand digital financial services among women, youth, micro, [[small and medium enterprises]] in Sierra Leone.<ref name="MEASierraLeone2021"/> In 2019, India provided $45 million for irrigation development in [[Tomabum]] aimed at making Sierra Leone self-sufficient in rice production, and for the expansion of rehabilitation of potable water facilities in four communities in Sierra Leone. A $32 million LOC was extended for the construction of the University of Science & Technology at [[Koidu|Koidu Town]], [[Kono District]] in 2020.<ref name="MEASierraLeone2021"/>

India donated 200 military barracks to Sierra Leone in January 2009, which were built by a [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertaking]]. India donated 29 packages of [[indelible ink]] in May 2007 for use in Sierra Leone's presidential and parliamentary elections held in September 2007. India also donated 40,000 tonnes of rice to Sierra Leone in June 2008 to meet urgent needs. India implemented the [[Pan-African e-Network project]] in Sierra Leone in 2010.<ref name="HCIrelations">{{cite web |title=India - Sierra Leone Bilateral Relations |url=http://www.indiahc-ghana.com/pages.php?id=67 |website=High Commission of India, Accra |access-date=9 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425132427/http://www.indiahc-ghana.com/pages.php?id=67 |archive-date=25 April 2017 |date=December 2016}}</ref><ref name="MEASierraLeone2021"/> In December 2014, India donated $12 million to the [[United Nations Ebola Response Fund]] and $50,000 to the [[World Health Organization]] to help fight the [[Western African Ebola virus epidemic|ebola virus outbreak]] in Sierra Leone, [[Liberia]] and [[Guinea]]. The country also donated $50,000 worth of medical equipment and medicines directly to the Government of Sierra Leone.<ref name="MEASierraLeone2021"/> The [[Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations]] donated $100,000 to the [[Special Court for Sierra Leone]] and $50,000 towards relief efforts for damages caused by floods and mudslide in August 2017.<ref name="MEASierraLeone2021"/> India donated a large consignment of medicines in February 2021 to help Sierra Leone fight the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone|COVID-19 pandemic]]. India donated 1,000 tonnes of rice to Sierra Leone in March 2021.<ref name="MEASierraLeone2021"/> India shipped 96,000 doses of the [[Covishield]] vaccine produced by the [[Serum Institute of India]] through [[COVAX]] to Freetown on 8 March 2021. India will provide Sierra Leone around 528,000 doses of vaccine through COVAX.<ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 vaccines shipped by COVAX arrive in Sierra Leone |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/covid-19-vaccines-shipped-covax-arrive-sierra-leone |website=WHO |access-date=4 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

India sent 1,000 metric tons of [[rice]] on 24 March 2026 to support Sierra Leone's school [[Midday Meal Scheme|midday meal scheme]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEducation.com |title=India sends 1,000 metric tons rice to support Sierra Leone's school midday meal scheme |url=https://education.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/india-sends-1000-metric-tons-rice-to-support-sierra-leones-school-midday-meal-scheme/129807590 |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=ETEducation.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian foreign aid]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian foreign aid]]

Rayagada Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:34:17Z

AndrewJordan: Creating new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Rayagada}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rayagada
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 140
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Kadraka Appala Swamy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,55,053{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Rayagada''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Rayagada district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=140|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324110902/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=140|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Rayagada (140) District: Rayagada|accessdate= 21 March 2014}}</ref>

[https://ceoodisha.nic.in/acmaps/AC140.pdf Map of Rayagada Constituency]

This constituency includes [[Rayagada]], Rayagada block and Kashipur block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp82.htm|title= 82 - Rayagada Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 23 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.81}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Independent}}|30.21}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|41.45}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.45}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.00}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.03}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|69.01}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.30}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|75.44}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|85.37}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|63.95}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections have been held in the constituency till date.

List of members elected from Rayagada constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Rayagada Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=https://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/rayagada.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 22 March 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rayagada Assembly Election Results 2024: Rayagada Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/rayagada-constituency-result-18140 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Kadraka Appala Swamy]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Rayagada Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Rayagada Constituency (Seat) Election Results">{{cite news |last1=News18 |date=2019 |title=Rayagada Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Rayagada Constituency (Seat) Election Results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/rayagada-election-result-s18a140/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106145628/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/rayagada-election-result-s18a140/ |archivedate=6 November 2022 |accessdate=6 November 2022}}</ref>
|[[Makaranda Muduli]]
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|rowspan=2|[[Lal Bihari Himirika]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Ramachandra Ulaka|Ulaka Rama Chandra]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Lal Bihari Himirika]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|rowspan=6|[[Ramachandra Ulaka|Ulaka Rama Chandra]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Himirika Raghunath
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Anantaram Majhi
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|rowspan=3|Mandangi Kamaya
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13th May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Kadraka Appala Swamy]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Anusaya Majhi by a margin of 29,186 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Rayagada}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kadraka Appala Swamy]]
|votes = 87,482
|percentage = 45.81
|change = {{up}}23.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Anusaya Majhi
|votes = 58,296
|percentage = 30.52
|change = {{up}}3.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Basanta Kumar Ullaka
|votes = 24,548
|percentage = 12.85
|change = {{down}}1.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,676
|percentage = 2.45
|change = {{down}}0.96
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 29,186
|percentage = 15.29
|change = {{up}}12.50
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,90,986
|percentage = 72.91
|change = {{down}}0.82
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate [[Makaranda Muduli]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Lal Bihari Himirika]] by a margin of 4,870 votes.<ref name="Rayagada Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Rayagada Constituency (Seat) Election Results" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election| 2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Rayagada<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) (AC/ PC) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Makaranda Muduli]]
|votes = 52,844
|percentage = 30.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Lal Bihari Himirika]]
|votes = 47,974
|percentage = 27.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kadraka Appala Swamy]]
|votes = 39,657
|percentage = 22.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Basanta Kumar Ullaka
|votes = 24,425
|percentage = 13.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 5,965
|percentage = 3.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,870
|percentage = 2.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,74,942
|percentage = 73.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Lal Bihari Himirika]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Makaranda Muduli]] by a margin of 8,286 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=15 June 2014|archive-date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Rayagada<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Rayagada|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18140.htm?ac=140|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=15 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Rayagada (140)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=140|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714133458/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=140|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 July 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=15 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Lal Bihari Himirika]]
|votes = 69,629
|percentage = 41.45
|change = {{down}}3.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Makaranda Muduli]]
|votes = 61,343
|percentage = 36.52
|change = {{up}}5.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kaliram Majhi
|votes = 17,356
|percentage = 10.33
|change = {{up}}3.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 6,900
|percentage = 4.11
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,286
|percentage = 4.93
|change = {{down}}8.24
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,67,972
|percentage = 78.84
|change = {{up}}17.8
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,13,044
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Lal Bihari Himirika]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Ramachandra Ulaka|Ulaka Rama Chandra]] by a margin of 15,661 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=15661 |accessdate=17 March 2014 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Rayagada<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Lal Bihari Himirika]]
|votes = 52,847
|percentage = 44.45
|change = {{up}}8.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramachandra Ulaka|Ulaka Rama Chandra]]
|votes = 37,186
|percentage = 31.28
|change = {{down}}21.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhaskar Mutuka
|votes = 9,213
|percentage = 7.75
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kaliram Majhi
|votes = 7,890
|percentage = 6.64
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,661
|percentage = 13.17{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,19,480
|percentage = 61.04{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 63.24%}}
|change = {{down}}2.2
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rayagada district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coords|19.17|83.41|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Rayagada district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Vishal Shah

2026-04-13T22:45:20Z

AndrewJordan: created basic info added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{orphan|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vishal Shah
| constituency = [[Narkatiya Assembly constituency|Narkatia]]
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2025
| predecessor = [[Shamim Ahmad]]
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Vishal Shah''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He was elected to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Narkatiya Assembly constituency]] in the 2025 state elections as a candidate of the [[Janata Dal (United)]]. He defeated two-term MLA and former minister [[Shamim Ahmad]] of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], securing 1,04,450 votes against Ahmad's 1,03,007.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goyal |first1=Khushbu |title=RJD को लगा बड़ा झटका, JDU के विशाल कुमार ने लगाई सेंध, शमीम अहमद को हराया |url=https://hindi.news24online.com/state/bihar/narkatiya-election-result-2025-live-updates-bjp-rjd-bihar-chunav-natije-sanjay-pandey-shaashvat-kedaar-deepak-yadav-winner-loser-vote-margin/1378075/ |publisher=[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24]] |date=November 14, 2025}}</ref> Shah previously served as the youth district president of the Janata Dal (United) and was later appointed as a political advisor to the party at the state level.<ref>{{cite news |title=पहली बार चुनाव लड़कर विशाल ने हासिल की जीत |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/motihari/story-vishal-shah-triumphs-in-motihari-assembly-election-proves-organizational-skills-201763146003074.html |publisher=[[Livehindustan.com]] |date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Vishal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from East Champaran district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JDU-politician-stub}}

Angkrish Raghuvanshi

2026-04-11T07:19:05Z

AndrewJordan:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Angkrish Raghuvanshi
| image =
| country = India
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2004|06|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = [[Slow left-arm orthodox]]
| role = Batter, Occasional wicket-keeper

| club1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| year1 = 2023/24–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year2 =2024–present
| clubnumber2 =

| columns = 3
| hidedeliveries = true
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 3
| runs1 = 182
| bat avg1 = 45.50
| 100s/50s1 = 0/2
| top score1 = 92
| deliveries1 = 0
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = 0
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 0
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/–

| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 11
| runs2 = 265
| bat avg2 = 26.50
| 100s/50s2 = 0/3
| top score2 = 57
| deliveries2 = 0
| wickets2 = 0
| bowl avg2 = 0
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = 0
| catches/stumpings2 = 9/–

| column3 =[[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 33
| runs3 = 685
| bat avg3 = 27.40
| 100s/50s3 = 0/3
| top score3 = 54
| deliveries3 = 0
| wickets3 = 0
| bowl avg3 = 0
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = –
| best bowling3 = 0
| catches/stumpings3 = 13/–
| date = 10 June 2025
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/angkrish-raghuvanshi-1292495 Cricinfo
| medaltemplates= {{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Men's Asia Cup|ACC U19 Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2021 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup|2021 UAE]]}}
}}

'''Angkrish Raghuvanshi''' (born 5 June 2004) is an Indian [[cricket]]er. <ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Angkrish Raghuvanshi profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/angkrish-raghuvanshi-1292495 |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref> He played for the [[India national under-19 cricket team]] in the [[2022 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup]], where he was India's highest run scorer.<ref name="U-19 WC: India Rewrite Record Books With Massive 326 Run Victory Over Uganda">{{cite news |title=U-19 WC: India Rewrite Record Books With Massive 326 Run Victory Over Uganda |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/u-19-wc-india-rewrite-record-books-in-massive-win-against-uganda |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=TheQuint |date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327061703/https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/u-19-wc-india-rewrite-record-books-in-massive-win-against-uganda |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bawa, Raghuvanshi centuries power massive India win |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/under-19-world-cup-bawa-raghuvanshi-centuries-set-up-massive-win-for-india-against-uganda-1298462 |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2024 Indian Premier League]] with the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]].

Angkrish Raghuvanshi made his T20 debut for Mumbai against Haryana in October 2023. He made his List A cricket debut for Mumbai against Sikkim on 20 November 2023.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

Raghuvanshi, born in Delhi, relocated to Mumbai at the age of 11, where he commenced his training under the guidance of [[Abhishek Nayar]] and Omkar Salvi. Subsequently, he made a permanent move to Mumbai.<ref name=":0" /> KKR acquired him for INR 20 lakhs at the IPL 2024 auction.<ref name="Who is Angkrish Raghuvanshi, player who scored blistering half century for Kolkata Knight Riders against Delhi Capitals?">{{cite news |title=Who is Angkrish Raghuvanshi, player who scored blistering half century for Kolkata Knight Riders against Delhi Capitals? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/angkrish-raghuvanshi-kolkata-knight-riders-vs-delhi-capitals-9249642/ |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618040458/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/angkrish-raghuvanshi-kolkata-knight-riders-vs-delhi-capitals-9249642/ |archive-date=18 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024 he made his debut in the [[Indian Premier League]] for the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], scoring 54 runs from 27 balls in his first match against the [[Delhi Capitals]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-07 |title=Angkrish Raghuvanshi has limitations, but he won't let them come in his way |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2024-csk-vs-kkr-angkrish-raghuvanshi-wants-to-realise-his-dreams-like-no-one-has-done-before-1428324 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Who Is Angkrish Raghuvanshi: Former U-19 World Cup Star Setting IPL 2024 On Fire For KKR {{!}} Cricket News">{{cite news |title=Who Is Angkrish Raghuvanshi: Former U-19 World Cup Star Setting IPL 2024 On Fire For KKR {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2024/who-is-angkrish-raghuvanshi-kolkata-knight-riders-youngster-who-dismantled-delhi-capitals-bowlers-5368352 |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=NDTVSports |date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113110852/https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2024/who-is-angkrish-raghuvanshi-kolkata-knight-riders-youngster-who-dismantled-delhi-capitals-bowlers-5368352 |archive-date=13 November 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Who is Angkrish Raghuvanshi? KKR's new sensation who hit a 25-ball fifty in debut match against DC">{{cite news |title=Who is Angkrish Raghuvanshi? KKR's new sensation who hit a 25-ball fifty in debut match against DC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/who-is-angkrish-raghuvanshi-kkrs-new-sensation-who-hit-a-25-ball-fifty-in-debut-match-against-dc/articleshow/109027558.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327060415/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/who-is-angkrish-raghuvanshi-kkrs-new-sensation-who-hit-a-25-ball-fifty-in-debut-match-against-dc/articleshow/109027558.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=27 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Who is Angkrish Raghuvanshi? KKR's U-19 sensation who slammed rapid fifty vs DC">{{cite news |title=Who is Angkrish Raghuvanshi? KKR's U-19 sensation who slammed rapid fifty vs DC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/who-is-angkrish-raghuvanshi-dc-v-kkr-ipl-2024-2523037-2024-04-04 |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327060450/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/who-is-angkrish-raghuvanshi-dc-v-kkr-ipl-2024-2523037-2024-04-04 |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Angkrish Raghuvanshi was born in 2004 in New Delhi and later moved to Mumbai to pursue his career in cricket. His father Avneesh Raghuvanshi is a former tennis player and mother Malika Raghuvanshi was a basketball player.<ref name="Meet IPL 2025's young cricketer Angkrish Raghuvanshi's parents who also played for the country">{{cite news |title=Meet IPL 2025's young cricketer Angkrish Raghuvanshi's parents who also played for the country |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parenting/moments/angkrish-raghuvanshis-family-meet-young-cricketer-angkrish-raghuvanshis-parents-who-also-played-for-the-country/articleshow/119574279.cms |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=27 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327060509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parenting/moments/angkrish-raghuvanshis-family-meet-young-cricketer-angkrish-raghuvanshis-parents-who-also-played-for-the-country/articleshow/119574279.cms |archive-date=27 March 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1292495}}
* [https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/22566/angkrish-raghuvanshi Angkrish Raghuvanshi] at [[Cricbuzz]]

{{Kolkata Knight Riders squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghuvanshi, Angkrish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Dewas Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-01T03:28:06Z

AndrewJordan:

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Other uses|Dewas (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Dewas
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Dewas.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Dewas Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1962–1967; 2009–
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|reservation= SC
|assembly_cons = [[Ashta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashta]] [[Agar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Agar]] [[Shajapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shajapur]] [[Shujalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shujalpur]] [[Kalapipal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalapipal]] [[Sonkatch (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonkatch]] [[Dewas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dewas]] [[Hatpipliya Assembly constituency|Hatpipliya]]
| mp = [[Mahendra Solanki]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Manohar Untwal]]
|electors={{formatnum:1296627}}<ref name="voters"/>
}}
'''Dewas''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies. Following delimitation, [[Shajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shajapur constituency]] ceased to exist and Dewas constituency came into being.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=2348|title=Three new faces in Cong candidates' list|publisher=Central Chronicle|date=14 March 2009|access-date=16 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050439/http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=2348|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]] and covers parts of [[Sehore district|Sehore]], [[Shajapur district|Shajapur]], [[Agar Malwa district|Agar Malwa]] and [[Dewas district|Dewas]] districts.

Since May 2024, the Member of Parliament for this constituency is [[Mahendra Solanki]]<ref name="2024results"/> whose term is expected to last until May 2029.{{Update after|2029|5|reason=2029 election results}}

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Dewas Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref name="voters">{{cite web|url=http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/english/election_commission/191208.asp|title=Three new Parliamentary seats come into existence Dewas, Tikamgarh and Ratlam in Shajapur, Seoni and Jhabua out|publisher=Department of Public Relations, Madhya Pradesh government|date=19 December 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621174614/http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/english/election_commission/191208.asp|archivedate=21 June 2009}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|157
|[[Ashta Assembly constituency|Ashta]] (SC)
|[[Sehore district|Sehore]]
| [[Gopal Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|166
|[[Agar Assembly constituency|Agar]] (SC)
|[[Agar Malwa district|Agar Malwa]]
| [[Madhav Singh|Madhav Singh Gehlot]]
|-
|167
|[[Shajapur Assembly constituency|Shajapur]]
|rowspan=3|[[Shajapur district|Shajapur]]
| [[Arun Bhimawad]]
|-
|168
|[[Shujalpur Assembly constituency|Shujalpur]]
| [[Inder Singh Parmar]]
|-
|169
|[[Kalapipal Assembly constituency|Kalapipal]]
| [[Ghanshyam Chandravanshi]]
|-
|170
|[[Sonkatch Assembly constituency|Sonkatch]] (SC)
|rowspan=3|[[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| [[Rajesh Sonkar]]
|-
|171
|[[Dewas Assembly constituency|Dewas]]
| [[Gayatri Raje Pawar]]
|-
|172
|[[Hatpipliya Assembly constituency|Hatpipliya]]
| [[Manoj Choudhary]]
|-
|}

[[Agar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Agar]], [[Shajapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shajapur]], [[Shujalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shujalpur]], [[Dewas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dewas]], [[Sonkatch (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonkatch]] and [[Hatpipliya Assembly constituency|Hatpipliya]] Vidhan Sabha segments were earlier part of the erstwhile [[Shajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]], while [[Ashta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashta]] segment was earlier part of [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Hukam Chand Kachwai]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''1967-2008 : See [[Shajapur Lok Sabha constituency|Shajapur]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Sajjan Singh Verma]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Manohar Untwal]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Mahendra Solanki]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Dewas<ref name=2024results>{{cite web |title=Dewas Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/dewas-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 21 - DEWAS |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1221.htm |website=ECI}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Mahendra Solanki]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes={{formatnum:9,25,917}}
|percentage=63.32
|change=+1.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Rajendra Malaviya
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes={{formatnum:5,02,548}}
|percentage=34.29
|change=-0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate =Rajendra Singh Chokhutiya
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes =11,203
|percentage =0.76
|change =-0.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 10,389
|percentage = 0.71
|change = +0.06
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =4,25,225
|percentage =29.03
|change =+2.43
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =14,69,104
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Dewas<ref name="results2019">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2019 to the Lok Sabha}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mahendra Solanki]]
|votes = {{formatnum:862429}}
|percentage = 61.62
|change = +3.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prahlad Tipanya|Prahlad Singh Tipanya]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:490180}}
|percentage = 35.02
|change = -0.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Badrilal Akela
|votes = {{formatnum:18338}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change = -0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:9034}}
|percentage = 0.65
|change = -0.35
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:372249}}
|percentage = 26.60
|change = +3.84
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:1398946}}
|percentage = 79.46
|change = +8.72
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Dewas<ref name="results2014">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/97-general-election-2014/|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2014 to the Lok Sabha}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manohar Untwal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:665646}}
|percentage = 58.19
|change = {{increase}} 10.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sajjan Singh Verma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:405333}}
|percentage = 35.43
|change = {{Decrease}} 12.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gokul Prasad Dongare
|votes = {{formatnum:17238}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change = {{increase}}0.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:10253}}
|percentage = 0.90
|change = {{Increase}} 0.90
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:260313}}
|percentage = 22.76
|change = {{increase}}20.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:1143970}}
|percentage = 70.74
|change = {{Increase}} 10.39
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Dewas<ref name="results2009">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2009 to the Lok Sabha}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sajjan Singh Verma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:376421}}
|percentage = 48.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Thawarchand Gehlot
|votes = {{formatnum:360964}}
|percentage = 46.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhagirath Parihar
|votes = {{formatnum:10743}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15457}}
|percentage = 1.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:782929}}
|percentage = 60.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]: Dewas<ref name="results1962">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4113-general-election-1962-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1962 (Vol I, II) - General Election Archive (1951-2004) - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in|date= |author= |access-date= 30 November 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Hukumchand Kacchaway]]
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = {{formatnum:106706}}
|percentage = 46.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kanhaiyalal
|votes = {{formatnum:99557}}
|percentage = 43.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad
|candidate = Ramlal
|votes = {{formatnum:23240}}
|percentage = 10.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,149|percentage=3.11|change=}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:229503}}
|percentage = 54.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|winner=Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}<ref name="results1962" /><ref name="results2009" /><ref name="results2014" /><ref name="results2019" />

==See also==
* [[Shajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Dewas district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dewas district}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|23.0|76.4|region:IN-MP_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dewas (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dewas district]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2009]]

Laxmikant Nishad

2026-03-31T08:18:52Z

AndrewJordan: Created The Entry W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Laxmikant Nishad
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Sant Kabir Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Praveen Kumar Nishad]]
| successor1 =
|parents= Satai (father)
|occupation= Agriculture
|office2= [[Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers|Minister of State]] (Independent Charge) for Fertilizers and Logistics: [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|term_start2= 2012
|term_end2= 2017
|office3= [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|term_start3=2012
|term_end3=2017
|constituency3= [[Menhdawal Assembly constituency|Menhdawal]]
|successor3= [[Rakesh Singh Baghel]]
|predecessor3= Abdul Kalam
|party=[[Samajwadi Party]]
|source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5813?from=members
}}

'''Laxmikant Nishad''' also known as '''Pappu Nishad''' is an Indian politician from the [[Samajwadi Party]]. He was the Minister of State for Fertilizers and Logistics with independent charge in [[Akhilesh Yadav]]'s [[Uttar Pradesh Government]] and a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 2012 to 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/sant-kabir-nagar-lok-sabha-election-sp-expressed-confidence-in-former-minister-pappu-nishad-for-this-one-reason-23696628.html|title=पूर्व मंत्री पप्पू निषाद पर सपा ने जताया भरोसा, इस एक वजह से पार्टी ने खेला दांव}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=457|title=LAXMIKANT (Winner) MENHDAWAL (SANT KABIR NAGAR)|website=myneta.com}}</ref><ref name="Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806121923/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archivedate=6 August 2024 |accessdate=6 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sant Kabir Nagar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/sant-kabir-nagar|title=Sant Kabir Nagar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024|date=4 June 2024|accessdate=25 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625131155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/sant-kabir-nagar|archivedate=25 June 2025|publisher=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Sant Kabir Nagar">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2462.htm|title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Sant Kabir Nagar|date=4 June 2024|access-date=25 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625131148/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2462.htm|archive-date=25 June 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=April 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laxmikant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Road signs in India

2026-03-29T20:20:32Z

AndrewJordan: further expand page as per guidelines and fixed typos to improve readability

{{short description|none}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Malkassignboard.JPG|thumb|200px|A signboard in [[Kerala]]]]
[[File:NBTPL-Variable-Board.jpg|thumb|200px|A sign in [[Bengaluru]]]]
[[File:Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway|Gurgaon Expressway]]]]
[[File:Sion Panvel Highway Kharghar exit.jpeg|thumb|200px|[[Sion Panvel Highway]]]]
[[File:Kannur South 6, Kerala, India.jpg|thumb|200px|Traffic sign in [[Kannur]]]]
[[File:Road signs of villages in India.jpg|thumb|200px|Road sign at a village in [[West Bengal]]]]
[[File:NH 11 National Highway India Rajasthan Road March 2015.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Road sign on NH11 near Ajmer, Rajasthan. This is an example of a Gantry-mounted advance direction ahead of an at-grade junction|Road sign on NH11 near [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]]. This is an example of a Gantry-mounted advance direction ahead of an at-grade junction]]
'''Road signs in India''' are governed by the [[Indian Roads Congress]]. For the most part, they tend to follow European practices closely, usually identical to [[Road signs in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] or the [[Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals]]. However yellow rectangular signs that do carry such messages like "Be gentle on my curves" and "Danger creeps when safety sleeps" are present nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unusual road signs in Northern India |url=https://www.arrivealive.co.za/print.aspx?s=5&i=3010 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=arrivealive.co.za}}</ref>

The official typeface for road signs in India is [[Transport (typeface)|Transport]] and [[Arial]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=IRC 67-2022-Code of Practice For Road Signs |publisher=Indian Roads Congress |year=2022 |edition=4th |location=Delhi |publication-date=June 2022 |page=24 |language=en}}</ref> The Official typeface for Highway shields is [[Highway Gothic]].<ref name=":0" /> Though sometimes, road signs may use hand-painted fonts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hand-painted Signs: Forgotten Markers of the City Space |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/hand-painted-signs-forgotten-markers-city-space |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hand painted Indian typography |website=Richard Frazer blog |url=https://richardfrazer.com/blog/hand-painted-indian-typography/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>
Most urban roads and [[State Highway (India)|state highways]] have signs in the [[official languages of India|state language]] and [[English language|English]]. [[National Highway (India)|National highways]] have signs in the state language, [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and English.

==History==
From 1963, a circle with a red diagonal slash shows prohibited activities and circles without slashes show rules, blue circles indicate compulsory instructions and triangles with red borders indicate cautions and dangers. Road signs with imperial measures were fully replaced with their metric counterparts.

Prior to 1963, street signs with imperial measurements were used, the warning signage used was triangle above a rectangle which showed dangers and warnings similar to the pre-worboys design used in the [[Road signs in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] and the mandatory signs used were red circles, some with a band such as No Parking and Closed, but some with a rectangular plates that would give written warnings.

==Mandatory/Regulatory signs==
The mandatory/regulatory signs in India as per the [[Indian Roads Congress|IRC]]-67 (2022) Guidelines are as follows:
<gallery>
File:Indian Road Sign I-I-1 (EN).svg|Stop
File:Indian road sign STOP multilingual.gif|Stop (in major Indian languages)
File:Indian Road Sign I-I-2.svg|Give Way
File:Give Way to Buses.svg|Give Way to Buses (Exiting the Bus Bay)
File:No Entry sign India.svg|No entry
File:Indian Road Sign oncoming priority.svg|Priority for oncoming vehicles
File:Indian Road Sign one way traffic right.svg|One-way traffic
File:Indian Road Sign one way traffic left.svg|One-way traffic
File:Indian Road Sign no vehicles.svg|No vehicles in both directions
File:Indian Road Sign cycle prohibited.svg|Cycles prohibited
File:Indian Road Sign I-II-9.svg|Trucks prohibited
File:Indian Road Sign pedestrians prohibited.svg|Pedestrians prohibited
File:Indian Road Sign tongas prohibited.svg|Tongas prohibited
File:Indian Road Sign I-II-1.svg|Bullock carts prohibited
File:Indian Road Sign hand cart prohibited.svg|Hand carts prohibited
File:Indian Road Sign I-II-2.svg|Bullock cart and hand carts prohibited
File:Indian Road Sign all motor vehicles prohibited.svg|All motor vehicles prohibited
File:Buses Prohibited.svg|Buses Prohibited
File:Indian Road Sign height limit.svg|Height limit
File:Indian Road Sign width limit.svg|Width limit
File:Indian Road Sign load limit.svg|Load limit
File:Indian Road Sign axle load limit.svg|Axle load limit
File:Indian Road Sign length limit.svg|Length limit
File:Indian Road Sign left turn prohibited.svg|Left turn prohibited
File:Indian Road Sign right turn prohibited.svg|Right turn prohibited
File:Overtaking prohibited.svg|Overtaking prohibited
File:U-turn prohibited.svg|U-Turn Prohibited
File:Indian Road Sign I-IV-6.svg|Maximum Speed Limit
File:Stop For Police Check.svg|Stop For Police Check
File:Indian Road Sign I-II-15.svg|Horns prohibited
File:Restriction ends sign India.svg|Restriction Ends
File:No parking new.svg|No Parking
File:No standing.svg|No Standing
File:No stopping.svg|No Stopping
File:Parking Not Allowed On Footpath.svg|Parking Not Allowed On Footpath
File:Parking Not Allowed On Half of Footpath.svg|Parking Not Allowed On Half of Footpath
</gallery>

===Compulsory signs===
The compulsory signs in India as per the [[Indian Roads Congress|IRC]]-67 (2022) Guidelines are as follows:
<gallery>
File:Compulsory Ahead.svg|Compulsory Ahead
File:Compulsory Left India.svg|Compulsory Turn Left
File:Compulsory Right India.svg|Compulsory Turn Right
File:Compulsory left ahead India.svg|Compulsory turn left (In advance of a Junction)
File:Compulsory Right ahead India.svg|Compulsory turn right (In advance of a Junction)
File:Compulsory ahead or right India.svg|Compulsory Ahead or turn Right
File:Compulsory ahead or left India.svg|Compulsory Ahead or turn Left
File:Compulsory Keep Left India.svg|Compulsory Keep Left
File:Compulsory Keep Right India.svg|Compulsory Keep Right
File:Pass either side India.svg|Pass Either Side
File:Priority to vehicles from the right India.svg|Mini Roundabout
File:Compulsory cycle track India.svg|Compulsory [[Cycle track]]/Cycle Only
File:Compulsory cyclist and pedestrian route India.svg|Compulsory Cyclist and Pedestrian Route
File:Pedestrian only India.svg|Pedestrian Only
File:Bus way sign India.svg|Bus Way/Buses Only
File:Compulsory snow chain India.svg|Compulsory Snow Chain
File:Compulsory sound horn India.svg|Compulsory Sound Horn
File:Minimum speed limit India.svg|Minimum Speed Limit
</gallery>

==Cautionary/Warning signs==
The cautionary/ warning signs in India as per the [[Indian Roads Congress|IRC]]-67 (2022) Guidelines are as follows:
<gallery>
File:Indian Road Sign II-1.svg|Left curve
File:Indian Road Sign II-2.svg|Right curve
File:Indian Road Sign II-3.svg|Right hairpin bend
File:Indian Road Sign II-4.svg|Left hairpin bend
File:Indian Road Sign II-5.svg|Right reverse bend
File:Indian Road Sign II-6.svg|Left reverse bend
File:Indian Road Sign II-7.svg|Series of Bends
File:Indian Road Sign II-8.svg|270 Degree Loop
File:Indian Road Sign II-9.svg|Side road to right
File:Indian Road Sign II-10.svg|Side road to left
File:Indian Road Sign II-11a.svg|Y-Intersection (Left)
File:Indian Road Sign II-11b.svg|Y-Intersection (Right)
File:Y-Intersection.svg|Y-Intersection
File:Indian Road Sign II-12.svg|Crossroads
File:Indian Road Sign II-13.svg|Roundabout
File:Indian Road Sign II-14.svg|Traffic Signals
File:Indian Road Sign II-15.svg|T-junction
File:Indian Road Sign II-16.svg|T-junction major road ahead
File:Indian Road Sign II-17.svg|Major road ahead
File:Indian Road Sign II-18-L-R.svg|Staggered junction
File:Indian Road Sign II-18-R-L.svg|Staggered junction
File:Indian Road Sign II-19 R.svg|Merging Traffic ahead from Right
File:Indian Road Sign II-19.svg|Merging Traffic ahead from Left
File:Indian Road Sign II-21.svg|Road Narrows Ahead
File:Indian Road Sign II-22.svg|Road widens
File:Indian Road Sign II-23.svg|Narrow Bridge Ahead
File:Indian Road Sign II-24.svg|Steep ascent
File:Indian Road Sign II-25.svg|Steep descent
File:Indian Road Sign II-26.svg|Reduced Carriageway Left Lane(s) Reduced
File:Indian Road Sign II-27.svg|Reduced Carriageway Right Lane(s) Reduced
File:Indian Road Sign II-28.svg|Start of dual carriageway
File:Indian Road Sign II-29.svg|End of dual carriageway
File:Indian Road Sign II-30.svg|Gap in median
File:Indian Road Sign II-31.svg|Pedestrian crossing
File:Road Sign Children.svg|School Ahead
File:Indian Road Sign II-33.svg|Built-up area
File:Two Way Operation.svg|Two Way Operation
File:Two way Traffic on Crossroad Ahead Warning.svg|Two way Traffic on crossroads Ahead Warning
File:Roadworks 2022.svg|Roadwork
File:Indian Road Sign II-41.svg|Supplementary plate <nowiki>''END''</nowiki> at the leaving side of work zone
File:Indian Road Sign II-42.svg|Danger warning
File:Differently Abled Persons Ahead.svg|Differently Abled Persons Ahead
File:Deaf Persons Ahead.svg|Deaf Persons Ahead
File:Blind Persons Ahead.svg|Blind Persons Ahead
File:Indian Road Sign II-45.svg|Cycle crossing
File:Indian Road Sign II-46.svg|Cycle Route Ahead
File:Indian Road Sign II-47.svg|Dangerous Dip
File:Indian Road Sign II-48.svg|Speed Breaker
File:Indian Road Sign II-49.svg|Rumble strip
File:Indian Road Sign II-50.svg|Rough road
File:Indian Road Sign II-51.svg|Soft verges
File:Indian Road Sign II-52.svg|Loose gravel
File:Indian Road Sign II-53.svg|Slippery road
File:Indian Road Sign II-54.svg|Slippery road because of Ice
File:Indian Road Sign II-55.svg|Opening or Swing Bridge
File:Indian Road Sign II-56.svg|Overhead cables
File:Indian Road Sign II-58.svg|Quayside or riverbank
File:Indian Road Sign II-59.svg|Barrier
File:Indian Road Sign II-60.svg|Sudden Side Winds
File:Indian Road Sign II-61.svg|Tunnel ahead
File:Indian Road Sign II-62.svg|Ferry
File:Indian Road Sign II-63.svg|Trams crossing
File:Indian Road Sign II-64.svg|Falling rocks
File:Indian Road Sign II-65.svg|Cattle crossing
File:Indian Road Sign II-66.svg|Wild Animals
File:Indian Road Sign II-67.svg|Queues likely ahead
File:Indian Road Sign II-68.svg|Low-flying aircraft
File:Indian Road Sign II-69.svg|Unguarded railway crossing
File:Unguarded railway crossing 100m sign India.svg|Unguarded railway crossing (50 - 100 Metres Ahead)
File:Unguarded railway crossing 200m sign India.svg|Unguarded railway crossing (200 metres ahead)
File:Indian Road Sign II-70.svg|Guarded railway crossing
File:Guarded railway crossing 100m sign India.svg|Guarded railway crossing (50-100 metres ahead)
File:Guarded railway crossing 200m sign India.svg|Guarded railway crossing (200 metres ahead)
File:U Turn Ahead.svg|U-Turn Ahead
File:Single chevron normal sign India.svg|Single Chevron
File:Indian Road Sign II-73.svg|Double chevron
File:Indian Road Sign II-74.svg|Triple chevron
File:Indian Road Sign II-75.svg|Object Hazard (Left)
File:Indian Road Sign II-76.svg|Object Hazard (Right)
File:Indian Road Sign II-77.svg|Two Way Object Hazard Marker
</gallery>

==Informatory signs==
The informatory signs in India as per the [[Indian Roads Congress|IRC]]-67 (2022) Guidelines are as follows:
<gallery>
File:Indian Road Sign III-1.svg|Stack-type advance direction sign
File:Indian Road Sign III-2.svg|Map-type advance direction sign
File:Indian Road Sign III-3.svg|Roundabout
File:Indian Road Sign III-4.svg|Flag-type direction sign
File:Indian Road Sign III-5.svg|Confirmatory sign
File:Indian Road Sign III-6.svg|Place identification sign
File:Indian Road Sign III-7.svg|Truck-lay by
File:Indian Road Sign III-9.svg|Weigh bridge ahead
File:Indian Road Sign III-10.svg|Gantry-mounted advance direction sign ahead of a grade-separated junction
File:Indian Road Sign III-11.svg|Gantry-mounted advance direction ahead of an at-grade junction
File:Indian Road Sign III-13.svg|Lane dedicated gantry sign
File:Indian Road Sign III-14.svg|Shoulder-mounted sign in advance of grade-separated junction
File:Expressway ahead sign India.svg|Expressway Ahead
File:Indian Road Sign III-16.svg|Gantry-mounted advance direction sign ahead of a flyover in urban/city roads
File:Indian Road Sign III-17a.svg|Supplementary road sign <nowiki>''No parking''</nowiki>
File:Indian Road Sign III-17b.svg|Supplementary road sign <nowiki>''No stopping No standing''</nowiki>
File:Crash Prone Area.svg|Crash Prone Area
</gallery>

==Facility informatory signs==
The facility information signs in India as per the [[Indian Roads Congress|IRC]]-67 (2022) Guidelines are as follows:
<gallery>
File:Eating place facility sign India.svg|Eating Place
File:Light Refreshment facility sign India.svg|Light Refreshment
File:Resting place facility sign India.svg|Resting Place
File:First aid post facility sign India.svg|First Aid Post
File:Toilet facility sign India.svg|Toilet
File:Filling station facility sign India.svg|Filling Station (Fuel Pump)
File:Hospital sign India.svg|Hospital
File:Emergency SOS facility sign India.svg|Emergency SOS Facility
File:U-turn ahead facility sign India.svg|U-Turn Ahead
File:Pedestrian subway sign India.svg|Pedestrian Subway
File:Foot over bridge sign India.svg|Foot Over Bridge
File:Chair lift sign India.svg|Chair Lift
File:Police Station sign India.svg|Police Station
File:Repair facility sign India.svg|Repair Facility
File:Railway Station metro station monorail station sign India.svg|Railway Station/Metro Station/Monorail Station
File:Cycle rickshaw stand sign India.svg|Cycle Rickshaw Stand
File:Taxi stand sign India.svg|Taxi Stand
File:Auto-rickshaw stand sign India.svg|Auto-rickshaw Stand
File:Shared taxi and share auto stand sign India.svg|Shared Taxi/Share Auto Stand
File:Home zone sign India.svg|Home Zone
File:Camp site sign India.svg|Camp Site
File:Airport sign India.svg|Airport
File:Golf course sign India.svg|Golf Course
File:National heritage sign India.svg|National Heritage
File:No through road sign India.svg|No Through Road
File:No through side road sign India.svg|No Through Side Road
File:Toll road ahead sign India.svg|Toll Road Ahead
File:Guide sign on ETC lane sign India.svg|ETC Lane Guide
File:Country border Sign India.svg|Country Border
File:Entry ramp for expressway sign India.svg|Entry Ramp for Expressway
File:Exit ramp for expressway sign India.svg|Exit Ramp for Expressway
File:Expressway symbol sign India.svg|Expressway Symbol
File:End of expressway sign India.svg|End of Expressway
File:Bus stop sign India.svg|Bus Stop
File:Bus lane sign India.svg|Bus Lane
File:Contra flow bus lane sign India.svg|Contra Flow Bus Lane
File:Cycle lane sign India.svg|Cycle Lane
File:Contra flow cycle lane sign India.svg|Contra Flow Cycle Lane
File:Holiday chalets sign India.svg|Holiday Chalets
File:Emergency exit (a) sign India.svg|Emergency Exit (a)
File:Emergency exit (b) sign India.svg|Emergency Exit (b)
File:Emergency helpline number (a) sign India.svg|Emergency Helpline Number (a)
File:Emergency helpline number (b) sign India.svg|Emergency Helpline Number (b)
File:Emergency lay-by sign India.svg|Emergency Lay-by
File:Fire extinguisher sign India.svg|Fire Extinguisher
File:Rest and service area (a) sign India.svg|Rest and Service Area (a)
File:Rest and service area (b) sign India.svg|Rest and Service Area (b)
File:Pedestrian crossing facility sign India.svg|Pedestrian Crossing
File:Speed breaker facility sign India.svg|Speed Breaker
File:Charging station sign India.svg|Electric Vehicle Charging Station
</gallery>

===Parking signs===
The parking signs in India as per the [[Indian Roads Congress|IRC]]-67 (2022) Guidelines are as follows:
<gallery>
File:Parking sign India.svg|Parking
File:Auto rickshaw parking sign India.svg|Auto Rickshaw Parking
File:Cycle parking sign India.svg|Cycle Parking
File:Cycle rickshaw parking sign India.svg|Cycle Rickshaw Parking
File:Scooter and motorcycle parking sign India.svg|Scooter and Motorcycle Parking
File:Taxi parking sign India.svg|Taxi Parking
File:Car parking sign India.svg|Car Parking
File:Park and ride metro India.svg|Park and Ride (By Metro)
File:Park and ride bus India.svg|Park and Ride (By Bus)
File:Pick up and drop point sign India.svg|Pick Up & Drop Point
File:Parking Management India 1.svg|Parking Restriction Sign for Traffic Management (a)
File:Parking Management India 2.svg|Parking Restriction Sign for Traffic Management (b)
File:Parking Management India 3.svg|Parking Restriction Sign for Traffic Management (c)
File:Flood Gauge India.svg|Flood Gauge
</gallery>

===Route Marker signs===
The Route Marker signs in India as per the [[Indian Roads Congress|IRC]]-67 (2022) Guidelines are as follows:
<gallery>
File:State Highway of India Marker.svg|State Highway Route Marker
File:National Highway of India Marker.svg|National Highway Route Marker
File:Asian Highway Marker India.svg|Asian Highway Route Marker
File:National Expressway of India Marker.svg|National Expressway Route Marker
</gallery>

==Retired signs==
===1939 road signs===
Road signs used from 1939 to 1963, before metrification.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ia801408.us.archive.org/11/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.548392/2015.548392.The-Law_text.pdf | title=The law of motor vehicles in India | website=us.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Indian Highway Safety Code Book - January 1950! - Team-BHP |url=http://team-bhp.com/forum/vintage-cars-classics-india/168661-indian-highway-safety-code-book-january-1950-a.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930003240/http://team-bhp.com/forum/vintage-cars-classics-india/168661-indian-highway-safety-code-book-january-1950-a.html |archive-date=2015-09-30 |access-date=2025-11-19 |work=Team-BHP.com |language=en}}</ref>

====Regulatory signs====
<gallery>
File:1950s India road sign 1.01.svg|Speed limit
File:1950s India road sign 1.02.svg|Weight limit
File:1950s India road sign 1.03.svg|Road closed
File:1950s India road sign 1.04.svg|Mandatory direction
File:1950s India road sign 1.05.svg|No parking
File:1950s India road sign 1.06.svg|Overtaking prohibited
File:1950s India road sign 1.07.svg|Horns prohibited
File:1950s India road sign 1.08.svg|Slow down, main road ahead
</gallery>

====Warning signs====
<gallery>
File:1950s India road sign 2.01.svg|Bumpy road
File:1950s India road sign 2.02.svg|Right reverse bend
File:1950s India road sign 2.03.svg|Left reverse bend
File:1950s India road sign 2.04.svg|Crossroads
File:1950s India road sign 2.05.svg|Guarded railway crossing
File:1950s India road sign 2.06.svg|Unguarded railway crossing
File:1950s India road sign 2.07.svg|Right curve
File:1950s India road sign 2.08.svg|Left curve
File:1950s India road sign 2.09.svg|School
File:1950s India road sign 2.10.svg|T-junction
File:1950s India road sign 2.11.svg|Side road to right
File:1950s India road sign 2.12.svg|Side road to left
File:1950s India road sign 2.13.svg|Steep descent
File:1950s India road sign 2.14.svg|Ferry
File:1950s India road sign 2.15.svg|Right hairpin bend
File:1950s India road sign 2.16.svg|Left hairpin bend
File:1950s India road sign 2.17.svg|Narrow bridge
File:1950s India road sign 2.01 (Complete assembly).svg|Bumpy road
File:1950s India road sign 2.02 (Complete assembly).svg|Right reverse bend
File:1950s India road sign 2.03 (Complete assembly).svg|Left reverse bend
File:1950s India road sign 2.04 (Complete assembly).svg|Crossroads
File:1950s India road sign 2.05 (Complete assembly).svg|Guarded railway crossing
File:1950s India road sign 2.06 (Complete assembly).svg|Unguarded railway crossing
File:1950s India road sign 2.07 (Complete assembly).svg|Right curve
File:1950s India road sign 2.08 (Complete assembly).svg|Left curve
File:1950s India road sign 2.09 (Complete assembly).svg|School
File:1950s India road sign 2.10 (Complete assembly).svg|T-junction
File:1950s India road sign 2.11 (Complete assembly).svg|Side road to right
File:1950s India road sign 2.12 (Complete assembly).svg|Side road to left
File:1950s India road sign 2.13 (Complete assembly).svg|Steep descent
File:1950s India road sign 2.14 (Complete assembly).svg|Ferry
File:1950s India road sign 2.15 (Complete assembly).svg|Right hairpin bend
File:1950s India road sign 2.16 (Complete assembly).svg|Left hairpin bend
File:1950s India road sign 2.17 (Complete assembly).svg|Narrow bridge
</gallery>

===1977 road signs===
====Mandatory/Regulatory signs====
=====Stop and Give Way signs=====
<gallery>
File:1977 India road sign 1.01.svg|Stop (before 2001)
File:1977 India road sign 1.02.svg|Yield (before 2001)
</gallery>

=====Prohibitory signs=====
<gallery>
File:1977 India road sign 2.01.svg|No entry
File:1977 India road sign 2.02a.svg|One-way traffic
File:1977 India road sign 2.02b.svg|One-way traffic
File:1977 India road sign 2.02c.svg|No vehicles in both directions
File:1977 India road sign 2.03.svg|No motor vehicles (before 2001)
File:1977 India road sign 2.04.svg|No trucks
File:1977 India road sign 2.05.svg|No bullock and hand carts
File:1977 India road sign 2.06.svg|No bullock carts
File:1977 India road sign 2.07.svg|No tonga carts
File:1977 India road sign 2.08.svg|No hand carts
File:1977 India road sign 2.09.svg|No cycles (before 2001)
File:1977 India road sign 2.10.svg|No pedestrians (before 2001)
File:1977 India road sign 2.11a.svg|No left turn
File:1977 India road sign 2.11b.svg|No right turn
File:1977 India road sign 2.12.svg|No U-turn
File:1977 India road sign 2.13.svg|No overtaking
File:1977 India road sign 2.14.svg|No horns
File:1977 India road sign 2.15.svg|No parking
File:1977 India road sign 2.16.svg|No standing or stopping
File:1977 India road sign 2.17.svg|Speed limit
File:1977 India road sign 2.18.svg|Width limit
File:1977 India road sign 2.19.svg|Height limit
File:1977 India road sign 2.20.svg|Length limit
File:1977 India road sign 2.21.svg|Load limit
File:1977 India road sign 2.22.svg|Axle load limit
</gallery>

=====Restriction ends signs=====
<gallery>
File:1977 India road sign 3.01.svg|Restriction ends
</gallery>

=====Compulsory signs=====
<gallery>
File:1977 India road sign 4.01a.svg|Turn left
File:1977 India road sign 4.01b.svg|Turn right
File:1977 India road sign 4.02.svg|Ahead only
File:1977 India road sign 4.03a.svg|Turn left ahead
File:1977 India road sign 4.03b.svg|Turn right ahead
File:1977 India road sign 4.04a.svg|Ahead or turn left
File:1977 India road sign 4.04b.svg|Ahead or turn right
File:1977 India road sign 4.05.svg|Keep left
File:1977 India road sign 4.06.svg|Cycle track (before 2001)
File:1977 India road sign 4.07.svg|Sound horn
</gallery>

====Cautionary/Warning signs====
<gallery>
File:1977 India road sign 5.01a.svg|Left curve (before 2001)
File:1977 India road sign 5.01b.svg|Right curve (before 2001)
File:1977 India road sign 5.02a.svg|Left hairpin bend (before 2001)
File:1977 India road sign 5.02b.svg|Right hairpin bend (before 2001)
File:1977 India road sign 5.03.svg|Crossroads
File:1977 India road sign 5.04.svg|Left side road
File:1977 India road sign 5.05.svg|Right side road
File:1977 India road sign 5.06.svg|T-junction
File:1977 India road sign 5.07.svg|Y-junction
File:1977 India road sign 5.08a.svg|Y-junction
File:1977 India road sign 5.08b.svg|Y-junction
File:1977 India road sign 5.09.svg|Slippery road
File:1977 India road sign 5.10.svg|Loose gravel
File:1977 India road sign 5.11.svg|Cycle crossing (before 2001)
File:1977 India road sign 5.12.svg|Pedestrian crossing
File:1977 India road sign 5.13.svg|School
File:1977 India road sign 5.14.svg|Cattle crossing (before 2001)
File:1977 India road sign 5.15.svg|Roadwork
File:1977 India road sign 5.16.svg|Falling rocks
File:1977 India road sign 5.17.svg|Ferry
File:1977 India road sign 5.18.svg|Narrow bridge
File:1977 India road sign 5.19.svg|Road narrows
File:1977 India road sign 5.20.svg|Road widens
File:1977 India road sign 5.21.svg|Gap in median
File:1977 India road sign 5.22.svg|Dip
File:1977 India road sign 5.23.svg|Bumpy road
File:1977 India road sign 5.24.svg|Barrier
File:1977 India road sign 5.25.svg|Unguarded railway crossing
File:1977 India road sign 5.26.svg|Guarded railway crossing
File:1977 India road sign 5.27a.svg|Staggered junction
File:1977 India road sign 5.27b.svg|Staggered junction
File:1977 India road sign 5.28a.svg|Major road ahead
File:1977 India road sign 5.28b.svg|Major road ahead
File:1977 India road sign 5.29.svg|Roundabout
</gallery>

==References==
{{Commons category|Road signs in India}}
{{reflist}}

{{Transport in India}}
{{Traffic signs}}
{{Asia topic|Road signs in}}

[[Category:Road signs in India| ]]
[[Category:Road transport in India]]

Special Group (India)

2026-03-29T04:39:33Z

AndrewJordan: slightly improve section per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Confidential special operations forces}}
{{Other uses|Special group (disambiguation){{!}}Special group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Special Group
| native_name =
| image = SG-Badge.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Special Group [[insignia]]
| dates = 1981–present
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| allegiance =
| branch = [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]]
| type = [[Special forces of India|Special Forces]]<ref name=":4" />
| size = 4 squadrons (Each consisting of 100 operatives)
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Sarsawa Air Force Station|Sarsawa AFS]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name=":5" />
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| nickname = ''The Mavericks''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://forceindia.net/the-maroon-beret/ |title=With added emphasis on Special Forces, the army is set to change the face of war |date=2019-03-18 |website=FORCE |language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref>
| motto =
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}}

The '''Special Group''' ('''SG''') is the [[clandestine operations]] unit of [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]] (Cabinet Secretariat). It is responsible for [[covert]] and [[paramilitary]] operations and is known as '''4 Vikas''', '''22 SF''' and '''22 SG'''.<ref name="India Today Vats" />{{Refn|The Special Group is different from the Vikas battalions of the [[Special Frontier Force]]; the name "4 Vikas" was given to it to create confusion. The designation of "22 SF" was given to the SG when it was deployed in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (for counter-insurgency operations) to conceal the real name of the unit; obituaries for SG personnel who died carried this name. The number 22 in this designation is in succession with the number 21 in Indian Army‘s [[Para (Special Forces)|21 Para (SF)]].<ref name="India Today Vats" />|group=Note}} Its responsibilities include conducting operations to thwart urban terrorism with which the [[Indian Armed Forces]] may not wish to be overtly associated.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" />

Established in 1981, it was raised in the following year under '''Project Sunray'''. Its existence was previously unknown to the public.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> There are a total of four SG [[Squadron (army)|squadrons]], with each squadron consisting of four [[troop]]s and each [[troop]] consisting of 25 personnel. Each [[troop]] has a specialized skill-set. SG draws its personnel from all the branches of [[Indian Armed Forces]], with 20-30% being drawn from the [[Special forces of India|Special forces]]. The Commanding Officer of the unit is always a Special Forces officer.

== History ==

=== Origins ===
The Special Group was created in 1981 as a classified unit under [[Research and Analysis Wing]] tasked with undertaking [[covert operations]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/special-group-warriors-of-stealth/story-qoVFwEMb9kHXNov80WKQRL.html|title=Special Group: Warriors of stealth|date=9 February 2014|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003085832/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/special-group-warriors-of-stealth/story-qoVFwEMb9kHXNov80WKQRL.html|archive-date=3 October 2019|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The [[Directorate General of Security (India)|Directorate General of Security]],<ref name=":2" /> which was a confidential organisation created with assistance from the [[CIA]] after the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, was put under the control of R&AW in 1968. In 1982, ''Project Sunray'' was initiated by the [[Directorate General of Security (India)|Directorate]], under which an officer from the [[Para SF]] of the [[Indian Army]] was tasked with raising a unit comprising 250 personnel.<ref name=":0" /> In early 1983, a group of six personnel were sent to a confidential military base in [[Israel]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20140210-operation-bluestar-indira-gandhi-singh-bhindranwale-army-raw-paramilitary-unit-800036-1999-11-30|title=Operation Bluestar: The league of shadows|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=November 30, 1999|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003085248/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20140210-operation-bluestar-indira-gandhi-singh-bhindranwale-army-raw-paramilitary-unit-800036-1999-11-30|archive-date=3 October 2019|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref> There they received training from a specialist team of [[Mossad]] for a few weeks.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/operation-blue-star-special-group-commandos-mossad-training-israel-1251738-2018-06-06|title=Israel's invisible hand behind Operation Blue Star of 1984|date=June 6, 2018|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005220039/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/operation-blue-star-special-group-commandos-mossad-training-israel-1251738-2018-06-06|archive-date=5 October 2019|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref> This team, which had earlier [[Operation Entebbe|rescued hostages]] from [[Uganda|Uganda's]] [[Entebbe airport]] with some assistance from R&AW, was composed of commandos from the [[Sayeret Matkal]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />{{refn|Initially, the Special Group contemplated sending its officers to train with the British [[Special Air Service]] at the facility located in [[Hereford]]; SG made this proposal after its officers visited that facility. However, the [[Indian government]] rejected this proposal; SG later decided to stick to its own training facility.<ref name=":0" />|group=Note}}

The original mandate of the SG was similar to that of the British [[Special Air Service]] and included counterterrorism and hostage rescue. However, this mandate was later transferred to the [[National Security Guard]]. The current mandate of the SG is not fully known.<ref name="India Today Vats">{{Cite web|last=Vats|first=Rohit|date=September 7, 2020|title=How India's covert Tibetan unit has been mauling terrorism all these years|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/how-india-covert-tibetan-unit-has-been-mauling-terrorism-all-these-years-1719518-2020-09-07|access-date=September 9, 2020|website=India Today}}</ref>

=== Security at International summits in 1983 ===
The [[Non-Aligned Movement]] summit and Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in 1983 was conducted under the direct supervision of the SG to prevent any untoward event.<ref name=":0" /> The Non-Aligned summit was particularly important since it would cement India's position as the leader of the movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19830331-india-takes-charge-of-non-aligned-movement-with-uncustomary-authority-770551-2013-07-25|title=India takes charge of Non-aligned Movement with uncustomary authority|date=March 31, 1983|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref>

=== Operation Sundown ===
{{Main|Operation Sundown}}
''[[Operation Sundown]]'' was the code name of a covert plan in which the Special Group was to abduct Sikh extremist leader [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] from Guru Nanak Niwas in the [[Golden Temple]] complex, [[Amritsar]].<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/indira-gandhi-commando-raid-operation-bluestar-indian-army-golden-temple-jarnail-singh-bhindranwale-raw-officials-179265-2014-02-01|title=Indira Gandhi considered secret commando raid before Operation Bluestar|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=February 2014 |publisher=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313151801/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/indira-gandhi-commando-raid-operation-bluestar-indian-army-golden-temple-jarnail-singh-bhindranwale-raw-officials/1/341065.html|archive-date=13 March 2016|access-date=5 October 2019}}</ref> A unit was formed to prepare for Operation Sundown in the [[Sarsawa Air Force Base]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":6" /> In December 1983, an officer from the Counter-Revolutionary Warfare Wing of the British [[Special Air Service]] arrived in India to provide advice regarding the plan. Extensive rehearsals were also carried out.<ref name=":6" /><ref name="TH_Mi6" /><ref name=":2" />

The operation was never started due to the then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]]'s rejection on religious grounds; the operation may have hurt the religious sentiments of the [[Sikh]] people. In addition there was a risk of numerous civilian casualties as a [[collateral damage]] of the operation.<ref name="gill2017punjab">{{cite book |last1=Gill |first1=K.P.S. and Khosla, S |title=Punjab: The Enemies Within : Travails of a Wounded Land Riddled with Toxins |date=2017 |publisher=Bookwise (India) Pvt. Limited |isbn=9788187330660 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3zHAQAACAAJ}} [http://www.jantakareporter.com/blog/operation-blue-star-bhindranwale/123753/ Excerpt]</ref><ref name=":6" />

Other options such as negotiations subsequently failed and the law and order situation in Punjab continued to deteriorate.<ref name="gill2017punjab"/><ref name="TH_Mi6">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/raw-chief-consulted-mi6-in-buildup-to-operation-bluestar/article5579516.ece|title=RAW chief consulted MI6 in build-up to Operation Bluestar|last=Swami|first=Praveen|date=16 January 2014|access-date=6 October 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106222924/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/RAW-chief-consulted-MI6-in-build-up-to-Operation-Bluestar/article11497124.ece|archive-date=6 January 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Parmjeet|title=Operation Sundown – Plan to abduct Sant Bhindranwale from Guru Nanak Niwas in Dec. 1983 – More chapters of black history of India coming into light|date=February 2014|url=http://www.sikhsiyasat.net/2014/02/01/operation-sundown-plan-to-abduct-sant-bhindranwale-from-guru-nanak-niwas-in-dec-1983-more-chapters-of-black-history-of-india-coming-into-light/|publisher=Sikh Siyasat News|access-date=5 October 2019}}</ref>

=== Operation Blue Star ===
{{Main|Operation Blue Star}}
{{external media
| float = right
| width =
| image1 = [https://smedia2.intoday.in/indiatoday/images/stories/2014FEB/bluestar-7_650_020114012407.jpg Two Special Group officers at the Golden Temple during Operation Blue Star].<ref name=":0" /> Note the distinctive black uniforms<ref name=":1" /> and the damaged structure in the background.
}}
By the end of 1983, the security situation in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] was worsening due to the erupting [[Khalistan movement|separatist militancy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/08/magazine/the-punjab-torn-by-terror.html|title=The Punjab: Torn by Terror|last=Gupte|first=Pranay|date=1985-09-08|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-05|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ''Operation Blue Star'' was the code name of the Indian military action carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984 to remove militant religious leader [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] and his followers from the buildings of the [[Harmandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple) complex in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Operation-Blue-Star-%E2%80%94-the-untold-story/article14388205.ece|title=Operation Blue Star — the untold story|last=Dogra|first=Chander Suta|date=2013-06-10|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-05|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A few days before the operation began, the Special Group arrived in Amritsar.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/raw-facilitated-britain-s-sas-officer-s-india-visit/story-YftByTMwvkclMzdWbvKFRP.html|title=RAW facilitated Britain's SAS officer's India visit|date=2014-01-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref> The Special Group was tasked to create an executable plan for this.<ref name=":2" />

A senior officer from the British [[Special Air Service]] was secretly recruited to provide advice for this plan to the SG,<ref name=":4" /> after being cleared by then British PM [[Margaret Thatcher]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-25723875|title=India Golden Temple: UK investigates 'SAS link' to attack|date=2014-01-14|work=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=2019-11-07|language=en-GB}}</ref> A group of SG personnel clad in black uniforms, armed with [[AK-47]] rifles and [[Night vision goggle]]s, began the assault on 6 June 1984.<ref name=":1" />

The Special Group was responsible for the eventual death of [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] and [[Shabeg Singh]] during Operation Blue Star, despite the [[Para (Special Forces)|1 Para (SF)]] claiming credit for it.<ref name=":5" /> This is associated with the fact that they were shot dead using [[AK-47]] rifles. Such rifles, which were purchased secretly from [[Europe]], were present exclusively with the SG at that time.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/covert-operations.html|title=Close encounters of the covert kind|date=October 9, 2016|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821160929/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/covert-operations.html|archive-date=21 August 2019|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref>

=== Prime Ministerial security till 1985 ===
In the aftermath of the [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi]] in 1984, SG personnel provided security to the [[Prime Minister of India]] until the creation of the [[Special Protection Group]] in 1985.<ref name=":0" />

===Black operations===
The Special Group has undertaken [[black operation]]s outside India.<ref name=":5" /> In the late 1980s, it rescued a [[political prisoner]] in [[Bangladesh]] after being ordered to do so by the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref name=":5" /> After a [[Sri Lankan Civil War|civil war]] started in [[Sri Lanka]] in 1983, India used it as an opportunity to curtail foreign influence in the country; India provided training and equipment to the militant groups fighting in the war.<ref name="civilwar">{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKCOL223047|title=FACTBOX-India's role in Sri Lanka's civil war|date=2008-10-17|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=2019-10-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128054430/https://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKCOL223047|archive-date=28 November 2018|language=en}}</ref> The Special Group was involved in providing training assistance to the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]],<ref name=":5" /> the most prominent militant group.<ref name=civilwar />

===Planned raid near Kahuta nuclear facility===
During the 1999 [[Kargil war]], the Indian government had planned a raid near the [[Kahuta]] [[Khan Research Laboratories|nuclear facility]] in [[Pakistan]] and had asked the Special Group to prepare for it. Ultimately, however, the raid was called off.<ref name=":5" />

=== Planned operation in Kandahar, Afghanistan ===
When the [[Indian Airlines Flight 814|Indian Airlines flight 814]] was forced by hijackers to land in [[Kandahar]], Afghanistan, in December 1999 the SG was instructed to be ready for a potential rescue effort. Their mission was to clear a path for the [[National Security Guard]] to enable them to reach the aircraft and conduct an anti-hijacking operation. The plan entailed eliminating the members of the [[Taliban]] in the vicinity of the aircraft. However, 'public pressure' eventually forced the BJP led Indian government to scrap the plan.<ref name=":5" /> The government agreed to the demand of the hijackers to swap imprisoned militants in exchange for the civilian passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Subramanian|first=Nirupama|date=2011-03-23|title=India sought help in IC-814 case; FBI said 'no fishing'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/the-india-cables/India-sought-help-in-IC-814-case-FBI-said-lsquono-fishingrsquo/article14958639.ece|access-date=2020-06-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Counter-insurgency operations in Kashmir===
The Special Group are known to be involved in the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|ongoing counter-insurgency]] operations in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] region across the [[Line of Control]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

== Overview ==
=== Organisation ===
[[File:Special Group command structure.png|thumb|A diagram showing the command structure of SG]]

The Special Group functions under the Directorate General of Security (DG Security) of [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW), which is India's foreign [[intelligence agency]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/raw-chief-rajinder-khanna-to-hold-charge-of-dg-security/articleshow/46640678.cms|title=RAW chief Rajinder Khanna to hold charge of DG Security|date=2015-03-21|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2019-10-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006191000/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/raw-chief-rajinder-khanna-to-hold-charge-of-dg-security/articleshow/46640678.cms|archive-date=6 October 2019}}</ref> The unit serves under the command of the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] through the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> Within RAW, the Secretary (Research) is responsible for the Special Group.<ref name="India Today 4 Vikas">{{cite web|title=The Tibetan ghost warriors|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/20200914-the-tibetan-ghost-warriors-1718584-2020-09-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907192101/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/20200914-the-tibetan-ghost-warriors-1718584-2020-09-05|archive-date=7 September 2020|access-date=6 September 2020|website=India Today}}</ref>

The SG is headquartered at [[Sarsawa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> Its personnel are volunteers recruited from all the branches of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], primarily from the [[Special Forces]].<ref name="India Today 4 Vikas" /> After serving in the SG on deputation, its personnel return to their original units.<ref name="India Today Vats" /> SG personnel are distributed in three to four companies.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> An SG team is kept on high alert for contingencies round the clock. There are a total of four SG [[Squadron (army)|squadrons]], with each squadron consisting of four troops. Each troop has a specialized skill-set. The SG has dedicated branches specialising in intelligence gathering, operational planning, communications and training.<ref name=":2" />

=== Responsibilities ===
The responsibilities of the Special Group includes clandestine intelligence operations and [[covert operations]], with which the [[Government of India]] may not wish to be overtly associated.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> The SG is also responsible for developing tactics and training procedures for [[Special Forces of India|other special forces]] of India.<ref name=":2" />

=== Training and equipment ===
The Special Group is considered to be a capably trained counter-terrorism unit of India and is considered to be very well equipped.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> The SG is reportedly provided with the newest equipment and it uses the transport aircraft of the [[Aviation Research Centre]].<ref name="India Today Vats" />

== See also ==
* [[Special Forces of India]]
* [[Covert Action Division]], the Pakistani ISI's version of the Special Group

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Special Group}}

{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Non-military counterterrorist organizations]]
[[Category:Foreign intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Special forces of India]]
[[Category:Airborne units and formations]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1981]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1981]]

Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra (soundtrack)

2026-03-26T02:59:05Z

AndrewJordan: Created Initial Data V1.

{{Short description|2025 soundtrack album by Jakes Bejoy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra
| image = File:Lokah Chapter 1- Chandra (soundtrack).jpg
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| released = 12 September 2025
| recorded = 2025
| studio = {{Hlist|Mindscore Music, [[Kochi]]|Pop Media House, Kochi|CAC Studios, Kochi|Soundtown Studios, [[Chennai]]}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21 min 17 s
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Wayfarer Films]]
| prev_title = [[Narivetta]]
| prev_year = 2025
| next_title = [[Vilayath Buddha]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Thani Lokah Muraari
| single1date = 19 August 2025
| single2 = Shoka Mookam
| single2date = 3 September 2025
| single3 = Queen of the Night
| single3date = 10 September 2025
}}
}}

'''''Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]] to the 2025 Malayalam-language [[superhero film]] [[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra|of the same name]] directed by [[Dominic Arun]] and produced by [[Dulquer Salmaan]] under [[Wayfarer Films]], starring [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], along with [[Naslen]], [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]], [[Arun Kurian]] and [[Chandu Salim Kumar]]. The album featured five songs written by [[Muhsin Parari|Mu.Ri]], [[Vinayak Sasikumar]], Zeba Tommy, [[Suhail Koya]], Reyan and [[B. K. Harinarayanan]]. The album was released through the production company itself on 12 September 2025, fifteen days after the film's original release.

== Background ==
[[Jakes Bejoy]] composed the film score and soundtrack in his first collaboration with Dominic Arun.<ref name="the new indian express-2025">{{Cite news |date=8 June 2025 |title=Naslen-Kalyani Priyadarshan film titled 'Lokah Chapter One: Chandra' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jun/08/naslen-kalyani-priyadarshan-film-titled-lokah-chapter-one-chandra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608133410/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jun/08/naslen-kalyani-priyadarshan-film-titled-lokah-chapter-one-chandra |archive-date=8 June 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-08 |title=Lokah – Chapter One Chandra: Kalyani Priyadarshan to star in Kerala's first superhero franchise |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/lokah-chapter-one-chandra-dulquer-salmaan-female-superhero-universe-kalyani-priyadarshan-naslen-23562713 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613194607/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/lokah-chapter-one-chandra-dulquer-salmaan-female-superhero-universe-kalyani-priyadarshan-naslen-23562713 |archive-date=2025-06-13 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en}}</ref> The score emphasizes orchestral, tribal and contemporary elements fusing with world music. The music encapsulated elements of folklore bridging traditional and contemporary sounds, while sound design also helped in delivering the intended emotional depth.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8nzYGF4bas |title="Lokah യിലെ music: ഞങ്ങൾ 'മൊഴിക'എന്നൊരു പുതിയ ഭാഷയുണ്ടാക്കി" - Jakes Bejoy in FTQ with Rekha Menon |date=2025-09-01 |last= |publisher=FTQ with Rekha Menon |access-date=2025-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918233810/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8nzYGF4bas |archive-date=2025-09-18 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Lyricist Harinarayanan had constructed a new language called ''Mozhika'', which blended five different languages to form a separate dialect.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dey |first=Sushmita |date=2025-09-17 |title=How Malayalam movie Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra cracked the superhero movie code? The box office is loving the Kalyani Priyadarshan-starrer |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-malayalam-movie-lokah-chapter-1-chandra-cracked-the-superhero-movie-code-the-box-office-is-loving-the-kalyani-priyadarshan-starrer/articleshow/123821937.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911050818/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-malayalam-movie-lokah-chapter-1-chandra-cracked-the-superhero-movie-code-the-box-office-is-loving-the-kalyani-priyadarshan-starrer/articleshow/123821937.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2025-09-11 |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> According to co-writer [[Santhy Balachandran]], the newly constructed language "captured the philosophy of indigenous folk as custodians of wisdom and protectors of nature".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Jakes Bejoy drops OST of Kalyani Priyadarshan-starrer Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra, shares BTS video |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Sep/17/jakes-bejoy-drops-ost-of-kalyani-priyadarshan-starrer-lokah-chapter-1-chandra-shares-bts-video |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925154620/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Sep/17/jakes-bejoy-drops-ost-of-kalyani-priyadarshan-starrer-lokah-chapter-1-chandra-shares-bts-video |archive-date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Much of the musical score and lyrics accompany the Mozhika dialect, to reflect the tribal nature.<ref name=":0" />

== Release ==
The promo song "Thani Lokah Murakkaari" was released as the first single on 19 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-20 |title=Dulquer Salmaan releases 'Thanilokah Murakkaari', the anthem of Malayalam cinema's first woman superhero film Lokah! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-releases-thanilokah-murakkaari-the-anthem-of-malayalam-cinemas-first-woman-superhero-film-lokah/articleshow/123415192.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250903011903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-releases-thanilokah-murakkaari-the-anthem-of-malayalam-cinemas-first-woman-superhero-film-lokah/articleshow/123415192.cms |archive-date=2025-09-03 |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Divya |date=2025-08-19 |title=Lokah first song out! Jyoti Nooran's booming track heralds the arrival of Kalyani Priyadarshan's superhero film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/lokah-first-song-out-kalyani-priyadarshan-jakes-bejoy-song/cbe611204b656 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925155943/https://www.ottplay.com/news/lokah-first-song-out-kalyani-priyadarshan-jakes-bejoy-song/cbe611204b656 |archive-date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> The song was performed by [[Jyoti Nooran]], one of the [[Nooran Sisters]] in her Malayalam singing debut along with Shillong-based rapper [[Reble]] in her Indian playback singing debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viju |first=Sia |date=2025-09-06 |title='I didn't want it to be just any movie...': Shillong rapper Reble on her Malayalam debut with 'Lokah Chapter 1' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/i-didnt-want-it-to-be-just-any-movie-shillong-rapper-reble-on-her-malayalam-debut-with-lokah-chapter-1-idwc4hoo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925155032/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/i-didnt-want-it-to-be-just-any-movie-shillong-rapper-reble-on-her-malayalam-debut-with-lokah-chapter-1-idwc4hoo |archive-date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref> The second song "Shoka Mookam" performed by [[Benny Dayal]], Pranavam Sasi and J'mymah was released on 3 September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-04 |title='Shoka Mookam' song From 'Lokah' released; makers call it the Boys Anthem {{!}} WATCH |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/shoka-mookam-song-from-lokah-chapter-one-chandra-released-o6gnzduc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925160328/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/shoka-mookam-song-from-lokah-chapter-one-chandra-released-o6gnzduc |archive-date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref> The third song "Queen of the Night" written and performed by Zeba Tommy,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-24 |title=Meet Zeba Tommy—the singer-songwriter behind Lokah's 'Queen of the Night' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/shortz/entertainment/2025/09/24/zeba-tommy-singer-songwriter-lokah-song-queen-of-the-night.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925160729/https://www.onmanorama.com/shortz/entertainment/2025/09/24/zeba-tommy-singer-songwriter-lokah-song-queen-of-the-night.html |archive-date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[OnManorama]] |language=en}}</ref> was released on 10 September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-18 |title='ക്വീന്‍ ഓഫ് ദ നൈറ്റ്'; 'ലോക'യിലെ ഗാനം പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/09/18/lokah-chapter-one-chandra-song-queen-of-the-night-released.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920090835/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/09/18/lokah-chapter-one-chandra-song-queen-of-the-night-released.html |archive-date=2025-09-20 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[Manorama Online]] |language=ml}}</ref> The soundtrack in its entirety was released through the production company on 12 September, two weeks after the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-12 |title=Lokah - Chapter 1: Chandra (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/lokah-chapter-1-chandra-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1840883538 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925160954/https://music.apple.com/in/album/lokah-chapter-1-chandra-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1840883538 |archive-date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:17
| title1 = Thani Lokah Murakkaari
| length1 = 3:51
| lyrics1 = [[Muhsin Parari|Mu.Ri]]
| extra1 = [[Nooran Sisters|Jyothi Nooran]], [[Reble]]
| title2 = Shoka Mookam
| length2 = 4:08
| lyrics2 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| extra2 = [[Benny Dayal]], Pranavam Sasi, J'mymah
| title3 = Queen of the Night
| length3 = 3:29
| lyrics3 = Zeba Tommy
| extra3 = Zeba Tommy
| title4 = Neeye Punchiri (One Side Love)
| length4 = 4:14
| lyrics4 = [[Suhail Koya]], Reyan
| extra4 = Hanan Shaah, Reyan
| title5 = Paranje Paranje
| length5 = 5:33
| lyrics5 = [[B. K. Harinarayanan]]
| extra5 = [[Anuradha Sriram]]
}}

== Reception ==
''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Jakes Bejoy's incredible score swells into something grand and mythical, even if his score feels more conventional in many other stretches".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-30 |title='Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra' movie review: A blazing reimagination of a home-grown world of myth |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Aug/30/lokah-chapter-1-chandra-movie-review-a-blazing-reimagination-of-a-home-grown-world-of-myth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917035029/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Aug/30/lokah-chapter-1-chandra-movie-review-a-blazing-reimagination-of-a-home-grown-world-of-myth |archive-date=2025-09-17 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "composer Jakes Bejoy's music complemented the film's theme well."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2025-08-28 |title=Lokah Chapter 1 Chandra review: Promising world-building hampered by cliches |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/lokah-chapter-1-chandra-review-kalyani-priyadarshan-dulquer-salmaan-film-dominic-arun-promising-world-building-hampered-by-cliches-2778345-2025-08-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905004047/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/lokah-chapter-1-chandra-review-kalyani-priyadarshan-dulquer-salmaan-film-dominic-arun-promising-world-building-hampered-by-cliches-2778345-2025-08-28 |archive-date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "Jakes Bejoy’s music is also spectacular from start to finish, giving the world of Lokah a unique touch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=2025-09-03 |title=Lokah Chapter 1 Movie Review: Kalyani, Naslen deliver India's finest superhero film; what Brahmastra and Kalki 2898 AD should have been |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/lokah-chapter-1-review-kalyani-priyadarshan-naslen-deliver-one-of-indian-cinemas-finest-superhero-films-10215021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828191033/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/lokah-chapter-1-review-kalyani-priyadarshan-naslen-deliver-one-of-indian-cinemas-finest-superhero-films-10215021/ |archive-date=2025-08-28 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Swathi P Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama|OnManorama]]'' wrote "Jakes Bejoy's music adds another layer to the storytelling, and his score gives several scenes an extra punch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=P Ajith |first=Swathi |date=2025-08-28 |title='Lokah – Chapter One: Chandra' review: A bold visual treat with Kalyani Priyadarshan at the helm |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/08/28/lokah-part-one-chandra-movie-review-dominic-arun-kalyani-priyadarshan-naslen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904143148/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/08/28/lokah-part-one-chandra-movie-review-dominic-arun-kalyani-priyadarshan-naslen.html |archive-date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[OnManorama]] |language=en}}</ref> Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Jakes Bejoy’s background score is energetic and ethereal, as you would expect the soundtrack of a superhero film to be."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=2025-08-28 |title=Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra Movie Review: A commendable superhero film with gradual payoff |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kotha-lokah-chapter-1-chandra/movie-review/123567801.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920190952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kotha-lokah-chapter-1-chandra/movie-review/123567801.cms |archive-date=2025-09-20 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Background score ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| released = 16 September 2025
| recorded = 2025
| studio = {{Hlist|Mindscore Music, Kochi|Pop Media House, Kochi|CAC Studios, Kochi|Soundtown Studios, Chennai}}
| genre = [[Film score|Feature film score]]
| length = 1:08:21
| language = Malayalam
| label = Wayfarer Films
}}

The film's original soundtrack consisting of 54 tracks running for one-hour was released on 16 September 2025.<ref name=":1" />{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 1:08:21
| title1 = World of Lokah
| length1 = 2:29
| title2 = Inferno
| length2 = 1:34
| title3 = Organ Mafia 1
| length3 = 0:52
| title4 = Jango Unchained
| length4 = 0:34
| title5 = The Cosmos
| length5 = 0:40
| title6 = Nachiyappa Arrives
| length6 = 1:26
| title7 = She Is Coming
| length7 = 0:52
| title8 = Here She Is
| length8 = 0:32
| title9 = Chandra the Superhero
| length9 = 1:18
| title10 = Bad Cop
| length10 = 1:16
| title11 = Sunny Makes A Move
| length11 = 1:54
| title12 = Naijil 404
| length12 = 0:56
| title13 = Chandra On The Move
| length13 = 2:22
| title14 = Organ Mafia 2
| length14 = 1:46
| title15 = Once Upon A Time
| length15 = 1:16
| title16 = Sacred Terror
| length16 = 1:28
| title17 = The Idol
| length17 = 0:50
| title18 = The Virus
| length18 = 0:58
| title19 = The Caves
| length19 = 2:24
| title20 = Returns Of Neeli {{Ndash}} Forest Fight
| length20 = 4:08
| title21 = Neeli's Journey Begins
| length21 = 1;18
| title22 = Kalliyankattu Neeli
| length22 = 1:02
| title23 = Kadamattathu Kathanar
| length23 = 1:00
| title24 = They Live Among Us
| length24 = 1:08
| title25 = Sunny's Options
| length25 = 0:30
| title26 = Supernatural
| length26 = 1:28
| title27 = Sunny's Escape
| length27 = 0:48
| title28 = Sunny's Escape 2
| length28 = 1:18
| title29 = Clues
| length29 = 1:16
| title30 = Neeli and Kathanar
| length30 = 0:46
| title31 = Home Invasion
| length31 = 0:58
| title32 = The Bite
| length32 = 0:26
| title33 = Michael Arrives
| length33 = 1:04
| title34 = Lokah Expands
| length34 = 0:58
| title35 = Nachiyappa Turns
| length35 = 1:14
| title36 = Kathanar's Legacy
| length36 = 1:02
| title37 = Hey Cop!
| length37 = 2:16
| title38 = Charlie's Room
| length38 = 0:40
| title39 = Nachiyappa's Vision
| length39 = 1:50
| title40 = A Doomed Romance
| length40 = 1:05
| title41 = Garuda Force
| length41 = 0:56
| title42 = Ready to Fight
| length42 = 0:42
| title43 = Chandra Rising
| length43 = 0:30
| title44 = The Reckoning
| length44 = 1:00
| title45 = When All Is Lost
| length45 = 1:16
| title46 = Chandra V/s Nachiyappa
| length46 = 2:00
| title47 = What Now?
| length47 = 1:32
| title48 = Sharpshooter
| length48 = 0:34
| title49 = No Damsel in Distress
| length49 = 1:14
| title50 = Goodbye, Sunny
| length50 = 0:44
| title51 = Neeli Reimagined
| length51 = 1:08
| title52 = Charlie Arrives
| length52 = 1:18
| title53 = Lokah {{ndash}} The Unfolding
| length53 = 1:22
| title54 = The Chathans Are Coming
| length54 = 1:22
}}

== Additional music ==
The song "Kiliye Kiliye" sung by [[S. Janaki]] from ''[[Aa Raathri]]'' (1983), which was originally composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], and remixed by the independeners (Joyal Joy Francis and Sahul Hameed)is also used in the film as an intro of [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-09-23 |title=Lokah Chapter 1: The Bollywood connection of 'Kiliye Kiliye' you didn't know about |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/features/2025/Sep/23/lokah-chapter-1-the-bollywood-connection-of-kiliye-kiliye-you-didnt-know-about |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=Lokah director Dominic Arun reveals Kalyani's Kiliye Kiliye scene was a tribute to her dad Priyadarshan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/lokah-director-dominic-arun-reveals-using-kiliye-kiliye-for-kalyanis-entry-was-a-tribute-to-her-dad-priyadarshan-101756874804796.html |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-09 |title=Dulquer Salmaan and Bhagyashri Borse groove to 'Lokah' song 'Kiliye Kiliye'; Fans say 'DQ please come back to Malayalam cinema' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-and-bhagyashri-borse-groove-to-lokah-song-kiliye-kiliye-fans-say-dq-please-come-back-to-malayalam-cinema/articleshow/125197188.cms |access-date=2025-11-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[Wayfarer Films]]:<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bu5T9rZlBx8 |title=Lokah Movie {{!}} Original Sound Track {{!}} Jakes Bejoy {{!}} Kalyani {{!}} Naslen {{!}} Dominic Arun {{!}} Nimish Ravi |date=2025-09-18 |last= |publisher=[[Dulquer Salmaan]] |access-date=2025-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922153828/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bu5T9rZlBx8 |archive-date=2025-09-22 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awf5Xr8z3zg |title=Lokah Movie {{!}} Audio JukeBox {{!}} Jakes Bejoy {{!}} Kalyani {{!}} Naslen {{!}} Dominic Arun {{!}} Nimish Ravi |date=2025-09-24 |last= |publisher=[[Dulquer Salmaan]] |access-date=2025-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925161207/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awf5Xr8z3zg |archive-date=2025-09-25 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{div col}}
* Music composer, arranger and producer: Jakes Bejoy
* Music production team: Jakes Bejoy, KC Balasarangan, Aby Tom, Dheeraj Patrickson, Christy Joby, Vinu Uday, Bharath Madhusudhanan, Andrew Gerlicher, Joel Jhons, Maneesh Shaji, Emil Carlton, Gautham Ram, Praveen Ninan, Nikhila Chandran
* Guitars: Anurag Rajeev Nayan, Crispin Netto
* Strings: Cochin Strings (performed by Fracis Xavior, Herald Antony, Danny, Mariadas)
* Brass: Babu
* Orchestra: Budapest Scoring Orchestra
** Recording studio: Rottenbiller Utca
** Conductor: Peter Illenyi
** Session producer: Bálint Sapszon
** Orchestra Indian representative: Balasubramanian G
** Recording engineer: Denes Radley
** Studio assistant: Marcell Rokosz
** Librarian: Kati Reti
** Orchestration and session supervisor: Balasubramanian G, Sanjay Ra
* Chorus: Akhil J Chand, Maneeth Manoj, Midhun Anand, Unmesh Unnikrishnan, Nikhilachandran, Don Vincent, Gautham Ram, Milan Joy, Aswin Vijayan, Amal C Ajith, Anila Rajeev, Aavani Malhar, Sony Mohan, Neethusha A C, Ajmal Fatima Parveen, Himna Hilary, Amritha Rahul
* Live rhythms: Kallyan, Sandeep Venkitesh, Bineesh Balan
* Session arrangement and management: Maneeth Manoj & Maneesh Shaji
* Pre-mixing: Midhun Anand
* Chief associate: Akhil J Chand
* Recording studios: Mindscore Music (Kochi), Pop Media House (Kochi), CAC Studios (Kochi), Sound Town Studios (Kochi)
* Engineers: Midhun Anand, Unmesh Unnikrishnan, Jisto George, Nikhil Mathews, Sankeerth Shaji
* Artist co-ordination: Don Vincent, K D Vincent
* Studio staff: Tintu Thankachan, Shafeeq Khader
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Malayalam film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Superhero film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]

Lokdal

2026-03-25T19:30:15Z

AndrewJordan: improve references for clarity and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Lokdal
|colorcode = {{party color|Lokdal}}
|president = [[Chaudhary Sunil Singh]]
|foundation = 1979
|headquarters = Central Office, 8, Mall Avenue, [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|founder = [[Charan Singh]]
|eci = Registered Unrecognised Political Party
|successor = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (A & B) [[Janta Dal]]
|state_seats_name = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|ideology = [[Social democracy]] [[Secularism]]
|position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Gould |first=Harold|author-link=Harold A. Gould|date=20 May 2019|title=India Votes Alliance Politics And Minority Governments In The Ninth And Tenth General Elections |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbuZDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bharatiya+Lok+Dal%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT82 |publisher=Taylor and Francis|page= |isbn=9780429722776|access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref>
|website = {{URL|http://lokdal.in/}}
|merger= [[Janata Party (Secular)]] Socialist Party (Limaye) Odissa Janata Party}}
'''Lokdal ''' or '''Lok Dal''' is an Indian political party based on agriculture policies, founded by former [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Charan Singh]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Ajay Kumar |date=January 31, 1986 |title=With Chaudhury Charan Singh in hospital, Ajit Singh likely to step in as Lok Dal chief|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860131-with-chaudhury-charan-singh-in-hospital-ajit-singh-likely-to-step-in-as-lok-dal-chief-800551-1986-01-31|access-date=2021-09-18|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Arul B. Louis Amarnath K. Menon |date=December 23, 2014 |title=Lok Dal leader Charan Singh seeks mandate for his government|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19800115-lok-dal-leader-charan-singh-seeks-mandate-for-his-government-821729-2014-12-23|access-date=2021-09-18|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dal (India) |first=Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wScHAAACAAJ |title=Constitution |date=1980 |publisher=Lok Dal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dal (India) |first=Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrDhHAAACAAJ |title=Lok Dal Election Manifesto, 1979 |date=1979 |publisher=Lok Dal |language=en}}</ref> It was founded on 26 September 1979 by merging [[Janata Party (Secular)]], Socialist Party (Limaye) and Orissa Janata Party.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-27 |title=September 27, 1979, forty years ago: Lok Dal formed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/september-27-1979-forty-years-ago-lok-dal-formed-6032094/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Charan Singh]] was elected president of Lok Dal and [[Raj Narain]] its working president.<ref name=":3" />

In August 1982, a major split occurred in Lok Dal, with one faction led by [[Charan Singh]] and another consisting of [[Karpoori Thakur]], [[Madhu Limaye]], [[Biju Patnaik]], [[Devi Lal]], [[George Fernandes]], and [[Kumbha Ram Arya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=August 10, 1982, Forty Years Ago: Two Lok Dals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/40-years-ago/august-10-1982-forty-years-ago-two-lok-dals/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The rebels were upset because of Charan Singh's dissociation with the coordination committee set up to facilitate the merger of the Lok Dal, [[Janata Party]] and [[Congress (Secular)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title=February 2, 1982, Forty Years Ago: Kerala Assembly |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/forty-years-ago-kerala-assembly-lok-dal-turmoil-7752183/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later, in January 1983, Lok Dal led by [[Karpoori Thakur]] merged into [[Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-28 |title=January 28, 1983, Forty Years Ago: Congress-I Shake-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/40-years-ago/january-28-1983-forty-years-ago-congress-i-shake-up-8408545/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 21 October 1984, Lok Dal, Democratic Socialist Party of [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]], [[Rashtriya Congress]] of [[Ratubhai Adani]], and some leaders of [[Janata Party]] including [[Devi Lal]] merged and formed [[Dalit Mazdoor Kisan Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Formation of DMKP gives decent burial to Lok Dal-Janata merger talks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19841115-formation-of-dmkp-gives-decent-burial-to-lok-dal-janata-merger-talks-803469-1984-11-14 |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=India Today |date=15 November 1984 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi leads Congress(I) to a brute majority in eighth Lok Sabha |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19850115-prime-minister-rajiv-gandhi-leads-congressi-to-a-brute-majority-in-eighth-lok-sabha-769675-2013-11-21 |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=India Today |date=22 November 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Later it changed its name back to the Lok Dal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharad Yadav's revolt against Nitish Kumar: How Janata Parivar unites to split |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sharad-yadav-nitish-kumar-janata-dal-united-1029179-2017-08-11 |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=India Today |date=11 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

In February 1987, Lok Dal was split into two factions, Lok Dal (A) of [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]] and Lok Dal (B) of [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]]. Ajit Singh removed [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], who was Lok Dal's leader in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|UP Legislative Assembly]] and made [[Satyapal Singh Yadav]] Lok Dal's leader.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Dal splits, Devi Lal asks warring Bahuguna and Ajit Singh to work towards harmony |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19870331-lok-dal-splits-devi-lal-asks-warring-bahuguna-and-ajit-singh-to-work-towards-harmony-798722-1987-03-30 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=India Today |date=31 March 1987 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Dal's split becomes convenient for Congress(I) in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19870731-lok-dal-split-becomes-convenient-for-congressi-in-uttar-pradesh-799121-1987-07-30 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=India Today |date=31 July 1987 |language=en}}</ref>

In May 1988, [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]] merged Lok Dal into [[Janata Party]] and became president of Janata Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ajit Singh catapulted as Janata Party president |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880615-ajit-singh-catapulted-as-janata-party-president-797348-1988-06-14 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=India Today |date=15 June 1988 |language=en}}</ref>

== Prominent members ==

* [[Charan Singh]], founder of Lok Dal and former Prime Minister of India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-09 |title=April 9, 1982, Forty Years Ago: Lok Dal Split |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/april-9-1982-forty-years-ago-lok-dal-split-7860620/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Biju Patnaik]], former Chief Minister of Odisha.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Devi Lal]], former Deputy Prime Minister of India.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Kumbha Ram Arya]].<ref name=":1" />
* [[Karpoori Thakur]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lok Dal splits, turns out to be biggest blow to the Opposition |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820831-lok-dal-splits-turns-out-to-be-biggest-blow-to-the-opposition-772113-2013-10-07 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=India Today |date=7 October 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=SINGH |first=JAGPAL |date=2015 |title=Karpoori Thakur: A Socialist Leader in the Hindi Belt |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24481124 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=54–60 |jstor=24481124 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>
* [[Madhu Limaye]].<ref name=":2" />
* [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]], former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and worked as acting-president of Lok Dal between 1986 – 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Split in Lok Dal avoided as warring factions call a hasty truce in New Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19870228-split-in-lok-dal-avoided-as-warring-factions-call-a-hasty-truce-in-new-delhi-798574-1987-02-27 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=India Today |date=28 February 1987 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]].<ref name=":0" />
* [[Subramanian Swamy]], was in Lok Dal between 1984 – 1988 and served as general secretary of Lok Dal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nandy |first=Pritish |date=15 May 1988 |title=The Usurpers |pages=1294 |work=The Illustrated Weekly of India |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13141}}</ref>
* [[Satya Prakash Malaviya]], was general secretary of Lok Dal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 1987 |title="There are no camps in Lok Dal" : S P Malviya |pages=464 |work=The Illustrated Weekly of India |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12254/page/n463/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref>
* [[Ram Vilas Paswan]], was general secretary of Lok Dal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=With Chaudhury Charan Singh in hospital, Ajit Singh likely to step in as Lok Dal chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860131-with-chaudhury-charan-singh-in-hospital-ajit-singh-likely-to-step-in-as-lok-dal-chief-800551-1986-01-30 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=India Today |date=31 January 1986 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sharad Yadav]], was general secretary of Lok Dal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prospect of Lok Dal-Janata Party alliance may spell trouble for Congress(I) in LS polls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19841031-prospect-of-lok-dal-janata-party-alliance-may-spell-trouble-for-congress-i-in-coming-polls-803399-1984-10-30 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=India Today |date=31 October 1984 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], was Lok Dal's leader in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mulayam Singh Yadav, a mass leader who played politics like a wrestler |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mulayam-singh-yadav-a-mass-leader-who-played-politics-like-a-wrestler-2283272-2022-10-10 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=India Today |date=10 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Satya Pal Malik]], was general secretary of Lok Dal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charan Singh expels Devi Lal from Lok Dal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820815-charan-singh-expels-devi-lal-from-lok-dal-772091-2013-10-05 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=India Today |date=5 October 2013 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Chaudhary Khurshid Ahmed|Khurshid Ahmed]], Member of Parliament of Faridabad from Lok Dal.

== See also ==
* [[Girraj Kishore Mahaur]], former MLA of Lok Dal
* [[Lok Dal (Charan)]]
* [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Janata Parivar}}

[[Category:Political parties established in 1980]]
[[Category:Political parties in India]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Lok Dal]]

Rama Rajamouli

2026-03-24T11:11:30Z

AndrewJordan:

{{short description|Indian costume designer and film stylist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rama Rajamouli
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|14 July 1969}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Costume designer
Film stylist
| years_active = 2001–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[S. S. Rajamouli]]|2001}}
| children = 2
| relatives = {{Ubl
| [[M. M. Keeravani]] (brother-in-law)
| [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] (father-in-law)
| [[Gunnam Gangaraju]] (cousin)
}}
| family = See [[List of South Indian film families#Koduri family|Koduri family]]
}}

'''Rama Rajamouli''' is an Indian costume designer and film stylist, who primarily works in [[Telugu cinema]]. Rama made her debut with the 2001 film ''[[Student No: 1]]''. She is known for her work in the films ''[[Magadheera]]'' (2009), ''[[Eega]]'' (2012), ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015), ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017) and ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]'' (2022).

She is a three-time [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] winner for [[Nandi Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]. She was nominated along with [[Prashanti Tipirneni]] for Best Costume Design at the [[42nd Saturn Awards]] and at the [[12th Asian Film Awards]] for ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' and ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''.

== Personal life ==
Rama married filmmaker [[S. S. Rajamouli]] in 2001, after the divorce of her previous marriage. Rajamouli calls her Chinni.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2022 |title=Throwback Thursday: Did you know SS Rajamouli's wife Rama Rajamouli played small role in a TV show? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/throwback-thursday-did-you-know-ss-rajamoulis-wife-rama-rajamouli-played-small-role-in-a-tv-show/articleshow/92410282.cms |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Rajamouli adopted Karthikeya, Rama's son from her previous marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The epic love story of Baahubali director Rajamouli and Rama|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/the-epic-love-story-of-baahubali-director-rajamouli-and-rama|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=en}}</ref> The couple also has an adopted daughter Mayookha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-10|title='Bahubali' Director S. S. Rajamouli, Turns 44. His Own Love Story with an Older Divorcee Woman & Their Subsequent Marriage Is No Less Than An Epic.|url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-s-5717248-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010142726/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-s-5717248-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2017|access-date=2020-12-04|website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|language=en}}</ref> Karthikeya is married to Pooja Prasad, niece of actor [[Jagapathi Babu]].<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Ist|date=28 December 2018|title=Baahubali director SS Rajamouli's son Karthikeya to marry Pooja Prasad in Jaipur|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-director-ss-rajamouli-s-son-karthikeya-to-marry-pooja-prasad-in-jaipur-1418924-2018-12-28|access-date=2020-12-04|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Gangaraju Gunnam|Gunnam Gangaraju]] is her cousin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ethamukkala |first=Hemachandra |date=29 April 2022 |title=Ten Little Known Relationships in Tollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/web-stories/ten-little-known-relationships-in-tollywood/photostory/91180382.cms |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Initially Rama entered the industry in 2001 as an actor by doing various small roles in the [[Sitcom|TV sitcom]] ''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]],'' created and produced by her cousin [[Gangaraju Gunnam]].<ref name=":6"/>

After marrying S. S. Rajamouli, she started her career as a costume designer with the film ''[[Student No.1|Student No. 1]]'' (2001). Rama regularly works in her husband films as a costume designer and stylist. In an interview to [[TV9 Telugu|''TV9'']], Rama said that [[Amar Chitra Katha]] is her inspiration for costume designing in [[Baahubali (franchise)|''Baahubali'']]. For the film ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]],'' Rama worked as an additional dialogue writer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2020-08-17|title=Rama Rajamouli turns writer for RRR|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/tollywood-news-rama-rajamouli-turns-writer-for-rrr-movie-640002|access-date=2021-05-07|website=thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SS Rajamouli's wife Rama turns dialogue writer for the Ram Charan & Jr NTR starrer RRR|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ss-rajamoulis-wife-rama-turns-dialogue-writer-ram-charan-jr-ntr-starrer-rrr-557197|access-date=2021-05-08|website=PINKVILLA|date=18 August 2020|language=en|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206204013/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ss-rajamoulis-wife-rama-turns-dialogue-writer-ram-charan-jr-ntr-starrer-rrr-557197|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She was invited to join the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] in June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Oscar-winning 'RRR' director SS Rajamouli invited to join the Academy Awards as a honorable member |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/oscar-winning-rrr-director-ss-rajamouli-invited-to-join-the-academy-awards-as-a-honorable-member-13786439.html |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}
=== As a costume designer and stylist ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Rama Rajamouli film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2001
|''[[Student No.1|Student No. 1]]''
|Debut film
|-
|2004
|''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]''
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]''
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Vikramarkudu]]''
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Yamadonga]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajamouli's wife didn't like this blockbuster film of his|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/baahubali-director-ss-rajamouli-wife-rama-yamadonga-jr-ntr|access-date=2021-05-08|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''[[Magadheera]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[Maryada Ramanna]]''
|
|-
|[[Nagavalli (film)|''Nagavalli'']]
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Eega]]''
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Baahubali 2: For 5 Years, We Lived in Mahishmati, Says S S Rajamouli's Wife|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-for-5-years-we-lived-in-mahishmati-says-s-s-rajamoulis-wife-1682787|access-date=2021-05-08|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|2022
| ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''
|also additional dialogue writer<ref name="Times Now">{{cite news|date=22 January 2019|title=SS Rajamouli begins shooting for the second schedule of RRR starring Jr NTR and Ram Charan|work=[[Times Now]]|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/ss-rajamouli-begin-shooting-for-the-second-schedule-of-rrr-starring-jr-ntr-and-ram-charan/351353}}</ref>
|-
|2027
|{{Pending film|[[Varanasi (2027 film)|Varanasi]]}}
|
|-
|}





=== As actress ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of television appearances
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2001–2002
|[[Amrutham (TV series)|''Amrutham'']]
|Various
|[[Gemini TV]]
|<ref name=":6"/>




|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
|-
|2008
| rowspan="2" |[[Nandi Awards]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
|''[[Yamadonga]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Awards of 2009|2009]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
|''[[Magadheera]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2016
|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|Best Costume Designer
| rowspan="3" |''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[42nd Saturn Awards|2016]]
|[[Saturn Awards]]
|[[Saturn Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Nandi Awards of 2015|2017]]
|[[Nandi Awards]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[12th Asian Film Awards|2018]]
|[[Asian Film Awards]]
|[[Asian Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film people from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:S. S. Rajamouli]]

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=2350343|name=Rama Rajamouli}}
{{Authority control}}
{{India-film-bio-stub}}

ABCD: Any Body Can Dance

2026-03-24T09:01:48Z

AndrewJordan:

{{Short description|2013 dance drama film by Remo D'Souza}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = ABCD: Any Body Can Dance
| image = Anybody-can-dance.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Remo D'Souza]]
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]] [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]]
| writer = '''Screenplay:''' [[Tushar Hiranandani]] '''Dialogues:''' Amit Aaryan '''Additional Dialogues & Lyrics:''' [[Mayur Puri]]
| story = Remo D'Souza
| starring = [[Prabhu Deva]] [[Ganesh Acharya]] [[Kay Kay Menon]] [[Lauren Gottlieb]] [[Punit Pathak]] [[Dharmesh Yelande]] [[Salman Yusuff Khan]]
| music = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cinematography = Vijay Kumar Arora
| editing = Manan Ajay Sagar
| studio = [[UTV Motion Pictures|UTV Spotboy]]
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2013|2|8|df=y}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}12–42 [[crore]]<ref name="budget"/><ref name="toibudget"/>
}}

'''''ABCD: Anybody Can Dance''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[dance film|dance]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and choreographed by choreographer [[Remo D'Souza]] and produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] and [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] under [[UTV Motion Pictures|UTV Spotboy]] Motion Pictures.<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/remo-s-dream-comes-true-anybody-can-dance-goes-on-the-floor_107166.htm Remo's dream comes true, AnyBody Can Dance goes on the floor] zeenews.india.com</ref> The film stars [[Prabhu Deva]] in the lead role along with [[Ganesh Acharya]] and [[Kay Kay Menon]]. The participants in ''[[Dance India Dance]]'' appear in supporting roles.<ref>[http://danceindiadance.in/news/2012/abcd-anybody-can-dance-by-remo-dsouza/ ABCD – AnyBody can Dance by Remo D'souza] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415040616/http://danceindiadance.in/news/2012/abcd-anybody-can-dance-by-remo-dsouza/ |date=15 April 2012 }} DanceIndiaDance.in</ref> Along with the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed versions titled ''Aadalam Boys Chinnatha Dance'' and ''ABCD'' respectively, the film, made at a budget of between Rs 120 million and 420  million,<ref name="budget">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/prabhudeva-to-hike-his-price-post-abcd-success-6497.html|title=Prabhudeva to hike his price post 'ABCD' success|first=|last=|date=10 February 2013|website=[[India TV]]}}</ref><ref name="toibudget" /> was released worldwide in [[3D film|3D]] on 8 February 2013 to mostly positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/didn-t-want-to-release-i-abcd-i-with-akshay-s-i-special-chabbis-i-prabhu-deva-327787 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212101314/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/didn-t-want-to-release-i-abcd-i-with-akshay-s-i-special-chabbis-i-prabhu-deva-327787 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 February 2013 |title=Didn't want to release ABCD with Akshay's Special Chabbis: Prabhu Deva | NDTV Movies.com |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=7 February 2013 |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref>

A [[sequel]], ''[[ABCD 2|Disney's ABCD 2]]'' was released on 19 June 2015.

==Plot==
Vishnu, a choreographer for Jehangir Dance Company (JDC) quits his job after having a disagreement with his friend and manager, Jehangir Khan. Vishnu observes several proteges of Gopi. Despite their raw talent, they lack the discipline required to become serious dancers. They demonstrate this disastrously at a local event for a politician. After witnessing the youngsters show their dancing abilities, Vishnu decides to start his own dance group—Dhongri Dance Revolution (DDR) -- with them, ultimately preparing them to compete in Dance Dil Se. However, the rivalry between the two factions in the group led by D and Rocky leads to multiple issues. Only Rocky and his gang are initially willing to attend the free classes, but D and his friends soon gravitate towards the studio.

They are soon joined by Chandu, a troubled but talented man suffering from drug addiction, Shaina, a bar dancer, and Rhea, a Westerner who was JDC's star dancer but left after Jehangir sexually assaulted her during a "private lesson". Rhea immediately becomes the new star of the group. Though the students are initially skeptical of Shaina because of her profession, Chandu defends her in front of the class. The pair quickly fall for one another.

The two gangs continue to clash, driving Vishnu to his wit's end. However, the students seem to improve and as a reward, he gives them money to buy new speakers. They nearly lose it all when Rhea takes them to dance club where they challenge the resident champions. Vishnu arrives at the last minute and wins back the money. Vishnu is furious, but forgives them. They return to class with greater discipline and drive, only to suddenly be thrown out on the street after D's father calls the cops. The community complains that their children should not be wasting their time on dance. They perform an impromptu dance to convince their families of their talent. However, D's conservative father refuses to accept that his son desires to be a dancer.

The crew head to Dance Dil Se and audition. Jehangir, to humiliate Vishnu publicly, persuades the judges to take the DDR crew on as the show's "jokers." Vishnu asks Rocky and D to do a step that requires mutual trust, but they cannot muster the trust. Vishnu then states that unless the two manage to do the step, none of the dancers would be allowed to go home. D completes the move successfully with Rocky, and the two factions begin to trust each other.

Before the semi-finals, Chandu prepares to propose to Shaina, but he meets his old drug dealer on the street. He refuses to fall back into that world, but the irritated dealer tosses the ring intended for Shaina at him. As Chandu retrieves it, he is hit by a truck and killed, leaving the team devastated. Shaina becomes the centrepiece of the team's semi-final routine. The team and the community come together to cremate Chandu, and DDR resolves to continue in the competition in Chandu's memory. Mayur, a performer in DDR tempted by Jehangir's offer of a main lead role in JDC feeds information to JDC. Faced with losing, DDR crafts a new routine on the spot, based around [[Lord Ganesha]]. Their heartfelt and spontaneous performance reminds Jehangir of his old friendship with Vishnu and why they started JDC in the first place and is humbled. The DDR crew are rewarded with a thunderous applause and victory in the competition.

==Cast==
{{Div col}}
* [[Prabhu Deva]] as Vishnu
* [[Ganesh Acharya]] as Gopi
* [[Kay Kay Menon]] as Jehangir Khan
* [[Salman Yusuff Khan]] as Rocky
* [[Dharmesh Yelande]] as Danish "D" Qureshi
* [[Lauren Gottlieb]] as Rhea
* [[Punit Pathak]] as Chandu
* [[Noorin Shah]] as Shaina
* [[Vrushali Chavan]] as Vrushali
* [[Bhavana Khanduja]] as Bhavana
* [[Paulson Thomas]] as Pauli
* [[Prince R Gupta]] as Biscuit
* [[Mayuresh Wadkar]] as Mayur
* [[Tushar Kalia]] as a dancer in JDC
* [[Rahul Shetty]] as Rahul
* [[Sushant Pujari]] as Sushi
* [[Milind Wagh]] as Afzal Qureshi, D's father
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as Vardha Bhai
* [[Mario Fernando Aguilera]] as Chris
* [[Saajan Singh]]
* [[Mohena Singh]] as Competitions dancer in the beginning of the film
* [[Kishore Aman Shetty]]
* [[Karishma Chavan]]
* [[Jayant Gadekar]] as Policeman
* [[Saroj Khan]] in "Psycho Re" (Special appearance)
* [[Remo D'Souza]] in "Psycho Re" (Special appearance)
* [[Manish Paul]] as host of Dance Dil Se (Special appearance)
* [[Prayas Choudhary]] as Ghungroo boys
* [[Sanjay Gurbaxani]] as Channel Head
* [[Sajjad Haqi]] as Sajjad{{div col end}}

==Release==
The film was released on total of 750 screens which included 400 3D screens and 350 2D screens in India.<ref name="Oneindia">{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/box-office/2013/special-26-abcd-7-days-first-week-collection-box-office-103487.html |title=ABCD first week collection at Box Office |publisher=Oneindia |date=15 February 2013 |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518054539/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/box-office/2013/special-26-abcd-7-days-first-week-collection-box-office-103487.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's budget (cost of production) is estimated to be between Rs 120–420 million.<ref name="budget"/><ref name="toibudget">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/Initial-reports-on-Special-26-and-ABCD-positive/articleshow/18464103.cms|title=Initial reports on Special 26 and ABCD positive|website=The Times of India|date=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

==Reception==
Lisa Tsering praised the film on [[The Hollywood Reporter]] as "exuberant, upbeat and overflowing with music".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/abcd-any-body-can-dance-421402 |title=ABCD: Any Body Can Dance: Film Review |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=13 February 2013 |access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> Prasanna D Zore for [[Rediff.com]] has given 4/5 stars and says ''ABCD Any Body Can Dance'' is a must watch not only for dance lovers but also for those who like good cinema.<ref name="ABCD Any Body Can Dance Review">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-abcd-is-the-dabangg-of-dance/20130208.htm| title=Review: ABCD is the Dabangg of dance! | author=Prasanna D Zore | work=Rediff.com | access-date=8 February 2013}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Taran Adarsh from bollywoodhungama rated the film ABCD 3/5 stars saying, "ABCD's biggest strength lies in the variety of dances that Remo presents to the spectators. On the whole, ABCD has some incredible, eye-popping dances as its soul. While the template may be conventional – the triumph of the underdog – the film has its share of moments that stay with you, especially the concluding portions of the film. Decent watch!"<ref>{{cite web|title=ABCD Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/550542 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626101059/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/550542 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref> Shivesh Kumar of ''[[IndiaWeekly]]'' awarded the movie 3 out of 5 stars.<ref name=iw>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.415005523401.193372.180643728401|title=IndiaWeekly's Movie Ratings |publisher= [[IndiaWeekly]] |access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref>

===Box office===
''ABCD'' had opening in India of Rs 45 million nett on the first day. It collected approximately Rs 195 million nett at the domestic box office in the first weekend. By the end of its first week, the film has grossed over 312 million nett.<ref name="Oneindia"/> The film grossed $425,000 overseas in opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5394&nCat= |title=Boxofficeindia.com |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = ABCD: Any Body Can Dance
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 4 December 2012
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| prev_title = [[Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Jayantabhai Ki Luv Story]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The film's music was done by the composer-duo [[Sachin–Jigar]]. All songs were written by [[Mayur Puri]] apart from ''Man Basiyo Saanwariyo'' which had lyrics by Priya Panchal.

Although the song "Sun Saathiya" was played as a scratch version in the film, it was reused in the sequel on popular demand and officially became part of its musical-themed soundtrack.

===Track list===
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Shambhu Sutaya
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| music1 = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Mayur Puri]]
| length1 = 4:43
| title2 = Bezubaan
| extra2 = [[Mohit Chauhan]], Priya Panchal, '''Rap By:''' [[Tanvi Shah]], Deane Sequeira
| music2 = Sachin – Jigar
| lyrics2 = Mayur Puri
| length2 = 4:42
| title3 = Psycho Re
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Mika Singh]]
| music3 = Sachin – Jigar
| lyrics3 = Mayur Puri
| length3 = 4:01
| title4 = Chandu Ki Girl Friend
| extra4 = Raman Mahadevan, Jigar Saraiya, Divya Pushkarna, Sagar Kendurkar, Madhav Krishna
| music4 = Sachin – Jigar
| lyrics4 = Mayur Puri
| length4 = 3:16
| title5 = Man Basiyo Sawariyo
| extra5 = [[Anushka Manchanda]]
| music5 = Sachin – Jigar
| lyrics5 = Priya Panchaal
| length5 = 3:48
| title6 = Duhaai
| extra6 = Madhav Krishna
| music6 = Sachin – Jigar
| lyrics6 = Mayur Puri
| length6 = 4:06
| title7 = Sorry Sorry
| extra7 = Jigar Saraiya
| music7 = Sachin – Jigar
| lyrics7 = Mayur Puri
| length7 = 3:17
| title8 = Kar Ja Re Ya Mar Ja Re Tu
| extra8 = [[Suraj Jagan]]
| music8 = Sachin – Jigar
| lyrics8 = Mayur Puri
| length8 = 2:50
| title9 = Sadda Dil Vi Tu (Ga Ga Ga Ganpati)
| extra9 = [[Hard Kaur]]
| music9 = Sachin – Jigar
| lyrics9 = Mayur Puri
| length9 = 5:27
}}

===Critical reception===
The soundtrack received highly positive reviews from critics. ''[[CNN-IBN|IBNLive]]'' gave it 3 out of 5 stars and noted, "The duo of Sachin-Jigar has delivered an album that has its moments. 'ABCD' is a versatile album though it falls short of creating an album with viral tracks."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anybody-can-dance-music-review-the-album-is-versatile-but-lacks-viral-tracks/370670-8-66.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207034452/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anybody-can-dance-music-review-the-album-is-versatile-but-lacks-viral-tracks/370670-8-66.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 February 2013 | title=Music review (IBNLive) | access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref>

==Sequel==
{{main|ABCD 2}}
The film spawned a sequel titled ''[[ABCD 2]],'' which released on 19 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Varun-Dhawans-character-in-ABCD2-based-on-the-life-of-Indias-Got-Talent-winner-Suresh-Mukund/articleshow/43167641.cms |title=Varun Dhawan's character in ABCD2 based on the life of India's Got Talent winner Suresh Mukund |last=Priya |first=Gupta |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=13 January 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2321163}}

{{UTV Movies}}
{{Hip-hop dance}}

[[Category:Indian dance films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 3D films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:UTV Software Communications franchises]]
[[Category:2010s hip-hop films]]
[[Category:Films about dance competitions]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Remo D'Souza]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:2013 musical films]]

Manmeet Bhullar

2026-03-24T01:59:45Z

AndrewJordan: fixed formatting per standard format

{{short description|Canadian politician}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:MLABhullar.png
|imagesize = 150px |
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Manmeet Bhullar
| caption =
| birth_date = March 1, 1980
|birth_name = Manmeet Singh Bhullar
| birth_place = [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada
|alma_mater = [[University of Windsor]]
| death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|2015|11|23|1980|03|01}}}}
| death_place =[[Red Deer County, Alberta]], Canada
| residence = Calgary
| office = Member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Alberta]] for [[Calgary-Greenway]]
| term_start = March 3, 2008
| term_end = November 23, 2015
| predecessor = [[Hung Pham]]
| successor = [[Prabhdeep Gill]]
| party = [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta|Progressive Conservative]]
| occupation =
| profession=Lawyer
| office1 = Minister of Human Services
| term_start1 = December 13, 2013
| term_end1 = May 24, 2015
| predecessor1 = [[Dave Hancock]]
| successor1= [[Irfan Sabir]]
| office2 = Minister of Service Alberta
| term_start2 = October 12, 2011
| term_end2 = December 13, 2013
| predecessor2 = [[Heather Klimchuk]]
| successor2= [[Doug Griffiths]]
}}

'''Manmeet Singh Bhullar''' (March 1, 1980 – November 23, 2015) was a Canadian politician and Member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Alberta]] who represented the constituency of [[Calgary-Greenway]] as a [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta|Progressive Conservative]]. He served as a cabinet minister from 2011 until the defeat of the [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta|Progressive Conservative]] government in 2015. He was widely seen as a rising star in the Progressive Conservative caucus. Bhullar was killed when he was struck by a tractor trailer on a road when he went to help a stranded motorist on November 23, 2015.

==Early life==

Bhullar was born March 1, 1980, in the community of [[Penbrooke Meadows, Calgary|Penbrooke Meadows]] in [[Calgary]]. His family then moved to the community of [[Whitehorn, Calgary|Whitehorn]] where he attended Chief Justice Milvain School and Annie Gale Junior High School. Manmeet then attended [[Lester B. Pearson High School (Calgary)|Lester B. Pearson High School]] in [[Pineridge, Calgary|Pineridge]], where he was a member of the school's football team.

==Education==

Bhullar earned his [[Bachelor of Arts]] with a [[Sociology]] concentration from [[Athabasca University]] in 2005. Bhullar also attended [[Mount Royal University]] as part of his post-secondary education. In 2011, Bhullar received his [[Bachelor of Laws]] from the [[University of Windsor]].

==Community involvement==

Manmeet became very active in the community early on. Bhullar was the founder of a youth organization called "Inspire." Bhullar co-ordinated the Walking Hunger Away campaign in Calgary and led a team of volunteers to raise money on behalf of the Calgary Health Region. Bhullar also worked with other youth groups in that time. Because of his community work Bhullar was a recipient of the [[Alberta Centennial Medal]], the Centennial Medallion, and the Athabasca University Leadership Award. Bhullar has been a strong advocate for the issues of East Calgarians in the Alberta legislature.

==Political life==
Bhullar became active in politics early on by helping Rick D. Orman, the first MLA for Calgary-Montrose, in his re-election campaign. While seeking his post-secondary education, Bhullar was an organizer for Jim Prentice's leadership campaign for the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 2003.

Bhullar then worked with [[Jim Prentice]] when he was [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MP]] for [[Calgary Centre-North]], aiding him with his role as Regional Minister for Alberta and the Territories.

Bhullar first sought public office in the 2008 provincial election in the constituency of [[Calgary-Montrose]]. At 28 years of age, he became the youngest member elected to Alberta's 27th legislature. He was appointed to the position of Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Advanced Education and Technology on March 12, 2008, making him the youngest politician to serve as a parliamentary assistant or secretary in Canada at the time.<ref name="leg bio">{{cite web|url=https://www.assembly.ab.ca/net/index.aspx?p=mla_bio&rnumber=17|title=Bhullar's Legislative Assembly of Alberta biography|publisher=Assembly.ab.ca|accessdate=2015-11-25}}</ref> In January 2010 he was made Parliamentary Assistant to Municipal Affairs.

==Minister of Service Alberta==
On October 12, 2011, Bhullar was appointed to Cabinet as Minister of Service Alberta making him the first turbaned Sikh to hold a ministerial position. In this portfolio, Bhullar oversaw the province's vast network of registry agents, led Alberta's open government initiative and was the lead consumer advocate in government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.servicealberta.ca/635.cfm|title=Service Alberta: Our Ministry|author=Government of Alberta|work=servicealberta.ca}}</ref> He is credited with finishing the "final mile" that has connected 98% of Albertans to high-speed internet<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airdriecityview.com/article/20131219/ACV0801/312199992/high-speed-internet-access-to-rural-areas-achieved|title=High-speed Internet access to rural areas achieved|work=Airdrie City View|access-date=2014-08-13|archive-date=2015-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125133811/http://www.airdriecityview.com/article/20131219/ACV0801/312199992/high-speed-internet-access-to-rural-areas-achieved|url-status=dead}}</ref> and for pushing the CRTC to implement a national wireless code to protect mobile phone users.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/edmonton/article/crtc-announces-new-wireless-code-rogers-telus-and-bell-mobility-respond/|title=CRTC announces new wireless code, Rogers, Telus and Bell Mobility respond|work=Edmonton|date=2013-06-03}}</ref> Bhullar also received accolades for his work to crack down on unscrupulous contractors taking advantage of citizens after Alberta's flooding in 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.canada.com/calgaryherald/iphone/news/latest/story.html?id=8623945 |title=Braid: Spirit of generosity strong, but beware of cheaters |accessdate=August 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813214338/http://www2.canada.com/calgaryherald/iphone/news/latest/story.html?id=8623945 |archivedate=August 13, 2014 }}</ref> and for laying the groundwork for a stronger condominium act, including a new dispute resolution system for condominium owners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beaconnews.ca/blog/2013/10/alberta-condominium-property-act-changes-will-reduce-disputes/ |title=Alberta Condominium Property Act changes will reduce disputes |accessdate=August 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813210943/http://beaconnews.ca/blog/2013/10/alberta-condominium-property-act-changes-will-reduce-disputes/ |archivedate=August 13, 2014 }}</ref>

==Minister of Human Services==
On December 13, 2013, Bhullar was promoted to the position of Minister of Human Services putting him in charge of the third largest ministry by expenditures in government and overseeing more than 4,000 employees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finance.alberta.ca/publications/budget/estimates/est2014/listing-of-government-entities.pdf |title=LIST OF GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL ENTITIES |publisher=Finance.alberta.ca |accessdate=2015-11-25}}</ref> There he has been credited with fixing Alberta's child intervention system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/Braid+Bhullar+candour+child+deaths+powerful+astonishing/9373992/story.html|title=Braid: Bhullar's candour on child deaths powerful, astonishing|author=Don Braid|work=www.calgaryherald.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/life/Editorial%2BNameless%2Bmore/10060006/story.html |title=Editorial: Nameless no more |website=www.calgaryherald.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815091702/http://www.calgaryherald.com/life/Editorial%2BNameless%2Bmore/10060006/story.html |archive-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/opinion/story.html?id=ddf31614-a5d2-41d6-a955-50547ca809b7 |title=A new era for Alberta children |accessdate=August 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813225959/http://www2.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/opinion/story.html?id=ddf31614-a5d2-41d6-a955-50547ca809b7 |archivedate=August 13, 2014 }}</ref> He changed the law to empower families to speak up about their experiences with the system,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmontonsun.com/2014/07/24/alberta-lifts-publication-ban-on-deaths-of-children-in-care|title=Alberta lifts publication ban on deaths of children in care|work=Edmonton Sun}}</ref> made new investments in mental health supports for families involved in child intervention,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/alberta-sets-aside-5-million-to-help-children-get-mental-health-services-faster/article16672202/|title=Alberta sets aside $5-million to help children get mental-health services faster|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> hosted the first ever Alberta Minister's Forum on Child Sexual Abuse<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1318669/experts-seek-solutions-to-end-child-sexual-abuse-at-calgary-forum/|title=Experts gather at Calgary forum with aim of ending child sexual abuse|author=Melissa Ramsay|date=8 May 2014|work=Global News}}</ref> and began a campaign to find a mentor for every child in care in the province.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnewsnetwork.ca/sunnews/canada/archives/2014/07/20140716-181209.html |title=Wanted: 8,000 mentors in Alberta |accessdate=August 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718044607/http://www.sunnewsnetwork.ca/sunnews/canada/archives/2014/07/20140716-181209.html |archivedate=July 18, 2014 }}</ref>

==Minister of Infrastructure==
Bhullar was appointed as Minister of Infrastructure in Fall 2014 by newly elected premier [[Jim Prentice]]. He held the position until dissolution of the Legislature in 2015.

==Opposition==
Bhullar was one of only 10 Progressive Conservative MLAs who were returned in the [[2015 Alberta general election|2015 provincial election]] that defeated the Prentice government. He sat on the opposition benches in the Alberta legislature until his death.

== Death ==
Bhullar died in a motor vehicle collision north of [[Red Deer, Alberta]] while driving from Calgary to Edmonton in bad weather on the [[Alberta Highway 2|Queen Elizabeth II highway]], on November 23, 2015. Bhullar had stopped to assist a driver involved in a collision and sustained fatal injuries after he was struck by a semi truck that had lost control descending a hill.<ref>{{cite news|title = Alberta Conservative MLA Manmeet Bhullar killed in car crash|url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-conservative-mla-manmeet-bhullar-killed-in-car-crash-1.3331978?cmp=rss|website = www.cbc.ca|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In 2015, the [[Lester B. Pearson High School (Calgary)|Lester B. Pearson High School]] Manmeet Singh Bhullar Memorial Scholarship was created by the teacher Sunny Minhas. On June 30, 2016, the [[Calgary Board of Education]] announced a new public elementary school in the Martindale neighborhood would be named after Bhullar. The school was opened in September 2016. On November 19, 2016, the Calgary Board of Education Legacy Award was posthumously awarded to Bhullar. In 2017, the [[Mount Royal University]] Manmeet Singh Bhullar Inspire Award was started by the Mount Royal University Sikh Students Association. In January 2019, a park named after Bhullar was opened in Rotary-Mattamy Greenway in Taradale, Calgary, close to where Bhullar and his wife lived. In December 2021, the constituency Calgary-McCall was renamed to [[Calgary-Bhullar-McCall]].

==Election results==
{{Alberta provincial election, 2008/Calgary-Montrose}}
{{Alberta provincial election, 2012/Calgary-Greenway}}
{{Alberta provincial election, 2015/Calgary-Greenway}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Prentice Ministry}}
{{Hancock Ministry}}
{{Redford Ministry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhullar, Manmeet}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in Alberta]]
[[Category:Athabasca University alumni]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Calgary]]
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Lahore

2026-03-17T11:48:27Z

AndrewJordan:

{{Short description|Capital of Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{About|the city in Punjab, Pakistan|||{{other uses}}}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lahore
| official_name =
| native_name = {{hlist|{{nativename|ur|{{nq|لاہور}}}}|{{nativename|pa|{{nq|لہور}}}}}}
| native_name_lang = pa
| settlement_type = [[Megacity]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image|total_width=280px|perrow=1/2/2/2|border=infobox|caption_align = center
| image6 = Shahi_Masjid_Lahore.jpg
| caption6 = [[Badshahi Mosque]]
| image1 = Lahore_Fort_view_from_Baradari.jpg
| caption1 = [[Lahore Fort]]
| image3 = Lahore_Museum%2C_Lahore.jpg
| caption3 = [[Lahore Museum]]
| image2 = Minar e Pakistan night image.jpg
| caption2 = [[Minar-e-Pakistan]]
| image4 = Compound of the Data Darbar Complex, Lahore - panoramio.jpg
| caption4 = [[Data Darbar]]
| image5 = Iphone5 (6386).JPG
| caption5 = [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalamar Gardens]]
}}
| image_flag = Lahore City Flag.png
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| nicknames = ''[[Culture of Lahore|The Heart of Pakistan]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/935031/landing-in-the-heart-of-Pakistan |title=Landing in the heart of Pakistan|date=9 August 2015|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=22 April 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423015846/https://tribune.com.pk/story/935031/landing-in-the-heart-of-Pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Paris]] of the [[Eastern world|East]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/cities-with-an-identity-crisis/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/cities-with-an-identity-crisis/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Paris of the East? Athens of the North? The cities with ideas above their station |first=Oliver|last=Smith|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=12 June 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''City of Gardens'',<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pk |first1=Dailytimes |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/179492/city-lights-vs-city-gardens/|title=The 'City of Lights' vs 'City of Gardens'|work=Daily Times |date=12 January 2018 |access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614222147/https://dailytimes.com.pk/179492/city-lights-vs-city-gardens/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[City of Literature]]'' (by [[UNESCO]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1605305|title=Unesco confers 'City of Literature' title on Lahore |author=Shoaib Ahmed|date=4 February 2021|work=Dawn|access-date=31 August 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831131734/https://www.dawn.com/news/1605305|url-status=live}}</ref>
| pushpin_map = Pakistan Lahore#Pakistan Punjab#Pakistan#South Asia#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Lahore##Location within Punjab##Location within Pakistan##Location within South Asia
| coordinates = {{coord|31|32|59|N|74|20|37|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Punjab.svg}} [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Pakistan|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lahore Division|Lahore]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Lahore district|Lahore]]

| founder =
| registration_plate = {{Collapsible list
|''{{Hlist|LH|LHA|LHB|LHC|LHD|LHE|LHF|LHG|LHH|LHJ|LHK|LHL|LHP}}''}}
| named_for =
| established_title = [[#Origins|Founded]]
| established_date = [[Origins of Lahore|Between 1st and 7th centuries CE]]
| established_title3 = [[Metropolitan Corporation (Pakistan)|Metropolitan status]]
| established_date3 = {{Start date and age|3 February 1890}}
| established_title1 = [[Early Muslim period in Lahore|City status]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1040}}
| established_title2 = [[History of Lahore|Capital status]]{{efn|Lahore served as the capital of three major Empires: [[Delhi Sultanate]] (1206–1210), [[Mughal Empire]] (1586–1598) and [[Sikh Empire]] (1801–1849)}}
| established_date2 = {{Start date and age|25 June 1206}} {{Start date and age|27 May 1586}} {{Start date and age|12 April 1801}}
| seat_type = Metropolitan seat
| seat = [[Lahore Town Hall]]
| parts_type = [[List of zones in Lahore|Zones]]
| parts_style = coll
| parts = 10
| p1 = [[Ravi Town|Ravi]]
| p2 = [[Shalimar Tehsil|Shalimar]]
| p3 = [[Aziz Bhatti Town|Aziz Bhatti]]
| p4 = [[Data Sahib Zone|Data Gunj Buksh]]
| p5 = [[Gulberg, Lahore|Gulberg]]
| p6 = [[Samanabad Town|Samanabad]]
| p7 = [[Iqbal Town, Lahore|Iqbal]]
| p8 = [[Nishtar Town|Nishtar]]
| p9 = [[Wagah]]
| p10 = [[Lahore Cantonment|Cantonment]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Metropolitan Corporation (Pakistan)|Metropolitan corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Metropolitan Corporation (Pakistan)#List of Metropolitan Corporations|Lahore Metropolitan Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Lahore|Mayor]]
| leader_name = None<ref>{{cite news|title=Local govts term ends today|date=31 December 2021|work=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1666721 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105122250/https://www.dawn.com/news/1666721|url-status=live}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy Commissioner (Pakistan)|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name2 = Syed Musa Raza [[Pakistan Administrative Service|(BPS-19 PAS)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Deputy Commissioners {{!}} Lahore |url=https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/our_dcs |website=lahore.punjab.gov.pk |access-date=30 January 2025 |archive-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413134749/https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/our_dcs |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Capital City Police Officer]]
| leader_name3 = Bilal Siddiqui Kamyana [[Police Service of Pakistan|(BPS-21 PSP)]]
| leader_title4 = [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]]
| leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|[[List of members of the 18th Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|30 members]]}}
| [[Sami Ullah Khan]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-145 Lahore-I|PP-145]])
| [[Ghazali Saleem Butt]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-146 Lahore-II|PP-146]])
| [[Muhammad Riaz Malik]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-147 Lahore-III|PP-147]])
| [[Mian Mujtaba Shuja-ur-Rehman|Mujtaba Shuja-ur-Rehman]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-148 Lahore-IV|PP-148]])
| [[Muhammad Shoaib Siddiqui]] ([[Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party|IPP]]; [[PP-149 Lahore-V|PP-149]])
| [[Khawaja Imran Nazir]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-150 Lahore-VI|PP-150]])
| [[Sohail Shaukat Butt]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-151 Lahore-VII|PP-151]])
| [[Malik Muhammad Waheed]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-152 Lahore-VIII|PP-152]])
| [[Khawaja Salman Rafique]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-153 Lahore-IX|PP-153]])
| [[Malik Ghulam Habib Awan|Ghulam Habib Awan]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-154 Lahore-X|PP-154]])
| [[Imtiaz Mehmood]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-155 Lahore-XI|PP-155]])
| [[Ali Imtiaz|Ali Imtiaz Warraich]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-156 Lahore-XII|PP-156]])
| [[Hafiz Farhat Abbas]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-157 Lahore-XIII|PP-157]])
| [[Chaudhary Muhammad Nawaz Ladhar|Muhammad Nawaz Ladhar]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-158 Lahore-XIV|PP-158]])
| [[Maryam Nawaz|Maryam Nawaz Sharif]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-159 Lahore-XV|PP-159]])
| [[Malik Asad Ali Khokhar|Asad Ali Khokhar]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-160 Lahore-XVI|PP-160]])
| [[Farrukh Javaid]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-161 Lahore-XVII|PP-161]])
| [[Shahbaz Ali Khokhar]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-162 Lahore-XVIII|PP-162]])
| [[Imran Javed]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-163 Lahore-XIX|PP-163]])
| [[Rana Rashid Minhas]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-164 Lahore-XX|PP-164]])
| [[Ahmer Rasheed Bhatti]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-165 Lahore-XXI|PP-165]])
| [[Muhammad Anas Mehmood]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-166 Lahore-XXII|PP-166]])
| [[Irfan Shafi Khokhar]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-167 Lahore-XXIII|PP-167]])
| [[Faisal Ayub Khokhar]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-168 Lahore-XXIV|PP-168]])
| [[Malik Khalid Pervaz Khokhar|Khalid Pervaz Khokhar]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-169 Lahore-XXV|PP-169]])
| [[Mian Muhammad Haroon Akbar|Muhammad Haroon Akbar]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-170 Lahore-XXVI|PP-170]])
| [[Mian Aslam Iqbal|Muhammad Aslam Iqbal]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-171 Lahore-XXVII|PP-171]])
| [[Misbah Wajid]] ([[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]]; [[PP-172 Lahore-XXVIII|PP-172]])
| [[Mian Marghoob Ahmad]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-173 Lahore-XXIX|PP-173]])
| [[Bilal Yasin]] ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]]; [[PP-174 Lahore-XXX|PP-174]])
}}
| area_footnotes = <ref name="pportal">{{cite web| url=http://www.punjab.gov.pk/?q=punjab_quick_stats| title=Punjab Portal| publisher=Government of Punjab| access-date=7 July 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625115713/http://punjab.gov.pk/?q=punjab_quick_stats| archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref>
| area_metro_km2 = 1,772
| elevation_max_footnotes = {{efn|The highest point in Lahore is the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]]<ref name="topographic-map">{{Cite web |title=Lahore topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-c3wz4/Lahore/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>}}
| elevation_min_footnotes = <ref name="topographic-map"/>
| elevation_max_m = 231
| elevation_min_m = 196
| population_total = 13,004,135
| population_as_of = {{nobold|[[2023 Census of Pakistan|2023]]}}
| population_rank = {{ubl | [[List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by population|1st in Punjab]] | [[List of largest cities in Pakistan|2nd in Pakistan]]|[[List of cities proper by population|26th in world]]}}
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2023 Census">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Punjab.pdf |title = Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Punjab province) |date= 5 August 2023 |website = Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date = 24 November 2023}}</ref>
| population_density_metro_km2 = 7,339
| population_blank1_title = [[Languages in Pakistan|Language(s)]]
| population_blank1 = {{ubl||[[Urdu]] and [[English language|English]] (official)|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (native)}}
| population_demonym = ''General'': Lahori{{efn|In [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], the demonyms are used as:
* ''Lahorī'' ({{nq|لہوری}}) – general (both singular and plural) and gender-neutral
* ''Lahorīyā'' ({{nq|لہوریہ}}) – singular and masculine
* ''Lahorīye'' ({{nq|لہوریے}}) – plural and masculine
* ''Lahoran'' ({{nq|لہورن}}) – general (both singular and plural) and feminine<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/915916-a-lahori-for-life|title=A Lahori for life|date=12 December 2021|access-date=6 January 2022|work=The News International (newspaper)|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106010126/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/915916-a-lahori-for-life|url-status=live}}</ref>}} ''[[English language|English]]'': Lahorite
| demographics_type2 = Religion {{nobold|([[2017 Pakistani census|2017]])}}
| demographics2_title1 = [[Religion in Lahore|Religion]]
| demographics2_info1 = {{Collapsible list
| 94.7% [[Islam in Pakistan|Islam]]
| 5.14% [[Christianity in Pakistan|Christianity]]
| 0.12% [[Ahmadiyya in Pakistan|Ahmadiyya]]
| 0.02% [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hinduism]]
| 0.01% [[Sikhism in Pakistan|Sikhism]]
| 0.01% [[Religion in Pakistan|other]]
}}

| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP (PPP)]]
| blank_info_sec1 = $84 billion (2019)<ref name="thebusinessyear.com">{{cite web |title=Pakistan: 4 Top Cities |publisher=The Business Year |date=16 October 2020 |url=https://www.thebusinessyear.com/pakistan-top-4-four-economic-centers-cities-in-2020/focus |access-date=25 November 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120144202/https://www.thebusinessyear.com/pakistan-top-4-four-economic-centers-cities-in-2020/focus |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="finance.gov.pk">{{Cite web |title=[Home page] |publisher=Finance Division | Government of Pakistan |url=https://www.finance.gov.pk/ |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=www.finance.gov.pk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306072840/http://www.finance.gov.pk/|archive-date=6 March 2023}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[International airport]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|LHE]])
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lahore Metrobus]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Law enforcement in Pakistan#Police Service of Pakistan (PSP)|Police]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Capital City Police Lahore]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Development Authority
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Lahore Development Authority]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}}
| blank5_info_sec1 = 0.877<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inclusive growth and human development |url=https://www.undp.org/pakistan/inclusive-growth-and-human-development#:~:text=The%20HDI%20of%200.877%20for,the%20Very%20High%20Development%20Category. |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> (very high) · [[List of administrative units of Pakistan by Human Development Index|3rd]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = Growth
| blank6_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 8.06%
| blank7_name_sec1 = [[Literacy in Pakistan|Literacy]] {{nobold|([[2017 Pakistani census|2023]])}}
| blank7_info_sec1 = 81%
| blank_name_sec2 = Constituencies in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]
| blank_info_sec2 = {{Composition bar|14|336|hex=#000}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|([[2017 Pakistani census|2017]])}}
| blank1_info_sec2 = 912 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[Male|♂]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[BSh]]
| blank3_name_sec2 = Abbreviation
| blank3_info_sec2 = LHR/ایل ایچ آر
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Patron saint]]
| blank4_info_sec2 = [[Ali al-Hujwiri]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2004 |title=LAHORE: The patron saint of Lahore |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/393313/lahore-the-patron-saint-of-lahore |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hazrat Data Gunj Bukhsh (RA), Lahore |url=https://auqaf.punjab.gov.pk/shrine-data-darbar |website=Auqaf and Religious Affairs Department |access-date=10 January 2025 |archive-date=10 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110090651/https://auqaf.punjab.gov.pk/shrine-data-darbar |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Pakistan|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 53XXX – 55XXX
| area_code = 042<ref>{{cite web
|title = National Dialing Codes
|url = http://www.ptcl.com.pk/Home/PageDetail?ItemId=52&linkId=125
|publisher = [[Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited]]
|access-date = 28 August 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092141/http://www.ptcl.com.pk/Home/PageDetail?ItemId=52&linkId=125
|archive-date = 3 September 2014
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Dialling codes in Pakistan|Dialling code]]
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor of Lahore|Deputy Mayors]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mayor of Lahore|9 Zonal Mayors]]
| timezone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]
| utc_offset = +5
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| official_name = [[List of cultural heritage sites in Lahore|Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i)(ii)(iii)}}(i)(ii)(iii)
| ID = 171-002
| year = 1981
| extension = 2009
| area = {{convert|36|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
}}
| website = {{URL|lahore.punjab.gov.pk}}
| mapsize = 230px
| pushpin_map_alt = Pakistan, with Lahore pinpointed at the northeast
| pushpin_relief =
| image_seal = Seal of Lahore.SVG
| seal_size = 120px
| area_rank = {{ubl|[[List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by area|1st in Punjab]]|[[List of metropolitan areas in Pakistan|2nd in Pakistan]]}}
}}

'''Lahore'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|h|ɔr}} {{respell|lə|HOR}}; {{langx|pnb|{{unq|لہور}}}} {{IPA|pa|lɔː˥˩ɾᵊ|}}; {{langx|ur|{{unq|لاہور}}}} {{IPA|ur|laːˈɦɔːɾ||LL-Q1617 (urd)-نعم البدل-لاہور.wav}}}} is the capital and largest city of the [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Pakistani province]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. It is the [[List of cities in Pakistan by population|second-largest]] city in [[Pakistan]], after [[Karachi]], and 27th [[List of largest cities|largest in the world]], with a population of over 14 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore, Pakistan Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/22046/lahore/population |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> Lahore is one of Pakistan's major industrial, educational and economic hubs.<ref name="thebusinessyear.com" /><ref name="finance.gov.pk" /> It has been the historic capital and cultural centre of the wider [[Punjab region]],<ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2008 |url=http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229181550/http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm|archive-date=29 December 2008|access-date=16 September 2011|title=History }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World's Population: An Encyclopedia of Critical Issues, Crises, and Ever-Growing Countries|last1=Shelley |first1=Fred|date=16 December 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-506-0 |page=356|quote=Lahore is the historic center of the Punjab region of the northwestern portion of the Indian subcontinent}}</ref><ref name="Luther1990">{{cite book|author=Usha Masson Luther|title=Historical Routes of North West Indian Subcontinent, Lahore to Delhi, 1550s–1850s A.D.: Network Analysis Through DCNC-micro Methodology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQAsAAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Sagar Publications}}</ref> and is one of Pakistan's most [[Social liberalism|socially liberal]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKb9cFFu1xAC&pg=PA209|title=Diminishing Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific: Why Some Subside and Others Don't|date=2013 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67031-9|quote="Lahore, perhaps Pakistan's most liberal city..."|access-date=8 April 2017}}</ref> [[Progressivism|progressive]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the-taliban-once-ruled-pakistans-swat-valley-now-peace-has-returned/2015/05/08/6bb8ac96-eeaa-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html|title=The Taliban once ruled Pakistan's Swat Valley. Now peace has returned.|last=Craig|first=Tim|date=9 May 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=11 February 2018|issn=0190-8286|quote="We now want to dress like the people of Punjab," said Abid Ibrahim, 19, referring to the eastern province that includes Lahore, often referred to as Pakistan's most progressive city.|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124151103/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the-taliban-once-ruled-pakistans-swat-valley-now-peace-has-returned/2015/05/08/6bb8ac96-eeaa-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35910124|title=Lahore attack: Pakistan PM Sharif demands swift action on terror|date=28 March 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|work=BBC|quote=Lahore is one of Pakistan's most liberal and wealthy cities. It is Mr Sharif's political powerbase and has seen relatively few terror attacks in recent years.|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216102726/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35910124|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Origins of Lahore|Lahore's origin]] dates back to antiquity. The city has been inhabited for around two [[millennia]], although it rose to prominence in the late 10th century with the establishment of the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]], its fortified interior.<ref name=antiquity>{{Cite web |author=Majid Sheikh|title=The 'shroud' over Lahore's antiquity |work=Dawn |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1066357 |date=22 August 2004 |access-date=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306034504/https://www.dawn.com/news/1066357|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore served as the capital of several empires during the medieval era, including the [[Hindu Shahi]]s, [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] and [[Delhi Sultanate]]. It reached the height of its splendour under the [[Mughal Empire]] between the late 16th and early 18th centuries, being its capital city for many years. During this period, it was one of the largest cities in the world.<ref name="Dyson">{{Cite book |last=Dyson |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&dq=lahore+population+in+1600&pg=PA63 |title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-882905-8 |language=en |access-date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404025722/https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&dq=lahore+population+in+1600&pg=PA63 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|The city was captured]] by the forces of the [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]] ruler [[Nader Shah]] in 1739. Although the Mughal authority was re-established, it fell into a period of decay while being contested among the [[Durrani Empire|Afghans]] and the Sikhs between 1748 and 1798, eventually becoming capital of the [[Sikh Empire]] in the early 19th century. Lahore was annexed to the [[British Raj]] in 1849 and became the capital of [[Punjab Province (British India)|British Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2013 |title=Rising Lahore and reviving Pakistan |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/579971/rising-lahore-and-reviving-pakistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510222233/https://tribune.com.pk/story/579971/rising-lahore-and-reviving-pakistan |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=16 June 2016 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> Lahore was central to the independence movements of [[British Raj|British India]], with the city being the site of both the [[Purna Swaraj|Declaration of Indian Independence]] and the [[Lahore Resolution|resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan]]. It experienced some of the worst rioting during the [[partition of British India]] preceding Pakistan's establishment.{{sfnp|Kudaisya|Yong|2004|p=175|loc=:"Of all the capital cities caught in the drama of partition, it was Lahore that experienced the worst of the violence and carnage that took place in 1947. It became the most disputed territory in the claims and counter claims that were made before the Boundary Commission. All three communities of the Punjab—Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus—staked a claim to it. The violence which Lahore experienced was unprecedented even by the horrific standards of 1947, and when it had subsided, what emerged was a city which had been completely 'cleansed' of its 'minority' communities."}} Following the success of the [[Pakistan Movement]] and the subsequent partition in 1947, Lahore was declared the capital of Pakistan's Punjab province.

Located in central-eastern Punjab, along the [[Ravi River|River Ravi]], it is the largest [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-speaking city in the world. Lahore exerts a strong cultural and political influence over Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.chicagosistercities.com/events/discover-lahore-heart-pakistan/&ved=2ahUKEwj3kLbEjIT-AhW8gP0HHY-lDdA4FBAWegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw37ICJtUROHuuKwtCvm3iLm Discover Lahore: The Heart of Pakistan]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Chicago Sister Cities International''</ref> A UNESCO [[City of Literature]] and major centre for Pakistan's publishing industry, Lahore remains the foremost centre of Pakistan's literary scene. The city is also a major centre of education,<ref name=2005_pg7_15>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_15 |title=Lahore book fair opens to rave reviews |work=Daily Times |author=Shoaib Ahmed |date=4 March 2005 |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212140647/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_15 |archive-date=12 February 2008 }}</ref> with some of Pakistan's leading universities based in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/756723/lahores-domination |title=Lahore's domination|author=S. Akbar Zaidi|date=15 October 2012|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120172316/https://www.dawn.com/news/756723/lahores-domination|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore is home to Pakistan's [[Lollywood|Punjabi film industry]], and is a major centre of [[Qawwali|''Qawwali'' music]].<ref name="Windsor all">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/oct/17/pakistan?page=all|title=Out of the rubble|last=Windsor|first=Antonia|date=22 November 2006|work=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=27 March 2010 |archive-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105083416/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/oct/17/pakistan?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref> The city also hosts much of [[Tourism in Pakistan|Pakistan's tourism industry]],<ref name="Windsor all" /><ref name="Planet">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/punjab/lahore/introduction|title=Lahore, Pakistan|website=Lonely Planet|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120174039/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/punjab/lahore|url-status=dead}}</ref> with major attractions including the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]], the famous [[Badshahi Mosque|Badshahi]] and [[Wazir Khan Mosque|Wazir Khan]] mosques, as well as several [[Sikh]] and [[Sufi]] shrines. Lahore is also home to the [[Lahore Fort]] and [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]], both of which are [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref name="Planet" />

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Etymology of Lahore|}}

The origin of Lahore's name is unclear. The city's name has been variously recorded by early Muslim historians as ''Luhawar'', ''Lūhār'', and ''Rahwar''.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p=5}} The Iranian polymath and geographer, [[Al-Biruni|Abu Rayhan al-Biruni]], referred to the city as ''Luhāwar'' in his 11th century work, ''Qanun'',{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p=5}} while the poet [[Amir Khusrow]], who lived during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] period, recorded the city's name as ''Lāhanūr''.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Suvorova|first=Anna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cI1_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT241|title=Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries|date=22 July 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1134370059}}</ref> [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] records the city's name as ''Lawhūr'', mentioning that it was famously known as ''Lahāwar''.<ref>{{cite web|last=al-Hamawi|first=Yaqut|title=Mu'jam al-Buldan |url=http://arabiclexicon.hawramani.com/%D9%84%D9%8E%D9%88%D9%92%D9%87%D9%8F%D9%88%D8%B1/?book=53|access-date=14 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802231217/http://arabiclexicon.hawramani.com/%D9%84%D9%8E%D9%88%D9%92%D9%87%D9%8F%D9%88%D8%B1/?book=53 |archive-date=2 August 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Persian historian [[Firishta]] mentions the city as ''Alahwar'' in his work, with ''al-Ahwar'' being another variation.<ref name="briggs">Briggs, J. trans. [[Firishta|Mohammad Kasim Firishta]], "History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India Till the Year A.D. 1612", Volume VI</ref>{{sfnp|Wink|2002a|p=121}}

One theory suggests that Lahore's name is a corruption of the word ''Ravāwar,'' as R to L shifts are common in languages derived from [[Sanskrit]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sdgrE8pn-cC&q=iravatyawar |title=Journal of Central Asia |date=1978|publisher=Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University}}</ref> ''Ravāwar'' is the simplified pronunciation of the name ''Iravatyāwar,'' a name possibly derived from the [[Ravi River]], known as the Iravati River in the ''[[Vedas]]''.<ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Boltz|first1=William G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-hJB2279EAC&pg=PA136 |title=Studies in the Historical Phonology of Asian Languages |last2=Shapiro|first2=Michael C.|date=1991|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=9027235740}}</ref> Another theory suggests the city's name may derive from the word ''Lohar'', meaning "blacksmith".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Journal of Asian Civilisations|date=2001|publisher=Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfhwAAAAMAAJ&q=Lahore+blacksmith+etymology}}</ref>

According to a legend,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJwIAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA131 |title=Gazetteer of the Ferozpur District: 1883 |date=1883}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Haroon Khalid |date=31 December 2018 |title=How old is Lahore? The clues lie in a blend of historical fact and expedient legend |work=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1454665/ |quote=A legend subsequently grew that connected the history of the city with Valmiki's Ramayana. According to this narrative, Valmiki lived on a mound on the banks of the Ravi when he hosted Ram's consort Sita after she was banished from Ayodhya. It is here that she gave birth Lav and Kush, the princes of Ayodhya, who later founded the twin cities of Lahore and Kasur. |access-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101120014/https://www.dawn.com/news/1454665 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore's name derives from ''Lavpur'' or ''Lavapuri'' (City of ''[[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]]''),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAS2AAAAIAAJ&q=Lahore+Lavapuri |title=Annual bibliography of Indian history and Indology, Volume 4 |publisher=Bombay Historical Society |year=1946 |page=257 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> and is said to have been founded by Prince Lava,<ref>{{cite book |last=Baqir |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pAcAAAAMAAJ&q=Lahore+Lava |title=Lahore, past and present |publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp |year=1985 |pages=19–20 |isbn=978-81-85557-22-9 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> the son of [[Sita]] and [[Rama]]. The same account attributes the founding of nearby [[Kasur]] to his twin brother [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Nadiem |first=Ihsan N |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kasur+Kusha |title=Punjab: land, history, people |publisher=Al-Faisal Nashran |year=2005 |isbn=9789695032831 |page=111 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> though it was actually established in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nadiem |first1=Ihsan H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFuAAAAMAAJ&q=kasur+pashtun |title=Punjab: Land, History, People |year=2005 |publisher=Al-Faisal Nashran |isbn=9789695034347}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Quote box
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{{Main|History of Lahore}}

{{For timeline}}

=== Origins ===
{{Main|Origins of Lahore}}

No definitive record of Lahore's early history exists, and its ambiguous historical background has given rise to various theories about its establishment and history.{{sfnp|Neville|2006|p=xii}}

[[Alexander the Great]]'s historians make no mention of any city near Lahore's location during his invasion in 326 BCE, suggesting the city had not been founded by that point or was not noteworthy.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p=352}} [[Ptolemy]] mentions in his ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'' a city called ''Labokla'' situated near the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and Ravi rivers which may have been in reference to ancient Lahore, or an abandoned predecessor of the city.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Charles Umpherston Aitchison|title=Lord Lawrence and the Reconstruction of India Under the British Rule |year=2002 |publisher=Genesis Publishing |isbn=9788177551730|page=54}}</ref> Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] gave a vivid description of a large and prosperous unnamed city that may have been Lahore when he [[Taank Kingdom|visited the region]] in 630 CE during his tour of India.<ref name=bosworth/>

The first document that mentions Lahore by name is the ''[[Hudud al-'Alam]]'' ("The Regions of the World"), written in 982 CE,<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.kroraina.com/hudud/ |title=Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography, 372 A.H. – 982 A.D. |translator=V. Minorsky |year=1937 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |access-date=4 September 2013 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415015541/http://www.kroraina.com/hudud/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in which Lahore is mentioned as a town which had "impressive temples, large markets and huge orchards".<ref name=antiquity/>{{sfnp|Wink|2002b|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

Few other references to Lahore remain from before its capture by the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid]] Sultan [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] in the 11th century. During this time, Lahore appears to have served as the capital of Punjab under Raja [[Anandapala]] of the [[Hindu Shahi|Üdi Shahi]] empire, who moved his capital there from Waihind.<ref name=bosworth/>{{sfnp|Wink|2002b|p=235}}

===Mediaeval era===
{{Main|Early Muslim period in Lahore}}

==== Ghaznavid ====
[[File:Data Durbar as more then one decade before by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|The [[Data Darbar]] shrine was built to commemorate saint [[Ali Hujwiri]], who lived in the city during 11th century.]]

Sultan Mahmud conquered Lahore between 1020 and 1027, making it part of Ghaznavid Empire.<ref name=bosworth/> He appointed [[Malik Ayaz]] as its governor in 1021. During the reign of Sultan [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]] Malik Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city, which had been devastated after the Ghaznavid invasion. He also erected city walls and a masonry fort in 1037–1040 on the ruins of a previous one.<ref name="Petersen1996">{{cite book |author=Andrew Petersen |year=1996 |title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr |url-access=registration |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-06084-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/159 159]}}</ref> During his tenure a confederation of Hindu princes unsuccessfully laid siege to Lahore in 1043–44.<ref name="bosworth">{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. Edmund|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|date=2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9047423836 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA305|access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref>

Lahore was formally made the eastern capital of Ghaznavid Empire during the reign of [[Khusrau Shah]] in 1152.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Chronology: Historical and Biographical|date=1872|publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00wood|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00wood/page/590 590]|quote=lahore 1152. |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> After the fall of Ghazni in 1163, It became the sole capital.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Lahore |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/327951/Lahore |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502052043/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/327951/Lahore |archive-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> Under their patronage, poets and scholars from other cities of Ghaznavid Empire congregated in Lahore.<ref name="Ikram">{{cite book|last1=Ikram |first1=S. M.|date=1964|title=Muslim Civilization in India |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimcivilizati00ikra |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |author1-link=S. M. Ikram}}</ref> The city became a cultural and academic centre, renowned for [[poetry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=GC University Lahore |url=http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908173139/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm |archive-date=8 September 2012 |access-date=15 March 2011 |publisher=Gcu.edu.pk}}</ref><ref name="WescoatWolschke-Bulmahn199622">{{cite book |author1=James L. Wescoat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC&pg=PA149 |title=Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects |author2=Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn |date=1996 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-235-0 |page=149}}</ref> The entire city of Lahore during the Ghaznavid era was probably located west of the modern [[Shah Alami|Shah Alami Bazaar]] and north of the [[Bhatti Gate]].{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

==== Mamluk ====
Following the [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|siege of Lahore]] in 1186, the [[Ghurid]] ruler [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad]] captured the city and imprisoned Khusrau Malik,<ref name=bosworth/> thus ending Ghaznavid rule over Lahore. Lahore was the first capital of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] of what would later come to be known as the [[Delhi Sultanate]] following the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206. Under the reign of Mamluk sultan [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak|Qutb-ud-Din Aibak]], Lahore attracted poets and scholars from medieval [[Muslim World]]. Lahore at this time had more poets writing in Persian than any other city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/indianexpress-2/ |title=Once upon a time |publisher=Apnaorg.com |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615113959/http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/indianexpress-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[[Alexander Mikaberidze|Mikaberidze, Alexander]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&q=delhi+sultanate+turko-afghan&pg=PA269 "Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia ('''2''' volumes): A Historical Encyclopedia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404025723/https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&q=delhi+sultanate+turko-afghan&pg=PA269 |date=4 April 2023 }} ABC-CLIO, 22 July 2011 {{ISBN|978-1-59884-337-8}} pp 269–270</ref> Following the death of Aibak, Lahore first came under the control of the governor of Multan, [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]], and then was briefly captured in 1217 by the sultan in Delhi, [[Iltutmish]].<ref name=bosworth/>

In an alliance with local [[Khokhar]]s in 1223, the [[Khwarazmian Empire|Khwarazmian]] sultan [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]] captured Lahore after fleeing from [[Genghis Khan]]'s invasion of his realm.<ref name=bosworth/> Mangburni then fled from Lahore to the city of [[Uch Sharif]] after Iltutmish's army re-captured Lahore in 1228.<ref name=bosworth/>
[[File:Tomb of Sultan Qutb al-Din Aibak.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Qutb-ud-Din Aybak in [[Anarkali Bazaar]], Lahore]]
The threat of Mongol invasions and political instability in Lahore caused future sultans to regard Delhi as a safer capital for the sultanate,<ref name="jackson" /> even though Delhi was considered a forward base while Lahore was widely considered as the centre of Islamic culture in northeastern Punjab.<ref name="jackson" />

Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi, to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy.<ref name=bosworth/> Actual Sultanate rule on Lahore lasted only a few decades until the locals reclaimed their autonomy.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC |title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India |first=Balaji|last=Sadasivan|date=14 August 2018 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814311670}}</ref> with the Mongols holding the city for a few years under the rule of the Mongol chief [[Toghrul]].<ref name="jackson">{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Peter|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|date=16 October 2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521543290 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA309 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>

In 1266, sultan [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]] reconquered Lahore, but in 1287 under the Mongol ruler [[Temür Khan]],<ref name="jackson"/> the Mongols again overran northern Punjab. Because of Mongol invasions, Lahore region became a city on a frontier, with the region's administrative centre shifted south to [[Dipalpur]].<ref name=bosworth/> The Mongols [[Mongol invasion of India, 1297-98|again invaded]] northern Punjab in 1298, though their advance was eventually stopped by [[Ulugh Khan]], brother of Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] of Delhi.<ref name="jackson"/> The Mongols again attacked Lahore in 1305.{{sfnp|Neville|2006|p=xiii}}

====Tughluq====
Lahore briefly flourished again under the reign of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq]] (Ghazi Malik) of the [[Tughluq dynasty]] between 1320 and 1325, though the city was again sacked in 1329 by [[Tarmashirin]] of the Central Asian [[Chagatai Khanate]], and then again by the Mongol chief Hülechü.<ref name=bosworth/> Khokhars seized Lahore in 1342,<ref>{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=16 |page=107 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313205336/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif|url-status=live}}</ref> but the city was retaken by Ghazi Malik's son, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]].<ref name=bosworth/> The weakened city then fell into obscurity and was captured once more by the Khokhar chief [[Shaikha Khokhar|Shaikha]] in 1394.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu">{{cite book |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=16 |page=106 |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313205336/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif |archive-date=13 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> By the time the Mongol conqueror [[Timur]] captured the city in 1398 from Shaikha, he did not loot it because it was no longer wealthy.{{sfnp|Neville|2006|p=xii}}

====Late Sultanates====
Timur gave control of the Lahore region to [[Khizr Khan]], governor of Multan, who later established the [[Sayyid dynasty]] in 1414 – the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Farooqui Salma|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|date=2011|publisher=Pearson India|isbn=9788131732021}}</ref> The city was twice besieged by [[Jasrat]], the ruler of [[Sialkot]], during the reign of [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]], the longest of which being in 1431–32.<ref name="jackson"/> To combat Jasrat, the city was granted by the Sayyid dynasty to [[Bahlul Lodi]] in 1441, though Lodi would then displace the Sayyids in 1451 by establishing himself upon the throne of Delhi.<ref name=bosworth/>

Bahlul Lodi installed his cousin, Tatar Khan, to be governor of the city, though Tatar Khan died in battle with [[Sikandar Lodi]] in 1485.<ref name="dhillon"/> Governorship of Lahore was transferred by Sikandar Lodi to Umar Khan Sarwani, who quickly left the management of this city to his son Said Khan Sarwani. Said Khan was removed from power in 1500 by Sikandar Lodi, and Lahore came under the governorship of [[Daulat Khan Lodi]], son of Tatar Khan and former employer of [[Guru Nanak]], the founder of [[Sikhism]].<ref name="dhillon">{{cite book |last1=Dhillon|first1=Dalbir Singh|title=Sikhism Origin and Development|date=1988|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA9|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>

===Mughals===
{{Main|Subah of Lahore|Mughal period in Lahore}}

====Early Mughal====
[[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]], captured and sacked Lahore and Dipalpur, although he retreated after the Lodi nobles backed away from assisting him.<ref name=bosworth/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Iqtidar Alam Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URluAAAAMAAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India|date=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8|page=32 |language=en}}</ref> The city became a refuge to [[Humayun]] and his cousin [[Kamran Mirza]] when [[Sher Shah Suri]] rose in power in the Gangetic plains, displacing Mughals. Sher Shah Suri seized Lahore in 1540, though Humayun reconquered Lahore in February 1555.<ref name=bosworth/> The establishment of Mughal rule eventually led to the most prosperous era of Lahore's history.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore's prosperity and central position has yielded more Mughal-era monuments in Lahore than either [[Delhi]] or [[Agra]].<ref name=mughaleconomist>{{cite news|title=Short Cuts |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts |access-date=19 August 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=19 March 2016|quote=For centuries Lahore was the heart of Mughal Hindustan, known to visitors as the City of Gardens. Today it has a greater profusion of treasures from the Mughal period (the peak of which was in the 17th century) than India's Delhi or Agra, even if Lahore's are less photographed. |archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819161514/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts|url-status=live}}</ref>

By the time of the rule of the Mughal empire's greatest emperors, a majority of Lahore's residents did not live within the walled city itself but instead lived in suburbs that had spread outside the city's walls.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Only 9 of the 36 urban quarters around Lahore, known as ''guzars'', were located within the city walls during the [[Akbar]] period.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} During this period, Lahore was closely tied to smaller market towns known as ''qasbahs'', such as [[Kasur]] and [[Eminabad]], as well as [[Amritsar]] and [[Batala]] in modern-day India, which in turn, linked to supply chains in villages surrounding each ''qasbah''.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

====Akbar====
Beginning in 1584, Lahore became the Mughal capital when Akbar began re-fortifying the city's ruined citadel, laying the foundations for the revival of the [[Lahore Fort]].{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Akbar made Lahore one of his original twelve ''[[subah]]'' provinces,{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} and in 1585–86, relegated governorship of the city and ''subah'' to [[Bhagwant Das]], brother of [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], who was commonly known as "Jodhabhai".<ref name="Chandra">{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=8124110662|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA28|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Fort_of_Lahore.jpg|thumb|The Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore Fort]]
Akbar also rebuilt the city's walls and extended their perimeter east of the Shah Alami bazaar to encompass the sparsely populated area of Rarra Maidan.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The Akbari Mandi [[grain trade|grain market]] was set up during this era, which continues to function to the present-day.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Akbar also established the [[Dharampura]] neighbourhood in the early 1580s, which survives today.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Latif|first1=Syad Muhammad|title=Agra historical and descriptive with an account of Akbar and his court and of the modern city of Agra |date=2003 |publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=8120617096 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hZuAAAAMAAJ&q=akbar+dharmpura|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> The earliest of Lahore's many [[haveli]]s date from the Akbari era.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

====Jahangir====
[[File:Tomb of Emperor Jahangir.jpg|thumb|The [[Tomb of Jahangir|mausoleum of Jahangir]] in Shahdara Bagh]]
During the reign of Emperor [[Jahangir]] in the early 17th century, Lahore's bazaars were noted to be vibrant, frequented by foreigners, and stocked with a wide array of goods.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} In 1606, Jahangir's rebel son [[Khusrau Mirza]] laid siege to Lahore after obtaining the blessings of the Sikh [[Guru Arjan Dev]].<ref name="Holt">{{cite book|last1=Holt|first1=P. M.|title=The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2A, The Indian Sub-Continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim West|date=1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521291372 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA45 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> Jahangir quickly defeated his son at Bhairowal, and the roots of Mughal–Sikh animosity grew.<ref name="Holt" /> Sikh Guru Arjan Dev was executed in Lahore in 1606 for his involvement in the rebellion.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh| title= Life, and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbPXAAAAMAAJ| year=2006| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-567921-2| pages=23, 217–218}}</ref> Emperor Jahangir chose to be buried in Lahore, and [[Tomb of Jahangir|his tomb]] was built in Lahore's [[Shahdara Bagh]] suburb in 1637 by his wife [[Nur Jahan]], [[Tomb of Nur Jahan|whose tomb]] is also nearby.

====Shah Jahan====
[[File:Wazir_Khan_Mosque_William_Carpenter_1866.jpg|thumb|Wazir Khan Mosque painting by [[William Carpenter (painter)|William Carpenter]] (1866)]]
Jahangir's son, [[Shah Jahan]] (reigned 1628–1658), was born in Lahore in 1592. He renovated large portions of the Lahore Fort with luxurious white marble and erected the iconic [[Naulakha Pavilion]] in 1633.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|publisher=UNESCO |title=International council on monuments and sites|url= https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/171.pdf |access-date=13 April 2015|archive-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710195232/http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/171.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Shah Jahan lavished Lahore with some of its most celebrated and iconic monuments, such as the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalamar Gardens]] in 1641. His Punjabi viceroy and royal physician [[Wazir Khan (Lahore)|Wazir Khan]] also built a number of monuments in the city, including the extravagantly decorated [[Wazir Khan Mosque]], the [[Wazir Khan Baradari]], and the [[Shahi Hammam]], during his tenure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aryan |first=K. C. |author-link=K. C. Aryan |url= |title=The Cultural Heritage of Punjab, 3000 B.C. to 1947 A.D. |date=1983 |publisher=New Delhi: Rekha |isbn=978-81-900002-9-1 |pages=64 |language=en |chapter=Golden Temple |quote=}}</ref> The population of pre-modern Lahore probably reached its zenith during his reign, with suburban districts home to perhaps 6 times as many compared to within the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]].{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

====Aurangzeb====
[[File:Badshahi Mosquee, Lahore.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Badshahi Mosque]]]]
Shah Jahan's son, [[Aurangzeb]], last of the great Mughal Emperors, further contributed to the development of Lahore. Aurangzeb built the Alamgiri Bund embankment along the Ravi river in 1662 to prevent its shifting course from threatening the city's walls.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The area near the embankment grew into a fashionable locality, with several nearby pleasure gardens laid by Lahore's gentry.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The largest of Lahore's Mughal monuments, the [[Badshahi Mosque]], was raised during Aurangzeb's reign in 1673, as well as the iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore fort in 1674.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahore Fort Alamgiri Gate|website=Asian Historical Architecture |url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1036/pakistan/lahore/lahore-fort-alamgiri-gate |access-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171934/http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1036/pakistan/lahore/lahore-fort-alamgiri-gate |archive-date=28 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Late Mughal====
[[File:Sunehri_masjid_top_view_2.JPG|thumb|The [[Sunehri Mosque, Lahore|Sunehri Mosque]] was built in the walled city in the early 18th century, when the Mughal Empire was in decline.]]
Civil wars regarding succession to the Mughal throne following Aurangzeb's death in 1707 led to weakening control over Lahore from Delhi, and a prolonged period of decline in Lahore.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Mughal preoccupation with the [[Marathas]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]] eventually resulted in Lahore being governed by a series of governors who pledged nominal allegiance to the ever-weaker Mughal emperors in Delhi.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I]] died enroute to Lahore as part of a campaign in 1711 to subdue Sikh rebels under the leadership of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]].<ref name=bosworth/> His sons fought a battle outside Lahore in 1712 for succession to the Mughal crown, with [[Jahandar Shah|Jahandar]] winning the throne.<ref name=bosworth/> Sikh rebels were defeated during the reign of [[Farrukhsiyar]] when Abd as-Samad and Zakariyya Khan suppressed them.<ref name=bosworth/>

[[Nader Shah]]'s brief invasion of the Mughal Empire [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|in early 1739]] wrested control away from [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]]. Though Khan was able to win back control after the Persian armies had left,<ref name=bosworth/> the trade routes had shifted away from Lahore, and south towards [[Kandahar]] instead.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Indus ports near the Arabian Sea that served Lahore also silted up during this time, reducing the city's importance even further.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

Struggles between Zakariyya Khan's sons following his death in 1745 further weakened Muslim control over Lahore, thus leaving the city in a power vacuum, and vulnerable to foreign marauders.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Axworthy|first1=Michael|title=Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant|date=2010 |publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-347-4|page=195}}</ref>

=== Durrani invasions ===
The [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] ruler [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]] occupied Lahore [[Battle of Lahore (1748)|in 1748]].<ref name=bosworth/> Following Ahmed Shah Durrani's quick retreat, the Mughals entrusted Lahore to Mu’īn al-Mulk [[Mir Mannu]].<ref name=bosworth/> Ahmad Shah again invaded in 1751, forcing Mir Mannu into signing a treaty that nominally subjected Lahore to Durrani rule.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore was third time conquered by Ahmad Shah [[Battle of Lahore (1752)|in 1752]]. The Mughal [[list of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier]] Ghazi-Din Imad al-Mulk seized Lahore in 1756, provoking Ahmad Shah to invade for fourth time in 1757, after which he placed the city under the rule of his son, [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]].<ref name=bosworth/>

Durrani rule was interrupted when Lahore was conquered by [[Adina Beg]] [[Arain]] with the assistance of Marathas in 1758 during their [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|campaigns against Afghans]].<ref name=K.RoyIHB>{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |year=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–1 |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8}}</ref> After Adina Beg's untimely death in 1758, however, [[Marathas]] temporarily occupied the city. The following year, the Durranis again marched into Lahore and conquered it.<ref>Mehta, J.L. (2005). Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 260. {{ISBN|978-1-932705-54-6}}. Retrieved 23 September 2010.</ref> After the Durranis withdrew from the city in 1765, [[Sikh]] forces quickly occupied it.<ref name=bosworth/> By this time, the city had been ravaged several time and had lost all of its former grandeur.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The Durranis invaded two more times — in 1797 and 1798 — under [[Shah Zaman]], but the Sikhs re-occupied the city after both invasions as the Durranis were forced to attend to other problems on their western borders.<ref name=bosworth/>

=== Sikh ===
{{Main|Sikh period in Lahore}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:Gurudwara Arjun Ram (WCLA).jpg|[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das]]
File:Gurdwara Dera Sahib and Samadhi of Ranjit Singh.jpg|[[Gurdwara Dera Sahib]]
</gallery>

====Early====
Expanding Sikh [[Misl]]s secured control over Lahore in 1767, when the [[Bhangi Misl]] state captured the city.<ref name="eos">{{Citation|title=Pakistani Sikhs reopen temple after 73 years| date=17 November 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mBW1s597tw| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/5mBW1s597tw |archive-date=11 December 2021|url-status=live|language=en|access-date=21 January 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 1780, the city was divided among three rulers: [[Gujjar Singh Banghi|Gujjar Singh]], Lahna Singh, and [[Suba Singh|Sobha Singh]]. Instability resulting from this arrangement allowed nearby [[Amritsar]] to establish itself as the area's primary commercial centre in place of Lahore.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

Ahmad Shah Durrani's grandson, Zaman Shah, captured Lahore in 1796, and again in 1798–99.<ref name=bosworth/> [[Ranjit Singh]] negotiated with the Afghans for the post of ''[[subahdar]]'' to control Lahore following the second invasion.<ref name=bosworth/>

By the end of the 18th century, the city's population drastically declined, with its remaining residents living within the city walls, while the extramural suburbs lay abandoned, forcing travellers to pass through abandoned and ruined suburbs for a few miles before reaching the city's gates.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

====Sikh Empire====
[[File:Court_of_Lahore.jpg|thumb|The [[Sikh Empire#Government|Lahore Darbar]] by Ágoston Schoefft (1842)]]
In the aftermath of Zaman Shah's 1799 invasion of Punjab, Ranjit Singh, of nearby [[Gujranwala]], began to consolidate his position. Singh was able to seize control of the region after a series of battles with the Bhangi chiefs who had seized Lahore in 1780.<ref name=bosworth/><ref name="KakshiPathak2007">{{cite book |last1=Kakshi|first1=S.R.|last2=Pathak|first2=Rashmi|last3=Pathak |first3=S.R. Bakshi R.|title=Punjab Through the Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_FRF3a5y2EC|access-date=12 June 2010|date=2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-738-1 |pages=272–274}}</ref> His army marched to Anarkali, where according to tradition, the gatekeeper of the [[Lohari Gate, Lahore|Lohari Gate]], Mukham Din Chaudhry, opened the gates allowing Ranjit Singh's army to enter Lahore.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} After capturing Lahore, Sikh soldiers immediately began plundering Muslim areas of the city until their actions were reined in by Ranjit Singh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh|first1=Bhagata|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his times|date=1990|publisher=Sehgal Publishers Service}}</ref>
[[File:'By_@ibneAzhar'-Hazuri_Bagh-Lahore-Pakistan_(10).JPG|thumb|The marble [[Hazuri Bagh Baradari]] was built in 1818 to celebrate [[Ranjit Singh]]'s acquisition of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond.<ref name="bansal2">{{cite book |last1=Bansal |first1=Bobby |title=Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan |date=2015 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-9384544935}}</ref>]]
Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's lost grandeur, but at the expense of destroying the remaining Mughal architecture for building materials.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} He established a mint in the city in 1800,{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} and moved into the Mughal palace at the Lahore fort after repurposing it for his own use in governing the Sikh Empire.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/ |title=Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign |author=K.S. Duggal |date=1989 |isbn=8170172446 |publisher=Exoticindiaart.com |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=17 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617232755/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1801, he established a [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das|Gurdwara Ram Das]] to mark the site where [[Guru Ram Das]] was born in 1534.

Lahore became the empire's administrative capital, though the nearby economic centre of Amritsar had also been established as the empire's spiritual capital by 1802.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} By 1812, Singh had mostly refurbished the city's defences by adding a second circuit of outer walls surrounding Akbar's original walls, with the two separated by a moat. Singh also partially restored Shah Jahan's decaying Shalimar Gardens<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkttreks.com/pakistan-lahore/ |title=Pakistan – Lahore – Hindukush Karakuram Tours & Treks |access-date=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042553/http://www.hkttreks.com/pakistan-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref> and built the [[Hazuri Bagh Baradari]] in 1818 to celebrate his capture of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond from [[Shuja Shah Durrani]] in 1813.<ref name=bansal>{{cite book|last1=Bansal|first1=Bobby|title=Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan|date=2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-9384544935}}</ref> He erected the [[Gurdwara Dera Sahib]] to mark the site of [[Guru Arjan Dev]]'s death (1606). The Sikh royal court also endowed religious architecture in the city, including a number of Sikh [[gurdwara]]s, Hindu temples, and havelis.<ref>Kartar Singh Duggal (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. pp. 125–126. {{ISBN|978-81-7017-410-3}}.</ref><ref>Masson, Charles. 1842. ''Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab'', 3 v. London: Richard Bentley (1) 37</ref>
[[File:Tomb_of_Asif_Khan_01.jpg|thumb|The [[Tomb of Asif Khan]] was one of several monuments plundered for its precious building materials during the Sikh period.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref name="GHF22">{{cite web |title=Tomb of Asif Khan |url=http://ghn.globalheritagefund.com/uploads/documents/document_1937.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106072423/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.com/uploads/documents/document_1937.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2015 |access-date=13 September 2017 |publisher=Global Heritage Fund}}</ref>]]
Under Ranjit Singh's rule, Mughal monuments suffered during the Sikh period as his armies plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire during his reign.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Monuments plundered for decorative materials include the Tomb of Asif Khan, the Tomb of Nur Jahan, and the Shalimar Gardens.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref name="Archaeological Survey of India">{{cite book|last1=Marshall |first1=John Hubert |date=1906|title=Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing}}</ref> Ranjit Singh's army also desecrated the Badshahi Mosque by converting it into an ammunition depot and a stable for horses.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The [[Sunehri Masjid, Lahore|Sunehri Mosque]] in the Walled City was also converted to a gurdwara,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Panjab Past and Present |year=1988|volume=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rw5DAAAAYAAJ&q=sunehri+ |access-date=28 August 2016|publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjab University}}</ref> while the Mariyam Zamani Mosque was repurposed into a gunpowder factory.<ref>{{cite news |author=Farooq Soomro |title=A visual delight – Maryam Zamani and Wazir Khan Mosques |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1163373|access-date=29 August 2016 |work=Dawn |date=13 May 2015|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226032600/https://www.dawn.com/news/1163373|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh_123.jpg|right|thumb|[[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]]]]

==== Late ====
The [[Sikh Empire#Government|Lahore Durbar]] underwent a quick succession of rulers after the death of Ranjit Singh. His son [[Kharak Singh]] died on 6 November 1840, soon after taking the throne. On that same day, the next appointed successor to the throne, [[Nau Nihal Singh]], died in an accident at the gardens of Hazuri Bagh.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Maharaja [[Sher Singh]] was then selected as Maharajah, though his claim to the throne was quickly challenged by [[Chand Kaur]], widow of Kharak Singh and mother of Nau Nihal Singh, who quickly seized the throne.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Sher Singh raised an army that attacked Chand Kaur's forces in Lahore on 14 January 1841. His soldiers mounted weaponry on the minarets of the Badshahi Mosque to target Chand Kaur's forces in the Lahore fort, destroying the fort's historic ''Diwan-e-Aam''.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Kaur quickly ceded the throne, but Sher Sing was then assassinated in 1843 in Lahore's ''Chah Miran'' neighbourhood along with his wazir Dhiyan Singh.<ref name=bansal/> Dhyan Singh's son, Hira Singh, sought to avenge his father's death by laying siege to Lahore to capture his father's assassins. The siege resulted in the capture of his father's murderer, Ajit Singh.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

[[File:Maharaja_Sher_Singh_%281807-1843%29_seated,_attended_by_his_council_in_the_Lahore_Fort..jpg|thumb|[[List of monarchs of Punjab|Maharaja]] [[Sher Singh]] attended by his council in [[Lahore Fort]]]]

[[Duleep Singh]] was then crowned Maharajah, with Hira Singh as his ''wazir'', but his power would be weakened by the continued infighting among Sikh nobles,{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} as well as confrontations against the British during the two [[Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh wars]].

After the conclusion of the two Anglo-Sikh wars, the Sikh Empire fell into disarray, resulting in the fall of the ''Lahore Durbar'', and commencement of British rule after they captured Lahore and the wider Punjab region.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

=== British colonial period ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:Punjab university Art & Design Dept.jpg|[[University of the Punjab]]
File:Government College University Tower in Lahore.jpg|[[Government College University (Lahore)|Government College University]]
File:Front View of Lahore Museum.jpg|[[Lahore Museum]]
File:Lahore High Court Building.jpg|[[Lahore High Court]]
File:King Edward Medical University.jpg|[[King Edward Medical University]]
</gallery>
[[File:Lahore (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|thumb|upright|Map of the Old City and environs.]]
[[File:Street scene of Lahore, 1890s.jpg|thumb|upright|The Shah Alami area of Lahore's Walled City in 1890]]

The [[British East India Company]] seized control of Lahore in February 1846 from the collapsing Sikh state and occupied the rest of Punjab in 1848.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Following the defeat of the Sikhs at the [[Battle of Gujrat]], British troops formally deposed Maharaja Duleep Singh in Lahore that same year.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Punjab was then annexed to the British Indian Empire in 1849.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

At the commencement of British rule, Lahore was estimated to have a [[population]] of 120,000.<ref name="Univ Of Minnesota Press">{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "By the turn of the twentieth century, Lahore's population had nearly doubled from what it had been when the province was first annexed, growing from an estimated 120,000 people in 1849 to over 200,000 in 1901."</ref> Prior to annexation by the British, Lahore's environs consisted mostly of the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]] surrounded by plains interrupted by settlements to the south and east, such as [[Mozang Chungi|Mozang]] and [[Qila Gujar Singh]], which have since been engulfed by modern Lahore. The plains between the settlements also contained the remains of Mughal gardens, tombs, and Sikh-era military structures.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "On the eve of annexation, Lahore's suburbs were made up of a flat, debris-strewn plain interrupted by a small number of populous abadis, the deserted cantonment and barracks of the former Sikh infantry (which, according to one British large buildings in various states of disrepair."</ref>

The British viewed Lahore's Walled City as a bed of potential social discontent and disease epidemics, and so largely left the inner city alone, while focusing development efforts in Lahore's suburban areas and Punjab's fertile countryside.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "The inner city, on the other hand, remained problematic. Seen as a potential hotbed of disease and social instability, and notoriously difficult to observe and fathom, the inner districts of the city remained stubbornly resistant to colonial intervention. Throughout the British period of occupation in Punjab, for reasons we will explore more fully, the inner districts of its largest cities were almost entirely left alone. 5 The colonial state made its most significant investments in suburban tracts outside of cities... It should not surprise us that the main focus of imperial attention in Punjab was its fertile countryside rather than cities like Lahore."</ref> The British instead laid out their capital city in an area south of the Walled City that would first come to be known as "Donald's Town" before being renamed "Civil Station".{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

Under early British rule, formerly prominent Mughal-era monuments that were scattered throughout Civil Station were also re-purposed and sometimes desecrated – including the [[Tomb of Anarkali]], which the British had initially converted to clerical offices before re-purposing it as an [[Anglican]] church in 1851.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "What is more striking than the fact that Punjab's new rulers (cost-effectively) appropriated the symbolically charged buildings of their predecessors is how long some of those appropriations lasted. The conversion of the Mughal-era tomb of Sharif un-Nissa, a noblewoman during Shah Jahan's reign, popularly known as Anarkali, was one such case (Figure 1.2). This Muslim tomb was first used as offices and residences for the clerical staff of Punjab's governing board. In 1851, however, the tomb was converted into the Anglican church."</ref> The 17th-century [[Dai Anga Mosque]] was converted into railway administration offices during this time, the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan was converted into a storehouse, and the tomb of Mir Mannu was used as a wine shop.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "the mosque of Dai Anga, Emperor Shah Jahan's wet nurse, which the British converted first into a residence and later into the office of the railway traffic manager. Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse... manager. Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse. That same tomb had been acquired earlier by the railway from the army, who had used it as a theatre for entertaining officers. The railway provided another nearby tomb free of charge to the Church Missionary Society, who used it for Sunday services. The tomb of Mir Mannu, an eighteenth-century Mughal viceroy of Punjab who had brutally persecuted the Sikhs while he was in power, escaped demolition by the railway but was converted nevertheless into a private wine merchant's shop."</ref> The British also used older structures to house municipal offices, such as the Civil Secretariat, Public Works Department, and Accountant General's Office.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "with an abundance of abandoned large structures scattered throughout the civil station on nazul (state administered) property, the colonial government often chose to house major institutions in converted buildings rather than to build anew. These institutions included the Civil Secretariat, which, as we have seen, was located in Ventura's former house; the Public Works from Ranjit Singh's period; and the Accountant General's office, headquartered in a converted seventeenth century mosque near the tomb of Shah Chiragh, just off Mall Road."</ref>

[[File:Lahore Railway Station 01.jpg|thumb|left|Constructed in the aftermath of the 1857 [[Sepoy Mutiny]], the design of the [[Lahore Junction railway station|Lahore Railway Station]] was highly militarised to defend the structure from further uprisings against British rule.]]
The British built the [[Lahore Junction railway station|Lahore Railway Station]] just outside the Walled City shortly after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny of 1857]]; the station was therefore styled as a mediaeval castle to ward off any potential future uprisings, with thick walls, turrets, and holes to direct gun and cannon fire for the defence of the structure.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "The Lahore station, built during a time when securing British civilians and troops against a future "native" uprising was foremost in the government's mind, fortified mediaeval castle, complete with turrets and crenellated towers, battered flanking walls, and loopholes for directing rifle and cannon fire along the main avenues of approach from the city."</ref> Lahore's most prominent government institutions and commercial enterprises came to be concentrated in Civil Station in a half-mile wide area flanking [[The Mall, Lahore|The Mall]], where unlike in Lahore's military zone, the British and locals were allowed to mix.<ref name="Mall Road">{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "We should remember that outside of colonial military cantonments, where rules encouraging racial separation were partially formalized in the residential districts of India's colonial cities. Wherever government institutions, commercial enterprises, and places of public congregation were concentrated, mixing among races and social classes was both legally accommodated and necessary. In Lahore these kinds of activities were concentrated in a half-mile-wide zone stretching along Mall Road from the Civil Secretariat, near Anarkali's tomb, at one end to the botanical gardens at the other."</ref> The Mall continues to serve as the epicentre of Lahore's civil administration, as well as one of its most fashionable commercial areas. The British also laid the spacious [[Lahore Cantonment]] to the southeast of the Walled City at the former village of Mian Mir, where unlike around The Mall, laws did exist against the mixing of different races.

Lahore was visited on 9 February 1870 by [[Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Alfred]], [[Duke of Edinburgh]] – a visit in which he received delegations from the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogras]] of [[Jammu]], Maharajas of [[Patiala]], the Nawab of [[Bahawalpur]], and other rulers from various Punjabi states.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA341|title=History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time|last=Muḥammad Laṭīf (Saiyid, Khān Bahādur)|date=1891|publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company, limited}}</ref> During the visit, he visited several of Lahore's major sights.<ref name=":0" /> British authorities built several important structures around the time of the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]] (1887) in the distinctive [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]], including the [[Lahore Museum]] and [[National College of Arts|Mayo School of Industrial Arts]].<ref name="Making Lahore Modern 1894">{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "As a gesture of loyalty, Punjab's "Princes, Chiefs, merchants, men of local note, and the public generally" formed a subscription to erect the "Victoria Jubilee Institute for the Promotion and Diffusion of Technical and Agricultural Education and Science" in Lahore, a complex that eventually formed the nucleus of the city's museum and the Mayo School of Art (completed in 1894)."</ref>

The British carried out a census of Lahore in 1901, and counted 20,691 houses in the Walled City.<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "According to the 1901 census, therefore, the inner city of Lahore contained exactly 20,691 "houses"."</ref> An estimated 200,000 people lived in Lahore at this time.<ref name="Univ Of Minnesota Press" /> Lahore's posh [[Model Town, Lahore|Model Town]] was established as a "garden town" suburb in 1921, while [[Krishan Nagar]] locality was laid in the 1930s near The Mall and Walled City.
[[File:Bawa Dingha Singh building, Lahore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[The Mall, Lahore|The Mall]], Lahore's pre-independence commercial core, features many examples of colonial architecture.]]
Lahore played an important role in the independence movements of both India<ref name="Mall Road"/> and Pakistan. The [[Declaration of the Independence of India]] was moved by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and passed unanimously at midnight on 31 December 1929 at Lahore's [[Bradlaugh Hall]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan27/head3.htm |title=Republic Day |work=The Tribune |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=29 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129021853/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan27/head3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian ''[[Swaraj flag|Swaraj]]'' [[Swaraj flag|flag]] was adopted this time as well. Lahore's jail was used by the British to imprison independence activists such as [[Jatin Das]], and was also where [[Bhagat Singh]] was hanged in 1931.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C09%5C02%5Cstory_2-9-2007_pg7_33 "A memorial will be built to Bhagat Singh, says the governor of Lahore."] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120729120941/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C09%5C02%5Cstory_2-9-2007_pg7_33 |date=29 July 2012 }} ''Daily Times Pakistan''. 2 September 2007.</ref> Under the leadership of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the [[All India Muslim League]] passed the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1940, demanding the creation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.<ref>[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A043 Story of Pakistan – Lahore Resolution 1940] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126002501/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A043 |date=26 January 2012 }}, Jin Technologies. Retrieved 19 September 2007.</ref>

=== Partition ===
The future of the city of Lahore was [[Radcliffe Line#Lahore|fiercely contested]] during partition.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=175}} According to the 1941 census, the city of Lahore had a population of 671,659, of which was 64.5% Muslim, with the remainder 35% being Hindu and Sikh, alongside a small Christian community.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=176}}<ref>{{cite news|author=Khaled Ahmed|title=The City that wanted to know |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lahore-the-city-that-wanted-to-know-4686476/|access-date=28 December 2017 |agency=Indian Express|date=3 June 2017|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224043630/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lahore-the-city-that-wanted-to-know-4686476/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This population figure was disputed by Hindus and Sikhs before the Boundary Commission that would draw the [[Radcliffe Line]] to demarcate the border of the two new states based on religious demography, who argued that the city was only 54% Muslim based on 1945 ration card figures, and that Hindu and Sikh domination of the city's economy and educational institutions should trump Muslim demography.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=176}} Two-thirds of shops, and 80% of Lahore's factories belonged to the Hindu and Sikh community.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=176}} Indian journalist Kuldip Nayar claimed that [[Cyril Radcliffe]] had told him in 1971 that he originally had planned to give Lahore to the new [[Dominion of India]],<ref name="Dabas2017"/><ref name="Nayar2018">{{cite web |author1=[[Kuldip Nayar]] |title='I nearly gave you Lahore': When Kuldip Nayar asked Cyril Radcliffe about deciding Indo-Pak border |url=https://scroll.in/article/891693/i-nearly-gave-you-lahore-when-kuldip-nayar-asked-cyril-radcliffe-about-deciding-indo-pak-border |website=Scroll.in |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=24 August 2018 |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122025001/https://scroll.in/article/891693/i-nearly-gave-you-lahore-when-kuldip-nayar-asked-cyril-radcliffe-about-deciding-indo-pak-border |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kaul1991">{{cite book |last1=Kaul |first1=Pyarelal |title=Crisis in Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Suman Publications |page=42|quote=Under Radcliffe Award, Lahore was to have gone to India and not to Pakistan. The Arbitrator Radcliffe, announced to the representatives of India and Pakistan that Lahore had fallen to the lot of India.}}</ref> but decided to place it within the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], which he saw as lacking a major city as he had already awarded [[Calcutta]] to India.<ref name="Nayar">{{cite news |last1=Nayar |first1=Kuldip |title=Line of Division: Real and Imagined |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060924/spectrum/main1.htm |date=24 September 2006 |language=en |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309021052/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060924/spectrum/main1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dabas2017">{{cite news |last1=Dabas |first1=Maninder |title=Here's How Radcliffe Line Was Drawn On This Day And Lahore Could Not Become A Part of India |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-how-radcliff-line-was-drawn-on-this-day-and-lahore-could-not-become-a-part-of-india-328012.html |language=en |date=17 August 2017 |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128021247/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-how-radcliff-line-was-drawn-on-this-day-and-lahore-could-not-become-a-part-of-india-328012.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nayar2018"/>

As tensions grew over the city's uncertain fate, Lahore experienced [[Partition of India|Partition]]'s worst riots.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|pp=176-177}} Carnage ensued in which all three religious groups were both victims and perpetrators.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fiddian-Qasmiyeh |first1=Elena |last2=Loescher |first2=Gil |last3=Long |first3=Katy |last4=Sigona |first4=Nando |title=The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies |date=2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0191645884 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QLkBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT314 |access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> Early riots in March and April 1947 destroyed 6,000 of Lahore's 82,000 homes.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=177}} Violence continued to rise throughout the summer, despite the presence of armoured British personnel.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=177}} Hindus and Sikhs began to leave the city ''en masse'' as their hopes that the Boundary Commission would award the city to India came to be regarded as increasingly unlikely. By late August 1947, 66% of Hindus and Sikhs had left the city.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=177}} The Shah Alami Bazaar, once a largely Hindu quarter of the Walled City, was entirely burnt down during subsequent rioting.<ref name=dejonge>{{cite book|last1=de Jonge|first1=Rene|title=Urban planning in Lahore: a confrontation with real development|date=1989|publisher=Peter Groote|isbn=9789036701839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqG6BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP35|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

When Pakistan's independence was declared on 14 August 1947, the Radcliffe Line had not yet been announced, and so cries of "Long live Pakistan" and "God is greatest" were heard intermittently with "Long live [[Hindustan]]" throughout the night.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=177}} On 17 August 1947, Lahore was awarded to Pakistan on the basis of its Muslim majority in the 1941 census and was made capital of the Punjab province in the new state of Pakistan. The city's location near the Indian border meant that it received large numbers of refugees fleeing eastern Punjab and northern India, though it was able to accommodate them given the large stock of abandoned Hindu and Sikh properties that could be re-distributed to newly arrived refugees.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|pp=177-178}} In post-partition India, the loss of Lahore catalyzed the development of the new [[Modernist architecture|modernist]] capital city of [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{citation |last=Kalia |first=Ravi |date=1999 |orig-date=1987 |title=Chandigarh: The Making of an Indian City |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |place=New Delhi |isbn=9780195623116 |pages=1–2}}</ref>

=== Modern ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:Islamic Summit Minar.JPG|[[Islamic Summit Minar]]
File:The Minar-e-Pakistan (vertical).jpg|[[Minar-e-Pakistan]]
File:Grand_Jamia_Masjid.jpg|[[Grand Jamia Mosque, Lahore|Grand Jamia Mosque]]
File:Punjab Assembly as more then one decade before by Usman Ghani.jpg|[[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
File:'Pakistan'-Islamic Summit Minar-Lahore- By @ibneazhar- Sep 2016 (72).jpg|[[WAPDA House]]
File:Arfa Karim Tower Lahore.jpg|Arfa Karim tower in Lahore
</gallery>
[[File:First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy's Motorcade in Lahore, Pakistan.jpg|thumb|right|[[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] and President [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]] travelled by car in Lahore, 1962]]
[[Partition of India|Partition]] left Lahore with a much-weakened economy, and a stymied social and cultural scene that had previously been invigorated by the city's Hindus and Sikhs.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=178}} Industrial production dropped to one-third of pre-Partition level by the end of the 1940s, and only 27% of its manufacturing units were operating by 1950, and usually well-below capacity.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=178}} [[Capital flight]] further weakened the city's economy while [[Karachi]] industrialised and became more prosperous.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=178}} The city's weakened economy, and proximity to the Indian border, meant that the city was deemed unsuitable to be the Pakistani capital after independence. Karachi was therefore chosen to be the capital on account of its relative tranquility during the Partition period, stronger economy, and better infrastructure.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=178}}
[[File:Delhi_Gate_11_(WCLA).jpg|thumb|Sections of the [[Walled City of Lahore]] have been under restoration since 2012 in conjunction with the [[Agha Khan]] Trust for Culture.]]

After independence, Lahore slowly regained its significance as an economic and cultural centre of western Punjab. Reconstruction began in 1949 of the Shah Alami Bazaar, the former Hindu-dominated commercial heart of the Walled City prior to its destruction in the 1947 riots.<ref name=dejonge/> The [[Tomb of Allama Iqbal]] was built in 1951 to honour the philosopher-poet who provided the spiritual inspiration for the Pakistan movement.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=178-179}} In 1955, Lahore was selected to be the capital of all [[West Pakistan]] during the single-unit period that lasted until 1970.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=178}} Shortly afterwards, Lahore's iconic [[Minar-e-Pakistan]] was completed in 1968 to mark the spot where the [[Pakistan Resolution]] was passed.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p=179}} With support from the [[United Nations]], the [[Government of Pakistan|government]] was able to rebuild Lahore, and most scars from the communal violence of Partition were ameliorated.

The second [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Islamic Summit Conference]] was held in the city in 1974.<ref name="oic conf">{{cite web |url=http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/is/2/2nd-is-sum.htm |title=Second Islamic Summit Conference |publisher=Oic-oci.org |access-date=15 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014111124/http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/is/2/2nd-is-sum.htm |archive-date=14 October 2006 }}</ref> In retaliation for the destruction of the [[Babri Masjid]] in India, riots erupted in 1992 in which several non-Muslim monuments were targeted, including the tomb of Maharaja [[Sher Singh]],<ref name=bansal/> and the former Jain temple near The Mall. In 1996, the [[International Cricket Council]] [[1996 Cricket World Cup|Cricket World Cup]] final match was held at the [[Gaddafi Stadium]] in Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/9-Asad%20Ali%20Khan.pdf |title=Political History and Administrative History of the Punjab |access-date=27 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006194352/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/9-Asad%20Ali%20Khan.pdf}}</ref>

The [[Walled City of Lahore]] restoration project began in 2009, when the Punjab government restored the Royal Trail from [[Akbari Gate]] to the [[Lahore Fort]] with money from the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thelahorecity.com/history-of-lahore/ |title=Lahore – History of Lahore|publisher=thelahorecity.com |access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226032556/http://thelahorecity.com/history-of-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Lahore}}

[[File:Lahore Satellite view.jpg|thumb|Lahore as seen from International Space Station. [[River Ravi]] flows from North to West. The city is rapidly growing towards the south.]]

Lahore is in northeastern portion of Pakistan, lying between 31°15′—31°45′ N and 74°01′—74°39′ E. The city is bounded on the north and west by the [[Sheikhupura District]], on the east by [[Wagah]], and on the south by [[Kasur District]]. The [[Ravi River]] flows on the northern side of Lahore. Lahore city covers a total land area of {{convert|404|km²|0|abbr=out}}.

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Lahore}}
{{Climate chart|Lahore|5.9|19.8|23.0|8.9|22.0|28.6|14.0|27.1|41.2|19.6|33.9|19.7|23.7|38.6|22.4|27.4|40.4|36.3|26.9|36.1|202.1|26.4|35.0|163.9|24.4|35.0|61.1|18.2|32.9|12.3|11.6|27.4|4.2|6.8|21.6|13.9|float=left|clear=none|source=[ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/PK/41640.TXT NOAA]}}
Lahore has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh''), bordering on a [[humid subtropical climate]]. The hottest month is June, where temperatures routinely exceed {{convert|45|C|F}}. The monsoon season starts in late June, and the wettest months are July, August and September.<ref name="HKO">{{cite web
| url = http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/westasia/lahore_e.htm
| title = Climatological Normals of Lahore
| access-date = 6 May 2010
| publisher = [[Hong Kong Observatory]]
| archive-date = 13 October 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181013021248/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/westasia/lahore_e.htm
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudbursts and flash floods. The coolest month is January, with dense fog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/columns/06-Nov-2016/smoke-not-smog|title=Smoke not smog|date=6 November 2016|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154315/http://nation.com.pk/columns/06-Nov-2016/smoke-not-smog|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The city's record high temperature was {{convert|50.4|C|F}}, recorded on 5 June 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |title=Quetta |publisher=Pakmet.com.pk |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716144256/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> On 10 June 2007, a temperature of {{convert|48|C|F}} was recorded;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C10%5Cstory_10-6-2007_pg13_1 |title=Highest temperature in 78 years: Four die as city sizzles at 48o C |work=Daily Times |date=10 June 2007 |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193450/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C10%5Cstory_10-6-2007_pg13_1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/10/nat11.htm |title=Heatwave to persist for 4–5 days |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230001853/http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/10/nat11.htm |archive-date=30 December 2008 |work=Dawn |date=10 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> this was in the shade, and the meteorological office recording the figure reported a heat index in direct sunlight of {{convert|55|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |title=Lahore Extremes (1881-2022) |publisher=Pakistan Meteorological Department |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224185713/http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/lahore.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest rainfall in a 24-hour period is {{convert|337|mm|in}}, recorded on 1 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716143942/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/rainaug.htm|url-status=dead|title=Pakmet.com.pk - Pakistan's Biggest Property Website|archive-date=16 July 2011|website=PakMet}}</ref>

{{Lahore weatherbox}}According to the World Air Quality Report 2024, Lahore is one of the world's most polluted cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Most Polluted Cities 2024 {{!}} AQI Ranking |url=https://www.aqi.in/world-most-polluted-cities |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=www.aqi.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Lahore}}

{{Historical populations
|align = right
|1881|138878
|1891|159947
|1901|186884
|1911|228687
|1921|281781
|1931|400075
|1941|671659
|1951|1130000
|1961|1630000
|1972|2198890<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html|title=Pakistan: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728172813/http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|1981|2988486<ref name="citypopulation.de" />
|1998|5209088<ref name="citypopulation.de" />
|2017|11126285<ref name="citypopulation.de" />
|2023|13004135<ref name="citypopulation.de" />}}

=== Population ===
The results of the [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 Census]] determined the population of Lahore to be 11,126,285,<ref name="census2017">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population_of_major_cities_census_2017%20_0.pdf|title=Population of Major Cities Census – 2017|publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829162305/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population_of_major_cities_census_2017%20_0.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> with an annual growth rate of 4.07% since [[1998 Pakistan Census|1998]].<ref name="census2017-district">{{cite web| publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics| url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf#page=6| title=District Wise Population by Sex and Rural/Urban – Census 2017| access-date=30 August 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf#page=6| archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> Gender-wise, 52.35% of the population are male, 47.64% are female, and 0.01% are transgender.<ref name="census2017-district" /> Lahore is a demographically young city, with over 40% of its inhabitants below the age of 15.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahore Population 2018 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lahore-population/|date=18 October 2017 |access-date=31 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206081736/https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lahore-population/}}</ref>

=== Tribes and background ===
At the time of the [[2017 Pakistani census]], the largest tribal group were [[Arain|Arain Punjabis]], constituting 40%, followed by [[Kashmiris in Punjab|Punjabi–Kashmiris]] at 30% with other tribes such as [[Muslim Rajputs|Rajput]] [[Punjabis]] and [[Kamboj|Kamboh Punjabis]] at 5% each. The majority of the rest 20% is constituted by other [[List of Punjabi tribes|Punjabi tribes]], with a minority constituted by other [[Ethnic groups in Pakistan|ethnic communities]] such as [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajirs]], [[Pashtuns]] and [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile |url=https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127195943/https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=District Lahore - [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|caption=Tribes and backgrounds in the [[Lahore district]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile |website=District Lahore |publisher=[[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]] |url=https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127195943/https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
|label1=[[Arain]]s|value1=40|color1=red
|label2=[[Kashmiris in Punjab|Kashmiris]]|value2=30|color2=blue
|label3=[[Muslim Rajputs|Rajputs]]|value3=5|color3=green
|label4=[[Kamboj]]|value4=5|color4=orange
|label5=''Others''|value5=20|color5=purple}}

==== Controversy about the city's Pashtun population ====
Some [[Pashtun nationalism|Pashtun nationalist]] parties argue that the [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] population of Lahore in the 2017 census has been underestimated, with Ameer Bahadur Khan, provincial general secretary of [[Awami National Party]], putting their numbers at 1.5 million, while Gul Muhammad Regwal, a member of [[Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party|Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party]], claiming more than 1 million including 300,000 in the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]] alone, most of these having moved over the last 20 years, including due to military operations, but remaining uncounted as they're not considered permanent residents of Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ullah |first=Kaleem |date=27 September 2021 |title=Pakhtuns of Lahore: 'We have been deliberately undercounted in the census.' |url=https://loksujag.com/story/Pashtun-population-in-Pakistan-eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817190152/https://loksujag.com/story/Pashtun-population-in-Pakistan-eng |archive-date=17 August 2024 |website=Lok Sujag}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Lahore}}

{{bar box|width = 250px
|barwidth = 200px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Lahore District 2023<ref name="2023 census">{{cite web|title=District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2023)|url= https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/dcr/table_9.pdf |website=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|
[[Islam]]|green|95.26}}
{{bar percent|
[[Christianity]]|blue|4.64}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.1}}}}
According to the 2023 Census, the vast majority of Lahore's population are [[Muslims]] (95.26%), up from 94.7% in 2017. Other religions include [[Christians]] (4.64%, slightly less than 5.14% in 2017)<ref name="2023 Census" /> and small numbers of [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]], [[Hindus]], [[Parsis]], and [[Sikhs]]. There is also a small but longstanding [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] community.

Since Lahore contains some of [[Sikhism]]'s holiest sites, it is a major pilgrimage destination for Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1221210 |title=Sikh pilgrims from India arrive in Lahore |website=Dawn |date=21 November 2015 |location=Pakistan |access-date=23 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010040803/https://www.dawn.com/news/1221210|archive-date=10 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahore's first church was built during the reign of Emperor [[Akbar]] in the late 16th century, but was then levelled by [[Shah Jahan]] in 1632.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaudhry |first1=Nazir Ahmad|title=Lahore|date=2000|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=969351047X}}</ref> Due to the few numbers of Hindus living in Lahore, the only two functional Hindu temples in the city are the [[Krishna Mandir, Lahore|Shri Krishna Mandir]] and the [[Valmiki Mandir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1141505|title=Lahore's only functional Hindu temple: Persecution amidst lights|author=Sehyr Mirza |date=31 October 2014|work=Dawn|access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202002919/https://www.dawn.com/news/1141505|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
<div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em">
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Lahore City (1868−2023){{efn|1881–1951: Data for the entirety of the town of Lahore, which included Lahore Municipality and Lahore Cantonment.<ref name="Census1941"/>{{rp|32}}<ref name="Census1951"/>{{rp|13}}|name="LahoreCity1881to1951"}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |1868<ref name="Census1868">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057644 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057644 |access-date=7 July 2024 |title=Report on the census of the Punjab taken on 10th January, 1868. |year=1868 |pages=66 |last1=(India) |first1=Punjab }}</ref>{{efn|Also includes the suburban urban areas/villages of Mian Mir, Muzang, and Ichra, which ultimately became part of the town of Lahore.}}
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=14 January 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=14 January 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 }}</ref>{{rp|520}}
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1891-26575632/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1891 GENERAL TABLES BRITISH PROVINCES AND FEUDATORY STATES VOL I|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117090448/https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1891-26575632/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|68}}
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1901-26575826/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1901 VOLUME I-A INDIA PART II-TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117090447/https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1901-26575826/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|44}}
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1911 VOLUME XIV PUNJAB PART II TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007223437/https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|20}}
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1921-26575918/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1921 VOLUME XV PUNJAB AND DELHI PART II TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117090446/https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1921-26575918/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|23}}
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1931-26575928/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1931 VOLUME XVII PUNJAB PART II TABLES|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117090447/https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1931-26575928/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|26}}
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011130147/https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|32}}
! colspan="2" |1951<ref name="Census1951">{{Cite web |title=India - Population According to Religion, Tables-6, Pakistan - Census 1951 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31311 |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>{{rp|13}}
! colspan="2" |2017<ref name="Census2017B">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|title=Final Results (Census-2017)|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017214726/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2023<ref name="Census2023B">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/digital-census/detailed-results|title=7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 70,974
| {{Percentage | 70974 | 126329 | 2 }}
| 86,413
| {{Percentage | 86413 | 149369 | 2 }}
| 102,280
| {{Percentage | 102280 | 176854 | 2 }}
| 119,601
| {{Percentage | 119601 | 202964 | 2 }}
| 129,801
| {{Percentage | 129801 | 228687 | 2 }}
| 149,044
| {{Percentage | 149044 | 281781 | 2 }}
| 249,315
| {{Percentage | 249315 | 429747 | 2 }}
| 433,170
| {{Percentage | 433170 | 671659 | 2 }}
| 817,236
| {{Percentage | 817236 | 849333 | 2 }}
| 10,530,816
| {{Percentage | 10530816 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| 12,363,149
| {{Percentage | 12363149 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931–1941: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 40,551
| {{Percentage | 40551 | 126329 | 2 }}
| 53,641
| {{Percentage | 53641 | 149369 | 2 }}
| 62,077
| {{Percentage | 62077 | 176854 | 2 }}
| 70,196
| {{Percentage | 70196 | 202964 | 2 }}
| 77,267
| {{Percentage | 77267 | 228687 | 2 }}
| 107,783
| {{Percentage | 107783 | 281781 | 2 }}
| 139,125
| {{Percentage | 139125 | 429747 | 2 }}
| 179,422
| {{Percentage | 179422 | 671659 | 2 }}
| 1,760
| {{Percentage | 1760 | 849333 | 2 }}
| 2,670
| {{Percentage | 2670 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| 2,811
| {{Percentage | 2811 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 3,520
| {{Percentage | 3520 | 126329 | 2 }}
| 4,627
| {{Percentage | 4627 | 149369 | 2 }}
| 7,306
| {{Percentage | 7306 | 176854 | 2 }}
| 7,023
| {{Percentage | 7023 | 202964 | 2 }}
| 12,877
| {{Percentage | 12877 | 228687 | 2 }}
| 12,833
| {{Percentage | 12833 | 281781 | 2 }}
| 23,477
| {{Percentage | 23477 | 429747 | 2 }}
| 34,021
| {{Percentage | 34021 | 671659 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 715
| {{Percentage | 715 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 529{{efn|Only includes protestant population.<ref name="Census1881"/>{{rp|152}}}}
| {{Percentage | 529 | 149369 | 2 }}
| 4,697
| {{Percentage | 4697 | 176854 | 2 }}
| 5,558
| {{Percentage | 5558 | 202964 | 2 }}
| 8,436
| {{Percentage | 8436 | 228687 | 2 }}
| 11,287
| {{Percentage | 11287 | 281781 | 2 }}
| 16,875
| {{Percentage | 16875 | 429747 | 2 }}
| 21,495
| {{Percentage | 21495 | 671659 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 571,365
| {{Percentage | 571365 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| 602,431
| {{Percentage | 602431 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 227
| {{Percentage | 227 | 149369 | 2 }}
| 339
| {{Percentage | 339 | 176854 | 2 }}
| 420
| {{Percentage | 420 | 202964 | 2 }}
| 467
| {{Percentage | 467 | 228687 | 2 }}
| 474
| {{Percentage | 474 | 281781 | 2 }}
| 791
| {{Percentage | 791 | 429747 | 2 }}
| 1,094
| {{Percentage | 1094 | 671659 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 132
| {{Percentage | 132 | 176854 | 2 }}
| 166
| {{Percentage | 166 | 202964 | 2 }}
| 198
| {{Percentage | 198 | 228687 | 2 }}
| 177
| {{Percentage | 177 | 281781 | 2 }}
| 150
| {{Percentage | 150 | 429747 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 77
| {{Percentage | 77 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 14
| {{Percentage | 14 | 176854 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 13
| {{Percentage | 13 | 228687 | 2 }}
| 13
| {{Percentage | 13 | 281781 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 429747 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 176854 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 202964 | 2 }}
| 128
| {{Percentage | 128 | 228687 | 2 }}
| 170
| {{Percentage | 170 | 281781 | 2 }}
| 14
| {{Percentage | 14 | 429747 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Ahmadiyya]] [[File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 13,433
| {{Percentage | 13433 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| 7,139
| {{Percentage | 7139 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|-
| Others
| 11,284
| {{Percentage | 11284 | 126329 | 2 }}
| 3,932
| {{Percentage | 3932 | 149369 | 2 }}
| 9
| {{Percentage | 9 | 176854 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 202964 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 228687 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 281781 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 429747 | 2 }}
| 2,457
| {{Percentage | 2457 | 671659 | 2 }}
| 30,337
| {{Percentage | 30337 | 849333 | 2 }}
| 1,701
| {{Percentage | 1701 | 11119985 | 2 }}
| 2,339
| {{Percentage | 2339 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 126,329
! {{Percentage | 126329 | 126329 | 2 }}
! 149,369
! {{Percentage | 149369 | 149369 | 2 }}
! 176,854
! {{Percentage | 176854 | 176854 | 2 }}
! 202,964
! {{Percentage | 202964 | 202964 | 2 }}
! 228,687
! {{Percentage | 228687 | 228687 | 2 }}
! 281,781
! {{Percentage | 281781 | 281781 | 2 }}
! 429,747
! {{Percentage | 429747 | 429747 | 2 }}
! 671,659
! {{Percentage | 671659 | 671659 | 2 }}
! 849,333
! {{Percentage | 849333 | 849333 | 2 }}
! 11,119,985
! {{Percentage | 11119985 | 11119985 | 2 }}
! 12,978,661
! {{Percentage | 12978661 | 12978661 | 2 }}
|}
</div>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages by number of native speakers in the [[Lahore district]]<ref name="PBC 2017">{{Cite book|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf|title=PBC 2017 Statistics|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414013852/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| value1 = 73.58
| color1 = maroon
| label2 = [[Urdu]]
| value2 = 21.1
| color2 = green
| value3 = 5.22
| color3 = red
| label3 = Other
}}The [[Punjabi language]] is the most-widely spoken native language in Lahore, with 73.58% of Lahore counting it as their first language according to the 2023 Census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LAHORE DISTRICT - POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414013852/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/results/05311.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Lahore is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. According to the [[2023 Pakistani census]] 21.1% speak [[Urdu]], 2.06% [[Pashto]], 2.01% [[Mewati]] and 2.78% other mother tongues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore (District, Pakistan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/distr/admin/716__lahore/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=www.citypopulation.de |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720212925/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/distr/admin/716__lahore/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore District - 2017 Pakistan Census |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/results/05311.pdf |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730121149/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/results/05311.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Urdu]] and English are used as official languages and as mediums of instruction and media administration. However, Punjabi is also taught at graduation level and used in theatres, films, and newspapers from Lahore.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://pu.edu.pk/page/show/ba_gen_pattern.html |publisher=University of the Punjab|title=B.A. Two-year (pass course) Examinations|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208022145/http://pu.edu.pk/page/show/ba_gen_pattern.html |archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Punjabi|date=2015 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/32/Department-of-Punjabi |publisher=University of the Punjab |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127220237/http://pu.edu.pk/home/department/32/Department-of-Punjabi|archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> Several Lahore-based prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have demanded that the Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level and be used officially in the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]], Lahore.<ref name="The Nation 2015">{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above|title=Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above|date=15 September 2015|website=The Nation|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916165410/http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above|archive-date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Business Recorder 2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html |title=Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP |date=14 September 2015|website=Business Recorder|access-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021133224/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html|archive-date=21 October 2015}}</ref>

== Cityscape ==
=== Old City ===
[[File:Beauty of Pakistan (lahore).jpg|thumb|left|Cityscape of Lahore]]
Lahore's modern cityscape consists of the historic [[Walled City of Lahore]] in the northern part of the city, which contains several [[World Heritage Site]]s and national heritage sites. Lahore's urban planning was not based on geometric design but was instead built piecemeal, with small cul-de-sacs, as ''katrahs'' and ''galis'' developed in the context of neighbouring buildings.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Though certain neighbourhoods were named for particular religious or ethnic communities, the neighbourhoods themselves typically were diverse and were not dominated by the namesake group.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

[[File:Wazir Khan Mosque - Aerial View.jpg|thumb|right|The area around the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] exemplifies the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]]'s urban form]]
Lahore's urban typology is similar to other ancient cities in South Asia, such as [[Peshawar]], [[Multan]] and [[Delhi]] – all of which were founded near a major river, and included an old walled city and royal citadel.
[[File:Badshahi_Mosqu_-_Mughal_Art_in_an_Ocean_of_Concrete.jpg|thumb|Lahore's [[Hazuri Bagh]] is at the centre of an ensemble of Mughal and Sikh era monuments, including the [[Badshahi Mosque]], [[Lahore Fort]], [[Roshnai Gate]], and the [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]].]]
By the end of the Sikh rule, most of Lahore's massive [[haveli]] compounds had been occupied by settlers. New neighbourhoods occasionally grew up entirely within the confines of an old Mughal haveli, such as the Mohallah Pathan Wali, which grew within the ruins of a haveli of the same name, built by Mian Khan.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} By 1831, all Mughal Havelis in the Walled City had been encroached upon by the surrounding neighbourhood,{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} leading to the modern-day absence of any Mughal Havelis in Lahore.

A total of thirteen gates once surrounded the historic walled city. Some of the remaining gates include the Raushnai Gate, Masti Gate, Yakki Gate, Kashmiri Gate, Khizri Gate, Shah Burj Gate, Akbari Gate, and Lahori Gate. Southeast of the walled city is the spacious British-era [[Lahore Cantonment]].

=== Architecture ===
{{Further|Architecture of Lahore}}
[[File:Grand Jamia Masjid Bahria Town Lahore Pakistan cropped.jpg|thumb|Built in 2012, [[Grand Jamia Mosque, Lahore|Grand Jamia Mosque]] in southern Lahore is a blend of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and modern architecture.]]

Lahore is home to numerous monuments from the [[Mughal Dynasty|Mughal Empire]], [[Sikh Empire]], and the [[British Raj|British Indian Raj]]. The architectural style of the [[Walled City of Lahore]] has traditionally been influenced by Mughal and Sikh styles.<ref>"[[Architecture of Lahore]]." Bharatpedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Web. 19 August 2016.</ref>

====Sikh period====
By the arrival of the Sikh Empire at the end of the 18th century, rebuilding efforts under Ranjit Singh and his successors were influenced by Mughal practices, and Lahore was known as the 'City of Gardens' during the Ranjit Singh period.<ref>[http://nation.com.pk/columns/23-Sep-2010/Some-vanished-gardens-of-Lahore, The Nation newspaper, Published 23 September 2010, Retrieved 27 February 2017]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lahore.city-history.com/places/hazori-bagh/ |title=Hazori Bagh |website=lahore.city-history.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421163950/http://lahore.city-history.com/places/hazori-bagh/ |archive-date=21 April 2019|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> Later, British maps of the area surrounding Lahore dating from the mid-19th century show many walled private gardens which were confiscated from the Muslim noble families bearing the names of prominent Sikh nobles – a pattern of patronage which was inherited from the Mughals.

While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's army's plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire.{{sfnp|Sidhwa|2005|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Monuments plundered of their marble include the [[Tomb of Asif Khan]] and the [[Tomb of Nur Jahan]]; the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] was plundered of much of its marble, and its costly [[agate]] gate was stripped.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref name="Archaeological Survey of India"/> The Sikh state also demolished a number of shrines and monuments laying outside the city's walls.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p=87}}
[[File:Temple associated with Loh.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Lava Temple]] at the [[Lahore Fort]] dates from the Sikh period,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1382839|title=Heritage: the Lonely Little Temple|author=Sufia Zamir|date=14 January 2018 |access-date=27 April 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803115758/https://www.dawn.com/news/1382839|url-status=live |work=Dawn}}</ref> and is dedicated to the Hindu deity ''[[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]]'']]
Still, Sikh rule left Lahore with several monuments, and a heavily altered Lahore Fort. Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's previous grandeur,{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} however also damaged or destroyed a number of Mughal historical monuments,{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Several havelis were built during the Sikh era, though only a few still remain.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

====British period====
[[File:Front elevation, Aitchison College.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A syncretic architectural style that blends Islamic, Hindu, and Western motifs took root during the colonial era, as shown at [[Aitchison College]].]]
[[File:Tollington market, Mall Road, Lahore, Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Much of old Lahore features colonial-era buildings, such as the Tollinton Market.]]
As the capital of British Punjab, the city derived much of its architecture from British colonialists. Structures were built predominantly in the [[Indo-Gothic]] style – a syncretic architectural style that blends elements of [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] and [[Islamic architecture]] or in the distinct [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]]. The British also built [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] Montgomery Hall, which today serves as the [[Quaid-e-Azam Library]].<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed| date=August 2024}}}}. "Montgomery Hall faced inward, toward the main avenue of what would become a and reading room, a teak dance and a "rinking" floor (skating rink), and room for the Gymkhana Club. Lawrence Hall was devoted to the white community in Lahore; the spaces and programme of Montgomery Hall allowed for racial interaction between British civilians and officials and the elites of Lahori society."</ref>

[[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore|Lawrence Gardens]] were also laid near Civil Station, and were paid for by donations solicited from both Lahore's European community, as well as from wealthy locals. The gardens featured over 600 species of plants, and were tended to by a horticulturist sent from London's [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew]].<ref>{{harvp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}. "Like Lawrence and Montgomery Halls, moreover, the garden's major elements were all financed through a combination of provincial, municipal, and private funds from both British carefully isolated space of controlled cultural interaction underwritten by elite collaboration. Both the botanical garden and the zoo in Lawrence Gardens drafted a controlled display of exotic nature to the garden's overall didactic programme. The botanical garden exhibited over six hundred species of plants, trees, and shrubs, all carefully tended by a horticulturist sent out from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew."</ref>

The leafy suburbs to the south of the Old City, as well as the Cantonment southwest of the Old City, were largely developed under British colonial rule, and feature colonial-era buildings built alongside leafy avenues.

The British authorities built several important structures around the time of the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]] in 1887 in the distinctive Indo-Saracenic style, such as the [[Lahore Museum]] and [[National College of Arts|Mayo School of Industrial Arts]].<ref name="Making Lahore Modern 1894" /> Other prominent examples of the Indo-Saracenic style in Lahore include Lahore's prestigious [[Aitchison College]], the Punjab Chief Court (today the [[Lahore High Court]]), [[Lahore Museum]], and the [[University of the Punjab]].

Many of Lahore's most important buildings were designed by civil engineer and architect [[Ganga Ram|Sir Ganga Ram]], who is considered "the father of modern Lahore".<ref name="Ahmed2001">{{cite book |author=Khaled Ahmed |title=Pakistan: behind the ideological mask : facts about great men we don't want to know |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjRuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=[[Vanguard Press|Vanguard]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-969-402-353-3}}</ref><ref name="HaroonKhalid">{{cite web |author=Haroon Khalid |date=25 April 2018 |title=Lahore owes Hindu philanthropist Ganga Ram more than it would care to admit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1403799 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522083126/https://www.dawn.com/news/1403799 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=Dawn}}</ref><ref name="thenews.com.pk">{{cite web |author=[[Mazhar Abbas]] |date=18 July 2021 |title=A hard call—II |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/865550-a-hard-callii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226063657/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/865550-a-hard-callii |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gill |first=Anjum |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_12-7-2004_pg7_24 |title=Father of modern Lahore remembered on anniversary |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |date=12 July 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103222357/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_12-7-2004_pg7_24 |archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Parks and gardens ===
{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Lahore}}

[[File:Bagh-e-Jinnah Lahore Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Lahore's [[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore|Bagh-e-Jinnah]] was laid in 1862 as the [[Bagh-e-Jinnah (Lahore)|Lawrence Garden]].]]
Lahore is also known as "the city of gardens" due to its large number of gardens. The [[Shahdara Bagh]] was one of the earliest [[Mughal garden]]s, laid out in 15th century, and contains the [[Tomb of Jahangir]]. The [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]] were laid out during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]] and were designed to mimic the [[Islamic]] paradise of the afterlife described in the [[Qur'an]]. The gardens follow the familiar [[charbagh]] layout of four squares, with three descending terraces. In 1818, [[Hazuri Bagh]] was built during reign of Ranjit Singh to celebrate his capture of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani.

The [[Bagh-e-Jinnah (Lahore)|Lawrence Garden]] was established in 1862 and was originally named after [[Sir John Lawrence]], late 19th-century British Viceroy to India. The Circular Garden, which surrounds the Walled City on three sides, was established by 1892.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The former parade ground adjacent to Badshahi Mosque was also renamed during the British era as [[Greater Iqbal Park|Minto Park]], which after restoration was re-established as Iqbal Park.

The many other gardens and parks in the city include [[Hazuri Bagh]], [[Iqbal Park]], Mochi Bagh, [[Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park]], [[Model Town Park]], [[Jilani Park]], Nasir Bagh Lahore, [[Jallo Park]], [[Lahore Zoo Safari|Lahore Zoo Safari Park]], and [[Changa Manga]], a human-made forest near Lahore in the [[Kasur]] district. Another example is the [[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore|Bagh-e-Jinnah]], a {{convert|141|acre|ha|adj=on}} botanical garden that houses entertainment and sports facilities as well as a library.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lawrence Gardens (Bagh-e-Jinnah) |url=http://www.gardenvisit.com/ge/lawrencegardens.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006025455/http://www.gardenvisit.com/ge/lawrencegardens.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |website=Gardenvisit.com |access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lahore.city-history.com/places/bagh-e-jinnah-lawrence-gardens/|title=Bagh-E-Jinnah / Lawrence Gardens|date=12 February 2015|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731183128/http://lahore.city-history.com/places/bagh-e-jinnah-lawrence-gardens/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Lahore}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:Lahore Expo Centre.jpg|[[Expo Centre Lahore]]
File:PIA Head Office, Lahore.jpg|[[Pakistan International Airline|PIA Head Office]]
File:Emporium Mall.jpg|[[Emporium Mall]]
File:MCB-HQ (square).jpg|[[Muslim Commercial Bank|MCB]] headquarters
</gallery>

{{As of|2008}}, the city's gross domestic product (GDP) by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP) was estimated at $40 billion with a projected average growth rate of 5.6 per cent. This is on par with Karachi, Pakistan's economic hub, with Lahore (having half the population) fostering an economy that is 51% of the size of Karachi's ($78 billion in 2008).<ref name="pwc1">{{cite web |url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=3421&NewsAreaID=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513190317/http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/content/detail.aspx?releaseid=3421&newsareaid=2 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |access-date=12 February 2010}}</ref> It is estimated that Lahore contributes 11.5% to the national economy, and 19% to the provincial economy of Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1518677/lahores-shahbaz-growth-rate/ |title=Lahore's Shahbaz growth rate |newspaper=Express Tribune |date=29 September 2017 |access-date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207041511/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1518677/lahores-shahbaz-growth-rate |url-status=live }}</ref> As a whole, Punjab has a $115 billion economy, making it the first (and to date,{{As of?|date=January 2023}} only) Pakistani Subdivision with an economy of more than $100 billion, at the rank 144{{Of what|date=January 2023}}.<ref name="pwc1" />{{Failed verification|date=January 2023}} Lahore's GDP is projected to be $102 billion by 2025, with a slightly higher growth rate of 5.6% per annum, as compared to Karachi's 5.5%.<ref name="pwc1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html |title=Richest cities in the world in 2020 by GDP |publisher=City Mayors |date=11 March 2007 |access-date=6 July 2009 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604174033/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A major industrial agglomeration with about 9,000 industrial units, Lahore has shifted in recent decades from manufacturing to service industries.<ref name="adb">{{cite web|title=Rapid Mass Transit System Project |author=Asian Development Bank |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/40573-PAK-RRP.pdf |access-date=1 January 2009|archive-date=16 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816144832/http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/40573-PAK-RRP.pdf}}</ref> Some 42% of its workforce is employed in finance, banking, real estate, community, cultural, and social services.<ref name="adb" /> The city is Pakistan's largest software and hardware producing centre,<ref name="adb" /> and hosts a growing computer-assembly industry.<ref name="adb" /> The city has always been a centre for publications; 80% of Pakistan's books are published in Lahore, and it remains the foremost centre of literary, educational, and cultural activity in Pakistan.<ref name=2005_pg7_15/>

The [[Expo Centre Lahore|Lahore Expo Centre]] is one of the biggest projects in the history of the city and was inaugurated on 22 May 2010.<ref name="expolahore.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.expolahore.com/new/index.php |title=Expo Centre Lahore |publisher=LahoreExpo |access-date=1 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702085110/http://www.expolahore.com/new/index.php |archive-date=2 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Defence Raya Golf Resort, now fully operational (as of the 2024), boasts Pakistan's largest and Asia's premier golf course. This luxurious project is a result of a partnership between DHA Lahore and BRDB Malaysia, offering world-class residential, recreational, and commercial facilities. The development of such large-scale projects continues to elevate Lahore's profile, contributing significantly to the national economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DEFENCE RAYA GOLF RESORT - Pakistan {{!}} BRDB {{!}} BRDB |url=https://www.brdb.com.my/portfolio/defence-raya-golf-resort |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=www.brdb.com.my}}</ref> Ferozepur Road of the [[Central business district]]s of Lahore contains high-rises and skyscrapers including Kayre International Hotel and [[Arfa Software Technology Park]].

== Transport ==
{{main|Transport in Lahore}}

[[File:Kalma Underpass1.jpg|thumb|[[Kalma Underpass]]]]

=== Public transportation ===
[[File:Lahore Bus Service at Central Station, Lahore.jpg|thumb|[[Lahore Metrobus]]]]

Lahore's main public transportation system is operated by the [[Lahore Transport Company]] (LTC) and Punjab Mass Transit Authority (PMTA). The backbone of its public transport network is the PMTA's [[Lahore Metrobus]] and the [[Orange Line (Lahore Metro)|Orange Line]] of the [[Lahore Metro]] train. LTC and PMTA also operates an extensive network of buses, providing bus service to many parts of the city and acting as a feeder system for the Metrobus. The Orange Line metro spans {{convert|27.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} around the city and operates at a speed of {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.

====Metrobus====
{{main|Lahore Metrobus}}

The [[Lahore Metrobus]] is a [[bus rapid transit]] service operating in Lahore, [[Punjab, Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakvisit.com/pakistan/metrobus.html|title=Metro Bus Lahore Pakistan -Rapid Bus Transport|website=pakvisit.com|access-date=9 June 2018|archive-date=9 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609002127/http://www.pakvisit.com/pakistan/metrobus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lahore Metrobus service is integrated with [[Lahore Transport Company]]'s local bus service to operate as one urban transport system, providing a connected transit service across [[Lahore District]] with connections to neighbouring suburban communities.

==== Low occupancy vehicles ====
Low occupancy vehicle (LOVs)—functionally a medium-sized van or wagon—run on routes throughout the city. They function like buses and operate on many routes throughout the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban (LOV) Wagon / Mini Bus - Routes & Fares {{!}} Lahore Transport Company |url=https://ltc.gop.pk/lov_routes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609130117/https://ltc.gop.pk/lov_routes |archive-date=9 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |website=ltc.gop.pk}}</ref>

===Metro Train===
[[File:Lahore Metro 07.jpg|thumb|The [[Orange Line (Lahore Metro)|Orange Line]] is Pakistan's first metro rail line.]]

====Orange Line====
{{Main|Orange Line (Lahore Metro)}}

The [[Orange Line (Lahore Metro)|Orange Line Metro Train]] is an automated [[rapid transit]] system in Lahore.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/711864/good-news-on-track-lahore-to-get-pakistans-first-metro-train/ "Good news on track: Lahore to get Pakistan's first metro train"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613152814/https://tribune.com.pk/story/711864/good-news-on-track-lahore-to-get-pakistans-first-metro-train/ |date=13 June 2018 }}, ''[[Express Tribune]]'', Lahore, 23 March 2014. Retrieved on 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/886037/development-agenda-lahore-metro-train-gets-green-signal/|title=Development agenda: Lahore metro train gets green signal – The Express Tribune|date=14 May 2015|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704214626/https://tribune.com.pk/story/886037/development-agenda-lahore-metro-train-gets-green-signal/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines proposed for the [[Lahore Metro]]. As of 2020, it is the primary metro rail line in the city. The line spans {{convert|27.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}, with {{convert|25.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} elevated and {{convert|1.72|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} underground,<ref name="Norinco">{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|access-date=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022759/http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and had a cost of 251.06 billion [[Pakistani rupee|rupees]] ($1.6 billion). The line consists of 26 subway stations (Ali Town Station to Dera Gujran Station) and is designed to carry over 250,000 passengers daily. [[CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive]] rolled out the first of 27 trains for the metro on 16 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1410624/first-orange-line-metro-train-rolls/|title=First Orange Line Metro train rolls out – The Express Tribune|date=16 May 2017|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=16 May 2017|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213001/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1410624/first-orange-line-metro-train-rolls/|url-status=live}}</ref> The train has speed up to {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. For improved durability, its [[bogie]]s are heat-resistant, can manage unstable voltage, and feature energy-saving air-conditioning.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Briginshaw |first1=David |date=26 October 2020|title=Lahore opens Pakistan's first metro line|url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/lahore-opens-pakistans-first-metro-line/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=International Railway Journal|language=en|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101134906/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/lahore-opens-pakistans-first-metro-line/|url-status=live}}</ref> Successful initial test trials were run in mid-2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/285872-orange-line-metro-train-run-on-trial-basis-in-lahore|title=Orange Line Metro train runs on trial basis in Lahore|website=thenews.com.pk|date=26 February 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175757/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/285872-orange-line-metro-train-run-on-trial-basis-in-lahore|url-status=live}}</ref> and commercial operations began on 25 October 2020.<ref name="Lahore Metro Train">{{cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Oct-2020/punjab-cm-inaugurates-lahore-s-much-delayed-orange-line-metro-train|title=Punjab CM inaugurates Lahore's much-delayed Orange Line Metro Train|date=25 October 2020|publisher=Daily Pakistan|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213320/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Oct-2020/punjab-cm-inaugurates-lahore-s-much-delayed-orange-line-metro-train|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Blue Line====
The Blue Line is a proposed {{convert|24|km|mi}} line from Chauburji to College Road Township. Along the way, it will connect places like Mozang Chungi, Shadman Chowk, Jail Road, Mian Boulevard Gulberg, Mian Boulevard Garden Town, and Faisal Town.<ref name="railway-technology.com">{{cite web|title=Lahore Rapid Mass Transit Rail - Railway Technology|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/lahorerapidmasstrans/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=www.railway-technology.com|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309121009/https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/lahorerapidmasstrans/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Purple Line====
The Purple Line is a proposed {{convert|19|km|mi}} line from Bhaati Chowk to the Allama Iqbal International Airport. Along the way, it will connect places like Brandreth Road, Railway Station, Allama Iqbal Road, Dharampura, and Ghazi Road.<ref name="railway-technology.com"/>

=== Taxi and rickshaw ===
Ride-sharing services such as [[Uber]] and [[Careem]] are available in the city. Motorcycle rides are also available in the city, which have been introduced by private companies.

[[Auto rickshaws]] play an important role of public transport in Lahore. As of 2019, there were approximately 82,000 auto rickshaws and 65,000 motorcycle rickshaws in the city.<ref name="The Express Tribune 2019 c467">{{cite news |last=Asif |first=Rizwan | title=Bumper to bumper: One car too many on Lahore's roads | website=The Express Tribune | date=26 March 2019 | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1938097/bumper-bumper-one-car-many-lahores-roads | access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref> Motorcycle rickshaws, usually called ''[[Jinan Qingqi|chingchi]]''<ref name="Khan 2023 j517">{{cite news | last=Khan | first=Abid | title=Punjab Govt decides to impose ban on Qingqi rickshaws | website=BOL News | date=2 December 2023 | url=https://www.bolnews.com/latest/2023/12/punjab-govt-decides-to-impose-ban-on-qingqi-rickshaws/ | access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref> (after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd, who first introduced these to the market){{Citation needed|reason=Unsourced |date=April 2024}} or ''chand gari'' ('moon car')<ref name="BOL News 2023 a520">{{cite web | title=Behind the wheel | website=BOL News | date=31 March 2023 | url=https://www.bolnews.com/newspaper/urban-insight/2023/01/behind-the-wheel/ | access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref> are cheaper than auto rickshaws and provide a shared ride experience for multiple passengers and fares, whereas auto rickshaws cater to only one passenger or group for a fare.{{Citation needed|reason=Unsourced |date=April 2024}} Since 2002, all auto rickshaws have been required to use [[compressed natural gas]] as fuel,<ref>{{cite web|date=29 May 2020|title=2020 Ultimate Guide To Lahore|url=https://visitlahore.com/ultimate-guide-to-lahore/|access-date=16 July 2020|website=Visit Lahore|language=en-US|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716152503/https://visitlahore.com/ultimate-guide-to-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref> and all-electric rickshaws were introduced in 2023.<ref name="Sheikh 2023 x607">{{cite news | last=Sheikh | first=Hamza | title=Lahore Gears Up for Greener Streets: Introducing Electric Rickshaw | website=BOL News | date=27 December 2023 | url=https://www.bolnews.com/business/2023/12/lahore-gears-up-for-greener-streets-introducing-electric-rickshaw/ | access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref>

=== Intercity transportation ===
==== Railways ====
{{see also|Lahore Junction railway station}}
[[Lahore Junction railway station|Lahore Junction Station]] serves as the main railway station for Lahore, and serves as a major hub for all [[Pakistan Railways]] services in [[Northern Pakistan]]. It includes services to [[Peshawar]] and the national capital metropolitan area of [[Islamabad]]–[[Rawalpindi]], and long-distance services to [[Karachi]] and [[Quetta]]. [[Lahore Cantonment railway station|Lahore Cantonment Station]] also operates a few trains.

==== Buses ====
[[Lahore Badami Bagh Bus Terminal]] (known colloquially as "Lari Adda") serves as a hub for intercity bus services in Lahore, served by multiple bus companies providing a comprehensive network of services in Punjab and neighbouring provinces. [[Lahore Jinnah Bus Terminal]] is also a major bus stand in southern Lahore. Apart from these stations, multiple privately owned bus transportation companies operate from Band Road (referred to colloquially as Chowk Yateem Khana), offering intercity transport at varying fares and comfort levels.

=== Airports ===
{{Further|Allama Iqbal International Airport|Walton Airport}}
[[File:AllamaIqbalAirport.JPG|thumb|Allama Iqbal International Airport]]
Pakistan's third busiest airport, [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA]]: LHE), straddles the city's eastern boundary. The new passenger terminal was opened in 2003, replacing the old terminal which now serves as a VIP and Hajj lounge. The airport was named after the national poet-philosopher, [[Muhammad Iqbal]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lahoreairport.com.pk/About/About-History.aspx/ |title=History of Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore |publisher=lahoreairport.com.pk |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=22 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622023425/http://lahoreairport.com.pk/About/About-History.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> and is a secondary hub for the national carrier, [[Pakistan International Airlines]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.piac.com.pk/
|title=Pakistan International Airlines
|access-date=3 October 2015
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123211900/http://www.piac.com.pk/
|archive-date=23 January 2011
}}</ref> [[Walton Airport]] in Askari neighbourhood provides [[general aviation]] facilities. [[Sialkot International Airport]] (IATA: SKT) and [[Faisalabad International Airport]] (IATA: LYP) also serve as alternate airports for the Lahore area, in addition to serving their respective cities.

Allama Iqbal International Airport connects Lahore with many cities worldwide (including domestic destinations) by both passenger and cargo flight including [[Ras Al Khaimah International Airport|Ras al Khaimah]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]] (begins 28 August 2018),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/278958/china-southern-adds-guangzhou-lahore-route-from-aug-2018/|title=China Southern adds Guangzhou – Lahore route from Aug 2018|website=Routes|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624072440/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/278958/china-southern-adds-guangzhou-lahore-route-from-aug-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport|Ürümqi]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/277683/china-southern-adds-plans-lahore-launch-from-late-june-2018/|title=China Southern adds plans Lahore launch from late-June 2018|author=Liu, Jim|date=18 March 2018|access-date=18 March 2018|website=Routesonline|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318155230/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/277683/china-southern-adds-plans-lahore-launch-from-late-june-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Barcelona–El Prat Airport|Barcelona]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fbcdn-photos-a-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xal1/v/t1.0-0/p526x296/14671345_1423459961016358_4246096401604852753_n.jpg|title=PIA advertisement promoting Barcelona resumption|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061703/https://fbcdn-photos-a-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xal1/v/t1.0-0/p526x296/14671345_1423459961016358_4246096401604852753_n.jpg?oh=15579c834ea244a3dcdb980a910cf249&oe=58AC4175&__gda__=1487737463_8b00fa6bdbfdff08a38910633e323afe|archive-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing–Capital]], [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]], [[King Fahd International Airport|Dammam]], [[Dera Ghazi Khan International Airport|Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Islamabad International Airport|Islamabad]], [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]], [[Jinnah International Airport|Karachi]], [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]], [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]], [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]], [[Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport|Medina]], [[Milan–Malpensa Airport|Milan–Malpensa]], [[Multan Airport|Multan]], [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]], [[Oslo Airport, Gardermoen|Oslo–Gardermoen]], [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bacha Khan International Airport|Peshawar]], [[Quetta Airport|Quetta]], [[Shaikh Zayed International Airport (Rahim Yar Khan)|Rahim Yar Khan]], [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]], [[Salalah International Airport|Salalah]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/269378/pakistan-international-w16-international-route-additions/|title=Pakistan International W16 International route additions|website=Routes|access-date=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306040014/https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/269378/pakistan-international-w16-international-route-additions/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tokyo–Narita]], [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Toronto–Pearson]], [[Mashhad International Airport|Mashhad]], [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]], and [[Tashkent International Airport|Tashkent]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Mati |url=https://dnd.com.pk/uzbek-airways-resumes-flight-from-tashkent-to-lahore/126944|title=Uzbek Airways resumes flight from Tashkent to Lahore|work=Dispatch news Desk |date=5 April 2017|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213648/https://dnd.com.pk/uzbek-airways-resumes-flight-from-tashkent-to-lahore/126944|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Roads ===
{{see also|List of streets in Lahore}}
[[File:Badshahi Mosque, Lahore VII.jpg|thumb|The [[Chowk Minar-e-Pakistan|Azadi Chowk]] is located near the [[Badshahi Mosque]].]]
[[File:Lahore Ring Road (L-20).jpg|thumb|[[Lahore Ring Road]]]]

There are a number of municipal, provincial and federal [[Roads in Pakistan|roads]] that serve Lahore.
* Municipal roads
** [[Canal Road, Lahore|Canal Road]] – serves as the major north–south artery
* [[Provincial Highways of Punjab|Provincial highways]]
** [[Lahore Ring Road]]
** [[Lahore–Kasur Road]] ([[Ferozepur Road]])
** Lahore–Raiwind Road (Raiwind Road)
** Lahore–Sharaqpur Road (Sagianwala Bypass Road)
** Lahore–Wagah Road
** Grand Trunk Road (G.T Road )
* [[Roads in Pakistan#Federal roads|Federal highways]]
** [[M-2 motorway (Pakistan)|M-2 motorway]]
** [[M3 motorway (Pakistan)|M-3 motorway]]
** [[M11 motorway (Pakistan)|M-11 motorway]]
** [[N-5 National Highway]] (Multan Road)
** [[N-60 National Highway]] ([[Sargodha]]–Lahore road)

== Government ==
===Metropolitan Corporation===
Under Punjab Local Government Act 2013, Lahore is a [[metropolitan area]] under the authority of the Metropolitan Corporation Lahore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lahore.gop.pk/MunicipalCorporation.php|title=Metropolitan Corporation Lahore|website=lahore.gop.pk|access-date=24 September 2017|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220201642/http://www.lahore.gop.pk/MunicipalCorporation.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Metropolitan Corporation Lahore is a body consisting of nine deputy mayors (one from each zone in the district) and the city's mayor – all of whom are elected in popular elections. The Metropolitan Corporation approves zoning and land use, coordinates urban design and planning, sets environmental protection laws, and provides municipal services.

====Mayor====
{{main|Mayor of Lahore}}

As per the Punjab Local Government Act 2013, the [[Mayor of Lahore]] is the elected head of the Metropolitan Corporation of Lahore. The mayor is directly elected in municipal elections every four years alongside 9 deputy [[List of towns in Lahore|town]] mayors. Mubashir Javed of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] was elected mayor of Lahore in 2016. The mayor is responsible for the administration of government services, the composition of councils and committees overseeing [[Lahore District|Lahore City District]] departments and serves as the chairperson for the meeting of the Lahore Council. The mayor also functions to help devise long-term development plans in consultation with other stakeholders and bodies to improve the condition, livability, and sustainability of urban areas.

=== Neighbourhoods ===
{{further|List of zones in Lahore}}
[[Lahore District]] is a subdivision of the Punjab, and is further divided into 9 administrative zones.<ref name="NRB2">{{cite web |url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/city_district_government.html |title=City District Governments |access-date=18 February 2009 |publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005024105/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/city_district_government.html}}</ref> Each town in turn consists of a group of union councils, of which there are 274 total.<ref name="NRB3">{{cite web |title=City District |url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/city_district/index.html |access-date=18 February 2009 |publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013065059/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/city_district/index.html |archive-date=13 October 2008}}</ref>

{{Lahore City District}}

== Festivals ==
[[File:In March 2015 the Spring start. Canal get decorated. it feels amazing. Canal Bridge Jail Road, Lahore.JPG|thumb|[[Lahore Canal]] during the spring [[Basant Kite Festival|Basant]] festival]]
The people of Lahore [[Festivals in Lahore|celebrate many festivals]] and events throughout the year, including Islamic, traditional Punjabi, Christian, and national holidays and festivals.

Some people decorate their houses and light candles to illuminate the streets and houses during public holidays; roads and businesses may be lit for days. Many of Lahore's dozens of [[Sufism|Sufi]] shrines hold annual festivals called ''[[urs]]'' to honour their respective saints. For example, the mausoleum of [[Ali al-Hujwiri]] at the [[Data Darbar]] shrine has an annual ''urs'' that attracts up to one million visitors per year.<ref name="linus">{{cite book|first=Linus|last=Strothman|chapter=The politics of Sufism on the ground: The political dimension of Pakistan's largest shrine|editor1-last=Tschacher|editor1-first=Torsten|editor2-last=Dandekar|editor2-first=Deepra |title=Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317435969 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQNADQAAQBAJ&q=data+ganj+-bomb+-bombers+-suicide+-attack&pg=PA232|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> The [[Mela Chiraghan]] festival in Lahore takes place at the shrine of [[Madho Lal Hussain]], while other large ''urs'' take place at the shrines of [[Bibi Pak Daman]], and at the [[Shrine of Mian Mir]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Devotees throng Lahore shrine for Mian Mir Sahab's Urs|website=Samaa TV |url=https://www.samaa.tv/culture/2019/11/devotees-throng-lahore-shrine-for-mian-mir-sahabs-urs/ |date=7 November 2019|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803052036/https://www.samaa.tv/culture/2019/11/devotees-throng-lahore-shrine-for-mian-mir-sahabs-urs/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Eid ul-Adha]] are celebrated in the city with public buildings and shopping centres decorated in lights. The people of Lahore also commemorate the martyrdom of [[Imam Husain|Imam Husayn]] at [[Karbala]] with massive processions that take place during the first ten days of the month of [[Muharram]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=QAM |author2=Sheharyar Rizwan |author3=Kalbe Ali |author4=Shakeel Ahmed |author5=Mohammad Hussain Khan |author6=Zulfiqar Ali |author7=Saleem Shahid|date=8 September 2019 |title=Muharram: Walking the Mourners' Path |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1504130|access-date=18 June 2020 |work=Dawn|archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618143653/https://www.dawn.com/news/1504130|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Basant (season)|Basant]] is a traditional [[Punjabi culture|Punjabi]] festival that marks the coming of spring. Basant celebrations in Pakistan are centred in Lahore, and people from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. [[Kite]]-flying competitions traditionally take place on city rooftops during Basant, while the [[Lahore Canal]] is decorated with floating lanterns. Courts have banned kite-flying because of casualties and power installation losses. The ban was lifted for two days in 2007, then immediately reimposed when 11 people were killed by [[celebratory gunfire]], sharp kite-strings, electrocution, and falls related to the competition.<ref>{{cite news |title=11 Dead at Pakistani Kite Festival, Metal Kite Strings, Stray Celebratory Gunfire Claim Lives at Annual Event, More Than 100 Injured |date=26 February 2007|work=CBS News|url= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/26/world/main2514554.shtml |access-date=2 August 2007 |archive-date=13 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013184108/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/26/world/main2514554.shtml |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Lahore's churches are elaborately decorated for [[Christmas]] and [[Easter]] celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/263797-in-pictures-christmas-celebrations-across-pakistan|title=In pictures: Christmas celebrations across Pakistan|website=www.geo.tv|date=25 December 2019 |access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619041918/https://www.geo.tv/latest/263797-in-pictures-christmas-celebrations-across-pakistan |url-status=live}}</ref> Shopping centres and public buildings also feature Christmas installations to celebrate the holiday, even though Christians only constitute 5.1% of the total population of Lahore in 2024. See [[Religion in Lahore]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1872635/1-christmas-festivities-set-begin-lahore?amp=1|title=Christmas festivities all set to begin in Lahore |date=22 December 2018|website=The Express Tribune |access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140313/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1872635/1-christmas-festivities-set-begin-lahore?amp=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
{{main|Tourism in Lahore}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Wazir Khan Mosque by Moiz.jpg|[[Wazir Khan Mosque]]
File:Night View of Badshahi Mosque (King’s Mosque).jpg|[[Badshahi Mosque]]
File:Lahore Fort.jpg|[[Lahore Fort]] (Shahi Qila)
File:Minar e Pakistan night image.jpg|[[Minar-e-Pakistan]] at night
File:Reflection of Farah Baksh Terrace (Upper Terrace) main building.jpg|[[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]]
</gallery>

Lahore remains a major tourist destination in Pakistan. The [[Walled City of Lahore]] was renovated in 2014 and is popular due to the presence of [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1230220|title=Ten-fold increase in foreign tourists for Lahore Walled City|date=2 January 2016|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412232613/http://www.dawn.com/news/1230220|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the most popular sights are the [[Lahore Fort]], adjacent to the Walled City, and home to the [[Sheesh Mahal (Lahore)|Sheesh Mahal]], the [[Alamgiri Gate]], the [[Naulakha Pavilion]], and the [[Moti Masjid (Lahore)|Moti Masjid]]. The fort and adjoining [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical mosques of Lahore |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/01/03/comment/historical-mosques-of-lahore/ |access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081754/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/01/03/comment/historical-mosques-of-lahore/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city is home to Muslim historical religious sites, most prominently the [[Badshahi Mosque]], constructed in 1673; it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction. Another popular sight is the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2017 |title=Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan – A Guide For Travelers – The Tourist |url=http://thetourist.pk/lahore-a-guide-for-travelers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109210329/http://thetourist.pk/lahore-a-guide-for-travelers/ |archive-date=9 November 2017 |access-date=3 January 2018 |work=The Tourist}}</ref> constructed in 1635 and known for its extensive ''faience'' tile work.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blanshard Asher |first=Catherine |title=Architecture of Mughal India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1}}</ref> [[Data Darbar]], near the Old City of Lahore, is the largest Sufi shrine in South Asia.<ref name="a">{{cite book |last1=Halafoff |first1=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTslDwAAQBAJ&q=data+darbar+-bomb+-bombers+-suicide+-attack&pg=PA57 |title=Religion and Development in the Asia-Pacific: Sacred Places as Development Spaces |last2=Clarke |first2=Matthew |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317647454 |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> Apart from Islam, two functional Hindu temples exist: the [[Krishna Mandir demolition reports|Krishna Temple]] and [[Valmiki Mandir, Lahore|Valmiki Mandir]]. The [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]], also located near the Walled City, houses the [[Urn|funerary urns]] of the [[Sikh]] ruler [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]].

Whereas the Walled City reflects Lahore's historic grandeur, Defence Raya Golf Resort contributes to the city's modern side. Other posh areas include [[Gulberg, Lahore|Gulberg]], [[Iqbal Town, Lahore|Iqbal Town]] and the [[Nahr, Lahore|Nahr]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=The Newspaper's Staff |date=2024-10-05 |title=Police heavily barricade Lahore to thwart PTI's protest plan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1863122 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AMSHE |date=2015-07-26 |title=Discovering 'posh' food with a 'health-conscious' Khwaja |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1196407 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Lahori cuisine}}

=== Religious sites ===
Well-known religious sites in the city include:

{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Badshahi Mosque]]
* [[Dai Anga Mosque]]
* [[Madho Lal Hussain|Darbar Madho Lal Hussain]]
* [[Data Durbar Complex|Data Darbar Complex]]
* [[Grand Jamia Mosque, Lahore]]
* [[Gurdwara Dera Sahib]]
* [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das]]
* [[Krishna Mandir, Lahore]]
* [[Lava Temple]]
* Lohari Gate Mosque
* [[Masjid of Mariyam Zamani]]
* Masjid Shuhada
* [[Moti Masjid (Lahore Fort)]]
* [[Saleh Kamboh Mosque|Muhammad Saleh Kamboh Mosque]]
* [[Neevin Mosque]]
* [[Oonchi Mosque]]
* [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lahore]]
* [[Shab Bhar Mosque]]
* [[Shaheed Ganj Mosque]]
* [[St. Andrew's Church, Lahore|St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church]]
* [[Suneri Mosque]]
* [[Valmiki Temple]]
* [[Wazir Khan Mosque]]
{{colend}}

=== Museums ===
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Army Museum Lahore]]
* [[Fakir Khana]]
* [[Islamic Summit Minar]]
* [[Javed Manzil]]
* [[Lahore Museum]]
* [[National History Museum (Lahore)|National History Museum]]
* House of NANNA's by Dr. Ejaz Anwar
* Como Museum of Art
* [[National Museum of Science and Technology, Lahore|National Museum of Science and Technology]]
* [[Shakir Ali Museum]]
* Tollinton Market-Lahore City Heritage Museum
{{colend}}

=== Tombs ===
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan]]
* [[Tomb of Allama Iqbal]]
* [[Tomb of Anarkali]]
* [[Tomb of Asif Khan]]
* [[Tomb of Dai Anga]]
* [[Tomb of Jani Khan]]
* [[Tomb of Jahangir]]
* [[Tomb of Nadira Begum]]
* [[Tomb of Nur Jahan]]
* [[Tomb of Dai Anga]]
* [[Buddhu's Tomb]]
* [[Cypress Tomb]] or Sarowala Maqbara
* Tomb of [[Zeb-un-Nissa]] Begum
* Tomb of [[Gulbahar Begum|Gul Begum]]
* Tomb of [[Malik Ayaz]]
* Kuri Bagh
* Mai Dai
* Mian Khan
* Nusrat Khan
* [[Parviz Mirza|Prince Pervez]]
* [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]]
* [[Saleh Kamboh]]
* Mir Niamat Khan
* Rasul Shahyun
* [[Tomb of Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Kokaltash|Zafar Jang Kokaltash]]
{{colend}}

=== Shrines ===
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Bibi Pak Daman]]
* [[Ali Hujwiri]]
* [[Mian Mir]]
* [[Madho Lal Hussain]]
* Khawaja Tahir Bandgi
* [[Ghazi Ilm Din Shaheed]]
* Sheikh Musa Ahangar
* Khawaja Mehmud
* Nizam-ud-Din
* Siraj-ud-Din Gilani
* Peer Makki
* [[Baba Shah Jamal]]
{{colend}}

=== Samadhis ===
* Bhai Vasti Ram
* [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh|Ranjit Singh]]
* Samadhi of [[Bhai Mani Singh]]
* [[Ganga Ram|Sir Ganga Ram]]
* [[Bhai Taru Singh]]

=== Havelis ===
There are many [[haveli]]s inside the Walled City of Lahore, some in good condition while others need urgent attention. Many of these havelis are fine examples of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Sikh]] architecture. Some of the havelis inside the Walled City include:
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* Chuna Mandi Havelis
* Dina Nath Ki Haveli
* Haveli Barood Khana
* Haveli Mian Khan (Rang Mehal)
* Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh
* Haveli Shergharian (near Lal Khou)
* Haveli Sir Wajid Ali Shah (near Nisar Haveli)
* Lal Haveli beside Mochi Bagh
* Mubarak Begum Haveli – Bhatti Gate
* Mubarak Haveli – Chowk Nawab Sahib, Mochi/Akbari Gate
* Mughal Haveli (residence of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh)
* Nisar Haveli
* Salman Sirhindi ki Haveli
{{colend}}

=== Other landmarks ===
* [[Shahi Hammam]]
* [[Alhamra Arts Council|Alhamra Art Council]]
* [[Lahore Fort|Lahore Royal Fort]]
* [[Greater Iqbal Park]]

=== Historic neighbourhoods ===
* [[Anarkali Bazaar|Anarkali]]
* [[Badami Bagh railway station|Badami Bagh]]
* [[Baghbanpura]]
* [[Begampura]]
* [[Heera Mandi]]
* [[Mughalpura]]
* [[Shahdara Bagh]]
* [[Walled City of Lahore]]

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Lahore}}

{{See also|List of educational institutions in Lahore|List of special schools in Lahore|List of libraries in Lahore}}
[[File:Government College University Tower in Lahore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Government College University (Lahore)|Government College University]]]]
[[File:King edward medical university front gate.jpg|thumb|[[King Edward Medical University]]]]
[[File:Mainblock2.jpg|thumb|[[University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore|University of Engineering and Technology]], Main Block]]
[[File:Punjab university Art & Design Dept.jpg|thumb|upright|[[University of the Punjab]], Old Campus]]
Lahore is sometimes considered Pakistan's educational capital,{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} with more colleges and universities than any other city in Pakistan. The literacy rate of Lahore is 74%. The city is Pakistan's largest producer of professionals in the fields of science, technology, IT, law, engineering, medicine, nuclear sciences, pharmacology, telecommunication, biotechnology, microelectronics, and nanotechnology, and has the only future hyper high-tech centre{{Clarify|date=January 2023|reason=What does "future hyper" mean? Is this high-tech centre even better than normal in some way?}} in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Raza
| first = M. Hanif
| title = Portrait of Pakistan
| publisher = Ferozsons, Ltd.
| year = 1999
| location = Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| page = [https://archive.org/details/portraitofpakist00raza/page/155 155]
| isbn = 969-0-01545-1
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/portraitofpakist00raza/page/155
}}</ref>
Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities. Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) is the only [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]] accredited business school in Pakistan. Lahore hosts some of Pakistan's oldest and best educational institutes, including:

* [[Aitchison College]], established in 1886
* [[Beaconhouse National University]], established in 2003
* [[Central Model School, Lahore|Central Model School]], established in 1883
* [[Crescent Model Higher Secondary School]], established in 1968
* [[University of Home Economics Lahore|College of Home Economics]], established in 1955
* [[College of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences]], established in 1950
* [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Lahore|Convent of Jesus and Mary]], established in 1867
* [[Dayal Singh College (Lahore)|Dayal Singh College]], established in 1910
* [[De'Montmorency College of Dentistry]], established in 1929
* [[Fatima Jinnah Medical University]], established in 1948
* [[Forman Christian College]], established in 1864
* [[GC University, Lahore|Government College University, Lahore]], established in 1864
* [[Hailey College of Commerce]], established in 1927
* [[Islamia College (Lahore)|Islamia College]], established in 1892
* [[Jamia Ashrafia]], established in 1947
* [[King Edward Medical University]], established in 1860
* [[Kinnaird College for Women University]], established in 1913
* [[University of Education|Lady Maclagan Training College]], established in 1933
* [[Lady Willingdon Hospital|Lady Willingdon Nursing School]], established in 1933
* [[Lahore College for Women University]], established in 1922
* [[Lahore Garrison University]]
* [[Lahore Grammar School]], established in 1979
* [[Lahore Medical and Dental College]], established in 1997
* [[Lahore School of Economics]], established in 1993
* [[Lahore University of Management Sciences]], established in 1986
* [[Govt. M.A.O College Lahore|M.A.O College]], established in 1933
* [[Muslim Model High School, Lahore|Muslim Model High School]], established in 1890
* [[National College of Arts]], established in 1875
* [[Oriental College, Lahore|Oriental College]], established in 1876
* [[Pakistan Institute of Fashion and Design]], established in 1994
* [[PakTurk International Schools and Colleges]], established in 2006
* [[Queen Mary College, Lahore|Queen Mary College]], established in 1908
* [[Sacred Heart High School for Girls|Sacred Heart High School]], established in 1906
* [[Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical and Dental College]], established in 2009
* [[St. Anthony's High School (Lahore)|St. Anthony's High School]], established in 1892
* [[St Francis High School, Lahore|St. Francis High School]], established in 1842
* [[University College of Pharmacy]], established in 1944
* [[University of the Punjab|University Law College]], established in 1868
* [[University of Central Punjab]], established in 2002
* [[University of Education]], established in 2002
* [[University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore]], established in 1921
* [[University of Health Sciences, Lahore]], established in 2002
* [[University of Lahore]], established in 1999
* [[University of Management and Technology (Lahore)]], established in 2002
* [[University of the Punjab]], established in 1882
* [[University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences]], established in 1882

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of people from Lahore}}



== Sports ==
{{Main|List of sports venues in Lahore}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150" caption="Sports venues">
File:Gaddafi stadium lahore.jpg|[[Gaddafi Stadium]] is one of the largest [[List of stadiums in Pakistan|stadiums of Pakistan]], with a capacity of 27,000 spectators.
File:Stadium f.jpg|[[Punjab Stadium, Pakistan|Punjab Stadium]]
File:HOCKEY ARGENTINA PAKISTAN.jpg|Pakistan playing against [[Argentina]] in 2005
</gallery>

Lahore has successfully hosted many international sports events, including the finals of the [[1990 Men's Hockey World Cup]] and the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]]. The headquarters of all major sports governing bodies in Pakistan are located in Lahore, including cricket, hockey, rugby, and football.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Lahore is also home to the head office of the [[Pakistan Olympic Association]].

[[Gaddafi Stadium]] is a [[List of Test cricket grounds|Test cricket ground]] in Lahore. It was completed in 1959, and renovations were carried out by Pakistani architect [[Nayyar Ali Dada]] in the 1990s.

The multi purpose [[Punjab Stadium, Pakistan|Punjab Stadium]] located near the headquarters of the [[Pakistan Football Federation]], is mainly used for [[Association football|football]] matches and has hosted several events including [[AFC President's Cup]] and [[FIFA World Cup qualification|FIFA World Cup qualifiers]]. [[Wohaib FC|Wohaib]] club from Lahore was one of the leading football clubs in Pakistan in the 1990s.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Ali |date=23 December 2010 |title=A history of football in Pakistan — Part III |url=https://www.dawn.com/2010/12/23/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-iii/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

Lahore is home to several [[golf]] courses, including the [[Lahore Gymkhana Club|Lahore Gymkhana Golf Course]], the Lahore Garrison Golf and Country Club, the Royal Palm Golf Club, and newly built Defence Raya Golf & Country Club. Lake City, a 9-hole course, opened in nearby [[Raiwind]] Road in 2011. The newly opened Oasis Golf and Aqua Resort is a state-of-the-art resort, featuring golf, water parks, and leisure activities like horse riding and archery.

The [[Lahore Marathon]] is part of an annual package of six international marathons sponsored by [[Standard Chartered Bank]] across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. More than 20,000 athletes from Pakistan and all over the world participate in this event. It was first held on 30 January 2005, and again on 29 January 2006. More than 22,000 people participated in the 2006 race. The third marathon was held on 14 January 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lahoremarathon.com |title=Lahore Marathon Website |publisher=Lahoremarathon.com |access-date=15 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118195349/http://www.lahoremarathon.com/ |archive-date=18 January 2011 }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2016}} Plans exist to build Pakistan's first sports city in Lahore, on the bank of the [[Ravi River]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lahore.metblogs.com/2006/07/31/lahore-soon-to-get-a-sports-city/ |title=Lahore soon to get a Sports City |publisher=Lahore Metblogs |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714080800/http://lahore.metblogs.com/2006/07/31/lahore-soon-to-get-a-sports-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2016}}

; Professional sports teams from Lahore
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Club
! scope="col" | League
! scope="col" | Sport
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Established
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[Lahore Qalandars]]
| [[Pakistan Super League]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Gaddafi Stadium]]
| 2015
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | [[Wohaib FC|Wohaib]]
| [[PFF League]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| Punjab University Old Campus Ground
| 1982
|}

== Twin towns and sister cities ==
{{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Pakistan}}

The following international cities have been declared [[twin towns and sister cities]] of Lahore.

{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagdeco|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey (1975)<ref name="dailytimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C02%5Cstory_2-3-2007_pg7_43 |title=No committee to develop ties with Lahore's twins |publisher=Daily Times of Pakistan |date=2 March 2007 |access-date=8 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929013640/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C02%5Cstory_2-3-2007_pg7_43 |archive-date=29 September 2013 }}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|North Korea}} [[Sariwon]], North Korea (1988)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
* {{flagdeco|CHN}} [[Xi'an]], [[Shaanxi]], China (1992)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
* {{flagdeco|BEL}} [[Kortrijk]], Belgium (1993)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
* {{flagdeco|Morocco}} [[Fes, Morocco|Fez]], Morocco (1994)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
* {{flagdeco|UZB}} [[Bukhara]], Uzbekistan (1995)<ref name="dawn-sister">{{cite news|title=Islamabad to get new sister city|date=5 January 2016 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|publisher=[[Pakistan Herald Publications]]|location=Karachi, Pakistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|UZB}} [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan (1995)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
* {{flagdeco|IRN}} [[Isfahan]], Iran (2004)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
* {{flagdeco|IRN}} [[Mashad]], Iran (2006)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Glasgow]], Scotland (2006)<ref name="heraldscotland">{{cite news |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/default_content/12436106.glasgow-finds-another-new-twin-punjab/ |title=Glasgow finds another new twin in Punjab |publisher=[[Herald Scotland]] |date=26 May 2006 |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112213028/https://www.heraldscotland.com/default_content/12436106.glasgow-finds-another-new-twin-punjab/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|USA}} [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States (2007)<ref name="chicago2">{{cite web|url=http://www.lahore.gov.pk/news/english/english-news.aspx?id=168 |title=Lahore and Chicago declared sister cities |publisher=City District Government of Lahore |access-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501235446/http://lahore.gov.pk/news/english/english-news.aspx?id=168 |archive-date=1 May 2008 }}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]], Serbia (2007)<ref name="dailytimes"/>
* {{flagdeco|POL}} [[Kraków]], Poland (2007)<ref name="dawn-sister"/>
* {{flagdeco|POR}} [[Coimbra]], Portugal (2007)<ref name="dawn-sister"/>
* {{flagdeco|TJK}} [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan (2008)<ref name="dawn-sister"/>
* {{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], Spain (2008)<ref name="cordoba-lahore">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The News International]] |title=Musharraf for Lahore-Cordoba liaison to promote ties with Spain|date=27 April 2007|editor-last=Aslam|editor-first=Talat |publisher=[[Jang Group of Newspapers]]|location=Karachi, Pakistan}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|COL}} [[Bogotá]], Colombia (2009)<ref name="Shayan"/>
* {{flagdeco|IRN}} [[Amol]], Iran (2010)<ref name=Shayan>{{cite web|url=http://www.peela.pk/column4.html|title=Ground Realities 4 |last1=Syed Shayan|date=February 2015|publisher=Akhbar Peela|access-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094736/http://www.peela.pk/column4.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Lei nº 6.105/2016 |date=25 November 2016 |language=pt |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |publisher=Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro |access-date=28 November 2016 |archive-date=29 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129025115/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{colend}}

==Awards==
In 1966, the [[Government of Pakistan]] awarded a special flag, the [[Hilal-i-istaqlal]], to the cities of Lahore, [[Sargodha]], and [[Sialkot]] for showing severe resistance to the enemy during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], as these cities were targets of the Indian aggression.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/601035/commemorating-sept-1965-nation-celebrates-defence-day-with-fervour?amp=1 |title=Commemorating Sept 1965: Nation celebrates Defence Day with fervour|date=6 September 2013|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112234144/https://tribune.com.pk/story/601035/commemorating-sept-1965-nation-celebrates-defence-day-with-fervour?amp=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Every year on [[Defence Day]] (6 September), this flag is hoisted in these cities in recognition of the will, courage, and perseverance of their people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/56110/defence-day-celebrated-with-renewed-pledges|title=Defence Day celebrated with renewed pledges |date=7 September 2002|work=Dawn|access-date=7 December 2020 |url-status=live|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630093031/https://www.dawn.com/news/56110/defence-day-celebrated-with-renewed-pledges}}</ref>

==See also==
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* {{Portal-inline|size=tiny|Pakistan}}
* [[Lahore Fashion Week]]
* [[Lahore Knowledge Park]]
* [[Lahore Literary Festival]]
* [[Lahore Railway Station]]
* [[Lahori chaddar]]
* [[Lahori cuisine]]
* [[List of cemeteries in Lahore]]
* [[List of cities proper by population]]
* [[List of films set in Lahore]]
* [[List of hospitals in Lahore]]
* [[List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries]]
* [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia]]
* [[List of people from Lahore]]
* [[List of streets in Lahore]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Lahore]]
* [[List of towns in Lahore]]
* [[List of urban areas by population]]
* [[Sikh period in Lahore]]
* [[Transport in Lahore]]
* [[Walled City of Lahore]]
{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{See also|Timeline of Lahore#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Lahore}}
* {{cite book|last1=Glover|first1=William|title=Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City|date=2008 |publisher=Univ. of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5022-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kudaisya |first1=Gyanesh|author-link=Gyanesh Kudaisya |last2=Yong |first2=Tan Tai|author-link2=Tan Tai Yong |title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1134440481 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPOBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Syad Muhammad Latif|last=Latif|first=Syad Muhammad|title=Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities |publisher=New Imperial Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWsTAAAAQAAJ |year=1892}} [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.536426 Internet Archive]
* {{cite book |last=Neville|first=Pran|author-link=Pran Nevile|year=2006|title=Lahore: A Sentimental Journey|isbn=978-0-14-306197-7|publisher=Penguin Books}}
* {{cite book |last=Sidhwa|author-link=Bapsi Sidhwa|first=Bapsi|date=2005|title=City of Sin and Splendour: Writings on Lahore|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303166-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxnjJp_kpFkC&pg=PA23}}
* {{cite book |last=Wink |first=André |year=2002a|author-link=André Wink|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. I, early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=0-391-04173-8 |location=Boston and Leiden}}
* {{cite book |last=Wink |first=André |year=2002b |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. II, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th centuries |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=0-391-04174-6 |location=Boston and Leiden}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Lahore|voy=Lahore}}
* {{Official website|1=https://lahore-mc.punjab.gov.pk}}

{{LahoreTopics}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Lahore
|list =
{{Neighbourhoods of Lahore}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale
|list =
[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. and Long.]] {{coord|31|32|59|N|74|20|37|E|display=inline}}
}}
{{PakistanCities}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
{{Megacities}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lahore]]
[[Category:Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:Populated places in Lahore District]]
[[Category:Capitals of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Populated places with period of establishment missing]]

T. N. Jagadisan

2026-03-15T05:10:54Z

AndrewJordan: created a entry more to come

{{Short description|Indian social worker (1909-1991)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. N. Jagadisan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1909|10|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Tachchakkadu, [[Madras Presidency]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1991|06|28|1909|10|2|df=yes}}
| education = B.A. (Hons.), English, [[University of Madras]]
| occupation = Social worker, educator
| known_for = Advocacy for leprosy care and rehabilitation
| notable_works = ''Fulfillment Through Leprosy'' (autobiography)
| awards = {{Awards|[[Padma Shri]]|1957}}
}}
'''T. N. Jagadisan''' (2 October 1909 – 28 June 1991) was an Indian social worker, educator, and advocate for leprosy care and rehabilitation.

== Early life ==
Jagadisan was born on 2 October 1909 in Tachchakkadu, a village near [[Chidambaram]] in [[Madras Presidency]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Serena Josephine |date=2023-10-13 |title=T.N. Jagadisan: The man who made a mark in leprosy care in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-jagadisan-the-man-who-made-a-mark-in-leprosy-care/article67415564.ece |access-date=2025-01-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He completed his B.A. (Hons.) in English from the [[University of Madras]].<ref name=":0" /> He then began his career as a teacher at institutions such as [[Madura College|Madura College (Madurai)]], [[Union Christian College, Aluva|Union Christian College (Aluva)]], and [[Annamalai University|Annamalai University (Chidambaram)]].<ref name=":0" /> At Annamalai University, Jagadisan was mentored by [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]], whose guidance inspired his commitment to public service.<ref name=":0" /> Diagnosed with non-infective leprosy in his youth, he experienced firsthand the stigma associated with the disease.<ref name=":0" /> This personal struggle motivated him to dedicate his life to improving the lives of leprosy patients.<ref name=":0" />

== Leprosy care ==

=== National contributions ===
In 1943, Jagadisan joined the [[British Empire Leprosy Relief Association]], which later transformed into the Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh after India's independence.<ref name=":0" /> He was a founding member of HKNS and served as its Organizing Secretary from 1950 to 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh |url=http://hkns.in/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=HKNS.IN}}</ref> He worked to promote scientific leprosy treatments and reduce societal discrimination against patients.<ref name=":0" />

In 1946, he established the Kasturba Kushta Nivaran Nilayam in Malavanthangal, one of India’s high-prevalence leprosy regions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. T.N.Jagadisan |url=https://kasturbagandhijal.in/founder/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=KASTURBA GANDHI JAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=ILSL - Internacional Journal of Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases- OBITUARY- T. N. Jagadisan October 2, 1909-June 28, 1991 |url=http://ijl.ilsl.br/detalhe_artigo.php?id=MTMwNw==&secao=OBITUARY# |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=ijl.ilsl.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former President of India : K R Narayanana |url=http://www.krnarayanan.in/html/speeches/others/jan05_98.htm |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=www.krnarayanan.in}}</ref> The center provided medical care, rehabilitation, and vocational training, aiming to reintegrate patients into society.<ref name=":0" /> Jagadisan worked with national leaders like [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Thakkar Bapa]], who supported leprosy care as a part of India’s broader social and developmental goals.<ref name=":1" /> In 1949, the Government appointed Jagadisan as the Honorary Leprosy Prevention and Relief Organizer in the Rural Welfare Department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of rural welfare department 1951 |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0059301/TVA_BOK_0059301_Report_of_rural_welfare_department_1951.pdf |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Tamil Digital Library}}</ref>

=== International contributions ===
Jagadisan’s efforts extended across India, where he promoted leprosy control programs and trained workers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Prof T N Jagadisan {{!}} International Leprosy Association - History of Leprosy |url=https://leprosyhistory.org/database/person198 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=leprosyhistory.org}}</ref> He also represented India at global platforms:

* 1958: Chaired a session on social aspects and rehabilitation at the VII International Congress of Leprology in [[Tokyo]].<ref name=":2" />
* 1963: Chaired a similar session at the VIII International Congress of Leprology in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref name=":2" />
* 1965: Chaired the Leprosy Section at the Pan Pacific Conference of the Royal Society for Rehabilitation of the Disabled in [[Japan]].<ref name=":2" />

Jagadisan’s international engagements, including visits to France, Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland, fostered collaborations that enhanced India’s leprosy programs and raised global awareness.<ref name=":2" />

== Publications ==

* ''Leprosy and the Social Worker'' (1952)<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Bedi |first=Freda Marie Houlston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oc-Rps3njMC |title=Social Welfare |date=1988 |publisher=Publications Division |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Mahatma Gandhi Answers the Challenge of Leprosy'' (1965)<ref name=":3" />
* ''Builders of modern India: V. S. Srinivasa Sastri'' (1969)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagadisan |first=T. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfA9AAAAMAAJ |title=V. S. Srinivasa Sastri |date=1969 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Jagadisan emphasised treating leprosy as a medical condition, advocating for policies that balanced scientific treatment with human compassion.<ref name=":0" /> His initiatives significantly reduced leprosy prevalence in regions like South Arcot District.<ref name=":0" /> He received several honors for his work:

* [[Padma Shri]] (1957)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EEqAQAAMAAJ |title=India News |date=1957 |publisher=Information Service, Embassy of India |language=en}}</ref>
* Silver Medal from [[Pope Paul VI]] (1967)<ref name=":1" />
* International Gandhi Award (1988)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2e5AAAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of Social Work |date=1989 |publisher=Department of Publications, Tata Institute of Social Sciences |pages=256 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Jagadisan died on 28 June 1991.<ref name=":1" /> His autobiography, ''Fulfillment Through Leprosy'', chronicles his life and contributions, serving as a lasting testament to his work in leprosy care and advocacy.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Jagadisan, T. N. (1988). Fulfilment Through Leprosy. India: Kasturba Kushta Nivaran Nilayam.
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagadisan, T. N.}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Social workers from Tamil Nadu]]

Rehman Rahi

2026-03-08T18:46:42Z

AndrewJordan: fix formatting also

{{Short description| Kashmiri poet (1925–2023)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rahman Rahi
| image = The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh presenting the 40th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Kashmiri poet, Shri Rahman Rahi, in New Delhi on November 06, 2008.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Rahman Rahi receiving [[Jnanpith Award]] in [[New Delhi]]
| birth_name = Abdur Rahman Rahi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|05|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|01|09|1925|05|06|df=y}}
| death_place = Srinagar, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Poet, translator, critic
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] and [[Padma Shri]] (2000) [[Jnanpith Award]] (2004)
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}

'''Abdur Rehman Rahi''' ({{langx|ks|رَحمان راہی}}; 6 May 1925 – 9 January 2023) was a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] poet, translator and critic. He was awarded the Indian [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1961 for his poetry collection ''Nawroz-i-Saba'', the [[Padma Shri]] in 2000,<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> and India's highest literary award, the [[Jnanpith Award]] (for the year 2004) in 2007. He is the first [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] writer to be awarded the Jnanpith, India's highest literary award for his poetic collection Siyah Rood Jaeren Manz (In Black Drizzle). He was honoured with [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] in 2000 by Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi.<ref>[http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/fellowship_pdf/Rahman%20Rahi.pdf Rahman Rahi], New Delhi: [[Sahitya Akademi]]</ref>

==Life and career==
Born in 1925, Rehman Rahi began his career as a clerk in the Public Works Department of the Government for few months in 1948 and was associated with the [[Progressive Writers' Association]], of which he became the General Secretary.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raina |first=M.K. |date=2020 |title=Nau Baharich Shaan Paida Kar: An Overview of the Progressive Movement in Kashmir |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26978889 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=48 |issue=7/8 (566-567) |pages=81–100 |jstor=26978889 |issn=0970-0293}}</ref> He also edited a few issues of ''Kwang Posh'', the literary journal of the Progressive Writer's Association. He was later a sub-editor in the Urdu daily ''Khidmat''. He did an M.A. in Persian (1952) and in English (1962) from Jammu and Kashmir University where he taught Persian. He was on the editorial board of the Urdu daily ''Aajkal'' in Delhi from 1953 to 1955.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}} He was also associated with the Cultural wing of the communist Party of Kashmir during his student days. As translator he did translation of Baba Farid's Sufi poetry to Kashmiri from the original Punjabi. Camus and Sartre are some visible effects on his poems while Dina Nath Naadim's influence on his poetry is also visible especially in earlier works.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/11/stories/2007031102961000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313220356/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/11/stories/2007031102961000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 March 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Jnanpith is for the Kashmiri language: Rahi|date=11 March 2007}}</ref>

Rahi died on 9 January 2023, at the age of 97.<ref>[https://kashmirlife.net/rehman-rahi-is-no-more-308050/ Rehman Rahi Is No More]</ref>

==Published works==
Rahi's major works include:<ref>http://www.greaterkashmir.com/Home/Newsdetails.asp?newsid=4960&Arch=Arch&issueid=171{{Dead link|date=March 2020}}</ref>
* '' Sana-Wani Saaz'' (poems) (1952)
* ''Sukhok Soda'' (poems)
* ''Kalam-e-Rahi'' (poems)
* ''Nawroz-i-Saba'' (poems) (1958)
* ''Kahwat'' (literary criticism)
* ''Kashir Shara Sombran''
* ''Azich Kashir Shayiri''
* ''Kashir Naghmati Shayiri''
* ''Baba Fareed'' (translation)
* ''Saba Moallaqat''
* ''Farmove Zartushtadia''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Announcements of the Jnanpith award in [https://web.archive.org/web/20070313220356/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/11/stories/2007031102961000.htm The Hindu], [http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/25332.html Indian Express], and [http://www.greaterkashmir.com/Home/Newsdetails.asp?newsid=4960&Arch=Arch&issueid=171 Greater Kashmir]

{{Jnanpith Award}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahi, Rehman}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmiri poets]]
[[Category:Kashmiri writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kashmiri]]
[[Category:Writers from Srinagar]]

Manasu Paddanu Kaani

2026-03-08T07:26:48Z

AndrewJordan:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manasu Paddanu Kaani
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = K. Veeru
| producer = B. Vinobha Goud
| writer = K. Veeru
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]] [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] [[Ramya Krishna]]
| narrator =
| music = K. Veeru
| cinematography = V. Srinivasa Reddy
| editing = V. Nagireddy
| studio = Sri Kaundisya films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2000|02|26|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Manasu Paddanu Kaani''''' is a 2000 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[drama film]] produced by Vinobha Goud and directed by K. Veeru. The film features [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]], [[Ramya Krishna]] and [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] in lead roles. The film's music is by K. Veeru. The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news10.html|title=Naga Babu to be twice lucky!|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=15 May 2000}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Venu ([[Venu Thottempudi]]) is in love with Madhavi ([[Ramya Krishna]]) but tells Swati ([[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]]) to act as his wife when his father's health starts deteriorating. Madhavi realises her love for Venu, but the latter finds himself being drawn to Swati.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]] as Venu
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Madhavi
* [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] as Swati
* [[K. Viswanath]] as Venu's father
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Swati's father
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Kallu Chidambaram]]
* [[Nagendra Babu]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|AVS]]
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
* [[Prasad Babu]]
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
* [[Bandla Ganesh]]
* [[Kalpana Rai]]
* [[Krishnaveni (actress)|Krishnaveni]]
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The background score and songs were composed by K. Veeru. The soundtrack, released in 2000, features 10 tracks with lyrics written by [[Sahithi]], [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]], Sai Harsha and [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Manasu Paddanu Kaani Telugu Movie Songs Jukebox ll Venu, Raasi| date=26 July 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfMAuK-1NzA|language=en|access-date=2020-06-20}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Track
!Song
!Singer(s)
!Lyrics
!Duration
|-
|1
|"Nenele Laali Pappa"
|Krishnam Raju, [[Swarnalatha]]
|Sahithi
|
|-
|2
|"Nenele Laali Pappa"
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta]]
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|
|-
|3
|"Puvva Puvva Puvva"
|[[Unni Krishnan]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta]]
|Chandrabose
|
|-
|4
|"Neepi Manasupadda Kaani"
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|Chandrabose
|
|-
|5
|"Love Feel" (Music)
|
|
|
|-
|6
|"Neekaina Thelisindha E Bhaavam"
|Gopal Rao, Swarnalatha
|[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
|
|-
|7
|"Manasupaddanu Kaani"
|Vijay Vardhan
|Sai Harsha
|
|-
|8
|"Kalalonaa Neeve"
|Vishwa
|Sai Harsha
|
|-
|9
|"Premante Inthena"
|Sunitha Upadrashta
|Chandrabose
|
|-
|10
|"Guppadantha Gundelona Prema"
|Swarnalatha, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|
|
|}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote, "Only saving grace of this film is some neat photography by Sreenivasa Reddy and royal performance of K Vishwanath".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-manasu.html | title=Manasu Paddanu Kaani - Movie Review|date=26 February 2000|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi}}</ref> A critic from ''Andhra Today'' noted, "Veeru K. does not make an impression with any of the departments - neither story nor direction, neither screen-play nor music - but tests the patience of the audience. A vain bid to make a movie by hashing out bits of various successful hits along with a copied comedy leave no impact on the audience".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/manasu.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020615150209/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/manasu.htm | archive-date=15 June 2002 | title=Reviews }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1575626}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2000 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]

Max Müller

2026-03-08T03:36:31Z

AndrewJordan: Content refined and expanded

{{Short description|British philologist, Orientalist (1823–1900)}}
{{Other people}}
{{Redirect|Max Mueller|the mayor of Idyllwild–Pine Cove, California|Mayor Max II}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| image = Friedrich Max Müller by Bassano 1883.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Müller in 1883, by [[Alexander Bassano]]
| birth_name = Friedrich Max Müller
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1823|12|6}}
| birth_place = [[Dessau]], [[Duchy of Anhalt]], [[German Confederation]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1900|10|28|1823|12|6}}
| death_place = [[Oxford]], England
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Leipzig]]
| notableworks = ''The Sacred Books of the East'' ''Chips from a German Workshop''
| occupation = [[Comparative philologist]], [[Oriental studies|Orientalist]]
| spouse = Georgina Adelaide Grenfell
| children = 4, including [[William Grenfell Max Muller|Wilhelm Grenfell Max Müller]]
| awards = ''Associé étranger'' of the ''[[Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres]]''; [[Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art]]; member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]]
| signature = Signature of Friedrich Max Müller.png
}}

'''Friedrich Max Müller''' ({{IPA|de|ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈmaks ˈmʏlɐ|lang}};<ref>{{citation |author=John C. Wells |year=2008 |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Max_maennlicher_Vorname |title=Duden {{!}} Max {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition |work=[[Duden]] |quote=Mạx |access-date=20 October 2018 |language=de}}</ref> 6 December 1823&nbsp;– 28 October 1900) was a German-born British [[comparative philologist]] and [[oriental studies|Orientalist]]. He was one of the founders of the Western academic disciplines of [[Indology]] and [[religious studies]]. Müller wrote both scholarly and popular works on the subject of Indology. He directed the preparation of the ''[[Sacred Books of the East]]'', a 50-volume set of English translations which continued after his death.

Müller became a professor at [[Oxford University]],<ref name="1871 Census">{{Cite web |title=1871 English Census - FamilySearch.org |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KD86-8JD |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=www.familysearch.org}}</ref> first of modern languages,<ref name="1851 Census">{{Cite web |title=1851 English Census - FamilySearch.org |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:SGXK-2Z3 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=www.familysearch.org}}</ref> then [[Diebold Professor of Comparative Philology|of comparative philology]]<ref name="1871 Census" /> in a position founded for him, and which he held for the rest of his life. Early in his career he held strong views on India, believing that it needed to be transformed by Christianity. Later, his view became more nuanced, championing ancient [[Sanskrit literature]] and India more generally. He became involved in several controversies during his career: he was accused of being anti-Christian; he disagreed with Darwinian [[evolution]], favouring [[theistic evolution]]; he raised interest in [[Aryan]] culture, opposing the racial misuse of the term ‘[[Aryan]],’ which later developed into the racist [[Aryanism|Aryan]] ideology of the 20th century; and he promoted the idea of a [[Turanian languages|"Turanian" family of languages]].

Among his honours and distinctions, he was made an ''associé étranger'' of the French ''[[Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres]]''; he was awarded the [[Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art]]; and he was made a member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom]].

== Early life and education ==

Max Müller was born into a cultured family on 6 December 1823 in [[Dessau]], the son of [[Wilhelm Müller]], a [[Lyric poetry|lyric poet]] whose verse [[Franz Schubert]] had set to music in his song-cycles ''[[Die schöne Müllerin]]'', and ''[[Winterreise]]''. His mother, Adelheid Müller (née von Basedow), was the eldest daughter of a prime minister of [[Anhalt-Dessau]]. [[Carl Maria von Weber]] was a [[godparent|godfather]].<ref name="ODNB2007">R. C. C. Fynes (May 2007), ''Müller, Friedrich Max (1823–1900)'', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18394], accessed 17 March 2013] {{ODNBsub}}</ref>

Müller was named after his mother's elder brother, Friedrich, and after the central character, Max, in Weber's opera ''[[Der Freischütz]]''. Later in life, he adopted Max as a part of his surname, believing that the prevalence of Müller as a name made it too common.<ref name="ODNB2007" /> His name was recorded as "Maximilian"  on some of his honours,<ref name="belles-lettres">[http://www.aibl.fr/membres/academiciens-depuis-1663/?lang=fr ''Académiciens depuis 1663''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610221355/http://www.aibl.fr/membres/academiciens-depuis-1663/?lang=fr |date=10 June 2015 }}. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.</ref> and in some other publications.<ref name="Johnston1900">Charles Johnston (1900) [https://archive.org/details/americanmonthly12shawgoog ''An Estimate of Max Müller (1823–1900)'']. ''[[The American Monthly Review of Reviews]]'', Vol XXII, July–December. The Review of Reviews Company: New York, pp.703–706.</ref>

Müller entered the [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] (grammar school) at Dessau when he was six years old. In 1835, at the age of twelve, he was sent to live in the house of [[Carl Gustav Carus]] and attended the [[Old St Nicholas School, Leipzig|Nikolaischule]] at [[Leipzig]], where he continued his studies of music and classics.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30269|title=My Autobiography: A Fragment|first=F. Max (Friedrich Max)|last=Müller|date=16 October 2009|access-date=19 September 2022|page=97|via=Project Gutenberg}}</ref> It was during his time in Leipzig that he frequently met [[Felix Mendelssohn]].<ref name="ODNB2007" />

In need of a scholarship to attend [[Leipzig University]], Müller successfully sat his [[abitur]] examination at [[Zerbst]]. While preparing, he found that the syllabus differed from what he had been taught, requiring him to rapidly learn mathematics, modern languages and science.<ref name="ODNB2007"/> He entered Leipzig University in 1841 to study philology, leaving behind his early interest in music and poetry. Müller received his [[Academic degree#Germany|Ph.D. degree]] in September 1843.<ref>{{Cite DNBSupp |wstitle = Max Müller, Friedrich |volume= 3 |last= Macdonell|first= Arthur Anthony|author-link= Arthur Anthony Macdonell | pages = 151-157 |short=1}}</ref> His final dissertation was on [[Spinoza]]'s ''[[Ethics (Spinoza)|Ethics]]''.<ref name="gifford_bio">{{cite web |first1=Sara |last1=Abraham |first2=Brannon |last2=Hancock |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/friedrich-max-m%C3%BCller |title=Friedrich Max Müller |website=Gifford Lectures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105224955/https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/friedrich-max-m%C3%BCller |archive-date=2016-01-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He had an aptitude for classical languages, learning [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], [[Latin]], [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Sanskrit]].

===Sanskrit studies===
In 1844, Müller studied in [[Berlin]] with [[Friedrich Schelling]]. He began to translate the ''[[Upanishads]]'' for Schelling, and continued to research Sanskrit under [[Franz Bopp]], the first systematic scholar of the [[Indo-European languages]] (IE). Schelling led Müller to relate the history of language to the history of religion. At this time, Müller published his first book, a German translation of the [[Hitopadesha |''Hitopadesa'']], a collection of Indian [[fable]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fifty Key Thinkers on Language and Linguistics |author=Margaret Thomas |page=109 |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-37302-9}}</ref>

In 1845, Müller moved to Paris to study Sanskrit under [[Eugène Burnouf]]. Burnouf encouraged him to publish the complete [[Rigveda]], making use of the manuscripts available in England. He moved to England in 1846 to study [[Sanskrit]] texts in the collection of the [[British East India Company |East India Company]]. He supported himself at first with creative writing, his novel ''German Love'' being popular in its day.

Müller's connections with the East India Company and with Sanskritists based at [[Oxford University]] led to a career in Britain, where he eventually became the leading intellectual commentator on the [[culture of India]]. At the time, Britain controlled this territory as part of its Empire. This led to complex exchanges between Indian and British intellectual culture, especially through Müller's links with the [[Brahmo Samaj]].

Müller's Sanskrit studies came at a time when scholars had started to see language development in relation to cultural development. The recent discovery of the Indo-European language group had started to lead to much speculation about the relationship between [[Classical antiquity |Greco-Roman]] cultures and those of more ancient peoples. In particular the [[Vedas |Vedic]] culture of India was thought to have been the ancestor of European Classical cultures. Scholars sought to compare the genetically related European and Asian languages to reconstruct the earliest form of the root-language. The Vedic language, [[Sanskrit]], was thought to be the oldest of the IE languages.

Müller devoted himself to the study of this language, becoming one of the major Sanskrit scholars of his day. He believed that the earliest documents of Vedic culture should be studied to provide the key to the development of [[Paganism |pagan]] European religions, and of religious belief in general. To this end, Müller sought to understand the most ancient of Vedic scriptures, the ''[[Rig-Veda]].'' Müller translated the [[iarchive:RgVedaWithSayanasCommentaryPart1 |Rigveda Samhita]] book written by the 14th century Sanskrit scholar [[Sayana]]charya from Sanskrit to English. Müller was greatly impressed by [[Ramakrishna Paramhansa]], his contemporary and proponent of [[Vedanta |Vedantic]] philosophy, and wrote several essays and books about him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vedanta-newyork.org/articles/on_sri_ramakrishna.htm#muller |title=Vedanta Society of New York: Ramakrishna |access-date=25 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916163215/http://www.vedanta-newyork.org/articles/on_sri_ramakrishna.htm#muller |archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Friedrich Max-Müller by George Frederic Watts.jpg |thumb |right |Portrait of the elderly Max Muller by [[George Frederic Watts]], 1894–1895]]

For Müller, the study of the language had to relate to the study of the culture in which it had been used. He came to the view that the development of languages should be tied to that of belief-systems. At that time the Vedic scriptures were little-known in the West, though there was increasing interest in the philosophy of the [[Upanishads]]. Müller believed that the sophisticated Upanishadic philosophy could be linked to the primitive [[henotheism]] of early Vedic Brahmanism from which it evolved. He had to travel to London to look at documents held in the collection of the [[British East India Company]]. While there he persuaded the company to allow him to undertake a critical edition of the Rig-Veda, a task he pursued over many years (1849–1874).<ref>{{cite book |title=Sayana, Volume 203 |author=B. R. Modak |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-940-2 |page=33 |year=1995}}</ref>

For Müller, the culture of the Vedic peoples represented a form of [[nature worship]], an idea clearly influenced by Romanticism. Müller shared many of the ideas associated with [[Romanticism]], which coloured his account of ancient religions, in particular his emphasis on the formative influence on early religion of emotional communion with natural forces.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-7xYYt0oJsC&q=max%20muller%20romanticism&pg=PA336 |title=Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods |first1=Sushil |last1=Mittal |first2=Gene |last2=Thursby |date=10 September 2007 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=25 August 2016 |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-203-93973-4}}</ref> He saw the gods of the Rig-Veda as active forces of nature, only partly personified as imagined [[supernatural]] persons. From this claim Müller derived his theory that mythology is "a disease of language".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/32856/32856-h/32856-h.html |title=The Science of Language |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref> By this he meant that myth transforms concepts into beings and stories. In Müller's view, "gods" began as words constructed to express abstract ideas, but were transformed into imagined personalities. Thus the Indo-European father-god appears under various names: [[Zeus]], [[Jupiter (god) |Jupiter]], [[Dyaus Pita]]. For Müller all these names can be traced to the word ''"Dyaus",'' which he understood to imply "shining" or "radiance". This leads to the terms "deva", "deus", "theos" as generic terms for a god, and to the names "Zeus" and "Jupiter" (derived from deus-pater). In this way a metaphor becomes personified and fixed.{{sfn|Müller|1897|pp=497–503}}

==Academic career==

In 1850 Müller was appointed deputy [[Taylor Institution|Taylorian]] professor of modern European languages at [[Oxford University]].<ref name="1851 Census" /> In the following year, at the suggestion of [[Thomas Gaisford]], he was made an honorary M.A. and a member of the college of [[Christ Church, Oxford]]. On succeeding to the full professorship in 1854, he received the full degree of [[Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin)|M.A.]] by a decree of [[Convocation (university)|Convocation]]. In 1858 he was elected to a life fellowship at [[All Souls' College]].<ref>[[s:Max Müller, Friedrich (DNB01)|Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement]].</ref>

He was defeated in the [[Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, 1860|1860 election for the position of Boden Professor of Sanskrit]], which was a "keen disappointment" to him.{{sfnp|Müller|1902|pp=241–242}} Müller was far better qualified for the post than the other candidate, [[Monier Monier-Williams]], but Müller's theological views, Lutheranism, German birth, and lack of practical first-hand knowledge of India spoke against him. After the election he wrote to his mother, "all the best people voted for me, the Professors almost unanimously, but the ''vulgus profanum'' made the majority".{{sfnp|Müller|1902|p=244}}

Later in 1868, Müller became Oxford's first [[Diebold Professor of Comparative Philology|professor of comparative philology]],<ref name="1871 Census" /> a position founded on his behalf. He held this chair until his death, although he retired from its active duties in 1875.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Harmsworth Encyclopaedia: Everybody's Book of Reference : containing 50,000 articles, profusely illustrated, Volume 6|author = George Sandeman|publisher = The Amalgamated Press|page = 4042|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oRRAAAAYAAJ|date = 1907}}</ref>

==Scholarly and literary works==

===Gifford Lectures===
[[File:Friedrich Max Müller, Vanity Fair, 1875-02-06.jpg|thumb|1875 [[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|''Vanity Fair'']] caricature of Müller confirming that, at the age of fifty-one, with numerous honours, he was one of the truly notable "Men of the Day".]]
In 1888, Müller was appointed Gifford Lecturer at the [[University of Glasgow]]. These [[Gifford Lectures]] were the first in an annual series, given at several Scottish universities, that has continued to the present day. Over the next four years, Müller gave four series of lectures.<ref name="gifford_bio" /> The titles and order of the lectures were as follows:<ref name="gifford4">Müller, F. Max (1895), ''Theosophy or Psychological Religion.'' London: Longmans, Green and Co., pp.89–90.</ref>

# '''Natural Religion'''. This first course of lectures was intended as purely introductory, and had for its object a definition of Natural Religion in its widest sense.
# '''Physical Religion'''. This second course of lectures was intended to show how different nations had arrived at a belief in something infinite behind the finite, in something invisible behind the visible, in many unseen agents or gods of nature, until they reached a belief in one god above all those gods. In short, a history of the discovery of the infinite in nature.
# '''Anthropological Religion'''. This third course was intended to show how different nations arrived at a belief in a [[soul]], how they named its various faculties, and what they imagined about its fate after death.
# '''Theosophy or Psychological Religion'''. The fourth and last course of lectures was intended to examine the relation between God and the soul ("these two Infinites"), including the ideas that some of the principal nations of the world have formed concerning this relation. Real religion, Müller asserted, is founded on a true perception of the ''relation'' of the soul to God and of God to the soul; Müller wanted to prove that this was true, not only as a postulate, but as an historical fact. The original title of the lectures was 'Psychological Religion' but Müller felt compelled to add 'Theosophy' to it. Müller's final Gifford Lecture is significant in interpreting his work broadly, as he situates his philological and historical research within a [[Hermeticism|Hermetic]] and [[mystical]] theological project.{{sfnp|Josephson-Storm|2017|pp=108–110}}

===As translator===
In 1881, he published a translation of the first edition of [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]'s ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]''. He agreed with [[Schopenhauer]] that this edition was the most direct and honest expression of Kant's thought. His translation corrected several errors that were committed by previous translators.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Athenaeum|publisher=J. Lection|quote=At times Prof. Müller has succeeded in correcting an error and in coming closer to his original or has modified the harshness of Mr. Meiklejohn's style; but in other passages we prefer the latter, and of certain general changes made by Prof. Max Müller.|year = 1882|page = 629}} Original from ''Princeton University''</ref> In his Translator's Preface, Müller wrote:

{{blockquote|The bridge of thoughts and sighs that spans the whole history of the Aryan world has its first arch in the Veda, its last in Kant's Critique.&nbsp;... While in the Veda we may study the childhood, we may study in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason the perfect manhood of the Aryan mind.&nbsp;... The materials are now accessible, and the English-speaking race, the race of the future, will have in Kant's Critique another Aryan heirloom, as precious as the Veda—a work that may be criticised, but can never be ignored.{{cite quote|date=January 2024}}}}

Müller continued to be influenced by the Kantian [[Transcendental idealism|Transcendentalist]] model of spirituality,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=h5XMBlBVbQsC&pg=PA218 ''Kant's Critique of Pure Reason''], Last Essays by the Right Hon. Professor F. Max Müller ... First Series: Essays on Language, Folklore and Other Subjects; pub. by Longmans, Green and Company, 1901.</ref> and was opposed to Darwinian ideas of human development.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Twentieth Century, Volume 23|page=745|quote = according to Mr. Max Müller, Kant established against Darwin by proving that there is transcendentalist side to human knowledge which affords.}} Original from ''Cornell University''</ref> He argued that "language forms an impassable barrier between man and beast."<ref>Müller, F. Max. (1899) ''Three Lectures on the Science of Language, etc., with a Supplement, My Predecessors''. 3rd ed. Chicago. p. 9.</ref>

==Views on India==
===Early career===
On 25 August 1866, Müller wrote to Chevalier Bunsen:
{{blockquote|India is much riper for Christianity than Rome or Greece were at the time of St. Paul. The rotten tree has for some time had artificial supports, because its fall would have been inconvenient for the government. But if the Englishman comes to see that the tree must fall, sooner or later, then the thing is done... I should like to lay down my life, or at least to lend my hand to bring about this struggle... I do not at all like to go to India as a missionary, that makes one dependent on the parsons... I should like to live for ten years quite quietly and learn the language, try to make friends, and see whether I was fit to take part in a work, by means of which the old mischief of Indian priestcraft could be overthrown and the way opened for the entrance of simple Christian teaching...<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283457|title=The Life And Letters Of The Right Honourable Friedrich Max Müller Vol.i|last=Friedrich Max Müller|date=1902|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283457/page/n207 191]–192}}</ref>|source=The Life And Letters Of The Right Honourable Friedrich Max Müller Vol. I, Chapter X}}

In his career, Müller several times expressed the view that a "reformation" within Hinduism needed to occur, comparable to the Christian Reformation.<ref name="Menant">{{cite journal|author=Menant, M. D. |year=1907|title=Influence of Max Müller's Hibbert Lectures in India|journal=[[The American Journal of Theology]]|volume=11|issue= 2|pages= [https://archive.org/details/jstor-3153715/page/n1 293]–307|jstor=3153715|url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-3153715|doi=10.1086/478685}}</ref> In his view, "if there is one thing which a comparative study of religions places in the clearest light, it is the inevitable decay to which every religion is exposed...&nbsp;Whenever we can trace back a religion to its first beginnings, we find it free from many blemishes that affected it in its later states".<ref>{{cite book|title=Classical Approaches to the Study of Religion: Aims, Methods, and Theories of Research, Volume 1|page = 87|author = Jacques Waardenburg|year = 1999|publisher = Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-016328-5}}</ref>

He used his links with the [[Brahmo Samaj]] to encourage such a reformation on the lines pioneered by [[Ram Mohan Roy]]. Müller believed that the Brahmos would engender an Indian form of Christianity and that they were in practice "Christians, without being Roman Catholics, Anglicans or Lutherans". In the Lutheran tradition, he hoped that the "superstition" and idolatry, which he considered to be characteristic of modern popular Hinduism, would disappear.<ref name = "sha">Sharada Sugirtharajah (2003) ''Imagining hinduism: a postcolonial perspective''. Routledge. pp. 60–61. {{ISBN|81-208-4091-7}}</ref>

Müller wrote:
<blockquote>The translation of the ''Veda'' will hereafter tell to a great extent on the fate of India, and on the growth of millions of souls in that country. It is the root of their religion, and to show them what the root is, I feel sure, is the only way of uprooting all that has sprung from it during the last 3,000 years... one ought to be up and doing what may be God's work.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|url = https://archive.org/details/questfororiginsv00brya|url-access = limited|author = Edwin Bryant|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/questfororiginsv00brya/page/n301 289]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-513777-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Karmic Traces, 1993–1999|author=Eliot Weinberger|publisher=New Directions Publishing|year=2000|page=174|isbn=978-0-8112-1456-8}}</ref></blockquote>

Müller hoped that increased funding for education in India would promote a new form of literature combining Western and Indian traditions. In 1868 he wrote to [[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll|George Campbell]], the newly appointed [[Secretary of State for India]]:

{{blockquote|India has been conquered once, but India must be conquered again, and that second conquest should be a conquest by education. Much has been done for education of late, but if the funds were tripled and quadrupled, that would hardly be enough (...) By encouraging a study of their own ancient literature, as part of their education, a national feeling of pride and self-respect will be reawakened among those who influence the large masses of the people. A new national literature may spring up, impregnated with Western ideas, yet retaining its native spirit and character (...) A new national literature will bring with it a new national life, and new moral vigour. As to religion, that will take care of itself. The missionaries have done far more than they themselves seem to be aware of, nay, much of the work which is theirs they would probably disclaim. The Christianity of our nineteenth century will hardly be the Christianity of India. But the ancient religion of India is doomed—and if Christianity does not step in, whose fault will it be?{{sfnp|Müller|1902|pp=357–358}}|sign=Max Müller (1868)}}

===Late career===
[[File:Friedrich Maximilian Müller, dal 1859 al 1900 - Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 0075 B.jpg|thumb|In uniform, 1890s]]

In his sixties and seventies, Müller gave a series of lectures, which reflected a more nuanced view in favour of Hinduism and the ancient literature from India. In his "What can India teach us?" lecture at University of Cambridge, he championed ancient Sanskrit literature and India as follows:

{{blockquote|If I were to look over the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power, and beauty that nature can bestow—in some parts a very paradise on earth—I should point to India. If I were asked under what sky the human mind has most full developed some of its choicest gifts, has most deeply pondered on the greatest problems of life, and has found solutions of some of them which well deserve the attention even of those who have studied Plato and Kant—I should point to India. And if I were to ask myself from what literature we, here in Europe, we who have been nurtured almost exclusively on the thoughts of Greeks and Romans, and of one Semitic race, the Jewish, may draw that corrective which is most wanted in order to make our inner life more perfect, more comprehensive, more universal, in fact more truly human, a life, not for this life only, but a transfigured and eternal life—again I should point to India.<ref>Max Müller, [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20847/20847-h/20847-h.htm#LECTURE_I INDIA – LECTURE I. WHAT CAN INDIA TEACH US?], A Course of Lectures Delivered before the University of Cambridge, Project Gutenberg</ref>
|sign=Max Müller (1883)}}

Müller conjectured that the introduction of Islam in India in the 11th century had a deep effect on the psyche and behaviour of Hindus in another lecture, "Truthful Character of the Hindus":

{{blockquote|The other epic poem too, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', is full of episodes showing a profound regard for truth. (...) Were I to quote from all the law-books, and from still later works, everywhere you would hear the same key-note of truthfulness vibrating through them all. (...) I say once more that I do not wish to represent the people of India as two hundred and fifty-three millions of angels, but I do wish it to be understood and to be accepted as a fact, that the damaging charge of untruthfulness brought against that people is utterly unfounded with regard to ancient times. It is not only not true, but the very opposite of the truth. As to modern times, and I date them from about 1000 after Christ (AD), I can only say that, after reading the accounts of the terrors and horrors of Mohammedan rule, my wonder is that so much of native virtue and truthfulness should have survived. You might as well expect a mouse to speak the truth before a cat, as a Hindu before a Mohammedan judge.<ref>Max Müller, [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20847/20847-h/20847-h.htm#LECTURE_II INDIA – LECTURE II. Truthful Character of the Hindus], A Course of Lectures Delivered before the University of Cambridge, Project Gutenberg</ref>
|sign=Max Müller (1884)}}

[[Swami Vivekananda]], who was the foremost disciple of [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]], met Müller over a lunch on 28 May 1896. Regarding Müller and his wife, the Swami later wrote:

{{blockquote|The visit was really a revelation to me. That little white house, its setting in a beautiful garden, the silver-haired sage, with a face calm and benign, and forehead smooth as a child's in spite of seventy winters, and every line in that face speaking of a deep-seated mine of spirituality somewhere behind; that noble wife, the helpmate of his life through his long and arduous task of exciting interest, overriding opposition and contempt, and at last creating a respect for the thoughts of the sages of ancient India—the trees, the flowers, the calmness, and the clear sky—all these sent me back in imagination to the glorious days of ancient India, the days of our brahmarshis and rajarshis, the days of the great vanaprasthas, the days of Arundhatis and Vasishthas. It was neither the philologist nor the scholar that I saw, but a soul that is every day realizing its oneness with the universe.<ref>{{cite book |first=Swami |last=Nikhilananda |year=1953 |title=Vivekananda: A Biography |page=106 |publisher=Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center |location=New York |isbn=978-0-911206-25-8}}</ref>}}

==Controversies==
[[File:Portrait of Professor Max Müller, c. 1880 slnsw pxa 1023.jpg|thumb|Studio Portrait of Max Müller, {{Circa|1880}}]]

===Alleged anti-Christianity===
During the course of his [[Gifford Lectures]] on the subject of [[natural religion]], Müller was severely criticised for being anti-Christian. In 1891, at a meeting of the Established [[Presbytery of Glasgow]], Mr. Thomson (Minister of Ladywell) moved a motion that Müller's teaching was "subversive of the Christian faith, and fitted to spread pantheistic and infidel views amongst the students and others" and questioned Müller's appointment as lecturer.{{sfnp|Müller|1902|p=262}} An even stronger attack on Müller was made by Monsignor Alexander Munro in [[St. Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow|St Andrew's Cathedral]]. Munro, an officer of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland (and Provost of the Catholic Cathedral of Glasgow from 1884 to 1892), declared that Müller's lectures "were nothing less than a crusade against Divine revelation, against Jesus Christ, and against Christianity". The blasphemous lectures were, he continued, "the proclamation of atheism under the guise of pantheism" and "uprooted our idea of God, for it repudiated the idea of a personal God".{{sfnp|Müller|1902|p=263}}

Similar accusations had already led to Müller's exclusion from the Boden chair in Sanskrit in favour of the conservative [[Monier Monier-Williams]]. By the 1880s Müller was being courted by [[Charles Godfrey Leland]], Theosophist [[Helena Blavatsky]], and other writers who were seeking to assert the merits of [[Paganism|pagan]] religious traditions over Christianity. The designer [[Mary Fraser Tytler]] stated that Müller's book ''Chips from a German Workshop'' (a collection of his essays) was her "Bible", which helped her to create a multi-cultural sacred imagery.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

Müller distanced himself from these developments, and remained within the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] faith in which he had been brought up. According to G. Beckerlegge, "Müller's background as a Lutheran German and his identification with the Broad Church party" led to "suspicion by those opposed to the political and religious positions that they felt Müller represented", particularly his [[latitudinarianism]].<ref name="Beckerlegge">Beckerlegge, G. (1997) "Professor Friedrich Max Müller and the Missionary Cause". In, John Wolffe (Ed) ''Religion in Victorian Britain V Culture and Empire''. Manchester University Press, p.189.</ref>

Although Müller took a strong religious and academic interest in [[Hinduism]] and other non-Christian religions, and often compared Christianity to religions that many traditional Protestants would have regarded as primitive or false, he grounded his [[Perennial philosophy|Perennialism]] in a belief that Christianity possessed the fullest truth of all living religions.{{sfnp|Josephson-Storm|2017|pp=109–10}} Twenty-first century scholars of religion, far from accusing Müller of being anti-Christian, have critically examined Müller's theological project as evidence for a bias towards Christian conceptions of God in early academic [[religious studies]].{{sfnp|Josephson-Storm|2017|pp=120–2}}<ref>{{cite book|title= Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia |author=Russell T. McCutcheon |location = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKtPBsVd0d8C|pages = 58–61|isbn= 978-0-19-535568-0}}</ref>

===Darwin disagreement===

Müller attempted to formulate a philosophy of religion that addressed the crisis of faith engendered by the historical and critical study of religion by German scholars on the one hand, and by the [[Darwinism|Darwinian revolution]] on the other. He was wary of Darwin's work on human evolution, and attacked his view of the development of human faculties. His work was taken up by cultural commentators such as his friend [[John Ruskin]], who saw it as a productive response to the crisis of the age. He analyzed mythologies as rationalisations of natural phenomena, primitive beginnings that we might denominate "[[protoscience]]" within a cultural evolution.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Müller proposed an early, mystical interpretation of [[theistic evolution]], using Darwinism as a critique of [[mechanical philosophy]].{{sfnp|Josephson-Storm|2017|p=113}}

In 1870 Müller gave a short course of three lectures for the British Institution on language as the barrier between man and beast, which he called "On Darwin's Philosophy of Language".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Müller |first=Max |title=Lectures on Mr. Darwin's Philosophy of Language |journal= Frazer's Magazine |date=May–July 1873 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.28360518 |pages=[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.28360518?urlappend=%3Bseq=533%3Bownerid=13510798902380015-551 525-541]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.28360518?urlappend=%3Bseq=667%3Bownerid=13510798902380015-685 659-678]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.23020195?urlappend=%3Bseq=9%3Bownerid=13510798902380574-13 1-24] |volume=87 |hdl=2027/chi.28360518 |via=[[HathiTrust]]}}</ref> Müller specifically disagreed with Darwin's theories on the origin of language and that the language of man could have developed from the language of animals. In 1873, he sent a copy of his lectures to Darwin reassuring him that, though he differed from some of Darwin's conclusions, he was one of his "diligent readers and sincere admirers".<ref>Charles Darwin. [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2740 ''More Letters of Charles Darwin&nbsp;– Volume 2'']. p. 397</ref>

===Opposition to Aryanism===

{{further|Aryanism}}

Müller's work contributed to the developing interest in [[Aryan]] culture, which often set Indo-European ("Aryan") traditions in opposition to [[Abrahamic religions|Semitic]] religions. He "was deeply saddened by the fact that these classifications later came to be expressed in [[racism|racist]] terms", as this was far from his intention.<ref>{{cite book |title = Mapping channels between Ganges and Rhein: German-Indian cross-cultural relations |quote=In later years, especially before his death, he was deeply saddened by the fact that these classifications later came to be expressed in racist terms. |first1=Jörg |last1=Esleben |author2=Christina Kraenzle |author3=Sukanya Kulkarni |publisher=Cambridge Scholars |page=62 |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84718-587-7}}</ref> For Müller, the discovery of common Indian and European ancestry was a powerful argument against racism, arguing that "an [[ethnologist]] who speaks of Aryan race, Aryan blood, Aryan eyes and hair, is as great a sinner as a linguist who speaks of a [[dolichocephalic]] dictionary or a [[brachycephalic]] grammar" and that "the blackest Hindus represent an earlier stage of Aryan speech and thought than the fairest [[Scandinavians]]".<ref>F. Max Müller (1888) [https://archive.org/details/biographiesword01mlgoog/page/n8 ''Biographies of Words and the Home of the Aryas'']. Kessinger Publishing reprint, 2004, p.120</ref><ref>Dorothy Matilda Figueira (2002) ''Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority Through Myths of Identity'', SUNY Press. p. 45. {{ISBN|0-7914-5532-7}}</ref>

===Turanian===

Müller put forward and promoted the theory of a "[[Turanian languages|Turanian]]" family of languages or speech, comprising the [[Finnic languages|Finnic]], [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]], "Tataric" ([[Turkic languages|Turkic]]), [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] and [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]] languages.<ref>Müller, M. (1854) ''The last results of the researches respecting the non-Iranian and non-Semitic languages of Asia or Europe, or the Turanian family of language''. (Letter of Professor Max Müller to Chevalier Bunsen; Oxford August 1853; on the classification of the Turanian languages). In, Christian Bunsen (1854) ''Outlines of the Philosophy of Universal History, Applied to Language and Religion.'' In Two Volumes. Vol. 1. London: Brown, Green, and Longmans.</ref> According to Müller, these five languages were those "spoken in Asia or Europe not included under the Arian [sic] and Semitic families, with the exception perhaps of the Chinese and its dialects". In addition, they were "nomadic languages," in contrast to the other two families (Aryan and Semitic), which he called State or political languages.<ref>M. Müller (1855) [https://archive.org/details/languagesseatwa00mlgoog/page/n9 ''The languages of the seat of war in the East. With a survey of the three families of language, Semitic, Arian, and Turanian'']. London: Williams and Norgate, p. 86.</ref>

The idea of a Turanian family of languages was not accepted by everyone at the time.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Origins of Himalayan Studies: Brian Houghton Hodgson in Nepal and Darjeeling|page = 20/232 |author = David Waterhouse|year=2002|publisher = Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-48035-9|quote = In 1910, a full decade after Müller's death, the ''Turan Tarsasag'' 'Turanian Society' was founded in order to study the history and culture of the Hungarians and other 'Turanian' peoples.}}</ref> Although the term "Turanian" quickly became an archaism<ref>T. Masuza (2005) ''The Invention of World Religions, Or, How European Universalism was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism''. The University of Chicago Press, p. 229. {{ISBN|0-226-50989-3}}</ref> (unlike "Aryan"), it did not disappear completely. The idea was absorbed later into nationalist ideologies in [[Hungarian Turanism|Hungary]] and [[Turanism#Turkey|Turkey]].<ref>Günay Göksu Özdoğan: ''The case of racism-Turanism: Turkism during single-party period, 1931–1944: a radical variant of Turkish nationalism''</ref>

== Honours and distinctions ==

[[File:Friedrich Max Müller 1974 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright|Müller on a 1974 stamp of India]]

[[File:Friedrich Max Müller, 1898.jpg|thumb|upright|Müller {{Circa|1898}}, wearing his ''[[:fr:Habit vert|Habit vert]]'' costume with the insignia of the order [[Pour le Mérite]] and the [[Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art]]]]

In 1869, Müller was elected to the French ''[[Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres]]'' as a foreign correspondent (''associé étranger'').<ref name="belles-lettres" />

In June 1874, Müller was awarded the ''[[Pour le Mérite]]'' (civil class), much to his surprise. Soon after, when he was commanded to dine at [[Windsor Castle|Windsor]], he wrote to [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany|Prince Leopold]] to ask if he ''might'' wear his Order, and the wire came back, "Not ''may'', but ''must''."{{sfnp|Müller|1902|p=462}}

In 1875, Müller was awarded the [[Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art]]. The award is given to acknowledge excellent and outstanding achievements in the field of science and art. In a letter to his mother dated 19 December, Müller wrote that the award was more showy than the ''[[Pour le Mérite]]'', "but that is the best".{{sfnp|Müller|1902|p=503}}

In 1896, Müller was appointed a member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26754 |date=30 June 1896 |page=3767 }}</ref>

==Personal life==

Müller became a naturalised British citizen in 1855, at the age of 32. He married Georgina Adelaide Grenfell on 3 August 1859 after overcoming the opposition from her family. The couple had four children, including [[William Grenfell Max Muller|William Grenfell]]. Two of their children predeceased them.<ref name="ODNB2007" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/1500-1900/muller/maxmuller.html|title=Max Muller Papers|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==

Müller's health began deteriorating in 1898 and he died at his home in Oxford on 28 October 1900. He was interred at [[Holywell Cemetery]] on 1 November 1900.<ref name="gifford_bio" />

After his death a memorial fund, the Max Müller Memorial Fund, was opened at Oxford for "the promotion of learning and research in all matters relating to the history and archaeology, the languages, literatures, and religions of ancient India".<ref>[http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/general/trust_funds/max_muller_memorial_fund.html ''Max Müller Memorial Fund''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103023849/http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/general/trust_funds/max_muller_memorial_fund.html |date=3 January 2011 }}. [[Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford]].</ref>

[[Harry Everett Smith|Harry Smith]] stated of his own film ''[[Heaven and Earth Magic]]'': "The first part depicts the heroine's toothache consequent to the loss of a valuable watermelon, her dentistry and transportation to heaven. Next follows an elaborate exposition of the heavenly land in terms of Israel, Montreal and the second part depicts the return to earth from being eaten by Max Müller on the day [[Edward VII|Edward the Seventh]] dedicated the Great Sewer of London."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://filmstudiescenter.uchicago.edu/events/2007/no-12-heaven-and-earth-magic |title=No. 12: Heaven and Earth Magic &#124; Film Studies Center &#124; University of Chicago |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612225037/https://filmstudiescenter.uchicago.edu/events/2007/no-12-heaven-and-earth-magic |archive-date=12 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Goethe Institute]]s in India are named [[Max Müller Bhavan]] in his honour, as is a street (Max Mueller Marg) in [[New Delhi]].<ref>[http://www.goethe.de/ins/in/lp/uun/mxm/enindex.htm About Max Mueller]. Goethe-Institut / Max Mueller Bhavan.</ref>

Müller's biographies include {{harvp|Van den Bosch|2002}}, {{harvp|Stone|2002}} and {{harvp|Chaudhuri|1974}}.
[[Nirad C. Chaudhuri]]'s ''[[Scholar Extraordinary]]'' was awarded the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English|Sahitya Akademi Award for English]] by [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters.{{cn|date=January 2024}} In addition, [[Stephen G. Alter]]'s 2005 book ''William Dwight Whitney and the Science of Language'' contains a chapter on Müller's rivalry with the American linguist [[William Dwight Whitney]].{{sfnp|Alter|2005}}

[[Swami Vivekananda]] praised Mueller, and remarked, "Max Müller is a Vedantist of Vedantists. He has, indeed, caught the real soul of the melody of the Vedanta, in the midst of all its settings of harmonies and discords — the one light that lightens the sects and creeds of the world, the Vedanta, the one principle of which all religions are only applications."<ref name="l011">{{cite book | title=Book University Journal, Volume 21 | date= 1974 | publisher= Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFMZAAAAIAAJ | page=79}}</ref>

Other Indian figures such as [[Nirad C. Chaudhuri]], [[Sri Aurobindo]] and others were also influenced by Mueller.<ref name="d346">{{cite book | last=Ranasinha | first=Ruvani | title=South Asian Writers in Twentieth-Century Britain: Culture in Translation | publisher=Clarendon Press | date=2007-02-22 | isbn=978-0-19-152591-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwtREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 | access-date=2025-11-17 | page=79}}</ref><ref name="r513">{{cite book | last=Boehmer | first=Elleke | title=Empire, the National, and the Postcolonial, 1890-1920: Resistance in Interaction | publisher=OUP Oxford | date=2005-01-06 | isbn=978-0-19-818445-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0hMCzMPqwQC&pg=PA52 | access-date=2025-11-17 | page=52}}</ref>

==Publications==

Müller's scholarly works, published separately as well as an 18-volume ''Collected Works'', include:

* {{cite book |author1=Nārāyana |first2=Max (ed. & tr.) |last2=Müller |title=Hitopadesa: eine alte indische Fabelsammlung |year=1844 |place=Leipzig |publisher=F. A. Brockhaus |oclc=6679332 |lang=de |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor-first=Max |editor-last=Müller |title=The German classics from the fourth to the nineteenth century |publisher=Longmans |place=London |year=1858 |oclc=793718181 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Max |last=Müller |title=A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature |year=1859 |place=London |publisher=Williams and Norgate |oclc=2994706 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Max |last=Müller |title=Lectures on the Science of Language |url=https://archive.org/details/lecturesonscien08mlgoog |year=1866 |place=London |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |oclc=1070792446 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first1=Max |last1=Müller |first2=C. K. J. |last2=Bunsen |title=Chips from a German Workshop |date=1868–1875 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |place=London |oclc=700979941 |ref=none}} 5 vols.
*{{cite book |first=Max |last=Müller |title=Introduction to the Science of Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24447 |publisher=Spottiswoode |place=London |year=1870 |oclc=58972203 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Max |last=Müller |title=Lectures on the origin and growth of religion |place=London |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/lecturesonorigi05mlgoog |year=1878 |oclc=221232055 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Max (tr.) |last=Müller |title=The Upanishads |publisher=Clarendon Press |place=Oxford |date=1879–1884 |oclc=1416388926 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first1=Immanuel |last1=Kant |author1-link=Immanuel Kant |translator = F. Max Müller |title=Critique of Pure Reason |trans-title=Kritik der reinen Vernunft |url= https://archive.org/details/immanuelkantscri033491mbp/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=Macmillan |place=London |year=1881 |oclc=1106845795 |ref=none |via= [[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite book |first=Max |last=Müller |title=India: what Can it Teach Us? |url=https://archive.org/details/indiawhatcanitt00unkngoog |year=1883 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |place=London |oclc=458768544 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Max |last=Müller |title=Biographical Essays |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |place=London |year=1884 |oclc=251576949 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Müller |first1=Max |last2=Macdonell |first2=Arthur Anthony |author2-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|url=https://archive.org/details/asanskritgramma00macdgoog |title=A Sanskrit grammar for beginners |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |location=London |year=1886 |oclc=156080873 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Max |last=Müller |title=The Science of Thought |year=1887 |oclc=1086677282 |ref=none}} 2 vols.
* {{cite book |first=Max |last=Müller |title=Studies in Buddhism |year=1888 |oclc=844556126 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Müller |first=Max |title=Biographies of Words and the Home of the Aryas |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |place=London |year=1888 |oclc=876089311 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Müller |first=Max |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalreligiong00ml |title=Natural Religion |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |place=London |year=1888 |series=[[Gifford Lectures]] |oclc=21342863 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Müller |first=F. Max |url=http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#veda |title=Rig-Veda-Samhita: The Sacred Hymns of the Brahmans |edition=2nd |place=London |publisher=Henry Frowde |date=1890–1892 |ref=none}} 4 vols.
* {{cite book |last=Müller |first=Max |url=https://archive.org/details/physicalreligion00ml |title=Physical Religion |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |place=London |year=1891 |series=Gifford Lectures |oclc=1068602567 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Müller |first=Max |url=https://archive.org/details/anthroreligion00mulluoft |title=Anthropological Religion |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |place=London |year=1892 |series=Gifford Lectures |oclc=470344671 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Müller |first=Max |title=Memories |publisher=A.C. McClurg & Co |place=London |year=1893 |oclc=679733299 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Müller |first=Max |url=https://archive.org/details/theosophyorpsych00mull |title=Theosophy, or Psychological Religion |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |place=London |year=1893 |series=Gifford Lectures |oclc=427662759 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Müller |first=Max |title=Contributions to the Science of Mythology |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |place=London |year=1897 |oclc= |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_0Ig7cA-HYC}}
* {{cite book |last=Müller |first=Max |title=Auld Lang Syne |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |place=London |year=1898 |oclc=934825847 |ref=none}} 2 vols.
* {{cite book |last=Müller |first=Max |title=The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |place=New York |year=1899 |oclc=458768755 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Müller |first=Max |title=My Autobiography: A Fragment |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |place=London and Bombay |year=1901 |oclc=606296937 |ref=none}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Cited sources===

* {{cite book |first=Stephen G. |last=Alter |title=William Dwight Whitney and the Science of Language |chapter=The Battle with Max Müller |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp-2RZAPVRwC&pg=PA174 |year=2005 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8020-9 |pages=174–207}}
* {{cite book |first=Nirad C. |last=Chaudhuri |title=[[Scholar Extraordinary|Scholar Extraordinary: The Life of Professor the Rt. Hon. Friedrich Max Müller]] |year=1974 |publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]] |isbn=978-0-7011-1944-7 |author-link=Nirad C. Chaudhuri}}
* {{Cite book |last=Josephson-Storm |first=Jason |title=The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-226-40336-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Müller |first=Georgina |year=1902 |title=The Life and Letters of Right Honorable Friedrich Max Müller |volume=1 |place=London |publisher=Longman |url=https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofrig01mluoft |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |first=Jon R. |last=Stone |title=The Essential Max Müller: On Language, Mythology, and Religion |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-29309-3}}
* {{cite book |first=Lourens |last=Van den Bosch |title=Friedrich Max Müller: A Life Devoted to Humanities |year=2002 |publisher=E. J. Brill |isbn=978-90-04-12505-6}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book |first=Stefan |last=Arvidsson |title=Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science |year=2006 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-02860-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |first1=John R. |last1=Davis |first2=Angus |last2=Nicholls |doi=10.1080/09593683.2016.1224493 |title=Friedrich Max Müller: The Career and Intellectual Trajectory of a German Philologist in Victorian Britain |journal=Publications of the English Goethe Society |volume=85 |number=2–3 |date=2016 |pages=67–97 |url=https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/36225/1/Davis-J-36225-AAM.pdf |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor1-first=John R. |editor1-last=Davis |editor2-first=Angus |editor2-last=Nicholls |year=2017 |isbn=978-1138633841 |title=Friedrich Max Müller and the Role of Philology in Victorian Thought |publisher=Routledge |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |first=Joan |last=Leopold |title=The Aryan Theory of Race in India 1870–1920 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=VII |date=1970 |pages=271–97|doi=10.1177/001946467000700204 |s2cid=144438773 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |first=Joan |last=Leopold |title=British Applications of the Aryan Theory of Race to India 1850 70 |journal=The English Historical Review |volume=LXXXIX |date=1974 |pages=578–603|doi=10.1093/ehr/LXXXIX.CCCLII.578 |ref=none}} Winner of Universities Essay Prize, Royal Asiatic Society, London.
* {{cite journal |first=Joan |last=Leopold |title=Friedrich Max Müller and the question of the early Indo Europeans (1847–1851 |journal=Études inter-ethniques, Annales du Centre d'études supérieures et de recherches sur les relations ethniques et le racisme |place=Paris |volume=VII |date=1984 |pages=21–32 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Joan |last=Leopold |chapter=Ethnic Stereotypes in Linguistics: The Case of Friedrich Max Müller (1847–1851) |title=Papers in the History of Linguistics |orig-date=delivered at Princeton, 1984 |editor1-first=H. |editor1-last=Aarsleff |editor2-first=L. G. |editor2-last=Kelly |editor3-first=H. J. |editor3-last=Niederehe |place=Amsterdam and Philadelphia |publisher=J. Benjamins |year=1987 |pages=501–12 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor-first=Joan |editor-last=Leopold |title=The Prix Volney: Contributions to Comparative Indo-European, African and Chinese Linguistics: Max Müller and Steinthal |place=Dordrecht and Boston |publisher=Springer |year=1999 |series=Prix Volney Essay Series |volume=III |isbn=978-0792325079 |ref=none}} With full bibliography of works.
* {{cite book |first=Joan |last=Leopold |chapter=Steinthal and Max Müller: Comparative Lives |title=Chajim H. Steinthal, Sprachwissenschaflter und Philosoph im 19. Jahrhundert. Linguist and Philosopher in the 19th Century |editor1-first=Hartwig |editor1-last=Wiedebach |editor2-first=Annette |editor2-last=Winkelmann |place=Leiden, Boston, Köln |publisher=Brill |year=2002 |series=Studies in European Judaism |volume=IV |pages=31–49 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Molendijk |first=Arie |year=2016 |isbn=978-0198784234 |title=Friedrich Max Müller and the Sacred Books of the East |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Subin |first=Anna Della |title=[[Accidental Gods|Accidental Gods: On Men Unwittingly Turned Divine]] |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=2022 |isbn=978-1250848994 |ref=none}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/writings_prose/on_professor_max_muller.htm |last=Vivekananda |first=Swami |author-link=Swami Vivekananda |title=On Professor Max Müller |newspaper=Brahmâvadin |place=London |date=June 6, 1896 |ref=none}}

==External links==

{{sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Friedrich Max Müller | b=no | n=no | q=Max Müller | s=Author:Max Müller | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=y}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=787}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Friedrich Max Müller |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author |id=6535}}
* [https://oll.libertyfund.org/person/friedrich-max-muller Friedrich Max Müller] at Online Library of Liberty

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Muller, Max}}
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[[Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford]]
[[Category:German critics of Christianity]]
[[Category:German emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:German Indologists]]
[[Category:German male essayists]]
[[Category:German orientalists]]
[[Category:German philologists]]
[[Category:German religion academics]]
[[Category:German Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Hindu studies scholars]]
[[Category:Indo-Europeanists]]
[[Category:Linguists of Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from Anhalt-Dessau]]
[[Category:People from Dessau-Roßlau]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–English translators]]
[[Category:Scholars of comparative religion]]
[[Category:Translators from Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Translators of Immanuel Kant]]
[[Category:Yoga scholars]]
[[Category:19th-century philologists]]

Max Müller

2026-03-08T03:36:31Z

AndrewJordan: Content refined and expanded

Bhagmati – The Queen of Fortunes

2026-03-03T03:33:04Z

AndrewJordan: made initial article and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bhagmati 2005 poster.jpg
| caption = poster
| director = Ashok Kaul
| producer =
| writer = Ashok Kaul
| narrator =
| starring = [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] [[Milind Soman]]
| music = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| cinematography = Sameer Arya Peter Pereira Thomas A. Xavier
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2005|08|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| production_companies = [[Zee Studios|Zee Telefilms]]
| language = Hindi
| gross =
| budget =
}}

'''''Bhagmati – The Queen of Fortunes''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi]]-language partly-[[animation]] film written and directed by Ashok Kaul, and it is the first Indian film which is almost two-thirds animated, with "live actors" doing the rest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19981109-bhagmati-indias-first-full-length-animated-feature-film-827334-1998-11-08|title=Mix 'n' match|date=9 November 1998|access-date=21 August 2015|publisher=India Today|archive-date=14 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114232849/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bhagmati-indias-first-full-length-animated-feature-film/1/265228.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The film is based on the love story between Prince [[Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah]] of Hyderabad and [[Bhagmati]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/24ashok.htm |title='I don't need Tabu to sell Bhaggmati' |work=Rediff.com |date=24 August 2005 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206184738/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/24ashok.htm |archive-date= 6 February 2017}}</ref>

At 2 hours and 40 minutes, the film was billed as "the world's longest animated film that also has living characters".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/film-and-tv/toon-first-for-india-1097085|title=Toon first for India|first=|last=|date=12 January 2013|website=Manchester Evening News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20020114-bhagmati-the-queen-of-fortunes-billed-indias-first-no-gags-animated-feature-film-796044-2002-01-13|title='Bhagmati-The Queen of Fortunes' billed India's first no-gags animated feature film|first=Himanshi|last=Dhawan|date=14 January 2002|website=India Today}}</ref>
== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=August 2024}}

==Cast==
*[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Shivaranjani/[[Bhagmati]]
*[[Milind Soman]] as Aseem/[[Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/21milind.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: The Milind Soman interview|website=rediff.com|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911025044/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/21milind.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Ashok Kaul as Professor Bhanupratap
*[[J. V. Somayajulu]]
*[[Mahima Chaudhry]] (voice)<ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/animation-action-in-debut-run/cid/1259154</ref>
*[[Hema Malini]] (cameo)

==Soundtrack==
#"Alvida" – [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
#"Falsafi O Falsafi" – [[Ravindra Jain]]
#"Ishq Abhi Tak Zinda Hai" – Farid Sabri, Vinod Sehgal
#"Jiya Jaye Amma" – [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]
#"Kaise Kahan Kab Ho Gaya" – Suresh Wadkar
#"Meri Jaan Meri Jaan Meri Jaan Meri Jaan" – [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
#"Prem Diwani" – [[Asha Bhosle]]
#"Suraj Ki Aag Mein" – [[Roop Kumar Rathod]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]

== Reception ==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film one out of five stars and wrote, "On the whole, ''BHAGGMATI - THE QUEEN OF FORTUNES'' is a poor show".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhaggmati-the-queen-of-fortunes/critic-review/bhaggmati-the-queen-of-fortunes-movie-review/ |title=Bhaggmati-The Queen of Fortunes Movie Review: BHAGGMATI - THE QUEEN OF FORTUNES is a poor show|first=Taran|last=Adarsh|author-link=Taran Adarsh|work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian animated feature films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0419499|Bhagmati}}

{{Indian animation industry}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravindra Jain]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Indian animated films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Premiership of Morarji Desai

2026-02-27T02:38:32Z

AndrewJordan: adjust structure

{{Short description|Period of the Indian government from 1977 to 1979}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|cabinet_name = Morarji Desai ministry
|cabinet_type = Ministry
|cabinet_number = 9th
|jurisdiction = the [[Republic of India]]
|incumbent =
|flag = Flag of India.svg
|flag_border = true
|image = Morarji Desai visits the USA (cropped).jpg
|date_formed = {{Start date|df=yes|1977|03|24}}
|date_dissolved = {{Start date|df=yes|1979|07|28}}
|government_head = [[Morarji Desai]]
|government_head_history =
|deputy_government_head =
|state_head = Basappa Danappa Jatti (Acting) (until 25 July 1977) 
[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] (from 25 July 1977)
|current_number =
|former_members_number =
|total_number =
|political_party = [[Janata Party]] ([[Janata alliance]])
|legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]{{Composition bar|295|542|{{party color|Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|election = [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|last_election = [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|legislature_term = {{Age in years, months and days|1977|03|24|1979|07|28}}
|budget =
|opposition_cabinet =
|opposition_party = [[Indian National Congress]] ([[1977 Indian general election#Results by alliance|Congress Alliance]])
|opposition_leader = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] (1 July 1977 – 11 April 1978; from 10 July 1979) [[C. M. Stephen]] (12 April 1978 – 9 July 1979) (Lok Sabha)
|incoming_formation =
|outgoing_formation =
|previous = [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry]]
|successor = [[Charan Singh ministry]]
}}
The '''premiership of Morarji Desai''' lasted from 24 March 1977 to 15 July 1979, following the [[Janata Party]]'s victory in the [[1977 Indian general election]] against the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]]. Upon taking office, [[Morarji Desai]] became the first [[Indian Prime Minister]] not belonging to the Congress party.<ref name="UK">{{cite web|title=OBITUARY: Morarji Desai|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html|work=The Independent|author=Kuldip Singh|date=1995-04-11|access-date=2009-06-27}}</ref>

==Emergency and election victory==
{{see also|The Emergency (India)|Desai ministry}}
The Janata Party was formed by political leaders and activists of various political parties who had been united in opposing the [[Indian Emergency|state of emergency]] imposed in 1975 by then-Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="UK"/><ref name="LOC">{{cite web|title=The Rise of Indira Gandhi|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0029)|publisher=Library of Congress Country Studies|access-date=2009-06-27}}</ref> After elections were called in 1977, the Janata Party was formed from the union of the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress (O)]], [[Swatantra Party]], [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party of India]], [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] and the [[Lok Dal]]. Congress defector [[Jagjivan Ram]], [[Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna]] & [[Nandini Satpathy]] formed the [[Congress for Democracy]] and joined the Janata alliance.<ref name="B">{{cite book|title=320 Million Judges|author=G. G. Mirchandani|pages=90–100|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2003|isbn=81-7017-061-3}}</ref> The widespread unpopularity of the Emergency rule helped Janata and its allies win a landslide victory in the election.

==Reversal of Emergency decrees==
The first actions taken by the Desai government were to formally end the state of emergency and media censorship and repeal the controversial executive decrees issued during the Emergency.<ref name="UK"/><ref name="LOC"/><ref name="POI2">{{cite book|title=The Politics of India Since Independence|author=Paul R. Brass |pages=40–50|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-521-45970-9}}</ref><ref name="B1">{{cite book|title=320 Million Judges|author=G. G. Mirchandani|pages=176–191|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2003|isbn=81-7017-061-3}}</ref> In addition, the Constitution was amended to make it more difficult for any future government to declare a state of emergency, while fundamental freedoms and the independence of India's judiciary were reaffirmed.<ref name="POI2"/><ref name="B1"/> The new government also withdrew all charges against the 25 accused in the [[Baroda dynamite case]], which included the new Minister of Industry, [[George Fernandes]].<ref name="B1"/> The Minister of Railways reinstated the railway employees disciplined after the May 1974 strike.<ref name="B1"/>

The Desai government proceeded to establish inquiry commissions and tribunals to investigate allegations of corruption and human rights abuses by members of Indira Gandhi's government, political party and the police forces. Specific inquiries were instituted on Sanjay Gandhi's management of the state-owned [[Maruti Udyog Ltd.]], the activities of the former Minister of Defence [[Bansi Lal]] and the [[1971 Nagarwala scandal]].<ref name="B1" /> Both Indira and her son Sanjay were charged with allegations of corruption and briefly arrested.

==Economic policy==
{{see also|Double Seven (soft drink)|l1=Double Seven}}
The Janata government had lesser success in achieving economic reforms. It launched the Sixth Five-Year Plan, aiming to boost agricultural production and rural industries. Seeking to promote economic self-reliance and indigenous industries, the government required multi-national corporations to go into partnership with Indian corporations. The policy proved controversial, diminishing foreign investment and led to the high-profile exit of corporations such as [[Coca-Cola]] and [[IBM]] from India.<ref name="IMM">{{cite book|title=India: From Midnight To Millennium|author=Shashi Tharoor |pages=164–66|publisher=Arcade Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-1-55970-803-6 }}</ref> But the government was unable to address the issues of resurging inflation, fuel shortages, unemployment and poverty. The legalisation of strikes and re-empowerment of trade unions affected business efficiency and economic production.

The Janata government tried to curb forgery and [[black money in India]] by demonetising notes of 1000, 5000 and 10000 Rupees on 16 January 1978.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Look Back to 1978 When Currency Notes Were Last Scrapped|url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2016/11/09/rs-500-1000-notes-scrapped-narendra-modi-a-look-back-at-1977-when-notes-were-scrapped-demonetization-black-money-rbi|access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Emergency}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Morarji, Premiership Of}}
[[Category:Janata Party]]
[[Category:Desai administration| ]]
[[Category:1970s in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Indian premierships]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1979 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal]]

Escorts Kubota Limited

2026-02-24T17:55:36Z

AndrewJordan: refine lead as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian multinational automotive engineering and manufacturing conglomerate}}
{{distinguish|Escort Group|Special Escort Group (disambiguation){{!}}Special Escort Group}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Escorts Kubota Limited
| logo = Escorts Kubota Limited.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|500495}} {{NSE|ESCORTS}}
| location = [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]], India
| founder = {{plainlist|
*[[Har Prasad Nanda|H P Nanda]]}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1944}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Nikhil Nanda]] ([[chairman]] and [[Managing Director|MD]])
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|9248|c}} (FY 2024)<ref name=FY21/>
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRconvert|1048|c}} (FY 2024)<ref name=FY21>{{cite news |title=Escorts Kubota AR23|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/b720f86b-361d-45f7-9a44-f67fd0f1a6bb.pdf |access-date=9 May 2024|work=bseindia.com}}</ref>
| industry = [[Agricultural machinery]] [[Automotive]] [[Engineering]]
| products = {{plainlist|
*[[Tractors]]
*[[Backhoe loader]]
*[[Crane (machine)|Cranes]]
*[[Crop protection]]
*[[Railway brake|Railway brake system]]
*[[Railway coupler]]s
*[[Compactor|Vibratory compactor]]}}
| owners = {{ubl|[[Kubota Corporation]] (53.50%)|Nanda family (14%)}}
| num_employees = 14,510 (2024)
| website = {{URL|http://www.escortskubota.com/}}
}}

'''Escorts Kubota Limited''', formerly '''Escorts Limited''', is an Indian multinational [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] that operates in the sectors of [[agricultural machinery]], construction machinery, material handling, and railway equipment. Its headquarters are located in [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]]. The company was launched in 1944 and has marketing operations in more than 40 countries. Escorts manufactures [[tractor]]s, automotive components, railway equipment, and construction and material handling equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Escorts Agri Machinery International {{!}} Escorts Agri Machinery|url=https://www.escortsgroup.com/agri-machinery/international/|access-date=2021-08-23|website=escortsgroup.com|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419112549/https://www.escortsgroup.com/agri-machinery/international/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Escorts Kubota Limited's management team includes [[Nikhil Nanda]] as the Chairman and Managing Director and Seizi Fukuoka as Deputy Managing Director.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-23/news/39475719_1_nikhil-nanda-escorts-s-sridhar|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130608140342/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-23/news/39475719_1_nikhil-nanda-escorts-s-sridhar|url-status = dead|archive-date = 8 June 2013|title=How Nikhil Nanda is transforming Escorts to recapture it's lost ground}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Can Nikhil Nanda turn around Escorts |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/can-nikhil-nanda-turn-around-escorts-115012101377_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=21 January 2015|last1=Bhandari |first1=Bhupesh }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-nikhil-nanda-at-escorts-ltd-wants-exports-to-drive-growth-looks-at-steering-construction-business-into-profits-2011515|title=Nikhil Nanda wants exports to drive growth |publisher=DNA Website | date=18 August 2014}}</ref>

== History ==
Escorts Limited was originally founded as Escorts Agents Ltd. in 1944 by brothers [[Har Prasad Nanda]] and Yudi Nanda. They started a family owned business, Nanda Bus Company, in [[Lahore]].

Escorts Limited was founded in 1960 after the company set up its manufacturing base at Faridabad and began manufacturing [[agricultural machinery]], [[X-ray generator|x-ray machines]] with [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation|Westinghouse]] and heating elements with Elpro.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview|url=https://www.escortsgroup.com/escorts-group/overview.html|access-date=2021-08-23|website=escortsgroup.com|archive-date=7 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807072420/https://www.escortsgroup.com/escorts-group/overview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In March 2020, [[Kubota Corporation]] acquired a 10% stake in Escorts Limited for {{INRconvert|1042|c|mode=historical|year=2020}} through preferential allotment, while Escorts Limited acquired a 40% stake in Kubota's Indian subsidiary, Kubota Agri Machinery India Pvt Ltd, for {{INRconvert|900|c|mode=historical|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Malyaban |title=Japan's Kubota Corp buys 10% stake in Escorts for ₹1042 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/japan-s-tubota-corp-buys-10-stake-in-escorts-for-1042-crore-11584719308219.html |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=Mint |date=21 March 2020}}</ref> In November 2021, Kubota increased its stake in Escorts Limited from 9.09% to 14.99% after acquiring an additional 5.90% stake through a preferential issue for {{INRconvert|1872|c|mode=historical|year=2021}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Japan's Kubota acquires additional 5.9% stake in Escorts for ₹1,873 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/japans-kubota-acquires-additional-59-stake-in-escorts-for-1873-crore/article37564695.ece |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=BusinessLine |date=18 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2022, Kubota increased its stake to 44.80% following an [[tender offer|open offer]] and subscription to new shares, and the company was renamed as Escorts Kubota Limited.<ref>{{cite news |title=Escorts changes name to Escorts Kubota as Japan firm raises stake though open offer |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/escorts-ltd-gets-approvals-to-change-its-name-to-escorts-kubota-with-effect-from-today-13773382.htm/ |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=CNBCTV18 |date=9 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Kubota's stake increased to 53.50% after the cancellation of all shares held by Escorts Benefit and Welfare Trust in the company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Escorts Kubota Limited |url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport?Id=122373 |publisher=ICRA |access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref>

In 2024, the [[NCLT]] approved a merger of Kubota Agricultural Machinery India Pvt Ltd and Escorts Kubota India Pvt Ltd with Escorts Kubota Limited.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Anupama |title=Escorts Kubota merger approved by NCLT |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/escorts-kubota-merger-approved-by-nclt/article68553537.ece |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=BusinessLine |date=22 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Businesses ==
=== Escorts Agri Machinery ===
Escorts Agri Machinery was launched in 1960. The company manufactures [[tractors]] under the brand names Farmtrac, Powertrac, and Steeltrac.<ref>{{cite web|title= Escorts forms JV with Amul Group for Specialised Tractors |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/escorts-forms-jv-with-amul-group-for-specialized-tractors/article7098945.ece |publisher=Hindu Business Line | date=13 April 2015}}</ref> The first Escorts tractors were produced in 1961 based on [[Ursus SA|Ursus]] license.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.escortsgroup.com/escorts-group/useful-links/history-milestones.html|title = History & Milestones}}</ref> In 1969, a partnership with [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] was set up to produce licensed Ford tractors for India.<ref name="escortsagri.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.escortsgroup.com/agri-machinery/|title=Agriculture Tractor, Farming Equipment & Machinery Manufacturer's in India- Escorts Agri Machinery|website=escortsgroup.com}}</ref>

Escorts has a plant in [[Mrągowo]], [[Poland]], that was purchased from [[Pol-Mot Holding|Pol-Mot]] in 2000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://farmtrac.com.pl/en_ofirmie.php |title=Farmtrac |website=farmtrac.com.pl |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017230730/http://farmtrac.com.pl/en_ofirmie.php |archive-date=17 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and four plants in India. There was an assembly plant in [[Tarboro, North Carolina]], that was purchased from Long Agri, but the North American subsidiary went into [[receivership]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tractordata.com/news/2008/02/farmtrac-troubles.html|title=TractorData.com - Farmtrac stops production|website=tractordata.com}}</ref>

===Escorts Kubota – Construction Equipment===

Escorts Kubota Limited – Construction Equipment manufactures and markets construction and material handling equipment like Safe Cranes, Hydra Cranes, backhoe loaders & compactors. Formerly, Escorts Construction Equipment Limited, their manufacturing and assembly facility is located in [[Faridabad, Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.escortsgroup.com/construction-equipment |title=Construction Equipment Manufacturers & Suppliers in India, Construction Equipment Company in India | Escorts ECE }}</ref>

===Railway Equipment Division===

The Railway Equipment Division manufactures and supplies critical railway components such as air brake systems, EP brake systems, draft gears and couplers, composition brake blocks, dampers, and rubber components to the [[Indian Railways]]. The manufacturing facility is located in Sector 24, Faridabad.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

===Escorts Auto Products===

Escorts Auto Products manufactures auto suspension products such as shock absorbers, struts, and telescopic front forks for the [[automotive industry]]. The company collaborated with Fichtel & Sachs to introduce the concept of shock absorbers to be manufactured in India in 1966. In 2016, Escorts' Auto Products business was divested to Pune-based Badve Engineering.<ref>{{cite news|title= Escorts divests auto products business to Badve Engineering |newspaper= Business Standard India |url= http://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-manufacturing-industry/escorts-divests-auto-products-business-to-badve-engineering-116081100881_1.html |publisher=Business Standard | date=11 August 2016|last1= Rao |first1= Rakesh }}</ref>

===Motorcycles===
The motorcycle division of Escorts group used to manufacture Polish [[SHL M11]] {{cvt|175|cc|abbr=on}} motorcycles under the brand name '''Rajdoot''' from the early 1960s until 2005.<ref>{{in lang|pl}} Adam Zakrzewski, ''Auto-moto PRL: władcy dróg i poboczy'', Demart, Warsaw 2010, {{ISBN|978-83-7427-484-5}}, p.131</ref>

In the early 1980s, Escorts started making [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] motorcycles in India. [[Rajdoot 350]] was launched in 1983, which was later followed by the [[Yamaha RX 100]] in 1985. The "RX" name signified "Rajdoot × Yamaha".<ref name=autosorigins>{{cite web | url = https://www.autos.id/berita-otomotif/kisah-cikal-bakal-lahirnya-yamaha-rx-king/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240721175204/https://www.autos.id/berita-otomotif/kisah-cikal-bakal-lahirnya-yamaha-rx-king/ | archive-date = 2024-07-21 | title = Kisah Cikal Bakal Lahirnya Yamaha RX-King | trans-title = The Story of the Origin of the Yamaha RX-King | language = id | work = Autos.id | first = Kukuh | last = Wicaksono | date = 2017-10-10 }}</ref> The motorcycle manufacturing unit in Faridabad, India, was sold to Yamaha in 2001 when Escorts decided to quit the motorcycle business to concentrate on tractors and auto components.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/|title=Archive News|website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cartoq.com/10-forgotten-bikes-of-india/|title=10 Forgotten Bikes of India|date=30 June 2016}}</ref>

==Knowledge Management Centre==
The Escorts Knowledge Management Centre (KMC) was created in 1976 and is spread over {{Convert|100000|m2|mi2|abbr=}} in Faridabad. The centre designs tractors. It has facilities such as an engine laboratory that has computerised test beds with online control, [[data acquisition]], and analysis; an advanced vehicle testing laboratory; a noise vibration and harshness lab; a metrology lab; and a materials engineering lab.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Escorts Knowledge Management Centre in Faridabad, Haryana, India – Company Profile|url=https://www.tradeindia.com/Seller-6952798-Escorts-Knowledge-Management-Centre/|access-date=2021-08-23|website=tradeindia.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Agricultural machinery manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Tractor manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in Haryana]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1960]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Chumik Glacier

2026-02-18T05:09:14Z

AndrewJordan: brief update formatting for clarity and improved wording

{{Short description|Glacier in Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox glacier
| name = Chumik Glacier
| image =
| caption =
| type = Mountain glacier
| location = [[Karakoram]] range, [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Pakistan]]
| map = Gilgit Baltistan#Pakistan
| map_caption = Location in Pakistan
| label_position = right
| map_size =
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| area =
| length = {{cvt|23|km|mi|0}}
| thickness =
| terminus =
| status =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

[[File:Un-kashmir-jammu.png|thumb|420x380px|right|[[United Nations]] map of Siachen Glacier showing ''"Point NJ980420"'' (Point NJ9842) as the starting point of the ''"Actual Ground Position Line"'' (AGPL). The [[Nubra River]] valley and Siachen Glacier are held by India. The AGPL starts from NJ9842 and goes north to near Indira Col West. Goma military camp, Masherbrum Range, Baltoro Glacier, Baltoro Glacier, Baltoro Muztagh and K2 are held by Pakistan.]]
[[File:Kashmir_map.jpg|thumb|420x346px|right|Indo-Pak mutually-agreed undisputed ''"International Border"'' (IB) in the black line, Indo-Pak ''"Line of Control"'' (LoC) in black dotted line in the north and west, Indo-Sino ''"Line of Actual"'' (LAC) in black dotted line in the east, Indo-Pak line across Siachen in north is ''"Actual Ground Position Line"'' (AGPL). The areas shown in green are the two Pakistani-controlled areas: Gilgit–Baltistan in the north and Azad Kashmir in the south. The area shown in orange is the Indian-controlled territories of Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh, and the diagonally-hatched area to the east is the Chinese-controlled area known as Aksai Chin. ''"Territories ceded by Pakistan to China claimed by India"'' in the north is Shaksgam ([[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]).]]

'''Chumik Glacier''' in [[Pakistan]] is located on the west of [[Saltoro|Saltoro ridge]],<ref name=Raghavan>{{cite book|title=Siachen: Conflict without End|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0670049226|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQduAAAAMAAJ&q=Chumik+Glacier|author=V.R. Raghavan|access-date=30 April 2012|page=95|date=15 April 2003}}</ref> it is a 4-mile-long offshoot of the [[Bilafond Glacier]].<ref name=Sandia>{{cite web|title=Demilitarization of the Siachen Conflict Zone: Concepts for Implementation and Monitoring|url=http://www.cmc.sandia.gov/cmc-papers/sand20075670.pdf|publisher=Sandia National Laboratories|access-date=30 April 2012|author=Asad Hakeem, Gurmeet Kanwal|author2=Michael Vannoni|author3=Gaurav Rajen|location=Albuquerque, New Mexico|page=28|id=SAND2007-5670|date=September 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417040258/http://www.cmc.sandia.gov/cmc-papers/sand20075670.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2012}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|Gyong La#Conflict|Siachen conflict}}

In military terminology, Chumik is a minor sub sector of Bilafond Sub Sector,<ref name=mil1>[https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/chumik-operation.php Chumik ops].</ref> near [[Gyong La]].

In March 1989, [[Indian Army]] launched the [[Siachen_conflict#Major_combat_operations|Operation Ibex]] to seize the Pakistani post overlooking the Chumik Glacier. The operation was unsuccessful at dislodging Pakistani troops from their positions. The Indian Army under Brig. R. K. Nanavatty then launched an artillery attack on Kauser Base, the Pakistani logistical node on Chumik Glacier. The destruction of Kauser Base induced Pakistani troops to vacate their Chumik posts just west of Gyong La, and Operation Ibex concluded.<ref name="Brig. Javed Hassan (Retired)">[http://tribune.com.pk/story/368394/the-fight-for-siachen/ The fight for Siachen], Brig. Javed Hassan (Retd) 22 April 2012, ''The Express Tribune''</ref> Chumik Glacier to this day is under the control of Pakistani forces, the Pakistani forces are stationed on a post called "Sher Post" which is perched on a ridge at the head of the Chumik Glacier at 19,000 feet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2020 |title=The Coldest War {{!}} Outside Online |url=https://www.outsideonline.com/1912811/coldest-war#:~:text=Sher%20is%20perched,on%20fixed%20ropes. |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502144702/https://www.outsideonline.com/1912811/coldest-war#:~:text=Sher%20is%20perched,on%20fixed%20ropes. |archive-date=2 May 2020 }}</ref>

==See also==

; Near the AGPL (Actual Ground Position Line)
* [[NJ9842]], LoC ends and AGPL begins
* [[Gyong La]]
* [[Saltoro Mountains]]
* [[Saltoro Kangri]]
* [[Ghent Kangri]]
* [[Bilafond La]]
* [[Sia La]]
* [[Indira Col]], AGPL ends at LAC
* [[Chumik Kangri]]

; Borders
* [[Actual Ground Position Line]] (AGPL)
* [[India–Pakistan border|India–Pakistan International Border]] {IB)
* [[Line of Control]] {LoC)
* [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC)
* [[Sir Creek]] (SC)
* [[Borders of China]]
* [[Borders of India]]
* [[:Category:Borders of Pakistan|Borders of Pakistan]]

; Conflicts
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Siachen conflict]]
* [[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian conflict]]
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of China|List of disputed territories of China]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan|List of disputed territories of Pakistan]]
* [[Northern Areas|Gilgit Baltistan]]
* [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]

; Operations
* [[Operation Meghdoot]], by India
* [[Operation Rajiv]], by India
* [[Operation Safed Sagar]], by India

; Other related topics
* [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Bana Singh]], after whom Quaid Post was renamed to Bana Top
* [[Dafdar]], westernmost town in Trans-Karakoram Tract
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Sino-Pakistan Agreement]] for transfer of Trans-Karakoram Tract to China

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Glaciers of Gilgit-Baltistan}}

[[Category:Glaciers of the Karakoram]]
[[Category:Glaciers of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Glaciers of Gilgit-Baltistan]]

{{Pakistan-glacier-stub}}
{{India-glacier-stub}}

Lulu Mall, Hyderabad

2026-02-14T03:48:53Z

AndrewJordan: Created First Article Added Tags.

{{Short description|Shopping mall in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = LuLu Mall Hyderabad
| image = LuLu Mall in Hyderabad.jpg
| caption = LuLu Mall in Hyderabad
| logo =
| logo_width =
| location =
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| coordinates =
| address =
| opening_date = 27 September 2023
| developer =
| owner = [[LuLu Group International]]
| architect =
| number_of_stores =
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area =
| floors =
| parking =
| publictransit =
| website = https://www.hyderabad.lulumall.in/
}}

'''Lulu Mall Hyderabad''' is a shopping mall located in [[Hyderabad]], the capital city of [[Telangana]], India. It is the first lulu mall in the state of Telangana, located in [[Kukatpally]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=LuLu Group set to unveil its 1st mall in Hyderabad on September 27 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2023/sep/27/lulu-group-set-to-unveil-its-1st-mall-in-hyderabad-on-september-27-2618591.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The New Indian Express|date=27 September 2023 }}</ref> The mall was inaugurated in September 2023 and houses shops for both domestic and international brands as well as a multi-cuisine food court, a theatre, and other amenities. The estimated cost for this project was more than ₹300 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title=LuLu Group enters Telangana with 1st mall, 2 million sq ft mega complex next |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lulu-enters-t-with-1st-mall-2m-sq-ft-mega-complex-next/articleshow/103975180.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The property is owned and managed by [[Abu Dhabi]] based [[LuLu Group International]].<ref name="Kumar">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=N. Ravi |date=2023-09-27 |title=Lulu shopping mall opened in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/lulu-shopping-mall-opened-in-hyderabad/article67352441.ece |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
The LuLu International Shopping Mall, Hyderabad (commonly LuLu Mall Hyderabad) is the first [[LuLu Group International|LuLu Group mall]] in [[Telangana]], opened on 27 September 2023 at [[Kukatpally|Kukatpally Housing Board Colony]]. Its inauguration by Telangana Municipal Administration Minister [[K. T. Rama Rao]] and LuLu Group Chairman [[M. A. Yusuff Ali]] marked the culmination of a ₹300 crore investment and a two‑year redevelopment of the former Manjeera Mall site into a destination retail and entertainment hub.<ref name="Kumar"/> The project was part of a broader ₹3,500 crore commitment by LuLu Group to develop retail, food‑processing, and export‑oriented facilities in Telangana, following a memorandum of understanding signed during the [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]].<ref name="Sohni">{{Cite web |last=Sohni|first=Ruchi Rai |date=2023-09-26 |title=Lulu Group opens first mall in Hyderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/lulu-group-opens-first-mall-in-hyderabad |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The LuLu Mall Hyderabad is spread over 500,000 sq ft of retail space. It comprises six floors of shopping and four basement levels of parking. The steel‑and‑glass facade was redesigned by a European consultant to improve natural lighting and energy efficiency, while the open‑plan [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium]] rises through all six retail levels, flooded with daylight via a 20 m × 10 m [[skylight]].<ref name="Sandeep">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sandeep |date=2023-10-22 |title=Inside Lulu Hyderabad Mall |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2023/10/22/inside-lulu-hyderabad-mall/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=India Retailing |language=English}}</ref>
A 200,000 sq ft LuLu Hypermarket anchors the ground level, with 2 lakh sq ft dedicated to grocery and fresh‑produce sections engineered for optimized cold‑chain logistics and hygienic workflows.<ref name="Kumar"/> Entertainment facilities include a 1,400‑seat Cinepolis multiplex, a 20,000 sq ft Funtura rides zone, and a 15‑outlet multi‑cuisine food court with a combined seating capacity of over 500.<ref name="Sandeep"/> The mall's mechanical services central HVAC plants, 12 high‑speed elevators, and 8 escalators are housed in a discrete service core, ensuring streamlined circulation and minimal visual clutter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us - LuLu Mall |url=https://www.hyderabad.lulumall.in/about-us/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=LuLu Mall |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[LuLu Group International]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Shopping malls in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|17.489973|N|78.393021|E|type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2023]]
[[Category:Lulu Malls]]
[[Category:LuLu Group]]

Suman Sahai

2026-02-12T03:00:02Z

AndrewJordan: corrected article and improved wording

{{short description|Indian biochemist and activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suman Sahai
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| citizenship = India
| education = [[Ph.D.]], 1975
| alma_mater =[[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]]
| occupation = Founding director
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization = [[Gene Campaign]]
| known_for =
| awards = [[Order of the Golden Ark]], [[Borlaug Award]], [[Padma Shri]]
| website = 
}}

'''Suman Sahai''' is an Indian [[activist]] and the founder of [[Gene Campaign]].

==Career==
Sahai obtained a [[Ph.D.]] from the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]]<ref name="intoday1">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20100510-how-i-made-it-suman-sahai-742784-2010-04-28 |title=How I made it: Suman Sahai : Aspire |work=[[India Today]] |date=2010-04-29 |access-date=2013-03-29}}</ref> in 1975. She then successively worked at the [[University of Alberta]], [[University of Chicago]], and the [[University of Heidelberg]], where she obtained her [[habilitation]] in [[human genetics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldacademy.org/view/nomination/3916 |title=Dr Suman Sahai: Curriculum vitae |publisher=[[World Academy of Art and Science]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412160910/http://www.worldacademy.org/view/nomination/3916 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |access-date=2013-04-12 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> According to the [[Web of Science]], Sahai has published over 40 articles, mostly on policy issues relating to [[genetically modified organism]]s, which have been cited about 200 times, giving her an [[h-index]] of 9.<ref>[[Web of Science]], accessed 2021-04-16.</ref> She is director of the [[NGO]], Gene Campaign.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nj7215-1002a |title=Making a difference |year=2008 |last1=Basu |first1=Paroma |last2=Qiu |first2=Jane|author2-link=Jane Qiu|last3=Powell |first3=Kendall |journal=Nature |volume=455 |issue=7215 |pages=1002–3 |pmid=18938259}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nbt1102-1069 |title=Poor crop management plagues Bt cotton experiment in India |year=2002 |last1=Jayaraman |first1=K.S. |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=1069 |pmid=12410241|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/361291a0 |title=Indians protest against US-led gene bank |year=1993 |journal=Nature |volume=361 |issue=6410 |pages=291 |pmid= | bibcode = 1993Natur.361..291J |last1=Jayaraman |first1=K.S. |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Order of the Golden Ark]], 2001<ref name="intoday1"/>
* [[Borlaug Award]], 2004<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/31/stories/2004013106441200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040507031931/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/31/stories/2004013106441200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-05-07 |title=Subba Rao, Suman Sahai get Borlaug award |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2004-01-31 |access-date=2013-03-29}}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri]], 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=69364 |title=Press Information Bureau English Releases: Padma Awards Announced |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2013-03-29}}</ref>

==Plagiarism==
In April 2013, Sahai was shown to have committed [[plagiarism]] in her habilitation thesis,<ref name=LJ>{{cite journal |last=Köppelle |first=Winfried |title=Heidelberger Habilitations-Humbug |journal=Laborjournal |date=2013-04-09 |issue=4 |pages=14–17 |language=de |issn=1612-8354 |oclc=85726582 |url=http://www.biotech-europe.de/editorials/726.lasso |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510010709/http://www.biotech-europe.de/editorials/726.lasso |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} [http://www.ask-force.org/web/India/Koeppelle-Heidelberg-Habilitation-Humbug-english-20130418.pdf English translation]</ref> which had been submitted to the University of Heidelberg in 1986.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://katalog.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/titel/2547898 |author=Suman Sahai |title=Elucidation of the role of neurotransmitter glutamate in normal and abnormal mental function |publisher=University Library Heidelberg |via=HEIDI |year=1986 |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref> In addition, she was accused of presenting herself as being or having been a [[professor]] at that University, without ever actually having occupied such a position.<ref name=LJ /> On 14 April 2013, the University of Heidelberg confirmed that plagiarism had taken place, that Sahai has no right to call herself a professor of the University of Heidelberg, and that in consequence Sahai had agreed to renounce her ''[[venia legendi]]''.<ref name=LJ /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/ShowSingleNews.176.0.html?&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=6772&cHash=493fc2a4bdbf14a5532b76df14417abd |title=Stellungnahme der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Heidelberg |archive-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424120242/http://www.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/ShowSingleNews.176.0.html?&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=6772&cHash=493fc2a4bdbf14a5532b76df14417abd |publisher=UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg |access-date=2013-04-29 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, Sahai's short bio at the [[World Academy of Art and Science]] still lists her as "Professor of Genetics, University of Heidelberg".<ref>{{cite web |title=Suman Sahai |url=https://members.worldacademy.org/author/SSahai/ |website=Member Directory |publisher=World Academy of Art and Science |access-date=2025-08-22}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Scientific misconduct]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Authority control}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahai, Suman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Academic scandals]]
[[Category:Anti-GMO activists]]
[[Category:Heidelberg University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian women biochemists]]
[[Category:People involved in scientific misconduct incidents]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]

Naval War College, Goa

2026-02-09T13:08:37Z

AndrewJordan: small changes

{{Short description|Military academy of the Indian Navy}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Naval War College
| native_name =
| image_name = Indian Naval War College.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = {{lang|sa|संग्रामॆ नैपुण्यम}} {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}}
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| mottoeng = Perfection in War
| established = 1988
| closed =
| type = [[War college]]
| parent =
| affiliation = [[University of Mumbai]]
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label = Commandant
| head = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Arjun Dev Nair]] {{small|[[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]}}
| staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city =
| state =
| province = [[Goa]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus =
| former_names = {{unbulleted list|College of Naval Warfare}}
| free_label =
| free =
| sports =
| colors =
| colours =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| athletics =
| affiliations =
| website = [https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/naval-war-college-goa Naval War College]
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Naval War College''' (NWC) is a premier training institution of the [[Indian Navy]], located in [[Goa]]. The college aims at developing leadership qualities of the officers of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] at the strategic and operational level. It is one of the three [[War College]]s of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], [[Army War College, Mhow]] and [[College of Air Warfare]], being the other two. The NWC operates under the [[Southern Naval Command]], which is the training command of the Indian Navy.

==History==
The Naval War College was established on 17 September 1988 as the '''College of Naval Warfare''' at Karanja in [[Mumbai]]. The first Naval Higher Command Course began in 1988, while the first Technical Management Course commenced in 1994. By 2005, the Naval academy was to move from Goa to its new campus in [[Ezhimala]]. It was decided that CNW would move into the Naval Academy campus. On 18 August 2010, the CNW was renamed Naval War College and finally shifted to Goa in September 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quarterdeck 2015 |url=https://www.navyfoundationmumbaicharter.in/doc/qd2015.pdf |website=navyfoundationmumbaicharter.in}}</ref>

==Courses==
The NWC conducts the following courses:

===Naval Higher Command Course===
This is the flagship course of NWC which runs for around 37 weeks. The course is attended by Indian Armed Forces Officers of the rank of [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]], [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] and [[Group Captain]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Inaugural Function of Naval Higher Command Course-32 at Naval War College, Goa |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/inaugural-function-naval-higher-command-course-32-naval-war-college-goa |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>

===Regional Maritime Security Course===
The Regional Maritime Security Course is conducted over 8 weeks. The course is aimed at Officers of the rank of [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]], [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] and [[Group Captain]] from the maritime security forces of Friendly Foreign Countries, like [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Myanmar]], [[Maldives]], [[Oman]], etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Maritime Security Course (RMSC) Commences at Naval War College, Goa |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/regional-maritime-security-course-rmsc-commences-naval-war-college-goa |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>

===Technical Management Course ===
The Technical Management Courseis a 22-week course conducted jointly by the NWC and [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=25th Technical Management Course commences at Naval War College Goa. A 20 week course jointly conducted by @indiannavy & #JamnalalBajajInstituteofMgmtStudies, was formally inaugurated Sh Dharmendra Sharma IAS, Chief Secy Goapic.twitter.com/6fjkaVVmTv |url=https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/996038120406564869 |website=@indiannavy |language=en |date=14 May 2018}}</ref> The course is attended by Naval officers of the rank of [[Commander]].

==Accreditations and degrees==
The participants of the Naval Higher Command Course receive a [[Master of Philosophy]] degree from the [[University of Mumbai]], while the participants of the Technical Management Course receive the [[Postgraduate diploma]] from [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]].

==Other events and programmes==
The NWC conducts the Goa Maritime Conclave and Goa Maritime Symposium annually. These events are organised as a regional cooperation and diplomatic forum on maritime subjects. The NWC also has faculty exchange programmes with its counterparts in the [[United States]], [[Japan]], and [[Myanmar]]. The Commanders' Conclave is held at the NWC annually and is attended by the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] and the Flag Officers Commanding-in-Chief [[Western Naval Command]], [[Eastern Naval Command]], [[Southern Naval Command]] and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Naval War College, Goa |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/naval-war-college-goa |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>

==Leadership==
===Commandants===
The ''College of Naval Warfare'' was headed by a director. The appointment was filled by a [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]. The appointment was upgraded to [[two-star rank]] and re-designated Commandant Naval War College. [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[R. Hari Kumar]], {{small|[[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]}} was appointed the first Commandant on 30 January 2012.<ref name="Comdt NWC"/>

The Commandant leads the Senior Directing Staff of the College, who function as the faculty and is assisted by the Deputy Commandant, held by a Commodore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Goa Maritime Symposium (GMS) - 2021 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1718329 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;"|S.No.
! scope="col" style="width: 350px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Notes
|-
|1
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[R. Hari Kumar]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|30 January 2012
|30 January 2014
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref name="Comdt NWC">{{cite web |title=Naval War College International Alumni Portal |url=https://alumni.indiannavy.gov.in/nwc/index.php |website=alumni.indiannavy.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Monty Khanna {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|30 January 2014
|29 November 2017
|<ref>{{cite web |title=REAR ADMIRAL MONTY KHANNA, AVSM, NM (RETD) |url=https://www.nias.res.in/sites/default/files/Bio%20-%20Rear%20Admiral%20Monty%20Khanna%20%28Retd%29.pdf |website=nias.res.in}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Sandeep Beecha
|29 November 2017
|18 February 2020
|Earlier [[Flag Officer Commanding Gujarat Naval Area]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Sandeep Beecha Takes Over Charge as the Commandant, Naval War College |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/rear-admiral-sandeep-beecha-takes-over-charge-commandant-naval-war-college |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Sanjay Jasjit Singh]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|18 February 2020
|26 February 2021
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Sanjay J Singh Takes over as Commandant, NWC Goa |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1603878 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[S. Venkat Raman]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|26 February 2021
|23 May 2022
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding Tamil Nadu & Puducherry Naval Area]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral S Venkat Raman Takes Charge of Naval War College at Goa |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/rear-admiral-s-venkat-raman-takes-charge-naval-war-college-goa |website=indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Rajesh Dhankhar]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|23 May 2022
|9 November 2023
|Current [[Director General Project Seabird]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Rajesh Dhankhar takes Charge of Naval War College at Goa |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/rear-admiral-rajesh-dhankhar-takes-charge-naval-war-college-goa |website=indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Arjun Dev Nair]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|20 November 2023
|Present
|Current Commandant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Arjun Dev Nair takes charge as commandant of Naval War College in Goa |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/rear-admiral-arjun-dev-nair-takes-charge-as-commandant-of-naval-war-college-in-goa-1503242889.html |website=thestatesman.com |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>
|}

===Deputy Commandants===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;"|S.No.
! scope="col" style="width: 350px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Notes
|-
|1
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Srikant Kesnur
|31 March 2012
|5 July 2013
|
|-
|2
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] K. G. Vishwanathan {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|21 August 2013
|24 March 2015
|
|-
|3
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] V. R. Peshwae
|25 March 2015
|22 February 2016
|
|-
|4
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Shiv Tewari
|23 February 2016
|24 July 2016
|
|-
|5
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Ashok Rai
|25 July 2016
|26 May 2019
|
|-
|6
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] [[Gurcharan Singh (admiral)|Gurcharan Singh]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|16 July 2019
|8 January 2021
|Current [[Chief of Personnel (Indian Navy)|Chief of Personnel]].
|-
|7
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Nitin Kapoor
|9 January 2021
|30 April 2023
|
|-
|7
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Prashant Chandrasekharan
|1 May 2023
|12 September 2025
|
|-
|8
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] P. Sasi Kumar
|13 September 2025
|Present
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Army War College, Mhow]]
* [[College of Air Warfare]]
* [[Indian National Defence University]]
* [[Military academies in India|Military Academies in India]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Indian Navy}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Military academies of India]]
[[Category:Military education and training in India]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1988]]
[[Category:War colleges]]
[[Category:Naval War College, Goa| ]]

Ajit Mohan

2026-02-06T07:41:49Z

AndrewJordan: made the entry from scratch.

{{Short description|Indian technology executive}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ajit Mohan
| honorific_suffix =
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| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|46|2021|05|24}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thakur |first1=Arnika |last2=Sen |first2=Abhik |title=Facebook's new game plan for India |journal=[[Fortune India]] |date=24 May 2021 |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/technology/facebooks-new-game-plan-for-india/105494 |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181647/https://www.fortuneindia.com/technology/facebooks-new-game-plan-for-india/105494 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| other_names =
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| education =
| alma_mater = {{Flatlist|
* [[Nanyang Technological University]]
* [[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies]] ([[Johns Hopkins University]]
* [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton School]] ([[University of Pennsylvania]])
}}
| occupation =
| years_active =
| era =
| employer = [[Snap Inc.]]
| organization = {{Flatlist|
* [[Meta Platforms|Meta India]]
* [[Internet and Mobile Association of India]]
* [[Museum of Art & Photography]]
}}
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}}
'''Ajit Mohan''' is an Indian technology executive who is currently serving as the Chief Business Officer <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem |url=https://www.techinasia.com/news/snap-appoints-exmeta-india-head-cbo |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=www.techinasia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> of [[Snap Inc.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Meta India chief Ajit Mohan quits, to join rival platform Snap |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/meta-india-chief-ajit-mohan-quits-to-join-rival-platform-snap-article-95282851 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> Previously, he was the President for the Asia-Pacific operations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagai |first=Pratishtha |date=2025-02-05 |title=Snap promotes APAC head Ajit Mohan as CBO to grow ad business {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/snapchat-ajit-mohan-promotion-cbo-ad-business-december-quarter-revenue-11738752411078.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401220613/https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/snapchat-ajit-mohan-promotion-cbo-ad-business-december-quarter-revenue-11738752411078.html |archive-date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2025-05-03 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He was also vice president and managing director of [[Meta Platforms|Meta India]] (formerly Facebook India) and the [[chief executive officer]] of [[Star India]]'s [[streaming media]] platform [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]]. Mohan was a consultant for the firms [[Arthur D. Little]] and [[McKinsey & Company]] earlier in his career, and he was a member of the [[Internet and Mobile Association of India]] and the [[Museum of Art & Photography]], among other organizations.

==Early life and education==
Mohan was born in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].<ref name=Sharma>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sanjukta |title=Ajit Mohan: Streaming success |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/iTXbK0eIlm4tNKzZGk84tK/Ajit-Mohan-Streaming-success.html |access-date=10 May 2022 |newspaper=Mint |date=27 July 2018 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181729/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/iTXbK0eIlm4tNKzZGk84tK/Ajit-Mohan-Streaming-success.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His father completed [[signals intelligence]] work for the [[Indian Air Force]] and fought in the [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref name=Sharma/> Mohan was raised in [[Eloor]]'s Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Limited neighborhood. In 1993, at the age of 18, he received a scholarship and boarded his first flight to study in Singapore, where he earned a [[Bachelor of Applied Science]] degree in [[computer engineering]] from [[Nanyang Technological University]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Ameerudheen |first1=TA |title=Up close with Facebook's India head Ajit Mohan: 'Gender equality crucial in a sustainable internet economy' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/business/2019/09/30/facebook-india-head-ajit-mohan-interview.html |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=30 September 2019 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181729/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/business/2019/09/30/facebook-india-head-ajit-mohan-interview.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharari |first1=Sakshi |title=Ajit Mohan explains why India is such a significant market for Meta in 2022. |url=https://www.businessoutreach.in/ajit-mohan-explains-why-india-is-such-a-significant-market-for-meta-in-2022/ |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=Business Outreach |date=22 February 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705152644/https://www.businessoutreach.in/ajit-mohan-explains-why-india-is-such-a-significant-market-for-meta-in-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mohan also earned a [[master's degree]] in [[international relations]] from the [[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies]] at [[Johns Hopkins University]],<ref name="IBT">{{cite news |last1=Sunny |first1=Ken |title=Who is Ajit Mohan? All you need to know about Facebook India's new chief |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/who-ajit-mohan-all-you-need-know-about-facebook-indias-new-chief-781445 |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=25 September 2018 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181646/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/who-ajit-mohan-all-you-need-know-about-facebook-indias-new-chief-781445 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a [[Master of Business Administration]] degree in finance from the [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton School]] of the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref name="BT">{{cite news |title=Who is Ajit Mohan, the new Facebook India head |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/who-is-ajit-mohan-the-new-vp-and-md-of-facebook-india-110168-2018-09-25 |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=Business Today|location=India |date=25 September 2018 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181729/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/who-is-ajit-mohan-the-new-vp-and-md-of-facebook-india-110168-2018-09-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Mohan's career began at the international [[management consulting]] firm [[Arthur D. Little]] in 1997. He became a consultant at [[McKinsey & Company]] in 2005.<ref name=BT/> According to ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', he was based in the United States and focused on "media projects that required him to work closely with film and TV studios, production companies, children's entertainment companies, women's apparel and footwear, and online gaming".<ref name=Sharma/> He returned to India as a fellow at McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) in 2008,<ref name=BT/> and worked with clients that included the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]], the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], and the [[International Center for Research on Women]].<ref name=Sharma/> He co-authored MGI's 2010 report "India's Urban Awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth", which addressed [[urbanization in India]]. Mohan also wrote ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''{{'s}} Weekend Panorama column for India Real Time regularly, as of 2011.<ref name=Rana/><ref name=Quint/>

In April 2012, Mohan joined the Star Network, where he held various roles including senior vice president and executive vice president. He became the head of its digital business in 2013, from where he launched the live sports platform Starsports.com and [[Star India]]'s [[streaming media]] platform [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]] in 2015,<ref name=Sharma/> and was later named [[chief executive officer]] (CEO) in April 2016.<ref name="Quint">{{cite news |title=Hotstar CEO Ajit Mohan Named New Facebook India Managing Director |url=https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/hotstar-ceo-ajit-mohan-join-facebook-india-managing-director |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=24 September 2018 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181646/https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/hotstar-ceo-ajit-mohan-join-facebook-india-managing-director |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''[[Fortune India]]'', Mohan "played an important role in Star India's foray into video streaming when [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] started to live stream the [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|ICC World Twenty20]] cricket tournament in 2014".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Fortune India |date=25 September 2018 |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/ajit-mohan-to-head-facebook-in-india/102499 |access-date=9 May 2022 |title=Ajit Mohan to head Facebook in India |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705152643/https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/ajit-mohan-to-head-facebook-in-india/102499 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2018,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thakur |first1=Arnika |title=WhatsApp appoints Ezetap's Abhijit Bose as India head |journal=Fortune India |date=21 November 2018 |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/whatsapp-appoints-ezetaps-abhijit-bose-as-india-head/102699 |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181651/https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/whatsapp-appoints-ezetaps-abhijit-bose-as-india-head/102699 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mohan was named vice president and managing director of Facebook India,<ref name=BT/> where he oversaw [[Facebook]]'s Indian operations starting in January 2019.<ref name=Stars/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=Aveek |title=Why Facebook is 'feeling optimistic' with Ajit Mohan |journal=Fortune India |date=26 September 2018 |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/why-facebook-is-feeling-optimistic-with-ajit-mohan/102507 |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930185945/https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/why-facebook-is-feeling-optimistic-with-ajit-mohan/102507 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, Mohan appeared before the [[Parliament of India]]'s Standing Committee on Information Technology, which was led by a member of the opposition Congress party, on behalf of Facebook India to discuss "safeguarding citizens' rights" and the "prevention of misuse of social/online news media platforms".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Purnell |first1=Newley |last2=Roy |first2=Rajesh |title=Facebook, Under Pressure in India, Bans Politician for Hate Speech |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-under-pressure-in-india-bans-politician-for-hate-speech-11599105042 |access-date=27 June 2022 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181646/https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-under-pressure-in-india-bans-politician-for-hate-speech-11599105042 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Variyar |first1=Mugdha |title=Parliamentary Committee questions Facebook India MD Ajit Mohan on social media misuse |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/parliamentary-committee-questions-facebook-india-md-ajit-mohan-on-social-media-misuse-6808321.htm |access-date=9 May 2022 |publisher=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181646/https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/parliamentary-committee-questions-facebook-india-md-ajit-mohan-on-social-media-misuse-6808321.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Karishma |title=Facebook India chief Ajit Mohan appears before House panel, faces many questions |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/facebook-india-chief-ajit-mohan-appears-before-parliamentary-panel-6580491/ |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 September 2020 |oclc=70274541 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523172025/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/facebook-india-chief-ajit-mohan-appears-before-parliamentary-panel-6580491/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Facebook's India head Ajit Mohan deposes before Parliamentary panel |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/facebook-s-india-head-deposes-before-parliamentary-panel-120121600780_1.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[Business Standard]]|location=India |date=16 December 2020 |oclc=496280002 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181734/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/facebook-s-india-head-deposes-before-parliamentary-panel-120121600780_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, he was summoned by the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]'s Peace and Harmony Committee to appear as a witness on behalf of Facebook India in connection with the [[2020 Delhi riots]].<ref name="Mint">{{cite news |last1=Khanna |first1=Pretika |title=Delhi assembly panel summons Facebook India MD Ajit Mohan over inaction to filter content |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-assembly-panel-summons-facebook-india-md-over-inaction-to-filter-content-11599902822536.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |newspaper=Mint |date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181648/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-assembly-panel-summons-facebook-india-md-over-inaction-to-filter-content-11599902822536.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A representative of the Assembly said Mohan was asked to lend his expertise and provide recommendations in order to prevent similar incidents fueled by social media, and no "coercive action" was intended. According to ''[[The Hindu]]'', Mohan told the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] "that he was well within his rights to remain silent" and "[did] not wish to be part of a highly polarised political debate".<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news |title=I can't be forced to appear before House panel: Facebook official Ajit Mohan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/i-cant-be-forced-to-appear-before-house-panel-facebook-official/article33629173.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 January 2021 |issn=0971-751X |oclc=13119119 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181646/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/i-cant-be-forced-to-appear-before-house-panel-facebook-official/article33629173.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He "accused the Assembly of threatening him with '[[breach of privilege]]' if he did not appear before the Committee to testify" and filed a plea,<ref name=Hindu/> which was dismissed by the Supreme Court in July.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi riots: SC dismisses Facebook India MD Ajit Mohan's plea against summons by Assembly panel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2021/jul/08/delhi-riots-sc-dismisses-facebook-india-md-ajit-mohans-plea-against-summons-by-assembly-panel-2327283.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=8 July 2021 |oclc=243883379 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181646/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2021/jul/08/delhi-riots-sc-dismisses-facebook-india-md-ajit-mohans-plea-against-summons-by-assembly-panel-2327283.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SC: Won't quash summons to Facebook India VP Ajit Mohan |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/sc-wont-quash-summons-to-facebook-india-vp-ajit-mohan-280427 |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Tribune|location=India |date=9 July 2021 |oclc=36205400 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181729/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/sc-wont-quash-summons-to-facebook-india-vp-ajit-mohan-280427 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi riots: SC dismisses FB India VP Ajit Mohan's plea against summons by Delhi panel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/delhi-riots-sc-dismisses-facebook-india-vp-ajit-mohans-plea-against-summons-by-assembly-panel/cid/1821694 |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Telegraph|location=India |date=8 July 2021 |oclc=271717941 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181729/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/delhi-riots-sc-dismisses-facebook-india-vp-ajit-mohans-plea-against-summons-by-assembly-panel/cid/1821694 |url-status=live }}</ref> Instead of Mohan, Facebook India's public policy director appeared before the Committee in November.<ref>{{cite news |title=2020 Delhi riots: House panel grills Facebook on its 'hate speech' guidelines for India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/2020-delhi-riots-facebook-hate-speech-guidelines-7630112/ |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181647/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/2020-delhi-riots-facebook-hate-speech-guidelines-7630112/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following Facebook Inc.'s rebrand in 2021, Mohan worked at the same role at [[Meta Platforms|Meta India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mandavia |first1=Megha |title=Nagpur to New York dream possible because of new features: Meta India's Ajit Mohan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/nagpur-to-new-york-dream-possible-because-of-new-features-meta-indias-ajit-mohan/articleshow/88774055.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=9 January 2022 |issn=0013-0389 |oclc=61311680 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125050905/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/nagpur-to-new-york-dream-possible-because-of-new-features-meta-indias-ajit-mohan/articleshow/88774055.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Gargi |title=Ajit Mohan defines Meta India's key focus in 2022; and why is it an important market |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/ajit-mohan-defines-meta-indias-key-focus-in-2022-and-why-is-it-an-important-market/2440619/ |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Financial Express|location=India |date=22 February 2022 |oclc=30000665 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181729/https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/ajit-mohan-defines-meta-indias-key-focus-in-2022-and-why-is-it-an-important-market/2440619/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=After rebranding of Facebook, Ajit Mohan will be MD of Meta India |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/after-rebranding-of-facebook-ajit-mohan-will-be-md-of-meta-india/article37279896.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[Business Line]]|location=Chennai |date=1 November 2021 |issn=0971-7528 |oclc=456162874 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181729/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/after-rebranding-of-facebook-ajit-mohan-will-be-md-of-meta-india/article37279896.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He stepped down from the role as vice president and [[managing director]] of [[Facebook]] India Online Services Pvt Ltd, the Indian subsidiary of [[Meta Platforms]] in November 2022 to join rival [[Snap Inc]]. From January 2023, he will be succeeded in the role by [[Sandhya Devanathan]] (current vice president and managing director of [[Meta Platforms|Meta India]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=Joined Meta in 2016, now heading its India unit: Meet Sandhya Devanathan, new Meta India chief |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/joined-meta-in-2016-now-heading-its-india-unit-meet-sandhya-devanathan-new-meta-india-chief-article-95600891 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

===Board service and recognition===
Mohan was elected vice chairman of the [[Internet and Mobile Association of India]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=IAMAI elects Google India MD as its new chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/iamai-elects-google-india-md-as-its-new-chairman/articleshow/83812402.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 June 2021 |issn=0971-8257 |oclc=23379369 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/iamai-elects-google-india-md-as-its-new-chairman/articleshow/83812402.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IAMAI appoints Google India MD Sanjay Gupta as chairman |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/live-blog/share-market-live-updates-sensex-nifty-bse-nse-stock-market-today-25-06-2021-11624585673446.html |access-date=10 May 2022 |newspaper=Mint |date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181646/https://www.livemint.com/market/live-blog/share-market-live-updates-sensex-nifty-bse-nse-stock-market-today-25-06-2021-11624585673446.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He has also been chairman of the organization's Entertainment Sub Committee.<ref name=IBT/> In 2021, Mohan became an advisory board member of the US–India Strategic Partnership Forum,<ref>{{cite web |title=India Advisory Board |work=US-India Strategic Partnership Forum |url=https://usispf.org/india-advisory-board/ |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019051534/https://usispf.org/india-advisory-board/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an advocacy group based in Washington, D.C., which promotes "stronger US-India bilateral commercial and strategic ties".<ref>{{cite news |title=US-India Strategic Partnership Forum Announces Additions to Its Global Board of Directors |url=https://www.news18.com/news/business/us-india-strategic-partnership-forum-announces-additions-to-its-global-board-of-directors-4214450.html |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=[[Network18 Group]] |date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181646/https://www.news18.com/news/business/us-india-strategic-partnership-forum-announces-additions-to-its-global-board-of-directors-4214450.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He is also a member of the Mobile Marketing Association and the [[Bangalore]]-based [[Museum of Art & Photography]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajit Mohan |url=https://www.mmaglobal.com/pt-br/node/25902 |publisher=Mobile Marketing Association |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705152652/https://www.mmaglobal.com/pt-br/node/25902 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ajit Mohan |url=https://map-india.org/team-member/ajit-mohan/ |publisher=[[Museum of Art & Photography]] |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619131246/https://map-india.org/team-member/ajit-mohan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Writers for ''Fortune India'' have credited Mohan for leading Hotstar "to great success".<ref name=Stars>{{cite journal |last1=Thakur |first1=Arnika |last2=Sen |first2=Abhik |title=What's in the stars for Facebook? |journal=Fortune India |date=1 April 2020 |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/whats-in-the-stars-for-facebook/104345 |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181646/https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/whats-in-the-stars-for-facebook/104345 |url-status=live }}</ref> Liz Shackleton of ''[[Screen Daily]]'' credited him for helping to build the platform into "India's biggest online video service".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shackleton |first1=Liz |title=Facebook India hires former Hotstar chief Ajit Mohan |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/facebook-india-hires-former-hotstar-chief-ajit-mohan/5132909.article |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[Screen Daily]] |date=24 September 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924213129/https://www.screendaily.com/news/facebook-india-hires-former-hotstar-chief-ajit-mohan/5132909.article |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' ranked Mohan number 48 in a 2020 "power list" of 50 people who "[rise] above the ordinary in extraordinary times".<ref>{{cite news |title=2020: The Challengers : Full Power List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20201026-2020-thechallengers-1731927-2020-10-17 |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=India Today |date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705152648/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20201026-2020-thechallengers-1731927-2020-10-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> The magazine called him a "leader in the country's social media domain" and credited him for doubling Facebook India's profit.<ref name="Social">{{cite news |title=Social Leader |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/high-and-mighty/story/20201026-social-leader-1732595-2020-10-17 |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=India Today |date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628183151/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/high-and-mighty/story/20201026-social-leader-1732595-2020-10-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, ''India Today'' included Mohan in a list of 50 "high and mighty" people, in which he was described as "arguably the czar of India's social media space".<ref name="IT">{{cite journal |title=Ajit Mohan: Shaper of opinions |journal=[[India Today]] |date=22 October 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/high-and-mighty/story/20211101-ajit-mohan-shaper-of-opinions-1868271-2021-10-22 |access-date=9 May 2022 |issn=0254-8399 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705152646/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/high-and-mighty/story/20211101-ajit-mohan-shaper-of-opinions-1868271-2021-10-22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mohan lives in [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=The Business of Net Positives — Why the APAC President of Snap Inc. sees Snapchat as the antidote to social media |url=https://www.thepeakmagazine.com.sg/people/ajit-mohan-snapchat-president-apac |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=PEAK Singapore |language=en-SG}}</ref> Previously, he was based in [[New Delhi]], as of 2011.<ref name=Rana>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Preetika |first2=Ajit |last2=Mohan |title=Weekend Panorama: Who Will Champion India's Cities? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-IRTB-12630 |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=10 September 2011 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628181729/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-IRTB-12630 |url-status=live }}</ref> His wife Radhika Bansal is a former publisher at [[Harvard Business Publishing]] who co-founded Swishlist.in, described by ''Mint'' as an "online rental company for women's designer brands".<ref name=Sharma/> The couple have children.<ref name=Sharma/>

Mohan collects art, enjoys cricket,<ref name=Sharma/> and plays tennis.<ref name=Social/> He is an angel investor in the audio [[over-the-top media service]] Headfone.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rekhi |first1=Dia |title=Audio OTT platform Headfone raises $10 million in funding led by Elevation Capital |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/audio-ott-platform-headfone-raises-10-million-in-series-b-funding/articleshow/90957532.cms |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509192924/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/audio-ott-platform-headfone-raises-10-million-in-series-b-funding/articleshow/90957532.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Aishwarya |title=Funding Rundown: CoinDCX bags $135 mn+ at $2.15 bn valuation; Recur Club gets $30 mn in seed round; Loop raises $25 mn; Anushka Sharma invests in Wholsum Foods & Headfone secures $10 mn in Series B round |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/funding-rundown-coindcx-bags-135-mn-at-215-bn-valuation-recur-club-gets-30-mn-in-seed-round-loop-raises-25-mn-anushka-sharma-invests-in-wholsum-foods--headfone-secures-10-mn-in-series-b-round-13205512.htm |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=CNBC TV18 |date=19 April 2022 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501025419/https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/funding-rundown-coindcx-bags-135-mn-at-215-bn-valuation-recur-club-gets-30-mn-in-seed-round-loop-raises-25-mn-anushka-sharma-invests-in-wholsum-foods--headfone-secures-10-mn-in-series-b-round-13205512.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Publications==
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/Urbanization/Urban%20awakening%20in%20India/MGI_Indias_urban_awakening_executive_summary.pdf|title=India's urban awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth|date=April 2010|publisher=McKinsey Global Institute|first1=Shirish|last1=Shankhe|first2=Ireena|last2=Vittal|first3=Richard|last3=Dobbs|first4=Ajit|last4=Mohan|first5=Ankur|last5=Gulati|first6=Jonathan|last6=Ablett|first7=Shirish|last7=Gupta|first8=Alex|last8=Kim|first9=Sudipto|last9=Paul|first10=Aditya|last10=Sanghvi|first11=Gurpreet|last11=Sethy}}

==See also==
* [[List of former employees of McKinsey & Company]]
* [[List of Johns Hopkins University people]]
* [[List of Wharton School alumni]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.fortuneindia.com/topic/ajit-mohan Ajit Mohan] at ''[[Fortune India]]''
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Ajit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:McKinsey & Company people]]
[[Category:Meta Platforms people]]
[[Category:Nanyang Technological University alumni]]
[[Category:Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies alumni]]
[[Category:Wharton School alumni]]
[[Category:1970s births]]

Family Time With Kapil Sharma

2026-02-02T19:48:39Z

AndrewJordan: Stub - done

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Familytimewithkapilsharma.png
| caption = Show logo
| genre = [[Sketch comedy]] [[Game show]]<ref name="TIMESOFINDIA"/>
| creator = [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]]
| based_on =
| writer =
| presenter = Kapil Sharma
| starring = Kapil Sharma [[Neha Pendse]]<ref name="First guest"/><ref name="hindustantimes"/> [[Kiku Sharda]] [[Chandan Prabhakar]]<ref name="TIMESOFINDIA"/>
| country = India
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 3
| producer = Hemant Ruprell Ranjit Thakur
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 45 - 60 minutes
| company = [[Frames Production]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|3|25}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2018|4|1}}
| related = 
| alt_name =
| image_alt =
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
}}
'''''Family Time With Kapil Sharma'''''<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=14 February 2018|title=Kapil Sharma announces the title of his new comedy show|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kapil-sharma-family-time-with-kapil-sharma-see-photo-watch-video-5063879/lite/|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=Sana Farzeen|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218210435/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kapil-sharma-family-time-with-kapil-sharma-see-photo-watch-video-5063879/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref> is an [[Television in India|Indian]] [[Hindi]] [[stand-up comedy]] and game show which premiered on 25 March 2018<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web|date=16 March 2018|title=Family Time With Kapil Sharma: 7 things you need to know about Kapil's comeback show|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/family-time-with-kapil-sharma-7-things-you-need-to-know-about-kapil-s-comeback-show/story-0bN3wiyXUUjU0w5YWroyjN_amp.html|accessdate=18 March 2018|website=www.hindustantimes.com|publisher=Correspondent|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318092656/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/family-time-with-kapil-sharma-7-things-you-need-to-know-about-kapil-s-comeback-show/story-0bN3wiyXUUjU0w5YWroyjN_amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> for a total of 3 episodes. The show was broadcast on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]. [[Neha Pendse]] was the co-host of this show while [[Kiku Sharda]] and [[Chandan Prabhakar]] appeared at regular intervals to crack jokes and participate in the games that are being played. Family members selected from all over India participate in the show and play games to win prizes.<ref name="TIMESOFINDIA">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kapil-sharmas-comeback-show-will-be-called-family-time-with-kapil-sharma/articleshow/62911723.cms|title=Kapil Sharma's comeback show will be called 'Family Time With Kapil Sharma'|website=www.timesofindia.com|first=|last=|date=14 February 2018|publisher=|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225173305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kapil-sharmas-comeback-show-will-be-called-family-time-with-kapil-sharma/articleshow/62911723.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="scroll">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/868681/kapil-sharma-to-come-back-to-prime-time-television-with-family-time-with-kapil|title=Kapil Sharma to come back to prime time television with 'Family Time with Kapil'|website=scroll.in|first=|last=|date=14 February 2018|publisher=Scroll Staff|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015746/https://scroll.in/article/868681/kapil-sharma-to-come-back-to-prime-time-television-with-family-time-with-kapil|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="India">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/revealed-family-time-with-kapil-sharma-is-the-name-of-the-comedians-comeback-show-2891734/|title=Revealed! Family Time With Kapil Sharma Is The Name Of The Comedian's Comeback Show|website=www.india.com|first=|last=|date=13 February 2018|publisher=Leona Nathan|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309005148/http://www.india.com/showbiz/revealed-family-time-with-kapil-sharma-is-the-name-of-the-comedians-comeback-show-2891734/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indiatvnews">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-kapil-sharma-quit-comedy-genre-the-kapil-sharma-show-season-2-422511|title=Comedian Kapil Sharma not doing comedy shows again? What about The Kapil Sharma Show 2 then?|website=www.indiatvnews.com|first=|last=|date=17 January 2018|publisher=India TV Entertainment Desk|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023333/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-kapil-sharma-quit-comedy-genre-the-kapil-sharma-show-season-2-422511|url-status=live}}</ref> The show was taken off-air (first for the entire month of April 2018, then permanently) because of cancelled filming. Kapil Sharma had said in an interview that the show will resume later after this hiatus,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-i-know-what-i-am-doing-kapil-sharma-speaks-up-after-family-time-with-kapil-sharma-gets-pulled-off-air-2603989|title='I know what I am doing': Kapil Sharma speaks up after 'Family Time With Kapil Sharma' gets pulled off air - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=12 April 2018|publisher=|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413130033/http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-i-know-what-i-am-doing-kapil-sharma-speaks-up-after-family-time-with-kapil-sharma-gets-pulled-off-air-2603989|url-status=live}}</ref> however that never happened.

==Cast==
*[[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]] as Himself, Host
*[[Neha Pendse]] as Herself, Host
*[[Kiku Sharda]] as Bumper
*[[Chandan Prabhakar]] as Chandan
*[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] as Permanent Guest

==List of episodes==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:2%" |No.
! style="width:57%" |Guest(s)
! style="width:18%" |Date of Broadcast
! style="width:23%" |Featured Promotion
! style="width:3%" |Ref
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Ajay Devgn]]<ref name="First guest">{{cite web|date=17 March 2018|title=Ajay Devgn is the first guest on Family Time With Kapil Sharma|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/family-time-with-kapil-sharma-ajay-devgn-5100799/lite/|accessdate=18 March 2018|website=www.indianexpress.com|publisher=Arushi Jain|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317074104/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/family-time-with-kapil-sharma-ajay-devgn-5100799/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|style="text-align:center;"|25 March 2018
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="First guest"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
||2
||[[Abhay Deol]]
[[Patralekha]]
||31 March 2018
||''[[Nanu Ki Jaanu]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Irrfan Khan]]
[[Kirti Kulhari]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1 April 2018
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Blackmail (2018 film)|Blackmail]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/details/episodes/5761807993001/-Ep.3---Family-Time-With-Kapil-Sharma---The-Damsel-in-Red---1-April-2018 |title=Family Time with Kapil Sharma - Ep 3 - The Damsel in Red |publisher=[[Sony LIV]] |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916234049/https://www.sonyliv.com/details/episodes/5761807993001/-Ep.3---Family-Time-With-Kapil-Sharma---The-Damsel-in-Red---1-April-2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=LIST OF EPISODES|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/family-time-with-kapil-sharma-1500000206|access-date=|website=|archive-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205100736/https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/family-time-with-kapil-sharma-1500000206|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Family Time with Kapil Sharma}}
[[Category:Indian television sketch shows]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Frames Production series]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Kapil Sharma]]

Vijaipal Singh

2026-02-01T20:47:01Z

AndrewJordan:

{{short description|Indian scientist (born 1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Vijaipal Singh
|image = Singh, Vijaipal.jpg
|image_size = 220px
|caption =
|birth_date = 17 Janualry 1945
|birth_place = Narsan Kalan, Haridwar District of Uttarakhand State, India
|death_date = 
|death_place =
|alma_mater = [[Agra University]]
|known_for = [[Pusa Basmati 1121]] rice variety
|field = [[Genetics]] and [[Plant Breeding]]
|work_institution = [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], New Delhi
|prizes = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Vijaipal Singh''' (born 17 January 1945)<ref name="Vijai Pal Singh">{{cite web | url=http://naas.org.in/detail.php?id=530 | title=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences | publisher=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences | date=2022 | access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> in Narsan Kalan, Haridwar District of Uttarakhand State, India is an Agricultural scientist associated with the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR) and is known for his contributions to the science of rice genetics and breeding. He is well known for his contributions in developing the most popular Basmati rice variety, [[Pusa Basmati 1121]].<ref name= "Pusa Basmati 1121">{{cite journal | title="Pusa Basmati 1121 – a rice variety with exceptional kernel elongation and volume expansion after cooking" |author1=Vijaipal Singh |author2=Ashok Kumar Singh |author3=Trilochan Mohapatra |author4=Gopala Krishnan S |author5=Ranjith Kumar Ellur|journal=Rice |volume=11 |issue=19 |date=2018 |doi=10.1186/s12284-018-0213-6|doi-access=free |pmc=5890003 }}</ref> A post graduate and a doctoral degree (PhD) holder in Agriculture Botany from [[Agra University]], he started his career as a research assistant at the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (IARI), New Delhi in 1968<ref name="Vijai Pal Singh" /> and retired as a professor at the Division of Genetics, IARI.<ref name="Vijai Pal Singh"/> Singh is credited with several articles published in peer reviewed journals.<ref name="MADS-box Gene family in Rice">{{cite journal | title=MADS-box Gene family in Rice: genome-wide identification, organization and expression of profiling during reproductive development and stress |author1=Rita Arora |author2=Pinky Agarwal |author3=Swatismita Ray |author4=Ashok Kumar Singh |author5=Vijay Pal Singh |author6=Akhilesh K Thyagi |author7=Sanjay Kapur | journal=BMC Genomics |date=July 2007 | volume=8 | issue=242 |pages = 242| doi=10.1186/1471-2164-8-242|pmid=17640358 |pmc=1947970 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In recognition of his services to the nation, he was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
[[File:VPSingh Padmashri.jpg|thumb|left|Dr Vijaipal Singh receiving [[Padma Shri]] from the Honourable President of India Mrs [[Pratibha Patil]] on 4 April 2012]]
V. P. Singh was honoured with Hari Om Ashram Trust Award by the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] in 1974-75; Jawaharlal Nehru Award in 1977; B. P. Pal Memorial Award in 2005; ICAR Team Award in Crop Improvement in 2007; Third Rao Bahadur B. Viswanath Award by the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] in 2006-07; ICAR Recognition Certificate in 2009; Padma Shri in 2012;<ref name="Padma Shri"/> Shri O.P. Bhasin Memorial Award in 2012; Doyen of Rice 2019 by Association of Rice Research Workers, [[Central Rice Research Institute]], Cuttack and Basmati Rattan Award in 2019.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
* {{cite journal | title=MADS-box Gene family in Rice: genome-wide identification, organization and expression of profiling during reproductive development and stress |author1=Rita Arora |author2=Pinky Agarwal |author3=Swatismita Ray |author4=[[Ashok K Singh|Ashok Kumar Singh]] |author5=Vijai Pal Singh |author6=Akhilesh K Thyagi |author7=Sanjay Kapur | journal=BMC Genomics |date=July 2007 | volume=8 | issue=242 |pages=242 | doi=10.1186/1471-2164-8-242|pmid=17640358 |pmc=1947970 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Pusa Basmati 1121 – a rice variety with exceptional kernel elongation and volume expansion after cooking |author1=Vijaipal Singh |author2=[[Ashok K Singh|Ashok Kumar Singh]] |author3=[[Trilochan Mohapatra]]|author4=Gopala Krishnan S |author5=Ranjith Kumar Ellur|journal=Rice |volume=11 |issue=19 |date=2018 |doi=10.1186/s12284-018-0213-6|doi-access=free |pmc=5890003 }}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV4F4sUV7xE | title=Civil Investiture Ceremony - Padma Shri | publisher=YouTube | work=Video | date=4 April 2012 | access-date=1 December 2014}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vijaipal}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Kelakhera

2026-01-31T19:13:47Z

AndrewJordan: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Donyi Polo Airport, Itanagar

2026-01-31T06:12:23Z

AndrewJordan: Stub - done

{{short description|Airport serving Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Donyi Polo Airport
| nativename =
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image = Donyi Polo Airport, Itanagar.jpg
| image-width = 250
| caption =
| image2 =
| image2-width =
| caption2 =
| IATA = HGI
| ICAO = VEHO
| FAA =
| LID =
| type = Public
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| operator =
| owner-oper =
| city-served = [[Itanagar]]
| location = Hollongi, [[Papum Pare district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 328
| elevation-m = 100
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|58|12|N|93|39|53|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label = '''HGI'''
| metric-elev =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 08/26
| r1-length-f = 7,546
| r1-length-m = 2,300
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]
| stat-year = April 2024 – March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 170,296 ({{increase}} 15.2%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 1,654 ({{decrease}} 6.3%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = —
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref>
| opened = {{start date and age|2022|11|19|df=y|p=n|br=n}}<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi inaugurates first greenfield airport in Arunachal Pradesh|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-first-greenfield-airport-in-arunachal-pradesh/article66156395.ece/|work=The Hindu|date=19 November 2022|access-date=19 November 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Arunachal gets 1st greenfield airport. Here's why it is significant: Top 5|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arunachal-gets-1st-greenfield-airport-here-s-why-it-is-significant-top-5-101668833827165-amp.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 November 2022|access-date=19 November 2022|language=en}}</ref>
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Arunachal Pradesh
}}

'''Donyi Polo Airport''' {{Airport codes|HGI|VEHO}}, also known as '''Hollongi Airport''', is a [[domestic airport]] serving [[Itanagar]], the capital city of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located at Hollongi, situated {{cvt|14|km}} south from the city centre, in the [[Papum Pare district]]. It is built by the [[Airports Authority of India]], over an area of 320 hectares. The airport is the 16th airport of [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-arunachal-donyi-polo-airport-inauguration-greenfield/articleshow/95616867.cms|title=PM Modi inaugurates Arunachal's first greenfield airport, Donyi Polo Airport|newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/itanagars-donyi-polo-airport-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-northeasts-16th-airport-tomorrow/articleshow/95607406.cms|title=Itanagar's Donyi Polo Airport: PM Modi to inaugurate Northeast's 16th airport tomorrow|newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 November 2022 }}</ref> [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] laid the [[foundation stone]] for the airport on 9 February 2019.<ref name= "NDTV">{{cite news|title=PM Lays Foundation Of Airport, Inaugurates Another In Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narendra-modi-lays-foundation-of-airport-inaugurates-another-in-arunachal-pradesh-1990936|date=9 February 2019|access-date=11 February 2019|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Construction was started on 15 December 2020 and was inaugurated on 19 November 2022, with flight services started by [[IndiGo]] to [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]] and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]] from 28 November 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi inaugurates first greenfield airport in Arunachal Pradesh|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-first-greenfield-airport-in-arunachal-pradesh/article66156395.ece/|work=The Hindu|date=19 November 2022|access-date=19 November 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Arunachal gets 1st greenfield airport. Here's why it is significant: Top 5|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arunachal-gets-1st-greenfield-airport-here-s-why-it-is-significant-top-5-101668833827165-amp.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 November 2022|access-date=19 November 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Civil Aviation Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia flags off first flight from Itanagar's Donyi Polo Airport|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/civil-aviation-minister-jyotiraditya-scindia-flags-off-first-flight-from-itanagars-donyi-polo-airport/articleshow/95823390.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=28 November 2022|access-date=28 November 2022|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
In 2007, the [[Government of Arunachal Pradesh]] had chosen Banderdeva, situated 25  km from Itanagar, as a suitable location for the project. The then [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]], [[Shivraj Patil]], laid the foundation stone on 20 February 2007 for the project.<ref>{{cite news|title=Entire village required for greenfield airport in Arunachal Pradesh|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/daily-wire/entire-village-required-for-greenfield-airport-in-arunachal-pradesh/|date=23 May 2014|access-date=21 August 2014|work=Project Monitor}}</ref> However, the technical committee of the Airports Authority of India (AAI) rejected the site and recommended Holongi as an alternative site for the project in 2011. AAI had recommended Hollongi on grounds of operational safety, lower costs of construction and ease of future expansion. The Hollongi site lay on flat ground, had better usability in poor weather and offered scope for easy construction and expansion. The Banderdeva site, on the other hand, was surrounded by hilly terrain and permitted the operation of aircraft from only one direction. The cost of construction was estimated at ₹ 980 crore for Banderdeva, as against ₹ 650 crore for the Hollongi site. The differences between AAI and the state government caused a dispute that resulted in the project getting delayed. The [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO) eventually stepped in to put an end to the dispute in July 2012 and the Hollongi site was finalised.<ref>{{cite news|title=PMO resolves tussle between AAI, Arunachal government |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/pmo-resolves-tussle-between-aai-arunachal-government/article3698601.ece|date=29 July 2012|access-date=21 August 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Features==
The airport has a single 2,300 metre runway oriented east–west in the first phase, to serve [[narrow-body aircraft]] and can be extended to 2,800 metres to land [[wide-body aircraft]]. The [[airport apron]] measures 160 metres by 115 metres linked to the runway by two taxiways. It has night landing facilities and navigation facilities like [[DVOR]] and [[Instrument Landing System]]s.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gujarat-co-wins-arunachal-greenfield-airport-project-120020801195_1.html|title=Gujarat co wins Arunachal greenfield airport project|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=8 February 2020|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

==Construction==
After the creation of the [[Detailed Project Report]] (DPR) by AAI, and the laying of the project's foundation stone, the contract for construction work of the project was awarded to [[Dineshchandra R. Agrawal Infracon|Dineshchandra R. Agrawal Infracon Private Limited]] (DRA Infracon), who was given a period of 30 months to complete the airport, in February 2020.<ref name="business-standard.com"/>

==Airlines and destinations==
[[file:Entrance gate of Donyi Polo Airport, Itanagar.jpg|thumb|Entrance gate of airport]]

{{Airport-dest-list|3rdcoltitle={{Abbr|Refs.|References}}|3rdcolunsortable=yes
|{{nowrap|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]}}|[[Guwahati Airport|Guwahati]], [[Tezu Airport|Tezu]]|<ref>{{cite web |title= Flight Schedule|url= https://allianceair.in/schedule|url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251123210130/https://allianceair.in/schedule |archive-date=2025-11-23 |access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref>

|[[IndiGo]]| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/indigo-to-commence-delhi-donyi-service-in-oct-2023-1221658|title=IndiGo to commence Delhi-Donyi service in Oct-2023|work=CAPA|accessdate=4 September 2023}}</ref> [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]] |<ref>{{cite news|title=Civil Aviation Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia flags off first flight from Itanagar's Donyi Polo Airport|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/civil-aviation-minister-jyotiraditya-scindia-flags-off-first-flight-from-itanagars-donyi-polo-airport/articleshow/95823390.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=28 November 2022|access-date=28 November 2022|language=en}}</ref>}}

==See also==
* [[Tezu Airport]]
* [[Pasighat Airport]]
* [[Zero Airport]]
* [[Pakyong Airport]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Airports in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Airports in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Itanagar]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Anti-Indian hegemony movement in Bangladesh

2026-01-27T02:05:51Z

AndrewJordan: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Indian influence in Bangladesh]]

Biswajit Chatterjee

2026-01-07T02:51:52Z

AndrewJordan: cleanup page based on references

#REDIRECT [[Biswajeet Chatterjee]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from alternative spelling}}
}}

Birla Global University

2026-01-02T04:54:48Z

AndrewJordan: rework details per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|University in Odisha, India}}

{{multiple issues|
{{no footnotes|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{original research|date=June 2017}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Birla Global University
| logo = Birla Global University Logo.png
| logo_alt = Birla Global University Logo
| image = Bgu campus.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| image_alt = BGU Admin Block
| caption = BGU Administration Block
| latin_name =
| established = {{Start date|2015}}
| closed =
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| rector =
| officer_in_charge =
| chancellor = Honorable Governor of Odisha
| president =
| vice-president =
| chairperson = Jayashree Mohta
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = Prof. (Dr.) Kulbhushan Balooni
| principal =
| dean =
| head_label = [[Registrar (education)|Registrar]]
| head = Dr.B K Das
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| province =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord |20.2912|85.7454|type:edu}}
| campus = {{convert|30|acres}}
| former_names = Birla Global Institute, Bhubaneswar
| free_label =
| free =
| athletics =
| colours =
| sports =
| other_name = BGU
| mascot =
| website = {{URL|http://www.bgu.ac.in/}}
| academic_affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]
}}
'''Birla Global University''' ('''BGU''') is a [[private university|state private university]] in [[Bhubaneswar, Odisha]], India. BGU was founded in 2015, by [[Basant Kumar Birla]] and [[Sarla Birla]] and established by the enactment of Birla Global University Odisha Act, 2015.<ref>The Birla Global University, Odisha Act, 2015</ref> The university campus spread over nearly 30 acres is situated at IDCO, Gothapatna, Bhubaneswar.

==Governance==
As per the Act the management of the university is carried out by a Board of Governors headed by Jayshree Mohta, Chairperson, Birla Academy of Art & Culture being the main promoter of Birla Global University. Honorable [[Governor of Odisha]] is the chancellor of the university.

==Schools==
*'''Birla School of Management''': BBA, MBA, MBA Business Analytics and Doctoral Program In Management
*'''Birla School of Communication:''' BAJMC, MBA Communication Management and Doctoral Program in Journalism & Mass Communication
*'''Birla School of Economics:''' B.Sc. in Economics, M.Sc. in Economics, Doctoral Program in Economics
*'''Birla School of Commerce:''' B.Com, M.Com, MBA FinTech and Doctoral Program in Commerce
*'''Birla School of Law:''' BBA LL.B (Hons), LLM and Doctoral Program in Law
*'''Birla School of Applied Sciences:'''BCA, MCA and Doctoral Program in Computer Science
*'''Birla School of Engineering & Technolog:''' B.Tech In Computer Science & Engineering

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.bgu.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Odisha}}
{{authority control}}
{{Odisha-university-stub}}
[[Category:2015 establishments in Odisha]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2015]]
[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities in Bhubaneswar]]

Ongan languages

2026-01-01T19:19:13Z

AndrewJordan: enhanced references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Family of two Andamanese languages}}
{{distinguish|Onhan language|Angan languages}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Ongan
| altname = Jarawa–Onge
| region = [[Andaman Islands]]
| familycolor = Andamanese
| family = One of the world's primary [[language families]]
| glotto = jara1244
| glottorefname = Jarawa–Onge
| child1 = ''[[Önge language|Önge]]''
| child2 = ''[[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]''
| child3 = ?''[[Jangil#Language|Jangil]]'' {{extinct}}
| child4 = ?''[[Sentinelese language|Sentinelese]] ''
| map = Ongan languages.png
| mapcaption = Distribution of the Ongan languages prior to 1850 (Fig. 1) and in 2005 (Fig. 2)
| ancestor =
| protoname = Proto-Ongan
}}

'''Ongan''', also called '''Angan''',<ref>Abbi, Anvita. 2013. ''A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language''. Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages, Volume 4.</ref> '''Jarawa–Onge''', or ambiguously '''South Andamanese''', is a [[Language family#Structure of a family|language family]] which comprises two attested [[Andamanese languages]] spoken in the southern [[Andaman Islands]].

The two known extant languages are:

*[[Önge language|Önge]] or Onge ({{angle bracket|ö}} transcribes {{IPA|/ə/}}); 96 speakers ([[Onge people|Onge]]) in 1997, mostly monolingual
*[[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] or Järawa; estimated at 200 speakers ([[Jarawa (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]) in 1997, monolingual
The extinct language of the [[Jangil]] and that of the uncontacted [[Sentinelese language|Sentinelese]] may be Ongan, but there is no linguistic information for either of them.

The label 'Southern Andamanese languages' is also used for the closely related southern pair of the [[Great Andamanese languages]].

==External relationships==
The attested [[Andamanese languages]] fall into two clear families, [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]] and Ongan.

The similarities between Great Andamanese and Ongan are mainly of a [[linguistic typology|typological]] and [[morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] nature, with little demonstrated common vocabulary. Linguists, including long-range researchers such as [[Joseph Greenberg]], have expressed doubts as to the validity of Andamanese as a family.<ref name="Greenb">Greenberg, Joseph (1971). "The Indo-Pacific Hypothesis." ''Current Trends in Linguistics Vol. 8'', ed. by Thomas A. Sebeok, 807.71. The Hague: Mouton.</ref>

It has since been proposed (by [[Juliette Blevins]] 2007) that Ongan (but not Great Andamanese) is distantly related to [[Proto-Austronesian language|Austronesian]] in a family called [[Austronesian–Ongan languages|Austronesian–Ongan]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Blevins |first=Juliette |year=2007 |title=A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=154–198 |url=http://julietteblevins.ws.gc.cuny.edu/files/2016/10/Blevins2007a-Proto-Ongan.pdf |doi=10.1353/ol.2007.0015 |s2cid=143141296 }}</ref> However, the proposal of a genealogical connection between Austronesian and Ongan has not been well-received by other linguists. [[George van Driem|George Van Driem (2011)]] considers Blevins' evidence as "not compelling", although he leaves the possibility open that some resemblances could be the result of contact/borrowing, a position also held by Hoogervorst (2012).<ref>{{cite book |last=van Driem |first=George |year=2011 |chapter=Rice and the Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien homelands |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256442016 |accessdate= 13 November 2021 |editor=N.J Enfield |title=Dynamics of human diversity: the case of mainland Southeast Asia |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Hoogervorst |first=Tom |year=2012 |title=Southeast Asia in the ancient Indian Ocean world: combining historical linguistic and archaeological approaches |type=PhD thesis |publisher=University of Oxford |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8b47816-7184-42ab-958e-026bc3431ea3 |accessdate=13 November 2021 |quote=Nevertheless, it is conceivable that some of the given forms are genuinely related, though better explained as loans than common inheritance (p. 91).}}</ref> [[Robert Blust]] (2014) argues that Blevins' conclusions are not supported by her data, and that of her first 25 reconstructions, none are reproducible using the comparative method. Blust concludes that the grammatical comparison does not hold up, and also cites non-linguistic (such as cultural, archaeological, and biological) evidence against Blevins' hypothesis.<ref>Blust, Robert (2014). "Some Recent Proposals Concerning the Classification of the Austronesian Languages", ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 53:2:300–391. "To put it bluntly, the AON hypothesis is a castle built on sand, an elaborate illusion fostered by the misplaced hope that a major discovery has been made that somehow eluded the investigations of all other scholars."</ref>

==Reconstruction==
{{see also|Wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Ongan reconstructions}}{{Infobox proto-language|name=Proto-Ongan|familycolor=andamanese|target=Ongan languages}}

The two attested Ongan languages are relatively close, and the historical sound reconstruction mostly straightforward:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Proto-Ongan consonant correspondences{{sfnp|Blevins|2007|pp=163–164}}
! Proto-Ongan
| *p || *b || *t || *d || *kʷ || *k || *ɡ || *j || *w || *c || *ɟ || *m || *n || *ɲ || *ŋ || *l || *r
|-
! Jarawa
| p, b || b || t || d || hʷ, h || h || ɡ, j || j || w || c || ɟ || m || n || ɲ || ŋ || l || r
|-
! Onge
| b || b || t, d || d, r || kʷ, h || k, ɡ || ɡ, Ø || j || w || c, ɟ || ɟ || m || n || ɲ || ŋ || l, j || r/j/l, Ø
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Proto-Ongan vowel correspondences in open nonfinal syllables{{sfnp|Blevins|2007|pp=163–164}}
! Proto-Ongan
| *i || *u || *a || *e || *o || (*ə)
|-
! Jarawa
| i || u || a || e, ə, o || o || (ə)
|-
! Onge
| i || u || a || e, ə, o || o || (ə)
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə appears to be allophonic for *e before a nasal coda.

==Grammar==

The Ongan languages are [[agglutinative]], with an extensive prefix and suffix system.<ref name=Abbi06>{{cite book |surname=Abbi |given=Anvita |year=2006 |title=Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands |publisher=Lincom Europa |isbn=978-3-89586-866-5 }}</ref><ref name=Templ>{{cite book |surname=Temple |given=Richard C. |year=1902 |title=A Grammar of the Andamanese Languages, Being Chapter IV of Part I of the Census Report on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands |publisher=Superintendent's Printing Press |location=Port Blair }}</ref> They have a [[noun class]] system based largely on body parts, in which every [[noun]] and [[adjective]] may take a [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] according to which body part it is associated with (on the basis of shape, or functional association).<ref name=Burenh>{{cite journal |surname=Burenhult |given=Niclas |year=1996 |title=Deep Linguistic Prehistory with Particular Reference to Andamanese |journal=Working Papers, Lund University, Dept. Of Linguistics |volume=45 |pages=5–24 |url=http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/528793 }}</ref> Another peculiarity of terms for body parts is that they are [[Inalienable possession|inalienably possessed]], requiring a [[possessive adjective]] [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] to complete them, so one cannot say "head" alone, but only "my, or his, or your, etc. head".<ref name="Burenh"/>

The Ongan pronouns are here represented by Önge:
{| class=wikitable
| I, my
| ''m-''
| we, our
| ''et-, ot-''
|-
| thou, thy
| ''ŋ-''
| you, your
| ''n-''
|-
| he, his, she, her, it, its
| ''g-''
| they, their
| ''ekw-, ek-, ok-''
|}

There is also an indefinite prefix ''ən-, on-'' "someone's". Jarawa does not have the plural series, but the singular is very close: ''m-, ŋ-'' or ''n-, w-, ən-''. From this, Blevins reconstructs Proto-Ongan *m-, *ŋ-, *gw-, *en-.

Judging from the available sources, the Andamanese languages have only two [[cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]s: [[1 (number)|one]] and [[2 (number)|two]] and their entire numerical lexicon is one, two, one more, some more, and all.<ref name="Templ"/>

==See also==
*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Ongan reconstructions|List of Proto-Ongan reconstructions]] (Wiktionary)

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
* Das Gupta, D. and S. R. Sharma. ''A Handbook of the Önge Language''. Anthropological Survey of India: Calcutta 1982.
* E. H. Man, ''Dictionary of the South Andaman Language'', British India Press: Bombay 1923.
* Senkuttuvan, R. 2000. ''The Language of the Jarawa: Phonology''. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Culture, Youth Affairs, and Sports, Dept. of Culture.
* Sreenathan, M. 2001. ''Jarwa - Language and Culture.'' Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Culture, Government of India, Kolkata

==External links==
*[http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/onge.html Freelang Onge Dictionary]

{{Andamanese languages}}
{{Language families}}
{{Eurasian languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ongan Languages}}
[[Category:Ongan languages| ]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Andamanese languages|*]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Language families]]

K. V. Mahadevan

2025-12-31T12:47:58Z

AndrewJordan:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Tamil name|Venkadachalam|Mahadevan|Krishnankoil}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = K. V. Mahadevan
| image = K.V.MahadevanImg.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Krishnankoil Venkadachalam Mahadevan <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/06/29/stories/0929070h.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031020040250/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/06/29/stories/0929070h.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 October 2003|title=Article on K. V. Mahadevan in The Hindu|date=2001-06-29}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|03|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Krishnancoil]], [[Nagercoil]], present-day [[Kanyakumari District]]<ref name=hi>{{cite news|title=Forgotten heroes of Carnatic music|work=The Hindu|date=5 January 2015|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/forgotten-heroes-of-carnatic-music-from-nagercoil/article6755760.ece|last1=Kolappan|first1=B.}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|06|21|1918|03|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| instruments = Keyboard, piano
| genre = [[Film score]], [[Theatre]]
| occupations = [[Music director]]
| years_active = 1942–1992
| label =
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''Krishnankoil Venkadachalam Mahadevan''' (14 March 1918 – 21 June 2001) was an Indian composer, singer-songwriter, music producer, and musician who won the inaugural [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]] in (1967) for ''[[Kandan Karunai]]''. Known for his works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films. He is best known for his contributions in works such as ''[[Manchi Manasulu]]'' (1962), ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1963), ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]'' (1965), ''[[Saraswati Sabatham|Saraswathi Sabatham]]'' (1966), ''Kandan Karunai'' (1967), ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'' (1968), ''[[Adimai Penn]]'' (1969), ''[[Balaraju Katha]]'' (1970), ''[[Aathi Parasakthi|Athiparasakthi]]'' (1971), ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1979), ''[[Saptapadi (1981 film)|Saptapadi]]'' (1981), ''[[Sirivennela]]'' (1986), ''[[Sruthilayalu]]'' (1987), ''[[Sutradharulu]]'' (1989), ''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' (1991), and ''[[Swathi Kiranam]]'' (1992).

A contemporary of [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]], starting his career in 1942 with ''[[Manonmani (film)|Manonmani]]'', Mahadevan scored music for over six hundred feature films, spanning four decades, and has garnered two [[National Film Awards]], three [[Andhra Pradesh]] state [[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Nandi Awards]], a [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Tamil Nadu State Film Award]], and a [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Filmfare Award South]].<ref name="The Hindu : K.V. Mahadevan dead">{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/22/stories/0222000u.htm |title=The Hindu : K.V. Mahadevan dead |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=2001-06-22 |access-date=2012-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313222216/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/22/stories/0222000u.htm |archive-date=13 March 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> He was also conferred the title of "''Thirai Isai Thilagam''" (Pride of Cine Music Directors) in Tamil cinema. His assistant [[Pukazhenthi]] is credited to have usually writing the score and arranging the orchestra, after Mahadevan composes a tune.

== Early life and career ==

K. V. Mahadevan was born in 1918 at [[Krishnancoil]], a locality in [[Nagercoil]], [[Kanyakumari District]]. Father Venkadachalam Bhagavathar and Mother Pichaiyammal<ref name=hi />
K. V. Mahadevan, also called by his honorific name Thirai Isai Thilagam (lit. pride of film music),<ref>{{Citation|title=Thirai Isai Thilagam – K.V. Mahadevan – All Songs – Download or Listen Free – JioSaavn|date=15 June 2018|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thirai-isai-thilagam---k.v.-mahadevan/s-D7HiPMfeo_|language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref> did music composing for more than 50 years, beginning from 1942 until 1993.

Telugu Film Industry crowned him with title "Swara Brahma" (Creator/Father of Musical notes).
His song "mama mama mama" from 1962 Telugu movie ''[[Manchi Manasulu]]'' became popular those days, as a result, Telugu film industry with love started calling him "Mama" since then.

His favorite music instrument is [[Nadaswaram]] similar to ([[Shehnai]]).It could be the reason his compositions have always reflected its mellifluous pattern.
Another great characteristic from this scholar as it is known to everyone and open fact that he never asked lyricist to write lyrics for his earlier composed tunes. Always composed tunes to written lyrics.Very few in [[India]] have been able to exercise this feat with success.

Music has no [[Language]] barriers.
"Sisurvethi, pasurvethi, vethiganarasamphanihi" is a popular Sanskrit axiom which says that Music has the power to impress a child, animal, and the universe alike.
As we can read from Climax song of film ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1980), "Tatva Saadhana ku Satya Shodhana ku Sangeethame Pranamu" (Music is a Stair Case for attaining Enlightenment and truth discovery)

"Swara Brahma" left no foot prints of his mother tongue when it comes to his scores in other languages.
Telugu language being inherited from Sanskrit, has its own nativity which composers of Telugu as their mother tongue and "North" ([[O. P. Nayyar]]), "West" ([[C. Ramchandra]]), ([[Shankar–Jaikishan]]), ([[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]), ([[Chirrantan Bhatt]]), "East" ([[R. D. Burman]]), ([[Salil Chowdhury]]), ([[Ravindra Jain]]), ([[Bappi Lahiri]]) like composers could fulfill effortlessly.
"Swara Brahma" automatically had fallen into that groove as he was getting to know meaning of lyrics for every song before composing them. Assistant Puhalendi too exhibited similar characteristics as it was evident from interludes orchestration.

According to famous Director [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] opinion as expressed by him, Mama "Mahadevan" is "Saraswati Putra" and
[[K. Chakravarthy]] is "Ekalavya".
His 1977 film ''[[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' was recorded as the highest grossing Telugu film of the 1970s.
Director [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] 's father [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] mostly worked with [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] between 1950&1974.
[[K. Chakravarthy]] too composed good music for music lover [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] previous movies ''[[Jyothi (1976 film)|Jyothi]]'' (1976) and ''[[Kalpana (1977 film)|Kalpana]]'' (1977).

But Production house Sathya Chitra earlier production ''[[Tahsildar Gari Ammayi]]'' music was scored by Mama.
Based on their faith, Sathya chitra insisted and retained "Mama" for [[N. T. Rama Rao]] movie ''[[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' (1977).
Mama's composition "Krushi vunte Manushulu Rushulavutaaru" (Effort makes Humans Saints) stands testimony to all stake holders of this movie and to every one who believes in determination.
"Yuva Chitra Arts" banner Producer [[K. Murari]] being ardent fan of "Mama" stopped producing movies ever since "Mama" called it a day in his career.
Director [[Bapu (director)]], Producer [[S. Gopala Reddy]], Director [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] and later in his career actor [[Mohan Babu]] loved working with "Mama".
It would be tough to guess between "Swara Brahma" and Director "[[K. Viswanath]]" as to, who was elemental in whose fame.
Combined effort returned laurels to art of Cinema. May be "Vidhaata talapuna prabhavinchinadi anaadi Jeevana Vedam".
Contemporary musician [[P. Bhanumathi]] criticized "Mama" about his score for movie ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1980) as lighter version [[Carnatic music]] [[Raga]]'s rendered by him. Later she even went on to sing a song "Shree Surya Narayanaa Melukoo" for "Mama" in his 1984 movie ''[[Mangammagari Manavadu]]''.

His music assistant known as Puhalendi in Telugu film industry was with him like a life partner throughout his life, though scored few films on his own.
Mahadevan-Puhalendi [[Pukazhenthi]] as music director duo scored music for 1993 [[N. T. Rama Rao]] movie ''[[Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowmudu]]'' directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]].

== Filmography ==
=== Tamil ===
{{div col}}
*''[[Manonmani (film)|Manonmani]]'' (1942) – Credited as Kalyanam Orchestra
*''[[Aanandan]] or Akkini Puraana Magimai'' (1942) – Credited as Kalyanam Orchestra with [[G. Ramanathan]]
*''Dhana Amaravathi'' (1947)
*''[[Devadasi]]'' (1948)
*''Jambam'' (1948)
*''[[Kumari (1952 film)|Kumari]]'' (1952)
*''[[Madana Mohini]]'' (1953)
*''[[Rohini (film)|Rohini]]'' (1953) – with [[G. Ramanathan]] and D. C. Dutt
*''[[Naalvar]]'' (1953)
*''[[Nallakalam]]'' (1954)
*''[[Mangalyam (1954 film)|Mangalyam]]'' (1954)
*''[[Koondukkili]]'' (1954)
*''[[Mullaivanam]]'' (1955)
*''[[Pennarasi]]'' (1955)
*''[[Asai Anna Arumai Thambi]]'' (1955)
*''[[Town Bus]]'' (1955)
*''[[Moondru Pengal]]'' (1956)
*''[[Thaaikkuppin Thaaram]]'' (1956)
*''[[Makkalai Petra Magarasi]]'' (1957)
*''[[Raja Rajan (film)|Raja Rajan]]'' (1957)
*''[[Neelamalai Thirudan]]'' (1957)
*''[[Mudhalali]]'' (1957)
*''[[Qaidi (1957 film)|Magudam Katha Mangai]]'' (1957)
*''[[Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum]]'' (1958)
*''[[Nalla Idathu Sambandham]]'' (1958)
*''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' (1958)
*''[[Bommai Kalyanam]]'' (1958)
*''[[Thirudargal Jakkirathai]]'' (1958)
*''[[Sengottai Singam]]'' (1958)
*''[[Pillai Kaniyamudhu]]'' (1958)
*''[[Peria Koil]]'' (1958)
*''[[Manamulla Maruthaaram]]'' (1958)
*''[[Neelavukku Neranja Manasu]]'' (1958)
*''[[Sollu Thambi Sollu]]'' (1959)
*''Madhavi'' (1959)
*''[[Thayapola Pillai Noolapola Selai]]'' (1959)
*''[[Uzhavukkum Thozhilukkum Vandhanai Seivom]]'' (1959)
*''[[Vaazha Vaitha Deivam]]'' (1959)
*''[[Vannakili]]'' (1959)
*''[[Alli Petra Pillai]]'' (1959)
*''[[Naalu Veli Nilam]]'' (1959)
*''[[Kaveriyin Kanavan]]'' (1959)
*''[[Abalai Anjugam]]'' (1959)
*''[[Panchaali (1959 film)|Panchaali]]'' (1959)
*''[[Engal Kuladevi]]'' (1959)
*''Revathi'' (1960)
*''[[Thanthaikku Pin Thamaiyan]]'' (1960)
*''[[Sivagami]]'' (1960)
*''[[Aada Vandha Deivam]]'' (1960)
*''[[Thangam Manasu Thangam]]'' (1960)
*''Mahalakshmi'' (1960)
*''[[Padikkadha Medhai]]'' (1960)
*''[[Engal Selvi]]'' (1960)
*''[[Ponni Thirunaal]]'' (1960)
*''[[Paavai Vilakku]]'' (1960)
*''[[Yanai Paagan]]'' (1960)
*''[[Pudhiya Pathai]]'' (1960)
*''[[Thangarathinam]]'' (1960)
*''[[Kaithi Kannayiram]]'' (1960)
*''[[Veerakkanal]]'' (1960)
*''[[Kongunattu Thangam]]'' (1961)
*''[[Ellam Unakkaga]]'' (1961)
*''[[Sabaash Mapillai]]'' (1961)
*''[[Kumudham]]'' (1961)
*''[[Thayilla Pillai]]'' (1961)
*''[[Panam Panthiyile]]'' (1961)
*''[[Thai Sollai Thattathe]]'' (1961)
*''[[Panithirai]]'' (1961)
*''[[Rani Samyuktha]]'' (1962)
*''[[Madappura]]'' (1962)
*''[[Sarada (1962 film)|Sarada]]'' (1962)
*''[[Valar Pirai]]'' (1962)
*''[[Thayai Katha Thanayan]]'' (1962)
*''[[Vadivukku Valai Kappu]]'' (1962)
*''[[Kudumba Thalaivan]]'' (1962)
*''[[Azhagu Nila]]'' (1962)
*''Neeya Naana'' (1962)
*''[[Kavitha (1962 film)|Kavitha]]'' (1962)
*''[[Muthu Mandapam]]'' (1962)
*''[[Sengamala Theevu]]'' (1962)
*''Asthikkoru Aanum Asaikku Oru Ponnum'' (1962)
*''Pirandha Naal'' (1962)
*''[[Kadavulai Kanden]]'' (1963)
*''[[Koduthu Vaithaval]]'' (1963)
*''[[Dharmam Thalai Kaakkum]]'' (1963)
*''[[Vanambadi]]'' (1963)
*''[[Neengadha Ninaivu]]'' (1963)
*''[[Iruvar Ullam (1963 film)|Iruvar Ullam]]'' (1963)
*''[[Kattu Roja]]'' (1963)
*''[[Naan Vanangum Deivam]]'' (1963)
*''[[Kalai Arasi]]'' (1963)
*''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1963) with Ghantsala
*''[[Aasai Alaigal]]'' (1963)
*''[[Kulamagal Radhai]]'' (1963)
*''[[Yarukku Sontham]]'' (1963)
*''[[Kunkhumam]]'' (1963)
*''[[Neethikkupin Paasam]]'' (1963)
*''[[Ratha Thilagam]]'' (1963)
*''[[Kaanchi Thalaivan]]'' (1963)
*''[[Annai Illam]]'' (1963)
*''[[Parisu]]'' (1963)
*''[[Thulasi Maadam]]'' (1963)
*''Ninaipadharku Neramillai'' (1963)
*''[[Ezhai Pangalan]]'' (1963)
*''[[Kaithiyin Kathali]]'' (1963)
*''Puratshi Veeran Pulithevan'' (1963)
*''[[Vettaikkaran (1964 film)|Vettaikkaran]]'' (1964)
*''[[Alli (film)|Alli]]'' (1964)
*''[[Vazhi Piranthadu]]'' (1964)
*''[[Thozhilali]]'' (1964)
*''[[Navarathri (1964 film)|Navarathri]]'' (1964)
*''[[Ullasa Payanam]]'' (1964)
*''[[Aayiram Roobai]]'' (1964)
*''Paditha Manaivi'' (1965)
*''[[Kaakum Karangal]]'' (1965)
*''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]'' (1965)
*''[[Veera Abhimanyu (1965 film)|Veera Abhimanyu]]'' (1965)
*''[[Idhaya Kamalam]]'' (1965)
*''[[Kanni Thai]]'' (1965)
*''[[Enga Veettu Penn]]'' (1965)
*''[[Thazhampoo]]'' (1965)
*''[[Muharasi]]'' (1966)
*''[[Annavin Aasai]]'' (1966)
*''Thedi Vandha Thirumagal'' (1966)
*''[[Mahakavi Kalidas (1966 film)|Mahakavi Kalidas]]'' (1966)
*''[[Thaaye Unakkaga]]'' (1966)
*''[[Thaali Bhagyam]]'' (1966)
*''[[Chinnanchiru Ulagam]]'' (1966)
*''[[Saraswathi Sabatham]]'' (1966)
*''[[Thanippiravi]]'' (1966)
*''[[Selvam (1966 film)|Selvam]]'' (1966)
*''[[Thaikku Thalaimagan]]'' (1967)
*''[[Kandhan Karunai]]'' (1967)
*''[[Penne Nee Vaazhga]]'' (1967)
*''[[Thanga Thambi]]'' (1967)
*''[[Pesum Deivam]]'' (1967)
*''[[Arasa Kattalai]]'' (1967)
*''[[Paaladai]]'' (1967)
*''[[Seetha (1967 film)|Seetha]]'' (1967)
*''[[Thiruvarutchelvar]]'' (1967)
*''Ponnana Vazhvu'' (1967)
*''[[Kan Kanda Deivam]]'' (1967)
*''Rajathi'' (1967)
*''[[Muhurtha Naal]]'' (1967)
*''[[Vivasayi]]'' (1967)
*''[[Panama Pasama]]'' (1968)
*''[[Thirumal Perumai]]'' (1968)
*''Thanga Valayal'' (1968)
*''[[Ther Thiruvizha]]'' (1968)
*''[[Harichandra (1968 film)|Harichandra]]'' (1968)
*''[[Andru Kanda Mugam]]'' (1968)
*''[[Deiveega Uravu]]'' (1968)
*''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'' (1968)
*''[[Delhi Mapillai]]'' (1968)
*''[[Jeevanamsam]]'' (1968)
*''[[Kadhal Vaaganam]]'' (1968)
*''[[Adimaippenn]]'' (1969)
*''[[Ethiroli]]'' (1969)
*''[[Aathi Parasakthi|Athiparasakthi]]'' (1971)
*''[[Irulum Oliyum]] '' (1971)
*''[[Thirumagal (1971 film)|Thirumagal]]'' (1971)
*''[[Vasantha Maligai]]'' (1972)
*''[[Kurathi Magan]]'' (1972)
*''[[Nalla Neram]]'' (1972)
*''[[Pattikaattu Ponnaiya]]'' (1972)
*''[[Engal Thanga Raja]]'' (1973)
*''[[Vani Rani (film)|Vani Rani]]'' (1974)
*''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]'' (1974) - 1 song
*''[[Anbu Thangai]]'' (1974)
*''[[Satyam (1976 film)|Satyam]]'' (1975)
*''Ellaikkodu'' (1974)
*''[[Pallandu Vazhga]]'' (1975)
*''[[Uthaman (1976 film)|Uthaman]]'' (1976)
*''[[Enippadigal]]'' (1979)
*''[[Gnana Kuzhandhai]]'' (1979)
*''Manmatha Radhangal'' (1980)
*''Kadhal Kiligal'' (1981)
*''[[Antha Rathirikku Satchi Illai]]'' (1982)
*''[[Thoongatha Kannindru Ondru]]'' (1982)
*''[[Simma Soppanam]]'' (1984)
*''Mel Maruvathoor Aadhiparasakthi'' (1985)
*''[[Mel Maruvathoor Arpudhangal]]'' (1986)
*''Paimara Kappal'' (1988)
* ''Orey Thaai Orey Kulam'' (1988)
* ''Mahamayi'' (1991)
{{div col end}}

=== Telugu ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*''[[Manchi Manasulu]]'' (1962)
*''[[Dagudu Moothalu]]'' (1964)
*''[[Mooga Manasulu]]'' (1964)
*''[[Antastulu]]'' (1965)
*''[[Aastiparulu]]'' (1966)
*''[[Kanchu Kota]]'' (1967)
*''[[Manushulu Marali]]'' (1969)
*''[[Akka Chellelu]]'' (1970)
*''Mallee Pelli'' (1970)
*Iddaru Ammayilu (1970)
*''[[Balaraju Katha]]'' (1970)
*''Anuradha'' (1971)
*''Dasara Bullodu'' (1971)
*''Prem Nagar'' (1971)
*''Inspector Bharya'' (1972)
*''[[Badi Panthulu]]'' (1972)
*''[[Bangaru Babu (1973 film)|Bangaru Babu]]'' (1973)
*''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' (1973)
*''[[Mayadari Malligadu]]'' (1973)
*''[[Mutyala Muggu]]'' (1975)
*''[[Siri Siri Muvva]]'' (1976)
*''[[Monagadu]]'' (1976)
*''[[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' (1977)
*''[[Indradhanussu 1978 film|Indradhanussu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indradhanusu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SGU |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1978)
*''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu]]'' (1978)
* ''Kalanthakulu'' (1978)
*''[[Srungara Ramudu]]'' (1979)
*''[[Mande Gundelu]]'' (1979)
*''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1979)
*''[[Gorintaku (1979 film)]]'' (1979)
*''[[Vamsa Vruksham]]'' (1980)
*''[[Subhodhayam]]'' (1980)
*''[[Aadavaallu Meeku Joharlu (1981 film)|Aadavaallu Meeku Joharlu]]'' (1981)
*''[[Saptapadi (1981 film)|Saptapadi]]'' (1981)
*''[[Agni Poolu (film)|Agni Poolu]]'' (1981)
*''[[Golconda Abbulu]]'' (1982)
*''[[Subhalekha]]'' (1982)
*''[[Kaliyuga Ramudu]]'' (1982)
*''[[Trisulam (film)|Trisulam]]'' (1982)
*''[[Kanchana Ganga (1984 film)|Kanchana Ganga]]'' (1984)
*''[[Siksha (film)|Siksha]]'' (1985)
*''[[Sirivennela]]'' (1986)
*''[[Sruthilayalu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (1987 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]'' (1987)
*''[[Janaki Ramudu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Sutradharulu]]'' (1989)
*''[[Adavilo Abhimanyudu]]'' (1989)
*''[[Muddula Mavayya]]'' (1989)
*''Pralayam'' (1990)
*''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]'' (1990)
*''[[Alludugaru]]'' (1990)
*''[[Assembly Rowdy]]'' (1991)
*''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' (1991)
*''[[Swathi Kiranam]]'' (1992)
*''[[Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowmudu]]'' (1993)
*''[[Bobbili Bullodu]]'' (1996)
}}

=== Malayalam ===
*''[[Nairu Pidicha Pulivalu]]'' (1958) – [[Background Score]] only
*''[[Aana Valarthiya Vanampadiyude Makan]]'' (1971)
*''[[Padmatheertham]]''(1978)
*''[[Kayalum Kayarum]]'' (1979)
*''[[Enne Snehikkoo Enne Maathram]]'' (1981)
*''[[Kakka (film)|Kakka]]'' (1982)
*''[[Piriyilla Naam]]'' (1984)
*''[[Vepraalam]]'' (1984)
*''[[Rangam (film)|Rangam]]'' (1985)
*''Mangalya Charthu'' (1987)

=== Kannada ===
*''[[Manini (1979 film)|Manini]]'' (1979)
*''[[Guru Shishyaru (1981 film)|Guru Shishyaru]]'' (1981)
*''[[Krishna Rukmini]]'' (1988)
*''Shabarimale Swamy Ayyappa'' (1990)
*''[[Pedda Gedda]]'' (1981)

=== Playback Singer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song !! Co-singer !! Music
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Kumari (1952 film)|Kumari]]'' || Tamil || Aanukkoru Penn Venumey || || K. V. Mahadevan
|-
| rowspan=4|1953 || rowspan=4|''[[Madana Mohini]]'' || rowspan=4|Tamil || Unmaikke Ulagil Uyarvuthaan Illaiye || || rowspan=4|K. V. Mahadevan
|-
| Peru Sollum Pillai Illaiye || G. Kasthoori
|-
| Vaazhiya Senthamizh Thaaye ||
|-
| Kannodu Kannaayi Rahasiyam Pesi || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|''[[Naalvar]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Abaraadham Roobaa Aimbadhu || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] || rowspan=2|K. V. Mahadevan
|-
| Lavukku Lavukku Love || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Koondukkili]]'' || Tamil || Raatthirikku Boovaavukku Laatteri || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & V. N. Sundharam || K. V. Mahadevan
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''[[Asai Anna Arumai Thambi]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Pozhaikkum Vazhiyai Paaru || Thodi Kannan, [[S. C. Krishnan]], [[P. Susheela]], Udutha Sarojini & Padma || rowspan=2|K. V. Mahadevan
|-
| Kaanaadha Kaatchigalai Paaru || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|}

== Awards ==
*[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]] (1967) for ''[[Kandan Karunai]]'' (first recipient of the award)<ref name="National Awards Winners 1967: Complete list of winners of National Awards 1967">{{cite news|last1=The Times of India|first1=Entertainment|title=National Awards Winners 1967: Complete list of winners of National Awards 1967|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/1967/108|accessdate=11 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324034914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/1967/108|archivedate=24 March 2020}}</ref>
*[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director]] (1969) for ''[[Adimai Penn]]''
*National Film Award for Best Music Direction (1980) for ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]''
*[[Nandi Award for Best Music Director]] (1980) for ''Sankarabharanam''
*Nandi Award for Best Music Director (1987) for ''[[Shrutilayalu]]''
*Nandi Award for Best Music Director (1991) for ''Manjeera Nadam''
*[[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Telugu)]] (1992) for ''[[Swathi Kiranam]]''

== Personal life ==
K.V.Mahadevan, at the time of his death, was survived by his wife, two sons and three daughters. The famous son being V. Mahadevan, whose debut role was that of a judge in the Tamil film [[Maasilamani]].

== Death ==
K.V. Mahadevan died on 21 June 2001 in [[Chennai]] when he was 83.<ref name="The Hindu : K.V. Mahadevan dead" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestMusicDirection}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu}}{{Nandi Award for Best Music Director}}{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestMusicDirector}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahadevan, K. V.}}
[[Category:Best Music Direction National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century male musicians]]

Shikanji

2025-12-10T12:27:55Z

AndrewJordan: created new article from scratch

{{Short description|Lemon-based drink in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Shikanji
| image = Shikanji- served with pomegranate,grated apple and mint.jpg
| caption = Shikanji served with pomegranate, grated apple and mint.
| alternate_name =
| place_of_origin = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| creator =
| course = Beverage
| served = Chilled
| main_ingredient =
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Shikanji''' (alternative names include '''shikanjvi''', '''shikanjbi''' and '''shikanjbeen''') is a [[List of lemon dishes and drinks|lemon drink]] which is similar to a [[lemonade]] or [[limeade]] but is distinct from these as it often contains other ingredients such as [[salt]], [[saffron]] and [[cumin]].<ref name="ref50fiyuq">{{Citation |author=Jiggs Kalra, Pushpesh Pant |title=Classic cooking of Punjab |date=16 September 2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHrUDlo0DfEC |publisher=Allied Publishers, 2004 |isbn=978-81-7764-566-8}}</ref><ref name="ref94dumez2">{{Citation |author=Julie Sahni |title=Indian regional classics: fast, fresh, and healthy home cooking |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmYgmJGR2vUC |publisher=Ten Speed Press, 2001 |isbn=9781580083454 |quote=''... Ginger Limeade (Shikanji) ...''}}</ref> It is popular as a summer drink in the [[Indian subcontinent]].

It is named after [[sekanjabin]] or [[oxymel]] a traditional sweet-and-sour syrup from the [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle East]]. In the 10th century, Persian physician [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] wrote about its health benefits in a manuscript "Benefits of the drink called Sekanjabin" <ref>{{cite book |last1=Sina |first1=Ibn |title=Benefits of the drink called Sekanjabin |url=https://ketabpedia.com/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84/%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%9B}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
A lemonade seller, outside Red Fort, Delhi.jpg|A ''Shikanji'' lemonade seller, outside [[Red Fort]], Delhi, India.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Drink}}
* [[List of Indian drinks]]
* [[List of lemonade topics]]
* [[List of lemon dishes and beverages]]
* [[Lemonade]]
* [[Limeade]]
* [[Banta]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Non-alcoholic drinks]]
[[Category:Indian drinks]]
[[Category:Pakistani drinks]]
[[Category:Lemonade]]

{{India-cuisine-stub}}
{{Pakistan-cuisine-stub}}

Jejuri

2025-10-30T20:58:08Z

AndrewJordan: small changes

{{Short description| Town of Pune district in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jejuri
| native_name =
| other_name = Jejurigad
| nickname = ''Khandobachi Jejuri''
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Khandoba temple Pune.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Devotees during a festival at [[Khandoba]] temple in Jejuri
|website =[https://www.jejuricity.com www.jejuricity.com]
| pushpin_map = #Maharashtra #India #World
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Jejuri town in India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Maharashtra]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.275267|N|74.160822|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Purandar taluka|Purandar]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Website|www.jejuricity.com]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 718
| population_total = 14515<ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook Pune, Census of India 2011, Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/821/download/2930/DH_2011_2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations Maharashtra |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Jejurikar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Official
| demographics1_title1 = Language
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 412303
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-2115
| registration_plate = MH-12 ,MH-14, MH-42
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Jejuri''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[d͡ʒed͡zuɾiː]]]) is a city and a [[municipal council]] in the [[Pune district]] of [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Religious Places {{!}} District Pune, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://pune.gov.in/tourism/religious-places/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Khandoba Mandir]] is an important [[Hindu temple]] to the Hindu Lord [[Khandoba]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhasin |first=Shivani |date=2017-09-02 |title=Devotees, god, earth and sky turn a uniform ochre during the Bhandara festival in Maharashtra's Jejuri |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/yellow-is-the-colour-of-inclusion/article19609971.ece |access-date=2023-03-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> one of the most visited [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]] (holy places) in Maharashtra.

Khandoba is a clan god for many Maharashtrian [[caste]]s and communities, beloved as a god who grants wishes. His wives Mhalsa and Banai represent their caste groups, the [[Lingayatism|Lingayat]] [[Bania (caste)|Vanya]] of Karnataka and the nomadic shepherds, the [[Dhangar]] tribe.<ref>{{cite web| title=Yellow is the colour of inclusion: Devotees, god, earth and sky turn a uniform ochre during the Bhandara festival in Maharashtra's Jejuri |work=The Hindu| first=Shivani |last=Bhasin | date=September 2, 2017 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/yellow-is-the-colour-of-inclusion/article19609971.ece/}}</ref>

==History ==
In 1739 [[Chimaji Appa]], a general of the [[Maratha Empire]] and brother of [[Peshwa Bajirao]], defeated the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] in the [[Battle of Vasai]]. After the war, Chimaji Appa and his Maratha soldiers took 38 church bells from there as memorabilia and installed them in 34 Hindu mandirs of Maharashtra. They installed one of these bells in Khandoba's mandir, where it remains to this day.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-22|title=Why bells from Portuguese-era churches ring in temples across Maharashtra|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/why-bells-from-portuguese-era-churches-ring-in-temples-across-maharashtra/story-YYcaRl2vQ7rlULOu1oztzI.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Jejuri Khandoba Temple.JPG|thumb|Khandoba temple]]

===Koli Naiks===
The [[Koli people|Koli]] brothers [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Hari Makati and Naik Tatya Makaji were revolutionaries from Maharashtra who revolted against the [[British Raj|British Hukumat]]. With Naik Rama Krishna of [[Kalambai]], they raised an army of [[Ramoshi]]s from [[Satara state|Satara]] and revolted. In 1879, their Ramoshi army raided [[Poona]] fifteen times, then Satara many times after that. In February 1879, Naik Hari Makaji attacked a portion of Bhimthadi in [[Baramati]]. On the eighth raid into Baramati, Naik Hari Makaji was attacked by British police, but escaped, fighting hand to hand with two British policemen. He wounded them, but two Ramoshis were captured. At the beginning of March, Hari Makaji again rose, revolted and raided [[Indapur]] and raided, but was captured in [[Solapur]] in mid-March. Tatya Makaji led his revolution until the end of the year, raiding villages on the [[Purandar fort|Purandar]] and [[Sinhagad]] ranges.

On 17 October, Koli Naik Tatya Makaji and some of his followers killed a Ramoshi who was an informer for British Major Wise. After that, Tatya Makaji Naik was brought to justice.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esAIAAAAQAAJ|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona (3 pts.)|date=1885|publisher=Government Central Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95o5AAAAIAAJ|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona (2 pts.)|date=1885|publisher=Government Central Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=434IAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA129|title=Report on the Administration of the Bombay Presidency|date=1880|language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzZuAAAAMAAJ|title=Nineteenth century history of Maharashtra|last=Sunthankar|first=B. R.|date=1993|publisher=Shubhada-Saraswat Prakashan|isbn=9788185239507|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBFuAAAAMAAJ|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People|last=Majumdar|first=Ramesh Chandra|date=1951|publisher=G. Allen 8 Unwin|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILYBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA482|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona|date=1885|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA39|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona (3 pts.)|date=1885|publisher=Government Central Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yeKJ3usLF9AC&pg=PA309|title=Gazetteer|date=1885|publisher=Government Central Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jejuri.in/historical|title=ऐतिहासिक|website=jejuri.in|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref>

==Geography==
Jejuri is located at {{Coord|18.28|N|74.17|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Jejuri, India|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Jejuri.html|access-date=2022-03-27|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 718 metres

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Jejuri had a population of 14,515. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Jejuri has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 67%. In Jejuri, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Khandoba mandir==
{{Main| Khandoba Mandir}}
The Khandoba temple is located in Jejuri, which lies to the southeast of [[Pune]] in [[Maharashtra]]. The town is known for one of the most revered temples in the state, the Khandobachi Jejuri.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jejuri|url=http://www.amazingmaharashtra.com/2012/05/jejuri.html|publisher=Amazing Maharashtra}}</ref> The temple is dedicated to [[Khandoba]], also known as Mhalsakant or [[Malhari Martand]] or Mylaralinga. Khandoba is regarded as the 'God of Jejuri' and is held in great reverence by the [[Dhangar]]s. The temple was the site of a historic treaty between [[Tarabai]] and [[Balaji Baji Rao|Balaji Bajirao]] on 14 September 1752.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian lives|last=Eaton|first=Richard M|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|location=Cambridge}}</ref>

<blockquote>Every Somavati Amavasya (new moon that falls on a Monday), devotees of Khandoba gather at the Jejuri temple with tonnes of turmeric, smearing it on each other and throwing it around amid energetic singing and dancing. The temple-town is known as ‘Sonyachi Jejuri’ (golden Jejuri) because of this colourful celebration.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Touch of Turmeric: A town turns yellow in its devotion to a god during the Bhandara festival |first=Prachi |last=Moghe |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2018/06/30/touch-of-turmeric.html |date=June 1, 2020 |publisher=The Week |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527195703/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2018/06/30/touch-of-turmeric.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> </blockquote>

Jejuri Khandoba Temple can be easily divided into two separate sections - the [[Mandap]] and [[Garbhagriha]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Six day long Champa Shashthi Utsav during month of Margashirsha at Khandoba Temple in Maharashtra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/podcasts/six-day-long-champa-shashthi-utsav-during-month-of-margashirsha-at-khandoba-temple-in-maharashtra/videoshow/88187138.cms }}</ref>

==In popular culture ==

* Some scenes of the [[Bollywood]] film [[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur (1957)]] starring [[Dilip Kumar]] were filmed on the premises of Khandoba mandir and the surrounding hilltop. The ''Ana he to aa'' song of this film was also entirely filmed at this mandir, while some inside shots were filmed at a [[sound stage]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pune: Sharad Pawar recalls how he cycled to Jejuri to watch Dilip Kumar shooting for Naya Daur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/pune-sharad-pawar-recalls-how-he-cycled-to-jejuri-to-watch-dilip-kumar-shooting-for-naya-daur/articleshow/84207889.cms |access-date=2022-01-12|website=www.google.com}}</ref>
* [[Carry On Maratha]] (2015) - The ''Malhari Martand'' song of this film was shot at the Khandoba mandir. It was picturised by [[Gashmeer Mahajani]].
*[[Jejuri (poem)]] by [[Arun Kolatkar]] was based on this village and its deity.<ref name="KMGeorge1997">{{cite book|last=Ramakrishnan|first=E. V.|editor-last=George|editor-first=K. M.|editor-link=K. M. George (writer)|chapter=Jejuri|title=Masterpieces of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXFOAAAAYAAJ|volume=1|year=1997|publisher=[[National Book Trust]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-237-1978-7|pages=228–230}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Perspectives on Indian Poetry in English
|editor= M. K. Naik |publisher=Abhinav Publications |page=169 |year=1984 |isbn=0391032860}} 9780391032866</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:On the way to Jejurigad.jpg|Long shot of Jejurigad's mandir on mountain
File:Looking down the stairs from the Jejuri temple.jpg|Stairs with arched entrance of the Jejuri Khandoba mandir
Image:Agnijyot khandoba jejuri.jpg|Sacred fire (Jyoti) in front of the Khandoba temple.
Image:Deepstambha jejuri.jpg|Deepstambha in front of the temple

</gallery>

==Bibliography==

* Günter-Dietz Sontheimer: Some Incidents in the History of the Khandoba. In: Asie du Sud. Traditions et changements. VIth European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies 1973. Hrsg. von M. Gaborieau u. A. Thorner, Paris 1979, S. 11–117.

==References==
{{Commons}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Pune district topics}}
{{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pune district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Pune district]]

Rajeev Topno

2025-10-30T04:26:33Z

AndrewJordan: corrected page further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajeev Topno, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| image = Rajesh Khullar and Rajeev Topno (EDS12).jpg
| caption = Topno with [[Rajesh Khullar]] at [[World Bank Group|The World Bank]] in Washington, D.C.
| image_size = 310x250px
| office1 = [[Senior Advisor]] to [[Executive Director]] of [[World Bank Group]]
| 1blankname1 = {{nowrap begin}} Executive Director {{nowrap end}}
| 1namedata1 = [[Rajesh Khullar]]
| predecessor1 = [[Neeraj Mittal]] | successor1 = Nikunj Kumar Srivastava
| term_start1 = 1 August 2020
| term_end1 = 4 July 2024
| office2 = [[Private secretary|Private Secretary]] to [[Prime Minister of India]]
| primeminister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| successor2 = [[Hardik Shah]]
| term_start2 = 14 June 2014
| term_end2 = 4 June 2020
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|05|28}}
| birth_place = [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| nationality = {{flag|India|name=Indian}}
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]] [[University of Calcutta]]
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS Officer]], [[Civil Servant]]
}}

'''Rajeev Topno''' (born 28 May 1974 in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]) is an [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] of 1996 batch from [[Gujarat]] cadre who previously served as Senior Advisor to the [[Executive Director]] of the [[World Bank Group]]. Prior to that, he was Private Secretary to the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajiv Topno appointed Modi's private secretary|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Rajiv-Topno-appointed-Modis-private-secretary/articleshow/36780122.cms|accessdate=7 July 2014|work=The Times of India|date=19 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajeev Topno, private secretary to PM Modi, gets World Bank assignment|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-s-key-aide-rajeev-topno-gets-world-bank-assignment/story-Lh6aBrMQvZOze0vgkGpaeL.html|accessdate=21 July 2024|work=Hindustan Times|date=4 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="info">{{cite web|title=Executive Record Sheet Generator (IAS Officers|url=http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01GJ028900|website=persmin.nic.in|accessdate=7 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Administrative Service|url=http://gad.gujarat.gov.in/Personnel/DisplayIAS.htm|website=gujarat.gov.in|accessdate=7 July 2014}}</ref>

==Education and early life==
Rajeev Topno did his schooling from St. Thomas' Boys School, Khiderpore. He received Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and sociology from [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]] and joined Gujarat cadre in 1998 as assistant collector at [[Bharuch]]. He served state government in different capacities at district and state level till 2009.<ref name="info" /> Following that, he was on central government deputation posted as the deputy secretary at [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]], Delhi from 2009 to 2014. In June 2014, he was appointed as the private secretary of the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajeev Topno private secretary to Modi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajeev-topno-private-secretary-to-modi/article6127407.ece|accessdate=12 October 2014|agency=The Hindi|date=19 July 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Government of India}}
{{Civil service}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Topno, Rajeev}}
[[Category:Munda people]]
[[Category:Prime Minister's Office (India)]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

Srishtidnyan

2025-09-27T12:21:34Z

AndrewJordan: created the stub more to come

'''Srishtidnyan''' is a monthly science magazine published from [[Pune]], India in [[Marathi language]]. It was started in 1928. Its 1000th issue was published in July, 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/distance-equals-time/|title=Distance equals Time|date=2011-07-18|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/editorial/article/-/articleshow/9079631.cms|title='सृष्टिज्ञान'चं सहस्रक -Maharashtra Times|date=2011-07-03|work=Maharashtra Times|access-date=2017-11-26|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-marathi-magazine-set-to-print-1000th-issue-1566599|title=Marathi magazine set to print 1,000th issue {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2011-07-17|work=dna|access-date=2017-11-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=172163:2011-07-22-19-09-45&Itemid=1|title=‘सृष्टिज्ञान’ वसा विज्ञानप्रसाराचा!|last=satam|first=uday|website=archive.loksatta.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/daily/20090628/sun01.htm|title=loksatta.com|website=www.loksatta.com|access-date=2017-11-26}}</ref> In 2016, a programme was launched with the help of donors to make available the magazine to rural schools in [[Maharashtra]] free of cost with the aim to promote scientific inquiry amongst rural students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/science-lovers-students-to-get-benefits-of-srushtigyan-monthly-magazine-1291652/lite/%20Science%20lovers%20rural%20students%20shrishtidnyan|title=विज्ञानप्रेमींच्या दातृत्वामुळे ‘सृष्टिज्ञान’ ग्रामीण विद्यार्थ्यांच्या हाती जाणार – Loksatta|website=www.loksatta.com|access-date=2017-11-26}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Popular science magazines]]

Ashiv

2025-08-17T02:26:10Z

AndrewJordan: made the entry and citations

{{short description|Village in Latur, Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ashiv
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.09|N|76.35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Latur district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total4416 =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 413520

| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type3 = Taluka
| subdivision_name3 = Ausa
| population_total =
}}

'''Ashiv''' is a village in the [[Ausa (town)|Ausa]] taluka of [[Latur district]] located in [[Maharashtra]] State, [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=वैशिष्ट्यपूर्ण उत्पादनांना 'जीआय टॅग'; कवडीमाळ, कास्ती कोथिंबिरीला मिळणार प्रमाणपत्र |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/kavadimal-and-kasti-coriander-will-get-gi-tag-certificate/articleshow/98579566.cms |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

==Farming==
Ashiv village and its surrounding areas in Ausa taluka are known for cultivating quality coriander.<ref>{{cite news |title=Latur's patadi chinch, Borsuri tur dal, Kasti coriander get GI tags |url=https://theprint.in/india/laturs-patadi-chinch-borsuri-tur-dal-kasti-coriander-get-gi-tags/1878511/ |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=ThePrint |date=8 December 2023}}</ref> Spanning 150-175 acres annually, this crop is highly sought after for its distinctive fragrance and taste, making it a prized commodity in the market.<ref>{{cite news |title=लातूर जिल्ह्यातील आशिवच्या कास्ती कोथिंबीरला जीआय मानांकन |url=https://www.lokmat.com/latur/aashivs-kasti-coriander-from-latur-district-got-gi-rating-a-a660-c320/ |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=Lokmat |date=5 December 2023 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=6 items from M'wada, Pen's Ganesh idols get GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/6-items-from-mwada-pens-ganesh-idols-get-gi-tag/articleshow/105741715.cms |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=5 December 2023}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
[[Kasti Coriander]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 30 March 2024 and is valid until 6 February 2032.<ref>{{cite news |title=अलिबागचा पांढरा कांदा, नंदुरबारची मिरची; काष्टीची कोथिंबीर जाणार सातासमुद्र |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/maharashtra/gi-rating-to-alibag-white-onion-nandurbar-chilli-and-kashti-cilantro/607733 |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=Zee 24 taas |date=19 February 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>

Kasti Kotimbir Shetkari Utpadak Sangh from Ausa, proposed the GI registration of Kasti Coriander. After filing the application in February 2022, the Kasti Coriander was granted the GI tag in 2024 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Kasti Coriander" exclusive to the region. It thus became the 46th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ausa taluka]]
[[Category:Villages in Latur district]]