https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Andreasyrt 2026-08-05T21:50:32Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_minor_planets:_30001%E2%80%9331000&diff=549535 2026-05-25T18:07:43Z

<p>Andreasyrt: New a data and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/intro}}<br /> {{Bots|deny=AWB}}<br /> {{TOC001}}<br /> <br /> == 30001–30100 ==<br /> {{Anchor|001}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2|top-link=no}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30001 || {{mp|2000 AU|195}} || — || January 8, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 5.6 km || {{M+J|30001}}<br /> |-id=002 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30002 || {{mp|2000 AP|233}} || — || January 4, 2000 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | 1.6 km || {{M+J|30002}}<br /> |-id=003 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30003 || {{mp|2000 AO|236}} || — || January 5, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 4.4 km || {{M+J|30003}}<br /> |-id=004 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30004 Mikewilliams || {{mp|2000 BP|33}} || {{MoMP|30004|Mikewilliams}} || January 30, 2000 || [[Catalina Sky Survey|Catalina]] || [[Catalina Sky Survey|CSS]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''2.8 km'' || {{M+J|30004}}<br /> |-id=005 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30005 Stevenchen || {{mp|2000 CJ|23}} || {{MoMP|30005|Stevenchen}} || February 2, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30005}}<br /> |-id=006 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30006 || {{mp|2000 CB|30}} || — || February 2, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | 6.2 km || {{M+J|30006}}<br /> |-id=007 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30007 Johnclarke || {{mp|2000 CV|45}} || {{MoMP|30007|Johnclarke}} || February 2, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.1 km || {{M+J|30007}}<br /> |-id=008 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30008 Aroncoraor || {{mp|2000 CE|49}} || {{MoMP|30008|Aroncoraor}} || February 2, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''3.3 km'' || {{M+J|30008}}<br /> |-id=009 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30009 || {{mp|2000 CQ|50}} || — || February 2, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.1 km || {{M+J|30009}}<br /> |-id=010 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30010 || {{mp|2000 CJ|56}} || — || February 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.9 km || {{M+J|30010}}<br /> |-id=011 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30011 || {{mp|2000 CM|56}} || — || February 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.1 km || {{M+J|30011}}<br /> |-id=012 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30012 Sohamdaga || {{mp|2000 CB|67}} || {{MoMP|30012|Sohamdaga}} || February 6, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30012}}<br /> |-id=013 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30013 || {{mp|2000 CV|77}} || — || February 7, 2000 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.7 km'' || {{M+J|30013}}<br /> |-id=014 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30014 || {{mp|2000 CY|80}} || — || February 11, 2000 || [[Oaxaca Observatory|Oaxaca]] || Roe, J. M. || {{·}} || align=right | 1.9 km || {{M+J|30014}}<br /> |-id=015 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30015 || {{mp|2000 CX|92}} || — || February 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.0 km || {{M+J|30015}}<br /> |-id=016 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30016 || {{mp|2000 CA|95}} || — || February 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | 8.1 km || {{M+J|30016}}<br /> |-id=017 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30017 Shaundatta || {{mp|2000 CQ|95}} || {{MoMP|30017|Shaundatta}} || February 10, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.6 km || {{M+J|30017}}<br /> |-id=018 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30018 Loemele || {{mp|2000 CX|101}} || {{MoMP|30018|Loemele}} || February 14, 2000 || [[Observatoire Royal de Belgique|Uccle]] || [[Thierry Pauwels|T. Pauwels]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.4 km'' || {{M+J|30018}}<br /> |-id=019 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30019 || 2000 DD || — || February 16, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30019}}<br /> |-id=020 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30020 || {{mp|2000 DZ|5}} || — || February 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | 22 km || {{M+J|30020}}<br /> |-id=021 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30021 || {{mp|2000 DP|6}} || — || February 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.2 km || {{M+J|30021}}<br /> |-id=022 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30022 Kathibaker || {{mp|2000 DZ|14}} || {{MoMP|30022|Kathibaker}} || February 26, 2000 || [[Catalina Sky Survey|Catalina]] || [[Catalina Sky Survey|CSS]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]]{{·}}{{Interloper|405}} || align=right | 4.2 km || {{M+J|30022}}<br /> |-id=023 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30023 || {{mp|2000 DN|16}} || — || February 29, 2000 || [[Zvjezdarnica Višnjan|Višnjan Observatory]] || [[Korado Korlević|K. Korlević]] || NYS || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30023}}<br /> |-id=024 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30024 Neildavey || {{mp|2000 DM|21}} || {{MoMP|30024|Neildavey}} || February 29, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 4.4 km || {{M+J|30024}}<br /> |-id=025 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30025 Benfreed || {{mp|2000 DJ|26}} || {{MoMP|30025|Benfreed}} || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Asteroid family#Levin|(2076)]] || align=right | ''2.1 km'' || {{M+J|30025}}<br /> |-id=026 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30026 || {{mp|2000 DS|29}} || — || February 29, 2000 || [[Zvjezdarnica Višnjan|Višnjan Observatory]] || [[Korado Korlević|K. Korlević]] || {{·}} || align=right | 4.6 km || {{M+J|30026}}<br /> |-id=027 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30027 Anubhavguha || {{mp|2000 DA|42}} || {{MoMP|30027|Anubhavguha}} || February 29, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.2 km'' || {{M+J|30027}}<br /> |-id=028 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30028 Yushihomma || {{mp|2000 DL|42}} || {{MoMP|30028|Yushihomma}} || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Massalia family|MAS]] || align=right | ''2.6 km'' || {{M+J|30028}}<br /> |-id=029 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30029 Preetikakani || {{mp|2000 DR|58}} || {{MoMP|30029|Preetikakani}} || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[FIN tbl#406|ERI]] || align=right | 3.9 km || {{M+J|30029}}<br /> |-id=030 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30030 Joycekang || {{mp|2000 DY|61}} || {{MoMP|30030|Joycekang}} || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30030}}<br /> |-id=031 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30031 Angelakong || {{mp|2000 DZ|63}} || {{MoMP|30031|Angelakong}} || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.6 km'' || {{M+J|30031}}<br /> |-id=032 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30032 Kuszmaul || {{mp|2000 DC|65}} || {{MoMP|30032|Kuszmaul}} || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Massalia family|MAS]] || align=right | ''1.4 km'' || {{M+J|30032}}<br /> |-id=033 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30033 Kevinlee || {{mp|2000 DP|68}} || {{MoMP|30033|Kevinlee}} || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.6 km'' || {{M+J|30033}}<br /> |-id=034 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30034 || {{mp|2000 DU|76}} || — || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 1.6 km || {{M+J|30034}}<br /> |-id=035 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30035 Charlesliu || {{mp|2000 DX|77}} || {{MoMP|30035|Charlesliu}} || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.7 km'' || {{M+J|30035}}<br /> |-id=036 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30036 Eshamaiti || {{mp|2000 DF|78}} || {{MoMP|30036|Eshamaiti}} || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''2.6 km'' || {{M+J|30036}}<br /> |-id=037 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30037 Rahulmehta || {{mp|2000 DU|78}} || {{MoMP|30037|Rahulmehta}} || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30037}}<br /> |-id=038 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30038 || {{mp|2000 DM|92}} || — || February 27, 2000 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.0 km || {{M+J|30038}}<br /> |-id=039 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30039 Jameier || {{mp|2000 DE|100}} || {{MoMP|30039|Jameier}} || February 29, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]]{{·}}{{Interloper|405}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30039}}<br /> |-id=040 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30040 Annemerrill || {{mp|2000 DO|112}} || {{MoMP|30040|Annemerrill}} || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.3 km || {{M+J|30040}}<br /> |-id=041 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30041 || {{mp|2000 EG|3}} || — || March 3, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.2 km || {{M+J|30041}}<br /> |-id=042 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30042 Schmude || {{mp|2000 EY|3}} || {{MoMP|30042|Schmude}} || March 1, 2000 || [[Catalina Sky Survey|Catalina]] || [[Catalina Sky Survey|CSS]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.3 km || {{M+J|30042}}<br /> |-id=043 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30043 Lisamichaels || {{mp|2000 EJ|17}} || {{MoMP|30043|Lisamichaels}} || March 3, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30043}}<br /> |-id=044 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30044 || {{mp|2000 EG|19}} || — || March 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 1.7 km || {{M+J|30044}}<br /> |-id=045 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30045 || {{mp|2000 EC|20}} || — || March 6, 2000 || [[Zvjezdarnica Višnjan|Višnjan Observatory]] || [[Korado Korlević|K. Korlević]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''2.8 km'' || {{M+J|30045}}<br /> |-id=046 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30046 || {{mp|2000 EX|24}} || — || March 8, 2000 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.0 km'' || {{M+J|30046}}<br /> |-id=047 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30047 || {{mp|2000 EV|35}} || — || March 8, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Adeona family|ADE]] || align=right | 9.9 km || {{M+J|30047}}<br /> |-id=048 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30048 Sreyasmisra || {{mp|2000 EB|37}} || {{MoMP|30048|Sreyasmisra}} || March 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.0 km'' || {{M+J|30048}}<br /> |-id=049 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30049 Violamocz || {{mp|2000 EX|38}} || {{MoMP|30049|Violamocz}} || March 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 7.1 km || {{M+J|30049}}<br /> |-id=050 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30050 Emilypang || {{mp|2000 EK|39}} || {{MoMP|30050|Emilypang}} || March 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.7 km'' || {{M+J|30050}}<br /> |-id=051 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30051 Jihopark || {{mp|2000 ED|41}} || {{MoMP|30051|Jihopark}} || March 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 6.6 km || {{M+J|30051}}<br /> |-id=052 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30052 || {{mp|2000 EW|41}} || — || March 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 6.2 km || {{M+J|30052}}<br /> |-id=053 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30053 Ivanpaskov || {{mp|2000 EG|44}} || {{MoMP|30053|Ivanpaskov}} || March 9, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.5 km'' || {{M+J|30053}}<br /> |-id=054 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30054 Pereira || {{mp|2000 EO|44}} || {{MoMP|30054|Pereira}} || March 9, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30054}}<br /> |-id=055 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30055 Ajaysaini || {{mp|2000 EL|47}} || {{MoMP|30055|Ajaysaini}} || March 9, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30055}}<br /> |-id=056 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30056 || {{mp|2000 EP|47}} || — || March 9, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30056}}<br /> |-id=057 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30057 Sarasakowitz || {{mp|2000 EK|56}} || {{MoMP|30057|Sarasakowitz}} || March 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30057}}<br /> |-id=058 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30058 || {{mp|2000 EJ|58}} || — || March 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 7.0 km || {{M+J|30058}}<br /> |-id=059 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30059 || {{mp|2000 ET|59}} || — || March 10, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.3 km'' || {{M+J|30059}}<br /> |-id=060 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30060 Davidseong || {{mp|2000 EL|60}} || {{MoMP|30060|Davidseong}} || March 10, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30060}}<br /> |-id=061 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30061 Vishnushankar || {{mp|2000 EX|61}} || {{MoMP|30061|Vishnushankar}} || March 10, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30061}}<br /> |-id=062 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30062 || {{mp|2000 ER|62}} || — || March 10, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.3 km || {{M+J|30062}}<br /> |-id=063 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30063 Jessicashi || {{mp|2000 EX|63}} || {{MoMP|30063|Jessicashi}} || March 10, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.8 km'' || {{M+J|30063}}<br /> |-id=064 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30064 Kaitlynshin || {{mp|2000 ER|64}} || {{MoMP|30064|Kaitlynshin}} || March 10, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.4 km'' || {{M+J|30064}}<br /> |-id=065 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30065 Asrinivasan || {{mp|2000 EF|66}} || {{MoMP|30065|Asrinivasan}} || March 10, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30065}}<br /> |-id=066 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30066 Parthakker || {{mp|2000 EV|68}} || {{MoMP|30066|Parthakker}} || March 10, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30066}}<br /> |-id=067 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30067 Natalieng || {{mp|2000 EL|70}} || {{MoMP|30067|Natalieng}} || March 10, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.8 km'' || {{M+J|30067}}<br /> |-id=068 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30068 Frankmelillo || {{mp|2000 EZ|70}} || {{MoMP|30068|Frankmelillo}} || March 11, 2000 || [[Catalina Sky Survey|Catalina]] || [[Catalina Sky Survey|CSS]] || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | ''4.3 km'' || {{M+J|30068}}<br /> |-id=069 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30069 || {{mp|2000 EH|74}} || — || March 10, 2000 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''1.3 km'' || {{M+J|30069}}<br /> |-id=070 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30070 Thabitpulak || {{mp|2000 ES|84}} || {{MoMP|30070|Thabitpulak}} || March 8, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 1.8 km || {{M+J|30070}}<br /> |-id=071 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30071 || {{mp|2000 EW|92}} || — || March 9, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.0 km'' || {{M+J|30071}}<br /> |-id=072 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30072 || {{mp|2000 EP|93}} || — || March 9, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 6.1 km || {{M+J|30072}}<br /> |-id=073 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30073 Erichen || {{mp|2000 EP|94}} || {{MoMP|30073|Erichen}} || March 9, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Asteroid family#Levin|(2076)]] || align=right | 3.6 km || {{M+J|30073}}<br /> |-id=074 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30074 || {{mp|2000 EY|96}} || — || March 10, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 9.5 km || {{M+J|30074}}<br /> |-id=075 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30075 || {{mp|2000 EC|97}} || — || March 10, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 4.2 km || {{M+J|30075}}<br /> |-id=076 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30076 || {{mp|2000 EP|97}} || — || March 10, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 7.5 km || {{M+J|30076}}<br /> |-id=077 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30077 || {{mp|2000 ES|97}} || — || March 10, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 6.2 km || {{M+J|30077}}<br /> |-id=078 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30078 || {{mp|2000 EB|104}} || — || March 14, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 8.5 km || {{M+J|30078}}<br /> |-id=079 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30079 || {{mp|2000 EP|104}} || — || March 15, 2000 || [[Reedy Creek Observatory|Reedy Creek]] || [[John Broughton|J. Broughton]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30079}}<br /> |-id=080 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30080 Walterworman || {{mp|2000 EQ|105}} || {{MoMP|30080|Walterworman}} || March 11, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30080}}<br /> |-id=081 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30081 Zarinrahman || {{mp|2000 EY|108}} || {{MoMP|30081|Zarinrahman}} || March 8, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30081}}<br /> |-id=082 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30082 || {{mp|2000 EE|110}} || — || March 8, 2000 || [[Haleakala]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.7 km || {{M+J|30082}}<br /> |-id=083 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30083 || {{mp|2000 EG|110}} || — || March 8, 2000 || Haleakala || NEAT || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 2.7 km || {{M+J|30083}}<br /> |-id=084 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30084 || {{mp|2000 EV|110}} || — || March 8, 2000 || Haleakala || NEAT || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30084}}<br /> |-id=085 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30085 Kevingarbe || {{mp|2000 EZ|112}} || {{MoMP|30085|Kevingarbe}} || March 9, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.0 km || {{M+J|30085}}<br /> |-id=086 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30086 || {{mp|2000 EU|113}} || — || March 9, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | ''4.1 km'' || {{M+J|30086}}<br /> |-id=087 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30087 Georgeputnam || {{mp|2000 EL|122}} || {{MoMP|30087|Georgeputnam}} || March 11, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#30087|slow]] || align=right | 1.8 km || {{M+J|30087}}<br /> |-id=088 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30088 Deprá || {{mp|2000 EK|128}} || {{MoMP|30088|Deprá}} || March 11, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | 7.2 km || {{M+J|30088}}<br /> |-id=089 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30089 Terikelley || {{mp|2000 EW|128}} || {{MoMP|30089|Terikelley}} || March 11, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30089}}<br /> |-id=090 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30090 Grossano || {{mp|2000 EL|129}} || {{MoMP|30090|Grossano}} || March 11, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 5.4 km || {{M+J|30090}}<br /> |-id=091 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30091 Stephenbrown || {{mp|2000 EY|130}} || {{MoMP|30091|Stephenbrown}} || March 11, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 1.9 km || {{M+J|30091}}<br /> |-id=092 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30092 Menke || {{mp|2000 EB|135}} || {{MoMP|30092|Menke}} || March 11, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || [[Nysa family|NYS]]{{·}}{{Interloper|405}} || align=right | 5.7 km || {{M+J|30092}}<br /> |-id=093 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30093 McClanahan || {{mp|2000 ES|135}} || {{MoMP|30093|McClanahan}} || March 11, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || [[Juno clump|JUN]] || align=right | 4.3 km || {{M+J|30093}}<br /> |-id=094 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30094 Rolfebode || {{mp|2000 ER|141}} || {{MoMP|30094|Rolfebode}} || March 2, 2000 || [[Catalina Sky Survey|Catalina]] || [[Catalina Sky Survey|CSS]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30094}}<br /> |-id=095 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30095 Tarabode || {{mp|2000 EU|145}} || {{MoMP|30095|Tarabode}} || March 3, 2000 || Catalina || CSS || {{·}} || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30095}}<br /> |-id=096 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30096 Glindadavidson || {{mp|2000 EZ|147}} || {{MoMP|30096|Glindadavidson}} || March 4, 2000 || Catalina || CSS || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''3.4 km'' || {{M+J|30096}}<br /> |-id=097 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30097 Traino || {{mp|2000 EQ|148}} || {{MoMP|30097|Traino}} || March 4, 2000 || Catalina || CSS || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.2 km'' || {{M+J|30097}}<br /> |-id=098 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30098 || {{mp|2000 EE|151}} || — || March 5, 2000 || [[Haleakala]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | 3.3 km || {{M+J|30098}}<br /> |-id=099 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30099 || {{mp|2000 EG|151}} || — || March 5, 2000 || Haleakala || NEAT || {{·}} || align=right | 8.5 km || {{M+J|30099}}<br /> |-id=100 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30100 Christophergo || {{mp|2000 EL|157}} || {{MoMP|30100|Christophergo}} || March 11, 2000 || [[Catalina Sky Survey|Catalina]] || [[Catalina Sky Survey|CSS]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.4 km'' || {{M+J|30100}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 30101–30200 ==<br /> {{Anchor|101}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30101 || 2000 FA || — || March 16, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30101}}<br /> |-id=102 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30102 || {{mp|2000 FC|1}} || — || March 26, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | 36 km || {{M+J|30102}}<br /> |-id=103 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30103 || {{mp|2000 FY|2}} || — || March 28, 2000 || [[Oaxaca Observatory|Oaxaca]] || Roe, J. M. || [[Nysa family|NYS]]{{·}}{{Interloper|405}} || align=right | 3.8 km || {{M+J|30103}}<br /> |-id=104 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30104 || {{mp|2000 FA|3}} || — || March 27, 2000 || [[Gekko Observatory|Gekko]] || [[Tetsuo Kagawa|T. Kagawa]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30104}}<br /> |-id=105 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 30105 || {{mp|2000 FO|3}} || — || March 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30105}}<br /> |-id=106 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30106 || {{mp|2000 FR|3}} || — || March 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.6 km'' || {{M+J|30106}}<br /> |-id=107 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30107 || {{mp|2000 FT|15}} || — || March 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''2.1 km'' || {{M+J|30107}}<br /> |-id=108 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30108 || {{mp|2000 FM|16}} || — || March 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.5 km || {{M+J|30108}}<br /> |-id=109 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30109 Jaywilson || {{mp|2000 FQ|17}} || {{MoMP|30109|Jaywilson}} || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.4 km'' || {{M+J|30109}}<br /> |-id=110 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30110 Lisabreton || {{mp|2000 FH|20}} || {{MoMP|30110|Lisabreton}} || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.0 km || {{M+J|30110}}<br /> |-id=111 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30111 Wendyslijk || {{mp|2000 FJ|20}} || {{MoMP|30111|Wendyslijk}} || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''2.1 km'' || {{M+J|30111}}<br /> |-id=112 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30112 Weistrop || {{mp|2000 FZ|25}} || {{MoMP|30112|Weistrop}} || March 27, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || V || align=right | 4.5 km || {{M+J|30112}}<br /> |-id=113 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30113 Kylerkuehn || {{mp|2000 FM|26}} || {{MoMP|30113|Kylerkuehn}} || March 27, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30113}}<br /> |-id=114 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30114 Mooney || {{mp|2000 FY|26}} || {{MoMP|30114|Mooney}} || March 27, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 1.8 km || {{M+J|30114}}<br /> |-id=115 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30115 || {{mp|2000 FQ|31}} || — || March 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | 5.7 km || {{M+J|30115}}<br /> |-id=116 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30116 || {{mp|2000 FA|36}} || — || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || PHO || align=right | 6.7 km || {{M+J|30116}}<br /> |-id=117 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30117 Childress || {{mp|2000 FW|36}} || {{MoMP|30117|Childress}} || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.6 km || {{M+J|30117}}<br /> |-id=118 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30118 || {{mp|2000 FC|37}} || — || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.6 km || {{M+J|30118}}<br /> |-id=119 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30119 Lucamatone || {{mp|2000 FS|37}} || {{MoMP|30119|Lucamatone}} || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.5 km'' || {{M+J|30119}}<br /> |-id=120 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30120 || {{mp|2000 FZ|38}} || — || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[FIN tbl#406|ERI]] || align=right | 7.0 km || {{M+J|30120}}<br /> |-id=121 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30121 || {{mp|2000 FF|39}} || — || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.0 km'' || {{M+J|30121}}<br /> |-id=122 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30122 Elschweitzer || {{mp|2000 FC|40}} || {{MoMP|30122|Elschweitzer}} || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.2 km'' || {{M+J|30122}}<br /> |-id=123 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30123 Scottrippeon || {{mp|2000 FF|40}} || {{MoMP|30123|Scottrippeon}} || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.6 km || {{M+J|30123}}<br /> |-id=124 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30124 || {{mp|2000 FZ|40}} || — || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.2 km || {{M+J|30124}}<br /> |-id=125 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30125 Mikekiser || {{mp|2000 FF|41}} || {{MoMP|30125|Mikekiser}} || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30125}}<br /> |-id=126 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30126 Haviland || {{mp|2000 FS|41}} || {{MoMP|30126|Haviland}} || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.1 km || {{M+J|30126}}<br /> |-id=127 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30127 || {{mp|2000 FY|41}} || — || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.2 km || {{M+J|30127}}<br /> |-id=128 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30128 Shannonbunch || {{mp|2000 FJ|44}} || {{MoMP|30128|Shannonbunch}} || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30128}}<br /> |-id=129 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30129 Virmani || {{mp|2000 FT|44}} || {{MoMP|30129|Virmani}} || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 1.8 km || {{M+J|30129}}<br /> |-id=130 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30130 Jeandillman || {{mp|2000 FK|46}} || {{MoMP|30130|Jeandillman}} || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30130}}<br /> |-id=131 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30131 || {{mp|2000 FO|46}} || — || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.1 km'' || {{M+J|30131}}<br /> |-id=132 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30132 || {{mp|2000 FP|47}} || — || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''9.2 km'' || {{M+J|30132}}<br /> |-id=133 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30133 || {{mp|2000 FA|48}} || — || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.0 km'' || {{M+J|30133}}<br /> |-id=134 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30134 || {{mp|2000 FR|49}} || — || March 30, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | 3.7 km || {{M+J|30134}}<br /> |-id=135 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30135 || {{mp|2000 FU|49}} || — || March 30, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''4.5 km'' || {{M+J|30135}}<br /> |-id=136 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30136 Bakerfranke || {{mp|2000 FO|60}} || {{MoMP|30136|Bakerfranke}} || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.2 km'' || {{M+J|30136}}<br /> |-id=137 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30137 Sherryshaffer || {{mp|2000 FB|63}} || {{MoMP|30137|Sherryshaffer}} || March 27, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30137}}<br /> |-id=138 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30138 Gonyea || {{mp|2000 FN|68}} || {{MoMP|30138|Gonyea}} || March 26, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.2 km'' || {{M+J|30138}}<br /> |-id=139 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30139 || {{mp|2000 GG|3}} || — || April 5, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30139}}<br /> |-id=140 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30140 Robpergolizzi || {{mp|2000 GO|5}} || {{MoMP|30140|Robpergolizzi}} || April 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30140}}<br /> |-id=141 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30141 Nelvenzon || {{mp|2000 GT|24}} || {{MoMP|30141|Nelvenzon}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30141}}<br /> |-id=142 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30142 Debfrazier || {{mp|2000 GS|26}} || {{MoMP|30142|Debfrazier}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.7 km'' || {{M+J|30142}}<br /> |-id=143 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30143 || {{mp|2000 GU|29}} || — || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 4.0 km || {{M+J|30143}}<br /> |-id=144 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30144 Minubasu || {{mp|2000 GP|31}} || {{MoMP|30144|Minubasu}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.9 km'' || {{M+J|30144}}<br /> |-id=145 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30145 || {{mp|2000 GG|33}} || — || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.7 km || {{M+J|30145}}<br /> |-id=146 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30146 Decandia || {{mp|2000 GQ|34}} || {{MoMP|30146|Decandia}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 8.4 km || {{M+J|30146}}<br /> |-id=147 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30147 Amyhammer || {{mp|2000 GV|41}} || {{MoMP|30147|Amyhammer}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.0 km || {{M+J|30147}}<br /> |-id=148 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30148 || {{mp|2000 GP|45}} || — || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.4 km'' || {{M+J|30148}}<br /> |-id=149 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30149 Kellyriedell || {{mp|2000 GW|45}} || {{MoMP|30149|Kellyriedell}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.0 km || {{M+J|30149}}<br /> |-id=150 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30150 Laseminara || {{mp|2000 GC|46}} || {{MoMP|30150|Laseminara}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''2.6 km'' || {{M+J|30150}}<br /> |-id=151 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30151 Susanoffner || {{mp|2000 GX|46}} || {{MoMP|30151|Susanoffner}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || V || align=right | 2.0 km || {{M+J|30151}}<br /> |-id=152 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30152 Reneefallon || {{mp|2000 GW|49}} || {{MoMP|30152|Reneefallon}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | 6.0 km || {{M+J|30152}}<br /> |-id=153 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30153 Ostrander || {{mp|2000 GT|50}} || {{MoMP|30153|Ostrander}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.8 km'' || {{M+J|30153}}<br /> |-id=154 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30154 Christichil || {{mp|2000 GO|52}} || {{MoMP|30154|Christichil}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.8 km'' || {{M+J|30154}}<br /> |-id=155 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30155 Warmuth || {{mp|2000 GQ|52}} || {{MoMP|30155|Warmuth}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.2 km'' || {{M+J|30155}}<br /> |-id=156 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30156 || {{mp|2000 GH|55}} || — || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.0 km'' || {{M+J|30156}}<br /> |-id=157 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30157 Robertspira || {{mp|2000 GL|55}} || {{MoMP|30157|Robertspira}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30157}}<br /> |-id=158 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30158 Mabdulla || {{mp|2000 GQ|55}} || {{MoMP|30158|Mabdulla}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.4 km || {{M+J|30158}}<br /> |-id=159 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30159 Behari || {{mp|2000 GR|55}} || {{MoMP|30159|Behari}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.4 km'' || {{M+J|30159}}<br /> |-id=160 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30160 Danielbruce || {{mp|2000 GD|57}} || {{MoMP|30160|Danielbruce}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30160}}<br /> |-id=161 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30161 Chrepta || {{mp|2000 GM|57}} || {{MoMP|30161|Chrepta}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.4 km'' || {{M+J|30161}}<br /> |-id=162 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30162 Courtney || {{mp|2000 GO|57}} || {{MoMP|30162|Courtney}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Massalia family|MAS]] || align=right | 2.7 km || {{M+J|30162}}<br /> |-id=163 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30163 || {{mp|2000 GK|58}} || — || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | 4.1 km || {{M+J|30163}}<br /> |-id=164 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30164 Arnobdas || {{mp|2000 GC|59}} || {{MoMP|30164|Arnobdas}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.2 km || {{M+J|30164}}<br /> |-id=165 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30165 || {{mp|2000 GF|61}} || — || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 6.0 km || {{M+J|30165}}<br /> |-id=166 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30166 Leodeng || {{mp|2000 GC|62}} || {{MoMP|30166|Leodeng}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.8 km'' || {{M+J|30166}}<br /> |-id=167 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30167 Caredmonds || {{mp|2000 GR|62}} || {{MoMP|30167|Caredmonds}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30167}}<br /> |-id=168 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30168 Linusfreyer || {{mp|2000 GG|66}} || {{MoMP|30168|Linusfreyer}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''3.9 km'' || {{M+J|30168}}<br /> |-id=169 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30169 Raghavganesh || {{mp|2000 GU|67}} || {{MoMP|30169|Raghavganesh}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.0 km || {{M+J|30169}}<br /> |-id=170 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30170 Makaylaruth || {{mp|2000 GG|68}} || {{MoMP|30170|Makaylaruth}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30170}}<br /> |-id=171 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30171 || {{mp|2000 GY|70}} || — || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30171}}<br /> |-id=172 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30172 Giedraitis || {{mp|2000 GZ|71}} || {{MoMP|30172|Giedraitis}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30172}}<br /> |-id=173 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30173 Greenwood || {{mp|2000 GG|72}} || {{MoMP|30173|Greenwood}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.8 km'' || {{M+J|30173}}<br /> |-id=174 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30174 Hollyjackson || {{mp|2000 GY|72}} || {{MoMP|30174|Hollyjackson}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.2 km || {{M+J|30174}}<br /> |-id=175 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30175 Adityajain || {{mp|2000 GS|73}} || {{MoMP|30175|Adityajain}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30175}}<br /> |-id=176 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30176 Gelseyjaymes || {{mp|2000 GX|73}} || {{MoMP|30176|Gelseyjaymes}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.1 km'' || {{M+J|30176}}<br /> |-id=177 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30177 Khashayar || {{mp|2000 GV|76}} || {{MoMP|30177|Khashayar}} || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''2.7 km'' || {{M+J|30177}}<br /> |-id=178 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30178 || {{mp|2000 GW|77}} || — || April 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30178}}<br /> |-id=179 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30179 Movva || {{mp|2000 GY|79}} || {{MoMP|30179|Movva}} || April 6, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30179}}<br /> |-id=180 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30180 || {{mp|2000 GX|87}} || — || April 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.4 km || {{M+J|30180}}<br /> |-id=181 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30181 || {{mp|2000 GR|88}} || — || April 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.0 km || {{M+J|30181}}<br /> |-id=182 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30182 || {{mp|2000 GC|95}} || — || April 6, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''5.1 km'' || {{M+J|30182}}<br /> |-id=183 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30183 Murali || {{mp|2000 GL|95}} || {{MoMP|30183|Murali}} || April 6, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#30183|slow]] || align=right | 5.3 km || {{M+J|30183}}<br /> |-id=184 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30184 Okasinski || {{mp|2000 GM|95}} || {{MoMP|30184|Okasinski}} || April 6, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''2.1 km'' || {{M+J|30184}}<br /> |-id=185 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30185 || {{mp|2000 GT|95}} || — || April 6, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''7.4 km'' || {{M+J|30185}}<br /> |-id=186 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30186 Ostojic || {{mp|2000 GY|95}} || {{MoMP|30186|Ostojic}} || April 6, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.1 km'' || {{M+J|30186}}<br /> |-id=187 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30187 Jamesroney || {{mp|2000 GN|96}} || {{MoMP|30187|Jamesroney}} || April 6, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.5 km'' || {{M+J|30187}}<br /> |-id=188 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30188 Hafsasaeed || {{mp|2000 GR|96}} || {{MoMP|30188|Hafsasaeed}} || April 6, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.0 km || {{M+J|30188}}<br /> |-id=189 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30189 || {{mp|2000 GV|96}} || — || April 6, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''7.1 km'' || {{M+J|30189}}<br /> |-id=190 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30190 Alexshelby || {{mp|2000 GW|96}} || {{MoMP|30190|Alexshelby}} || April 6, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 6.3 km || {{M+J|30190}}<br /> |-id=191 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30191 Sivakumar || {{mp|2000 GJ|98}} || {{MoMP|30191|Sivakumar}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.3 km'' || {{M+J|30191}}<br /> |-id=192 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30192 Talarterzian || {{mp|2000 GB|100}} || {{MoMP|30192|Talarterzian}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Baptistina family|BAP]] || align=right | 3.0 km || {{M+J|30192}}<br /> |-id=193 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30193 Annikaurban || {{mp|2000 GL|100}} || {{MoMP|30193|Annikaurban}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.3 km || {{M+J|30193}}<br /> |-id=194 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30194 Liamyoung || {{mp|2000 GM|100}} || {{MoMP|30194|Liamyoung}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30194}}<br /> |-id=195 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30195 Akdemir || {{mp|2000 GB|101}} || {{MoMP|30195|Akdemir}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30195}}<br /> |-id=196 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30196 || {{mp|2000 GB|102}} || — || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.2 km || {{M+J|30196}}<br /> |-id=197 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30197 Nickbadyrka || {{mp|2000 GP|102}} || {{MoMP|30197|Nickbadyrka}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.1 km || {{M+J|30197}}<br /> |-id=198 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30198 || {{mp|2000 GR|103}} || — || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.9 km'' || {{M+J|30198}}<br /> |-id=199 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30199 Ericbrown || {{mp|2000 GX|103}} || {{MoMP|30199|Ericbrown}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.7 km'' || {{M+J|30199}}<br /> |-id=200 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30200 Terryburch || {{mp|2000 GG|104}} || {{MoMP|30200|Terryburch}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30200}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 30201–30300 ==<br /> {{Anchor|201}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30201 Caruana || {{mp|2000 GA|105}} || {{MoMP|30201|Caruana}} || April 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.5 km'' || {{M+J|30201}}<br /> |-id=202 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30202 || {{mp|2000 GD|105}} || — || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.0 km || {{M+J|30202}}<br /> |-id=203 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30203 Kimdavis || {{mp|2000 GK|106}} || {{MoMP|30203|Kimdavis}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''3.6 km'' || {{M+J|30203}}<br /> |-id=204 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30204 Stevedoherty || {{mp|2000 GX|107}} || {{MoMP|30204|Stevedoherty}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.3 km'' || {{M+J|30204}}<br /> |-id=205 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30205 Mistyevans || {{mp|2000 GV|108}} || {{MoMP|30205|Mistyevans}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.2 km || {{M+J|30205}}<br /> |-id=206 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30206 Jasonfricker || {{mp|2000 GD|109}} || {{MoMP|30206|Jasonfricker}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30206}}<br /> |-id=207 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30207 || {{mp|2000 GL|109}} || — || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.0 km'' || {{M+J|30207}}<br /> |-id=208 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30208 Guigarcia || {{mp|2000 GN|115}} || {{MoMP|30208|Guigarcia}} || April 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''1.9 km'' || {{M+J|30208}}<br /> |-id=209 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30209 Garciaarriola || {{mp|2000 GG|116}} || {{MoMP|30209|Garciaarriola}} || April 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.8 km'' || {{M+J|30209}}<br /> |-id=210 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30210 || {{mp|2000 GN|122}} || — || April 10, 2000 || [[Haleakala]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.9 km'' || {{M+J|30210}}<br /> |-id=211 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30211 Sheilah || {{mp|2000 GN|123}} || {{MoMP|30211|Sheilah}} || April 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.3 km || {{M+J|30211}}<br /> |-id=212 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30212 || {{mp|2000 GP|123}} || — || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.5 km || {{M+J|30212}}<br /> |-id=213 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30213 || {{mp|2000 GW|124}} || — || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.9 km || {{M+J|30213}}<br /> |-id=214 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30214 || {{mp|2000 GS|125}} || — || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 3.2 km || {{M+J|30214}}<br /> |-id=215 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30215 || {{mp|2000 GU|125}} || — || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.7 km || {{M+J|30215}}<br /> |-id=216 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30216 Summerjohnson || {{mp|2000 GV|125}} || {{MoMP|30216|Summerjohnson}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30216}}<br /> |-id=217 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30217 || {{mp|2000 GA|126}} || — || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | 4.2 km || {{M+J|30217}}<br /> |-id=218 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30218 Paulaladd || {{mp|2000 GC|126}} || {{MoMP|30218|Paulaladd}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30218}}<br /> |-id=219 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30219 || {{mp|2000 GM|126}} || — || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Jupiter Tisserand invariant|T&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;small&gt;(2.97)&lt;/small&gt;]] || align=right | 12 km || {{M+J|30219}}<br /> |-id=220 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30220 || {{mp|2000 GP|126}} || — || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30220}}<br /> |-id=221 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30221 LeDonne || {{mp|2000 GX|126}} || {{MoMP|30221|LeDonne}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.0 km || {{M+J|30221}}<br /> |-id=222 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30222 Malecki || {{mp|2000 GA|134}} || {{MoMP|30222|Malecki}} || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30222}}<br /> |-id=223 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30223 || {{mp|2000 GE|134}} || — || April 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[FIN tbl#512|DOR]] || align=right | 9.9 km || {{M+J|30223}}<br /> |-id=224 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30224 || {{mp|2000 GU|136}} || — || April 12, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''5.7 km'' || {{M+J|30224}}<br /> |-id=225 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30225 Ellenzweibel || {{mp|2000 GV|137}} || {{MoMP|30225|Ellenzweibel}} || April 4, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 6.0 km || {{M+J|30225}}<br /> |-id=226 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30226 Samuelleejackson || {{mp|2000 GY|137}} || {{MoMP|30226|Samuelleejackson}} || April 4, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30226}}<br /> |-id=227 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30227 Jansensturgeon || {{mp|2000 GO|139}} || {{MoMP|30227|Jansensturgeon}} || April 4, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30227}}<br /> |-id=228 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30228 Hushoucun || {{mp|2000 GO|141}} || {{MoMP|30228|Hushoucun}} || April 7, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | ''4.5 km'' || {{M+J|30228}}<br /> |-id=229 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30229 Neilbowles || {{mp|2000 GL|142}} || {{MoMP|30229|Neilbowles}} || April 7, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.8 km'' || {{M+J|30229}}<br /> |-id=230 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30230 Ralucarufu || {{mp|2000 GP|142}} || {{MoMP|30230|Ralucarufu}} || April 7, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.9 km'' || {{M+J|30230}}<br /> |-id=231 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30231 Patorojo || {{mp|2000 GZ|142}} || {{MoMP|30231|Patorojo}} || April 7, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''3.9 km'' || {{M+J|30231}}<br /> |-id=232 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30232 Stephaniejarmak || {{mp|2000 GV|153}} || {{MoMP|30232|Stephaniejarmak}} || April 6, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30232}}<br /> |-id=233 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30233 || {{mp|2000 GJ|161}} || — || April 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 8.4 km || {{M+J|30233}}<br /> |-id=234 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30234 Dudziński || {{mp|2000 GD|167}} || {{MoMP|30234|Dudziński}} || April 4, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || [[Hungaria family|H]] || align=right | 1.4 km || {{M+J|30234}}<br /> |-id=235 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30235 Kimmiller || {{mp|2000 GR|179}} || {{MoMP|30235|Kimmiller}} || April 5, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30235}}<br /> |-id=236 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30236 || 2000 HF || — || April 23, 2000 || [[Kurohone, Gunma|Kurohone]] || [[Takao Kobayashi|T. Kobayashi]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.4 km'' || {{M+J|30236}}<br /> |-id=237 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30237 || {{mp|2000 HY|1}} || — || April 25, 2000 || [[Zvjezdarnica Višnjan|Višnjan Observatory]] || [[Korado Korlević|K. Korlević]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.8 km'' || {{M+J|30237}}<br /> |-id=238 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30238 || {{mp|2000 HY|4}} || — || April 27, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 5.5 km || {{M+J|30238}}<br /> |-id=239 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30239 || {{mp|2000 HZ|4}} || — || April 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | ''3.6 km'' || {{M+J|30239}}<br /> |-id=240 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30240 Morgensen || {{mp|2000 HF|8}} || {{MoMP|30240|Morgensen}} || April 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.8 km'' || {{M+J|30240}}<br /> |-id=241 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30241 Donnamower || {{mp|2000 HN|8}} || {{MoMP|30241|Donnamower}} || April 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 1.9 km || {{M+J|30241}}<br /> |-id=242 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30242 Naymark || {{mp|2000 HQ|8}} || {{MoMP|30242|Naymark}} || April 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.8 km'' || {{M+J|30242}}<br /> |-id=243 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30243 || {{mp|2000 HS|9}} || — || April 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.7 km'' || {{M+J|30243}}<br /> |-id=244 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30244 Linhpham || {{mp|2000 HP|10}} || {{MoMP|30244|Linhpham}} || April 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30244}}<br /> |-id=245 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30245 Paigesmith || {{mp|2000 HC|12}} || {{MoMP|30245|Paigesmith}} || April 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.6 km'' || {{M+J|30245}}<br /> |-id=246 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30246 || {{mp|2000 HC|13}} || — || April 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.0 km || {{M+J|30246}}<br /> |-id=247 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30247 || {{mp|2000 HN|13}} || — || April 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 9.6 km || {{M+J|30247}}<br /> |-id=248 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30248 Kimstinson || {{mp|2000 HV|13}} || {{MoMP|30248|Kimstinson}} || April 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 7.1 km || {{M+J|30248}}<br /> |-id=249 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30249 Zamora || {{mp|2000 HF|14}} || {{MoMP|30249|Zamora}} || April 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30249}}<br /> |-id=250 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30250 || {{mp|2000 HG|14}} || — || April 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 7.4 km || {{M+J|30250}}<br /> |-id=251 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30251 Ashkin || {{mp|2000 HR|22}} || {{MoMP|30251|Ashkin}} || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.6 km'' || {{M+J|30251}}<br /> |-id=252 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30252 Textorisová || {{mp|2000 HE|24}} || {{MoMP|30252|Textorisová}} || April 30, 2000 || [[Observatoř Ondřejov|Ondřejov]] || [[Peter Kušnirák|P. Kušnirák]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.3 km || {{M+J|30252}}<br /> |-id=253 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30253 Vítek || {{mp|2000 HF|24}} || {{MoMP|30253|Vítek}} || April 30, 2000 || Ondřejov || P. Kušnirák, [[Petr Pravec|P. Pravec]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.5 km'' || {{M+J|30253}}<br /> |-id=254 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30254 Kamiński || {{mp|2000 HZ|25}} || {{MoMP|30254|Kamiński}} || April 24, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''3.3 km'' || {{M+J|30254}}<br /> |-id=255 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30255 Bohner || {{mp|2000 HK|26}} || {{MoMP|30255|Bohner}} || April 24, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.6 km'' || {{M+J|30255}}<br /> |-id=256 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30256 || {{mp|2000 HC|30}} || — || April 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.0 km'' || {{M+J|30256}}<br /> |-id=257 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30257 Leejanel || {{mp|2000 HH|32}} || {{MoMP|30257|Leejanel}} || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.6 km'' || {{M+J|30257}}<br /> |-id=258 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30258 || {{mp|2000 HA|33}} || — || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''3.5 km'' || {{M+J|30258}}<br /> |-id=259 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30259 Catherineli || {{mp|2000 HC|35}} || {{MoMP|30259|Catherineli}} || April 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.3 km || {{M+J|30259}}<br /> |-id=260 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30260 || {{mp|2000 HY|35}} || — || April 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 2.7 km || {{M+J|30260}}<br /> |-id=261 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30261 || {{mp|2000 HB|36}} || — || April 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''3.6 km'' || {{M+J|30261}}<br /> |-id=262 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30262 || {{mp|2000 HP|41}} || — || April 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 8.4 km || {{M+J|30262}}<br /> |-id=263 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30263 || {{mp|2000 HR|41}} || — || April 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Adeona family|ADE]] || align=right | 8.0 km || {{M+J|30263}}<br /> |-id=264 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30264 Galluccio || {{mp|2000 HT|44}} || {{MoMP|30264|Galluccio}} || April 26, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.7 km'' || {{M+J|30264}}<br /> |-id=265 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30265 Rominagarcía || {{mp|2000 HH|45}} || {{MoMP|30265|Rominagarcía}} || April 26, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 1.9 km || {{M+J|30265}}<br /> |-id=266 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30266 || {{mp|2000 HW|48}} || — || April 29, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30266}}<br /> |-id=267 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30267 Raghuvanshi || {{mp|2000 HQ|49}} || {{MoMP|30267|Raghuvanshi}} || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.2 km'' || {{M+J|30267}}<br /> |-id=268 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30268 Jessezhang || {{mp|2000 HM|50}} || {{MoMP|30268|Jessezhang}} || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.5 km'' || {{M+J|30268}}<br /> |-id=269 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30269 Anandapadmanaban || {{mp|2000 HS|50}} || {{MoMP|30269|Anandapadmanaban}} || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | 2.2 km || {{M+J|30269}}<br /> |-id=270 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30270 Chemparathy || {{mp|2000 HJ|51}} || {{MoMP|30270|Chemparathy}} || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30270}}<br /> |-id=271 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30271 Brandoncui || {{mp|2000 HZ|51}} || {{MoMP|30271|Brandoncui}} || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 1.8 km || {{M+J|30271}}<br /> |-id=272 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30272 D'Mello || {{mp|2000 HA|52}} || {{MoMP|30272|D'Mello}} || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30272}}<br /> |-id=273 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30273 Samepstein || {{mp|2000 HV|52}} || {{MoMP|30273|Samepstein}} || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.4 km'' || {{M+J|30273}}<br /> |-id=274 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30274 || {{mp|2000 HN|53}} || — || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 5.1 km || {{M+J|30274}}<br /> |-id=275 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30275 Eskow || {{mp|2000 HP|53}} || {{MoMP|30275|Eskow}} || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.6 km'' || {{M+J|30275}}<br /> |-id=276 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30276 Noahgolowich || {{mp|2000 HB|55}} || {{MoMP|30276|Noahgolowich}} || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.2 km || {{M+J|30276}}<br /> |-id=277 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30277 Charlesgulian || {{mp|2000 HF|55}} || {{MoMP|30277|Charlesgulian}} || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.6 km || {{M+J|30277}}<br /> |-id=278 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30278 Gazeas || {{mp|2000 HN|56}} || {{MoMP|30278|Gazeas}} || April 24, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | 5.7 km || {{M+J|30278}}<br /> |-id=279 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30279 Binnie || {{mp|2000 HQ|56}} || {{MoMP|30279|Binnie}} || April 24, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.3 km'' || {{M+J|30279}}<br /> |-id=280 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30280 Raderlane || {{mp|2000 HS|56}} || {{MoMP|30280|Raderlane}} || April 24, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.0 km'' || {{M+J|30280}}<br /> |-id=281 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30281 Horstman || {{mp|2000 HH|57}} || {{MoMP|30281|Horstman}} || April 24, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30281}}<br /> |-id=282 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30282 Jamessmith || {{mp|2000 HQ|57}} || {{MoMP|30282|Jamessmith}} || April 24, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30282}}<br /> |-id=283 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30283 Shirleysmith || {{mp|2000 HS|57}} || {{MoMP|30283|Shirleysmith}} || April 24, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30283}}<br /> |-id=284 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30284 || {{mp|2000 HG|58}} || — || April 24, 2000 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.7 km'' || {{M+J|30284}}<br /> |-id=285 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30285 Ellsworth-Bowers || {{mp|2000 HB|59}} || {{MoMP|30285|Ellsworth-Bowers}} || April 25, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 7.9 km || {{M+J|30285}}<br /> |-id=286 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30286 Klesman || {{mp|2000 HG|61}} || {{MoMP|30286|Klesman}} || April 25, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''3.0 km'' || {{M+J|30286}}<br /> |-id=287 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30287 || {{mp|2000 HK|62}} || — || April 25, 2000 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || [[FIN tbl#508|AEO]] || align=right | 3.2 km || {{M+J|30287}}<br /> |-id=288 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30288 Conelalexander || {{mp|2000 HT|62}} || {{MoMP|30288|Conelalexander}} || April 26, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || [[FIN tbl#519|HOF]] || align=right | 6.6 km || {{M+J|30288}}<br /> |-id=289 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30289 Richardcarlson || {{mp|2000 HP|65}} || {{MoMP|30289|Richardcarlson}} || April 26, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 1.8 km || {{M+J|30289}}<br /> |-id=290 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30290 Noble || {{mp|2000 HG|69}} || {{MoMP|30290|Noble}} || April 24, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.0 km'' || {{M+J|30290}}<br /> |-id=291 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30291 || {{mp|2000 HL|71}} || — || April 24, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.1 km'' || {{M+J|30291}}<br /> |-id=292 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30292 || {{mp|2000 HJ|72}} || — || April 26, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.8 km'' || {{M+J|30292}}<br /> |-id=293 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30293 || {{mp|2000 HO|72}} || — || April 26, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 6.3 km || {{M+J|30293}}<br /> |-id=294 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30294 || {{mp|2000 HQ|74}} || — || April 27, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.8 km'' || {{M+J|30294}}<br /> |-id=295 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30295 Anvitagupta || {{mp|2000 HV|74}} || {{MoMP|30295|Anvitagupta}} || April 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.1 km'' || {{M+J|30295}}<br /> |-id=296 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30296 Bricehuang || {{mp|2000 HZ|76}} || {{MoMP|30296|Bricehuang}} || April 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30296}}<br /> |-id=297 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30297 Cupák || {{mp|2000 HO|77}} || {{MoMP|30297|Cupák}} || April 28, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.7 km'' || {{M+J|30297}}<br /> |-id=298 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30298 Somyakhare || {{mp|2000 HJ|81}} || {{MoMP|30298|Somyakhare}} || April 29, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30298}}<br /> |-id=299 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30299 Shashkishore || {{mp|2000 HW|81}} || {{MoMP|30299|Shashkishore}} || April 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.7 km || {{M+J|30299}}<br /> |-id=300 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30300 Waagen || {{mp|2000 HF|86}} || {{MoMP|30300|Waagen}} || April 30, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 5.3 km || {{M+J|30300}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 30301–30400 ==<br /> {{Anchor|301}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30301 Kuditipudi || {{mp|2000 HK|87}} || {{MoMP|30301|Kuditipudi}} || April 27, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Asteroid family#Levin|(2076)]] || align=right | ''2.8 km'' || {{M+J|30301}}<br /> |-id=302 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30302 Kritilall || {{mp|2000 HS|88}} || {{MoMP|30302|Kritilall}} || April 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30302}}<br /> |-id=303 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30303 || {{mp|2000 HS|93}} || — || April 29, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.2 km'' || {{M+J|30303}}<br /> |-id=304 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30304 Denisvida || {{mp|2000 HZ|103}} || {{MoMP|30304|Denisvida}} || April 27, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.0 km'' || {{M+J|30304}}<br /> |-id=305 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30305 Severi || 2000 JA || {{MoMP|30305|Severi}} || May 1, 2000 || [[Prescott Observatory|Prescott]] || [[Paul G. Comba|P. G. Comba]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | 4.4 km || {{M+J|30305}}<br /> |-id=306 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30306 Frigyesriesz || 2000 JD || {{MoMP|30306|Frigyesriesz}} || May 2, 2000 || Prescott || P. G. Comba || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.4 km'' || {{M+J|30306}}<br /> |-id=307 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30307 Marcelriesz || 2000 JE || {{MoMP|30307|Marcelriesz}} || May 2, 2000 || Prescott || P. G. Comba || {{·}} || align=right | 7.6 km || {{M+J|30307}}<br /> |-id=308 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30308 Ienli || {{mp|2000 JN|1}} || {{MoMP|30308|Ienli}} || May 1, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Fast rotator (asteroid)#30308|fast]] || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30308}}<br /> |-id=309 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30309 || {{mp|2000 JR|2}} || — || May 3, 2000 || [[Zvjezdarnica Višnjan|Višnjan Observatory]] || [[Korado Korlević|K. Korlević]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 3.2 km || {{M+J|30309}}<br /> |-id=310 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30310 Alexanderlin || {{mp|2000 JO|9}} || {{MoMP|30310|Alexanderlin}} || May 3, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.5 km'' || {{M+J|30310}}<br /> |-id=311 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30311 || {{mp|2000 JS|10}} || — || May 9, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | 3.6 km || {{M+J|30311}}<br /> |-id=312 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30312 Lilyliu || {{mp|2000 JC|11}} || {{MoMP|30312|Lilyliu}} || May 3, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.3 km'' || {{M+J|30312}}<br /> |-id=313 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30313 || {{mp|2000 JF|14}} || — || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[FIN tbl#528|LEO]] || align=right | 9.4 km || {{M+J|30313}}<br /> |-id=314 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30314 Yelenam || {{mp|2000 JH|14}} || {{MoMP|30314|Yelenam}} || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Asteroid family#Matterania|(883)]] || align=right | 3.0 km || {{M+J|30314}}<br /> |-id=315 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30315 || {{mp|2000 JM|14}} || — || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 6.5 km || {{M+J|30315}}<br /> |-id=316 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30316 Scottmassa || {{mp|2000 JT|14}} || {{MoMP|30316|Scottmassa}} || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.0 km'' || {{M+J|30316}}<br /> |-id=317 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30317 || {{mp|2000 JR|15}} || — || May 3, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.1 km || {{M+J|30317}}<br /> |-id=318 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30318 || {{mp|2000 JW|15}} || — || May 5, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.2 km || {{M+J|30318}}<br /> |-id=319 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30319 || {{mp|2000 JT|16}} || — || May 5, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 6.0 km || {{M+J|30319}}<br /> |-id=320 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30320 || {{mp|2000 JP|17}} || — || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Fast rotator (asteroid)#30320|fast]] || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30320}}<br /> |-id=321 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30321 McCleary || {{mp|2000 JT|17}} || {{MoMP|30321|McCleary}} || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.6 km || {{M+J|30321}}<br /> |-id=322 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30322 || {{mp|2000 JU|17}} || — || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 9.3 km || {{M+J|30322}}<br /> |-id=323 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30323 Anyam || {{mp|2000 JV|17}} || {{MoMP|30323|Anyam}} || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30323}}<br /> |-id=324 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30324 Pandya || {{mp|2000 JS|19}} || {{MoMP|30324|Pandya}} || May 5, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 1.9 km || {{M+J|30324}}<br /> |-id=325 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30325 Reesabpathak || {{mp|2000 JV|20}} || {{MoMP|30325|Reesabpathak}} || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30325}}<br /> |-id=326 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30326 Maxpine || {{mp|2000 JS|21}} || {{MoMP|30326|Maxpine}} || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.0 km || {{M+J|30326}}<br /> |-id=327 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30327 Prembabu || {{mp|2000 JP|22}} || {{MoMP|30327|Prembabu}} || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[FIN tbl#504|NEM]] || align=right | 7.2 km || {{M+J|30327}}<br /> |-id=328 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30328 Emilyspencer || {{mp|2000 JX|22}} || {{MoMP|30328|Emilyspencer}} || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.0 km || {{M+J|30328}}<br /> |-id=329 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30329 || {{mp|2000 JR|23}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30329}}<br /> |-id=330 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30330 Tiffanysun || {{mp|2000 JY|24}} || {{MoMP|30330|Tiffanysun}} || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.6 km || {{M+J|30330}}<br /> |-id=331 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30331 || {{mp|2000 JT|26}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[FIN tbl#607|EMA]] || align=right | 12 km || {{M+J|30331}}<br /> |-id=332 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30332 Tanaytandon || {{mp|2000 JW|26}} || {{MoMP|30332|Tanaytandon}} || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.9 km'' || {{M+J|30332}}<br /> |-id=333 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30333 Stevenwang || {{mp|2000 JH|27}} || {{MoMP|30333|Stevenwang}} || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.1 km'' || {{M+J|30333}}<br /> |-id=334 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30334 Michaelwiner || {{mp|2000 JN|28}} || {{MoMP|30334|Michaelwiner}} || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.7 km || {{M+J|30334}}<br /> |-id=335 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30335 || {{mp|2000 JU|28}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 8.5 km || {{M+J|30335}}<br /> |-id=336 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30336 Zhangyizhen || {{mp|2000 JD|29}} || {{MoMP|30336|Zhangyizhen}} || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.8 km'' || {{M+J|30336}}<br /> |-id=337 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30337 Crystalzheng || {{mp|2000 JO|29}} || {{MoMP|30337|Crystalzheng}} || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]]{{·}}{{Interloper|405}} || align=right | 6.4 km || {{M+J|30337}}<br /> |-id=338 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30338 || {{mp|2000 JW|29}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30338}}<br /> |-id=339 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30339 || {{mp|2000 JQ|32}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.5 km'' || {{M+J|30339}}<br /> |-id=340 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30340 || {{mp|2000 JY|32}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30340}}<br /> |-id=341 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30341 || {{mp|2000 JT|33}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30341}}<br /> |-id=342 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30342 || {{mp|2000 JX|35}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | 4.8 km || {{M+J|30342}}<br /> |-id=343 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30343 || {{mp|2000 JB|36}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | 2.7 km || {{M+J|30343}}<br /> |-id=344 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30344 || {{mp|2000 JG|36}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.0 km'' || {{M+J|30344}}<br /> |-id=345 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30345 || {{mp|2000 JN|36}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''7.0 km'' || {{M+J|30345}}<br /> |-id=346 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30346 || {{mp|2000 JK|37}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[FIN tbl#617|THB]] || align=right | 13 km || {{M+J|30346}}<br /> |-id=347 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30347 Pattyhunt || {{mp|2000 JY|37}} || {{MoMP|30347|Pattyhunt}} || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30347}}<br /> |-id=348 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30348 Marizzabailey || {{mp|2000 JD|38}} || {{MoMP|30348|Marizzabailey}} || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.5 km'' || {{M+J|30348}}<br /> |-id=349 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30349 || {{mp|2000 JV|38}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 7.1 km || {{M+J|30349}}<br /> |-id=350 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30350 Beltecas || {{mp|2000 JA|39}} || {{MoMP|30350|Beltecas}} || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.6 km || {{M+J|30350}}<br /> |-id=351 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30351 || {{mp|2000 JK|39}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''4.1 km'' || {{M+J|30351}}<br /> |-id=352 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30352 || {{mp|2000 JL|39}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | 4.7 km || {{M+J|30352}}<br /> |-id=353 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30353 Carothers || {{mp|2000 JQ|39}} || {{MoMP|30353|Carothers}} || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || KOR || align=right | 3.0 km || {{M+J|30353}}<br /> |-id=354 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30354 || {{mp|2000 JR|39}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 5.6 km || {{M+J|30354}}<br /> |-id=355 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30355 || {{mp|2000 JU|39}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.6 km || {{M+J|30355}}<br /> |-id=356 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30356 || {{mp|2000 JJ|41}} || — || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.5 km'' || {{M+J|30356}}<br /> |-id=357 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30357 Davisdon || {{mp|2000 JJ|45}} || {{MoMP|30357|Davisdon}} || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30357}}<br /> |-id=358 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30358 || {{mp|2000 JF|49}} || — || May 9, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 3.2 km || {{M+J|30358}}<br /> |-id=359 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30359 || {{mp|2000 JE|50}} || — || May 9, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''3.9 km'' || {{M+J|30359}}<br /> |-id=360 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30360 || {{mp|2000 JY|50}} || — || May 9, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.3 km || {{M+J|30360}}<br /> |-id=361 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30361 || {{mp|2000 JJ|51}} || — || May 9, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.1 km'' || {{M+J|30361}}<br /> |-id=362 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30362 Jenniferdean || {{mp|2000 JD|54}} || {{MoMP|30362|Jenniferdean}} || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 1.8 km || {{M+J|30362}}<br /> |-id=363 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30363 Dellasantina || {{mp|2000 JW|54}} || {{MoMP|30363|Dellasantina}} || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''4.5 km'' || {{M+J|30363}}<br /> |-id=364 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30364 || {{mp|2000 JX|54}} || — || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || NYS || align=right | 4.6 km || {{M+J|30364}}<br /> |-id=365 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30365 Gregduran || {{mp|2000 JO|55}} || {{MoMP|30365|Gregduran}} || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30365}}<br /> |-id=366 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30366 || {{mp|2000 JC|57}} || — || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 4.7 km || {{M+J|30366}}<br /> |-id=367 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30367 || {{mp|2000 JS|57}} || — || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | 4.5 km || {{M+J|30367}}<br /> |-id=368 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30368 Ericferrante || {{mp|2000 JT|57}} || {{MoMP|30368|Ericferrante}} || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#30368|slow]] || align=right | ''4.5 km'' || {{M+J|30368}}<br /> |-id=369 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30369 || {{mp|2000 JU|58}} || — || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.0 km'' || {{M+J|30369}}<br /> |-id=370 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30370 Jongoetz || {{mp|2000 JA|59}} || {{MoMP|30370|Jongoetz}} || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30370}}<br /> |-id=371 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30371 Johngorman || {{mp|2000 JR|59}} || {{MoMP|30371|Johngorman}} || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30371}}<br /> |-id=372 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30372 Halback || {{mp|2000 JK|62}} || {{MoMP|30372|Halback}} || May 7, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30372}}<br /> |-id=373 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30373 Mattharley || {{mp|2000 JO|62}} || {{MoMP|30373|Mattharley}} || May 9, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''2.0 km'' || {{M+J|30373}}<br /> |-id=374 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30374 Bobbiehinson || {{mp|2000 JU|62}} || {{MoMP|30374|Bobbiehinson}} || May 9, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || V || align=right | ''2.0 km'' || {{M+J|30374}}<br /> |-id=375 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30375 Kathuang || {{mp|2000 JD|63}} || {{MoMP|30375|Kathuang}} || May 9, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30375}}<br /> |-id=376 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30376 || {{mp|2000 JE|65}} || — || May 5, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Adeona family|ADE]] || align=right | 14 km || {{M+J|30376}}<br /> |-id=377 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30377 || {{mp|2000 JL|66}} || — || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#30377|slow]] || align=right | ''5.1 km'' || {{M+J|30377}}<br /> |-id=378 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30378 || {{mp|2000 JW|67}} || — || May 6, 2000 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30378}}<br /> |-id=379 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30379 Molaro || {{mp|2000 JY|69}} || {{MoMP|30379|Molaro}} || May 2, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | 6.7 km || {{M+J|30379}}<br /> |-id=380 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30380 || {{mp|2000 JE|76}} || — || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.4 km'' || {{M+J|30380}}<br /> |-id=381 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30381 || {{mp|2000 JN|76}} || — || May 6, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.2 km'' || {{M+J|30381}}<br /> |-id=382 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30382 || {{mp|2000 JB|81}} || — || May 15, 2000 || [[Črni Vrh Observatory|Črni Vrh]] || Mikuž, H. || {{·}} || align=right | 3.3 km || {{M+J|30382}}<br /> |-id=383 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30383 || {{mp|2000 KZ|1}} || — || May 26, 2000 || Črni Vrh || Mikuž, H. || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#30383|slow]] || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30383}}<br /> |-id=384 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30384 Robertirelan || {{mp|2000 KK|3}} || {{MoMP|30384|Robertirelan}} || May 27, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.0 km || {{M+J|30384}}<br /> |-id=385 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30385 || {{mp|2000 KG|8}} || — || May 27, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.6 km || {{M+J|30385}}<br /> |-id=386 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30386 Philipjeffery || {{mp|2000 KL|16}} || {{MoMP|30386|Philipjeffery}} || May 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.6 km || {{M+J|30386}}<br /> |-id=387 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30387 || {{mp|2000 KN|16}} || — || May 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''4.6 km'' || {{M+J|30387}}<br /> |-id=388 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30388 Nicolejustice || {{mp|2000 KJ|17}} || {{MoMP|30388|Nicolejustice}} || May 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.9 km'' || {{M+J|30388}}<br /> |-id=389 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30389 Ledoux || {{mp|2000 KW|17}} || {{MoMP|30389|Ledoux}} || May 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.5 km || {{M+J|30389}}<br /> |-id=390 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30390 || {{mp|2000 KX|17}} || — || May 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 8.4 km || {{M+J|30390}}<br /> |-id=391 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30391 || {{mp|2000 KA|23}} || — || May 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 4.9 km || {{M+J|30391}}<br /> |-id=392 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30392 || {{mp|2000 KX|26}} || — || May 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.6 km || {{M+J|30392}}<br /> |-id=393 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30393 || {{mp|2000 KN|30}} || — || May 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[FIN tbl#528|LEO]] || align=right | 9.6 km || {{M+J|30393}}<br /> |-id=394 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30394 || {{mp|2000 KZ|32}} || — || May 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30394}}<br /> |-id=395 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30395 || {{mp|2000 KQ|36}} || — || May 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 7.2 km || {{M+J|30395}}<br /> |-id=396 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30396 Annleonard || {{mp|2000 KV|36}} || {{MoMP|30396|Annleonard}} || May 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.8 km || {{M+J|30396}}<br /> |-id=397 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30397 || {{mp|2000 KU|39}} || — || May 24, 2000 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''6.0 km'' || {{M+J|30397}}<br /> |-id=398 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30398 || {{mp|2000 KM|41}} || — || May 30, 2000 || [[Observatoř Ondřejov|Ondřejov]] || [[Peter Kušnirák|P. Kušnirák]] || {{·}} || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30398}}<br /> |-id=399 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30399 || {{mp|2000 KF|42}} || — || May 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 6.7 km || {{M+J|30399}}<br /> |-id=400 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30400 || {{mp|2000 KL|42}} || — || May 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || LINEAR || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30400}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 30401–30500 ==<br /> {{Anchor|401}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30401 || {{mp|2000 KO|47}} || — || May 28, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[FIN tbl#631|URS]] || align=right | 15 km || {{M+J|30401}}<br /> |-id=402 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30402 Esthergoddard || {{mp|2000 KN|50}} || {{MoMP|30402|Esthergoddard}} || May 23, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30402}}<br /> |-id=403 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30403 || {{mp|2000 KR|50}} || — || May 27, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''4.7 km'' || {{M+J|30403}}<br /> |-id=404 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30404 || {{mp|2000 KN|51}} || — || May 31, 2000 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.7 km'' || {{M+J|30404}}<br /> |-id=405 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30405 Yunakwon || {{mp|2000 KE|52}} || {{MoMP|30405|Yunakwon}} || May 23, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.1 km'' || {{M+J|30405}}<br /> |-id=406 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30406 Middleman || {{mp|2000 KU|54}} || {{MoMP|30406|Middleman}} || May 27, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.3 km || {{M+J|30406}}<br /> |-id=407 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30407 Pantano || {{mp|2000 KK|55}} || {{MoMP|30407|Pantano}} || May 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.3 km || {{M+J|30407}}<br /> |-id=408 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30408 || {{mp|2000 KW|55}} || — || May 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[FIN tbl#614|TEL]] || align=right | 4.4 km || {{M+J|30408}}<br /> |-id=409 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30409 Piccirillo || {{mp|2000 KY|55}} || {{MoMP|30409|Piccirillo}} || May 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.8 km'' || {{M+J|30409}}<br /> |-id=410 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30410 || {{mp|2000 KU|56}} || — || May 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | ''5.6 km'' || {{M+J|30410}}<br /> |-id=411 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30411 Besse || {{mp|2000 KP|57}} || {{MoMP|30411|Besse}} || May 24, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | 6.2 km || {{M+J|30411}}<br /> |-id=412 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30412 Anthonylagain || {{mp|2000 KJ|58}} || {{MoMP|30412|Anthonylagain}} || May 24, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 4.5 km || {{M+J|30412}}<br /> |-id=413 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30413 Slatkin || {{mp|2000 KS|59}} || {{MoMP|30413|Slatkin}} || May 25, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''8.3 km'' || {{M+J|30413}}<br /> |-id=414 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30414 Pistacchi || {{mp|2000 KC|69}} || {{MoMP|30414|Pistacchi}} || May 29, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.1 km'' || {{M+J|30414}}<br /> |-id=415 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30415 || {{mp|2000 KT|74}} || — || May 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.0 km || {{M+J|30415}}<br /> |-id=416 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30416 Schacht || {{mp|2000 KG|76}} || {{MoMP|30416|Schacht}} || May 27, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.7 km'' || {{M+J|30416}}<br /> |-id=417 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30417 Staudt || 2000 LF || {{MoMP|30417|Staudt}} || June 1, 2000 || [[Prescott Observatory|Prescott]] || [[Paul G. Comba|P. G. Comba]] || [[FIN tbl#510|MIS]] || align=right | 9.9 km || {{M+J|30417}}<br /> |-id=418 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30418 Jakobsteiner || 2000 LG || {{MoMP|30418|Jakobsteiner}} || June 1, 2000 || Prescott || P. G. Comba || [[Adeona family|ADE]] || align=right | 7.4 km || {{M+J|30418}}<br /> |-id=419 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30419 || 2000 LU || — || June 2, 2000 || [[Reedy Creek Observatory|Reedy Creek]] || [[John Broughton|J. Broughton]] || {{·}} || align=right | 6.8 km || {{M+J|30419}}<br /> |-id=420 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30420 || {{mp|2000 LD|1}} || — || June 1, 2000 || [[Črni Vrh Observatory|Črni Vrh]] || Matičič, S. || {{·}} || align=right | 5.0 km || {{M+J|30420}}<br /> |-id=421 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30421 Jameschafer || {{mp|2000 LM|2}} || {{MoMP|30421|Jameschafer}} || June 4, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | 4.1 km || {{M+J|30421}}<br /> |-id=422 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30422 || {{mp|2000 LE|4}} || — || June 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.9 km'' || {{M+J|30422}}<br /> |-id=423 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30423 || {{mp|2000 LG|4}} || — || June 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30423}}<br /> |-id=424 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30424 || {{mp|2000 LS|4}} || — || June 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30424}}<br /> |-id=425 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30425 Silverman || {{mp|2000 LP|7}} || {{MoMP|30425|Silverman}} || June 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[FIN tbl#513|MRX]] || align=right | 3.3 km || {{M+J|30425}}<br /> |-id=426 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30426 Philtalbot || {{mp|2000 LU|8}} || {{MoMP|30426|Philtalbot}} || June 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 3.2 km || {{M+J|30426}}<br /> |-id=427 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30427 || {{mp|2000 LX|8}} || — || June 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''4.8 km'' || {{M+J|30427}}<br /> |-id=428 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30428 || {{mp|2000 LP|11}} || — || June 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''7.9 km'' || {{M+J|30428}}<br /> |-id=429 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30429 || {{mp|2000 LR|11}} || — || June 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 6.9 km || {{M+J|30429}}<br /> |-id=430 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30430 Robertoegel || {{mp|2000 LO|16}} || {{MoMP|30430|Robertoegel}} || June 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.6 km || {{M+J|30430}}<br /> |-id=431 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30431 Michaeltran || {{mp|2000 LR|16}} || {{MoMP|30431|Michaeltran}} || June 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30431}}<br /> |-id=432 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30432 || {{mp|2000 LM|20}} || — || June 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''6.5 km'' || {{M+J|30432}}<br /> |-id=433 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30433 || {{mp|2000 LJ|21}} || — || June 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 14 km || {{M+J|30433}}<br /> |-id=434 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30434 || {{mp|2000 LQ|21}} || — || June 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30434}}<br /> |-id=435 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30435 Slyusarev || {{mp|2000 LB|29}} || {{MoMP|30435|Slyusarev}} || June 9, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || [[Hilda asteroid|3:2]] || align=right | 10 km || {{M+J|30435}}<br /> |-id=436 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30436 Busemann || {{mp|2000 LC|29}} || {{MoMP|30436|Busemann}} || June 9, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''6.8 km'' || {{M+J|30436}}<br /> |-id=437 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30437 Michtchenko || {{mp|2000 LE|32}} || {{MoMP|30437|Michtchenko}} || June 5, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 3.5 km || {{M+J|30437}}<br /> |-id=438 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30438 Yongikbyun || {{mp|2000 LL|34}} || {{MoMP|30438|Yongikbyun}} || June 3, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 5.2 km || {{M+J|30438}}<br /> |-id=439 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30439 Moe || 2000 MB || {{MoMP|30439|Moe}} || June 21, 2000 || [[Reedy Creek Observatory|Reedy Creek]] || [[John Broughton|J. Broughton]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''7.9 km'' || {{M+J|30439}}<br /> |-id=440 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30440 Larry || 2000 MG || {{MoMP|30440|Larry}} || June 22, 2000 || Reedy Creek || J. Broughton || {{·}} || align=right | 5.7 km || {{M+J|30440}}<br /> |-id=441 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30441 Curly || 2000 MX || {{MoMP|30441|Curly}} || June 24, 2000 || Reedy Creek || J. Broughton || [[Hygiea family|HYG]] || align=right | 9.1 km || {{M+J|30441}}<br /> |-id=442 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30442 || {{mp|2000 MO|4}} || — || June 25, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 7.7 km || {{M+J|30442}}<br /> |-id=443 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30443 Stieltjes || 2000 NR || {{MoMP|30443|Stieltjes}} || July 3, 2000 || [[Prescott Observatory|Prescott]] || [[Paul G. Comba|P. G. Comba]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''8.3 km'' || {{M+J|30443}}<br /> |-id=444 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30444 Shemp || {{mp|2000 NY|1}} || {{MoMP|30444|Shemp}} || July 5, 2000 || [[Reedy Creek Observatory|Reedy Creek]] || [[John Broughton|J. Broughton]] || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | 4.1 km || {{M+J|30444}}<br /> |-id=445 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30445 Stirling || {{mp|2000 NJ|2}} || {{MoMP|30445|Stirling}} || July 5, 2000 || [[Prescott Observatory|Prescott]] || [[Paul G. Comba|P. G. Comba]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 4.3 km || {{M+J|30445}}<br /> |-id=446 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30446 || {{mp|2000 NO|2}} || — || July 3, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''6.7 km'' || {{M+J|30446}}<br /> |-id=447 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30447 || {{mp|2000 NO|3}} || — || July 3, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.0 km || {{M+J|30447}}<br /> |-id=448 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30448 Yoshiomoriyama || {{mp|2000 NV|3}} || {{MoMP|30448|Yoshiomoriyama}} || July 7, 2000 || [[Bisei Spaceguard Center|Bisei SG Center]] || [[Bisei Asteroid Tracking Telescope for Rapid Survey|BATTeRS]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''4.6 km'' || {{M+J|30448}}<br /> |-id=449 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30449 Caldas || {{mp|2000 NH|13}} || {{MoMP|30449|Caldas}} || July 5, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''9.2 km'' || {{M+J|30449}}<br /> |-id=450 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30450 || {{mp|2000 NM|20}} || — || July 6, 2000 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 5.7 km || {{M+J|30450}}<br /> |-id=451 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30451 || {{mp|2000 NX|23}} || — || July 5, 2000 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || {{·}} || align=right | 7.9 km || {{M+J|30451}}<br /> |-id=452 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30452 Callegari || {{mp|2000 NR|24}} || {{MoMP|30452|Callegari}} || July 4, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | 5.2 km || {{M+J|30452}}<br /> |-id=453 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30453 Cambioni || {{mp|2000 NQ|25}} || {{MoMP|30453|Cambioni}} || July 4, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30453}}<br /> |-id=454 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30454 Carrillosánchez || {{mp|2000 NK|26}} || {{MoMP|30454|Carrillosánchez}} || July 4, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 8.2 km || {{M+J|30454}}<br /> |-id=455 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30455 Joelcastro || {{mp|2000 NB|27}} || {{MoMP|30455|Joelcastro}} || July 4, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 7.2 km || {{M+J|30455}}<br /> |-id=456 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30456 || {{mp|2000 OY|1}} || — || July 23, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 8.2 km || {{M+J|30456}}<br /> |-id=457 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30457 || {{mp|2000 OZ|3}} || — || July 24, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 6.3 km || {{M+J|30457}}<br /> |-id=458 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30458 || {{mp|2000 OC|6}} || — || July 24, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 7.6 km || {{M+J|30458}}<br /> |-id=459 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30459 || {{mp|2000 OK|6}} || — || July 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Baptistina family|BAP]] || align=right | 4.1 km || {{M+J|30459}}<br /> |-id=460 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30460 || {{mp|2000 OT|6}} || — || July 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 12 km || {{M+J|30460}}<br /> |-id=461 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30461 || {{mp|2000 OZ|9}} || — || July 23, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[FIN tbl#513|MRX]] || align=right | ''4.5 km'' || {{M+J|30461}}<br /> |-id=462 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30462 || {{mp|2000 OM|10}} || — || July 23, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 6.8 km || {{M+J|30462}}<br /> |-id=463 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30463 || {{mp|2000 OE|11}} || — || July 23, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || EOS || align=right | ''5.9 km'' || {{M+J|30463}}<br /> |-id=464 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30464 || {{mp|2000 OH|12}} || — || July 23, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.2 km'' || {{M+J|30464}}<br /> |-id=465 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30465 || {{mp|2000 OY|13}} || — || July 23, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 12 km || {{M+J|30465}}<br /> |-id=466 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30466 || {{mp|2000 OP|14}} || — || July 23, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 12 km || {{M+J|30466}}<br /> |-id=467 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30467 || {{mp|2000 OV|14}} || — || July 23, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 8.1 km || {{M+J|30467}}<br /> |-id=468 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30468 || {{mp|2000 OW|16}} || — || July 23, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 12 km || {{M+J|30468}}<br /> |-id=469 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30469 || {{mp|2000 OZ|16}} || — || July 23, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 7.9 km || {{M+J|30469}}<br /> |-id=470 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30470 || {{mp|2000 OR|19}} || — || July 30, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 8.8 km || {{M+J|30470}}<br /> |-id=471 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30471 || {{mp|2000 OF|20}} || — || July 30, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 9.8 km || {{M+J|30471}}<br /> |-id=472 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30472 || {{mp|2000 OM|23}} || — || July 23, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 19 km || {{M+J|30472}}<br /> |-id=473 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30473 Ethanbutson || {{mp|2000 OP|23}} || {{MoMP|30473|Ethanbutson}} || July 23, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 9.7 km || {{M+J|30473}}<br /> |-id=474 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30474 || {{mp|2000 OE|26}} || — || July 23, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | 3.9 km || {{M+J|30474}}<br /> |-id=475 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30475 || {{mp|2000 OA|32}} || — || July 30, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 12 km || {{M+J|30475}}<br /> |-id=476 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30476 || {{mp|2000 OY|34}} || — || July 30, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 6.4 km || {{M+J|30476}}<br /> |-id=477 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30477 || {{mp|2000 OM|36}} || — || July 30, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.2 km || {{M+J|30477}}<br /> |-id=478 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30478 || {{mp|2000 OQ|37}} || — || July 30, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 10 km || {{M+J|30478}}<br /> |-id=479 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30479 || {{mp|2000 OW|37}} || — || July 30, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Cybele asteroid|CYB]] || align=right | 10 km || {{M+J|30479}}<br /> |-id=480 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30480 || {{mp|2000 OH|40}} || — || July 30, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[FIN tbl#509|CLO]] || align=right | 3.6 km || {{M+J|30480}}<br /> |-id=481 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30481 || {{mp|2000 OX|40}} || — || July 30, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.3 km || {{M+J|30481}}<br /> |-id=482 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30482 || {{mp|2000 OG|45}} || — || July 30, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[FIN tbl#631|URS]] || align=right | 24 km || {{M+J|30482}}<br /> |-id=483 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30483 Harringtonpinto || {{mp|2000 OG|52}} || {{MoMP|30483|Harringtonpinto}} || July 24, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | 12 km || {{M+J|30483}}<br /> |-id=484 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30484 || {{mp|2000 PD|6}} || — || August 5, 2000 || [[Haleakala]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 4.8 km || {{M+J|30484}}<br /> |-id=485 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30485 || {{mp|2000 PK|16}} || — || August 1, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 5.7 km || {{M+J|30485}}<br /> |-id=486 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30486 || {{mp|2000 PE|23}} || — || August 2, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 8.1 km || {{M+J|30486}}<br /> |-id=487 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30487 Dominikovacs || {{mp|2000 QG|10}} || {{MoMP|30487|Dominikovacs}} || August 24, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 9.6 km || {{M+J|30487}}<br /> |-id=488 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30488 Steinlechner || {{mp|2000 QJ|11}} || {{MoMP|30488|Steinlechner}} || August 24, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | 4.4 km || {{M+J|30488}}<br /> |-id=489 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30489 || {{mp|2000 QL|32}} || — || August 26, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''10 km'' || {{M+J|30489}}<br /> |-id=490 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30490 || {{mp|2000 QP|33}} || — || August 26, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 14 km || {{M+J|30490}}<br /> |-id=491 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30491 || {{mp|2000 QJ|38}} || — || August 24, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 8.7 km || {{M+J|30491}}<br /> |-id=492 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30492 || {{mp|2000 QQ|40}} || — || August 24, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || THM || align=right | 10 km || {{M+J|30492}}<br /> |-id=493 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30493 || {{mp|2000 QM|48}} || — || August 24, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30493}}<br /> |-id=494 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30494 || {{mp|2000 QD|67}} || — || August 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30494}}<br /> |-id=495 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30495 || {{mp|2000 QZ|72}} || — || August 24, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30495}}<br /> |-id=496 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30496 || {{mp|2000 QN|80}} || — || August 24, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eos family|EOS]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#30496|slow]] || align=right | ''5.7 km'' || {{M+J|30496}}<br /> |-id=497 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30497 || {{mp|2000 QH|97}} || — || August 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || slow || align=right | 17 km || {{M+J|30497}}<br /> |-id=498 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30498 || {{mp|2000 QK|100}} || — || August 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | 22 km || {{M+J|30498}}<br /> |-id=499 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30499 || {{mp|2000 QE|169}} || — || August 31, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || L5 || align=right | 21 km || {{M+J|30499}}<br /> |-id=500 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30500 || {{mp|2000 QC|193}} || — || August 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 8.0 km || {{M+J|30500}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 30501–30600 ==<br /> {{Anchor|501}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30501 || {{mp|2000 RH|17}} || — || September 1, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 13 km || {{M+J|30501}}<br /> |-id=502 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30502 || {{mp|2000 RY|29}} || — || September 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 8.1 km || {{M+J|30502}}<br /> |-id=503 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30503 || {{mp|2000 RW|79}} || — || September 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 8.5 km || {{M+J|30503}}<br /> |-id=504 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30504 || {{mp|2000 RS|80}} || — || September 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | 29 km || {{M+J|30504}}<br /> |-id=505 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30505 || {{mp|2000 RW|82}} || — || September 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || L5 || align=right | 26 km || {{M+J|30505}}<br /> |-id=506 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30506 || {{mp|2000 RO|85}} || — || September 2, 2000 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || L5 || align=right | 34 km || {{M+J|30506}}<br /> |-id=507 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30507 || {{mp|2000 SK|8}} || — || September 19, 2000 || [[Haleakala]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 9.9 km || {{M+J|30507}}<br /> |-id=508 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30508 || {{mp|2000 SZ|130}} || — || September 22, 2000 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | 16 km || {{M+J|30508}}<br /> |-id=509 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30509 Yukitrippel || {{mp|2000 YQ|105}} || {{MoMP|30509|Yukitrippel}} || December 28, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.0 km'' || {{M+J|30509}}<br /> |-id=510 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30510 || {{mp|2001 DM|44}} || — || February 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Greek camp|L4]] || align=right | 19 km || {{M+J|30510}}<br /> |-id=511 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30511 || {{mp|2001 FS|29}} || — || March 18, 2001 || [[Haleakala]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.5 km || {{M+J|30511}}<br /> |-id=512 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30512 || {{mp|2001 HO|8}} || — || April 21, 2001 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Jupiter Tisserand invariant|T&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;small&gt;(2.82)&lt;/small&gt;]] || align=right | 18 km || {{M+J|30512}}<br /> |-id=513 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30513 || {{mp|2001 HE|48}} || — || April 21, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 4.0 km || {{M+J|30513}}<br /> |-id=514 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30514 Chiomento || {{mp|2001 HQ|49}} || {{MoMP|30514|Chiomento}} || April 21, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.1 km || {{M+J|30514}}<br /> |-id=515 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30515 || {{mp|2001 KZ|29}} || — || May 21, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30515}}<br /> |-id=516 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30516 || {{mp|2001 LB|7}} || — || June 15, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | 4.1 km || {{M+J|30516}}<br /> |-id=517 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30517 || {{mp|2001 LJ|15}} || — || June 11, 2001 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || [[FIN tbl#603|SYL]]{{·}}[[Cybele asteroid|CYB]] || align=right | 15 km || {{M+J|30517}}<br /> |-id=518 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30518 || {{mp|2001 LE|16}} || — || June 13, 2001 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30518}}<br /> |-id=519 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30519 || {{mp|2001 ML|9}} || — || June 21, 2001 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.2 km'' || {{M+J|30519}}<br /> |-id=520 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30520 || {{mp|2001 MM|11}} || — || June 19, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 2.1 km || {{M+J|30520}}<br /> |-id=521 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30521 Garyferland || {{mp|2001 MU|14}} || {{MoMP|30521|Garyferland}} || June 28, 2001 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | 4.2 km || {{M+J|30521}}<br /> |-id=522 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30522 || {{mp|2001 MQ|15}} || — || June 25, 2001 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || {{·}} || align=right | 6.4 km || {{M+J|30522}}<br /> |-id=523 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30523 || {{mp|2001 MK|23}} || — || June 27, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || {{·}} || align=right | 10 km || {{M+J|30523}}<br /> |-id=524 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30524 Mandushev || {{mp|2001 MY|24}} || {{MoMP|30524|Mandushev}} || June 16, 2001 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.1 km'' || {{M+J|30524}}<br /> |-id=525 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30525 Lenbright || {{mp|2001 MX|28}} || {{MoMP|30525|Lenbright}} || June 27, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30525}}<br /> |-id=526 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30526 || {{mp|2001 NC|2}} || — || July 13, 2001 || [[Reedy Creek Observatory|Reedy Creek]] || [[John Broughton|J. Broughton]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.6 km || {{M+J|30526}}<br /> |-id=527 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30527 || {{mp|2001 NW|10}} || — || July 14, 2001 || [[Haleakala]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 5.8 km || {{M+J|30527}}<br /> |-id=528 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30528 || {{mp|2001 NT|17}} || — || July 14, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.6 km'' || {{M+J|30528}}<br /> |-id=529 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30529 || {{mp|2001 NE|18}} || — || July 10, 2001 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | 15 km || {{M+J|30529}}<br /> |-id=530 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30530 || {{mp|2001 NS|18}} || — || July 12, 2001 || [[Haleakala]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''2.4 km'' || {{M+J|30530}}<br /> |-id=531 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30531 || {{mp|2001 ND|21}} || — || July 14, 2001 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || NEAT || {{·}} || align=right | 9.1 km || {{M+J|30531}}<br /> |-id=532 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30532 || 2001 OO || — || July 17, 2001 || [[Haleakala]] || NEAT || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 3.8 km || {{M+J|30532}}<br /> |-id=533 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30533 Saeidzoonemat || {{mp|2001 OV|4}} || {{MoMP|30533|Saeidzoonemat}} || July 16, 2001 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | 2.2 km || {{M+J|30533}}<br /> |-id=534 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30534 Holler || {{mp|2001 OA|5}} || {{MoMP|30534|Holler}} || July 17, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 16 km || {{M+J|30534}}<br /> |-id=535 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30535 Sarahgreenstreet || {{mp|2001 OR|5}} || {{MoMP|30535|Sarahgreenstreet}} || July 17, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | ''2.1 km'' || {{M+J|30535}}<br /> |-id=536 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30536 Erondón || {{mp|2001 OJ|7}} || {{MoMP|30536|Erondón}} || July 17, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | 5.0 km || {{M+J|30536}}<br /> |-id=537 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30537 Matteocrismani || {{mp|2001 OR|8}} || {{MoMP|30537|Matteocrismani}} || July 17, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 5.7 km || {{M+J|30537}}<br /> |-id=538 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30538 || {{mp|2001 OG|12}} || — || July 20, 2001 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 7.5 km || {{M+J|30538}}<br /> |-id=539 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30539 Raissamuller || {{mp|2001 OT|13}} || {{MoMP|30539|Raissamuller}} || July 20, 2001 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.1 km'' || {{M+J|30539}}<br /> |-id=540 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30540 || {{mp|2001 ON|14}} || — || July 20, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 8.5 km || {{M+J|30540}}<br /> |-id=541 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30541 Delgadillo || {{mp|2001 OG|20}} || {{MoMP|30541|Delgadillo}} || July 21, 2001 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30541}}<br /> |-id=542 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30542 || {{mp|2001 OG|23}} || — || July 21, 2001 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || [[FIN tbl#803|HNS]] || align=right | ''4.7 km'' || {{M+J|30542}}<br /> |-id=543 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30543 || {{mp|2001 OE|27}} || — || July 18, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || {{·}} || align=right | ''6.0 km'' || {{M+J|30543}}<br /> |-id=544 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30544 || {{mp|2001 OO|32}} || — || July 19, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''1.7 km'' || {{M+J|30544}}<br /> |-id=545 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30545 || {{mp|2001 OT|35}} || — || July 21, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || {{·}} || align=right | 22 km || {{M+J|30545}}<br /> |-id=546 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30546 || {{mp|2001 OA|38}} || — || July 20, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''2.0 km'' || {{M+J|30546}}<br /> |-id=547 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30547 || {{mp|2001 OS|44}} || — || July 23, 2001 || [[Haleakala]] || NEAT || {{·}} || align=right | 3.3 km || {{M+J|30547}}<br /> |-id=548 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30548 Markburchell || {{mp|2001 OT|45}} || {{MoMP|30548|Markburchell}} || July 16, 2001 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | 4.2 km || {{M+J|30548}}<br /> |-id=549 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30549 || {{mp|2001 OE|46}} || — || July 16, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.4 km'' || {{M+J|30549}}<br /> |-id=550 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30550 || {{mp|2001 OH|47}} || — || July 16, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''6.7 km'' || {{M+J|30550}}<br /> |-id=551 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30551 || {{mp|2001 OH|50}} || — || July 19, 2001 || [[Haleakala]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.7 km'' || {{M+J|30551}}<br /> |-id=552 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30552 || {{mp|2001 OM|54}} || — || July 22, 2001 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || NEAT || {{·}} || align=right | ''6.4 km'' || {{M+J|30552}}<br /> |-id=553 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30553 Arcoverde || {{mp|2001 OV|56}} || {{MoMP|30553|Arcoverde}} || July 16, 2001 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || [[Asteroid family#Astraea family|(5)]] || align=right | ''3.9 km'' || {{M+J|30553}}<br /> |-id=554 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30554 || {{mp|2001 OP|57}} || — || July 19, 2001 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''1.8 km'' || {{M+J|30554}}<br /> |-id=555 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30555 || {{mp|2001 OM|59}} || — || July 21, 2001 || [[Haleakala]] || NEAT || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | 3.8 km || {{M+J|30555}}<br /> |-id=556 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30556 || {{mp|2001 OX|59}} || — || July 21, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.9 km'' || {{M+J|30556}}<br /> |-id=557 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30557 || {{mp|2001 OD|67}} || — || July 26, 2001 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || NEAT || [[Asteroid family#Astraea family|(5)]] || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30557}}<br /> |-id=558 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30558 Jamesoconnor || {{mp|2001 OC|68}} || {{MoMP|30558|Jamesoconnor}} || July 16, 2001 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.6 km'' || {{M+J|30558}}<br /> |-id=559 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30559 || {{mp|2001 OG|68}} || — || July 16, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || [[FIN tbl#518|RAF]] || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30559}}<br /> |-id=560 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30560 || {{mp|2001 OO|71}} || — || July 20, 2001 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.9 km'' || {{M+J|30560}}<br /> |-id=561 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30561 || {{mp|2001 OP|71}} || — || July 20, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || [[FIN tbl#513|MRX]] || align=right | 5.1 km || {{M+J|30561}}<br /> |-id=562 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30562 Güttler || {{mp|2001 ON|72}} || {{MoMP|30562|Güttler}} || July 21, 2001 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 7.5 km || {{M+J|30562}}<br /> |-id=563 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30563 || {{mp|2001 OZ|75}} || — || July 27, 2001 || [[Haleakala]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30563}}<br /> |-id=564 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30564 Olomouc || {{mp|2001 OC|77}} || {{MoMP|30564|Olomouc}} || July 28, 2001 || [[Observatoř Ondřejov|Ondřejov]] || [[Petr Pravec|P. Pravec]] || [[Asteroid family#Astraea family|(5)]] || align=right | 2.7 km || {{M+J|30564}}<br /> |-id=565 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30565 || {{mp|2001 OV|80}} || — || July 29, 2001 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.9 km'' || {{M+J|30565}}<br /> |-id=566 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30566 Stokes || {{mp|2001 OO|81}} || {{MoMP|30566|Stokes}} || July 29, 2001 || [[Prescott Observatory|Prescott]] || [[Paul G. Comba|P. G. Comba]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''3.5 km'' || {{M+J|30566}}<br /> |-id=567 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30567 || {{mp|2001 OR|90}} || — || July 25, 2001 || [[Haleakala]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.1 km'' || {{M+J|30567}}<br /> |-id=568 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30568 || {{mp|2001 OQ|91}} || — || July 31, 2001 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || NEAT || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 4.3 km || {{M+J|30568}}<br /> |-id=569 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30569 Dybczyński || {{mp|2001 OG|94}} || {{MoMP|30569|Dybczyński}} || July 27, 2001 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | 6.4 km || {{M+J|30569}}<br /> |-id=570 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30570 || {{mp|2001 OO|96}} || — || July 24, 2001 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 3.0 km || {{M+J|30570}}<br /> |-id=571 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30571 || {{mp|2001 OW|97}} || — || July 25, 2001 || [[Haleakala]] || NEAT || {{·}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30571}}<br /> |-id=572 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30572 || {{mp|2001 OE|98}} || — || July 25, 2001 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || NEAT || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 7.5 km || {{M+J|30572}}<br /> |-id=573 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30573 || {{mp|2001 OR|99}} || — || July 27, 2001 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search|LONEOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.6 km'' || {{M+J|30573}}<br /> |-id=574 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30574 || {{mp|2001 OQ|100}} || — || July 27, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30574}}<br /> |-id=575 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30575 Anacarolina || {{mp|2001 OM|101}} || {{MoMP|30575|Anacarolina}} || July 28, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#30575|slow]] || align=right | 10 km || {{M+J|30575}}<br /> |-id=576 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30576 Lago || {{mp|2001 OC|103}} || {{MoMP|30576|Lago}} || July 29, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | 6.2 km || {{M+J|30576}}<br /> |-id=577 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30577 Pinchuk || {{mp|2001 OU|103}} || {{MoMP|30577|Pinchuk}} || July 29, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | 1.7 km || {{M+J|30577}}<br /> |-id=578 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30578 Lawless || {{mp|2001 OD|105}} || {{MoMP|30578|Lawless}} || July 28, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.5 km'' || {{M+J|30578}}<br /> |-id=579 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30579 || {{mp|2001 OW|107}} || — || July 30, 2001 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''4.3 km'' || {{M+J|30579}}<br /> |-id=580 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30580 || {{mp|2001 PG|2}} || — || August 3, 2001 || [[Haleakala]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || {{·}} || align=right | 5.5 km || {{M+J|30580}}<br /> |-id=581 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30581 || {{mp|2001 PY|2}} || — || August 3, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || {{·}} || align=right | 7.4 km || {{M+J|30581}}<br /> |-id=582 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30582 || {{mp|2001 PJ|3}} || — || August 5, 2001 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || NEAT || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.0 km'' || {{M+J|30582}}<br /> |-id=583 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30583 || {{mp|2001 PZ|6}} || — || August 10, 2001 || [[Haleakala]] || NEAT || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | ''2.8 km'' || {{M+J|30583}}<br /> |-id=584 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30584 || {{mp|2001 PF|9}} || — || August 11, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 5.7 km || {{M+J|30584}}<br /> |-id=585 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30585 Firenze || {{mp|2001 PE|14}} || {{MoMP|30585|Firenze}} || August 14, 2001 || [[Osservatorio Astronomico della Montagna Pistoiese|San Marcello]] || [[Andrea Boattini|A. Boattini]], [[Maura Tombelli|M. Tombelli]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.8 km'' || {{M+J|30585}}<br /> |-id=586 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30586 || {{mp|2001 PV|21}} || — || August 10, 2001 || [[Haleakala]] || [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.5 km'' || {{M+J|30586}}<br /> |-id=587 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30587 || {{mp|2001 PC|33}} || — || August 10, 2001 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || NEAT || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 4.9 km || {{M+J|30587}}<br /> |-id=588 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30588 || {{mp|2001 PC|35}} || — || August 10, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT || {{·}} || align=right | 17 km || {{M+J|30588}}<br /> |-id=589 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30589 || {{mp|2001 QQ|7}} || — || August 16, 2001 || [[Socorro, NM|Socorro]] || [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 7.2 km || {{M+J|30589}}<br /> |-id=590 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30590 || {{mp|2001 QZ|9}} || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.6 km'' || {{M+J|30590}}<br /> |-id=591 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30591 || {{mp|2001 QG|10}} || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Slow rotator (asteroid)#30591|slow]] || align=right | 8.0 km || {{M+J|30591}}<br /> |-id=592 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30592 || {{mp|2001 QO|10}} || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.3 km'' || {{M+J|30592}}<br /> |-id=593 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30593 Dangovski || {{mp|2001 QZ|16}} || {{MoMP|30593|Dangovski}} || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 6.0 km || {{M+J|30593}}<br /> |-id=594 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30594 || {{mp|2001 QD|30}} || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 16 km || {{M+J|30594}}<br /> |-id=595 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30595 || {{mp|2001 QE|43}} || — || August 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 6.1 km || {{M+J|30595}}<br /> |-id=596 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30596 Amdeans || {{mp|2001 QQ|65}} || {{MoMP|30596|Amdeans}} || August 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | 5.1 km || {{M+J|30596}}<br /> |-id=597 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30597 || {{mp|2001 QP|69}} || — || August 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.5 km'' || {{M+J|30597}}<br /> |-id=598 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30598 || {{mp|2001 QA|117}} || — || August 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 6.3 km || {{M+J|30598}}<br /> |-id=599 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30599 || 2052 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.5 km'' || {{M+J|30599}}<br /> |-id=600 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30600 || 2078 P-L || — || September 26, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''6.7 km'' || {{M+J|30600}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 30601–30700 ==<br /> {{Anchor|601}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30601 || 2082 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.1 km || {{M+J|30601}}<br /> |-id=602 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30602 || 2086 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Asteroid family#Astraea family|(5)]] || align=right | ''3.3 km'' || {{M+J|30602}}<br /> |-id=603 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30603 || 2106 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.2 km'' || {{M+J|30603}}<br /> |-id=604 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30604 || 2107 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Asteroid family#Levin|(2076)]] || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30604}}<br /> |-id=605 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30605 || 2204 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Baptistina family|BAP]] || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30605}}<br /> |-id=606 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30606 || 2503 P-L || — || September 26, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | ''5.0 km'' || {{M+J|30606}}<br /> |-id=607 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30607 || 2507 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Asteroid family#Levin|(2076)]] || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30607}}<br /> |-id=608 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30608 || 2573 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Asteroid family#Astraea family|(5)]] || align=right | ''3.0 km'' || {{M+J|30608}}<br /> |-id=609 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30609 || 2618 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.3 km'' || {{M+J|30609}}<br /> |-id=610 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30610 || 2623 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.6 km'' || {{M+J|30610}}<br /> |-id=611 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30611 || 2627 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 3.6 km || {{M+J|30611}}<br /> |-id=612 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30612 || 2638 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.2 km'' || {{M+J|30612}}<br /> |-id=613 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30613 || 2678 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Massalia family|MAS]] || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30613}}<br /> |-id=614 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30614 || 2778 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 4.5 km || {{M+J|30614}}<br /> |-id=615 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30615 || 2818 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.9 km'' || {{M+J|30615}}<br /> |-id=616 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30616 || 3049 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30616}}<br /> |-id=617 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30617 || 3068 P-L || — || September 25, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.9 km'' || {{M+J|30617}}<br /> |-id=618 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30618 || 3084 P-L || — || September 25, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.7 km || {{M+J|30618}}<br /> |-id=619 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30619 || 4045 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.4 km'' || {{M+J|30619}}<br /> |-id=620 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30620 || 4126 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.4 km'' || {{M+J|30620}}<br /> |-id=621 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30621 || 4189 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Asteroid family#Astraea family|(5)]] || align=right | ''3.2 km'' || {{M+J|30621}}<br /> |-id=622 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30622 || 4213 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[FIN tbl#614|TEL]] || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30622}}<br /> |-id=623 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30623 || 4226 P-L || — || September 25, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | 2.1 km || {{M+J|30623}}<br /> |-id=624 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30624 || 4232 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || NYS || align=right | ''2.4 km'' || {{M+J|30624}}<br /> |-id=625 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30625 || 4236 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.3 km || {{M+J|30625}}<br /> |-id=626 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30626 || 4240 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 4.2 km || {{M+J|30626}}<br /> |-id=627 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30627 || 4269 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[FIN tbl#614|TEL]]{{·}}{{Interloper|614}} || align=right | 10 km || {{M+J|30627}}<br /> |-id=628 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30628 || 4644 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Padua family|PAD]] || align=right | ''4.4 km'' || {{M+J|30628}}<br /> |-id=629 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30629 || 4667 P-L || — || September 26, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 8.2 km || {{M+J|30629}}<br /> |-id=630 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30630 || 4733 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.5 km'' || {{M+J|30630}}<br /> |-id=631 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30631 || 6026 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | ''2.1 km'' || {{M+J|30631}}<br /> |-id=632 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30632 || 6117 P-L || — || September 26, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 4.7 km || {{M+J|30632}}<br /> |-id=633 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30633 || 6120 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Asteroid family#Astraea family|(5)]] || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30633}}<br /> |-id=634 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30634 || 6128 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.4 km'' || {{M+J|30634}}<br /> |-id=635 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30635 || 6186 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.8 km'' || {{M+J|30635}}<br /> |-id=636 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30636 || 6190 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.0 km || {{M+J|30636}}<br /> |-id=637 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30637 || 6196 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 4.5 km || {{M+J|30637}}<br /> |-id=638 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30638 || 6237 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 4.9 km || {{M+J|30638}}<br /> |-id=639 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30639 || 6246 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''8.7 km'' || {{M+J|30639}}<br /> |-id=640 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30640 || 6319 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.1 km || {{M+J|30640}}<br /> |-id=641 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30641 || 6349 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.4 km'' || {{M+J|30641}}<br /> |-id=642 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30642 || 6532 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Asteroid family#Astraea family|(5)]] || align=right | ''2.1 km'' || {{M+J|30642}}<br /> |-id=643 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30643 || 6590 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | ''5.5 km'' || {{M+J|30643}}<br /> |-id=644 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30644 || 6601 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.9 km'' || {{M+J|30644}}<br /> |-id=645 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30645 || 6604 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30645}}<br /> |-id=646 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30646 || 6623 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 4.2 km || {{M+J|30646}}<br /> |-id=647 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30647 || 6642 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.1 km || {{M+J|30647}}<br /> |-id=648 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30648 || 6679 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.4 km'' || {{M+J|30648}}<br /> |-id=649 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30649 || 6871 P-L || — || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.6 km'' || {{M+J|30649}}<br /> |-id=650 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30650 || 7638 P-L || — || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.6 km'' || {{M+J|30650}}<br /> |-id=651 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30651 || 9588 P-L || — || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30651}}<br /> |-id=652 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30652 || 1236 T-1 || — || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30652}}<br /> |-id=653 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30653 || 2190 T-1 || — || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.3 km'' || {{M+J|30653}}<br /> |-id=654 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30654 || 2234 T-1 || — || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 5.1 km || {{M+J|30654}}<br /> |-id=655 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30655 || 2289 T-1 || — || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | 5.5 km || {{M+J|30655}}<br /> |-id=656 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30656 || 3098 T-1 || — || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 18 km || {{M+J|30656}}<br /> |-id=657 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30657 || 3258 T-1 || — || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 4.2 km || {{M+J|30657}}<br /> |-id=658 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30658 || 4042 T-1 || — || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.4 km'' || {{M+J|30658}}<br /> |-id=659 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30659 || 4109 T-1 || — || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 9.0 km || {{M+J|30659}}<br /> |-id=660 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30660 || 4142 T-1 || — || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.7 km'' || {{M+J|30660}}<br /> |-id=661 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30661 || 4166 T-1 || — || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 9.5 km || {{M+J|30661}}<br /> |-id=662 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30662 || 4256 T-1 || — || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 12 km || {{M+J|30662}}<br /> |-id=663 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30663 || 1026 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.6 km'' || {{M+J|30663}}<br /> |-id=664 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30664 || 1040 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.3 km || {{M+J|30664}}<br /> |-id=665 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30665 || 1144 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30665}}<br /> |-id=666 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30666 || 1156 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.8 km'' || {{M+J|30666}}<br /> |-id=667 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30667 || 1177 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.6 km'' || {{M+J|30667}}<br /> |-id=668 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30668 || 1227 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 5.8 km || {{M+J|30668}}<br /> |-id=669 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30669 || 1234 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.1 km'' || {{M+J|30669}}<br /> |-id=670 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30670 || 1283 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 7.7 km || {{M+J|30670}}<br /> |-id=671 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30671 || 1314 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.8 km'' || {{M+J|30671}}<br /> |-id=672 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30672 || 1346 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 8.2 km || {{M+J|30672}}<br /> |-id=673 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30673 || 1409 T-2 || — || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.8 km'' || {{M+J|30673}}<br /> |-id=674 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30674 || 1455 T-2 || — || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Padua family|PAD]] || align=right | 7.7 km || {{M+J|30674}}<br /> |-id=675 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30675 || 2042 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 3.6 km || {{M+J|30675}}<br /> |-id=676 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30676 || 2201 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30676}}<br /> |-id=677 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30677 || 2231 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30677}}<br /> |-id=678 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30678 || 2265 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.6 km'' || {{M+J|30678}}<br /> |-id=679 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30679 || 2303 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.0 km || {{M+J|30679}}<br /> |-id=680 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30680 || 3029 T-2 || — || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[FIN tbl#515|AST]] || align=right | 4.3 km || {{M+J|30680}}<br /> |-id=681 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30681 || 3084 T-2 || — || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 2.0 km || {{M+J|30681}}<br /> |-id=682 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30682 || 3209 T-2 || — || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Hygiea family|HYG]] || align=right | 9.7 km || {{M+J|30682}}<br /> |-id=683 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30683 || 3211 T-2 || — || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 8.2 km || {{M+J|30683}}<br /> |-id=684 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30684 || 3237 T-2 || — || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[FIN tbl#613|LIX]] || align=right | 7.3 km || {{M+J|30684}}<br /> |-id=685 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30685 || 3243 T-2 || — || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.2 km'' || {{M+J|30685}}<br /> |-id=686 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30686 || 3288 T-2 || — || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 9.0 km || {{M+J|30686}}<br /> |-id=687 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30687 || 3347 T-2 || — || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 1.7 km || {{M+J|30687}}<br /> |-id=688 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30688 || 4194 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.3 km'' || {{M+J|30688}}<br /> |-id=689 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30689 || 4318 T-2 || — || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.3 km || {{M+J|30689}}<br /> |-id=690 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30690 || 4633 T-2 || — || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 5.0 km || {{M+J|30690}}<br /> |-id=691 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30691 || 4810 T-2 || — || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | 3.2 km || {{M+J|30691}}<br /> |-id=692 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30692 || 5040 T-2 || — || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Asteroid family#Prokne|(194)]] || align=right | ''3.2 km'' || {{M+J|30692}}<br /> |-id=693 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30693 || 5069 T-2 || — || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[FIN tbl#512|DOR]] || align=right | 9.5 km || {{M+J|30693}}<br /> |-id=694 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30694 || 5112 T-2 || — || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 8.6 km || {{M+J|30694}}<br /> |-id=695 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30695 || 1020 T-3 || — || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30695}}<br /> |-id=696 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30696 || 1110 T-3 || — || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 3.2 km || {{M+J|30696}}<br /> |-id=697 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30697 || 2137 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.8 km'' || {{M+J|30697}}<br /> |-id=698 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30698 Hippokoon || 2299 T-3 || {{MoMP|30698|Hippokoon}} || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | 18 km || {{M+J|30698}}<br /> |-id=699 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30699 || 2356 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30699}}<br /> |-id=700 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30700 || 2367 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30700}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 30701–30800 ==<br /> {{Anchor|701}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30701 || 2381 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Cornelis Johannes van Houten|C. J. van Houten]], [[Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld|I. van Houten-Groeneveld]], [[Tom Gehrels|T. Gehrels]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.7 km'' || {{M+J|30701}}<br /> |-id=702 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30702 || 3042 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30702}}<br /> |-id=703 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30703 || 3101 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 3.5 km || {{M+J|30703}}<br /> |-id=704 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30704 Phegeus || 3250 T-3 || {{MoMP|30704|Phegeus}} || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | 27 km || {{M+J|30704}}<br /> |-id=705 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[30705 Idaios]]''' || 3365 T-3 || {{MoMP|30705|Idaios}} || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || L5 || align=right | 45 km || {{M+J|30705}}<br /> |-id=706 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30706 || 4026 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30706}}<br /> |-id=707 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30707 || 4075 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 5.5 km || {{M+J|30707}}<br /> |-id=708 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30708 Echepolos || 4101 T-3 || {{MoMP|30708|Echepolos}} || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | 25 km || {{M+J|30708}}<br /> |-id=709 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30709 || 4107 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 1.8 km || {{M+J|30709}}<br /> |-id=710 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30710 || 4137 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 5.8 km || {{M+J|30710}}<br /> |-id=711 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30711 || 4186 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.0 km || {{M+J|30711}}<br /> |-id=712 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30712 || 4207 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 9.5 km || {{M+J|30712}}<br /> |-id=713 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30713 || 4216 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 1.8 km || {{M+J|30713}}<br /> |-id=714 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30714 || 4282 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30714}}<br /> |-id=715 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30715 || 5034 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || [[FIN tbl#608|BRA]] || align=right | 5.9 km || {{M+J|30715}}<br /> |-id=716 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30716 || 5107 T-3 || — || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || {{·}} || align=right | 2.1 km || {{M+J|30716}}<br /> |-id=717 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 30717 || 1937 UD || — || October 26, 1937 || [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg]] || [[Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth|K. Reinmuth]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.0 km'' || {{M+J|30717}}<br /> |-id=718 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | '''[[30718 Records]]''' || {{mp|1955 RB|1}} || {{MoMP|30718|Records}} || September 14, 1955 || [[Goethe Link Observatory|Brooklyn]] || [[Indiana Asteroid Program|Indiana University]] || {{·}} || align=right | 9.2 km || {{M+J|30718}}<br /> |-id=719 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30719 Isserstedt || 1963 RJ || {{MoMP|30719|Isserstedt}} || September 13, 1963 || [[Karl Schwarzschild Observatory|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Karl Walter Kamper|K. W. Kamper]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''8.4 km'' || {{M+J|30719}}<br /> |-id=720 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30720 Fernándezlajús || 1969 GB || {{MoMP|30720|Fernándezlajús}} || April 9, 1969 || [[Complejo Astronómico El Leoncito|El Leoncito]] || [[Carlos Ulrrico Cesco|C. U. Cesco]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''10 km'' || {{M+J|30720}}<br /> |-id=721 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30721 || {{mp|1975 ST|1}} || — || September 30, 1975 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 5.5 km || {{M+J|30721}}<br /> |-id=722 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30722 Biblioran || {{mp|1978 RN|5}} || {{MoMP|30722|Biblioran}} || September 6, 1978 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Nikolai Chernykh|N. S. Chernykh]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.3 km || {{M+J|30722}}<br /> |-id=723 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30723 || {{mp|1978 RU|8}} || — || September 2, 1978 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist|C.-I. Lagerkvist]] || {{·}} || align=right | 8.1 km || {{M+J|30723}}<br /> |-id=724 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30724 Peterburgtrista || {{mp|1978 SX|2}} || {{MoMP|30724|Peterburgtrista}} || September 26, 1978 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | 21 km || {{M+J|30724}}<br /> |-id=725 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30725 Klimov || {{mp|1978 SA|8}} || {{MoMP|30725|Klimov}} || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | 7.4 km || {{M+J|30725}}<br /> |-id=726 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30726 || {{mp|1978 VK|7}} || — || November 7, 1978 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]], [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30726}}<br /> |-id=727 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30727 || {{mp|1979 MC|9}} || — || June 25, 1979 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''1.7 km'' || {{M+J|30727}}<br /> |-id=728 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30728 || {{mp|1979 QD|2}} || — || August 22, 1979 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist|C.-I. Lagerkvist]] || {{·}} || align=right | 6.2 km || {{M+J|30728}}<br /> |-id=729 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30729 || 1980 TA || — || October 11, 1980 || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || [[Harvard College Observatory|Harvard Observatory]] || [[Asteroid family#Levin|(2076)]] || align=right | 4.7 km || {{M+J|30729}}<br /> |-id=730 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30730 || 1981 DL || — || February 28, 1981 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''6.7 km'' || {{M+J|30730}}<br /> |-id=731 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30731 || {{mp|1981 EK|2}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Gefion family|GEF]]{{·}}{{Interloper|516}} || align=right | 4.6 km || {{M+J|30731}}<br /> |-id=732 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30732 || {{mp|1981 EQ|2}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30732}}<br /> |-id=733 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30733 || {{mp|1981 EJ|3}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Adeona family|ADE]] || align=right | 8.6 km || {{M+J|30733}}<br /> |-id=734 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30734 || {{mp|1981 ES|3}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 4.6 km || {{M+J|30734}}<br /> |-id=735 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30735 || {{mp|1981 EF|7}} || — || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''1.7 km'' || {{M+J|30735}}<br /> |-id=736 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30736 || {{mp|1981 EU|7}} || — || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || V || align=right | ''1.7 km'' || {{M+J|30736}}<br /> |-id=737 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30737 || {{mp|1981 ER|9}} || — || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | 8.3 km || {{M+J|30737}}<br /> |-id=738 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30738 || {{mp|1981 EO|11}} || — || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30738}}<br /> |-id=739 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30739 || {{mp|1981 EN|14}} || — || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30739}}<br /> |-id=740 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30740 || {{mp|1981 ET|14}} || — || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | ''6.5 km'' || {{M+J|30740}}<br /> |-id=741 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30741 || {{mp|1981 EQ|15}} || — || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30741}}<br /> |-id=742 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30742 || {{mp|1981 EG|17}} || — || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | 8.6 km || {{M+J|30742}}<br /> |-id=743 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30743 || {{mp|1981 EQ|17}} || — || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | 4.2 km || {{M+J|30743}}<br /> |-id=744 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30744 || {{mp|1981 EN|18}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.1 km'' || {{M+J|30744}}<br /> |-id=745 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30745 || {{mp|1981 EB|22}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 6.1 km || {{M+J|30745}}<br /> |-id=746 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30746 || {{mp|1981 EG|24}} || — || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | 6.0 km || {{M+J|30746}}<br /> |-id=747 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30747 || {{mp|1981 EM|25}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | 1.6 km || {{M+J|30747}}<br /> |-id=748 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30748 || {{mp|1981 ES|25}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.9 km'' || {{M+J|30748}}<br /> |-id=749 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30749 || {{mp|1981 ER|26}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 2.2 km || {{M+J|30749}}<br /> |-id=750 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30750 || {{mp|1981 EY|28}} || — || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | 5.3 km || {{M+J|30750}}<br /> |-id=751 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30751 || {{mp|1981 EL|29}} || — || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.0 km'' || {{M+J|30751}}<br /> |-id=752 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30752 || {{mp|1981 EQ|33}} || — || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.1 km'' || {{M+J|30752}}<br /> |-id=753 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30753 || {{mp|1981 EL|38}} || — || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30753}}<br /> |-id=754 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30754 || {{mp|1981 EB|39}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.1 km'' || {{M+J|30754}}<br /> |-id=755 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30755 || {{mp|1981 EO|39}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.1 km'' || {{M+J|30755}}<br /> |-id=756 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30756 || {{mp|1981 ET|39}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Hygiea family|HYG]] || align=right | 8.2 km || {{M+J|30756}}<br /> |-id=757 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30757 || {{mp|1981 EB|40}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | ''5.1 km'' || {{M+J|30757}}<br /> |-id=758 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30758 || {{mp|1981 EN|41}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.2 km'' || {{M+J|30758}}<br /> |-id=759 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30759 || {{mp|1981 EV|41}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | 3.0 km || {{M+J|30759}}<br /> |-id=760 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30760 || {{mp|1981 EY|41}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''1.7 km'' || {{M+J|30760}}<br /> |-id=761 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30761 || {{mp|1981 EF|42}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | 4.1 km || {{M+J|30761}}<br /> |-id=762 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30762 || {{mp|1981 ES|42}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | 5.0 km || {{M+J|30762}}<br /> |-id=763 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30763 || {{mp|1981 EJ|47}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''1.2 km'' || {{M+J|30763}}<br /> |-id=764 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30764 || {{mp|1981 EK|47}} || — || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || [[Hilda asteroid|3:2]]{{·}}[[Schubart family|SHU]] || align=right | 12 km || {{M+J|30764}}<br /> |-id=765 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 30765 || {{mp|1981 EJ|48}} || — || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.5 km'' || {{M+J|30765}}<br /> |-id=766 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30766 || {{mp|1981 UX|22}} || — || October 24, 1981 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || S. J. Bus || {{·}} || align=right | ''6.7 km'' || {{M+J|30766}}<br /> |-id=767 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 30767 Chriskraft || {{mp|1983 VQ|1}} || {{MoMP|30767|Chriskraft}} || November 6, 1983 || Palomar || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]], [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker|E. M. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.5 km'' || {{M+J|30767}}<br /> |-id=768 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30768 || 1983 YK || — || December 29, 1983 || [[Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino|Pino Torinese]] || Massone, G., [[Giovanni de Sanctis|G. de Sanctis]] || {{·}} || align=right | 18 km || {{M+J|30768}}<br /> |-id=769 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30769 Kaydash || {{mp|1984 ST|2}} || {{MoMP|30769|Kaydash}} || September 25, 1984 || [[Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] || [[Brian A. Skiff|B. A. Skiff]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.2 km || {{M+J|30769}}<br /> |-id=770 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30770 || {{mp|1984 SL|4}} || — || September 27, 1984 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || {{·}} || align=right | 5.4 km || {{M+J|30770}}<br /> |-id=771 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 30771 || {{mp|1986 PO|2}} || — || August 1, 1986 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.7 km'' || {{M+J|30771}}<br /> |-id=772 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30772 || {{mp|1986 RJ|1}} || — || September 2, 1986 || [[Kleť Observatory|Kleť]] || [[Antonín Mrkos|A. Mrkos]] || [[FIN tbl#406|ERI]] || align=right | 6.3 km || {{M+J|30772}}<br /> |-id=773 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30773 Schelde || {{mp|1986 RJ|4}} || {{MoMP|30773|Schelde}} || September 6, 1986 || [[Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory|Smolyan]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | 10 km || {{M+J|30773}}<br /> |-id=774 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30774 || {{mp|1987 BU|1}} || — || January 25, 1987 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | 5.4 km || {{M+J|30774}}<br /> |-id=775 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 30775 Lattu || 1987 QX || {{MoMP|30775|Lattu}} || August 24, 1987 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.1 km'' || {{M+J|30775}}<br /> |-id=776 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30776 || 1987 QY || — || August 24, 1987 || Palomar || E. F. Helin || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | 2.7 km || {{M+J|30776}}<br /> |-id=777 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30777 || {{mp|1987 SB|3}} || — || September 21, 1987 || [[Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory|Smolyan]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.6 km || {{M+J|30777}}<br /> |-id=778 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30778 Döblin || {{mp|1987 SX|10}} || {{MoMP|30778|Döblin}} || September 29, 1987 || [[Karl Schwarzschild Observatory|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || {{·}} || align=right | 7.3 km || {{M+J|30778}}<br /> |-id=779 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30779 Sankt-Stephan || {{mp|1987 UE|1}} || {{MoMP|30779|Sankt-Stephan}} || October 17, 1987 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]], [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker|E. M. Shoemaker]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | 2.6 km || {{M+J|30779}}<br /> |-id=780 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30780 || {{mp|1988 CA|2}} || — || February 11, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 2.2 km || {{M+J|30780}}<br /> |-id=781 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30781 || {{mp|1988 CR|2}} || — || February 11, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | 3.2 km || {{M+J|30781}}<br /> |-id=782 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30782 || {{mp|1988 CC|4}} || — || February 13, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.2 km'' || {{M+J|30782}}<br /> |-id=783 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30783 || {{mp|1988 CO|4}} || — || February 13, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | 2.7 km || {{M+J|30783}}<br /> |-id=784 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30784 || 1988 PO || — || August 11, 1988 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || Mikolajczak, C., Coker, R. || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 6.3 km || {{M+J|30784}}<br /> |-id=785 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 30785 Greeley || 1988 PX || {{MoMP|30785|Greeley}} || August 13, 1988 || Palomar || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]], [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker|E. M. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.3 km'' || {{M+J|30785}}<br /> |-id=786 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 30786 Karkoschka || 1988 QC || {{MoMP|30786|Karkoschka}} || August 18, 1988 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker || {{·}} || align=right | ''1.5 km'' || {{M+J|30786}}<br /> |-id=787 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30787 || 1988 RC || — || September 7, 1988 || [[Brorfelde Observatoriet|Brorfelde]] || [[Poul Jensen (astronomer)|P. Jensen]] || {{·}} || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30787}}<br /> |-id=788 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30788 Angekauffmann || {{mp|1988 RE|3}} || {{MoMP|30788|Angekauffmann}} || September 8, 1988 || [[Karl Schwarzschild Observatory|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || {{·}} || align=right | 15 km || {{M+J|30788}}<br /> |-id=789 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30789 || {{mp|1988 RB|6}} || — || September 3, 1988 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | 8.9 km || {{M+J|30789}}<br /> |-id=790 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30790 || {{mp|1988 RT|11}} || — || September 14, 1988 || [[Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory|Cerro Tololo]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.6 km || {{M+J|30790}}<br /> |-id=791 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30791 || {{mp|1988 RY|11}} || — || September 14, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | 20 km || {{M+J|30791}}<br /> |-id=792 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30792 || {{mp|1988 RP|12}} || — || September 14, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus || L5 || align=right | 18 km || {{M+J|30792}}<br /> |-id=793 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30793 || {{mp|1988 SJ|3}} || — || September 16, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus || L5 || align=right | 19 km || {{M+J|30793}}<br /> |-id=794 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30794 || {{mp|1988 TR|1}} || — || October 15, 1988 || [[Gekko Observatory|Gekko]] || [[Yoshiaki Oshima|Y. Oshima]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#30794|slow]] || align=right | ''4.2 km'' || {{M+J|30794}}<br /> |-id=795 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30795 || {{mp|1989 AR|5}} || — || January 4, 1989 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.5 km'' || {{M+J|30795}}<br /> |-id=796 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30796 || {{mp|1989 CU|2}} || — || February 4, 1989 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | 3.5 km || {{M+J|30796}}<br /> |-id=797 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30797 Chimborazo || {{mp|1989 CV|2}} || {{MoMP|30797|Chimborazo}} || February 4, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''3.8 km'' || {{M+J|30797}}<br /> |-id=798 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30798 Graubünden || {{mp|1989 CR|5}} || {{MoMP|30798|Graubünden}} || February 2, 1989 || [[Karl Schwarzschild Observatory|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''7.6 km'' || {{M+J|30798}}<br /> |-id=799 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30799 || 1989 LH || — || June 4, 1989 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | 6.4 km || {{M+J|30799}}<br /> |-id=800 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 30800 || 1989 ST || — || September 29, 1989 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.1 km'' || {{M+J|30800}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 30801–30900 ==<br /> {{Anchor|801}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30801 || {{mp|1989 SS|1}} || — || September 26, 1989 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.1 km'' || {{M+J|30801}}<br /> |-id=802 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30802 || {{mp|1989 SH|3}} || — || September 26, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30802}}<br /> |-id=803 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30803 || {{mp|1989 SG|14}} || — || September 26, 1989 || [[Calar Alto Observatory|Calar Alto]] || [[Johann M. Baur|J. M. Baur]], [[Kurt Birkle|K. Birkle]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.9 km'' || {{M+J|30803}}<br /> |-id=804 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30804 || {{mp|1989 TO|14}} || — || October 2, 1989 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | ''8.4 km'' || {{M+J|30804}}<br /> |-id=805 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30805 Mikimasa || {{mp|1989 UO|2}} || {{MoMP|30805|Mikimasa}} || October 21, 1989 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.7 km'' || {{M+J|30805}}<br /> |-id=806 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30806 || {{mp|1989 UP|5}} || — || October 30, 1989 || [[Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory|Cerro Tololo]] || [[Schelte J. Bus|S. J. Bus]] || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | 13 km || {{M+J|30806}}<br /> |-id=807 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | 30807 || {{mp|1989 UQ|5}} || — || October 30, 1989 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus || L5 || align=right | 21 km || {{M+J|30807}}<br /> |-id=808 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30808 || {{mp|1989 YA|2}} || — || December 30, 1989 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.9 km || {{M+J|30808}}<br /> |-id=809 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30809 || {{mp|1990 EO|8}} || — || March 7, 1990 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | 9.2 km || {{M+J|30809}}<br /> |-id=810 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30810 || 1990 FM || — || March 23, 1990 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''8.6 km'' || {{M+J|30810}}<br /> |-id=811 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30811 || {{mp|1990 OD|2}} || — || July 29, 1990 || Palomar || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30811}}<br /> |-id=812 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30812 || {{mp|1990 OZ|4}} || — || July 25, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt || {{·}} || align=right | 1.4 km || {{M+J|30812}}<br /> |-id=813 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30813 || 1990 QT || — || August 19, 1990 || Palomar || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | 4.3 km || {{M+J|30813}}<br /> |-id=814 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30814 || 1990 QW || — || August 19, 1990 || Palomar || E. F. Helin || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 3.7 km || {{M+J|30814}}<br /> |-id=815 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30815 || {{mp|1990 QH|2}} || — || August 22, 1990 || Palomar || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.5 km'' || {{M+J|30815}}<br /> |-id=816 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30816 || {{mp|1990 QA|6}} || — || August 29, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt || {{·}} || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30816}}<br /> |-id=817 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30817 || {{mp|1990 QN|9}} || — || August 16, 1990 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30817}}<br /> |-id=818 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30818 || {{mp|1990 RH|2}} || — || September 14, 1990 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | ''1.9 km'' || {{M+J|30818}}<br /> |-id=819 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30819 || {{mp|1990 RL|2}} || — || September 15, 1990 || Palomar || [[C. Michelle Olmstead|C. M. Olmstead]] || {{·}} || align=right | 5.8 km || {{M+J|30819}}<br /> |-id=820 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30820 || {{mp|1990 RU|2}} || — || September 15, 1990 || Palomar || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.8 km'' || {{M+J|30820}}<br /> |-id=821 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30821 Chernetenko || {{mp|1990 RR|17}} || {{MoMP|30821|Chernetenko}} || September 15, 1990 || [[Crimean Astrophysical Observatory|Nauchnij]] || [[Lyudmila Zhuravleva|L. V. Zhuravleva]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.6 km || {{M+J|30821}}<br /> |-id=822 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30822 || {{mp|1990 SX|5}} || — || September 22, 1990 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.4 km'' || {{M+J|30822}}<br /> |-id=823 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30823 || {{mp|1990 SY|15}} || — || September 16, 1990 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30823}}<br /> |-id=824 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30824 || 1990 TD || — || October 9, 1990 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.6 km || {{M+J|30824}}<br /> |-id=825 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | 30825 || {{mp|1990 TG|1}} || — || October 14, 1990 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+1km]]&lt;/small&gt; || align=right | ''4.0 km'' || {{M+J|30825}}<br /> |-id=826 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30826 Coulomb || {{mp|1990 TS|1}} || {{MoMP|30826|Coulomb}} || October 10, 1990 || [[Karl Schwarzschild Observatory|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]], [[Lutz D. Schmadel|L. D. Schmadel]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''9.3 km'' || {{M+J|30826}}<br /> |-id=827 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30827 Lautenschläger || {{mp|1990 TE|2}} || {{MoMP|30827|Lautenschläger}} || October 10, 1990 || Tautenburg Observatory || L. D. Schmadel, F. Börngen || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.4 km'' || {{M+J|30827}}<br /> |-id=828 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30828 Bethe || {{mp|1990 TK|4}} || {{MoMP|30828|Bethe}} || October 12, 1990 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen, L. D. Schmadel || {{·}} || align=right | 4.4 km || {{M+J|30828}}<br /> |-id=829 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30829 Wolfwacker || {{mp|1990 TE|9}} || {{MoMP|30829|Wolfwacker}} || October 10, 1990 || Tautenburg Observatory || L. D. Schmadel, F. Börngen || {{·}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30829}}<br /> |-id=830 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30830 Jahn || {{mp|1990 TQ|12}} || {{MoMP|30830|Jahn}} || October 14, 1990 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen, L. D. Schmadel || {{·}} || align=right | 4.0 km || {{M+J|30830}}<br /> |-id=831 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30831 Seignovert || {{mp|1990 TO|14}} || {{MoMP|30831|Seignovert}} || October 14, 1990 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Kenneth J. Lawrence|K. J. Lawrence]], [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | ''1.8 km'' || {{M+J|30831}}<br /> |-id=832 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30832 Urbaincreve || {{mp|1990 UC|5}} || {{MoMP|30832|Urbaincreve}} || October 16, 1990 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.4 km'' || {{M+J|30832}}<br /> |-id=833 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30833 || {{mp|1990 VM|4}} || — || November 15, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.4 km'' || {{M+J|30833}}<br /> |-id=834 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30834 || {{mp|1990 VR|6}} || — || November 15, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30834}}<br /> |-id=835 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30835 Waterloo || {{mp|1990 WB|7}} || {{MoMP|30835|Waterloo}} || November 21, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.9 km'' || {{M+J|30835}}<br /> |-id=836 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30836 Schnittke || {{mp|1991 AU|2}} || {{MoMP|30836|Schnittke}} || January 15, 1991 || [[Karl Schwarzschild Observatory|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.5 km'' || {{M+J|30836}}<br /> |-id=837 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30837 Steinheil || {{mp|1991 AW|2}} || {{MoMP|30837|Steinheil}} || January 15, 1991 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen || {{·}} || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30837}}<br /> |-id=838 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30838 Hitomiyamasaki || {{mp|1991 CM|1}} || {{MoMP|30838|Hitomiyamasaki}} || February 7, 1991 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30838}}<br /> |-id=839 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30839 || {{mp|1991 GH|1}} || — || April 11, 1991 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | 4.9 km || {{M+J|30839}}<br /> |-id=840 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30840 Jackalice || {{mp|1991 GC|2}} || {{MoMP|30840|Jackalice}} || April 15, 1991 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]], [[David H. Levy|D. H. Levy]] || {{·}} || align=right | 4.7 km || {{M+J|30840}}<br /> |-id=841 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30841 || {{mp|1991 GA|3}} || — || April 8, 1991 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.3 km || {{M+J|30841}}<br /> |-id=842 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30842 || {{mp|1991 GO|7}} || — || April 8, 1991 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.0 km'' || {{M+J|30842}}<br /> |-id=843 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30843 || {{mp|1991 JK|1}} || — || May 8, 1991 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''6.9 km'' || {{M+J|30843}}<br /> |-id=844 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30844 Hukeller || 1991 KE || {{MoMP|30844|Hukeller}} || May 17, 1991 || Palomar || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]], [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker|E. M. Shoemaker]] || {{·}} || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30844}}<br /> |-id=845 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30845 || {{mp|1991 PQ|3}} || — || August 2, 1991 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[FIN tbl#514|AGN]] || align=right | 3.8 km || {{M+J|30845}}<br /> |-id=846 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30846 || {{mp|1991 PJ|17}} || — || August 9, 1991 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.0 km || {{M+J|30846}}<br /> |-id=847 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30847 Lampert || {{mp|1991 RC|5}} || {{MoMP|30847|Lampert}} || September 13, 1991 || [[Karl Schwarzschild Observatory|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Lutz D. Schmadel|L. D. Schmadel]], [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 10 km || {{M+J|30847}}<br /> |-id=848 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30848 || {{mp|1991 RZ|19}} || — || September 14, 1991 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || [[Gefion family|GEF]] || align=right | ''5.1 km'' || {{M+J|30848}}<br /> |-id=849 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30849 || {{mp|1991 RE|20}} || — || September 14, 1991 || Palomar || H. E. Holt || {{·}} || align=right | ''10 km'' || {{M+J|30849}}<br /> |-id=850 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30850 Vonsiemens || {{mp|1991 TN|2}} || {{MoMP|30850|Vonsiemens}} || October 7, 1991 || [[Karl Schwarzschild Observatory|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]], [[Lutz D. Schmadel|L. D. Schmadel]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''8.5 km'' || {{M+J|30850}}<br /> |-id=851 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30851 Reißfelder || {{mp|1991 TD|6}} || {{MoMP|30851|Reißfelder}} || October 2, 1991 || Tautenburg Observatory || L. D. Schmadel, F. Börngen || {{·}} || align=right | 2.1 km || {{M+J|30851}}<br /> |-id=852 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30852 Debye || {{mp|1991 TR|6}} || {{MoMP|30852|Debye}} || October 2, 1991 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen, L. D. Schmadel || {{·}} || align=right | 2.0 km || {{M+J|30852}}<br /> |-id=853 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30853 || {{mp|1991 UH|3}} || — || October 31, 1991 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | 5.7 km || {{M+J|30853}}<br /> |-id=854 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 30854 || 1991 VB || — || November 1, 1991 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || {{·}} || align=right data-sort-value=&quot;0.87&quot; | ''870 m'' || {{M+J|30854}}<br /> |-id=855 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30855 || {{mp|1991 VQ|9}} || — || November 4, 1991 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30855}}<br /> |-id=856 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 30856 || 1991 XE || — || December 7, 1991 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30856}}<br /> |-id=857 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30857 Parsec || 1991 YY || {{MoMP|30857|Parsec}} || December 31, 1991 || [[Observatoire de Haute-Provence|Haute Provence]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.8 km'' || {{M+J|30857}}<br /> |-id=858 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30858 || {{mp|1992 AU|1}} || — || January 9, 1992 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | 4.2 km || {{M+J|30858}}<br /> |-id=859 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30859 || 1992 BM || — || January 28, 1992 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30859}}<br /> |-id=860 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30860 || {{mp|1992 DA|4}} || — || February 29, 1992 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30860}}<br /> |-id=861 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30861 || {{mp|1992 DS|5}} || — || February 29, 1992 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Uppsala–ESO Survey of Asteroids and Comets|UESAC]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 6.2 km || {{M+J|30861}}<br /> |-id=862 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30862 || {{mp|1992 DF|10}} || — || February 29, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || [[Asteroid family#Levin|(2076)]] || align=right | 4.4 km || {{M+J|30862}}<br /> |-id=863 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30863 || {{mp|1992 EA|4}} || — || March 1, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''3.6 km'' || {{M+J|30863}}<br /> |-id=864 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30864 || {{mp|1992 EE|6}} || — || March 1, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 2.0 km || {{M+J|30864}}<br /> |-id=865 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30865 || {{mp|1992 EH|8}} || — || March 2, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 4.1 km || {{M+J|30865}}<br /> |-id=866 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30866 || {{mp|1992 EN|8}} || — || March 2, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 9.0 km || {{M+J|30866}}<br /> |-id=867 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30867 || {{mp|1992 EL|9}} || — || March 2, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 7.0 km || {{M+J|30867}}<br /> |-id=868 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30868 || {{mp|1992 ET|10}} || — || March 6, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 8.3 km || {{M+J|30868}}<br /> |-id=869 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30869 || {{mp|1992 EU|11}} || — || March 6, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30869}}<br /> |-id=870 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30870 || {{mp|1992 EW|15}} || — || March 1, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | ''7.6 km'' || {{M+J|30870}}<br /> |-id=871 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30871 || {{mp|1992 EG|16}} || — || March 1, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.8 km'' || {{M+J|30871}}<br /> |-id=872 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30872 || {{mp|1992 EM|17}} || — || March 2, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30872}}<br /> |-id=873 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30873 || {{mp|1992 EN|17}} || — || March 2, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | 2.1 km || {{M+J|30873}}<br /> |-id=874 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30874 || {{mp|1992 EA|23}} || — || March 1, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.2 km'' || {{M+J|30874}}<br /> |-id=875 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30875 || {{mp|1992 EX|25}} || — || March 8, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | ''8.1 km'' || {{M+J|30875}}<br /> |-id=876 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30876 || {{mp|1992 EM|27}} || — || March 4, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | ''7.2 km'' || {{M+J|30876}}<br /> |-id=877 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30877 || {{mp|1992 ES|30}} || — || March 1, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 10 km || {{M+J|30877}}<br /> |-id=878 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30878 || 1992 GQ || — || April 3, 1992 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | 9.7 km || {{M+J|30878}}<br /> |-id=879 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30879 Hiroshikanai || 1992 KF || {{MoMP|30879|Hiroshikanai}} || May 25, 1992 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''6.0 km'' || {{M+J|30879}}<br /> |-id=880 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30880 || {{mp|1992 PC|2}} || — || August 2, 1992 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || {{·}} || align=right | 5.0 km || {{M+J|30880}}<br /> |-id=881 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30881 Robertstevenson || {{mp|1992 RS|4}} || {{MoMP|30881|Robertstevenson}} || September 2, 1992 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.0 km'' || {{M+J|30881}}<br /> |-id=882 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30882 Tomhenning || {{mp|1992 SG|2}} || {{MoMP|30882|Tomhenning}} || September 21, 1992 || [[Karl Schwarzschild Observatory|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Lutz D. Schmadel|L. D. Schmadel]], [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''6.3 km'' || {{M+J|30882}}<br /> |-id=883 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30883 de Broglie || {{mp|1992 SW|16}} || {{MoMP|30883|de Broglie}} || September 24, 1992 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen, L. D. Schmadel || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30883}}<br /> |-id=884 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30884 || {{mp|1992 SL|23}} || — || September 30, 1992 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 4.9 km || {{M+J|30884}}<br /> |-id=885 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30885 || {{mp|1992 UU|4}} || — || October 30, 1992 || [[JCPM Yakiimo Station|Yakiimo]] || Natori, A., [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || {{·}} || align=right | 6.1 km || {{M+J|30885}}<br /> |-id=886 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30886 Hayashitadashi || {{mp|1992 WJ|1}} || {{MoMP|30886|Hayashitadashi}} || November 17, 1992 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]]{{·}}[[Slow rotator (asteroid)#30886|slow]] || align=right | ''5.6 km'' || {{M+J|30886}}<br /> |-id=887 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30887 || {{mp|1992 WL|2}} || — || November 18, 1992 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || EUN || align=right | ''6.2 km'' || {{M+J|30887}}<br /> |-id=888 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30888 Okitsumisaki || {{mp|1993 BG|2}} || {{MoMP|30888|Okitsumisaki}} || January 19, 1993 || [[Geisei Observatory|Geisei]] || [[Tsutomu Seki|T. Seki]] || {{·}} || align=right | 9.2 km || {{M+J|30888}}<br /> |-id=889 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30889 || {{mp|1993 FU|6}} || — || March 17, 1993 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Uppsala–ESO Survey of Asteroids and Comets|UESAC]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | 4.7 km || {{M+J|30889}}<br /> |-id=890 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30890 || {{mp|1993 FB|9}} || — || March 17, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30890}}<br /> |-id=891 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30891 || {{mp|1993 FV|14}} || — || March 17, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 2.6 km || {{M+J|30891}}<br /> |-id=892 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30892 || {{mp|1993 FR|18}} || — || March 17, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 5.0 km || {{M+J|30892}}<br /> |-id=893 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30893 || {{mp|1993 FD|19}} || — || March 17, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 2.1 km || {{M+J|30893}}<br /> |-id=894 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30894 || {{mp|1993 FD|20}} || — || March 17, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.3 km'' || {{M+J|30894}}<br /> |-id=895 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30895 || {{mp|1993 FH|23}} || — || March 21, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 3.2 km || {{M+J|30895}}<br /> |-id=896 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30896 || {{mp|1993 FX|26}} || — || March 21, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 6.4 km || {{M+J|30896}}<br /> |-id=897 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30897 || {{mp|1993 FG|29}} || — || March 21, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 5.7 km || {{M+J|30897}}<br /> |-id=898 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30898 || {{mp|1993 FJ|29}} || — || March 21, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30898}}<br /> |-id=899 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30899 || {{mp|1993 FL|32}} || — || March 21, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | ''6.4 km'' || {{M+J|30899}}<br /> |-id=900 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30900 || {{mp|1993 FM|34}} || — || March 17, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || [[Hygiea family|HYG]] || align=right | 7.5 km || {{M+J|30900}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 30901–31000 ==<br /> {{Anchor|901}}<br /> {{List of minor planets/header2}}<br /> |-bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30901 || {{mp|1993 FU|34}} || — || March 19, 1993 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Uppsala–ESO Survey of Asteroids and Comets|UESAC]] || {{·}} || align=right | 1.6 km || {{M+J|30901}}<br /> |-id=902 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30902 || {{mp|1993 FF|35}} || — || March 19, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 5.9 km || {{M+J|30902}}<br /> |-id=903 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30903 || {{mp|1993 FU|37}} || — || March 19, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 4.3 km || {{M+J|30903}}<br /> |-id=904 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30904 || {{mp|1993 FV|41}} || — || March 19, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 7.7 km || {{M+J|30904}}<br /> |-id=905 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30905 || {{mp|1993 FC|42}} || — || March 19, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 7.9 km || {{M+J|30905}}<br /> |-id=906 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30906 || {{mp|1993 FV|44}} || — || March 19, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30906}}<br /> |-id=907 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30907 || {{mp|1993 FD|47}} || — || March 19, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || THM || align=right | 6.5 km || {{M+J|30907}}<br /> |-id=908 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30908 || {{mp|1993 FW|47}} || — || March 19, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || [[Hygiea family|HYG]] || align=right | 8.5 km || {{M+J|30908}}<br /> |-id=909 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30909 || {{mp|1993 FZ|49}} || — || March 19, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 1.7 km || {{M+J|30909}}<br /> |-id=910 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30910 || {{mp|1993 FP|52}} || — || March 17, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | ''2.1 km'' || {{M+J|30910}}<br /> |-id=911 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30911 || {{mp|1993 FY|75}} || — || March 21, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 2.3 km || {{M+J|30911}}<br /> |-id=912 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30912 || {{mp|1993 FP|76}} || — || March 21, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.6 km'' || {{M+J|30912}}<br /> |-id=913 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30913 || {{mp|1993 FO|77}} || — || March 21, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | 7.8 km || {{M+J|30913}}<br /> |-id=914 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30914 || {{mp|1993 FV|82}} || — || March 19, 1993 || La Silla || UESAC || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.0 km'' || {{M+J|30914}}<br /> |-id=915 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30915 || {{mp|1993 GF|1}} || — || April 15, 1993 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''10 km'' || {{M+J|30915}}<br /> |-id=916 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30916 || {{mp|1993 GN|1}} || — || April 14, 1993 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Henri Debehogne|H. Debehogne]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.8 km'' || {{M+J|30916}}<br /> |-id=917 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30917 Moehorgan || {{mp|1993 HV|1}} || {{MoMP|30917|Moehorgan}} || April 19, 1993 || [[MDM Observatory|McGraw-Hill]] || [[John L. Tonry|J. L. Tonry]] || {{·}} || align=right | 5.8 km || {{M+J|30917}}<br /> |-id=918 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30918 || {{mp|1993 KV|2}} || — || May 27, 1993 || [[Caussols, Alpes-Maritimes|Caussols]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | 1.8 km || {{M+J|30918}}<br /> |-id=919 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30919 || {{mp|1993 NV|1}} || — || July 12, 1993 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.0 km'' || {{M+J|30919}}<br /> |-id=920 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30920 || {{mp|1993 OV|4}} || — || July 20, 1993 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | 3.3 km || {{M+J|30920}}<br /> |-id=921 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30921 || {{mp|1993 OG|6}} || — || July 20, 1993 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.3 km'' || {{M+J|30921}}<br /> |-id=922 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30922 || {{mp|1993 OE|13}} || — || July 19, 1993 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30922}}<br /> |-id=923 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30923 || {{mp|1993 QU|4}} || — || August 18, 1993 || [[Caussols, Alpes-Maritimes|Caussols]] || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.5 km'' || {{M+J|30923}}<br /> |-id=924 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30924 Imamura || {{mp|1993 RC|2}} || {{MoMP|30924|Imamura}} || September 15, 1993 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''3.7 km'' || {{M+J|30924}}<br /> |-id=925 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30925 Todahiroyuki || {{mp|1993 RD|2}} || {{MoMP|30925|Todahiroyuki}} || September 15, 1993 || Kitami || K. Endate, K. Watanabe || [[Maria family|MAR]] || align=right | 5.8 km || {{M+J|30925}}<br /> |-id=926 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30926 || {{mp|1993 TL|13}} || — || October 14, 1993 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Henry E. Holt|H. E. Holt]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30926}}<br /> |-id=927 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30927 || {{mp|1993 TF|17}} || — || October 9, 1993 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30927}}<br /> |-id=928 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30928 Jefferson || {{mp|1993 TJ|32}} || {{MoMP|30928|Jefferson}} || October 9, 1993 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | 6.5 km || {{M+J|30928}}<br /> |-id=929 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30929 || {{mp|1993 TR|38}} || — || October 9, 1993 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''5.3 km'' || {{M+J|30929}}<br /> |-id=930 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30930 || 1993 UF || — || October 20, 1993 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30930}}<br /> |-id=931 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30931 || {{mp|1993 UJ|5}} || — || October 20, 1993 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Asteroid family#Astraea family|(5)]] || align=right | ''3.1 km'' || {{M+J|30931}}<br /> |-id=932 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30932 || {{mp|1993 UO|5}} || — || October 20, 1993 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.2 km'' || {{M+J|30932}}<br /> |-id=933 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30933 Grillparzer || {{mp|1993 UW|8}} || {{MoMP|30933|Grillparzer}} || October 17, 1993 || [[Karl Schwarzschild Observatory|Tautenburg Observatory]] || [[Freimut Börngen|F. Börngen]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.0 km'' || {{M+J|30933}}<br /> |-id=934 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30934 Bakerhansen || 1993 WH || {{MoMP|30934|Bakerhansen}} || November 16, 1993 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]], [[David H. Levy|D. H. Levy]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | 2.8 km || {{M+J|30934}}<br /> |-id=935 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30935 Davasobel || {{mp|1994 AK|1}} || {{MoMP|30935|Davasobel}} || January 8, 1994 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker, D. H. Levy || ''H'' || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30935}}<br /> |-id=936 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30936 Basra || {{mp|1994 BR|3}} || {{MoMP|30936|Basra}} || January 16, 1994 || [[Caussols, Alpes-Maritimes|Caussols]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]], [[Christian Pollas|C. Pollas]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''6.2 km'' || {{M+J|30936}}<br /> |-id=937 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30937 Bashkirtseff || {{mp|1994 BA|4}} || {{MoMP|30937|Bashkirtseff}} || January 16, 1994 || Caussols || E. W. Elst, C. Pollas || [[Asteroid family#Astraea family|(5)]] || align=right | 4.3 km || {{M+J|30937}}<br /> |-id=938 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30938 Montmartre || {{mp|1994 BB|4}} || {{MoMP|30938|Montmartre}} || January 16, 1994 || Caussols || E. W. Elst, C. Pollas || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''4.0 km'' || {{M+J|30938}}<br /> |-id=939 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30939 Samaritaine || {{mp|1994 BE|4}} || {{MoMP|30939|Samaritaine}} || January 16, 1994 || Caussols || E. W. Elst, C. Pollas || EUN || align=right | ''4.9 km'' || {{M+J|30939}}<br /> |-id=940 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30940 || {{mp|1994 CL|2}} || — || February 14, 1994 || [[Oizumi Observatory|Oizumi]] || [[Takao Kobayashi|T. Kobayashi]] || {{·}} || align=right | 4.8 km || {{M+J|30940}}<br /> |-id=941 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30941 || {{mp|1994 CJ|11}} || — || February 7, 1994 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[FIN tbl#803|HNS]] || align=right | 4.1 km || {{M+J|30941}}<br /> |-id=942 bgcolor=#c2ffff<br /> | '''[[30942 Helicaon]]''' || {{mp|1994 CX|13}} || {{MoMP|30942|Helicaon}} || February 8, 1994 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || [[Trojan camp|L5]] || align=right | 33 km || {{M+J|30942}}<br /> |-id=943 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30943 Takeisakiyo || {{mp|1994 ED|2}} || {{MoMP|30943|Takeisakiyo}} || March 12, 1994 || [[Kitami Observatory|Kitami]] || [[Kin Endate|K. Endate]], [[Kazuro Watanabe|K. Watanabe]] || {{·}} || align=right | 10 km || {{M+J|30943}}<br /> |-id=944 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30944 Hiruma || {{mp|1994 GD|1}} || {{MoMP|30944|Hiruma}} || April 8, 1994 || Kitami || K. Endate, K. Watanabe || {{·}} || align=right | 9.4 km || {{M+J|30944}}<br /> |-id=945 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30945 || {{mp|1994 GW|9}} || — || April 14, 1994 || [[Mount John University Observatory|Lake Tekapo]] || [[Alan C. Gilmore|A. C. Gilmore]], [[Pamela M. Kilmartin|P. M. Kilmartin]] || [[Eos family|EOS]] || align=right | 7.9 km || {{M+J|30945}}<br /> |-id=946 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30946 || 1994 HB || — || April 19, 1994 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.5 km || {{M+J|30946}}<br /> |-id=947 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30947 || 1994 JW || — || May 4, 1994 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | 6.0 km || {{M+J|30947}}<br /> |-id=948 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30948 || 1994 PU || — || August 14, 1994 || [[Oizumi Observatory|Oizumi]] || [[Takao Kobayashi|T. Kobayashi]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.6 km'' || {{M+J|30948}}<br /> |-id=949 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30949 || {{mp|1994 PF|9}} || — || August 10, 1994 || [[La Silla Observatory|La Silla]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Themis family|THM]]{{·}}{{Interloper|602}} || align=right | 7.8 km || {{M+J|30949}}<br /> |-id=950 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30950 || {{mp|1994 PJ|9}} || — || August 10, 1994 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | 2.1 km || {{M+J|30950}}<br /> |-id=951 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30951 || {{mp|1994 PL|13}} || — || August 10, 1994 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | 1.9 km || {{M+J|30951}}<br /> |-id=952 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30952 || {{mp|1994 PX|15}} || — || August 10, 1994 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.0 km'' || {{M+J|30952}}<br /> |-id=953 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30953 || {{mp|1994 PZ|17}} || — || August 10, 1994 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | 6.6 km || {{M+J|30953}}<br /> |-id=954 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30954 || {{mp|1994 PM|28}} || — || August 12, 1994 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | 1.7 km || {{M+J|30954}}<br /> |-id=955 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30955 Weiser || {{mp|1994 PG|29}} || {{MoMP|30955|Weiser}} || August 12, 1994 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || {{·}} || align=right | 17 km || {{M+J|30955}}<br /> |-id=956 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30956 || 1994 QP || — || August 27, 1994 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Gordon J. Garradd|G. J. Garradd]] || {{·}} || align=right | 12 km || {{M+J|30956}}<br /> |-id=957 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30957 || {{mp|1994 SQ|7}} || — || September 28, 1994 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | 1.9 km || {{M+J|30957}}<br /> |-id=958 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30958 || {{mp|1994 TV|3}} || — || October 7, 1994 || [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] || [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]] || [[Hungaria asteroids|''H'']] || align=right | 1.9 km || {{M+J|30958}}<br /> |-id=959 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30959 || {{mp|1994 TG|9}} || — || October 8, 1994 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | 1.8 km || {{M+J|30959}}<br /> |-id=960 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30960 || {{mp|1994 UV|2}} || — || October 26, 1994 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.2 km'' || {{M+J|30960}}<br /> |-id=961 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30961 || {{mp|1994 VD|1}} || — || November 4, 1994 || [[Oizumi Observatory|Oizumi]] || [[Takao Kobayashi|T. Kobayashi]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.9 km'' || {{M+J|30961}}<br /> |-id=962 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30962 || {{mp|1994 VH|7}} || — || November 11, 1994 || [[Mount Nyukasa Station|Nyukasa]] || [[Masanori Hirasawa|M. Hirasawa]], [[Shōhei Suzuki|S. Suzuki]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.9 km || {{M+J|30962}}<br /> |-id=963 bgcolor=#fa8072<br /> | 30963 Mount Banzan || {{mp|1994 WO|3}} || {{MoMP|30963|Mount Banzan}} || November 29, 1994 || [[Sendai Astronomical Observatory|Ayashi Station]] || [[Masahiro Koishikawa|M. Koishikawa]] || {{·}} || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30963}}<br /> |-id=964 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30964 || {{mp|1994 WW|7}} || — || November 28, 1994 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | 2.4 km || {{M+J|30964}}<br /> |-id=965 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30965 || 1994 XW || — || December 2, 1994 || [[Nachi-Katsuura Observatory|Nachi-Katsuura]] || [[Yoshisada Shimizu|Y. Shimizu]], [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || [[Baptistina family|BAP]] || align=right | ''3.4 km'' || {{M+J|30965}}<br /> |-id=966 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30966 || {{mp|1994 XN|1}} || — || December 2, 1994 || [[Osservatorio Astronomico di Farra d'Isonzo|Farra d'Isonzo]] || Farra d'Isonzo || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.7 km'' || {{M+J|30966}}<br /> |-id=967 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30967 || {{mp|1994 XX|4}} || — || December 9, 1994 || [[Oizumi Observatory|Oizumi]] || [[Takao Kobayashi|T. Kobayashi]] || [[Vesta family|V]] || align=right | 3.2 km || {{M+J|30967}}<br /> |-id=968 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30968 || {{mp|1995 AM|1}} || — || January 6, 1995 || [[Mount Nyukasa Station|Nyukasa]] || [[Masanori Hirasawa|M. Hirasawa]], [[Shōhei Suzuki|S. Suzuki]] || [[Phocaea family|PHO]] || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30968}}<br /> |-id=969 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30969 || {{mp|1995 BP|2}} || — || January 29, 1995 || [[Siding Spring Observatory|Siding Spring]] || [[Robert H. McNaught|R. H. McNaught]] || {{·}} || align=right | 6.1 km || {{M+J|30969}}<br /> |-id=970 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30970 || {{mp|1995 BP|3}} || — || January 31, 1995 || [[Oizumi Observatory|Oizumi]] || [[Takao Kobayashi|T. Kobayashi]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''4.8 km'' || {{M+J|30970}}<br /> |-id=971 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30971 || 1995 DJ || — || February 21, 1995 || Oizumi || T. Kobayashi || {{·}} || align=right | ''6.3 km'' || {{M+J|30971}}<br /> |-id=972 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30972 || {{mp|1995 DE|8}} || — || February 24, 1995 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''2.8 km'' || {{M+J|30972}}<br /> |-id=973 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30973 || {{mp|1995 DS|8}} || — || February 24, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | 2.0 km || {{M+J|30973}}<br /> |-id=974 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30974 || 1995 EL || — || March 5, 1995 || [[Oizumi Observatory|Oizumi]] || [[Takao Kobayashi|T. Kobayashi]] || [[FIN tbl#512|DOR]] || align=right | 9.6 km || {{M+J|30974}}<br /> |-id=975 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30975 || 1995 EM || — || March 6, 1995 || Oizumi || T. Kobayashi || {{·}} || align=right | 3.1 km || {{M+J|30975}}<br /> |-id=976 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30976 || {{mp|1995 FH|1}} || — || March 28, 1995 || [[Kushiro, Hokkaido|Kushiro]] || [[Seiji Ueda|S. Ueda]], [[Hiroshi Kaneda|H. Kaneda]] || [[Eunomia family|EUN]] || align=right | ''4.9 km'' || {{M+J|30976}}<br /> |-id=977 bgcolor=#fefefe<br /> | 30977 || {{mp|1995 JJ|1}} || — || May 5, 1995 || [[Caussols, Alpes-Maritimes|Caussols]] || [[Eric Walter Elst|E. W. Elst]] || [[Nysa family|NYS]] || align=right | 3.4 km || {{M+J|30977}}<br /> |-id=978 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30978 || {{mp|1995 MO|5}} || — || June 23, 1995 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | 4.8 km || {{M+J|30978}}<br /> |-id=979 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30979 || {{mp|1995 OB|5}} || — || July 22, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || [[Asteroid family#Ashkova|(3460)]] || align=right | 8.0 km || {{M+J|30979}}<br /> |-id=980 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30980 || {{mp|1995 QU|3}} || — || August 31, 1995 || [[Catalina Sky Survey|Catalina Station]] || [[Timothy B. Spahr|T. B. Spahr]] || [[Jupiter Tisserand invariant|T&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;small&gt;(2.97)&lt;/small&gt;]] || align=right | 14 km || {{M+J|30980}}<br /> |-id=981 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30981 || {{mp|1995 SJ|4}} || — || September 25, 1995 || Catalina Station || T. B. Spahr || {{·}} || align=right | 14 km || {{M+J|30981}}<br /> |-id=982 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30982 || {{mp|1995 SP|5}} || — || September 21, 1995 || [[Xinglong Station (NAOC)|Xinglong]] || [[Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program|SCAP]] || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30982}}<br /> |-id=983 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30983 || {{mp|1995 SE|16}} || — || September 18, 1995 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || [[Hygiea family|HYG]] || align=right | 6.9 km || {{M+J|30983}}<br /> |-id=984 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30984 || {{mp|1995 SW|19}} || — || September 18, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || [[Themis family|THM]] || align=right | 8.5 km || {{M+J|30984}}<br /> |-id=985 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30985 || {{mp|1995 SM|24}} || — || September 19, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || {{·}} || align=right | 6.4 km || {{M+J|30985}}<br /> |-id=986 bgcolor=#e9e9e9<br /> | 30986 || {{mp|1995 SC|28}} || — || September 20, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || {{·}} || align=right | ''8.9 km'' || {{M+J|30986}}<br /> |-id=987 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30987 || {{mp|1995 SO|34}} || — || September 22, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.5 km'' || {{M+J|30987}}<br /> |-id=988 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30988 || {{mp|1995 SE|36}} || — || September 23, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || {{·}} || align=right | 3.7 km || {{M+J|30988}}<br /> |-id=989 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30989 || {{mp|1995 SZ|43}} || — || September 25, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || {{·}} || align=right | 12 km || {{M+J|30989}}<br /> |-id=990 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30990 || {{mp|1995 ST|48}} || — || September 26, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || {{·}} || align=right | 7.0 km || {{M+J|30990}}<br /> |-id=991 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30991 Minenze || {{mp|1995 SV|53}} || {{MoMP|30991|Minenze}} || September 28, 1995 || [[Xinglong Station (NAOC)|Xinglong]] || [[Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program|SCAP]] || [[Koronis family|KOR]] || align=right | ''4.3 km'' || {{M+J|30991}}<br /> |-id=992 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30992 || {{mp|1995 SV|66}} || — || September 17, 1995 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''5.0 km'' || {{M+J|30992}}<br /> |-id=993 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30993 || {{mp|1995 SA|81}} || — || September 30, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || {{·}} || align=right | 8.0 km || {{M+J|30993}}<br /> |-id=994 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30994 || {{mp|1995 UE|2}} || — || October 24, 1995 || [[Sudbury, MA|Sudbury]] || [[Dennis di Cicco|D. di Cicco]] || {{·}} || align=right | ''7.6 km'' || {{M+J|30994}}<br /> |-id=995 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30995 || {{mp|1995 UZ|3}} || — || October 20, 1995 || [[Oizumi Observatory|Oizumi]] || [[Takao Kobayashi|T. Kobayashi]] || {{·}} || align=right | 11 km || {{M+J|30995}}<br /> |-id=996 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30996 || {{mp|1995 UH|4}} || — || October 20, 1995 || [[Nihondaira Observatory Oohira Station|Oohira]] || [[Takeshi Urata|T. Urata]] || {{·}} || align=right | 5.5 km || {{M+J|30996}}<br /> |-id=997 bgcolor=#ffc2e0<br /> | 30997 || {{mp|1995 UO|5}} || — || October 26, 1995 || [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]] || [[Spacewatch]] || [[Apollo asteroid|APO]] &lt;small&gt;[[+1 km NEO|+1km]]&lt;/small&gt; || align=right | ''1.2 km'' || {{M+J|30997}}<br /> |-id=998 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30998 || {{mp|1995 UF|11}} || — || October 17, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || [[FIN tbl#609|VER]] || align=right | 6.6 km || {{M+J|30998}}<br /> |-id=999 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 30999 || {{mp|1995 UJ|31}} || — || October 21, 1995 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || {{·}} || align=right | 3.8 km || {{M+J|30999}}<br /> |-id=000 bgcolor=#d6d6d6<br /> | 31000 Rockchic || 1995 VV || {{MoMP|31000|Rockchic}} || November 11, 1995 || [[Haleakala]] || [[Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing observatory|AMOS]] || {{·}} || align=right | 7.9 km || {{M+J|31000}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {{List of minor planets/See also}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|35em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs030001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (30001)–(35000)] (IAU Minor Planet Center)<br /> <br /> {{List of minor planets/footer}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:List of minor planets: 30001-31000}}<br /> [[Category:Lists of minor planets by number|0030]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabitha_Jayaraj&diff=531578 2026-05-07T17:29:25Z

<p>Andreasyrt: starting a stub!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian costume designer and actress}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|{{notability|1=Biographies|date=March 2018}}{{BLP sources|date=March 2018}}}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sabitha Jayaraj<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | occupation = Costume Designer, actress<br /> | spouse = [[Jayaraj]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sabitha Jayaraj''' is an Indian costume designer and actress, who works in [[Malayalam cinema]].<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Sabitha started off her career as a costume designer in the Malayalam film industry in the 90s. She worked as a designer in one Hindi and nine Malayalam feature films, one of which, [[Kannaki (film)|Kannaki]] (2001), won her the [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Award]] for Best Costume Design. Later on she started appearing in small roles in films and took up the lead role in [[Pakarnnattam]] opposite [[Jayaram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/It-was-considered-a-sin-to-be-an-actress/articleshow/12197021.cms |title='It was considered a sin to be an actress' - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 2017 she appeared in the short film Prakriti, told through the point of view of a photographer, played by herself, who is on a tour of Kuttanad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/exploring-life-beyond-frames-of-beauty/article19715376.ece |title=Exploring life beyond frames of beauty |first=P. k Ajith |last=Kumar |date=19 September 2017 |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> She played the role of Moly, a compassionate mother in Jayaraj's award-winning movie Ottal.<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Sabitha Jayaraj is married to filmmaker [[Jayaraj]] and has collaborated in several of his works.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/glitz-n-glamour/costume-designer-sabitha-jayaraj.html |title=ജയരാജിനെ പോലൊരു ഭർത്താവ് എന്റെ ഭാഗ്യം |website=manoramaonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; They have two children together, Dhanu Jayaraj and Keshav Jayaraj.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sabitha-jayaraj-turns-heroine-malayalam-news-61705 |title=Sabitha Jayaraj turns heroine |date=20 November 2010 |access-date=26 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2008 || ''Gulmohar'' || Sunila teacher ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Of the People]]'' || Sreelakshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2009 <br /> | ''[[Madhya Venal]]'' || Yashodha ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2011 || ''[[The Train (2011 film)|The Train]]'' || Suhana ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Naayika]]'' || Sangeetha ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''[[Pakarnnattam]]'' || Meera ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2013<br /> | ''[[Camel Safari]]'' || Suparna Deedi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''[[Ottaal]]'' || Moly ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''Prakriti'' || || Short film <br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Bhayanakam]]'' || Anthony's wife ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''[[Roudram 2018]]'' || Pennamma ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2021 || ''[[Backpackers (film)|Backpackers]]'' || Lakshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2022 || ''Haasyam'' || Kathrina ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2023 || ''[[Kadhikan]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> |2026|| ''Aval'' ||||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/surabhi-lakshmi-aval-movie-jayaraj-ott-release-mm-771551.html|title=ജയരാജ് ചിത്രം ഒ.ടി.ടിയിൽ റിലീസ് ചെയ്യും; സുരഭി ലക്ഷ്മി പ്രധാന കഥാപാത്രമായ 'അവൾ'|website=News18 |date=29 April 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Producer===<br /> *''[[The Guard (2001 film)|The Guard]]'' (2001)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jayaraj, Sabitha}}<br /> [[Category:1974 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Kala&diff=484726 2026-04-29T04:33:52Z

<p>Andreasyrt: new a stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian author, screenwriter, and columnist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox social media personality<br /> | name = Advaita Kala<br /> | birth_name = Advaita Kala<br /> | occupation = Author, screenwriter<br /> | youtube_handle = AdvaitaKalaNow<br /> | youtube_display_name = Advaita Kala<br /> | youtube_years_active = <br /> | youtube_genre = <br /> | youtube_subscribers = 58.7 thousand&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;<br /> | youtube_views = 11.8 million&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;<br /> | stats_update = 13 October 2025<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Advaita Kala''' is an Indian author, [[screenwriter]], and [[columnist]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/words-that-bind/article20689308.ece|title=Words that bind|last=Ravi|first=S.|work=The Hindu|date=23 November 2017|accessdate=15 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has written screenplays for films such as the romantic drama ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' (2010) and the thriller ''[[Kahaani]]'' (2012). Apart from writing for films, Kala has also written two novels: ''Almost Single'' (2007) and ''Almost There!'' (2013).&lt;ref name=retreat&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141019/jsp/graphiti/18925252.jsp|title=A writer's retreat|last=Sattar|first=Saimi|work=The Telegraph|date=19 October 2014|accessdate=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915001659/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141019/jsp/graphiti/18925252.jsp|archive-date=15 September 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Kala's father is a former bureaucrat who retired as a secretary for the [[Government of India]]. Kala spent her childhood living in central [[Delhi]].&lt;ref name=retreat/&gt; She attended [[Welham Girls' School]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IT_2010&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chitkara |first1=Vanita |last2=Singh |first2=Ayesha |title=Off the beaten track |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20100301-off-the-beaten-track-742078-2010-02-17 |access-date=5 April 2023 |work=India Today |date=1 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She wrote her first novel ''Almost Single'' from the idea that germinated as a result of some of the experiences that surrounded her. Kala said: &quot;The rapid way in which the concepts of love and courtship are evolving and continue to do so. Also the fact that the ‘hunt’ was not necessarily the fiefdom of the male of the species.&quot; ''Almost Single'' was a runaway bestseller and called &quot;Bridget Jones in a saree&quot; by the UK's [[The Independent]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/1285945.Advaita_Kala|title=Advaita Kala|publisher=Good Reads|accessdate=15 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; She quit the job of a hotel executive to write her next novel ''Almost There!'', which was a sequel to her previous novel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/advaita-kala/237609|title=Advaita Kala|work=Outlook|accessdate=15 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Director [[Siddharth Anand]] had approached Kala to develop the story of two suicidal strangers who fall in love into a feature-length script. Although a bit hesitant initially as she had not written a screenplay before, she accepted the offer. Intrigued by the premise of the story, Kala started sketching the characters over the next few days and began writing the script, which she found was different from writing novels.&lt;ref name=&quot;script&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Advaita scripts a new chapter |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Advaita-scripts-a-new-chapter/article16049867.ece |author=Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 September 2010 |accessdate=9 July 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203806/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Advaita-scripts-a-new-chapter/article16049867.ece |archivedate=10 July 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Anand helped her in understanding the process of writing screenplays and co-wrote with her.&lt;ref name=&quot;script&quot;/&gt; Kala wrote the first draft, approaching it like writing a book, and sent it as chapters to Anand, saying: &quot;Writing a screenplay can also be a lonely process like writing a novel, but along the way when others get involved, it becomes a fun collaborative effort.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;script&quot;/&gt; The film, starring [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Ranbir Kapoor]], proved to be a commercial success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Anjaana Anjaani|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=80|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222231553/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=80|archivedate=22 December 2016|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|accessdate=18 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Sujoy Ghosh]] approached Kala with the idea for ''[[Kahaani]]'', starring [[Vidya Balan]].&lt;ref name=Kala@ZN&gt;{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/vidya-balan-is-the-hero-of-kahaani-says-scriptwriter-advaita-kala_75637.htm|title=Vidya Balan is the hero of ''Kahaani'', says scriptwriter Advaita Kala|publisher=[[Zee News]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI)|accessdate=30 March 2012|date=16 November 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706041728/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/vidya-balan-is-the-hero-of-kahaani-says-scriptwriter-advaita-kala_75637.htm|archivedate=6 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kala took inspiration from her experience in [[Kolkata]], where she had moved in 1999, akin to the protagonist in the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;mitra toi 3-16&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/Vidyas-journey-was-my-own-Advaita-Kala/articleshow/12208225.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103210050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-16/books/31142700_1_kahaani-sujoy-ghosh-vidya-balan|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Vidya's journey was my own: Advaita Kala|first=Ipshita|last=Mitra|access-date=8 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; She reported that despite facing a language barrier and the chaos and poverty of the metropolis, she was charmed by the warmth of the people, which was reflected in the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;real life znews&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/kahaani-story-inspired-from-real-life-experiences_107223.htm|title=''Kahaani'' story inspired from real-life experiences|publisher=Zee News|agency=PTI|accessdate=21 March 2012|date=7 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kala started writing in 2009 and finished the 185-page script by February 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;dasgupta toi 1152012&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-15/news-interviews/30627829_1_novel-sujoy-ghosh-release|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104060712/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-15/news-interviews/30627829_1_novel-sujoy-ghosh-release|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2013|title=Vidya's ''Kahaani'' to release as novel|first=Priyanka|last=Dasgupta|agency=[[Times News Network]] (TNN)|accessdate=26 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/advaita-kala-had-to-tell-vidyas-story-right/237060-40-103.html|title=''Kahaani'': Advaita Kala says she had to tell Vidya's story right|first=Malvika|last=Bhardwaj|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|accessdate=21 March 2012|date=7 March 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309225621/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/advaita-kala-had-to-tell-vidyas-story-right/237060-40-103.html|archivedate=9 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her research included reading the books ''[[Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled]]'' by Maloy Krishna Dhar and ''India's External Intelligence: Secrets of [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW)'' by V. K. Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;mitra toi 3-16&quot; /&gt; Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|80|m}}, ''Kahaani'' grossed over {{INRConvert|1.04|b}} worldwide after a 50-day theatrical run.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vidya-balans-kahaani-declared-a-hit/238407-8-66.html |title=Vidya Balan's ''Kahaani'' declared a hit |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=12 March 2012 |accessdate=29 December 2014 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205151114/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vidya-balans-kahaani-declared-a-hit/238407-8-66.html |archivedate= 5 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vidya-balan-s-kahaani-completes-50-days-grosses-rs-104-cr-worldwide/article1-847121.aspx|title=Vidya Balan's ''Kahaani'' completes 50 days, grosses Rs. 104 cr worldwide|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=29 December 2014|date=27 April 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428164829/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Vidya-Balan-s-Kahaani-completes-50-days-grosses-Rs-104-cr-worldwide/Article1-847121.aspx|archivedate=28 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film proved to be a critical success as well and garnered several awards and nominations. Kala won the [[Screen Award for Best Story]], [[Producers Guild Film Awards|Star Guilds Award]] for Best Story and [[Zee Cine Award for Best Story]] along with Ghosh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Screen Awards 2013: Hall of Fame|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/screen-awards-2013-hall-of-fame/1060726/|accessdate=31 December 2014|date=18 January 2013|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;StarGuild&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Winners Of Renault Star Guild Awards 2013 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4564/ |date=18 February 2013 |accessdate=14 August 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220045056/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4564/ |archivedate=20 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=8th Apsara Guild Awards – Nominees |url=http://starguildawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_winners.html |accessdate=7 March 2013 |publisher=Film Producers Guild of India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930223430/http://www.starguildawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_winners.html |archivedate=30 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kahaani (2012) — Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/awards/id/542221 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=31 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101210119/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/awards/id/542221 |archivedate= 1 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Apart from writing for films and novels, Kala has also written the television serial ''Airplane'' which aired on [[Star Plus]].&lt;ref name=retreat/&gt;<br /> She writes a regular hospitality column for the [[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] called Epicuriosity and has regular columns in the [[Financial Chronicle]] and on [[Yahoo!|Yahoo]] as well as in [[Dainik Jagran]]. She also writes a regular column for the [[Dhaka Tribune]].<br /> <br /> ==Philanthropy==<br /> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], Kala ran a community kitchen, called Janta Rasoi, in Gurugram since the Janta Curfew was announced, to feed the poor in the city who have been the most affected by the lockdown.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Title !! Year !! Role<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' || 2010 || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kahaani]]'' || 2012 || Writer<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *''Almost Single'' (2007), [[HarperCollins India]], {{ISBN|8172236557}}<br /> *''Almost There!'' (2013), HarperCollins India, {{ISBN|9351361500}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|nm4298729|Advaita Kala}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kala, Advaita}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women television writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women columnists]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Welham Girls' School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donthi_Madhava_Reddy&diff=497581 2026-04-28T14:49:03Z

<p>Andreasyrt: post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder <br /> | name = Donthi Madhava Reddy<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]<br /> | term_start = 2023<br /> | term_end =<br /> | predecessor = Peddi Sudarshan Reddy<br /> | successor = <br /> | term_start1 = 2014<br /> | term_end1 = 2018<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Revuri Prakash Reddy]]<br /> | successor1 = Peddi Sudarshan Reddy<br /> | constituency = [[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narsampet]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Donthi Madhava Reddy''' (born 16 August 1961) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is a member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narasampet Assembly constituency]] in [[Warangal district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Narsampet assembly election results 2023: Narsampet Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/narsampet-assembly-result-29103 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Narsampet Election Result 2023 Live, Narsampet Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-narsampet-constituency-103.html |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=News ABP Live |language=en|date=2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Reddy is from an agricultural family in [[Narsampet|Narasampet]], Warangal district. His father late Narasimha Reddy was a farmer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=Donthi Madhava Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Ameenabad {{!}} Chennaraopet {{!}} Narsampet {{!}} INC |url=https://theleaderspage.com/donthi-madhava-reddy/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He completed Class 12 in 1976 at Government Junior College, Narsampet and later discontinued his studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donthi Madhava Reddy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- NARSAMPET(WARANGAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=239 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Reddy began with as a leader of the local body and served as sarpanch of Ameenanabad village, Warangal district, from 1981 to 1988. Later, he became the chairman of the D.C.C.B. Warangal district from 1995 to 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=Donthi Madhava Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Ameenabad {{!}} Chennaraopet {{!}} Narsampet {{!}} INC |url=https://theleaderspage.com/donthi-madhava-reddy/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He won as an MLA for the second time from [[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narasampet Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 104,185 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[P. Sudarshan Reddy|Peddi Sudarshan Reddy]] of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], by a margin of 18,889 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Narsampet Constituency Election Results 2023: Narsampet Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates &amp; Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/narsampet |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Narsampet Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/narsampet-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687954.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier in 2014, he became an MLA for the first time as an independent.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; However, he lost the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Madhava Reddy, Donthi}}<br /> [[Category:1961 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]<br /> [[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:People from Warangal]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haris_Beeran&diff=502194 2026-04-25T01:26:28Z

<p>Andreasyrt: Made</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Haris Beeran<br /> | party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | term_start = 2 July 2024<br /> | predecessor = [[Elamaram Kareem]]<br /> | constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala|Kerala]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Haris Beeran'''({{IPA|haaːris biiːraaːn}})is an Indian lawyer and politician who was elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] from Kerala State nominated by [[Indian Union Muslim League]]. Mr. Beeran has represented the IUML on various cases in the Supreme Court including the one against the Citizenship Amendment Act.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jose K Mani, P P Suneer, Haris Beeran elected to Rajya Sabha unopposed |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/06/18/rajya-sabha-mps-kerala-jose-k-mani-pp-suneer-haris-beeran.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| date=2024-06-18|title=Mani, Suneer, Beeran elected to Rajya Sabha|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-suneer-beeran-elected-to-rajya-sabha/article68304112.ece|access-date=2024-06-21|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Beeran, Haris}}<br /> [[Category:Indian lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]<br /> <br /> {{Kerala-politician-stub}}</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raj_Jain&diff=528264 2026-04-22T13:14:46Z

<p>Andreasyrt: starting pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|American computer scientist}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | name = Raj Jain<br /> | image = Jain8cr.jpg<br /> | image_size = 150px<br /> | caption = Prof. Raj Jain.<br /> | citizenship = American<br /> | alma_mater = Awadhesh Pratap Singh University&lt;br&gt;[[Indian Institute of Science]]&lt;br&gt;[[Harvard University]]<br /> | known_for = The Art of Performance Analysis &lt;br /&gt; DEC-bit<br /> | field = [[Computer science]]<br /> | work_institution = [[Washington University in St. Louis]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ohio State University]]&lt;br /&gt;[[MIT]]<br /> | prizes = CDAC-ACCS Foundation Award &lt;br /&gt; ACM SIGCOMM Test of Time Award<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Raj Jain''' is an Indian American [[computer scientist]] and the Barbara H. and Jerome R. Cox, Jr. Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at [[Washington University in St. Louis]]. He is known for his contributions to [[computer networking]], particularly in [[congestion control]], performance analysis, and traffic modelling. He is a co-inventor of the [[DECbit]] congestion avoidance scheme.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=June 9, 2016 |title=Jain named Cox professor in computer science |url=https://source.washu.edu/2016/06/jain-named-cox-professor-computer-science/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[Google Scholar]], his publications have been cited more than 45,000 times with an h-index 79.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Raj Jain |url=https://engineering.washu.edu/faculty/Raj-Jain.html |website=engineering.washu.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Jain was born in India. He earned his [[Bachelor of Engineering]] in Electrical Engineering from A. P. S. University, Rewa, in 1972. He then completed a Master of Engineering in Computer Science and Controls at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore, in 1974.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Raj Jain |url=https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/ftp/bio_jain.pdf |website=cse.wustl.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; He moved to the United States for doctoral studies and received a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics and Computer Science from [[Harvard University]] in 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Raj Jain |url=https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/news/ftp/jitcar.pdf |website=cse.wustl.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Jain began his career working at [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] in [[Littleton, Massachusetts]], from 1978 to 1994, becoming a Senior Consulting Engineer. He was also a member of the All-Optical Networking (AON) consortium, a collaboration between Digital, MIT's [[Lincoln Laboratory]], and [[AT&amp;T]] that secured DARPA funding and initiated research into Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) networks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Raj Jain |url=https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/ |website=cse.wustl.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During his time at Digital, Jain was also a visiting scholar and honorary lecturer at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1983–84, 1985, and 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wayback Raj Jain |url=https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/news/ftp/97wiupdate.pdf |website=www.cse.wustl.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1994, Jain joined [[Ohio State University]] as a professor in the Department of Computer and Information Sciences, where he remained until 2002. He co-founded Nayna Networks, Inc. in San Jose, California, in 2000, and served as its Chief Technology Officer until 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2005, Jain joined Washington University in St. Louis as a professor of Computer Science and Engineering. In 2016, he was named the Barbara H. and Jerome R. Cox, Jr. Professor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Raj Jain |url=https://www.igi-global.com/affiliate/raj-jain/196711 |website=IGI GLobal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Research==<br /> <br /> === Congestion control and the DECbit scheme ===<br /> Jain is best known for his work on network congestion management. He is a co-inventor of the DECbit scheme, a binary feedback congestion avoidance mechanism that was implemented in DECnet and later influenced standards for OSI, Frame Relay, and ATM networks.&lt;ref name=&quot;refname9&quot;&gt;{{Cite patent|number=5377327|title=Congestion avoidance scheme for computer networks|gdate=1994-12-27|url=https://www.freepatentsonline.com/5377327.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The scheme allows network switches to signal impending congestion to end hosts by setting a bit in packet headers, enabling hosts to adjust their transmission rates proactively. The seminal paper describing this work, &quot;Analysis of the Increase and Decrease Algorithms for Congestion Avoidance in Computer Networks,&quot; received the [[ACM SIGCOMM]] Test of Time Award in 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;refname10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Analysis of the Increase and Decrease Algorithms for Congestion Avoidance in Computer Networks |url=https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/ftp/cong_av.pdf |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=ACM Digital Library |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His work on timeout based [[congestion control]] influenced the design of the [[TCP congestion control#Slow start|slow start]] algorithm in [[TCP/IP]] networks.&lt;ref name=&quot;refname12&quot;&gt;[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=59330 A timeout-based congestion control scheme for window flow-controlled networks]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;refname13&quot;&gt;[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=52356 Congestion avoidance and control]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Performance analysis ===<br /> Jain is the author of ''The Art of Computer Systems Performance Analysis'' (John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1991), which became a standard textbook on the subject. The book won the Computer Press Association's &quot;Best Advanced How-to Book, Systems&quot; award in 1991. The book introduced several widely used concepts and metrics, including [[Jain's fairness index]], a quantitative measure for evaluating the fairness of resource allocation in computer systems and networks.&lt;ref name=&quot;refname11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1984 |title=A Quantitative Measure Of Fairness And Discrimination For Resource Allocation In Shared Computer Systems |url=https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/fairness.htm |journal=Digital Equipment Corporation Technical Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === ATM Networks ===<br /> Jain served as the Editor of the ATM Forum Performance Testing Specification and made over 100 contributions to performance and traffic management. He led the work that led to the development and adaptation of the explicit forward congestion indication (EFCI) scheme for traffic management in ATM networks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Raj Jain's ATM Forum Contributions |url=http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/atmf/index.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === WiMAX 4G Networks ===<br /> Between 2006 and 2009, Jain served on the Application Working Group at the [[WiMAX]] Forum, which was developing the first 4G standard. He was the editor of the WiMAX Systems Evaluation Methodology document and made over 20 contributions related to various aspects of WiMAX performance and scheduling. In 2008, he received the WiMAX Forum Individual Contribution Award in appreciation of his leadership.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Raj Jain – Curriculum Vitae |url=http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cv_jain.htm |access-date=2026-04-22 |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Raj Jain's WiMAX Contributions |url=http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/wimax/index.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> <br /> * [[ACM SIGCOMM]] Lifetime Achievement Award (2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SIGCOMM Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.sigcomm.org/awards/lifetime-award |access-date=2026-04-22 |publisher=ACM SIGCOMM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * James B. Eads Award from the Academy of Science, St. Louis (2018)<br /> * A. Michelson Award from the Computer Measurement Group (2015)<br /> * Distinguished Alumnus Award from the Indian Institute of Science Alumni Association (2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dr. Raj Jain – Distinguished Alumnus |url=https://accsindia.org/dr-raj-jain/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |publisher=ACCS India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ACM SIGCOMM Test of Time Award (2006) for his DECbit paper<br /> * CDAC-ACCS Foundation Award (2009)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=CDAC-ACCS Foundation Award |url=https://accsindia.org/dr-raj-jain/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |publisher=ACCS India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * WiMAX Forum Individual Contribution Award (2008)<br /> * siliconindia Leadership Award for Excellence and Promise in Business and Technology (1999)<br /> * Lumley Engineering Research Award from Ohio State University College of Engineering (1999)<br /> * Ohio State University College of Engineering Research Accomplishment Award (1996)<br /> * Ameritech Fellowship (1995)<br /> <br /> == Selected publications ==<br /> He is author of four books. His second book ''The Art of Computer Systems Performance Analysis'' published by [[Wiley Interscience]] won the 1991 ''Best Advanced How-to Book, Systems'' award from [[Computer Press Association]].&lt;ref name=&quot;refname15&quot;&gt;[http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471503363.html The Art of Computer Systems Performance Analysis: Techniques for Experimental Design, Measurement, Simulation, and Modeling]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Books ===<br /> <br /> * {{cite book |last=Jain |first=R. |title=The Art of Computer Systems Performance Analysis: Techniques for Experimental Design, Measurement, Simulation, and Modeling |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |year=1991 |isbn=978-0471503361}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Jain |first=R. |title=High-Performance TCP/IP: Concepts, Issues, and Solutions |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2003 |isbn=}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=Quality of Service Architectures for Wireless Networks: Performance Metrics and Management |publisher=IGI Global |year=2010 |isbn=978-1615206803 |editor-last1=Kotsopoulos |editor-first1=S. |editor-last2=Jain |editor-first2=R.}}<br /> <br /> === Selected journal articles ===<br /> <br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=R. |last2=Routhier |first2=S. A. |year=1986 |title=Packet trains: Measurements and a new model for computer network traffic |journal=IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=986–995}}<br /> * {{cite conference |last1=Jain |first1=R. |last2=Ramakrishnan |first2=K. K. |year=1988 |title=Congestion avoidance in computer networks with a connectionless network layer: Concepts, goals and methodology |conference=Proceedings of the Computer Networking Symposium |pages=134–143}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Chiu |first1=D. M. |last2=Jain |first2=R. |year=1989 |title=Analysis of the increase and decrease algorithms for congestion avoidance in computer networks |journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–14}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last=Jain |first=R. |year=1990 |title=Congestion control and traffic management in ATM networks: Recent advances and a survey |journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems |volume=28 |issue=13 |pages=1723–1738}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Bhamare |first1=D. |last2=Samaka |first2=M. |last3=Erbad |first3=A. |last4=Jain |first4=R. |last5=Gupta |first5=L. |last6=Chan |first6=A. |year=2017 |title=Optimal virtual network function placement and resource allocation in multi-cloud service function chaining architecture |journal=Computer Communications |volume=102 |pages=1–16}} (Received 2020 Best Research Paper Award from Elsevier)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Raj}}<br /> [[Category:American computer scientists]]<br /> [[Category:American technology writers]]<br /> [[Category:Researchers in distributed computing]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery]]<br /> [[Category:Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Technology evangelists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century American engineers]]<br /> [[Category:1951 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from St. Louis]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from St. Louis]]<br /> [[Category:American Jains]]<br /> [[Category:Inventors from Missouri]]<br /> [[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:Washington University in St. Louis faculty]]<br /> [[Category:Ohio State University faculty]]<br /> [[Category:People from Satna]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Line_(Namma_Metro)&diff=523094 2026-04-21T17:58:17Z

<p>Andreasyrt: starting new data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Proposed line of Bengaluru's Namma Metro}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox rail line<br /> | box_width = <br /> | name = Orange Line<br /> | other_name = {{hlist|ORR West Line|Line 6|Kempapura–JP Nagara 4th Phase Line}}<br /> | native_name = Kittaḷe mārga<br /> | native_name_lang = Kn<br /> | color = {{rcr|Namma Metro|Orange}}<br /> | logo = Namma metro.svg<br /> | logo_width = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_width = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | type = [[Rapid transit|Metro]]<br /> | system = [[Namma Metro]]<br /> | status = Approved<br /> | locale = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<br /> | start = [[Kempapura metro station|Kempapura]]<br /> | end = [[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|JP Nagar 4th Phase]]<br /> | connectinglines = '''''Operational''''' (2):&lt;br&gt;{{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}} <br /> '''''Upcoming''''' (4):&lt;br&gt;{{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Grey|croute}}<br /> | stations = 22<br /> | routes = <br /> | daily_ridership = <br /> | ridership2 = <br /> | linenumber = <br /> | website = [https://english.bmrc.co.in/ bmrc.co.in]<br /> | yearcommenced = &lt;!--{{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}}--&gt;<br /> | planopen = {{start date and age|2031|df=y}}<br /> | open = &lt;!--{{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}}--&gt;<br /> | yearcompleted = &lt;!--{{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}}--&gt;<br /> | close = &lt;!--{{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}}--&gt;<br /> | owner = Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL)<br /> | operator = <br /> | character = [[Elevated]] '''''(TBD)'''''<br /> | depot = Magadi Road '''''(TBD)'''''<br /> | stock = <br /> | event1label = <br /> | event1 = <br /> | event2label = <br /> | event2 = <br /> | event3label = <br /> | event3 = <br /> | linelength_km = 32.15<br /> | linelength = <br /> | tracklength_km = <br /> | tracklength = <br /> | tracks = 2<br /> | gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}<br /> | load_gauge = <br /> | minradius = <br /> | electrification = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]<br /> | speed_km/h = <br /> | speed_mph = <br /> | speed = <br /> | signalling = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | elevation_ft = <br /> | elevation = <br /> | racksystem = <br /> | routenumber = <br /> | map = {{BMR Orange Line}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | map_name = Orange Line Map (TBC)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Orange Line''' is an upcoming metro line serving [[Bangalore]] as part of the [[Namma Metro]] network in the city, connecting [[Kempapura metro station|Kempapura]] with [[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|JP Nagar 4th Phase]]. This metro line will serve the industrial areas,{{efn|Peenya Industrial Area, IT Industries on Bannerghatta Main Road}} manufacturing units,{{efn|Engineering and Textile Manufacturing Units on Tumkur Road, [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] (BEL)}} educational institutions,{{efn|[[PES University]], Ambedkar College, Polytechnic College, KLE College, [[Dayananda Sagar University]]}} providing connectivity to the southern part of the city,{{efn|Outer Ring Road West Side, Magadi Road with its neighbouring areas}} thereby improving last-mile connectivity to commercial centres, industrial hubs, educational institutions, and healthcare facilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-08-17 |title=Union Cabinet approves Bengaluru's Namma Metro Orange Line |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/union-cabinet-approves-bengalurus-namma-metro-orange-line/articleshow/112575425.cms |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2024-08-17 |title=Cabinet approves two corridors of Bangalore Metro Rail Project Phase-3 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/karnataka/cabinet-approves-two-corridors-of-bangalore-metro-rail-project-phase-3-1817031 |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The line was approved by the Union Cabinet on August 17, 2024 and is scheduled for completion in 2031.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=Approval of Phase 3 under Namma Metro |url=https://x.com/Bangalorereal1/status/1824462108777484663?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-08-16 |title=Namma Metro Phase-III expansion receives Union Cabinet nod |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metro-phase-iii-expansion-receives-union-cabinet-nod/article68534163.ece |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2024-08-17 |title=Bengaluru Namma Metro phase III expansion gets Union govt nod |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/bengaluru-namma-metro-phase-iii-expansion-gets-union-govt-nod |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Phase 3: Big update on Bengaluru Metro Rail Project, Orange Line to start by... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-namma-metro-phase-3-big-update-on-bengaluru-metro-rail-project-orange-line-to-start-by-3102657 |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Muthi-ur-Rahman |title=Centre clears Bengaluru metro's Phase 3; JICA likely to fund it, deadline 2029 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/centre-clears-bengaluru-metros-phase-3-jica-likely-to-fund-it-deadline-2029-3153634 |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-02-02 |title=BMRCL initiates land acquisition for Namma Metro Phase 3 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bmrcl-initiates-land-acquisition-for-namma-metro-phase-3/article69171757.ece |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The line passes through the western part of Outer Ring Road and passes through many major industrial areas, educational institutions and neighbourhoods of the city, such as Hebbal, BEL Circle, Goraguntepalya, Sumanahalli, Nagarabhavi, Mysuru Road, Hosakerehalli and Jaya Prakash Nagar.<br /> <br /> The Orange Line will have interchanges with the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] at Kempapura and Hebbal, [[Red Line (Namma Metro)|Red Line]] at Hebbal, [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]] at Peenya and Jaya Prakash Nagar, [[Grey Line (Namma Metro)|Grey Line]] at Sumanahalli Cross, [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] at Mysuru Road and [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] at JP Nagar 4th Phase.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:NammaMetro-OrangeLine-2025-08-17.png|frameless|671x671px]]<br /> <br /> === Initial Planning ===<br /> BMRCL began planning Namma Metro Phase-III in 2013, shortly after announcing Phase-II, which included the [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]] and [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]. Later in June 2013 BMRCL partnered with RITES Limited to conduct a pre-feasibility study for each proposed corridor<br /> <br /> By 2016, BMRCL submitted its Phase-III proposal to the Ministry of Urban Development, which initially spanned 150.94&amp;nbsp;km. However, following the feasibility the network size was reduced to 102&amp;nbsp;km, with the remaining corridors being planned for [[Light rail|Light Rail]]. The proposed lines were<br /> <br /> * Nagavara - Kempegowda International Airport<br /> * Carmelaram - Yelahanka<br /> * Marathahalli - Hosakerehalli<br /> * Silkboard - Hebbal via KR Puram.<br /> <br /> However, in 2017 the Karnataka Government announced that the Silkboard - Hebbal line and the Nagavara - Airport line were merged to create the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] and fast tracked to Phase 2A and Phase 2B.<br /> <br /> In 2018 the Karnataka Government officially confirmed Phase III with several modifications. Multiple new lines were introduced while some others were dropped. Following another round of modifications in 2020, only two lines were finalized to be part of Phase-III<br /> <br /> * Magadi Road Toll Gate to Kadabagere line <br /> * JP Nagar to Kempapura &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Phase 3: Double-decker to have 5 ramps, loops in 9 areas for local traffic |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengalurus-longest-double-decker-flyover-planned-under-namma-metro-phase-3-3798776 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In July 2020, RITES Limited was assigned to prepare the Detailed Project Report (DPR) work for Phase-III. RITES submitted the DPR to the State Government who approved it in November 2022. The final approval was received from the Central Government in August 2024 paving the way for BMRCL to start land acquisition and tender notification. <br /> <br /> === Double Decker Changes ===<br /> <br /> ==Tendering==<br /> As of January 2025 BMRCL has issued tenders for Geotechnical Investigations and Detailed Design Consultancy (DDC). Once the Geotechnical Investigations are finished and finalized with the DDC BMRCL plans to release the Civil Work Tender. <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;style=&quot;text-align:center;margin:auto;<br /> !colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Orange}};&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:WHITE;&quot;&gt;'''Pre-Construction Activity'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Tendering<br /> !Section<br /> !Activity<br /> !Successful Bid /Cost<br /> !Contractor<br /> !Award<br /> |-<br /> |Phase-3/GTI/2024/109/ Pkg-1<br /> |JP Nagar 4th Phase to Mysore Road<br /> |Geotechnical Investigation<br /> |{{INRConvert|1.32|c}}<br /> |Manglam Consultancy<br /> |23 Jul 2024<br /> |-<br /> |Phase-3/GTI/2024/109/ Pkg-2<br /> |Mysore Road to Kanteerava Studio<br /> |Geotechnical Investigation<br /> |{{INRConvert|1.31|c}}<br /> |SECON<br /> |23 Jul 2024<br /> |-<br /> |Phase-3/GTI/2024/109/ Pkg-3<br /> |Kanteerava Studio to Kempapura <br /> |Geotechnical Investigation<br /> |{{INRConvert|1.32|c}}<br /> |Myrtle Project<br /> |23 Jul 2024<br /> |-<br /> |Phase-3/GTI/2024/109/ Pkg-4<br /> |Hosahalli to Kadabagere <br /> |Geotechnical Investigation<br /> |{{INRConvert|1.54|c}}<br /> |SECON<br /> |23 Jul 2024<br /> |-<br /> |Phase-3/EIA&amp;SIA/RFP/2024/114<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |SIA, RIP, IEE, EMP, Noise &amp; Vibration Study<br /> |{{INRConvert|0.64|c}}<br /> |Monarch Consultants <br /> |04 Jan 2025<br /> |-<br /> |Phase-3/DDC1/RFP/2024/115<br /> |JP Nagar 4th Phase to BDA Complex Nagarbhavi <br /> |Detailed Design Consultant<br /> |{{INRConvert|9.95|c}}<br /> |SYSTRA MVA<br /> |15 Mar 2025<br /> |-<br /> |Phase-3/DDC2/RFP/2024/116<br /> |Sumanahalli Cross to Kempapura <br /> |Detailed Design Consultant<br /> |{{INRConvert|8.72|c}}<br /> |Assystem<br /> |15 Mar 2025<br /> |-<br /> |Phase-3/DDC3/RFP/2024/117<br /> |Hosahalli Station to Kadabagere<br /> |Detailed Design Consultant<br /> |{{INRConvert|10.70|c}}<br /> |SYSTRA MVA<br /> |15 Mar 2025<br /> |-<br /> |EPDD-5<br /> |Traction and Power Supply<br /> |Detailed Design Consultant<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Bidding Underway<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Total<br /> |{{INRConvert|35.5|c}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |! colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Orange}};&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:WHITE;&quot;&gt;'''Civil Work'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Tendering<br /> !Section<br /> !Length<br /> !Successful Bid /Cost<br /> !Contractor<br /> !Award<br /> |-<br /> |Ph-3/Double Decker/P1/2026/143<br /> |JP Nagar 4th Phase to Kamakya Bus Depot<br /> |{{Cvt|6.521|km|}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Bidding Underway<br /> |-<br /> |Ph-3/Double Decker/P2/2026/144<br /> |Kamakya Bus Depot to Nagarbhavi<br /> |{{Cvt|5.408|km|}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Bidding Underway<br /> |-<br /> |Ph-3/Double Decker/P3/2026/145<br /> |Nagarbhavi to Sumanahalli Cross<br /> |{{Cvt|6.652|km|}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Bidding Underway<br /> |-<br /> !Total<br /> !<br /> |{{Cvt|32.15|km|}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|0|c}}<br /> Bidding Underway<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Funding==<br /> As per the initial Detailed Project Report (DPR) line is estimated to cost Rs.15,611 crores. The cost includes the construction of both new metro lines along with flyovers, which will be built along the metro pillars. The funding is at the moment planned at<br /> <br /> * Government of Karnataka (Equity): Rs.2,037 crores<br /> * Government of India (Equity): Rs.2,037 crores<br /> * Government of Karnataka Subordinated debt for land &amp; RR: Rs. 2019 crores<br /> * GOK Subordinated debt for central taxes: Rs. 489 crores<br /> * GOI Subordinated debt for central taxes: Rs. 489 crores<br /> * External Debt: Rs. 7577 crores<br /> <br /> ==Stations==<br /> === Interchanges ===<br /> Passenger interchange facilities, connecting to other metro and railway lines, are proposed at the following station<br /> <br /> * {{stl|Namma Metro|Kempapura}} (Connects to the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]], which runs between {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} and [[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]])<br /> * {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} (Connects to the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]], which runs between {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} and [[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]] and to the Red Line, which runs from [[Hebbala metro station|Hebbala]] to Sarjapura)<br /> * [[Peenya metro station|Peenya]] (connects to the [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]], which runs between [[Madavara metro station|Madavara]] and [[Silk Institute metro station|Silk Institute]])<br /> * Sumanahalli Cross (Connects to the [[Grey Line (Namma Metro)|Grey Line]], which runs from [[Hosahalli metro station|Hosahalli]] to Kadabagere)<br /> * [[Hosahalli metro station|Mysuru Road]] (Connects to the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]], which runs from [[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]] to [[Challaghatta metro station|Challaghatta]])<br /> * [[Jaya Prakash Nagar metro station|Jaya Prakash Nagar]] (Connects to the [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]], which runs between [[Madavara metro station|Madavara]] and [[Silk Institute metro station|Silk Institute]])<br /> * [[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|JP Nagar 4th Phase]] (Connects to the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]], which runs between [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]] and [[Kalena Agrahara metro station|Kalena Agrahara]])<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;style=&quot;text-align:center;margin:auto;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Orange}};&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;color:White;&quot;&gt;'''Orange Line'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |#<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Station Name<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Connections<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Station Type<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Platform Type<br /> |-<br /> ! [[English language|English]]||[[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[Kempapura metro station|Kempapura]]<br /> |[[Kempapura metro station|ಕೆಂಪಾಪುರ]]<br /> |{{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} (''&lt;small&gt;Under Construction&lt;/small&gt;'')<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Hebbala metro station|Hebbala]]<br /> |[[Hebbala metro station|ಹೆಬ್ಬಾಳ]]<br /> |{{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} (''&lt;small&gt;Under Construction&lt;/small&gt;'')&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{Rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} (''&lt;small&gt;Approved&lt;/small&gt;'')<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Nagashetty halli<br /> |ನಾಗಶೆಟ್ಟಿಹಳ್ಳಿ<br /> |<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |BEL Circle<br /> |ಬಿ ಇ ಎಲ್ ವೃತ್ತ<br /> |<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |Muthyalanagar<br /> |ಮುತ್ಯಾಲನಗರ<br /> |<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |[[Peenya metro station|Peenya]]<br /> |[[Peenya metro station|ಪೀಣ್ಯ]]<br /> |{{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}}<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |Kanteerava Nagar<br /> |ಕಂಠೀರವ ನಗರ<br /> |<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |Freedom Fighters Colony<br /> |ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ಹೋರಾಟಗಾರರ ಕಾಲೋನಿ<br /> |<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |Prem Nagar<br /> |ಪ್ರೇಮ್ ನಗರ<br /> |<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |Sumanahalli Cross<br /> |ಸುಮನಹಳ್ಳಿ ಕ್ರಾಸ್<br /> |{{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Grey|croute}} (''&lt;small&gt;Approved&lt;/small&gt;'')<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |Nagarbhavi BDA Complex<br /> |ನಾಗರಬಾವಿ ಬಿ ಡಿ ಎ ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣ<br /> |<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |Papireddy Palya<br /> |ಪಾಪಿರೆಡ್ಡಿ ಪಾಳ್ಯ<br /> |<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |Vinayaka Layout<br /> |ವಿನಾಯಕ ಬಡಾವಣೆ<br /> |<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |Nagarabhavi Circle<br /> |ನಾಗರಬಾವಿ ವೃತ್ತ<br /> |<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |[[Mysore Road metro station|Mysuru Road]]<br /> |[[Mysuru Road metro station|ಮೈಸೂರು ರಸ್ತೆ]]<br /> |{{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> |Dwarka Nagar<br /> |ದ್ವಾರಕಾ ನಗರ<br /> |<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |17<br /> |Hosakerahalli<br /> |ಹೊಸಕೆರೆಹಳ್ಳಿ<br /> |<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |18<br /> |Kamakya Bus Depot<br /> |ಕಾಮಾಕ್ಯ ಬಸ್‌ ಘಟಕ<br /> |{{rint|bus}} Kamakya Bus Depot <br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |19<br /> |[[Kadirenahalli Cross metro station|Kadirenahalli]]<br /> |ಕದಿರೇನಹಳ್ಳಿ<br /> |<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |20<br /> |[[Jaya Prakash Nagar metro station|Jaya Prakash Nagar]]<br /> |[[Jaya Prakash Nagar metro station|ಜಯಪ್ರಕಾಶ ನಗರ]]<br /> |{{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}}<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |21<br /> |[[JP Nagar 5th Phase metro station|Jaya Prakash Nagar 5th Phase]]<br /> |ಜಯಪ್ರಕಾಶ ನಗರ ೫ನೇ ಹಂತ<br /> |<br /> |Elevated<br /> |TBC<br /> |-<br /> |22<br /> |[[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|Jaya Prakash Nagar 4th Phase]]<br /> |[[Jaya Prakash Nagar metro station|ಜಯಪ್ರಕಾಶ ನಗರ]] [[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|೪ನೇ ಹಂತ]]<br /> |{{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}} (''&lt;small&gt;Under Construction&lt;/small&gt;'')<br /> |Elevated<br /> |Island &amp; Side<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Integration of the key areas of the city ==<br /> These are the notable areas that will be integrated as part of the Phase 3 of Namma Metro and they are as given below:-<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * '''[[Namma Metro]]'''<br /> ** [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]]<br /> ** [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]]<br /> ** [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]]<br /> ** [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]<br /> ** [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<br /> ** [[Grey Line (Namma Metro)|Grey Line]]<br /> ** [[Red Line (Namma Metro)|Red Line]]<br /> ** [[Aqua Line (Namma Metro)|Inner Ring Line]]<br /> ** [[List of Namma Metro stations|List of Namma Metro Stations]]<br /> * [[Urban rail transit in India|Rapid transit in India]]<br /> * [[List of metro systems]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Namma Metro|orange line=yes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Namma Metro lines]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sion_Koliwada_Assembly_constituency&diff=536113 2026-04-19T19:35:17Z

<p>Andreasyrt: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Sion Koliwada<br /> | constituency_no = 179<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | map_image = 179-Sion Koliwada.svg<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South Central]]<br /> | district = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | mla = Captain [[R. Tamil Selvan]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | incumbent_image =<br /> | alliance = <br /> | electors = 283,296<br /> }}<br /> '''Sion Koliwada Assembly constituency''' is one of the ten constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha located in [[Mumbai City district]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Sion Koliwada (constituency number 179) is one of the 10 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Mumbai City district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=267}}&lt;/ref&gt; Number of electorates in 2009 was 290,338 (male 167,923, female 122,514) 78,913 are minority voters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=11 November 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archivedate=9 April 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is a part of [[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other assembly constituencies, [[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]], [[Wadala Assembly constituency|Wadala]] and [[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]] from Mumbai City district and [[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]] and [[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]] from [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot;|{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> | Jagannath Shetty<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[R. Tamil Selvan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2024=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sion Koliwada&lt;ref name=&quot;Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Sion Koliwada&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Sion Koliwada |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13179.htm |access-date=29 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229090552/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13179.htm |archive-date=29 December 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[R. Tamil Selvan|Captain R Tamil Selvan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 73,429 |percentage = 48.86% |change={{increase}}5.54 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Kumar Yadav |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 65,534 |percentage = 43.61% |change={{increase}}11.30 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Prabhakar Bhogle |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,729 |percentage = 3.81% |change={{decrease}}7.00 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Rajguru Balkrishna Kadam |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,219 |percentage = 1.48% |change={{decrease}}7.65 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,893 |percentage = 1.26% |change={{decrease}}1.31 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Dhondu Kamble |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,216 |percentage = 0.81% |change={{decrease}}0.55 }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,895 |percentage = 5.25% |change= {{decrease}}5.77 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 152,174 |percentage = 53.72% |change= {{increase}}3.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,281}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 283,296|ref = |change= }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.54 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 2019=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sion Koliwada&lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[R. Tamil Selvan|Captain R Tamil Selvan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 54,845 |percentage = 43.32% |change={{increase}}12.49 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Kumar Yadav |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 40,894 |percentage = 32.30% |change={{increase}}14.87 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anant Laxman Kamble |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 13,684 |percentage = 10.81% |change={{increase}}8.27 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amiruddin Alqamar Nizamuddin (Aamir Edresy) |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 11,556 |percentage = 9.13% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,259 |percentage = 2.57% |change={{increase}}1.48 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Dhondu Kamble |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,724 |percentage = 1.36% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Com. Vijay Ashok Dalvi |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,696 |percentage = 1.34% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Shanta Nair |party=Bahujan Maha Party |votes = 986 |percentage = 0.78% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,951 |percentage = 11.02% |change= {{increase}}8.20 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 129,883 |percentage = |change= {{decrease}}2.95 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 126,592}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 257,293|ref = |change= }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.49 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 2014=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sion Koliwada&lt;ref name=&quot;election2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[R. Tamil Selvan|Captain R Tamil Selvan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,869 |percentage = 30.83% |change={{increase}}7.17 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mangesh Satamkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 37,131 |percentage = 28.01% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shetty Jagannath Achanna |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,107 |percentage = 17.43% |change={{decrease}}21.68 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prasad Lad|PRASAD MINESH LAD]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 11,769 |percentage = 8.88% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sansare Manoj |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,716 |percentage = 5.07% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammad Raza Shaikh |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 5,896 |percentage = 4.45% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baba Kadam |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,370 |percentage = 2.54% |change={{decrease}}15.31 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,457 |percentage = 1.10% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,738 |percentage = 2.82% |change= {{decrease}}12.63 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 134,022 |percentage = |change= {{increase}}11.96 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,548}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 254,163|ref = |change= }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.28 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 2009=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sion Koliwada&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shetty Jagannath Achanna |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,638 |percentage = 39.11% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Manisha Kayande|Dr. Manisha Kayande]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,615 |percentage = 23.67% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinod Shantaram Khopkar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 20,827 |percentage = 17.85% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Martandrao Sansare |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 15,661 |percentage = 13.42% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Ganesh Ayyer |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,030 |percentage = 2.60% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Shakil Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,211 |percentage = 1.04% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. Ramanathan Thevar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 1,005 |percentage = 0.86% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,023 |percentage = 15.45% |change= }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 116,687 |percentage = 40.19% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,687}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 290,317|ref = |change= }} <br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> {{coords|19.040|72.864|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siddharth_Venugopal&diff=535655 2026-04-18T11:39:42Z

<p>Andreasyrt: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film actor}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Siddharth Venugopal<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Siddharth Venugopal<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|11|28|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | othername = <br /> | yearsactive = 2006-2012<br /> | spouse = <br /> | website = <br /> | occupation = [[Actor]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Siddharth Venugopal''' was an Indian film actor who has appeared in Tamil films. He made his lead debut in [[Gandhi Krishna]]'s romantic musical ''[[Ananda Thandavam (2009 film)|Ananda Thandavam]]'' (2009), and also co-starred in [[Jeeva Shankar]]'s crime thriller ''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]'' (2012).<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Siddharth Venugopal was born on 28 November 1985 in [[Hyderabad]] to a Tamil family, but was brought up in [[Coimbatore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=74_yg1Xs_qI&amp;feature=youtu.be|title = சினிமா எனக்கு ஒரு பெரிய கனவா இருந்துச்சு! ஆனந்தத்தாண்டவம் சித்தார்த் I Aanandha Thaandavam Sidharth|website = [[YouTube]] | date=3 May 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He has a sister named Rathi. He did his schooling in [[Lisieux Matriculation Higher Secondary School]] Coimbatore, before moving on to complete a degree in [[information technology]] at [[Kumaraguru College of Technology]]. Following a brief stint in films, he returned to education in 2011 after signing up for an MBA at [[Graziadio School of Business and Management]] at [[Pepperdine University]], [[California]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/in/siddharthvenugopal/ {{Self-published source|date=June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> During his college days, Siddharth had taken up modelling assignments and acting courses and in October 2007, six months old in a Chennai multinational company, he got a call from director [[Gandhi Krishna]]’s office, after the director saw him in a print ad. After a six-hour audition, he was selected to play the lead role in the director's romantic musical ''[[Ananda Thandavam (2009 film)|Ananda Thandavam]]'', a film adaptation of the [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]] serialized novel ''Pirivom Santhippom''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3021341.ece |title=Cinema Plus / Cinema : New kid on the block |work=The Hindu |date=2009-04-10 |accessdate=2012-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was shot in India and USA for more than a year and featured him alongside [[Tamannaah]] and [[Rukmini Vijayakumar]]. However the film opened to unanimously poor reviews in early 2009, with a critic from Sify.com stating that the actor &quot;can do little to save the film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ananda-thandavam-review-tamil-pclxbdhijfdfe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304203614/http://www.sify.com/movies/ananda-thandavam-review-tamil-pclxbdhijfdfe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2015 |title=Movie Review:Ananda Thandavam |website=[[Sify]] |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rediff.com felt that Siddharth's performance was one of the weaker aspects of the film noting &quot;though he does his best when he's romancing his beloved, and there are sparks during emotional scenes, he seems to miss his cue a few times, making you wonder if someone with acting chops might have done a better job.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2009/apr/10/review-anandha-thandavam.htm |title=Anandha Thandavam not as good as the novel - Rediff.com Movies |publisher=Movies.rediff.com |date=2009-04-10 |accessdate=2012-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Siddharth, before the release of his debut film had agreed to star in another film produced by Aascar Ravichandran to be directed by newcomer Jeeva Shankar. The film titled ''Naan'' was to see him portraying the lead role with [[Rukmini Vijayakumar]] playing the lead female role, however due to the failure of ''Ananda Thandavam'', the producer called off the project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/10/stories/2009041050100400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413162926/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/10/stories/2009041050100400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-04-13 |title=Cinema Plus / Cinema : New kid on the block |date=2009-04-10 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2012-08-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film restarted with Vijay Antony's interception as producer in 2010, while the music director making his debut as an actor also took the lead role from Siddharth. The film was shot over two years, with Siddharth playing the second lead, amongst an ensemble cast also including actresses [[Rupa Manjari]], [[Anuya Bhagwat]] and Vibha Natarajan. The film released in August 2012 to predominantly positive reviews, with Siddharth gaining critical acclaim for his performance of the rich youngster, Ashok with a critic noting he is &quot;impressive&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/naan-review-tamil-pcma3rehjhghd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419063647/http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-review-tamil-pcma3rehjhghd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 April 2015 |title=Movie Review:Naan |website=[[Sify]] |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2006 || ''[[June R]]'' || Sundar || <br /> |-<br /> |2009 || ''[[Ananda Thandavam (2009 film)|Ananda Thandavam]]'' || Raghu ||<br /> |-<br /> |2012 || ''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]'' || Ashok ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Venugopal, Siddharth}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:1985 births]]<br /> [[Category:Actors from Coimbatore]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhamla_Assembly_constituency&diff=490798 2026-04-14T22:38:04Z

<p>Andreasyrt: new a info - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Bhamla<br /> |type= SLA<br /> |state = Himachal Pradesh<br /> |established = 1952<br /> |abolished = 1957<br /> |electors = 14,310<br /> |mla = Sarju Singh<br /> |party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | constituency_no =<br /> | latest_election_year = [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | district =<br /> | loksabha_cons =<br /> | reservation =<br /> }}<br /> '''Bhamla Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Sarju Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhamla&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191147/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarju Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,376 |percentage=38.82% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanshi Nath Alias Kanshi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,309 |percentage=36.93% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tikka Udaibhan Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=273 |percentage=7.70% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narain |party=Independent politician |votes=239 |percentage=6.74% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bachhittar Singh |party=Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes=182 |percentage=5.13% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhri Ram |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=166 |percentage=4.68% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=67 |percentage=1.89% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=3,545 |percentage=24.77% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,310 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}<br /> {{coords|31.57|76.78|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1952]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1952]]<br /> [[Category:1952 disestablishments in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haveli_Tehsil,_Jammu_and_Kashmir&diff=502411 2026-04-11T15:06:52Z

<p>Andreasyrt: Made.</p> <hr /> <div>{{about|a tehsil in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir|the district of Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir|Haveli District}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Haveli<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = Tehsil<br /> | image_skyline = Poonch3.jpg<br /> | image_caption = View of Poonch Town<br /> | pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|33.77|N|74.24|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = {{nowrap|[[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]}}<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government of Jammu and Kashmir.svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]]<br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[List of subdistricts in India|Tehsil]]<br /> | governing_body = [[Tehsildar]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_note = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Gojri]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Spoken<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Gujari language|Gojri]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Pahari language|Pahari]] <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 185101<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = <br /> | registration_plate = JK-12<br /> | blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = {{flagicon image|NH144A-IN.svg}} [[National Highway 144A (India)|NH 144A]]<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = <br /> | website = {{url|www.poonch.nic.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | coord = {{coord|33.7|74.24}} &lt;!-- Map center --&gt;<br /> | float = right<br /> | zoom = 9<br /> | width = 275 <br /> | height = 275<br /> | caption = {{center|Poonch district tehsils}}<br /> | nolabels = 1<br /> | mapdata = Q2983134<br /> &lt;!-- Poonch --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord1 = {{coord|33.7670|74.0957}}<br /> | mark1 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size1 = 10<br /> | label1 = Poonch<br /> | labela1 =<br /> | labelb1 = (Haveli)<br /> | label-size1 = 12 <br /> | label-color1 = hard red<br /> | label-pos1 = top | label-offset-x1 = 0 | label-offset-y1 = 20<br /> | mark-title1 = Poonch<br /> | mark-image1 =<br /> | mark-description1 = Haveli tehsil<br /> &lt;!-- Mandi --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord2 = {{coord|33.7972|74.2551}}<br /> | mark2 = Red pog.svg <br /> | mark-size2 = 8<br /> | label2 = Mandi<br /> | label-size2 = 12 <br /> | label-color2 = hard red<br /> | label-pos2 = right |label-offset-x2 = 0 |label-offset-y2 = 0<br /> | mark-title2 = Mandi<br /> | mark-image2 =<br /> | mark-description2 = Mandi tehsil<br /> &lt;!-- Surankote --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord3 = {{coord|33.640579|74.262051}}<br /> | mark3 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size3 = 8<br /> | label3 = Surankote<br /> | label-size3 = 12 <br /> | label-color3 = hard red<br /> | label-pos3 = top |label-offset-x3 = 0 |label-offset-y3 = 0<br /> | mark-title3 = Surankote<br /> | mark-image3 =<br /> | mark-description3 = Surankote tehsil<br /> &lt;!-- Mendhar --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord4 = {{coord|33.604852|74.142988}}<br /> | mark4 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size4 = 8<br /> | label4 = Mendhar<br /> | label-size4 = 12 <br /> | label-color4 = hard red<br /> | label-pos4 = right |label-offset-x4 = 0 |label-offset-y4 = 0<br /> | mark-title4 = Mendhar<br /> | mark-image4 =<br /> | mark-description4 = Mendhar tehsil<br /> &lt;!-- Mankote --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord5 = {{coord|33.594368|74.097104}}<br /> | mark5 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size5 = 8<br /> | label5 = Mankote<br /> | label-size5 = 12 <br /> | label-color5 = hard red<br /> | label-pos5 = left |label-offset-x5 = 0 |label-offset-y5 = 0<br /> | mark-title5 = Mankote<br /> | mark-image5 =<br /> | mark-description5 = Mankote tehsil<br /> &lt;!-- Bala Kote --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord6 = {{coord|33.501455|74.180174}}<br /> | mark6 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size6 = 8<br /> | label6 = Bala Kote<br /> | label-size6 = 12<br /> | label-color6 = hard red<br /> | label-pos6 = right |label-offset-x6 = 0 |label-offset-y6 = 0<br /> | mark-title6 = Bala Kote<br /> | mark-image6=<br /> | mark-description6= Bala Kote tehsil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Haveli Tehsil''' is a [[tehsil]] of the [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is headquartered at the [[Poonch (town)|Poonch Town]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The [[History of Poonch District]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]] had four tehsils: Haveli and Mendhar in the east, and Bagh and Sudhanoti in the west.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |at=Appendix V}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As a result of the [[First Kashmir War]] of 1947, the Haveli tehsil got bifurcated, with the northern half passing into Pakistani control and the southern half remaining in Indian-administered Kashmir. The Pakistani half of the tehsil has now been made into a [[Haveli District|district]].<br /> <br /> The Haveli tehsil of the Indian-administered Kashmir was further bifurcated into the present Haveli tehsil and the Mandi tehsil based at [[Mandi River|Mandi]].<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> The Haveli tehsil is headquartered at [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]].<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |thumb = right<br /> |caption = Religion in Haveli Tehsil (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;Haveli Tehsil Population&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/punch/haveli-population.html|title=Haveli Tehsil Population|work=Census India|accessdate=10 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Islam]]<br /> |value1 = 78.83<br /> |color1 = Green<br /> |label2 = [[Hinduism]]<br /> |value2 = 13.79<br /> |color2 = DarkOrange<br /> |label3 = [[Sikhism]]<br /> |value3 = 6.88<br /> |color3 = Yellow<br /> |label4 = [[Christianity]]<br /> |value4 = 0.35<br /> |color4 = Blue<br /> |label5 = [[Buddhism]]<br /> |value5 = 0.01<br /> |color5 = Gold<br /> |label6 = Not Stated<br /> |value6 = 0.14<br /> |color6 = Black<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The total projected population of Haveli Tehsil is 132,767, with 71,538 males and 61,229 females according to the [[2011 census of India]]. The population includes [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Pahari]]s, [[Gujjar]]s, [[Bakerwal]]s and [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]].<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> ===Air===<br /> [[Poonch Airport]] is a non-operational airstrip in the tehsil headquarters [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]]. The nearest airport to Poonch is [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport]] in [[Srinagar]], located 180 kilometres from Poonch.<br /> <br /> ===Rail===<br /> There is no railway connectivity to Poonch yet. There are plans to construct a [[Jammu–Poonch line]] which will connect [[Jammu]] with [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] with railways. The nearest major railway station is [[Jammu Tawi railway station]] located 235 kilometres from Poonch.<br /> <br /> ===Road===<br /> The tehsil is well-connected to other places in Jammu and Kashmir and India by the [[National Highway 144A (India)|NH 144A]] and other intra-district roads.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Poonch (town)|Poonch]]<br /> *[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> *[[Rajouri]]<br /> *[[Surankote]]<br /> *[[Jammu]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170915154945/http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ The Official Website of Jammu and Kashmir Government, India]<br /> * [http://poonch.gov.in/ Official Website of District Poonch, India]<br /> * [http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jammuandkashmir/tehsil/poonch.html Poonch Tehsil map], mapsofindia.com.<br /> <br /> {{Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> {{Poonch district, India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tehsils of Poonch District, India]]<br /> [[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaurav_Yadav_(police_officer)&diff=500049 2026-04-04T23:54:28Z

<p>Andreasyrt: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian police officer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Gaurav Yadav &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ips.gov.in/Empanelment/IPS_Civillist_2024.pdf |title=Indian Police Service Civil List 2024 |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2025-05-24 |page=278}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[President's Police Medal|PPMDS]], [[Police Medal (India)|PMMS]]<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | office = [[Punjab Police (India)|Director General of Police &lt;br&gt; Punjab]]<br /> | term_start = 4 July 2022<br /> | term_end = <br /> | predecessor = V.K. Bhawara<br /> | successor = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = hi<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|04|16|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Amritsar, [[Punjab]]<br /> | occupation = [[Indian Police Service|IPS Officer]]<br /> | children = <br /> | party = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | profession = <br /> | sibling = <br /> | website = <br /> | awards = [[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30px]] [[President's Police Medal|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]] &lt;br&gt; [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal|President’s Police Medal for Distinguished Service]]<br /> | module = {{Infobox police officer<br /> |child = yes<br /> |service_years = 1992-present<br /> |badge_number = RR 19921003<br /> |rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Director General of Police]]<br /> |department = [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]]<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''Gaurav Yadav''', [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[President's Police Medal|PPMDS]], [[Police Medal (India)|PMMS]] (born 16 April 1969) is an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of 1992 batch. He is current [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] of [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Sinha |first1=Sushmit |last2=Hindi |first2=India TV |date=2022-07-05 |title=उत्तर प्रदेश के रहने वाले हैं पंजाब के नए डीजीपी गौरव यादव |url=https://www.indiatv.in/india/uttar-pradesh/punjab-dgp-punjab-also-needs-an-officer-from-up-to-handle-law-and-order-new-dgp-gaurav-yadav-comes-from-jaunpur-uttar-pradesh-2022-07-05-862594 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-07-04 |title=Punjab govt appoints Gaurav Yadav officiating DGP, incumbent DGP sent on leave |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-govt-appoints-gaurav-yadav-officiating-dgp-incumbent-dgp-sent-on-leave/articleshow/92661176.cms |access-date=2024-10-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-03-07 |title=Major target killing planned by BKI-backed terror module in Punjab averted; three arrested |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/punjab/major-target-killing-planned-by-bki-backed-terror-module-in-punjab-averted-three-arrested/article69301562.ece |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-12-15 |title=Punjab DGP Yadav, MHA Director meet Dallewal at Khanauri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/punjab/punjab-dgp-yadav-mha-director-meet-dallewal-at-khanauri/article68988734.ece |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-05 |title=Punjab: Bhagwant Mann picks Gaurav Yadav as officiating DGP — 5th police chief in 10 months |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-police-chief-bhagwant-mann-ips-officer-gaurav-yadav-dgp-8009222/ |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Yadav is originally from [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], his father Colonel Bhagwati Prasad Yadav (retired) was an [[Indian Army]] officer,<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://x.com/ANI/status/1904156211400114290?t=sFSU1VbbJSkTDVNQT2h_VA&amp;s=19 |title=ANI Twitter Post |website=X (formerly Twitter) |access-date=2025-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Don't turn assault of Colonel into 'Army versus police' debate, says Punjab DGP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/dont-turn-assault-of-colonel-into-army-versus-police-debate-punjab-dgp/articleshow/119431186.cms |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Punjab New DGP: गौरव यादव बने पंजाब के कार्यकारी डीजीपी, उत्तर प्रदेश के जौनपुर से खास नाता |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/gaurav-yadav-appointed-acting-dgp-of-punjab |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yadav has a [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]], [[Master of Engineering|M.E.]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] (Police Administration) and [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] degrees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ips.gov.in/Empanelment/IPS_Civillist_2024.pdf |title=Indian Police Service Civil List 2024 |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2025-05-24 |page=278}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1992 he was a successful candidate for Indian Civil Services and opted for Indian Police Service. He was the all over best Probationer Cadet of 45 RR batch of Indian Police Service, year 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Profile of 167 IPS Officer Trainees of 75 RR | url=https://www.svpnpa.gov.in/static/gallery/docs/bd7fc1613d334b459643b112efc724c5.pdf | publisher=Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy | accessdate=2025-05-24 | page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=SVPNPA Universal Search: Gaurav Yadav | url=https://www.svpnpa.gov.in/universalSearch?cx=009166207481149357514%3Aoulbmfsyia4&amp;cof=FORID%3A10&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;value=Gaurav+Yadav | publisher=Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy | accessdate=2025-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> He is the son-in-law of P.C. Dogara who is former DGP of Punjab Police&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-07-04 |title=Punjab govt appoints Gaurav Yadav officiating DGP, incumbent DGP sent on leave |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-govt-appoints-gaurav-yadav-officiating-dgp-incumbent-dgp-sent-on-leave/articleshow/92661176.cms |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaurav Yadav officiating DGP of Punjab |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/gaurav-yadav-officiating-dgp-of-punjab-409512/ |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Yadav has been the [[Director general of police|DGP]] of [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] since July 2022 and has headed the Intelligence Wing of Punjab Police during 2016-17 and was Special Principal Secretary to Chief Minister [[Bhagwant Mann]] before becoming the head of the state police.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=कौन हैं जौनपुर के गौरव यादव, जिन्‍हें 'आप' के मुख्‍यमंत्री भगवंत मान ने पंजाब में सौंपी बड़ी जिम्‍मेदारी - IPS Gaurav Yadav of Jaunpur has been made Special Principal Secretary to Punjab Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-ips-gaurav-yadav-of-jaunpur-has-been-made-special-principal-secretary-to-punjab-chief-minister-bhagwant-mann-22603516.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mr. Yadav, a 1992-batch Indian Police Service (IPS) officer, currently serves as the Director General of Police (DGP) in Punjab. In February 2025, the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) empanelled him for the position of Director General (DG)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State police chief empanelled for DG post at Centre |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/state-police-chief-empanelled-for-dg-post-at-centre/ |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in a central police organization or agency, making him the only officer from the 1992 batch to receive this distinction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Punjab DGP Gaurav Yadav gets clearance for Central Government deputation |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-dgp-gaurav-yadav-gets-clearance-for-central-government-deputation/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Punjab: डीजीपी गाैरव यादव केंद्रीय सुरक्षा बल/एजेंसी के महानिदेशक पद के लिए पैनल में शामिल |url=https://www.amarujala.com/punjab/chandigarh-punjab/punjab-dgp-gaurav-yadav-has-been-empanelled-for-post-of-director-general-of-central-security-force-2025-02-04 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Punjab Police chief Gaurav Yadav empanelled for Central deputation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-police-chief-gaurav-yadav-empanelled-central-deputation-9817288/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Gaurav}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lankalakoderu_Halt_railway_station&diff=511881 2026-03-27T16:14:22Z

<p>Andreasyrt: adding a details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{one source|date=October 2020}}<br /> {{third-party|date=October 2020}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=October 2020}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Lankalakoderu Halt<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|16.5343|81.6811|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | electrified = Yes<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}<br /> '''Lankalakoderu Halt''' (station code: LKDU) is a [[railway station]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India, on the [[Narasapuram]] –[[Bhimavaram]] branch railway between [[Veeravasaram]] and [[Chintaparru Halt railway station|Chintaparru Halt]] stations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://trains.indiadekh.com/from-GOTD-gorintada-to-BVRT-bhimavaram-town.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130411032757/http://trains.indiadekh.com/from-GOTD-gorintada-to-BVRT-bhimavaram-town.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2013-04-11 | title = From Lankalakoderu to Palakollu (PKO) Route Train Detail | publisher = India Dekh | accessdate = 2013-03-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is close to [[National Highway 216 (India)|National Highway 216]] and is a walkable distance from Areas Bhageswaram-Poolapalli located on NH 216.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Lankalakoderu Railway station Details|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/lankalakoderu-lkdu/3647|publisher=India Rail Info|accessdate=3 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This railway station is administered under [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway Zone]].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Railway stations in Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations on Bhimavaram-Narasapur branch line]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in West Godavari district]]<br /> [[Category:Vijayawada railway division]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Maharajas_of_Mysore&diff=477621 2026-03-22T19:40:57Z

<p>Andreasyrt: created first details added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}} &lt;!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY &quot;none&quot; - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! --&gt;<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> The following lists the [[Maharaja of Mysore|Maharajas of Mysore]].<br /> {{Mysore Kingdom series}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-family: arial; font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #cccccc;&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background-color:#e7dcc3&quot; |&lt;big&gt;[[Maharaja of Mysore|'''Mysore Kings''']]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(1399–present)<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''Feudatory Monarchy'''&lt;br /&gt;(As vassals of [[Vijayanagara Empire]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mallik |first1=Anupama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsRTDwAAQBAJ |title=Digital Hampi: Preserving Indian Cultural Heritage |last2=Chaudhury |first2=Santanu |last3=Chandru |first3=Vijay |last4=Srinivasan |first4=Sharada |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-5738-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1399–1553)}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | [[Yaduraya Wodeyar]]<br /> | (1399–1423)<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> |<br /> | [[Chamaraja Wodeyar I]]<br /> | (1423–1459)<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> |<br /> | [[Timmaraja Wodeyar I]]<br /> | (1459–1478)<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> |<br /> | [[Chamaraja Wodeyar II]]<br /> | (1478–1513)<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> |<br /> | [[Chamaraja Wodeyar III]]<br /> | (1513–1553)<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''Absolute Monarchy'''&lt;br /&gt;(Independent [[Wodeyar]] Kings)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aiyangar |first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5CBAAAAIAAJ |title=Sources of Vijayanagar History |date=1919 |publisher=University of Madras |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1553–1761)}}<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> |<br /> | [[Timmaraja Wodeyar II]]<br /> | (1553–1572)<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> |<br /> | [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IV]]<br /> | (1572–1576)<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> |<br /> | [[Chamaraja Wodeyar V]]<br /> | (1576–1578)<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> | [[File:Rajawodeyar.jpg|100px]]<br /> | [[Raja Wodeyar I]]<br /> | (1578–1617)<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> |<br /> | [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VI]]<br /> | (1617–1637)<br /> |-<br /> | 11<br /> |<br /> | [[Raja Wodeyar II]]<br /> | (1637–1638)<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> | [[File:Kanthirava.jpg|100px]]<br /> | [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I|Narasaraja Wodeyar I]]<br /> | (1638–1659)<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> |<br /> | [[Dodda Kempadevaraja|Devaraja Wodeyar I]]<br /> | (1659–1673)<br /> |-<br /> | 14<br /> | [[File:Chikkadevaraja.jpg|100px]]<br /> | [[Chikka Devaraja|Devaraja Wodeyar II]]<br /> | (1673–1704)<br /> |-<br /> | 15<br /> |<br /> | [[Narasaraja Wodeyar II]]<br /> | (1704–1714)<br /> |-<br /> | 16<br /> | [[File:Krishnaraja I.jpg|100px]]<br /> | [[Dodda Krishnaraja Wodeyar I|Krishnaraja Wodeyar I]]<br /> | (1714–1732)<br /> |-<br /> | 17<br /> |<br /> | [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VII]]<br /> | (1732–1734)<br /> |-<br /> | 18<br /> |<br /> | [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]]<br /> | (1734–1761)<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''Puppet Monarchy'''&lt;br /&gt;(Under [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Michaud |first=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_f98mvAXtqUC |title=History of Mysore Under Hyder Ali and Tippoo Sultan |date=December 1996 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0174-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1761–1799)}}<br /> |-<br /> | (18)<br /> |<br /> | [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]]<br /> | (1761–1766)<br /> |-<br /> | 19<br /> |<br /> | [[Nanjaraja Wodeyar]]<br /> | (1766–1770)<br /> |-<br /> | 20<br /> |<br /> | [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII]]<br /> | (1770–1776)<br /> |-<br /> | 21<br /> |<br /> | [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX]]<br /> | (1776–1796)<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''Puppet Monarchy'''&lt;br /&gt;(Under [[Company rule in India|British Rule]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=Praxy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6c9AAAAMAAJ |title=Storm Over Seringapatam: The Incredible Story of Hyder Ali &amp; Tippu Sultan |date=1969 |publisher=Thackers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1799–1831)}}<br /> |-<br /> | 22<br /> | [[File:Krishnaraja Wodeyar III.jpg|100px]]<br /> | [[Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar|Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]]<br /> | (1799–1831)<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''Titular Monarchy'''&lt;br /&gt;(Monarchy abolished under [[Mysore Commission]])&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1831–1881)}}<br /> |-<br /> | (22)<br /> | [[File:Krishnaraja Wodeyar III.jpg|100px]]<br /> | [[Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar|Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]]<br /> | (1831–1868)<br /> |-<br /> | 23<br /> | [[File:Chamaraja Wodeyar 1863-94.jpg|100px]]<br /> | [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wadiyar X]]<br /> | (1868–1881)<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''Absolute Monarchy'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Monarchy restored by Rendition Act 1881&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(in [[subsidiary alliance]] with [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British Crown]])&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1881–1947)}}<br /> |-<br /> | (23)<br /> | [[File:Chamaraja Wodeyar 1863-94.jpg|100px]]<br /> | [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]]<br /> | (1881–1894)<br /> |-<br /> | 24<br /> | [[File:Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV.jpg|100px]]<br /> | [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]]<br /> | (1894–1940)<br /> |-<br /> | 25<br /> | [[File:Court portrait of Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar of Mysore.jpg|100px]]<br /> | [[Jayachamaraja Wodeyar|Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]]<br /> | (1940–1947)<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''Constitutional Monarchy''' &lt;br /&gt;([[Mysore State]], [[Dominion of India]])&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1947–1956)}}<br /> |-<br /> | (25)<br /> | [[File:Court portrait of Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar of Mysore.jpg|100px]]<br /> | [[Jayachamaraja Wodeyar|Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]] (as [[Rajpramukh]])<br /> | (1947–1956)<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''Titular Monarchy'''&lt;br /&gt;(Monarchy abolished)&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |author=Wiki Source |title=White Paper on Indian States (1950)/Part 4/Instrument of Accession |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/White_Paper_on_Indian_States_(1950)/Part_4/Instrument_of_Accession}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1956–1974)}}<br /> |-<br /> | (25)<br /> | [[File:Court portrait of Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar of Mysore.jpg|100px]]<br /> | [[Jayachamaraja Wodeyar|Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]]<br /> | (1956–1974)<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''Head of the family'''&lt;br /&gt;(Titles abolished;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971 |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-twenty-sixth-amendment-act-1971 |work=indiacode.nic.in |year=1971 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=9 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Karl J. |url=https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm |title=An atlas and survey of South Asian history |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-56324-334-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm/page/78 78] |quote=Although the Indian states were alternately requested or forced into union with either India or Pakistan, the real death of princely India came when the Twenty-sixth Amendment Act (1971) abolished the princes' '''titles''', privileges, and privy purses. |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Governor of Karnataka|Governors]] heading the state)&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(1974–present)}}<br /> |-<br /> | 26<br /> | [[File:Srikanta Wadiyar of Mysore.jpg|100px]]<br /> | [[Srikanta Wadiyar|Srikantadatta Wadiyar]]<br /> | (1974–2013)<br /> |-<br /> | 27<br /> | [[File:Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar.JPG|100px]]<br /> | [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar]]<br /> | (2015–present)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency]]<br /> * [[List of governors of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> * [[List of governors of Karnataka]]<br /> * [[Wadiyar dynasty]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Mysore topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kings of Mysore|.]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucknow_Super_Division&diff=513715 2026-03-22T17:13:14Z

<p>Andreasyrt: adding entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian football league in the state of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox football league<br /> | name = Lucknow Super Division<br /> | image = <br /> | pixels = <br /> | organiser = District Football Association Lucknow<br /> | country = India<br /> | confed = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]<br /> | teams = Various<br /> | founded = {{start date and age|2015}}<br /> | current = <br /> | champions = <br /> | levels = [[Indian football league system|5]]<br /> | confed_cup =<br /> | promotion = [[I-League 3]]<br /> | relegation =<br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Lucknow Super Division''', also known as the '''Lucknow District Football League''', is the highest [[Indian State Leagues|state-level]] [[Association football|football]] league of [[Lucknow]], in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The league started in 2015. In 2021 it was organised grandly with 50 teams from the various districts of Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-07-09|title=District Football League 2021 to kick off in Lucknow from July 25!|url=https://www.knocksense.com/lucknow/district-league-2021-is-all-set-to-ignite-football-fever-in-lucknow-from-july-25|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Knocksense|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225045120/https://www.knocksense.com/lucknow/district-league-2021-is-all-set-to-ignite-football-fever-in-lucknow-from-july-25|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 July 2021|title=Seventh edition of Lucknow District Football League kicks off|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/seventh-edition-of-lucknow-district-football-league-kicks-off/articleshow/84747268.cms|access-date=2021-12-25|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225045115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/seventh-edition-of-lucknow-district-football-league-kicks-off/articleshow/84747268.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> Teams from Lucknow, [[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]], [[Haidergarh]], [[Farrukhabad]], [[Unnao]], and [[Bhopal]] have participated in the league.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.theturffootball.com/articles/lucknow-district-football-league-the-final-chapter/ |title=Lucknow District Football League: The final chapter |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605202842/https://www.theturffootball.com/articles/lucknow-district-football-league-the-final-chapter/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Winners ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Season<br /> !Winner<br /> !Runners-up<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |Sahara States FC&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Boys Treto Club in football league final - PressReader|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20190814/282342566479683|access-date=2021-12-25|via=PressReader|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225045119/https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20190814/282342566479683|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Techtro FC<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |[[Techtro Lucknow FC]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Techtro Lucknow FC Crowned Champions of Lucknow District Football League 2021 |url=https://www.sonylijin.com/2021/10/techtro-lucknow-fc-crowned-champions-of.html |access-date=2021-12-25 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225045120/https://www.sonylijin.com/2021/10/techtro-lucknow-fc-crowned-champions-of.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Sunrise FC<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh]]<br /> * [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|K. D. Singh Babu Stadium]]<br /> * [[Dr Sampurnanand Sports Stadium]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Football in India}}<br /> {{Sports leagues of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Football in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]<br /> [[Category:2015 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Sports leagues established in 2015]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&diff=454770 2026-03-20T12:17:10Z

<p>Andreasyrt: corrected details for accuracy per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Account of the life and exploits of Alexander the Great}}<br /> {{Italic title}}<br /> {{See also|Alexander the Great in legend}}<br /> [[File:Alexander romance. Armenian illuminated manuscript of XIV century (Venice, San Lazzaro, 424).jpg|thumb|right|Armenian illuminated manuscript of the 14th century]]<br /> {{Alexander the Great series}}<br /> The '''''Alexander Romance''''' is an account of the life and exploits of [[Alexander the Great]]. Of uncertain authorship, it has been described as &quot;antiquity's most successful novel&quot;.{{Sfn|Dowden|2019|p=757}} The book describes Alexander the Great from his birth, to his succession of the throne of Macedon, his conquests including that of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]], and finally his death. Although constructed around a historical core, the book is mostly fantastical, including many miraculous tales and encounters with mythical creatures, such as [[Siren (mythology)|siren]]s or [[centaur]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Pseudo-Callisthenes |title=The Greek Alexander romance |last2=Stoneman |first2=Richard |date=1991 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-044560-2 |series=Penguin classics |location=London, England; New York, NY, USA |pages=11–23}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this context, the term ''romance'' refers not to the meaning of the word in modern times but in the Old French sense of a novel or ''[[Medieval French literature#The Roman|roman]]'', a &quot;lengthy prose narrative of a complex and fictional character&quot; (although Alexander's historicity did not deter ancient authors from using this term).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Djurslev |first=Christine Thrue |title=The Cambridge Companion to Alexander the Great |date=2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor-last=Ogden |editor-first=Daniel |pages=452 |chapter=The ''Alexander Romance''}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was widely copied and translated, accruing various legends and fantastical elements at different stages. The original version was composed in [[Ancient Greek]] some time before 338 AD, when a [[Latin]] translation was made, although the exact date is unknown. Some manuscripts [[Pseudepigrapha|pseudonymously]] attribute the text's authorship to Alexander's court historian [[Callisthenes]], and so the author is commonly called Pseudo-Callisthenes.<br /> <br /> In premodern times, the ''Alexander Romance'' underwent more than 100 translations, elaborations, and derivations in dozens of languages, including almost all European vernaculars as well as in every language from the [[Spread of Islam |Islamicized]] regions of Asia and Africa, from [[Mali]] to [[Malaysia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Doufikar-Aerts |first=Faustina |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0072 |title=A Companion to World Literature |date=2020 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-99318-7 |editor-last=Seigneurie |editor-first=Ken |edition= |pages=1–11 |lang=en |chapter=The Arabic ''Alexander Romance'': Mirror of a Bold, Clever, and Devout Prince |doi=10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0072}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the more notable translations were made into [[Coptic language|Coptic]], [[Ge'ez language|Ge'ez]], [[Middle Persian]], [[Byzantine Greek]], [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]], and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Owing to the great variety of distinct works derived from the original Greek romance, the &quot;Alexander romance&quot; is sometimes treated as a [[literary genre]], instead of a single work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alexander romance {{!}} Ancient Greek Epic, Legends &amp; Mythology {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Alexander-romance |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> [[Nectanebo II]], the last [[Pharaoh]] of [[Egypt]], foresees that his kingdom will fall to the Persians and so flees to the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] court under the guise of the identity of a magician. In his time there, he falls in love with the wife of king [[Philip II of Macedon]], [[Olympias]]. Olympias becomes pregnant by Nectanebo, but his paternity is kept a secret. Philip develops a suspicion of an affair between the two, but Nectanebo allays Philip's suspicions by sending a magic sea-hawk to him in a dream. Alexander is born from this pregnancy, but while he is growing up he kills Nectanebo, who reveals Alexander's paternity as he dies. Alexander begins to be educated by [[Aristotle]] and competes in the [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympics]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Pseudo-Callisthenes |title=The Greek Alexander romance |last2=Stoneman |first2=Richard |date=1991 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-044560-2 |series=Penguin classics |location=London, England; New York, NY, USA |pages=5–7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After Philip dies, Alexander begins his campaigns into Asia, although the story is unclear with respect to the order and location of the campaigns. Once he reaches Egypt, an oracle of the god [[Amun]] instructs him where to go to create the city that will become [[Alexandria]]. The march into Asia continues and Alexander conquers [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He begins exchanging letters with the Persian emperor [[Darius III]], though the story now delves into more campaigns in Greece. The Persian march resumes and eventually Alexander conquers the Persians. He marries Roxane, the daughter of Darius, and writes letters to Olympias describing all he saw and his adventures during his conquests, including his wandering through the [[Land of Darkness]], search for the [[Water of Life (Christianity)|Water of Life]], and more.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Next, he proceeds to conquer [[India]] from which he writes letters to Aristotle, though he also receives an omen about his coming death in this time. He visits the temples of the sun and moon, and makes the [[Amazons]] his subjects. During his return, as he reaches [[Babylonia]], he meets the son of [[Antipater]] (the figure ruling Macedonia in Alexander's stead during the journeys of the latter) who was sent to poison Alexander. The conspiracy succeeds, and Alexander begins to die, though he names the rulers who will control the provinces of his empire after he is gone before ultimately succumbing to the poison. [[Ptolemy I Soter]] receives his body in the Egyptian city of [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] where the priests order it to be sent to Alexandria, the greatest city he had built during his march. The work concludes by providing a list of all the cities that Alexander founded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Motifs and themes ==<br /> <br /> === Gates of Alexander ===<br /> {{Main|Gates of Alexander}}<br /> [[File:Darielpass_1906.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|The [[Darial Gorge]] before 1906]]<br /> The ''Romance'' locates the Gates of Alexander between two mountains called the &quot;Breasts of the North&quot; ({{langx|el|Μαζοί Βορρά}}{{sfn|Anderson|1932|p=37}}). The mountains are initially 18 feet apart and the pass is rather wide, but Alexander's prayers to [[God]] causes the mountains to draw nearer, thus narrowing the pass. There he builds the Caspian Gates out of bronze, coating them with fast-sticking oil. The gates enclosed twenty-two nations and their monarchs, including [[Gog and Magog]] (therein called &quot;Goth and Magoth&quot;). The geographic location of these mountains is rather vague, described as a 50-day march away northwards after Alexander put to flight his Belsyrian enemies (the [[Bebryces|Bebrykes]],{{sfn|Anderson|1932|p=35}} of [[Bithynia]] in modern-day North [[Turkey]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=The Greek Alexander Romance |pages=185–187 |year=1991 |editor-last=Stoneman |editor-first=Richard (tr.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZmqYv_dSwMC&amp;pg=PA185 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780141907116}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfnp|Anderson|1932|p=11}}<br /> <br /> === Horns of Alexander ===<br /> {{Main|Horns of Alexander}}<br /> In the α recension of the ''Alexander Romance'', Alexander's father is an Egyptian priest named Nectanebo who sports a set of ram horns. After his death, Alexander is described as &quot;[[Horns of Alexander|the horned king]]&quot; (βασιλέα κερασφόρον) by an oracle instructing Ptolemy, a general of Alexander, on where to bury him. This statement was repeated in the Armenian recension of the Alexander Romance in the 5th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tesei |first=Tommaso |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/51697/chapter-abstract/419760236?redirectedFrom=fulltext |title=The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=137–146 |chapter=Alexander's Horns|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197646878.003.0010 |isbn=978-0-19-764687-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The use of the horned motif, representing the horns of [[Zeus Ammon]] to visualize Alexander stems from much earlier, originally in coinage depicting Alexander by his immediate successors [[Ptolemy I Soter]] of [[Egypt]] and more prominently the king of [[Thrace]] [[Lysimachus]] were the earliest produce coinage of Alexander with the rams horns.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Bowden |first=Hugh |title=Religion |date=2023 |work=The Cambridge Companion to Alexander the Great |pages=237–242 |editor-last=Ogden |editor-first=Daniel |url= |access-date= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-88834-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Andrew Runni |date=1927 |title=Alexander's Horns |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/282906 |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association |volume=58 |pages=102–103 |doi=10.2307/282906 |issn=0065-9711 |jstor=282906|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; The motif would be carried over into later Alexander legends, such as the Armenian translation of α and the ''[[Syriac Alexander Legend]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tesei |first=Tommaso |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/51697/chapter-abstract/419760236?redirectedFrom=fulltext |title=The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=137–155 |chapter=Alexander's Horns|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197646878.003.0010 |isbn=978-0-19-764687-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Fountain of Life ===<br /> {{Main|Fountain of Life}}<br /> Traditions about Alexander's search for the [[Fountain of Life]] were influenced by earlier legends about the Mesopotamian hero [[Gilgamesh]] and his search for immortality, such as in the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tesei 2010 417–440&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tesei |first=Tommaso |date=2010 |title=Survival and Christianization of the Gilgamesh Quest for Immortality in the Tale of Alexander and the Fountain of Life |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43927088 |journal=Rivista degli studi orientali |volume=83 |issue=1/4 |pages=417–440 |jstor=43927088 |issn=0392-4866}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander is travelling along with his company in search of the [[Land of the Blessed]]. On the way to the Land, Alexander becomes hungry and asks one of his cooks, Andreas, to get him some meat. Andreas gets some fish and begins to wash it in a fountain. Immediately upon being washed, the fish sprang to life and escaped into the fountain. Realizing he has discovered the [[Fountain of Life]], Andreas tells no one else about it and drinks the water for himself. He also stores away some of the water into a silver vessel, hoping to use some of it to seduce Alexander's daughter. Meanwhile, Alexander eventually reaches the Land of the Blessed but is unable to enter it. At the same time, he learns of Andreas losing the fish and questions him over it. Andreas confesses about what happened with the fish, and he is whipped for it, but he denies that he drank any and does not mention that he stored some, and asks Alexander over why he should worry about the past. At a later point, Andreas manages to use the water to seduce Alexander's daughter, who is enticed by the opportunity to drink from it, which she does and becomes immortal. Alexander learns of the miracle and punishes both Andreas and his daughter greatly: for Andreas is turned into a ''[[Daimon|daimōn]]'' of the sea and his daughter into a ''daimōn'' of the desert.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Crone |first=Patricia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDBRDAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=song+of+alexander+jacob+serugh&amp;pg=PA67 |title=Islam, the Ancient Near East and Varieties of Godlessness: Collected Studies in Three Volumes, Volume 3 |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |pages=66|isbn=978-90-04-31931-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This story was elaborated on in subsequent versions of the ''Romance'', such as in the Syriac ''[[Song of Alexander]]'' and in the [[Talmud]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Crone |first=Patricia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDBRDAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=song+of+alexander+jacob+serugh&amp;pg=PA67 |title=Islam, the Ancient Near East and Varieties of Godlessness: Collected Studies in Three Volumes, Volume 3 |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |pages=67–68|isbn=978-90-04-31931-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:111&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Gabriel Said |title=The Qur'an and the Bible: text and commentary |date=2018 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-18132-6 |location=New Haven, CT |pages=463–465}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Land of Darkness ===<br /> The original ''Alexander Romance'' contains a few statements that would develop into the fully-fledged myths of episodes in the [[Land of Darkness]], especially in versions of the ''Romance'' in Islamicate lands. In a journey that is directed towards [[Polaris]], the Polar constellation, he is to find the Land of the Blessed at the edge of the world which in &quot;a region where the sun does not shine&quot; (2.39).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Casari |first=Mario |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/794706981 |title=The Alexander romance in Persia and the East |date=2012 |publisher=Barkhuis Publishing &amp; Groningen University Library |isbn=978-94-91431-04-3 |editor-last=Stoneman |editor-first=Richard |series=Ancient Narrative. Supplementum |location=Groningen |pages=179 |chapter=The King Explorer: A Cosmographic Approach to the Persian Alexander |oclc=794706981 |editor-last2=Erickson |editor-first2=Kyle |editor-last3=Netton |editor-first3=Ian Richard}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Land of Darkness becomes a prominent feature in subsequent recensions of the ''Alexander Romance''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Casari |first=Mario |title=A Key to the Treasure of the Hakim |date=2011-04-15 |work= |pages=95–106 |chapter=Nizāmī’s Cosmographic Vision and Alexander in Search of the Fountain of Life |publisher=Leiden University Press |language=en |doi=10.1515/9789400600140-006 |isbn=978-94-006-0014-0|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> Two books appear to be the main sources used by the author of the ''Alexander Romance''. One was a collection of Alexander fictions involving pseudepigraphical letters between Alexander and other figures such as [[Aristotle]] and adversaries of his like [[Darius III]], as well as dialogues with Indian philosophers among other material. The second was the ''[[History of Alexander]]'' written by [[Cleitarchus]] (c. 300 BC), now lost, containing an already mythologized account of Alexander. Historians also suspect the use of Greek-language Egyptian sources underlying traditions about the pharaohs [[Nectanebo II]] and [[Sesostris]]. By contrast, oral tradition did not play an important role.{{Sfn|Dowden|2019|p=757–758}} A strikingly close parallel to Alexander's relentless quest, though one limited by the constraints of human and mortal existence, is in the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tesei 2010 417–440&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Commentaries ==<br /> The first commentary to the ''Romance'' was a German work titled ''Der griechische Alexanderroman'', published by [[Adolf Ausfeld]] in 1907. In 2017, a commentary of the entire ''Alexander Romance'' was published in English by Krzysztof Nawotka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nawotka |first=Krzysztof |title=The Alexander romance by Ps.-Callisthenes: a historical commentary |date=2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-33521-9 |series= |location= |pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Editions and translations ==<br /> The first modern English translation of the ''Romance'' was produced by E.H. Haight in 1955. The major modern English translation of the ''Romance'' is that of Richard Stoneman in 1991. Significant French translations include those of Tallet-Bonvalot in 1994, and Bounoure &amp; Serret in 2004. An Italian translation was produced by Franco in 2001. In 2010, a Polish translation was published by Krzysztof Nawotka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nawotka |first=Krzysztof |title=The Alexander romance by Ps.-Callisthenes: a historical commentary |date=2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-33521-9 |series= |location= |pages=ix, 273}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Between 2007 and 2014, Richard Stoneman published the first two volumes of an edition of the ''Romance'' in three volumes, titled ''Il Romanzo di Alessandro''. Each volume contains one book of recensions α, β and γ of the Greek text and of the Latin text of Julius Valerius, each text having a facing-page Italian translation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=Brad L. |last=Cook |title=Il Romanzo di Alessandro, Volume II. Scrittori greci e latini |date=2014 |access-date=2025-06-03 |journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review |url=https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2014/2014.05.09/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transmission==<br /> Throughout [[classical antiquity]] and the [[Middle Ages]], the ''Romance'' experienced numerous expansions and revisions exhibiting a variability unknown for more formal literary forms. Distinctively, and unlike other texts, none of the recensions (including in Greek) of the ''Romance'' can be considered canonical. Furthermore, translations were not merely so but were also typically variant versions of the text.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nawotka |first=Krzysztof |title=The Alexander romance by Ps.-Callisthenes: a historical commentary |date=2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-33521-9 |series=Mnemosyne. Supplements; volume 399 |location=Leiden; Boston |pages=30–33}}&lt;/ref&gt; The legendary Alexander was also widely assimilated into the religion and culture of those who wrote about him: in Christian legends, Alexander became a Christian; in Islamic legends, Alexander became a Muslim; he was an Egyptian for the Egyptians, a Persian for the Persians, and so forth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=E. A. Wallis Budge |url=http://archive.org/details/BudgeSyriacAlexander |title=The History of Alexander the Great, being the Syriac version of the Pseudo-Callisthenes |pages=xxxvi |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kotar |first=Peter Christos |title=A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18345-2 |editor-last=Zuwiyya |editor-first=Z. David |series=Brill's companions to the Christian tradition |location=Leiden; Boston |pages=167 |chapter=The Ethiopic Alexander Romance}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === West ===<br /> In Europe, the popularity of the ''Alexander Romance'' resurged when [[Leo the Archpriest]] discovered a Greek copy in [[Constantinople]] while he was on a diplomatic missions. He produced a translation into Latin titled the ''Nativitas et historia Alexandri Magni regis'', which became the basis of the far more successful and expanded version known as the ''[[Historia de preliis|Historia de Proeliis]]'', which went through three recensions between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries and made Alexander a household name throughout the [[Middle Ages]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stoneman |first=Richard |title=A history of Alexander the Great in world culture |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-16769-8 |editor-last=Stoneman |editor-first=Richard |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, NY |pages=7–8 |chapter=Introduction: Formation and Diffusion of the Alexander Legend}}&lt;/ref&gt; being translated more times in the next three centuries than any other text except for the [[Gospel]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Latin fiction: the Latin novel in context |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-14722-4 |editor-last=Hofmann |editor-first=Heinz |edition= |location=London |pages=140}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another very popular Latin version was the ''[[Alexandreis]]'' of [[Walter of Châtillon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Townsend |first=David |title=The Alexandreis of Walter of Châtillon: a twelfth-century epic: a verse translation |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-3347-6 |series=The Middle Ages series |location=Philadelphia, Pa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before Leo, versions of the ''Romance'' were still known: an abridged 9th-century version of the much earlier Latin translation by [[Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius]], the [[Zacher Epitome]], achieved some popularity. In addition, in 781, [[Alcuin]] sent [[Charlemagne]] a copy of a text known as [[Alexander and Dindimus|''Alexander and Dindimus King of the Brahmans'']]. The principal manuscript of ''[[Beowulf]]'' also contains a translation of Alexander's letter to Aristotle.{{Sfn|Dowden|2019|p=761}}<br /> <br /> Translations from Leo's Latin version and its recension would subsequently be made into all the major languages of [[Europe]] as versions of the Alexander romance became the most popular form of medieval European literature after the [[Bible]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mínguez Cornelles |first1=Víctor |title=The visual legacy of Alexander the Great from the Renaissance to the age of revolution |last2=Rodríguez Moya |first2=Inmaculada |date=2024 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-54990-3 |series=Routledge research in art history |location=New York London |pages=22}}&lt;/ref&gt; such as [[Old French]] (12th century),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Damian-Grint |first=Peter |title=The new historians of the twelfth-century Renaissance: inventing vernacular authority |date=1999 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=978-0-85115-760-3 |location=Rochester, N.Y |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Middle Scots]] (''[[The Buik of Alexander]]'', 13th century),&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Mainer |first=Sergi |title=The Alexander and Charlemagne Romances |date=2010-01-01 |work=The Scottish Romance Tradition c. 1375–c. 1550 |pages=223–255 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789042029767/B9789042029767-s009.xml |access-date=2024-03-11 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789042029767_009 |isbn=978-90-420-2976-7|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Italian language|Italian]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Morosini |first=Roberta |title=The Alexander Romance In Italy |date=2011-01-01 |work=A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages |pages=329–364 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004211933/Bej.9789004183452.i-410_015.xml |access-date=2024-03-11 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004183452.i-410.109 |isbn=978-90-04-21193-3|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (the ''[[Libro de Alexandre]]''), [[Central German]] ([[Lamprecht]]'s ''Alexanderlied'', and a 15th-century version by [[Johannes Hartlieb]]), [[Slavic languages|Slavonic]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Minaéva |first1=Oxana |title=Scandinavia and the Balkans: cultural interactions with Byzantium and Eastern Europe in the first Millennium AD |last2=Holmquist Olausson |first2=Lena |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-7761-9 |location=Newcastle upon Tyne (GB) |pages=107–108}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], Irish, and more.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Pseudo-Callisthenes |title=The Greek Alexander romance |last2=Stoneman |first2=Richard |date=1991 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-044560-2 |series=Penguin classics |location=London, England; New York, NY, USA |pages=7–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === East ===<br /> The ''[[Syriac Alexander Romance]]'', the most important Syriac translation of the Greek ''Romance'', as well as the much shorter and abridged version known in the ''[[Syriac Alexander Legend]]'', composed either in ~630 shortly after [[Heraclius]] defeated the Persians&lt;ref name=&quot;ciancaglini&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.2143/MUS.114.1.302| volume = 114| issue = 1–2| pages = 121–140| last = Ciancaglini| first = Claudia A.| title = The Syriac Version of the Alexander Romance| journal = Le Muséon| date = 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; or in the mid-6th century during the reign of [[Justinian I]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Tesei&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tesei |first=Tommaso |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197646878.001.0001 |title=The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate |date=2023-10-19 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197646878.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-764687-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; contains additional motifs not found in the earliest Greek version of the ''Romance'', including the apocalypticization of the wall built against [[Gog and Magog]].&lt;ref name=&quot;brillA&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 978-90-04-17416-0| last1 = Donzel| first1 = Emeri J. van| last2 = Schmidt| first2 = Andrea Barbara| title = Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources: Sallam's Quest for Alexander's Wall| date = 2010|page=17|quote=The episode of Alexander's building a wall against Gog and Magog, however, is not found in the oldest Greek, Latin, Armenian and Syriac versions of the ''Romance''. Though the Alexander Romance was decisive for the spreading of the new and supernatural image of Alexander the king in East and West, the barrier episode has not its origin in this text. The fusion of the motif of Alexander's barrier with the Biblical tradition of the apocalyptic peoples Gog and Magog appears in fact for the first time in the so called ''Syriac Alexander Legend''. This text is a short appendix attached to the Syriac manuscripts of the ''Alexander Romance''.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequent [[Middle East]]ern recensions of the Alexander legend were generated following the Syriac traditions, including versions in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Middle Persian|Persian]] (''[[Iskandarnamah|Iskandarnameh]]''), [[Ge'ez language|Ethiopic]], Hebrew (in the first part of [[Sefer HaAggadah]]), [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://universalium.academic.ru/256043/Ahmedi,_Taceddin |title=Ahmedi, Taceddin |work=universalium.academic.ru |access-date=19 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; (14th century), and [[Middle Mongol language|Middle Mongolian]] (13th-14th century).&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cleaves |first=Francis Woodman |date=1959 |title=An Early Mongolian Version of The Alexander Romance |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718540 |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=22 |pages=1–99 |doi=10.2307/2718540 |jstor=2718540 |issn=0073-0548|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Knowledge of Romance tradition entered [[China|Chinese]] texts by the 12th century,&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Fariello |first=Francesca |title=Alexander the Great: Homo Mirabilis within Chinese and Mongolian Sources. The Transmission of Legendary Narratives from West to East |date=2024-08-06 |work=La ricezione dell’ultimo Alessandro: Mirabilia e violenza al di qua e al di là dell’Indo |pages=273–293 |editor-last=Piccioni |editor-first=Francesca |publisher=De Gruyter |language= |doi=10.1515/9783111427614-013 |isbn= 978-3-11-142761-4|editor2-last=Poddighe |editor2-first=Elisabetta |editor3-last=Pontillo |editor3-first=Tiziana|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; but ancient [[India]]n texts do not mention Alexander.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |title=Alexander's Impact on Indian Religions |date=2024-08-06 |work=La ricezione dell’ultimo Alessandro: Mirabilia e violenza al di qua e al di là dell’Indo |pages=191–206 |editor-last=Piccioni |editor-first=Francesca |publisher=De Gruyter |language= |doi=10.1515/9783111427614-010 |isbn= 978-3-11-142761-4|editor2-last=Poddighe |editor2-first=Elisabetta |editor3-last=Pontillo |editor3-first=Tiziana|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''[[Epic of Sundiata]]'', an [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] for the [[Mandinka people]], structures the story of the hero and founder of the [[Mali Empire]], [[Sundiata Keita]], in a way that resembles the biography and legends of Alexander.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tronson |first=Adrian |date=1982 |title=The 'Life of Alexander' and West Africa |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/life-alexander-and-west-africa |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=History Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tronson |first=Adrian |date=2014 |title=From Jerusalem to Timbuktu: the appropriation of Alexander the Great by national narratives |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC165408 |journal=Acta Classica: Proceedings of the Classical Association of South Africa|issue=sup-5 |pages=143–169 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Versions ==<br /> <br /> === Greek ===<br /> [[File:Byzantine Alexander Romance Vraka.JPG|thumb|The Alexander Romance in a 14th century Byzantine manuscript kept in the Church of [[San Giorgio dei Greci]], [[Venice]].]]<br /> The most important Greek recensions of the ''Alexander Romance'' are the α, β, γ and ε recensions. There is also a variant of β called λ, and the now-lost δ was perhaps the most important in the transmission of the text into the non-Greek world as it was the basis of the 10th-century Latin translation produced by [[Leo the Archpriest]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Alpha (α) recension ====<br /> The Recensio α, also known as the ''Historia Alexandri Magni'', is the oldest and can be dated to the 3rd century AD. It is known from one manuscript, called A. It was subjected to various revisions during the [[Byzantine Empire]], some of them recasting it into poetical form in [[Medieval Greek]] vernacular. Recensio α is the source of a [[Latin]] version by [[Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius]] (4th century), as well as an Armenian version (5th century).&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Beta (β) recension ====<br /> The β recension was composed between 300 and 550 AD. It rephrases much material in α and also adds new material to it. Compared to α, it lacks the end of Book I and the first six chapters of Book II. However, it contains the end of Book II, which is missing from α.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Stoneman |first=Richard |title=Alexander Romance |date=2018-02-26 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-8245 |access-date=2024-10-29 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8245 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Other recensions (ε, γ, etc) ====<br /> A combination of α and some material from β was used to create the ε recension in the 8th century. Furthermore, the β and ε recensions were combined to generate the much larger γ recension later still.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stoneman |first=Richard |title=The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome: Volume 1 |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Gagarin |editor-first=Michael |pages=62–64 |chapter=Alexander Romance}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Recension manuscripts ====<br /> *Recensio α sive Recensio vetusta: [[Wilhelm Kroll]], ''Historia Alexandri Magni'', vol. 1. Berlin: Weidmann, 1926<br /> *Recensio β:<br /> **L. Bergson, ''Der griechische Alexanderroman''. Stockholm: Almqvist &amp; Wiksell, 1965<br /> **e cod. Leidensi Vulc. 93. L. Bergson, ''Der griechische Alexanderroman''. Rezension β. Stockholm: Almqvist &amp; Wiksell, 1965<br /> **e cod. Paris. gr. 1685 et cod. Messinensi 62): L. Bergson, ''Der griechische Alexanderroman''. Stockholm: Almqvist &amp; Wiksell, 1965<br /> *Recension γ:<br /> **lib. 1: U. von Lauenstein, ''Der griechische Alexanderroman''. [Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 4. Meisenheim am Glan: Hain, 1962]<br /> **lib. 2: H. Engelmann, ''Der griechische Alexanderroman''. [Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 12. Meisenheim am Glan: Hain, 1963]<br /> **lib. 3: F. Parthe, ''Der griechische Alexanderroman''. [Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 33. Meisenheim am Glan: Hain, 1969]<br /> *Recensio δ:<br /> **e cod. Vat. gr. 1700, 88v‑89r: G. Ballaira, &quot;Frammenti inediti della perduta recensione δ del romanzo di Alessandro in un codice Vaticano&quot;, ''Bollettino del comitato per la preparazione dell'edizione nazionale dei classici greci e latini 13'' (1965)<br /> *Recensio ε: [[Jürgen Trumpf]], ''Anonymi Byzantini vita Alexandri regis Macedonum''. Stuttgart: Teubner, 1974<br /> *Recensio λ:<br /> **lib. 3: [[Helmut van Thiel]], ''Die Rezension λ des Pseudo-Kallisthenes''. Bonn: Habelt 1959<br /> **[[Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius|Pseudo-Methodius]] redactio 1: H. van Thiel, ''Die Rezension λ des Pseudo-Callisthenes''. Bonn: Habelt 1959<br /> **Pseudo-Methodius redactio 2: H. van Thiel, ''Die Rezension λ des Pseudo-Kallisthenes''. Bonn: Habelt 1959<br /> *Recensio F (cod. Flor. Laurentianus Ashburn 1444), vernacular: V.L. Konstantinopulos and A.C. Lolos, ''Ps.-Kallisthenes ‑ Zwei mittelgriechische Prosa-Fassungen des Alexanderromans'', 2 vols [Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 141 &amp; 150, Meisenheim am Glan: Hain 1983]<br /> *Recensio φ: G. Veloudis, {{lang|grc|Ἡ φυλλάδα τοῦ Μεγαλέξαντρου. Διήγησις Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Μακεδόνος}} [{{lang|grc|Νέα Ἑλληνικὴ Βιβλιοθήκη}} 39. Athens: Hermes, 1977]<br /> *Recensio Byzantina poetica (cod. Marcianus 408): S. Reichmann, ''Das byzantinische Alexandergedicht nach dem codex Marcianus 408 herausgegeben'' [Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 13. Meisenheim am Glan: Hain, 1963]<br /> *Recensio E (cod. Eton College 163), vernacular: V.L. Konstantinopulos and A.C. Lolos, Ps.-Kallisthenes, ''Zwei mittelgriechische Prosa. Fassungen des Alexanderromans'', 2 vols [Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 141 &amp; 150‑ Meisenheim am Glan: Hain 1983]<br /> *Recensio V (cod. Vind. theol. gr. 244): K. Mitsakis, ''Der byzantinische Alexanderroman nach dem Codex Vind. Theol. gr. 244'' [Miscellanea Byzantina Monacensia 7. Munich: Institut für Byzantinistik und neugriechische Philologie der Universität, 1967]<br /> *Recensio K (cod. 236 Kutlumussiu, [[Mount Athos|Athos]]), vernacular: K. Mitsakis, &quot;{{lang|grc|Διήγησις περὶ τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ τῶν μεγάλων πολέμων}}&quot;, Byzantinisch-neugriechische Jahrbücher 20 (1970)<br /> *Recensio poetica (recensio R), vernacular: D. Holton, {{lang|grc|Διήγησις τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου}}. ''The Tale of Alexander. The Rhymed Version'' [{{lang|grc|Βυζαντινὴ καὶ Νεοελληνικὴ βιβλιοθήκη}}. Thessalonica, 1974]<br /> <br /> === Latin ===<br /> <br /> * The ''[[Res gestae Alexandri Macedonis]]'' by [[Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius]], the first Latin translation of the ''Alexander Romance'', made from its α recension.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stone |first=Charles Russell |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1089840999 |title=The Roman de toute chevalerie: reading Alexander romance in late medieval England |date=2019 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4875-0189-1 |location=Toronto; Buffalo; London |pages=16 |oclc=on1089840999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wulfram |first=Hartmut |title=The Alexander Romance: history and literature |date=2018 |publisher=Barkhuis &amp; Groningen University Library |isbn=978-94-92444-71-4 |series=Ancient narrative |location=Groningen |pages=169–188 |chapter=Intertextuality through translation: the foundation of Alexandria and Virgil in Julius Valerius' ''Alexander Romance''}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Zacher Epitome]]'', a 9th-century abridged and much more popular version of the ''Res gestae'' by Julius.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ibn Tibbon |first=Shmuel |title=A Hebrew Alexander romance according to MS London, Jews' College no. 145 |date=1992 |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-6831-395-6 |editor-last=Bekkum |editor-first=Wouter J. van |series= |location=Leuven |pages=15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The [[Nativitas et victoria Alexandri Magni regis]] (''The Birth and Victories of King Alexander the Great'') is a lost tenth-century translation of the ''Alexander Romance'' by [[Leo of Naples]], translated from a Greek copy he discovered in [[Constantinople]] while he was on a diplomatic mission commissioned by [[John III of Naples]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Historia de preliis|Historia de Preliis]]'', which was based on Leo's earlier version. It went through three recensions between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries and made Alexander a household name throughout the [[Middle Ages]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; The three recensions are called I&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, and I&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (also called J&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, J&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, and J&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; in some publications).&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Latin fiction: the Latin novel in context |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-14722-4 |editor-last=Hofmann |editor-first=Heinz |edition= |location=London |pages=239}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Alexandreis]]'', a medieval [[Latin language|Latin]] [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] by [[Walter of Châtillon]], a 12th-century [[France|French]] writer and [[Theology|theologian]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Romance languages===<br /> ==== French ====<br /> There are several [[Old French|Old]] and [[Middle French]] and one [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] Alexander romances. The following list of works is taken from the one provided by Donald Maddox and Sara Sturm-Maddox 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Maddox |first1=Donald |title=The Medieval French Alexander |last2=Sturm-Maddox |first2=Sara |date=2002 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-5443-5 |editor-last=Maddox |editor-first=Donald |series= |location=Albany |pages=18–19 |chapter=Introduction: Alexander the Great in the French Middle Ages |editor-last2=Sturm-Maddox |editor-first2=Sara}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Alexandre (romance)|Alexandre]]'' by [[Albéric de Briançon|Albéric de Pisançon]], composed {{circa}} 1110–1125.<br /> *''[[Roman d'Alexandre]]'', also known as the ''Li romans d'Alixandre'' ({{circa}} 1160), attributed to clergyman [[Alexandre de Bernay]].<br /> *''[[Decasyllabic Alexander]]'', by an anonymous author between 1160 and 1170.<br /> *''[[Fuerre de Gadres|Le Roman de Fuerre de Gadres]]'' by a certain [[Eustache]], later used by Alexandre de Bernay and Thomas de Kent, composed c. 1170.<br /> *''[[Alixandre en Orient]]'' by [[Lambert de Tort]], composed {{circa}} 1170.<br /> *''[[Mort Alixandre]]'', an anonymous fragment of which 159 lines survive, composed c. 1170.<br /> *The ''[[Roman de toute chevalerie]]'', an Anglo-Norman work of [[Thomas de Kent]]. This became the basis for the [[Middle English]] ''King Alysaunder''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stone |first=Charles Russell |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1089840999 |title=The Roman de toute chevalerie: reading Alexander romance in late medieval England |date=2019 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4875-0189-1 |location=Toronto; Buffalo; London |oclc=on1089840999}}&lt;/ref&gt; Composed c. 1175–1180.<br /> *''[[La Venjance Alixandre]]'' by [[Jehan le Nevelon]], composed c. 1180.<br /> *The ''Roman d'Alexandre'' of Alexandre de Paris, composed c. 1185 (not to be confused by the work of the same name by Alexandre de Barnay).<br /> *''[[Le Vengement Alixandre]]'' by [[Gui de Cambrai]], composed c. 1191.<br /> *The ''[[Histoire ancienne jusqu'à César|Histoire ancienne jusquʾà César]]'', composed c. 1213–14. <br /> *''[[Roman d'Alexandre en prose]]'', by an anonymous author, the most popular Old French version, composed sometime in the 13th century.<br /> *''[[Prise de Defur]]'', from [[Picardy]] {{circa}} 1250.<br /> *''[[Voyage d'Alexandre au Paradis terrestre]]'', a French adaptation ({{circa}} 1260) of the Latin ''[[Iter ad paradisum]]''.<br /> *''[[Voeux du paon|Les Vœux du paon]]'' of [[Jacques de Longuyon]], the first of three works in the ''[[Paon Cycle]]''. <br /> *''[[Restor du Paon|Le Restor du Paon]]'' of [[Jean le Court]], composed before 1338 and a continuation of the ''Les Voeux de paon''. <br /> *''[[Parfait du paon|Le Parfait du paon]]'' by [[Jean de Le Mote]], the final poem of the ''Paon Cycle''. Composed c. 1340.<br /> *The ''[[Histoire du bon roy Alixandre]]'' by [[Jean Wauquelin]], composed before 1448.<br /> *''[[Fais et concquestes du noble roy Alexandre]]'', a late medieval prose version. Composed c. 1450–1470.<br /> *''[[Faits du grand Alexandre]]'' by [[Vasque de Lucène]], a prose translation (1468) of [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]]'s ''Historiae Alexandri Magni''. Composed c. 1468.<br /> <br /> ==== Italian ====<br /> Italian versions of the ''Alexander Romance'' include:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Morosini |first1=Roberta |title=A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages |last2=Vitti |first2=Franceso |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18345-2 |editor-last=Zuwiyya |editor-first=Z. David |series=Brill's companions to the Christian tradition |location= |pages=329–364 |chapter=The Alexander Romance in Italy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * The ''[[Historia Alexandri Regis]]'' of [[Quilichino]], composed in 1236 in [[Recanati]]. It was fairly popular, as indicated by the survival of twenty manuscripts of the work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Morosini |first1=Roberta |title=A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages |last2=Vitti |first2=Franceso |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18345-2 |editor-last=Zuwiyya |editor-first=Z. David |series=Brill's companions to the Christian tradition |location= |pages=341–349 |chapter=The Alexander Romance in Italy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Alessandreide in rima]]'' of [[Jacopo di Carlo]].<br /> * The ''[[Istoria Alexander Regis]]'' of [[Domenico Scolari]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Morosini |first1=Roberta |title=A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages |last2=Vitti |first2=Franceso |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18345-2 |editor-last=Zuwiyya |editor-first=Z. David |series=Brill's companions to the Christian tradition |location= |pages=352–355 |chapter=The Alexander Romance in Italy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The ''[[I Nobili fatti di Alessandro Magno]]'', from the 14th century, edited by Grion.<br /> <br /> ==== Romanian ====<br /> The Romanian ''Alexander Romance'', entitled the ''Alexandria'', was derived from a Greek and Serbian variant and became the most widely-read literary text in [[Romania]] between the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Boia |first1=Lucian |title=Forever young: a cultural history of longevity |last2=Selous |first2=Trista |last3=Boia |first3=Lucian |date=2004 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-154-9 |edition=1. publ. in English |location=London |pages=50–51}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1833, the Romanian legend was translated into Bulgarian in a copy of an earlier work, [[Paisiy Hilendarski]]'s ''[[Slavic-Bulgarian History]]'' (1762).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Entangled histories of the Balkans |date=2013 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-25075-8 |editor-last=Daskalov |editor-first=Rumen |series=Balkan studies library |location=Leiden; Boston |pages=282 |editor-last2=Marinov |editor-first2=Tchavdar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Spanish ====<br /> The two most important Spanish versions of the ''Alexander Romance'' are:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zuwiyya |first=Z. David |title=A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18345-2 |editor-last=Zuwiyya |editor-first=Z. David |series=Brill's companions to the Christian tradition |location=Leiden; Boston |pages=231–254 |chapter=The Alexander Tradition in Spain}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * The ''[[Libro de Alexandre]]''. This was a famous anonymous poem of the ''Alexander Romance'' from Christian Spain.<br /> * The ''Historia novelada de Alejandro Magno''. This is an obscure Spanish version, only having been discovered an edition of Part 4 of [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]]'s ''[[General Estoria]]'' in a recently printed edition.<br /> <br /> ===Germanic languages===<br /> ==== English and Scots====<br /> In medieval [[England]], the ''Alexander Romance'' experienced remarkable popularity. It is even referred to in [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]]'s ''[[Canterbury Tales]]'', where the monk apologizes to the pilgrimage group for treating a material so well known. There are five major romances in [[Middle English]] that survive, though most only in fragments. There are also two versions from [[Scotland]], one sometimes ascribed to the [[Early Scots]] poet [[John Barbour (poet)|John Barbour]], which exists only in a sixteenth-century printing; and a [[Middle Scots]] version from 1499: <br /> *''[[King Alisaunder]]'' from {{circa}} 1275.&lt;ref&gt;In medieval orthography, &quot;king&quot; could be &quot;kyng&quot; and &quot;Alisaunder&quot; could be &quot;Alysaunder&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *The ''[[Romance of Alisaunder]]'' (or ''Alexander of Macedon''), sometimes referred to as ''Alexander A'', is a fragment of 1247 lines written in [[alliterative verse]]. It was probably written between 1340 and 1370, soon before the beginning of the [[Alliterative Revival]], of which it is believed to be one of the oldest remaining poems. It has been preserved in a school notebook dating from 1600. Alexander A deals with the begetting of Alexander by [[Nectanebo II]] (Nectanebus), his birth, and his early years, and ends with the midst of the account of Philip's siege of [[Byzantium]]. It is likely that the source for this fragment has been the I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;-recension of the ''[[Historia de Preliis]]''. Beside that it has been expanded with additional material taken from [[Paulus Orosius]]'s ''Historiae adversum paganos'', the adverse remarks, which are typical of Orosius, however have been omitted by the poet, whose main concern is Alexander's heroic conduct.<br /> *''[[Alexander and Dindimus]]'', sometimes referred to as ''Alexander B'', is also written in alliterative verse. This fragment is found in the {{Interlanguage link|Bodley 264|it|3=Manoscritto Bodley 264|lt=MS Bodley 264}} and consists of five letters which are passed between Alexander and Dindimus, who is the king of the [[Brahmin]]s, a people of philosophers who shun all worldly lusts, ambitions and entertainments. In this respect their way of life resembles the ideal of an aescetic life, which was also preached by medieval monastic orders, such as the Franciscans. The source of Alexander B again is the I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;-recension of the ''Historia de Preliis''.<br /> *The ''[[Wars of Alexander]]'', sometimes referred to as ''Alexander C'', is the longest of the alliterative versions of the Middle English Alexander Romances. It goes back to the I&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-recension of the ''Historia de Preliis'' and can be found in the MS Ashmole 44 and in the Dublin Trinity College MS 213. Although both manuscripts are incomplete they supplement each other fairly well. In this version much space is given to letters and prophecies, which often bear a moralizing and philosophical tenor. The letters are an integral part of the Pseudo-Callisthenes tradition. The dominant theme is pride, which inevitably results in the downfall of kings. In ''The Wars of Alexander'' the hero is endowed with superhuman qualities, which shows in the romance insofar as his enemies fall to him by the dozens and he is always at the center of action.<br /> *The ''[[Prose Life of Alexander]]'' copied by [[Robert Thornton (scribe)|Robert Thornton]], {{circa}} 1440.<br /> <br /> Middle Scots versions include:<br /> *''[[The Buik of Alexander]]'', anonymous, attributed to [[John Barbour (poet)|John Barbour]], dates to 1438 according to its first printed edition from 1580.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; <br /> *''[[The Buik of King Alexander the Conquerour]]'' by [[Gilbert Hay (poet)|Gilbert Hay]], 1499.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Caughey |first=Anna |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/426810057 |title=The exploitations of medieval romance |date=2010 |publisher=D.S. Brewer |isbn=978-1-84384-212-5 |editor-last=Ashe |editor-first=Laura |series=Studies in medieval romance |location=Cambridge, UK; Rochester, NY |pages=139–158 |chapter='A1s for the worthyness of be romance': Exploitation of Genre in the Buik of Kyng Alexander the Conquerour |oclc=426810057 |editor-last2=Djordjević |editor-first2=Ivana |editor-last3=Weiss |editor-first3=Judith}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== German ====<br /> <br /> * The German ''Song of Alexander'' by [[Lamprecht]], composed around 1150 as an adaptation of a poem by [[Albéric of Pisançon]] some fifty years earlier. It does not directly survive but in a version of it, close to the original, produced by Vorau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Buschinger |first=Danielle |title=A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18345-2 |editor-last=Zuwiyya |editor-first=Z. David |series=Brill's companions to the Christian tradition |location=Leiden; Boston |pages=291–314 |chapter=German Alexander Romances}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Alexander'' of Strasbourg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Alexander'' of Basel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Norse====<br /> <br /> * The ''[[Alexanders saga]]'' was an [[Old Norse]] translation of the Latin epic ''Alexandreis.'' It is attributed in manuscripts of the saga to Brandr Jónsson, bishop of [[Diocese of Skálholt|Skálholt]] who is also said to have been responsible for authoring [[Gyðinga saga]].''&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wolf |first=Kirsten |title=Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Garland |year=1993 |isbn=0824047877 |editor-last=Pulsiano |editor-first=Phillip |location=New York |pages=7–8 |chapter=Alexanders saga |editor-last2=Wolf |editor-first2=Kirsten}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wolf |first=Kirsten |date=1988 |title=Gydinga Saga, Alexanders Saga, and Bishop Brande Jónsson |journal=Scandinavian Studies |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=371–400 |issn=0036-5637 |jstor=40918962}}&lt;/ref&gt;''&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ashurst |first1=David |title=A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages |last2=Vitti |first2=Franceso |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18345-2 |editor-last=Zuwiyya |editor-first=Z. David |series=Brill's companions to the Christian tradition |location=Leiden; Boston |pages=315–328 |chapter=Alexander Literature in Scandinavia}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Bréf Alexandri Magni]]'' (''Bréf''), an Old Norse adaptation of the ''[[Epistola Alexandri ad Aristotelem]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt;<br /> * The [[Old Swedish]] ''[[Konung Alexander]]'', a metrical version of the ''Historia de preliis'' from its I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; recension.&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Slavic ===<br /> [[File:Alexandria serbskaya.jpg|thumb|300px|17th-century manuscript of an Alexandrine novel (Russia): Alexander exploring the depths of sea.]]<br /> There were translations of the ''Alexander Romance'' into [[Old Church Slavonic]].<br /> * The ''[[Kingdom of Alexander from Macedon|Alexandria]]'', full title being &quot;The Kingdom of Alexander from Macedon&quot; produced in 10th-century [[Bulgaria]]. It became part of the ''Chronograph'' (or the ''Chronograph-Alexandria''). The ''Chronograph'' and ''Alexandria'' were never separated out into independent books.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Old Serbian translation, so called ''[[Old Serbian Alexander Romance]]'', written in 13th-century in [[Serbia]] was from the ultimate source of γ recension of the Greek ''Alexander Romance'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stoneman |first=Richard |title=A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18345-2 |editor-last=Zuwiyya |editor-first=Z. David |series=Brill's companions to the Christian tradition |location=Leiden; Boston |pages=7–10 |chapter=Primary sources from the classical and early medieval periods}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Usakiewicz |first=Krzysztof |date=2013 |title=The Greek Phyllada and the Old Serbian Alexander Romance |url=https://journals.ispan.edu.pl/index.php/ch/article/view/ch.2013.012 |journal=Colloquia Humanistica |language=en |issue=2 |pages=257–289 |doi=10.11649/ch.2013.012 |issn=2392-2419}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 13th century, a translation from an Alexander legend either in Latin or Italian was made to produce the first ''Alexander Romance'' in the Cyrillic script. A redaction of this text in the 14th century in [[Dalmatia]] is what has come down as the ''Old Serbian Alexander Romance''. and it went on to become the basis for adaptations of Alexander legends throughout the [[Balkans]]. By the 17th century, it was circulating in both Bulgarian and Romanian translations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; The Russian ''Alexander Romance'' is also a translation of the Serbian one.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gogoladze |first=Andro |date=2018 |title=THE MYTH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT IN MEDIEVAL GEORGIAN CHRONICLES |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=679746 |journal=&amp;#201;tudes Balkaniques |language=English |issue=2 |pages=291 |issn=0324-1645}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Serbian translation, so called ''[[Serbian Alexandria]]'', was written in [[Serbia]] and completed in the 14th-century. It is known from eleven Serbian manuscripts, the first extant one dating to the 15th-century, and follows the Greek λ recension of the ''Romance''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> *The ''Alexander Romance'' spread into [[Russia]] from the 15th-century onwards, translated from the earlier Serbian version.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Bosnian translation, so called ''Alexander'' of Berlin, is written in Bosnia in late 15th to beginning of the 16th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuna-2008-Srednjovj.bos.knj.&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kuna |first1=Herta |author1-link=Herta Kuna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCKdQwAACAAJ |title=Srednjovjekovna bosanska književnost |date=2008 |publisher=Međunarodni Forum Bosna |language=bs |chapter=Sekularna književnost - Aleksandrida |access-date=27 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nakaš-2020-Ricerche slavistiche-Berlin-Alex&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nakaš |first1=Lejla |date=1 January 2020 |title=Berlinski rukopis Aleksandride |url=https://www.academia.edu/59617705 |journal=Ricerche slavistiche |volume=Nuova serie 3 |pages=348–353 |access-date=27 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Irish ===<br /> The ''[[Irish Alexander Romance]]'', also known as the ''Imthusa Alexandair'', was composed around 1100, representing the first complete vernacular version of the Romance in a European vernacular.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peters |first=Erik |date=1967 |title=Die irische Alexandersage' Zeitschrift für |journal=Celtische Philologie |volume=30 |pages=71–264}}&lt;/ref&gt; It includes episodes such as Alexander's visit to Jerusalem, talking trees, encounters with Dindimus, and more. Two sources the author identified for his work were [[Orosius]] and [[Josephus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Latin fiction: the Latin novel in context |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-14722-4 |editor-last=Hofmann |editor-first=Heinz |edition= |location=London |pages=240}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Semitic languages===<br /> ==== Arabic ====<br /> {{Main|Alexander the Great in Arabic tradition}}<br /> * The story of [[Dhu al-Qarnayn]] (&quot;The Two-Horned One&quot;) in the [[Quran]] is generally seen in tradition and among contemporary historians to represent an allusive synopsis of the Romance tradition in the way it was expressed by the [[Syriac Alexander Legend]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Watt|1960–2007}}: &quot;It is generally agreed both by Muslim commentators and modéra [sic] occidental scholars that Dhu ’l-Ḳarnayn [...] is to be identified with Alexander the Great.&quot; {{harvnb|Cook|2013}}: &quot;[...] {{Transliteration|ar|Dhū al-Qarnayn|italic=no}} (usually identified with Alexander the Great) [...]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Griffith |first=Sidney |date=2022-03-15 |title=Narratives of &quot;the Companions of the Cave,&quot; Moses and His Servant, and Dhū 'l-Qarnayn in Sūrat al-Kahf |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/jiqsa.6.2021.a005 |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=146–147 |doi=10.5913/jiqsa.6.2021.a005 |issn=2474-8420 |s2cid=251486595|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Chism |first=Christine |title=Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages |date=2016-02-04 |pages=51–75 |access-date=2024-01-17 |chapter=Facing The Land Of Darkness: Alexander, Islam, And The Quest For The Secrets Of God |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442661301-007/html |publisher=University of Toronto Press |language=en |doi=10.3138/9781442661301-007 |isbn=978-1-4426-6130-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Daneshgar |first=Majid |title=Studying the Qur'ān in the Muslim Academy |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-006754-0 |series=AAR reflection and theory in the study of religion |location=New York (N.Y.) |pages=77}}&lt;/ref&gt; The names Alexander and Dhu al-Qarnayn were widely merged in subsequent Muslim literature when describing the legends and accomplishments of the former.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=C.W. Doufikar-Aerts |first=Faustina |title=Fictional storytelling in the medieval Eastern Mediterranean and beyond |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-28999-4 |editor-last=Cupane |editor-first=Carolina |series=Brill's companions to the Byzantine world |location=Leiden Boston |pages=202 |chapter=A Hero Without Borders: 2 Alexander the Great in the Syriac and Arabic Tradition |editor-last2=Krönung |editor-first2=Bettina}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Qissat al-Iskandar]]'' (fully the ''Qiṣṣat al-Iskandar wa-mā fīhā min al-amr al-ʿadjīb'', or &quot;The story of Alexander and the wonderful things it contains&quot;) is a late eighth or early ninth-century recension of the [[Syriac Alexander Legend]] composed by ‘Umara ibn Zayd (767-815).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Donzel |first1=Emeri Johannes van |title=Gog and Magog in early syriac and islamic sources: Sallam's quest for Alexander's wall |last2=Schmidt |first2=Andrea Barbara |last3=Ott |first3=Claudia |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-17416-0 |series=Brill's Inner Asian Library |location=Leiden |pages=176–178}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Qissat Dhulqarnayn]]'' (''Qissat Dhulqarnayn'', &quot;Story of Dhulqarnayn&quot;) is a [[Andalusi Arabic|Hispano-Arabic]] legend of [[Alexander the Great]] preserved in two fourteenth-century manuscripts in [[Madrid]] and likely dates as a ninth-century Arabic translation of the [[Syriac Alexander Legend]] produced in [[Al-Andalus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Islamic legends concerning Alexander the Great: taken from two medieval Arabic manuscripts in Madrid |date=2001 |publisher=State Univ. of New York Press |isbn=978-1-58684-132-4 |editor-last=Zuwiyya |editor-first=Zachary D. |location=Albany, NY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * A second ''Qissat Dhulqarnayn'' containing a synopsis of the ''Alexander Romance'' is known from the eleventh-century ''Ara'is al-majalis fi Qisas al-anbiya''' (''Book of Prophets'') of [[Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi|al-Tha'labi]] (d. 1036).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Dabiri |first=Ghazzal |title=Modelling Prophets: Alexander the Great as a Proto-Sufi Saint-King in Thaʿlabi's Lives of the Prophets |date=2023-11-08 |work=Narrative, Imagination and Concepts of Fiction in Late Antique Hagiography |pages=253–282 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004685758/BP000012.xml |access-date=2024-03-13 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004685758_013 |isbn=978-90-04-68575-8|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chism |first=Christine |title=Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages: transcultural perspectives |date=2016 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-4466-3 |editor-last=Stock |editor-first=Markus |location=Toronto Buffalo London |pages=62 |chapter=Facing The Land Of Darkness: Alexander, Islam, And The Quest For The Secrets Of God}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * A third ''Qissat Dhulqarnayn'' known from one 18th-century manuscript from Timbuktu, whose manuscript was recently edited and published in an Arabic edition and French translation by Bohas and Sinno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Doufikar-Aerts |first=Faustina |title=Cultures of Eschatology |chapter=Gog and Magog Crossing Borders: Biblical, Christian and Islamic Imaginings |date=2020-07-20 |pages=394–395 |publisher=De Gruyter Oldenbourg |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110597745-021 |isbn=978-3-11-059774-5|doi-access=free |hdl=1871.1/5324e146-740c-4691-8e59-7114a97595af |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Hadith Dhulqarnayn]]'', like the ''Qissat Dhulqarnayn'', is another Hispano-Arabic version of the Alexander legend. It dates to the 15th century.<br /> * ''The [[Sīrat al-Iskandar]]'' is a 15th century [[Arabic]] popular [[Romance (prose fiction)|romance]] about [[Alexander the Great]]. It belongs to the ''[[sīra shaʿbiyya]]'' genre.<br /> * The ''[[Tārīkh al-Iskandar al-Makdūni]]'' (''History of Alexander of Macedon''), translated into Arabic by the Melkite bishop Yuwāsif ibn Suwaydān (c. 1669) from the Byzantine ζ-recension of Pseudo-Callisthenes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gaullier-Bougassas |first1=Catherine |title=Literature: A World History, Volumes 1-4 |last2=Doufikar-Aerts |first2=Faustina |date=2022 |publisher=Wiley |pages=535 |chapter=Alexander the Great in Medieval Literature}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Sirat al-malek Eskandar Dhu’ l-Qarneyn]]'', known from one 17th century manuscript copied by Yusof Ebn-Atiye (or Qozmân).{{Sfn|Casari|2023|p=398}}<br /> * The ''Kitāb Qiṣṣat Dhīʾl-Qarnayn'' from Mali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gaullier-Bougassas |first1=Catherine |title=Literature: A World History, Volumes 1-4 |last2=Doufikar-Aerts |first2=Faustina |date=2022 |publisher=Wiley |pages=534 |chapter=Alexander the Great in Medieval Literature}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Ethiopic ====<br /> An [[Ethiopia|Ethiopic]] version of the ''Alexander Romance'' was first composed in the [[Geʽez]] language between the 14th and 16th centuries was produced as a translation of an intermediary 9th-century Arabic text of what ultimately goes back to the Syriac recension.&lt;ref name=aerts /&gt; The Ethiopic version also integrates motifs from the ''[[Syriac Alexander Legend]]'' within the ''Romance'' narrative.&lt;ref name=aerts&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.2143/JECS.55.3.504417| volume = 55| issue = 3–4| last = Doufikar-Aerts| first = Faustina C.W.| title = Alexander the Flexible Friend: Some Reflections on the Representation of Alexander the Great in the Arabic Alexander Romance| journal = Journal of Eastern Christian Studies| date = 2003|pages=196, 204|quote=Moreover, the integration of the Gog and Magog episode based on the Christian Syriac Alexander Legend, the allusions to the principle of Trinity, and many other signs determine the text as a Christianized revision of the Romance.}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are seven known Ethiopian Alexander Romances:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Asirvatham |first=Sulochana |date=2014 |title=The ''Alexander romance'' tradition from Egypt to Ethiopia |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC165410 |journal=Acta Classica|issue=sup-5 |pages=109–127 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * The ''[[Ethiopic Alexander Romance]]'', also known as ''Zēnā Eskender'' or the ''Ethiopic Pseudo-Callisthenes'' <br /> * The ''History of Alexander'' by Abû Shâker<br /> * The ''History of Alexander'' by al-Makin<br /> * The ''History of Alexander'' by Joseph ben Gorion<br /> * The ''[[History of the Death of Alexander]]'' by an anonymous writer<br /> * The ''[[Christian Romance of the Life of Alexander]]''<br /> * The ''[[History of the Blessed Men who lived in the Days of Jeremiah the Prophet and the Account of the Vision of Abbâ Gerâsimus]]''<br /> <br /> ==== Hebrew ====<br /> {{for|earlier Jewish legends not derived from Pseudo-Callisthenes|Alexander_the_Great_in_legend#Jewish_tradition}}<br /> <br /> There are three or four [[medieval Hebrew]] versions of the ''Alexander Romance'':<br /> *The ''[[Josippon]]'', a 10th-century text into which a version of the ''Alexander Romance'' was interpolated into in later times.<br /> *A literal and slightly abridged translation from the original Greek is found in the manuscript Parma, [[Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi|Bibliotheca I. B. de Rossi]], MS Heb. 1087. This version was also partially interpolated into the ''[[Sefer Yosippon]]'' in the 10th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;WJvB&quot;&gt;[[Wout van Bekkum]] (1986), &quot;Alexander the Great in Medieval Hebrew Literature&quot;, ''Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes'' '''49''', pp. 218–226, at 223–225. {{doi|10.2307/751298}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *In the 12th or 13th century, an anonymous translator or translators translated a [[Lost literary work|lost]] Arabic translation of the Latin ''Historia de Preliis'' into Hebrew. This is found in the manuscript Paris, [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]], MS Héb. 671.5 and London, [[London School of Jewish Studies|Jews' College Library]], MS 145. These may represent a single translation in different versions or else two translations, with the Paris version having been used to complete the London. The translator (or one of them) may have been [[Samuel ibn Tibbon]], who made other translations from Arabic.&lt;ref name=&quot;WJvB&quot; /&gt;<br /> *In the 14th century [[Immanuel Bonfils]] translated the ''Historia de Preliis'' directly from Latin into Hebrew. This is found today only in the manuscript Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS Héb. 750.3, but an illuminated copy once resided in the [[Royal Library of Turin]] ({{circa}} 1880) before being destroyed in a fire.&lt;ref name=&quot;WJvB&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Syriac ====<br /> There are four texts in the tradition of the ''Alexander Romance'' in Syriac, and they have been often mistaken with one another.&lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Monferrer-Sala |first=Juan Pedro |title=Chapter Three. Alexander The Great In The Syriac Literary Tradition |date=2011-01-01 |work=A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages |pages=41–72 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004211933/Bej.9789004183452.i-410_004.xml |access-date=2024-03-22 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004183452.i-410.24 |isbn=978-90-04-21193-3|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; All four were translated in the same 1889 volume by [[E. A. Wallis Budge]], though some of them have appeared in newer editions since then.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=E. A. Wallis Budge |url=http://archive.org/details/BudgeSyriacAlexander |title=The History of Alexander the Great, being the Syriac version of the Pseudo-Callisthenes |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Syriac Alexander Romance]]'' (''Tašʿītā d̄ʾAleksandrōs''), A Syriac translation of the ''Alexander Romance'' of Pseudo-Callisthenes and the most influential of the Syriac versions of the Alexander legends.&lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot; /&gt;<br /> * The prose ''[[Syriac Alexander Legend]]'' (''Neṣḥānā d-Aleksandrōs''), which may be completely independent of Pseudo-Callisthenes. The text is commonly attributed in its provenance to north Mesopotamia around 629-630 AD, shortly after [[Heraclius]] defeated the Persians,&lt;ref name=&quot;ciancaglini&quot; /&gt; though more recent suggestions place it in the mid-6th century under [[Justinian I]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tesei&quot;/&gt; The ''Syriac Legend'' contains additional motifs not found in the earliest Greek ''Romance'', including the episode where Alexander builds a wall against [[Gog and Magog]].&lt;ref name=&quot;brillA&quot; /&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Song of Alexander]]'', a poem spuriously attributed to [[Jacob of Serugh]] and is slightly later than the ''Legend''. Its author is sometimes referred to as Pseudo-Jacob.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tesei |first=Tommaso |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197646878.001.0001 |title=The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate |date=2023-10-19 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-764687-8 |pages=1, 22|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197646878.001.0001 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Another prose version though shorter than the ''Legend''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Armenian ===<br /> <br /> * The ''[[Armenian Alexander Romance]]'', derived from the α recension of the ''Alexander Romance'', is typically dated to the fifth century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=MacFarlane |first=Alex |title='This Shocking Lobster': Understanding the Fantastic Creatures of the Armenian Alexander Romance |date=2019-10-14 |work=Transmitting and Circulating the Late Antique and Byzantine Worlds |pages=125–148 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004409460/BP000008.xml |access-date=2024-03-11 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004409460_007 |isbn=978-90-04-40946-0|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stoneman |first=Richard |title=A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18345-2 |editor-last=Zuwiyya |editor-first=Z. David |series=Brill's companions to the Christian tradition |location=Leiden; Boston |pages=6 |chapter=Primary sources from the classical and early medieval periods}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1969, a translation of the Armenian recension was published by Albert Mugrdich Wolohojian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wolohojian |first=Albert Mugrdich |url=https://www.attalus.org/armenian/Tales_Alexander_Wolohojian_trans.pdf |title=The Romance of Alexander the Great by Pseudo-Callisthenes |date=1969 |publisher=Columbia University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * A second Armenian version of the ''Alexander Romance'' produced between the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. The earliest manuscript is called San Lazzaro MS 424 (see [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:San_Lazzaro_MS_424_-_Alexander_romance]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Donzel |first1=Emeri Johannes van |title=Gog and Magog in early syriac and islamic sources: Sallam's quest for Alexander's wall |last2=Schmidt |first2=Andrea Barbara |last3=Ott |first3=Claudia |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-17416-0 |series=Brill's Inner Asian Library |location=Leiden |pages=37, also n. 62}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Coptic ===<br /> A [[Coptic language|Coptic]] translation of the ''Romance'' from the Greek was already being revised in the sixth century. A fragmentary manuscript, originally 220 pages long, in the [[Sahidic]] dialect was discovered in the [[White Monastery]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CE&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1991 |title=Romances |encyclopedia=[[Coptic Encyclopedia|The Coptic Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Macmillan Publishers |location=New York |url=https://ccdl.claremont.edu/digital/collection/cce/id/1670/rec/1 |last=Müller |first=Detlef |editor-last=Atiya |editor-first=Aziz Suryal |editor-link=Aziz Suryal Atiya |volume=7 |at=cols. 2059b–2061a}}&lt;/ref&gt; It draws on older [[Demotic Egyptian]] traditions, which existed in written form perhaps as early as 275 BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Selden&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Selden |first=Daniel L. |title=The Coptic Alexander Romance |work=A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages |pages=133–156 |year=2011 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004183452.i-410.62 |isbn=978-90-04-21193-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been edited and published by Oscar von Lemm.&lt;ref&gt;Oscar von Lemm (ed.), [https://www.coptica.ch/Lemm-Alexanderroman.pdf ''Der Alexanderroman bei den Kopten''] (St. Petersburg, 1903).&lt;/ref&gt; Several fragments of it have been collected and translated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Maspero |first=Sir Gaston |title=Popular Stories of Ancient Egypt |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Georgian ===<br /> Though Georgian versions of the ''Alexander Romance'' have not survived, that they existed is known; it is thought that two versions existed. The earlier came into existence between the fourth and seventh centuries and its influence is detectable in extant Georgian texts such as [[Conversion of Kartli (chronicle)|''The Conversion of Kartli'']] chronicles and in ''The Life of Kings''. The second was produced sometime between the ninth to twelfth centuries, and fragments of it were kept by the chronicler of [[David IV of Georgia|David the Builder]] and by a [[Mongols|Mongolian]]-era Georgian chronicler. Legends of Alexander would continue to influence varieties of Georgian literature from the twelfth to fourteenth centuries. Later, in the eighteenth century, the 18th-century king [[Archil of Imereti]] would produce a translation of a Serbian or Russian ''Alexander Romance'' into Georgian, and this one has survived.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gogoladze |first=Andro |date=2018 |title=THE MYTH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT IN MEDIEVAL GEORGIAN CHRONICLES |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=679746 |journal=&amp;#201;tudes Balkaniques |language=English |issue=2 |pages=285–313 |issn=0324-1645}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Malay ===<br /> * The ''[[Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain]]'' is a [[Malay language|Malay]] epic describing fictional exploits of [[Alexander the Great]] (Iskandar), identified with [[Dhu al-Qarnayn]]. Its ultimate source is most likely the Arabic ''Sirat al-Iskandar''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Islamic legends concerning Alexander the Great: taken from two medieval Arabic manuscripts in Madrid |date=2001 |publisher=State Univ. of New York Press |isbn=978-1-58684-132-4 |editor-last=Zuwiyya |editor-first=Zachary D. |location=Albany, NY |pages=84}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * The ''[[Hikayat Raja Iskandar]]'' (&quot;Story of King Alexander&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Daneshgar |first=Majid |title=The Qurʼan in the Malay-Indonesian world: context and interpretation |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-367-28109-0 |editor-last=Daneshgar |editor-first=Majid |edition=First issued in paperback |series=Routledge studies in the Quran |location=London New York |pages=212–228 |chapter=Dhu l-Qarnayn in Modern Malay Qurʾānic Commentaries and Other Literature on Qurʾānic Themes |editor-last2=Riddell |editor-first2=Peter G. |editor-last3=Rippin |editor-first3=Andrew}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * The ''[[Hikayat Ya’juj wa-Ma’juj]]'' (&quot;Story of Gog and Magog&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Doufikar-Aerts |first=Faustina |date=2003 |title=Sīrat Al-Iskandar: An Arabic Popular Romance of Alexander |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25817892 |journal=Oriente Moderno |volume=22 (83) |issue=2 |pages=505–520 |doi=10.1163/22138617-08302016 |jstor=25817892 |issn=0030-5472|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * A 19th-century Javanese poem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Wieringa |first=E. |title=Juja-Makjuja as the Antichrist in a Javanese End-of-Time Narrative |date=2011-09-30 |work=Embodiments of Evil: Gog and Magog |pages=123–152 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |language=en |doi=10.1515/9789400600119-009 |isbn=978-94-006-0011-9|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mongolian ===<br /> <br /> * The Mongolian ''Alexander Romance'' was composed in the 13th or 14th century in the [[Uyghur alphabets|Uyghur alphabet]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Persian ===<br /> *A lost [[Middle Persian]] version inferred by [[Theodor Nöldeke]] as the source of the ''[[Syriac Alexander Romance]]'', perhaps produced in the 4th century by an anonymous [[Christians|Christian]] writer in [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid Empire]],&lt;ref&gt;Darvishi, Dariush, [https://www.academia.edu/95955711/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_The_Alexander_Romance The Alexander Romance], page 153-170, Tehran, Negah-e Moaser, 2022]&lt;/ref&gt; though the existence of this text has been disputed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:112&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Nawotka |first=Krzysztof |title=Syriac and Persian Versions of the Alexander Romance |date=2018-04-26 |work=Brill's Companion to the Reception of Alexander the Great |pages=525–542 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004359932/BP000023.xml |access-date=2024-03-25 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004359932_022 |isbn=978-90-04-35993-2|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Alexander the Great in the Shahnameh|Alexander the Great's representation in the ''Shahnameh'']], an epic of Persian kings composed by [[Ferdowsi]]. It involves a lengthy story about Alexander which acts as the bridge-point between the mythological to historical realms of Ferdowsi's larger narrative.{{Sfn|Casari|2023|p=443–461}}<br /> * The ''[[Iskandarnameh]]'' (''Book of Alexander''), an anonymous text dated to between the eleventh and twelfth centuries.&lt;ref&gt;Evangelos Venetis, ''The Persian Alexander: The First Complete English Translation of the Iskandarnama'', Bloomsbury 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The [[Iskandarnameh of Nizami|''Iskandarnameh'']] of [[Nizami Ganjavi]], composed before 1194.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=De Blois |first=François |title=ESKANDAR-NĀMA OF NEẒĀMĪ |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eskandar-nama-of-nezami |access-date= |website=Encyclopedia Iranica |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Darab-nama|Dârâb-nâme]]'' of Mohammad b. Hasan b. Ali b. Musâ Abu-Tâher Tarsusi (or Tartusi).&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gaullier-Bougassas |first1=Catherine |title=Literature: A World History, Volumes 1-4 |last2=Doufikar-Aerts |first2=Faustina |date=2022 |publisher=Wiley |pages=538 |chapter=Alexander the Great in Medieval Literature}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Casari|2023|p=525–531}}<br /> * The ''[[Ayina-i Iskandari (Amir Khusrau)|Ayina-i Iskandari]]'' (''Alexandrine Mirror'') of [[Amir Khusrow]], completed in 1299/1300 during the reign of [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm]].{{Sfn|Casari|2023|p=491–504}}<br /> * The ''[[Kherad-name|Kherad-nâme]]'' (''Book of Alexandrian Intelligence'') of [[Jami|Jâmi]] composed in the 15th century.{{Sfn|Casari|2023|p=491, 504–510}}<br /> * The ''[[Ayina-i Iskandari (Ahli Shirazi)|Ayina-i Iskandari]]'' of [[Ahli Shirazi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hanaway |first=William L. |date=1998 |title=ESKANDAR-NĀMA |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eskandar-nama |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Encyclopedia Iranica |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Casari|2023|p=513–514}}<br /> * The ''[[Qissa-ye Dhuʾl Qarnayn]]'' (''Story of the Two-Horned One'') of [[Badri Kashmiri]], composed in 1580.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vasunia |first=Phiroze |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/847943593 |title=The classics and colonial India |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-920323-9 |edition= |series=Classical presences |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |pages=107 |oclc=847943593}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Casari|2023|p=516–517}}<br /> * The [[Iskandarnameh of Sanai Mashhadi|''Iskandarnameh'' of Sanai Mashhadi]] (d. 1588).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Sekandar-nâme]]'' (or ''Sadd-e Sekandar'', or ''Bâgh-e Eram'') of Khâje Hoseyn Thanâʾi Mashhadi (d. 1587).{{Sfn|Casari|2023|p=517–518}}<br /> * The ''[[Eskandar-nâme-ye-haft-jeldi]]'' (''Alexander of the Storytellers'') compiled by Manuchehr Hakim, who is potentially to be identified with the 17th century Safavid prince Manuchehr Qare-chaqâi Khân. This figure may be the patron or author of the text.{{Sfn|Casari|2023|p=521–534}}<br /> * Several more Persian Alexander romances are only known by name as attested in bibliographical inventories, brief allusions in some scholarly works, manuscript catalogues, and literary histories. These include the ''Eskandar-nâme'' by Kamâl-al-Din Hoseyn Esfahâni (16th c.), the ''Eskandar-nâme'' by Hasan-Beyg Atâbi Takallu (d. 1616), the ''Sekandar-nâme-ye-jabali'' (completed in India in 1729), and the ''Eskandar-nâme'' of Nâseri Kermâni (dating to 1850).{{Sfn|Casari|2023|p=518–519}}<br /> <br /> === Turkish ===<br /> * The ''[[Iskendername|İskendernâme]]'' of [[Taceddin Ahmedi]] is the oldest surviving work of Ottoman historiography. It is usually thought to have been composed between 1402 and 1411 and is dedicated to [[Süleyman Çelebi|Emir Suleyman]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kastritsis |first=Dimitris J. |title=The sons of Bayezid: empire building and representation in the Ottoman civil war of 1402-1413 |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-15836-8 |series=The Ottoman empire and its heritage |location=Leiden; Boston |pages=33–37}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Mengüç |first=Murat Cem |title=Bringing the Past Together: Ahmedi's Narrative of Ottoman History and Two Later Texts |date=2019-11-06 |work=Studies in Islamic Historiography |pages=125–144 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004415294/BP000015.xml |access-date=2024-03-19 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004415294_006 |isbn=978-90-04-41529-4|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The ''İskendernâme'' composed by Ahmedi's brother, Hamzavī.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;<br /> * The of ''İskendernâme'' of Ahmed Redvan, completed in 1499 and inspired by the earlier version of Ahmedi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;<br /> * The ''[[Sadd-i Iskandari|Sadd-i Iskandarī]]'' (''Alexander's Wall'') (15th century) of [[Ali-Shir Nava'i]] is the only Alexander legend composed in [[Chagatai language|Chagatai Turkish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |title=A two-colored brocade: the imagery of Persian poetry |date=1992 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-2050-6 |location=Chapel Hill |pages=116}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Casari|2023|p=510}}<br /> * The ''Qiṣaṣ-i Rabghūzī'' (''Eastern Turkish Stories of the Prophets'') is a 16th-century manuscript containing six stories about Alexander.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/794706981 |title=The Alexander romance in Persia and the East |date=2012 |publisher=Barkhuis Publishing &amp; Groningen University Library |isbn=978-94-91431-04-3 |editor-last=Stoneman |editor-first=Richard |series= |location= |pages=117–126 |oclc=794706981 |editor-last2=Erickson |editor-first2=Kyle |editor-last3=Netton |editor-first3=Ian Richard}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Alexander the Great in legend]]<br /> *[[Ethiopic Alexander Romance]]<br /> *[[Gates of Alexander]]<br /> *[[Horns of Alexander]]<br /> *[[Letters of Alexander the Great]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Aerts |first=Faustina Clara Wilhelmina |title=Alexander Magnus Arabicus: A Survey of the Alexander Tradition Through Seven Centuries: from Pseudo-Callisthenes to Ṣūrī |date=2010 |publisher=Peeters}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Anderson |first=Andrew Runni |title=Alexander's Gate, Gog and Magog: And the Inclosed Nations |year=1932 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVUbAAAAYAAJ |page=11|publisher=Medieval academy of America |isbn=9780910956079 }}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Casari |first=Mario |title=Persian narrative poetry in the classical era, 800-1500: romantic and didactic genres |date=2023 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |editor-last=Mohsen |editor-first=Ashtiany |chapter=The Alexander Legend in Persian Literature}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Dowden |first=Ken |title=Collected Ancient Greek Novels |date=2019 |publisher=University of California Press |editor-last=Reardon |editor-first=B.P. |pages=757–858 |chapter=Pseudo-Callisthenes: The Alexander Romance}}<br /> * {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Cook|first1=David B.|author1-link=David Cook (historian)|date=2013|title=Gog and Magog|editor1-last=Fleet|editor1-first=Kate|editor2-last=Krämer|editor2-first=Gudrun|editor2-link=Gudrun Krämer|editor3-last=Matringe|editor3-first=Denis|editor4-last=Nawas|editor4-first=John|editor5-last=Rowson|editor5-first=Everett|editor5-link=Everett K. Rowson|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27495}}<br /> * {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Watt|first1=W. Montgomery|author1-link=W. Montgomery Watt|date=1960–2007|title=al-Iskandar|editor1-last=Bearman|editor1-first=P.|editor1-link=Peri Bearman|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor2-first=Th.|editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor3-first=C.E.|editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor4-first=E.|editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel|editor5-last=Heinrichs|editor5-first=W.P.|editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3630}}<br /> <br /> ==Translations==<br /> *Bürgel, J. Christoph, ''Nizami. Das Alexanderbuch'', Munich: Manesse, 1991.<br /> *Favager, D.J. (translator) The Romance of Alexander of Alexandre de Paris (abbreviated translation) Kindle (2021)<br /> *Harf-Lancner, Laurence (translator and commentator, edited by Armstrong and al.). ''Le roman d'Alexandre'', Livre de poche, 1994. {{ISBN|2-253-06655-9}}.<br /> *Southgate, Minoo (translator). ''Iskandarnamah: a Persian medieval Alexander-romance''. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1978. {{ISBN|0-231-04416-X}}.<br /> *Stoneman, Richard (editor and translator). ''The Greek Alexander Romance''. New York: Penguin, 1991. {{ISBN|0-14-044560-9}}.<br /> *Wolohojian, A. H. ''The Romance of Alexander the Great by Pseudo-Callisthenes'' (from the Armenian). Columbia University Press, 1969.<br /> *{{Cite book|editor-last=Budge |editor-first=Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis |editor-link=E. A. Wallis Budge |title=The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version |volume=II |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1889 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBxjAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PR1}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Aerts, W. J., et al., ''Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages,'' Nijmegen, 1978.<br /> *Boyle, J. A., &quot;The Alexander Romance In The East And West&quot;, ''Bulletin Of The John Rylands University Library Of Manchester'' 60 (1977), pp.&amp;nbsp;19–20.<br /> *Chasseur, M., ''Oriental Elements in Surat al Kahf''. Annali di Scienze Religiose 1, Brepols Publishers 2008, ISSN 2031-5929, p.&amp;nbsp;255-289 ([https://archive.today/20130104090531/http://brepols.metapress.com/content/v64518701256k28t/ Brepols Journals Online])<br /> *Gero, S., &quot;The Legend Of Alexander The Great In The Christian Orient&quot;, ''Bulletin Of The John Rylands University Library Of Manchester'', 1993, Volume 75.<br /> *Gosman, Martin, &quot;Le roman de toute chevalerie et le public visé: la légende au service de la royauté&quot;. In ''Neophilologus'' 72 (1988), 335–343.<br /> *Gosman, Martin, &quot;Le roman d'Alexandre et les &quot;juvenes&quot;: une approche socio-historique&quot;. In ''Neophilologus'' 66 (1982), 328–339.<br /> *Gosman, Martin, &quot;La légende d'Alexandre le Grand dans la littérature française du douzième siècle&quot;, Rodopi, 1997. {{ISBN|90-420-0213-1}}.<br /> *Kotar, Peter, ''Der syrische Alexanderroman,'' Hamburg, 2013.<br /> *Merkelbach, Reinhold, ''Die Quellen des griechischen Alexanderromans'' (Munich, 1977). Cf. his and Stanley Burstein's discussions of the epigraphical fragment ''SEG'' 33.802 in the journal ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', Vol. 77 (1989), 275-280.<br /> *Selden, Daniel, &quot;Text Networks,&quot; Ancient Narrative 8 (2009), 1–23.<br /> *Stoneman, Richard, ''Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend'', Yale University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-300-11203-0}}<br /> *Stoneman, Richard and Kyle Erickson, eds. ''The Alexander Romance in Persia and the East'', Barkhuis: 2012l.<br /> *Zuwiyya, David, ''A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages'', Brill: Leiden, 2011.<br /> *{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| pages = 525–542| last = Nawotka| first = Krzysztof| title = Brill's Companion to the Reception of Alexander the Great| chapter = Syriac and Persian Versions of the Alexander Romance| date = 2018|isbn = 978-90-04-35993-2}}<br /> *{{Cite book| publisher = Isd| isbn = 978-90-429-2183-2| last1 = Doufikar-Aerts| first1 = Faustina| title = Alexander Magnus Arabicus: A Survey of the Alexander Tradition Through Seven Centuries: from Pseudo-Callisthenes to Ṣūrī| date = 2010}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> *[http://www.library.rochester.edu/robbins/medieval-alexander The Medieval Alexander Bibliographies] at the [[University of Rochester]]<br /> *[http://www.attalus.org/info/alexander.html Text and English translation of the Greek Alexander Romance] <br /> *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071017042658/http://ancientlibrary.com/wcd/Alexander_Romance Wiki Classical Dictionary]}}<br /> *[http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Sources/BBalex.html Is The Source Of Qur'an 18:60-65 The Alexander Romances?]<br /> *[https://archive.org/details/bulgarskistarini13bulguoft Милетич, Любомир. Една българска Александрия от 1810 год. (= Български старини, XIII). София, 1936]<br /> *[http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/105863/rec/1 The Wild Man: Medieval Myth and Symbolism], an exhibition catalog from the Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the Alexander Romance (nos. 5-7)<br /> <br /> {{Ancient Greek novels}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:3rd-century books]]<br /> [[Category:Alexander Romance| ]]<br /> [[Category:Alexander the Great]]<br /> [[Category:Alexander the Great in legend]]<br /> [[Category:Byzantine literature]]<br /> [[Category:Greek folklore]]<br /> [[Category:Medieval legends]]<br /> [[Category:Dhul-Qarnayn]]<br /> [[Category:Works about Amazons]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pughoboto_Assembly_constituency&diff=468074 2026-03-17T10:40:45Z

<p>Andreasyrt: fixed issues</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | map_image = Pughoboto Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> | name = Pughoboto<br /> | state = [[Nagaland]]<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | district = [[Zünheboto district|Zünheboto]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]<br /> | established = 1964<br /> | constituency_no = 13<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | mla = [[Sukhato A. Sema]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:15803}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|5}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Pughoboto''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is part of [[Zünheboto district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || Kiyelho Sema || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=3}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || Hosheto Sema <br /> |- <br /> | [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || rowspan=3 | Huska Sumi <br /> |- <br /> | [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || rowspan=2 | Joshua Achumi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Huska Sumi <br /> |- <br /> | [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Joshua Achumi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Huska Sumi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Joshua Achumi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=2 | Y. Vikheho Swu || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Sukhato A. Sema|Dr. Sukhato A. Sema]]|| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 2023 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Pughoboto&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhato A. Sema]] |party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) |votes=7,808 |percentage=52.80% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Y. Vikheho Swu|party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|votes=6,958|percentage=47.05%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=23|percentage=0.16%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=850 |percentage=5.75% |change=5.19% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=14,789|percentage=93.58%|change=0.27%}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,803 |change =17.79% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 2.81% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2018 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Pughoboto&lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Vikheho Swu |party=Naga People's Front |votes=6,258 |percentage=49.99% |change=-9.18% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sukhato A. Sema]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=6,188|percentage=49.43%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kheyihe Zimomi|party=Independent politician|votes=56|percentage=0.45%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=17|percentage=0.14%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=70 |percentage=0.56% |change=-18.20% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=12,519|percentage=93.31%|change=-1.41%}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,416 |change =4.31% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -9.18% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 2013 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Pughoboto&lt;ref name=election2013&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Vikheho Swu |party=Naga People's Front |votes=7,208 |percentage=59.16% |change=17.14% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joshua Achumi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,922 |percentage=40.40% |change=-4.45% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,286 |percentage=18.76% |change=15.94% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=12,183 |percentage=94.72% |change= 4.11% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,862 |change =-23.73% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.32% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 2008 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Pughoboto&lt;ref name=election2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Joshua Achumi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,853 |percentage=44.85% |change=5.45% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Vikheho Swu |party=Naga People's Front |votes=6,421 |percentage=42.02% |change=37.34% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huska Sumi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,215 |percentage=14.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=432 |percentage=2.83% |change=-7.05% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=15,281 |percentage=91.85% |change= 5.16% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,864 |change =23.55% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal (United) |swing= -4.43% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 2003 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Pughoboto&lt;ref name=election2003&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Huska Sumi |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=5,745 |percentage=49.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joshua Achumi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,593 |percentage=39.40% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Visheto |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=775 |percentage=6.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashito |party=Naga People's Front |votes=545 |percentage=4.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,152 |percentage=9.88% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=11,658 |percentage=85.45% |change= -3.37% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,650 |change =9.28% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 11.88% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1998 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Pughoboto}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Joshua Achumi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,491 |change =21.46% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1993 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Pughoboto}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Huska Sumi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,395 |percentage=37.40% |change=-2.81% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joshua Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=3,239 |percentage=35.68% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shikaho Chishi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,443 |percentage=26.91% |change=1.89% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=156 |percentage=1.72% |change=-3.72% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,077 |percentage=88.82% |change= -2.67% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,284 |change =57.37% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -2.81% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1989 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Pughoboto}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Joshua Achumi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,386 |percentage=40.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huska Sumi |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=2,063 |percentage=34.77% |change=-5.51% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shikaho Chishi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,485 |percentage=25.03% |change=-18.05% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=323 |percentage=5.44% |change=2.64% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=5,934 |percentage=91.49% |change= -3.49% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,535 |change =6.16% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.87% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1987 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Pughoboto}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Joshua Achumi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,502 |percentage=43.08% |change=9.62% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huska Sumi |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=2,339 |percentage=40.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Ghoshito Yeptho |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=967 |percentage=16.65% |change=2.35% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=163 |percentage=2.81% |change=-15.99% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=5,808 |percentage=94.98% |change= 10.00% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,156 |change =-28.09% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -9.17% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1982 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Pughoboto}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Huska Sumi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,728 |percentage=52.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zhutovi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,387 |percentage=33.45% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiyelho Sema |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,020 |percentage=14.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,341 |percentage=18.79% |change=2.71% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=7,135 |percentage=84.98% |change= -2.85% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,561 |change =32.58% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= -5.80% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1977 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Pughoboto}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Huska Sumi |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=3,218 |percentage=58.04% |change=40.75% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atovi Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=2,326 |percentage=41.96% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=892 |percentage=16.09% |change=-4.02% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=5,544 |percentage=87.83% |change= 3.36% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,457 |change =7.47% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=Independent politician |swing= 6.64% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1974 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Pughoboto}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Huska Sumi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,536 |percentage=51.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hosheto Sema |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,544 |percentage=31.30% |change=-2.10% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atovi Sema |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=853 |percentage=17.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=992 |percentage=20.11% |change=12.38% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=4,933 |percentage=84.47% |change= 5.76% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,008 |change =12.81% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= 10.28% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1969 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Pughoboto}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hosheto Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=1,724 |percentage=41.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiyelho Sema |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,400 |percentage=33.40% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yeghoto |party=Independent politician |votes=638 |percentage=15.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inaho |party=United Front of Nagaland |votes=430 |percentage=10.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=324 |percentage=7.73% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=4,192 |percentage=78.71% |change= 78.71% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,326 |change =25.11% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1964 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Pughoboto}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Kiyelho Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=Uncontested #VALUE! |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,257 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Zunheboto district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|25.92|94.28|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Zünheboto district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies established in 1964]]<br /> [[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midnight%27s_Children_(film)&diff=456439 2026-03-16T21:51:44Z

<p>Andreasyrt: fix article also per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2012 film by Deepa Mehta}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=September 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Midnight's Children<br /> | image = Midnight's Children Poster.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Deepa Mehta]]<br /> | producer = [[David Hamilton (Canadian producer)|David Hamilton]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Doug Mankoff]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Steven Silver (film director)|Steven Silver]]&lt;br /&gt;Neil Tabatznik&lt;br /&gt;Andrew Spaulding<br /> | screenplay = [[Salman Rushdie]]<br /> | based_on = {{Based on|''[[Midnight's Children]]''|Salman Rushdie}}<br /> | starring = [[Satya Bhabha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shriya Saran]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shabana Azmi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Anupam Kher]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ronit Roy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shahana Goswami]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Samrat Chakrabarti]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rahul Bose]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Seema Biswas]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Darsheel Safary]]<br /> | music = [[Nitin Sawhney]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.indianlink.com.au/front-page/art-without-boundaries-nitin-sawhney/ |title=Art without boundaries Nitin Sawhney |website=Indianlink.com.au |date=2 November 2010 |access-date=22 December 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522172903/http://www.indianlink.com.au/front-page/art-without-boundaries-nitin-sawhney/ |archive-date=22 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | cinematography = [[Giles Nuttgens]]<br /> | editing = Colin Monie<br /> | studio = <br /> | distributor = [[Mongrel Media]] (Canada)&lt;br /&gt;[[Entertainment One]] (United Kingdom)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Midnight Children (2012)|work=[[BBFC]]|access-date=28 April 2021|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/midnights-children-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mzq1mju}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Paladin&lt;br/&gt;108 Media (United States)&lt;ref name=&quot;boxofficemojo&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[PVR Pictures]] (India)&lt;ref name=pvr/&gt;&lt;ref name=toi/&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|09|09|[[Toronto International Film Festival]]|2012|10|26|[[India]]}}<br /> | runtime = 148 minutes<br /> | country = Canada&lt;br /&gt;United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt; United States &lt;br /&gt; India<br /> | language = English &lt;br&gt; Hindi<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = $884,100&lt;ref name=&quot;boxofficemojo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=midnightschildren.htm|title=Midnight's Children (2013) – Box Office Mojo|publisher=boxofficemojo.com|access-date=5 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;boxofficemojo2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&amp;id=midnightschildren.htm|title=Midnight's Children (2013) – International Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo|publisher=boxofficemojo.com|access-date=5 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Midnight's Children''''' is a 2012 [[film adaptation]] of [[Salman Rushdie]]'s [[Midnight's Children|1981 novel]]. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Satya Bhabha]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Ronit Roy]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], [[Seema Biswas]], [[Shahana Goswami]], [[Samrat Chakrabarti]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Soha Ali Khan]], Anita Majumdar and [[Darsheel Safary]]. With a screenplay by Rushdie and directed by [[Deepa Mehta]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | title = International Film Guide 2012<br /> | first = Ian Hayden<br /> | last = Smith<br /> | year = 2012<br /> | isbn = 978-1908215017<br /> | page = 143| publisher = International Film Guide<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; the film began principal photography in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]], in February 2011 and wrapped in May 2011. Shooting was kept a secret as Mehta feared protests by [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = Deepa Mehta Plays With Fire Again<br /> | url = http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/feb/270211-deepa-mehta-midnights-children-bollywood.htm<br /> | access-date = 9 April 2011<br /> | newspaper = Mid-Day<br /> | date = 27 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was shown at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]], the [[Vancouver International Film Festival]], and the [[BFI London Film Festival]]. The film was also a nominee for Best Picture and seven other categories at the [[1st Canadian Screen Awards]], winning two awards.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> {{Long plot|date=October 2025}}<br /> The film begins with narrator Saleem Sinai describing his birth at the exact [[Independence Day (India)|moment of Indian independence]]. His narrative then jumps back to 1917 Kashmir where his grandfather Dr. Aadam Aziz goes to the Ghani mansion to assess the landlord's sick daughter Nasim, whom the doctor eventually marries. Then the film jumps to [[Agra]] in 1942, where Saleem describes his grandfather as contracting a 'disease of optimism' of those times and being an ardent supporter of politician Mian Abdullah. Abdullah is assassinated returning from a party with his secretary Nadir Khan, but Nadir flees to Dr. Aziz's house where Aziz shelters him in his cellar. Aziz and Nasim have three daughters, Alia, Mumtaz and Emerald, and during Nadir's stay Mumtaz develops a bond with him resulting in their private marriage. Soon the marriage is broken up when General Zulfikar learns of his presence in the cellar.<br /> <br /> Devastated by the divorce, Mumtaz finds solace in the arms of wealthy entrepreneur Ahmed Sinai. The two marry and move to Bombay where they buy a villa from wealthy Englishman William Methwold, and Mumtaz takes up a new name, Amina Sinai. At the villa an accordionist, Wee Willie Winkie and his wife, used to come to sing and entertain and it transpires that the wife is carrying Methwold's child. Amina too is carrying a child then. Both go into labour on 14 August and give birth to boys at the moment of India's independence. However a nurse Mary, driven by love for her revolutionary partner, decides to switch the name tags of the two rich and poor infants, altering their fates. Mary is soon consumed by guilt and tries to make amends by deciding to become Saleem's ''ayah'' ([[nanny]]). Saleem, meant for poverty, has a life of privilege and Shiva, the one meant for fortune, leads an impoverished life on the streets. But things are not ideal for Saleem as his family pressures him to be different and special, and his father becomes an alcoholic. Saleem soon starts hearing voices which he realises he can control, and discovers these are the voices of the other Midnight's Children born in the first hour of independence, all of whom have special powers. The most prominent of them however are Shiva, Parvati-the-witch who is Saleem's only supporter, and Saleem himself with telepathic capabilities.<br /> <br /> Wanting to make good use of his power he forms the Midnight's Children's conference, destined to serve the nation. But things go against him as an accident reveals that Saleem's blood type doesn't match his parents, revealing that he's not his parents' true child. In shock they send him away to his aunt Emerald, now the wife of General Zulfikar and living in Pakistan. In exile Saleem learns about power, politics and struggle. He grows distraught by the divisions in the conference caused by the loss of innocence and the seeping of language and class differences amongst the members, and he disbands it. He is eventually recalled back to his family which has now moved to Karachi, but finds that his father has still not accepted him. Mary realises that the only way to make amends is by telling his parents about the swapping of the name tags at birth. Enraged by this, Saleem's father forces him to undergo an operation on his enormous and constantly dripping nose.<br /> <br /> Some years later the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] starts, during which Saleem's parents are killed when their house is bombed. Being injured in the bombing, he suffers a memory loss and wakes up in 1971. He is then enrolled in the army for his sniffing skills and becomes part of a crew sent to fight in East Pakistan which, with the help of India, [[Bangladesh Liberation War|becomes Bangladesh]]. Still suffering amnesia, he joins a celebrating crowd including victorious Indian soldiers led by Shiva, now a war-hero owing to his powers, and also some magicians from India including Parvati-the-witch. Recognising Saleem she calls to him, breaking his spell of amnesia, and introduces him to snake charmer Picture Singh, the magicians' leader. On hearing of Saleem's tough journey Parvati takes him to the conjurers ghetto in New Delhi, smuggling him over the border in her basket of invisibility. They fall in love but Saleem, ambitious to do something big, leaves Parvati giving an excuse that he can't marry her because he is impotent. Realising the futility of his ambitions he returns but finds Parvati is expecting a baby by Shiva, whom she had summoned to visit her by casting a spell. Saleem says he will raise it as his own son and the baby, named Aadam, becomes one of many forming the next generation of magical children being born at the moment of the [[The Emergency (India)|declaration of Emergency]] by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]].<br /> <br /> Gandhi, an ardent believer in horoscopes, is advised that the Midnight's Children have powers that are a threat to her supremacy, and so under the guise of a sterilisation programme she orders their incarceration. Shiva, leading the project and in search of Saleem, bulldozes the entire ghetto (killing countless) and captures Saleem. Under torture Saleem gives information about the other children, who are soon incarcerated and sterilized to drain their powers. The Emergency ends when the PM is defeated in an election, the children are all simultaneously released (the guards all having abandoned the complex into the night) and Shiva dies in a road accident as he attempts to flee the country pursued by authorities for his crimes. Saleem finds his son living with Picture Singh, who tells him Parvati died in the ghetto clearance. Reunited, the three have lunch at a restaurant where Saleem realizes the chutney he is eating is similar to the chutney his ayah Mary used to prepare for him in childhood. He obtains the address of the Bombay-based chutney company and they set out to find it. There Saleem and Mary, the company's owner, are overjoyed to be reunited and the film concludes as Saleem's son, Aadam, utters his first-ever word.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Satya Bhabha]] as [[Saleem Sinai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Deepa finds Midnight's Children lead|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Deepa-finds-Midnights-Children-lead/articleshow/6386128.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503103606/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-21/news-interviews/28306314_1_salman-rushdie-s-midnight-s-children-saleem-sinai-imran-khan|url-status=live|archive-date=3 May 2012|access-date=9 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Shriya Saran]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kamath|first=Sudish|title=The Saturday Interview – Here and there|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1156013.ece|access-date=9 April 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Parvati-the-witch<br /> * [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] as Shiva<br /> * [[Darsheel Safary]] as Saleem Sinai (as a child)<br /> * [[Anupam Kher]] as Ghani<br /> * [[Shabana Azmi]] as Naseem<br /> * [[Neha Mahajan]] as Young Naseem<br /> * [[Seema Biswas]] as Mary<br /> * [[Charles Dance]] as William Methwold<br /> * [[Samrat Chakrabarti]] as [[Wee Willie Winkie]]<br /> * [[Rajat Kapoor]] as Aadam Aziz<br /> * [[Soha Ali Khan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Soha Unplugged|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/soha-unplugged/753420/2|access-date=9 April 2011|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=25 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Jamila<br /> * [[Rahul Bose]] as Zulfikar<br /> * [[Anita Majumdar]] as Emerald<br /> * [[Shahana Goswami]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Talukdar|first=Taniya|title=Shahana Goswami wants to act in a comedy|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_shahana-goswami-wants-to-act-in-a-comedy_1522451|access-date=9 April 2011|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|date=21 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Amina<br /> * [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] as Joseph D'Costa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Subhash|title=Sanyal to play ghost in Midnight's Children|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/mar/130311-chandan-roy-sanyal-ghost-midnights-children-bollywood.htm|access-date=9 April 2011|newspaper=Mid-Day|date=13 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ronit Roy]] as Ahmed Sinai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ronit, the bad dad |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ronit-the-bad-dad/Article1-690309.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103043616/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ronit-the-bad-dad/Article1-690309.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=9 April 2011 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=27 April 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Picture Singh<br /> * Shikha Talsania as Alia<br /> * [[Zaib Shaikh]] as Nadir Khan<br /> * [[Sarita Choudhury]] as [[Indira Gandhi]]<br /> * [[Vinay Pathak]] as Hardy<br /> * Kapila Jeyawardena as Governor<br /> * [[Ranvir Shorey]] as Laurel<br /> * [[Suresh Menon]] as Field Marshal<br /> * [[G.R Perera]] as Astrologer<br /> * [[Rajesh Khera]]<br /> * [[Salman Rushdie]], narrator&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Salman Rushdie brings 'Midnight's Children' to big screen |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/06/showbiz/salman-rushdie-qa/|publisher=CNN|date=6 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Samila Vidanage (cameo)<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> In 2008, Mehta and Salman Rushdie decided to collaborate on a film together. At first Mehta wanted to adapt his novel ''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'', but she eventually decided on ''Midnight's Children'' instead. Rushdie spent the next two years paring down the 600-page book into a 130-page script.&lt;ref name=globe&gt;{{cite news|last=Nolen|first=Stephanie|title=Mehta at midnight|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/movies/deepa-mehta-films-rushdies-midnights-children/article2021293/singlepage/#articlecontent|access-date=17 May 2011|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=15 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rushdie told the BBC in an interview that he sold the rights to the film for $1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-20842926/salman-rushdie-s-midnight-s-children-is-adapted-for-film|title=Midnight's Children adapted for film|work=BBC News }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The casting process began in early 2010. For the role of the protagonist Saleem Sinai, Mehta wanted [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]], but his salary was outside of the film's budget. She decided to cast British actor [[Satya Bhabha]] instead after seeing video of him performing in a play.&lt;ref name=globe/&gt; [[Kangana Ranaut]] and [[Rani Mukerji]] were originally cast as Emerald and Amina, but both had to be replaced due to scheduling conflicts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Lalwani|first=Vickey|title= Kangna quits Midnight's Children|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-03/news-interviews/28245613_1_kangna-ranaut-choices-for-other-characters-deepa-mehta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503103500/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-03/news-interviews/28245613_1_kangna-ranaut-choices-for-other-characters-deepa-mehta|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 May 2012|access-date=9 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Irrfan Khan]] was also forced to pull out due to conflicts with ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=No new films for Irrfan Khan!|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/No-new-films-for-Irrfan-Khan/Article1-679341.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405124321/http://www.hindustantimes.com/No-new-films-for-Irrfan-Khan/Article1-679341.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2011|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Nandita Das]] opted out of the film after she had her first child.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Subhash|title=Nandita opts out Midnight's Children|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-23/news-interviews/28625641_1_nandita-das-guest-appearance-deepa-mehta-s-water|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503103506/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-23/news-interviews/28625641_1_nandita-das-guest-appearance-deepa-mehta-s-water|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 May 2012|access-date=9 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rahul Bose]] (who had earlier been slated to play Saleem in the [[BBC]]'s aborted version of the novel) was selected for the role of Emerald's husband Zulfikar and [[Shabana Azmi]] was cast as Saleem's grandmother Naseem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= Step across this line: collected nonfiction 1992–2002 |url= https://archive.org/details/stepacrossthisli00rush |url-access= registration |last= Rushdie |first= Salman |author-link= Salman Rushdie |year= 2002 |publisher= Random House |isbn= 978-0-679-46334-4 |page= [https://archive.org/details/stepacrossthisli00rush/page/77 77]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Principal shooting began in February 2011 in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] as Mehta feared protests by [[Islamic fundamentalism|Muslim fundamentalists]] if the film was shot in [[Pakistan]] and by Indian National Congress &amp; Gandhi family loyalists&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/9533300/Film-adaptation-of-Midnights-Children-may-never-be-screened-in-India.html|title=Film adaptation of Midnight's Children may never be screened in India|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=24 July 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; if it was made in Mumbai.&lt;ref name=globe/&gt; Cast members had secrecy clauses added to their contracts to help keep the production quiet. Production design was handled by Mehta's brother [[Dilip Mehta]]. Under his direction, authentic [[Delhi]]-style furniture, props and costumes were shipped in from India. Shooting was briefly interrupted when [[Iran]] complained to the Sri Lanka government about the film and the crew was ordered to halt production. Mehta appealed to President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] who agreed to let filming continue. ''Winds of Change'' was the working title of the film during the shooting. Filming lasted a total of 69 days from February to May 2011. In all, 800 extras were used.&lt;ref name=globe/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> The film premiered on 9 September 2012 at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] with repeat screenings on the 10th and 27th.&lt;ref name=&quot;tiff&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> | title = Midnight's Children<br /> | url = http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/tiff/2012/midnightschildren<br /> | publisher = [[Toronto International Film Festival]]<br /> | access-date = 1 November 2012<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120805234818/http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/tiff/2012/midnightschildren<br /> | archive-date = 5 August 2012<br /> | df = dmy-all<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | title = Midnight's Children (last screening at the TIFF)<br /> | url = http://www.viff.org/node/29209<br /> | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130416023822/http://www.viff.org/node/29209<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 16 April 2013<br /> | publisher = [[Toronto International Film Festival]]<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Nolen<br /> | first = Stephanie<br /> | title = Mehta at midnight<br /> | url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/movies/deepa-mehta-films-rushdies-midnights-children/article2021293/singlepage/#articlecontent<br /> | access-date = 17 May 2011<br /> | newspaper = [[The Globe and Mail]]<br /> | date = 15 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film had its Indian premiere on 10 December 2012 at the 17th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = Midnight's Children to have Indian premier in IFFK<br /> | url = http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/midnights-children-to-have-indian-premier-in-iffk/article4156506.ece<br /> | newspaper = [[The Hindu]]<br /> | date = 2 December 2012<br /> | access-date = 11 December 2012<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = Midnight's Children to be screened today<br /> | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-10/thiruvananthapuram/35725618_1_iffk-deepa-mehta-midnight-s-children<br /> | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130127093711/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-10/thiruvananthapuram/35725618_1_iffk-deepa-mehta-midnight-s-children<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 27 January 2013<br /> | newspaper = [[The Times of India]]<br /> | date = 10 December 2012<br /> | access-date = 11 December 2012<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; After the premiere show, [[Indian National Congress]] leaders came against the movie alleging that the film portrays former [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] and some other leaders in a negative manner.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | title = Ban to Deepa Mehta's 'Midnight Children'<br /> | url = http://news.entecity.com/ban-to-deepa-mehtas-midnight-children/<br /> | publisher = Entecity.com<br /> | date = 11 December 2012<br /> | access-date = 11 December 2012<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the allegations, any further screening of the film in the festival was stopped, an act which drew heavy criticism.<br /> <br /> After initial fears that the movie would not find a distributor in India, the distribution rights were acquired by the Mumbai-based company [[PVR Pictures]]. In India, the film was released on 1 February 2013 with minimal cuts owing to clever casting &amp; script treatment by Mehta.&lt;ref name=pvr&gt;{{cite news|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title=PVR to distribute 'Midnight's Children' in India|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/barkkZy3fa6rTtgVbwvrnN/PVR-to-distribute-Midnights-Children-in-India.html|access-date=22 October 2012|newspaper=Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=toi&gt;{{cite news|title=Midnight's Children' to release Feb 1 in India|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-25/news-interviews/35998846_1_midnight-s-children-midnight-s-children-anupam-kher|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126061921/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-25/news-interviews/35998846_1_midnight-s-children-midnight-s-children-anupam-kher|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Deepa Mehta didn't want to draw any attention to Sarita Chowdhary who plays Mrs Gandhi but looks nothing like her. The whole strategy was to not focus attention on the character and the actress playing the role.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/CBFC-asks-to-remove-comment-on-Indira-Gandhi-from-Midnights-Children/articleshow/18032030.cms|title=CBFC asks to remove comment on Indira Gandhi from Midnight's Children |work=The Times of India|access-date=24 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Critical reception==<br /> Nishi Tiwari for [[Rediff.com]] gave 3 out of 5 stars and said: &quot;''Midnight's Children'' is a must watch for people who’ve yearned to experience Salman Rushdie iconic storytelling in a more accessible format.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Midnight's Children Review&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-midnight-s-children-is-magical/20130201.htm| title=Review: Midnight's Children is magical, a must watch | author=Nishi Tiwari | work=Rediff.com | access-date=1 February 2013}}{{Rating|3|5}}&lt;/ref&gt; On [[Rotten Tomatoes]] it has a 41% rating based on 59 reviews. The website's critical consensus states that &quot;Though ''Midnight's Children'' is beautiful to look at and poignant in spots, its script is too indulgent and Deepa Mehta's direction, though ambitious, fails to bring the story together cohesively.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/midnights_children/ |title=Midnight's Children |work= [[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher= [[Fandango Media]] |access-date=5 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Claudia Puig]] of [[USA Today]] wrote: &quot;There are some beautiful moments and some decent performances, but it's also something of a slog and ultimately fails to engage on an emotional level&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2013-05-09 |author=Claudia Puig |author-link=Claudia Puig | title=Wake up to 'Midnight's Children' |work=[[USA Today]] | url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2013/05/09/midnights-children-review/2107067/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Liam Lacy of [[The Globe and Mail]] called it &quot;Watchable without ever feeling essential.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | date=2 November 2012 | last1=Lacey | first1=Liam | newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] | title=Review: Midnight's Children: Deepa Mehta captures the scope of Salman Rushdie's tale but not its spirit | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/film-reviews/midnights-children-deepa-mehta-captures-the-scope-of-salman-rushdies-tale-but-not-its-spirit/article4823931/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For an academic overview of the adaptations of ''Midnight's Children'', see Mendes and Kuortti (2016).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mendes|first1=Ana Cristina|last2=Kuortti|first2=Joel|date=2016-12-21|title=Padma or No Padma: Audience in the Adaptations of Midnight's Children|journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature|language=en|volume=52|issue=3|pages=501–518|doi=10.1177/0021989416671171|issn=0021-9894|hdl=10451/29281|s2cid=164759708 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171029192031/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/50c30c18da5c4 ''Midnight's Children''] at [[British Film Institute|BFI]]<br /> * [http://film.britishcouncil.org/midnights-children ''Midnight's Children''] at [[British Council|British Council–Film]]<br /> * [http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=43787 ''Midnight's Children''] at [[Lumiere (database)|Lumiere]]<br /> * {{IMDb title|1714866|Midnight's Children}}<br /> * [http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film.php?ID=25580 ''Midnight's Children''] at KnowYourFilms.com<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes|midnights_children|Midnight's Children}}<br /> * {{Metacritic film|title=Midnight's Children}}<br /> <br /> {{Deepa Mehta}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2012 films]]<br /> [[Category:Canadian fantasy drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2010s fantasy drama films]]<br /> [[Category:British fantasy drama films]]<br /> [[Category:English-language Canadian films]]<br /> [[Category:English-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on British novels]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Nitin Sawhney]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in the partition of India]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in the Maldives]]<br /> [[Category:Magical realism films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Deepa Mehta]]<br /> [[Category:Films produced by Elizabeth Karlsen]]<br /> [[Category:Number 9 Films films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]<br /> [[Category:Films about Indian Canadians]]<br /> [[Category:British Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Midnight's Children]]<br /> [[Category:Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi]]<br /> [[Category:2012 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br /> [[Category:2012 English-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Lahore]]<br /> [[Category:Films about India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on the Bangladesh Liberation War]]<br /> [[Category:Works about the Emergency (India)]]<br /> [[Category:2012 Canadian films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 British films]]<br /> [[Category:English-language fantasy drama films]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkan_geoglyphs&diff=510454 2026-03-12T19:28:43Z

<p>Andreasyrt: New.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Prehistoric Rock Art}}<br /> <br /> The '''Konkan geoglyphs''', sometimes called '''Konkan Petroglyphs''', are a form of prehistoric rock art found along the [[Konkan]] coast of India, particularly in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]].&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Geoglyphs of Konkan Region of India |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6605/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They consist of carvings on [[laterite]] plateaus (''saḍā'') and are believed to date back 12,000 years&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=:1&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-26 |title=Ratnagiri's pre-historic rock art: Why a proposed oil refinery has experts worried |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/ratnagiri-geoglyphs-8344954/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> These carvings showcase animals like elephants, tigers, rhinoceroses, aquatic species like stingrays and turtles, and abstract human forms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Konkan Rocks |url=https://www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/article/the-konkan-rocks |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They provide insights into the environment, fauna, and human settlements of the [[Mesolithic]] to early historic periods.<br /> <br /> The sites span around 70 locations with over 1,500 carvings recorded. Prominent locations include Kasheli, Rundhye Tali, Devache Gothane, Barsu, Devi Hasol, Jambharun, Kudopi and Ukshi in Maharashtra, and Pansaymol in Goa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rongmei |first=Precious|title=What makes the Konkan petroglyphs so unique? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/what-makes-the-konkan-petroglyphs-so-unique/articleshow/94128204.cms |access-date=2024-11-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The geoglyphs’ artistic complexity and the absence of domesticated animals in the depictions suggest they were created by hunter-gatherer societies.<br /> <br /> == Preservation Status ==<br /> These geoglyphs are currently on India's [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|tentative list]] for [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage]] status.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; However, their preservation is threatened by developmental projects like a proposed refinery in Ratnagiri's Barsu area, which could damage the delicate carvings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Geoglyph]]s<br /> * [[List of World Heritage Sites in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Geoglyphs]]<br /> [[Category:Prehistoric art]]<br /> [[Category:Cultural history of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:History of Goa]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marutha_Nattu_Veeran&diff=475174 2026-03-05T18:14:22Z

<p>Andreasyrt: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Marutha Nattu Veeran<br /> | image = Marutha Nattu Veeran.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[T. R. Raghunath]]<br /> | producer = B. Radhakrishna<br /> | starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]&lt;br /&gt;[[P. S. Veerappa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[P. Kannamba]]<br /> | cinematography = R. Sampath<br /> | editing = T. R. Raghunath&lt;br /&gt;P. K. Krishnan&lt;br /&gt;A. P. Jagadish<br /> | music = [[S. V. Venkatraman]]<br /> | studio = Sri Ganesh Prasad Movies<br /> | released = {{Film date|1961|08|24|df=y}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Marutha Nattu Veeran''''' ({{Translation|Hero of the [[Marutha, India|Marutha]] nation}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[swashbuckler film]], directed by T. R. Raghunath and produced by B. Radhakrishna. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[P. S. Veerappa]] and [[P. Kannamba]]. It was released on 24 August 1961.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=71-80 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp8.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126232053/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp8.htm |archive-date=26 January 2016 |access-date=31 October 2016 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{more plot|date=December 2021}}<br /> Jeevagan, a brave young man, is appointed as the high guard to protect princess Ratna and soon they fall in love. Meanwhile, the King's minister, Veera Kesha is secretly plotting with the Sultan, a known enemy of the throne. Veera Kesha frames Jeevagan as a traitor and turns the Kingdom against him. What sinister plan does the Sultan hold? Can Jeevagan prove his innocence and save the Kingdom?<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as General Jeevagan<br /> *[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Princess Rathna<br /> *[[P. S. Veerappa]] as Royal body guard Veerakesari<br /> *[[P. Kannamba]] as Jeevagan's mother<br /> *Sriram as Prince Parthiban, he is prince of Pavala Kingdom and his uncle of Princess Rathna<br /> *[[A. Karunanidhi]] as Blacksmith/Jeevagan's friend<br /> *A. Rama Rao as Price Dhariyanathan, Rathna's half-brother<br /> *K. Natarajan as Maruthanattu King<br /> *[[M. R. Santhanam]]<br /> *P. S. Venkatachalam as Sultan Aladdin<br /> *[[K. R. Ramsingh]] as P.S. Veerappa's friend, Ikram<br /> *Nandha Ram<br /> *K. Kannan as Veerakesari's henchmen<br /> *Ganapathy Bhat as Kadamba<br /> *N. R. Sandhya as Queen Alangari<br /> *[[M. Saroja]] as Kanmani, Princess Rathna's friend<br /> *[[K. V. Shanthi]] as Aasha<br /> *Jyothi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music was composed by [[S. V. Venkatraman]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&amp;nbsp;— Part 2 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2016 |location=Chennai |pages=41–42 |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Paruvam Paartthu Arugil&quot; || rowspan=2|T. M. Soundararajan || rowspan=4|[[Kannadasan]]|| 03:46<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Oruvarai Oruvar Unarnthukondale&quot; ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kallirukkum...Enge Selkindaraai&quot; || P. B. Sreenivas || 04:22<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Vizhiyalai Mele Semmeen Pole&quot; || rowspan=2|T. M. Soundararajan &amp; P. Susheela || 05:57<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Arumbudhira Mutthudhira Azhagu Sirikkudhu&quot; || rowspan=5|[[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 03:44<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Samaadhaaname Thevai&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan || 04:07<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Dhairiyathukkoru Santhegam Kelu Kanmani&quot; || A. L. Raghavan &amp; A. G. Rathnamala || 03:11<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Pudhu Inbam Ondru Uruvaagi Indru&quot; || P. Susheela || 02:41<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Aasai Kaadhal&quot; || P. Susheela || 04:34<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised the film for the performances of Ganesan, Kannamba, Jamuna and Veerappa, and the lyrics by Kannadasan and Maruthakasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 September 1961 |title=Folk tale with many plus values |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19610911&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=31 August 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' negatively reviewed the film, and hoped it would put an end to Tamil films based on monarchs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=10 September 1961 |title=மருதநாட்டு வீரன் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1961/sep/10-09-1961/p21.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220722101530/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1961/sep/10-09-1961/p21.jpg |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=13 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=21 |language=Ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0258793}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1960s historical adventure films]]<br /> [[Category:1960s historical drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1961 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1961 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1961 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about royalty]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by T. R. Raghunath]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by S. V. Venkatraman]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian historical adventure films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian historical drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Too_Had_a_Love_Story&diff=474371 2026-03-04T07:57:15Z

<p>Andreasyrt: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2008 autobiography by Ravinder Singh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox book<br /> | italic title = &lt;!--(see above)--&gt;<br /> | name = I Too Had a Love Story<br /> | image = I_Too_Had_a_Love_Story_front_cover.jpg<br /> | image_size =<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption = Cover page<br /> | author = [[Ravinder Singh (author)|Ravinder Singh]]<br /> | audio_read_by =<br /> | title_orig =<br /> | orig_lang_code =<br /> | title_working =<br /> | translator =<br /> | illustrator =<br /> | cover_artist =<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = English<br /> | series =<br /> | release_number =<br /> | subject =<br /> | genre = Memoir, Novel<br /> | set_in =<br /> | published = 2008<br /> | publisher = Srishti publishers<br /> | publisher2 = [[Penguin India]]<br /> | pub_date =<br /> | english_pub_date =<br /> | media_type =<br /> | pages =<br /> | awards =<br /> | isbn = 978-0143418764<br /> | isbn_note =<br /> | oclc =<br /> | dewey =<br /> | congress =<br /> | preceded_by =<br /> | followed_by =<br /> | native_wikisource =<br /> | wikisource =<br /> | notes =<br /> | exclude_cover =<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.ravindersinghonline.com/first-book-excerpt.html}}<br /> }}<br /> '''''I Too Had a Love Story''''' is an English [[autobiographical novel]] written by [[Ravinder Singh (author)|Ravinder Singh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Between The Lines&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Book Review: ‘I too had a love story’ by Ravinder Singh|url=http://betweenthelines.in/2012/12/book-review-i-too-had-a-love-story-by-ravinder-singh/|accessdate=22 January 2016|work=Between The Lines|language=en-US|archive-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128201049/http://betweenthelines.in/2012/12/book-review-i-too-had-a-love-story-by-ravinder-singh/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was the [[debut novel]] of the author and was first published in 2008 by Srishti Publishers, in 2012 it was republished by [[Penguin India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;I lost my girlfriend five days to our engagement&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=I lost my girlfriend five days to our engagement|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/I-lost-my-girlfriend-five-days-to-our-engagement/articleshow/46030230.cms|accessdate=22 January 2016|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; The book remained in the best-seller’s list in India even after 6 years of its first publication.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mad About the Boys&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Mad About the Boys|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mad-about-the-boys/|accessdate=22 January 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=9 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Telegraph&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Of love, lost and found|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120109/jsp/entertainment/story_14981186.jsp#.VqKEvGGRIcs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119013538/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120109/jsp/entertainment/story_14981186.jsp#.VqKEvGGRIcs|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2012|accessdate=22 January 2016|work=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Ravin and Khushi are the male and female protagonists of the novel. The novel starts with a reunion in [[Kolkata]] of Ravin and his three male friends Manpreet, Amardeep, Happy, who used to study in the same engineering college. During the reunion they discuss their future plans of getting married and all of them accept that they did not think about it. Happy suggests Ravin to visit and sign up at ''[[Shaadi.com]]'', an online matrimonial website.<br /> {{Quote box<br /> |class = &lt;!-- Advanced users only. See the &quot;Custom classes&quot; section below. --&gt;<br /> |title =<br /> |quote =<br /> She died. I survived.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Because I survived, I died {{sic|?|everyday}}.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> I was bound by my stars to live a lonely life. Without her, I felt so alone. Though the fact is that it’s just she who is gone and everything else is the same. But this ‘everything else’ is nothing to me ...<br /> |author = —Excerpt from the novel<br /> |source =<br /> |align = right<br /> |width = 30%<br /> |border = 1px<br /> |fontsize =<br /> |bgcolor =<br /> |style =<br /> |title_bg =<br /> |title_fnt =<br /> |tstyle =<br /> |qalign =<br /> |qstyle =<br /> |quoted = yes<br /> |salign = right<br /> |sstyle =<br /> }}<br /> After the reunion, Ravin comes back to [[Bhubaneswar]], Orissa, where he works as an engineer for [[Infosys]], and registers at ''Shaadi.com''. After a few days of registering on the site, Ravin finds a girl named Khushi, a resident of Delhi, and an employee of [[Computer Sciences Corporation|CSC]], [[Noida]]. Ravin and Khushi start talking to each other over phone and soon become good friends. They become curious about each other's interest and find there are many similarities between them. After a few months of conversation over phone, they realise that they have started falling in love with each other, although they have never met face-to-face. Very soon, Raven is asked to travel to the [[United States]] for an office assignment. He is required to go to Delhi, where Khush lives, to board the international flight. Raven decides to go to Delhi one day earlier to meet Khush for the first time, and spend time with her.<br /> <br /> In Delhi, Ravin meets Khushi and her family including her mother and sisters and then starts his journey to the US. Even during his stay in the US, Ravin is constantly in touch with Khushi. After his return to India, Ravin meets Khushi once again. After sometime, Khushi's family visits Bhubaneswar and meet Ravin's parents. There, they decide the date of Ravin and Khushi's [[engagement]]. Both the families start preparing for the event. The engagement date was fixed on 14 Feb 2007. The reason behind this is Khushi wants to be Ravin's girlfriend and fiancée both on the Valentine's Day.<br /> <br /> Just before the engagement, Khushi meets with a road accident and is hospitalized in a critical condition. Despite all medical attempts and prayers of Ravin, Khushi dies after a few days. The novel ends with Ravin's narration of his current mental condition. To Ravin, his life has become meaningless after Khushi's death and he has lost interest in almost everything. He feels &quot;She died. I survived. Because I survived, I die {{sic|?|everyday}}.&quot;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> The novel received positive reviews from critics. ''[[The Hindu]]'' in their review called the novel a &quot;tear-jerker&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;The romance of a writer&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The romance of a writer|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-romance-of-a-writer/article6639616.ece|accessdate=22 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=27 November 2014|language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''MeriNews'' appreciated the writing style and innate beauty and wrote—&lt;ref name=MeriNews&gt;{{cite news|title=Book Review: I Too Had A Love Story|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/book-review-i-too-had-a-love-story/15752889.shtml|accessdate=22 January 2016|work=MeriNews|archive-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128085844/http://www.merinews.com/article/book-review-i-too-had-a-love-story/15752889.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;Along with the innate beauty of their love story, the expression of the subtle emotions in the most simple and lucid way makes it special. . . The writer has summed up the essence of his story in the most appealing terms.&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[The Viewspaper]]'' reviewer Savrina Kapoor wrote—&lt;ref name=&quot;The Viewspaper&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=I Too Had A Love Story : Book Review|url=http://theviewspaper.net/i-too-had-a-love-story-book-review/|accessdate=22 January 2016|work=The Viewspaper|archive-date=19 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119175424/http://theviewspaper.net/i-too-had-a-love-story-book-review/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;The author has described the instances of his personal life in the story. Being a love story, the genre seems very interesting and appealing to many youngsters who have experienced the essence of love and relationships in their lives and those who have sacrificed something for other’s happiness.&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> # [https://quotesandstory.com/i-too-had-a-love-story/ I too had a love story book story with pdf download/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717094618/https://quotesandstory.com/i-too-had-a-love-story/ |date=17 July 2020 }}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|http://www.ravindersinghonline.com/first-book-excerpt.html}}<br /> * [https://quotesandstory.com/i-too-had-a-love-story/ I too had a love story full summary with pdf download/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717094618/https://quotesandstory.com/i-too-had-a-love-story/ |date=17 July 2020 }}<br /> * <br /> <br /> [[Category:2008 Indian novels]]<br /> [[Category:Penguin Books India books]]<br /> [[Category:Novels set in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:2008 debut novels]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surya_(2004_film)&diff=538656 2026-03-04T03:44:09Z

<p>Andreasyrt: Article!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|<br /> {{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}<br /> {{Unreliable sources|date=November 2024}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Surya<br /> | image = Surya.jpeg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Film poster<br /> | native_name = Surya<br /> | director = [[Haranath Chakraborty]]<br /> | producer = Sinjini Movies (P) Ltd.<br /> | writer = Snehasis Chakraborty &lt;br&gt;[[V. V. Vinayak]] &lt;small&gt;'''(Story &amp; Screenplay)'''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;Subhash Sen &lt;small&gt;'''(Additional Dialogues)'''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --&gt;<br /> | narrator = <br /> | starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ranjit Mallick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Anu Choudhury]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Arunima Ghosh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dipankar De]]<br /> | music = '''Songs:'''&lt;br /&gt;Babul Bose&lt;br /&gt;'''Background Score:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[S. P. Venkatesh]]<br /> | cinematography = V. Prabhakar<br /> | editing = Swapan Guha<br /> | studio = <br /> | distributor = Sinjini Movies (P) Ltd.<br /> | released = {{Film date|2004|05|21|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Bengali language|Bangla]]<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Surya''''' is a 2004 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]]-language [[action drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Haranath Chakraborty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Surya (2004) Complete Cast &amp; Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/surya-2004-bengali-movie/cast-crew |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=FilmiClub }}&lt;/ref&gt; It stars [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]] and [[Anu Chowdhury]] in the lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Surya|url=http://www.gomolo.com/surya-movie-cast-crew/15306|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=14 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The movie is a remake of the 2002 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] movie ''[[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Ashok, a businessman, provides shelter to Mahim Halder who kills him and takes over his property. Later, Ashok's son, Surjo, sets out to avenge his father's death.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Surjo Narayan Chowdhury<br /> * [[Anu Chowdhury]] as Reena, Surjo's love interest<br /> * [[Arunima Ghosh]] as Pooja Halder, Mahim Halder's daughter<br /> * [[Ranjit Mallick]] as Avinash, Head of Pancha Pandav, Surjo's adopted father<br /> * Ashok Bhattacharya as Ashok Narayan Chowdhury, Surjo's biological father<br /> * [[Dulal Lahiri]] as 2nd member of Pancha Pandav<br /> * [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as 3rd member of Pancha Pandav<br /> * [[Arun Banerjee]] as Village headmaster<br /> * [[Subhasish Mukherjee]] as Shambhu, Reena's brother and son of village headmaster<br /> * [[Dipankar De]] as Mahim Halder<br /> * [[Kanchan Mallick]] as College student<br /> * Debesh Raychowdhury as 4th member of Pancha Pandav<br /> * [[Anamika Saha]] as Mahim Halder's wife<br /> * [[Mrinal Mukherjee]] as 5th member of Pancha Pandav<br /> * Nilabhra Sett as Surjo (child role)<br /> * Premjit Mukherjee as Ratan Halder, Mahim Halder's son<br /> * Diganta Bagchi as Monty<br /> * Mrityun Hazra as Satya, Mahim Halder's henchman<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Surya<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = Babul Bose<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 21 May 2004<br /> | recorded = 2004<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 29:15<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> | label = [[Eskay Movies]]<br /> | producer = Sinjini Movies (P) Ltd.<br /> | prev_title = [[Dada Thakur (2001 film)|Dada Thakur]]<br /> | prev_year = 2001<br /> | next_title = [[Gyarakal]]<br /> | next_year = 2004<br /> | misc = <br /> | audio1 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The album is composed by Babul Bose while lyrics are penned by Gautam Susmit. The background score is composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]].<br /> <br /> [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Sneha Panth has given their voices for the album.<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 29:15<br /> | title1 = Choriye Gelo Bhalobasa<br /> | lyrics1 = Gautam Susmit<br /> | music1 = <br /> | extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br /> | length1 = 04:48<br /> | title2 = Phoske Gele Emon Chhele<br /> | lyrics2 = Gautam Susmit<br /> | music2 = <br /> | extra2 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]<br /> | length2 = 04:20<br /> | title3 = Amar Boyos Holo Solo<br /> | lyrics3 = Gautam Susmit<br /> | music3 = <br /> | extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br /> | length3 = <br /> | title4 = Elore Khushir Din<br /> | lyrics4 = Gautam Susmit<br /> | music4 = <br /> | extra4 = [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br /> | length4 = <br /> | title5 = Alor Path Je Mukti Aane<br /> | lyrics5 = Gautam Susmit<br /> | music5 = <br /> | extra5 = [[Kumar Sanu]]<br /> | length5 = <br /> | title6 = Alor Path Je Mukti Aane (Sad)<br /> | lyrics6 = Gautam Susmit<br /> | music6 = <br /> | extra6 = [[Kumar Sanu]]<br /> | length6 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=1431327}}<br /> {{Haranath Chakraborty}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2004 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about feuds]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2004 action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br /> [[Category:2004 Bengali-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Babul Bose]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali remakes of Telugu films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Haranath Chakraborty]]<br /> {{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aadavari_Matalaku_Arthale_Verule&diff=446854 2026-03-03T17:59:13Z

<p>Andreasyrt: minor changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule<br /> | image = Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Selvaraghavan]]<br /> | producer = N. V. Prasad&lt;br /&gt;S. Naga Ashok Kumar<br /> | writer = Selvaraghavan<br /> {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br /> | label1= Dialogue by<br /> | data1 = Ramesh–Gopi<br /> }}<br /> | starring = [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]<br /> | music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> | cinematography = B. Balamurugan<br /> | editing = [[Kola Bhaskar]]<br /> | studio = Sri Sai Deva Productions<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2007|04|27|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 167 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|30 [[crore]]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Asianet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=చంటి to వెంకీమామ.. వెంకటేష్ బెస్ట్ బాక్స్ ఆఫీస్ కలెక్షన్స్|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment-news/venkatesh-daggubati-best-box-office-hits-q615p7|access-date=30 April 2021|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=te|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430200118/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment-news/venkatesh-daggubati-best-box-office-hits-q615p7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule''''' ({{translation|The words of women have different meanings}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Selvaraghavan heaps praise on Trisha and Venkatesh!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/selvaraghavan-heaps-praise-on-trisha-and-venkatesh-news-tamil-ue1uy7difhafg.html|access-date=2021-05-05|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505062904/https://www.sify.com/movies/selvaraghavan-heaps-praise-on-trisha-and-venkatesh-news-tamil-ue1uy7difhafg.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; written and directed by [[Selvaraghavan]] (credited as Sri Raghava). The film stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] while [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[K. Viswanath]], and [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. The film's title is based on [[Missamma (soundtrack)#Track listing|a song]] from ''[[Missamma]]'' (1955), which is partially featured in this film.&lt;!--Not Kushi whose song was remade from Missamma--&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was released theatrically on 27 April 2007 and became a critical and commercial success.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It won three [[Nandi Awards]] and one [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]]. Following its success, the film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' (2008; starring Selvaraghavan's brother [[Dhanush]]), Kannada as ''[[Anthu Inthu Preethi Banthu]]'' (2008), [[Odia language|Odia]] as ''[[Prema Adhei Akhyara]]'' (2010), Bengali as ''[[100% Love (2012 film)|100% Love]]'' (2012) and Bhojpuri as ''[[Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna]]'' (2017).<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Ganesh is from a middle-class family. He makes several bids to obtain employment, but all go in vain due to his poor language skills and inadequate educational qualifications. All his friends settled in life, but he continues to struggle to find employment. Ganesh has two best friends, Vasu and Srinu. His father is a teacher and is always critical of him for being an irresponsible person, only adding to his already long list of woes.<br /> <br /> At this juncture, Ganesh catches a glimpse of Keerthi and immediately falls in love with her. He learns that she works for a software solutions firm. Luckily, Ganesh eventually secured employment in the same firm. Keerthi, however, turns out to be short-tempered. On a business trip, Ganesh accompanies her along with other colleagues to Australia. There, he reveals his feelings of love to her. She declines, saying that she comes from an orthodox family, and her marriage has already been arranged with her cousin.<br /> <br /> Ganesh returns to India in a depressed manner. Unable to see his son in depression, his father tries to convince Keerthi, but she insults him for recommending his son's love and accidentally slaps both Ganesh and his father. Later that night, Ganesh's father dies of a heart attack. Ganesh again goes into depression. To ease Ganesh's mood, Vasu persuades him to come along to his family's house in the countryside. Coincidentally, on the train journey, Keerthi is revealed to be Vasu's fiancée. However, their grandfather's intention of getting them married earlier is put aside because Vasu and Keerthi leave the house to make their own identity. This causes heartache to their grandfather.<br /> <br /> With the passing of a few days, the parents of Keerthi and Vasu decide to marry to appease their grandfather. After several turns of events, Keerthi realizes that she is in love with Ganesh instead. Ganesh asks her to forget him, during a late-night meeting, because he believes that it would create problems in their happy family. Keerthi's grandfather notices them conversing and admonishes Keerthi for bringing disrepute to their family and asks Ganesh to leave his village. Ganesh gets ready to leave when he sees everyone putting up decorations for the wedding. Vasu furiously asks him to get out but Ganesh responds that they have misunderstood Keerthi all along. While Ganesh is on his way, a bunch of goons he saved the family from stabbed him in the stomach, and he is hospitalized.<br /> <br /> However, Vasu and Keerthi's wedding is taking place that morning. Upon knowing Ganesh's condition, Srinu asks Vasu to come and help. Though initially reluctant, Vasu abandons his wedding to help Ganesh. Everyone else slowly leaves for the hospital, except Keerthi and her grandfather. Keerthi says that she would never disobey her grandfather. Afterward, her grandfather takes Keerthi to the hospital. While Ganesh recovers and wakes up to leave, he sees that everyone in the family is outside his room, including Keerthi and her grandfather.<br /> <br /> In time, Keerthi's family comes to stay with Ganesh for a few days. The film ends when Ganesh and Keerthi become a couple and live together.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Ganesh<br /> * [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] as Keerti aka Kusumamba<br /> * [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]] as Vasu<br /> * [[K. Viswanath]] as Keerti's grandfather<br /> * [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Ganesh's father<br /> * [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Srinu<br /> * [[Swati Reddy]] as Pooja aka Prasunaamba<br /> * [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Balu<br /> * [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Janaki<br /> * [[Suman Setty]] as Servant Mangayya<br /> * [[Hari Teja]] as Keerti's cousin<br /> * [[Kishori Ballal]] as Sharadamba (Vasu's grandmother)<br /> * [[Rajyalakshmi]] as Lakshmi<br /> * [[Prasad Babu]] as Lakshmi's husband<br /> * [[Shankar Melkote]] as Company Head<br /> * [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Rowdy<br /> * [[Ananth Babu]] as Vasu's relative<br /> * Jaya Lakshmi<br /> * Ramya Chowdary<br /> * Rajshri Reddy<br /> * Devi Sri<br /> * Jaya Lakshmi<br /> * Sri Lalitha<br /> * Padma Reddy<br /> * Junior Relangi<br /> * [[Meghna Naidu]] (Special appearance in the song &quot;Cheli Chemaku&quot;)<br /> * [[Mumaith Khan]] (Special appearance in the song &quot;Oh Baby&quot;)<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> [[Selvaraghavan]] (under the name of Sri Raghava) directed his maiden Telugu venture which he had committed to make since 2003 with [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] in the leading role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/venky-charms-selvaraghavan-news-telugu-kkfvBWadigfsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030925/http://www.sify.com/movies/venky-charms-selvaraghavan-news-telugu-kkfvBWadigfsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-12-01|title=Venky charms Selvaraghavan!|website=[[Sify]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; He wrote the script, taking experiences from life experiences of friends who were unemployed graduates, like the film's main character.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/selvaraghavan.html|title=Selva Raghavan – Telugu Cinema interview – Telugu and Tamil film director|website=idlebrain.com|access-date=18 July 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629205512/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/selvaraghavan.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jyothika]] was considered as a lead opposite Venkatesh, but she opted out of the contract due to her wedding arrangements. She was later replaced by [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/Jyothika-missed-acting-opposite-Venkatesh/46967|title=Jyothica missed acting opposite Venkatesh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207153026/http://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/Jyothika-missed-acting-opposite-Venkatesh/46967|archive-date=7 December 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album|<br /> | name = Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = &lt;div style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;28 March 2007 (India)&lt;/div&gt;<br /> | recorded = 2006–2007<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 31:02<br /> | label = [[Aditya Music]]<br /> | producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Chennai 600028]]<br /> | prev_year = 2008<br /> | next_title = [[Raju Bhai]]<br /> | next_year = 2008<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The music was composed by director [[Sri Raghava]]'s friend and &quot;frequent&quot; composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], teaming up again after producing successful Tamil albums such as ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' (2003), ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'' (2004) and ''[[Pudhupettai]]'' (2006). This film remains their last collaboration (even though they later rejoined in 2021 for ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (2021 film)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'') before they split up, before ''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]'' (2019), and Sri Raghava decided to work with [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]. The soundtrack was released on 28 March 2007 at Rama Naidu studios.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-amav.html|title=Audio launch – Adavari Matalaku Arthale Verule|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2009-07-26|archive-date=25 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225173210/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-amav.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/gallery/Events/11924.html|title='Aadavari Maatalaku Arthale Verule' Audio Launch|work=indiaglitz.com|access-date=2009-07-26|archive-date=6 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106140519/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/gallery/Events/11924.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It features 6 tracks overall with lyrics by [[Kulasekhar]], [[Kandikonda]], [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]] and [[Chandrabose (Lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<br /> <br /> Upon the film's release, the music received positive reviews, being praised as &quot;extraordinary&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/9130.html|title=Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule – Venkatesh excelled in emoting|work=indiaglitz.com|access-date=2009-07-26| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090618121129/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/9130.html| archive-date= 18 June 2009 | url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; winning composer Yuvan Shankar Raja much accolades and a nomination at the 2008 [[Filmfare Awards South]] for [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Telugu)|Best Music in Telugu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The award goes to&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-award-goes-to/articleshow/3211594.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024084947/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-09/news-interviews/27950090_1_mantra-happy-days-allu-arjun|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-24|title=The award goes to..| access-date=2009-07-26|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2008-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | collapsed = <br /> | headline = <br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 31:02<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | all_lyrics = <br /> | all_music = <br /> | title1 = Naa Manasuki<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (Lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Gayatri Iyer]]<br /> | length1 = 5:42<br /> | title2 = Allanta Doorala<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]<br /> | extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br /> | length2 = 4:35<br /> | title3 = O Baby<br /> | lyrics3 = Chandrabose<br /> | extra3 = [[Haricharan]], Jenny, Matangi, Bhargavi Pillai<br /> | length3 = 5:39<br /> | title4 = Yemaindi Ee Vela<br /> | lyrics4 = Kulasekhar<br /> | extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]]<br /> | length4 = 5:23<br /> | title5 = Cheli Chamaku<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Kandikonda]]<br /> | extra5 = [[Adnan Sami]], [[Anushka Manchanda]], [[Swetha Mohan]]<br /> | length5 = 5:12<br /> | title6 = Manasa Manichamma<br /> | lyrics6 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri<br /> | extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> | length6 = 4:32<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> The film is released on 27 April 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;am&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietrade/amav_june0107.php |title=Summer winner: AMAV |work=Telugu Cinema |access-date=2007-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818120506/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietrade/amav_june0107.php |archive-date=18 August 2007 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released on 272 screens, including 15 in Karnataka, 8 in Orissa and 21 overseas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.superhit.co.in/releasecenters.asp?release=amavreleasecenters|title=Amav Release centers|work=Superhit.co.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928081022/http://www.superhit.co.in/releasecenters.asp?release=amavreleasecenters |date=28 September 2007|archive-date=28 September 2007|access-date=23 Sep 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' called the film &quot;a good entertainer&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/30amav.htm | title=Review: AMAV is a good entertainer |work=[[Rediff.com]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 3 {{Fraction|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that &quot;Venkatesh’s ultimate comedy, Trisha, Selva Raghavan’s genuine moments and dialogues are the main positive aspects of this film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-amav.html|title=Telugu Movie review - Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule|date=27 April 2007|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=jeevi}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film collected {{INR}}30 [[crore]] at the box office.&lt;ref name=&quot;Asianet&quot; /&gt; It completed a 50-day run in 200 centres and a 100-day run in 21 centres.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/amav100.htm |title=CineGoer.com – Box-Office Records And Collections – 100-day Gross Collections Of AMAV |access-date=24 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824133118/http://www.cinegoer.com/amav100.htm |archive-date=24 August 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> ;[[Filmfare Awards South]]&lt;ref name=&quot;The award goes to&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards-south2008.html|title=Filmfare serves it up, and how!|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2009-07-26|archive-date=6 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106194451/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards-south2008.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Filmfare Best Actress Award (Telugu)|Best Actress]] – [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]<br /> * Nominated: [[Filmfare Best Actor Award (Telugu)|Best Actor]] – [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]<br /> * Nominated: [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Telugu)|Best Music Director]] – [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> <br /> ;[[Nandi Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/santoshamawards2008.html|title=Nandi awards 2007 announced|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2009-07-26|archive-date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318213357/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/santoshamawards2008.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Nandi Award for Best Popular Feature Film|Best Popular Feature Film]] – N.V. Prasad, Shanam Naga Ashok Kumar<br /> * [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]<br /> * [[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]] – Ramesh-Gopi<br /> <br /> ;[[CineMAA Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/cinemaa-awards2008.html|title=Cinemaa Awards 2008 presentation|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2009-07-26|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702230006/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/cinemaa-awards2008.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[CineMAA Award for Best Actor- Female|Best Actor – Female]] – [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]<br /> <br /> ;[[Santosham Film Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2007.html|title=Santosham Awards 2008|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2009-07-26|archive-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531021540/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2007.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Santosham Best Actor Award|Best Actor]] – [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]<br /> * Best Character Artist – [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]<br /> * Best Makeup – Raghava<br /> <br /> == Remakes ==<br /> ''Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule'' was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' (2008), in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Anthu Inthu Preethi Banthu]]'' (2008), in [[Odia language|Odia]] as ''[[Prema Adhei Akhyara]]'' (2010),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-27|title=13 Years of Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule: Some rare and interesting trivia about the Venkatesh and Trisha starrer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/13-years-of-aadavari-matalaku-arthale-verule-some-rare-and-interesting-trivia-about-the-venkatesh-and-trisha-starrer/photostory/75403143.cms|access-date=2021-12-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Bengali as ''[[100% Love (2012 film)|100% Love]]'' (2013) and in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as ''[[Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna]]'' (2017).{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0907618}}<br /> <br /> {{Nandi Award for Best Popular Feature Film}}<br /> {{Selvaraghavan}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2007 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2007 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2007 films]]<br /> [[Category:2007 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Selvaraghavan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Australia]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Australia]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Selvaraghavan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puthiya_Theerpu&diff=549663 2026-03-03T05:21:53Z

<p>Andreasyrt: New a post with sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1985 film directed by C. V. Rajendran}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Puthiya Theerpu.jpg<br /> | caption = Title card<br /> | director = [[C. V. Rajendran]]<br /> | screenplay = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]<br /> | story = [[T. Krishna]]<br /> | based_on = ''[[Neti Bharatam]]'' (Telugu)(1983)<br /> | producer = [[Chitra Lakshmanan]]&lt;br /&gt;Chitra Ramu<br /> | starring = [[Vijayakanth]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]<br /> | cinematography = V. Prabhakar<br /> | editing = Ramesh Reddy &lt;br /&gt;D. Arasu<br /> | music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> | studio = Rom Arts<br /> | released = {{film date|df=y|1985|10|4}}<br /> | runtime = 104 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Puthiya Theerpu''''' ({{translation|New Judgement}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]], directed by [[C. V. Rajendran]], and produced by [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] and Chitra Ramu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=சிவா |date=21 May 2023 |title=திடீரென வந்த சிக்கல்!.. சம்பளத்தை விட்டுக்கொடுத்த விஜயகாந்த்!.. இப்படி ஒரு மனுசனா?!... |url=https://cinereporters.com/chitra-lakshmanan-talk-about-vijayakanth-on-puthiya-theerpu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040642/https://cinereporters.com/chitra-lakshmanan-talk-about-vijayakanth-on-puthiya-theerpu/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]. It is a remake of the 1983 Telugu film ''[[Neti Bharatam]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=978-81-938482-2-7 |pages=570}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-9-125|title=புதிய தீர்ப்பு |work=Anna|access-date=29 June 2025|via=Endangered Archives Programme|language=ta|date=3 March 1985|page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released on 4 October 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{No plot|date=May 2023}}<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Vijayakanth]] as Inspector Raja<br /> * [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Radha<br /> * [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Namachivayam<br /> * [[Cho Ramaswamy]]<br /> * [[Janagaraj]] as Constable <br /> * [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Doctor <br /> * [[Suryakanth]]<br /> * [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Lawyer <br /> * [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] as Bhaskar<br /> * [[Chitra Lakshmanan]]<br /> * [[Rajyalakshmi]] as Kasthuri <br /> * [[Gandhimathi]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pudhiya Theerppu Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/pudhiya-theerppu-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040404/https://mossymart.com/product/pudhiya-theerppu-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Mossymart}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Puthiya Theerpu (1985) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/puthiya-theerpu-songs-T0002897 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529035949/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/puthiya-theerpu-songs-T0002897 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics<br /> |-<br /> | Ethanai Ethanai Theerpu || rowspan=2|[[K. S. Chithra]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || [[Vairamuthu]]<br /> |-<br /> | Raajamanam Sengkarumbu || [[M. G. Vallabhan]]<br /> |-<br /> | Veeran Thaan || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]<br /> |-<br /> | Vetri Murase || Malaysia Vasudevan || Vairamuthu<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title}}<br /> {{C. V. Rajendran}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1980s action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1985 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1985 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about social issues in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by C. V. Rajendran]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alai_(film)&diff=468524 2026-03-03T04:38:17Z

<p>Andreasyrt: improved article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Alai (film).jpg<br /> | caption = DVD cover<br /> | director = [[Vikram Kumar]]<br /> | writer = Vikram Kumar<br /> | producer = G. V. Prasad<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Silambarasan]]|[[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]}}<br /> | cinematography = S. Murthy<br /> | editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]<br /> | music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> | studio = Damini Enterprise<br /> | released = {{Film date|2003|09|10|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 158 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Alai''''' ({{Translation|''Wave''}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Vikram Kumar]]. The film stars [[Silambarasan]] and [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], while [[Raghuvaran]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]], and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] played supporting roles. The film was produced by G. V. Prasad and the score and soundtrack were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. ''Alai'' was released on 10 September 2003,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alai /அலை |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/alai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207113802/https://screen4screen.com/movies/alai |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}&lt;/ref&gt; and became a box office failure.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{more plot |date=August 2020}}<br /> Aathi and Meera are college students who first meet in a bar and fight for a silly reason. Aathi with his friends go to his friend's village and there he sees Meera who is also there with her friends. The groups went to a village festival where Aathi falls for Meera after seeing her in a traditional attire. There some goons harass Meera with reflecting light on Meera who is wearing a sari. Aathi saw this and beats up the goons. Meera immediately falls for Aathi. Aathi learns that his friend who is getting married in 3 days was actually in love with someone else and that his marriage was his father’s alliance with a wealthy family to pay off his debt through dowry. Meera discovers that her best friend is in love with a guy. On that night Meera’s friend brought her to the guy's house where Meera mistaken Aathi as Her friends’ lover and Aathi mistaken Meera as his best friend Lover. This was all cleared the next day when they introduce Meera and Aathi as their best friend which enlighten both of them. They planned to elope and registered their marriage which Aathi and Meera helped. Then Aathi and Meera return to their houses where they realise they love each other. And much to their surprise their houses are beside each other. Then Aathi tries to tell Meera about his love, but she doesn't care. And it is shown that Meera also loves him and then there comes a song called En Ragasiya Kanavugal. And then Aathi goes to Meera's house and sees her talking to her friend about him. Then again, a song comes where again Aathi and Meera just romance each other. And then Aathi's father arranges him marriage with a businessman's daughter because of his debt. And then Aathi and Meera separate, and Aathi tries to calm Meera who is crying which is heard by his to be fiancé and she says that she is not interested in this marriage. After that, Aathi ties the [[Thaali|nuptial thread]] around Meera's neck on the wedding stage with everyone's blessings and Meera happily accepts it.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Silambarasan]] as Aathikesavan “Aathi”<br /> *[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] as Meera<br /> *[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Aathi's friend<br /> *[[Raghuvaran]] as Natarajan, Aathi's father<br /> *[[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]] as Nirmala (Aathi's mother)<br /> *[[Kuralarasan]] as Gopi, Aathi's brother<br /> *[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Meera's father<br /> *Bharathi as Meera's mother<br /> *[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] <br /> *[[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] as Aathi's friend<br /> *[[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] as Anu <br /> *[[Cool Suresh]] as Aathi's friend<br /> *[[Kim Sharma]] in a special appearance in the song &quot;Paiyya Paiyya&quot;<br /> *[[Raju Sundaram]] in a special appearance in the song &quot;Alai Adikuthu&quot;<br /> *[[K. Sivasankar]] in a special appearance as a dance master<br /> *[[Shobi (choreographer)|Shobi]] in a special appearance in the song &quot;Alai Adikuthu&quot;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> Prior to release, the film made headlines when Silambarasan revealed that he was to undergo an image makeover for the film and move away from his &quot;mass&quot; image after appearing in such roles in ''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]'' and ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2 June 2003 |title=Brand equity |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/02/stories/2003060200310202.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030730000356/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/02/stories/2003060200310202.htm |archive-date=30 July 2003 |access-date=10 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two songs were shot in Switzerland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=20 July 2003 |title=சினிமா பித்தானேன்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-07-20/page/56/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240207110631/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-07-20/page/56/mode/2up |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=7 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=56–57 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> There are six songs composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alai (2003) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0000530.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528083815/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0000530.html |archive-date=28 May 2009 |access-date=20 December 2011 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Soundtrack received a positive review from Sajahan Waheed of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' saying Vidyasagar &quot;is surely at his best in this six-song soundtrack [..]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Waheed |first=Sajahan |date=16 October 2003 |title=Vintage Vidyasagar |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WkEhAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=3HsFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3164%2C3824394 |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Entertainment 3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Solakattu Bommai&quot; is loosely inspired from Vidyasagar's Malayalam song &quot;Chinga Masam&quot; in ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]''.{{cn|date=February 2024}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:30%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Song title !! Singers !! Lyrics<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Alai Adikuthu&quot; || [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;En Ragasiya Kanavukal&quot; || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Srivarthini || [[Thamarai]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Nee Oru Desam&quot; || [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[KK (singer)|KK]] || [[Yugabharathi]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Paiya Paiya&quot; || Mathangi, [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] || [[Arivumathi]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Solakattu Bommai&quot; || [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]], [[Pop Shalini]] || [[Pa. Vijay]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thinga Kizhamaiyaana&quot; || Timmy, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || Pa. Vijay<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, &quot;There is no redeeming factor as even the music of Vidyasagar is not placed well and stands out most of the time&quot;. The reviewer criticised Silambarasan for imitating [[Rajinikanth]] in many scenes and felt Trisha was wasted, but appreciated Vivek's comedy, concluding, &quot;All in all ''Alai'' is an insufferable dud&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2003 |title=Alai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/alai-review-tamil-pclvrJjdfgbid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308031114/http://www.sify.com/movies/alai-review-tamil-pclvrJjdfgbid.html |archive-date=8 March 2017 |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mokkarasu of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called Vivek's comedy the only relief and felt the old plot did not have any newness in presentation and the dramatic climax without any major twists reminds of 1960s films. He concluded saying director's formula of four songs, four fights, little bit of comedy is outdated and advised him to better concentrate on script hereafter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=மொக்கராசு |date=12 October 2003 |title=அலை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-10-12/page/54/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240201160128/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-10-12/page/54/mode/2up |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=55 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; S. R. Ashok Kumar from ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that &quot;the youthful exploits of Silambarasan, the glamour of Trisha and the winsome music of Vidyasagar fail to do the trick, for the simple reason that the film lacks a taut screenplay with well-knit episodes&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=26 September 2003 |title=Alai |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601340202.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205215224/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601340202.htm |archive-date=5 December 2003 |access-date=10 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Indiainfo'' wrote &quot;Debutant director Vikram perhaps thought the film would be sure hit if makes a film like Rajini's but he failed miserably there. A very boring film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/index.html|title=ALAI: A big bore from start to finish|website=India Info|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031008215113/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/index.html|archive-date=8 October 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film became a box office failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=9 December 2004 |title=Manmadhan comes calling |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/09/stories/2004120900820200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050104030544/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/09/stories/2004120900820200.htm |archive-date=4 January 2005 |access-date=10 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Silambarasan and Trisha did not pair again until ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010) by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], which became a commercial success.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=4 March 2010 |title=Taste of candyfloss |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Taste-of-candyfloss/article16483589.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204112743/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Taste-of-candyfloss/article16483589.ece |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title}}<br /> *{{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{Vikram Kumar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2003 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Vikram Kumar]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Import_substitution_industrialization&diff=474963 2026-02-28T00:34:57Z

<p>Andreasyrt: slightly add structure for clarity further and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Trade and economic policy}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=September 2013}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{trade bloc}}<br /> '''Import substitution industrialization''' ('''ISI''') is a [[protectionist]] [[trade]] and [[economics|economic]] [[policy]] that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite dictionary|title=A Comprehensive Dictionary of Economics|page=88|editor-last=Nelson|editor-first=Brian|date=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of [[industrialized]] products. The term primarily refers to 20th-century [[development economics]] policies, but it has been advocated since the 18th century by [[economists]] such as [[Friedrich List]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Mehmet|first=Ozay|date=1999|title=Westernizing the Third World: The Eurocentricity of Economic Development|location=London|publisher=Routledge|pages=33–57}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Alexander Hamilton]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Chang|first=Ha-Joon|year=2002|title=Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective|location=London|publisher=Anthem Press}}{{page needed|date=August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ISI policies have been enacted by developing countries with the intention of producing development and self-sufficiency by the creation of an internal market. The state leads economic development by nationalization, subsidization of manufacturing, increased taxation, and highly protectionist trade policies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Street|first1=James H.|last2=James|first2=Dilmus D.|date=1982|title=Structuralism, and Dependency in Latin America|journal=Journal of Economic Issues|volume=16|issue=3|pages=673–689|doi=10.1080/00213624.1982.11504027 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the context of Latin American development, the term &quot;Latin American structuralism&quot; refers to the era of import substitution industrialization in many Latin American countries from the 1950s to the 1980s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=History of ECLAC|url=http://www.cepal.org/en/history-eclac|website=Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean|date=2014-10-08|publisher=United Nations|access-date=10 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The theories behind Latin American structuralism and ISI were organized in the works of economists such as [[Raúl Prebisch]], [[Hans Singer]], and [[Celso Furtado]], and gained prominence with the creation of the [[United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean]] ([[UNECLAC]] or [[CEPAL]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Renato|first=Aguilar|date=1986|title=Latin American structuralism and exogenous factors|journal=Social Science Information|volume=25|issue=1|pages=227–290}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were influenced by a wide range of [[Keynesian]], [[communitarian]], and [[socialist]] economic thought,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Arndt|first=H.W.|date=1985|title=The Origins of Structuralism|journal=World Development|volume=13|issue=2|pages=151–159|doi=10.1016/0305-750X(85)90001-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as [[dependency theory]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Perreault|first1=Thomas|last2=Martin|first2=Patricia|date=2005|title=Geographies of neoliberalism in Latin America|journal=Environment and Planning A|volume=37|issue=2 |pages=191–201|doi=10.1068/a37394 |bibcode=2005EnPlA..37..191P }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By the mid-1960s, many of the economists who had previously advocated for ISI in developing countries grew disenchanted with the policy and its outcomes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Irwin|first=Douglas A.|date=2021|title=The rise and fall of import substitution|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X20304332|journal=World Development|language=en|volume=139|article-number=105306|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105306|s2cid=229472224|issn=0305-750X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of the countries that adopted ISI policies in the post-WWII years had abandoned ISI by the late 1980s, reducing government intervention in the economy and becoming active participants in the World Trade Organization.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Oatley|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GJoDwAAQBAJ|title=International Political Economy: Sixth Edition|date=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-03464-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|164-165}} In contrast to ISI policies, the [[Four Asian Tigers]] (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan) have been characterized as government intervention to facilitate &quot;[[export-oriented industrialization]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Frieden|first=Jeffry A.|title=World Politics: Interests, Interactions, Institutions|date=2018|publisher=W W NORTON|isbn=978-0-393-67510-8|edition=4th|chapter=Chapter 10|oclc=1197968459}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rodrik|first1=Dani|last2=Grossman|first2=Gene|last3=Norman|first3=Victor|date=1995|title=Getting Interventions Right: How South Korea and Taiwan Grew Rich|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1344538|journal=Economic Policy|volume=10|issue=20|pages=55–107|doi=10.2307/1344538|jstor=1344538 |s2cid=56207031 |issn=0266-4658}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Perkins|first1=Dwight H.|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753643.001.0001/acprof-9780198753643|chapter=East Asian Industrial Pioneers|last2=Tang|first2=John P.|date=2017|title=The Spread of Modern Industry to the Periphery since 1871|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-875364-3|editor-last=O'Rourke|editor-first=Kevin Hjortshøj|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753643.001.0001|editor2-last=Williamson|editor2-first=Jeffrey Gale}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ISI policies generally had [[Distribution (economics)|distributional consequences]], as the incomes of export-oriented sectors (such as agriculture) declined while the incomes of import-competing sectors (such as manufacturing) increased.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;{{rp|180-181}} Governments that adopted ISI policies ran persistent [[Government budget balance|budget deficits]] as [[State-owned enterprise|state-owned enterprises]] never became profitable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;{{rp|193-197}} They also ran [[Current account (balance of payments)|current accounts deficits]], as the manufactured goods produced by ISI countries were not competitive in international markets, and as the agricultural sector (the sector which was competitive in international markets) was weakened; as a result, ISI countries ended up importing more. ISI policies were also plagued by [[rent-seeking]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;{{rp|193-197}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[File:Average Tariff Rates for Selected Countries (1913-2007).png|thumb|Average tariff rates for selected countries (1913–2007)]]<br /> [[File:Tariff Rates in Japan (1870-1960).gif|thumb|Tariff rates in Japan (1870–1960)]]<br /> [[File:Average Tariff Rates in Spain and Italy (1860-1910).png|thumb|Average tariff rates in Spain and Italy (1860–1910)]]<br /> [[File:Average tariff rates (France, UK, US).png|thumb|Average tariff rates (France, UK, US)]]<br /> [[File:Average Tariff Rates in USA (1821-2016).png|thumb|Average tariff rates in US (1821–2016)]]<br /> [[File:Average Tariff Rates on manufactured products.png|thumb|Average tariff rates on manufactured products]]<br /> [[File:Average Levels of Duties (1875 and 1913).png|thumb|Average levels of duties (1875 and 1913)]]<br /> [[File:Trade Policy, Exports and Growth in European Countries.png|thumb|Trade policy, exports and growth in European countries]]<br /> ISI is a development theory, but its political implementation and theoretical rationale are rooted in [[trade theory]]. It has been argued that all or virtually all nations that have industrialized have followed ISI. Import substitution was heavily practiced during the mid-20th century as a form of developmental theory that advocated increased productivity and economic gains within a country. It was an inward-looking economic theory practiced by developing nations after [[World War II]]. Many economists then considered the ISI approach as a remedy to mass poverty by bringing a developing country to a developed status through national industrialization. Mass poverty is defined as &quot;the dominance of agricultural and mineral activities – in the low-income countries, and in their inability, because of their structure, to profit from international trade.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Bruton|first=Henry J.|title=A Reconsideration of Import Substitution|journal=Journal of Economic Literature|volume=36|issue=2|date=1998|page=905}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Mercantilist]] economic theory and practices of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries frequently advocated building up domestic manufacturing and import substitution. In the early [[United States]], the [[Hamiltonian economic program]], specifically the third report and the ''magnum opus'' of [[Alexander Hamilton]], the ''[[Report on Manufactures]]'', advocated for the U.S. to become self-sufficient in manufactured goods. That formed the basis of the [[American School (economics)|American School in economics]], which was an influential force in the country during its 19th-century industrialization.<br /> <br /> [[Werner Baer]] contends that all countries that have industrialized after the [[United Kingdom]] have gone through a stage of ISI in which much investment in industry was directed to replace imports.&lt;ref name=&quot;Import Substitution and Industrialization in Latin America&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Baer|first=Werner|date=1972|title=Import Substitution and Industrialization in Latin America: Experiences and Interpretations|journal=Latin American Research Review|volume=7|pages=95–96|doi=10.1017/S0023879100041224 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Going further, in his book ''Kicking Away the Ladder'', the [[South Korea|South Korean]] economist [[Ha-Joon Chang]] also argues based on economic history that all major developed countries, including the United Kingdom, used interventionist economic policies to promote industrialization and protected national companies until they had reached a level of development in which they were able to compete in the global market. Those countries adopted free market discourses directed at other countries to obtain two objectives: to open their markets to local products and to prevent them from adopting the same development strategies that had led to the industrialization of the developed countries.<br /> <br /> == Theoretical basis ==<br /> As a set of development policies, ISI policies are theoretically grounded on the [[Prebisch–Singer thesis]], on the [[infant industry]] argument, and on [[Keynesian]] economics. The associated practices are commonly:<br /> * an active industrial policy to subsidize and orchestrate production of strategic substitutes<br /> * protective barriers to trade (such as [[tariffs]])<br /> * an overvalued currency to help manufacturers import capital goods (heavy machinery)<br /> * discouragement of [[foreign direct investment]]<br /> <br /> By placing high tariffs on imports and other protectionist, inward-looking trade policies, the citizens of any given country by using a simple supply-and-demand rationale substitute the less expensive good for a more expensive one. The primary industry of importance would gather its resources, such as labor from other industries in this situation. The industrial sector would use resources, capital, and labor from the agricultural sector. In time, a developing country would look and behave similar to a developed country, and with a new accumulation of capital and an increase of [[total factor productivity]], the nation's industry would in principle be capable of trading internationally and of competing in the world market. Bishwanath Goldar, in his paper ''Import Substitution, Industrial Concentration and Productivity Growth in Indian Manufacturing'', wrote: &quot;Earlier studies on productivity for the industrial sector of developing countries have indicated that increases in total factor productivity, (TFP) are an important source of industrial growth&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Import substitution, industrial concentration and productivity growth&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Goldar|first=Bishwanath|title=Import substitution, industrial concentration and productivity growth in Indian manufacturing|date=May 1986|journal=Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics|volume=48|issue=2|pages=143–164|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0084.1986.mp48002003.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|43}} He continued that &quot;a higher growth rate in output, other things remaining the same, would enable the industry to attain a higher rate of technological progress (since more investment would be made) and create a situation in which the constituent firms could take greater advantage of scale economies.&quot; It is believed that ISI will allow that.&lt;ref name=&quot;Import substitution, industrial concentration and productivity growth&quot;/&gt;{{rp|148}}<br /> <br /> In many cases, however, the assertions did not apply. On several occasions, the Brazilian ISI process, which occurred from 1930 to the late 1980s, involved currency devaluations to boost exports and discouraging imports, thus promoting the consumption of locally manufactured products, and the adoption of different exchange rates for importing capital goods and for importing consumer goods. Moreover, government policies toward investment were not always opposed to foreign capital: the Brazilian industrialization process was based on a tripod that involved governmental, private, and foreign capital, the first being directed to infrastructure and heavy industry, the second to manufacturing consumer goods, and the third to the production of durable goods such as automobiles. Volkswagen, Ford, GM, and Mercedes all established production facilities in Brazil in the 1950s and the 1960s.<br /> <br /> The underlying goal of ISI is to reduce economic dependency on other countries by using national or foreign investment to increase local production of industrial goods and services, which can be consumed domestically or exported. ''Substituting'' imports is distinct from ''eliminating'' imports. As a country industrializes, it typically imports new materials that developing industries need, often including petroleum, chemicals, and raw materials.<br /> <br /> ===Local ownership import substituting===<br /> In 2006, Michael Shuman proposed local ownership import substituting (LOIS), as an alternative to [[neoliberalism]]. It rejects the view that [[there is no alternative]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Shuman|first=Michael H.|date=2006|title=The Small-Mart Revolution: How Local Businesses are Beating the Global Competition|location=San Francisco, CA|publisher=Berrett-Koehler|isbn=1576753867}}{{page needed|date=August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shuman claims that LOIS businesses are long-term [[wealth]] generators, are less likely to [[exit strategy|exit]] destructively, and have higher [[multiplier (economics)|economic multipliers]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/culture/cage-match-tina-vs-lois.html|title=Cage Match: TINA vs LOIS|website=treehugger.com|access-date=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Latin America ==<br /> Import substitution policies were adopted by most nations in [[Latin America]] from the 1930s to the late 1980s. The initial date is largely attributed to the impact of the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s, when Latin American countries, which exported primary products and imported almost all of the industrialized goods that they consumed, were prevented from importing because of a sharp decline in their foreign sales, which served as an incentive for the domestic production of the goods that they needed. The end date being the 1980s is largely due the emerging debt crisis that was occurring at the time, and through solving the crisis they turned away from import substitution and toward neoliberalism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Brands |first=Hal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvjk2vjz |title=Latin America's Cold War |date=2012-03-05 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-05843-9 |doi=10.2307/j.ctvjk2vjz |jstor=j.ctvjk2vjz }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first steps in import substitution were less theoretical and more pragmatic choices on how to face the limitations imposed by recession even though the governments in Argentina ([[Juan Domingo Perón]]) and Brazil ([[Getúlio Vargas]]) had the precedent of [[Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] (and, to some extent, the [[Soviet Union]]) as inspirations of state-induced industrialization. [[Positivist]] thinking, which sought a strong government to modernize society, played a major influence on Latin American military thinking in the 20th century. The officials, many of whom rose to power, like Perón and Vargas, considered industrialization (especially steel production) to be synonymous with &quot;progress&quot; and naturally placed as a priority.<br /> <br /> ISI gained a theoretical foundation only in the 1950s, when the [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[economist]] and [[UNECLAC]] leader [[Raúl Prebisch]] was a visible proponent of the idea, as well as the [[Brazil|Brazilian]] economist [[Celso Furtado]].<br /> <br /> Prebisch had experience running his country's central bank and started to question the model of export-led growth.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The world transformed : 1945 to the present|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|isbn=978-0-19-937102-0|pages=227–228|oclc=907585907|date = 2015-06-26|publisher=Oxford University Press }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prebisch came to the conclusion that the participants in the free-trade regime had unequal power and that the central economies (particularly, Britain and the United States) that manufactured industrial goods could control the price of their exports.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; The unequal powers were taking the wealth from developing countries, leaving them with no way to prosper.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; He believed that [[developing countries]] needed to create local vertical linkages and that they could not succeed except by creating industries that used the primary products already being produced domestically. [[Tariffs]] were designed to allow domestic [[infant industry argument|infant industries]] to prosper. In doing so, Prebisch predicted many benefits: dependence on imports would lower, and the country would not be forced to sell agricultural goods for low prices to pay for industrial goods, the income rate would go up, and the country itself would have a strong growth.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Within Latin America, ISI was most successful{{definition needed|date=February 2026}} in more populous, higher-income countries where domestic demand could better absorb new production. These conditions obtained in Argentina, Brazil, and [[Mexico]] and, to a lesser extent, in [[Chile]], [[Uruguay]] and [[Venezuela]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blouet |first=Olwyn |author2=Olwyn Blouet |author3=Brian W. Blouet |title=Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic and Regional Survey |publisher=John Wiley |year=2002 |location=New York }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> While the investment to produce cheap consumer products may be profitable in small markets, the same cannot be said for capital-intensive industries, such as automobiles and heavy machinery, which depend on larger markets to survive. Thus, smaller and poorer countries, such as [[Ecuador]], [[Honduras]], and the [[Dominican Republic]], could implement ISI only to a limited extent. [[Peru]] implemented ISI in 1961, and the policy lasted until the end of the decade in some form.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/peru.htm|title=ECONOMIC HISTORY AND THE ECONOMY OF PERU|website=www.sjsu.edu|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=5 October 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001005151205/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/peru.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> To overcome the difficulties of implementing ISI in small-scale economies, proponents of the economic policy, some within [[UNECLAC]], suggested two alternatives to enlarge consumer markets: income redistribution within each country by agrarian reform and other initiatives aimed at bringing Latin America's enormous marginalized population into the consumer market and [[regional integration]] by initiatives such as the [[Latin American Free Trade Association]] (ALALC), which would allow for the products of one country to be sold in another.<br /> <br /> In Latin American countries in which ISI was most successful, it was accompanied by structural changes to the government. Old [[neocolonialism|neocolonial]] governments were replaced by more-or-less [[democratic government]]s. Banks, utilities, and certain other foreign-owned companies were [[nationalized]] or had their ownership transferred to locals.<br /> <br /> Many economists contend that ISI failed in Latin America and was one of many factors leading to the so-called [[Latin American debt crisis|lost decade of Latin American economics]].<br /> <br /> Against most opinions, one historian argued that ISI was successful in fostering a great deal of social and economic development in Latin America:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;By the early 1960s, domestic industry supplied 95% of Mexico's and 98% of Brazil's consumer goods. Between 1950 and 1980, Latin America's industrial output went up six times, keeping well ahead of population growth. Infant mortality fell from 107 per 1,000 live births in 1960 to 69 per 1,000 in 1980, [and] life expectancy rose from 52 to 64 years. In the mid-1950s, Latin America's economies were growing faster than those of the industrialized West.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Globalization and the Postcolonial World: The New Political Economy of Development|first=Ankie|last=Hoogevelt|date=1997}}{{page needed|date=August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> == Africa ==<br /> ISI policies were implemented in various forms across [[Africa]] from the early 1960s to the mid-1970s to promote indigenous economic growth within newly independent states. The national impetus for ISI can be seen from 1927, with the creation of the East African and Central African common markets in British and French colonies that recognized the importance of common trading tariffs in specific parts of the continent and aimed to protect domestic manufacturing from external competitors.&lt;ref name=&quot;Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa and Import substitution policy&quot;/&gt;{{rp|124}} <br /> <br /> === Colonial economies ===<br /> Early attempts at ISI were stifled by colonial [[neomercantilism|neomercantilist]] policies of the 1940s and the 1950s that aimed to generate growth by exporting primary products to the detriment of imports.&lt;ref name=&quot;African Economic History&quot;/&gt;{{rp|205}} The promotion of exports to metropoles was the primary goal of the colonial economic system. The metropolitan governments aimed to offset colonial expenditures and attain primary commercial products from Africa at a significantly reduced rate.&lt;ref name=&quot;African Economic History&quot;/&gt;{{rp|206–215}} That was successful for British commercial interests in [[Ghana]] and [[Nigeria]], which increased 20 times the value of foreign trade between 1897 and 1960 because of the promotion of [[export]] crops such as [[cocoa bean|cocoa]] and [[palm oil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Austin |first1=Gareth |title=African Economic Development and Colonial Legacies |journal=Revue internationale de politique de développement |date=1 March 2010 |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=21 |doi=10.4000/poldev.78|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such economic growth occurred at the expense of indigenous communities, which had no say over the crops that were produced and retained marginal profits from their agricultural output.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Rene |title=False start in Africa |publisher=Earthscan |isbn=1853830275 |pages=31–33|year=1988 }}&lt;/ref&gt; That model also expanded [[monocultures]], whose economies were centered on a single crop or natural resource for exports. Monoculturing was prevalent in countries such as [[Senegal]] and [[Gambia]], where [[peanut|groundnuts]] accounted for 85% to 90% of earnings throughout the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;How Europe underdeveloped Africa&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rodney |first1=Walter |title=How Europe underdeveloped Africa|edition=Revised |date=2012 |publisher=Pambazuka |isbn=978-1788731188}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|234}} That economic model rendered the [[Postcolonialism|postcolonial]] states vulnerable to unstable export prices and failed to promote the diversification of the economy. Postcolonial governments were also sceptical of the reliance on multinational corporations for economic development, as they were less likely to pay taxes and exported capital abroad.&lt;ref name=&quot;African capitalism&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Paul |title=African capitalism : the struggle for ascendency |url=https://archive.org/details/africancapitalis0000kenn |url-access=registration |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521319668}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|61}} Thus, ISI policies were adopted to redirect African economies towards indigenous growth and [[industrialisation]].<br /> <br /> === Post-colonial economic situation ===<br /> The underdeveloped political and economic structures inherited across post-colonial Africa created a domestic impetus for ISI. Marxist historians such as [[Walter Rodney]] contend that the gross underdevelopment in social services were a direct result of colonial economic strategy, which had to be abandoned to generate [[sustainable development]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa and Import substitution policy&quot;/&gt;{{rp|126}}&lt;ref name=&quot;How Europe underdeveloped Africa&quot;/&gt;{{rp|203-221}} [[Rene Dumont]] supported that observation and argued that African states were administratively overburdened as a result of colonialism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Rene |title=False start in Africa|edition=2nd|date=1988 |publisher=Earthscan |page=79}}&lt;/ref&gt; The initial, unchanged conditions created discontent in states such as [[Ghana]] and [[Tanzania]] during the early 1960s over the fall in wages and employment opportunities. The unrest culminated in a series of mass strikes and tensions between governments and trade unions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=Lynn Krieger|last=Mytelka |title=&quot;The Unfulfilled Promise of African Industrialization |journal=African Studies Review |date=1989 |page=91}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dissatisfaction with the poor economic progress upon [[decolonisation]] made it clear to African leaders that they could no longer rely on rhetoric and tradition to maintain power and could retain the support of their political base only through a coherent economic model aligned with their political interests. The culmination of the political and economic issues necessitated the adoption of ISI, as it rejected the colonial neo-mercantilist policies that they believed had led to underdevelopment.<br /> <br /> === Ideological foundation ===<br /> For leaders of post-colonial African nations, it was imperative for their economic policies to represent an ideological break with the [[imperialism|imperialist]] models of development. To achieve that, some newly independent states pursued [[African socialism]] to build indigenous growth and break free from capitalist development patterns.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Martin|last=Meredith |title=The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence |url=https://archive.org/details/stateofafricahis00mere |url-access=registration |date=2006 |publisher=Free Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/stateofafricahis00mere/page/144 144]|isbn=9780743232227 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Through the adoption of African socialism, leaders such as [[Kwame Nkrumah]], [[Julius Nyerere]], and [[Leopold Senghor]] hoped to establish a model of development based around [[Nkrumaism|consciencism]], an intellectual and cultural revolution; and, most importantly, a big push in industrialization towards rapid development for the continent.&lt;ref name=&quot;African socialism&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Akyeampong|first1=Emmanuel|title=African socialism; or, the search for an indigenous model of economic development? |journal=Economic History of Developing Regions |date=2018|volume=33 |pages=69–87 |doi=10.1080/20780389.2018.1434411 |url=https://www.aehnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/AEHN-WP-36.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|73-77}} One of the main aspects of the big push towards development was the growth of [[parastatal|parastatals]] from 1960 to 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Paul Ove|last1=Pedersen|first2=Dorothy|last2=McCormick |title=African Business Systems in a Globalising World |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=1999 |page=113}}&lt;/ref&gt; The state-owned trading corporations were given control over the import-export business as well as the retail-wholesale distribution.&lt;ref name=&quot;African capitalism&quot;/&gt;{{rp|65}} That allowed post-colonial states to nationalise industries and retain the profits from their output, rather than allow capital flight to the west through multinational corporations.<br /> <br /> The growth of African socialism in the pursuit of ISI can be seen in the 1967 [[Arusha Declaration]] (Tanzania) in which Nyerere argued that &quot;we cannot get enough money and borrow enough technicians to start all the industries we need and even if we could get the necessary assistance, dependence on it would interfere with our policy on socialism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Dennis|last1=Cohen |title=Class and the Analysis of African Politics: Problems and Prospects |journal=Political Economy of Africa |page=189}}&lt;/ref&gt; The need for indigenous development formed the core of the African socialist vision whereby the state would manage a [[planned economy]] to prevent it from being controlled by the free market, which was regarded as a form of [[neo-imperialism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Kwame|last1=Nkrumah |title=Neo-colonialism the Last Stage of Imperialism |date=1965 |publisher=Nelson |pages=239–243}}&lt;/ref&gt; In line with that economic vision, Tanzania engaged in the [[nationalization]] of industry to create jobs and to produce a domestic market for goods while it maintained an adherence to African socialist principles exemplified through the [[ujamaa]] program of villagization.&lt;ref name=&quot;Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa and Import substitution policy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first1=A|last1=Mendes|first2=M.|last2=Bertella|first3=R.|last3=Teixeira |title=Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa and Import substitution policy |journal=Brazilian Journal of Political Economy |date=2014|volume=34 |pages=120–138 |doi=10.1590/S0101-31572014000100008 |hdl=11449/109485|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|130}} The unaffordability of industrial products and increased tensions between managers and settlers of the villages contributed to a &quot;colossal failure&quot; of ISI in Tanzania, leading it to abandon the villagization project and to focus on agricultural development.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=I.G.|last=Shivji |title=The village in Mwalimu's thought and political practice |journal=Africa's Liberation: The Legacy of Julius Nyerere |date=2010 |pages=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While ISI under African socialism was purported to be an anti-Western development model, scholars such as Anthony Smith argued that its ideological roots came from Rostow's [[modernization theory]], which maintains that commitment to economic growth and free-market capitalism is the most efficient means of state development.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=A.D.|last1=Smith |title=The Concept of Social Change |url=https://archive.org/details/conceptofsocialc0000smit |url-access=registration |date=1973 |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/conceptofsocialc0000smit/page/33 33]|isbn=9780710076076 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kenya]]'s implementation of ISI under state capitalism exemplifies the model of development. [[Tom Mboya]], the first minister for economic development and planning, aimed to create a growth-oriented path of industrialization, even at the expense of traditional socialist morals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=Daniel|last=Speich |title=The Kenyan Style of &quot;African Socialism: Developmental Knowledge Claims and the Explanatory Limits of the Cold War |journal=Diplomatic History |date=2009 |page=457}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kenya's Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965 reinforced the view by claiming, &quot;If Africanization is undertaken at the expense of growth, our reward will be a falling standard of living.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=African Socialism and Its Application to Planning in Kenya |date=1965 |publisher=Republic of Kenya |page=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under such a development path, multinational corporations occupied a dominant role in the economy, primarily in the manufacturing sectors. Economic historians such as Ralph Austen argue that the openness to western enterprise and technical expertise led to a higher GNP in Kenya than comparative socialist countries such as Ghana and Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;African Economic History&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Ralph|last=Austen |title=African Economic History |date=1987 |publisher=Oxford University Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|246-247}} However, the 1972 [[World Bank]] ILO report on Kenya claimed that direct state intervention was necessary to reduce the growing economic inequalities that had occurred as a result of state capitalism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Hans W.|last1=Singer|first2=Richard|last2=Jolly |title=Employment, Incomes and Equality: A strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya |date=1972}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Implementation ===<br /> In all of the countries that adopted ISI, the state oversaw and managed its implementation, designing economic policies that directed development towards the indigenous population, with the aim of creating an industrialised economy. The [[Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Decree|1972 Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Decree]] exemplified such control, as it required foreign companies to offer at least 40% of their equity shares to local people. A state-controlled economy has been criticized by scholars such as Douglas North who claim that the interests of political elites may be self-serving, rather than for the good of the nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Douglas|last=North |title=Structure and Change in Economic History |date=1985 |publisher=North and Co}}&lt;/ref&gt; That correlates with the theory of [[neo-patrimonialism]], which claims that post-colonial elites used the coercive powers of the state to maintain their political positions and to increase their personal wealth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=Daniel C.|last=Bach |title=Patrimonialism and neopatrimonialism: comparative trajectories and readings |journal=Commonwealth &amp; Comparative Politics |date=2011 |page=281}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ola Olson opposes that view by arguing that in a developing economy, the government is the only actor with the financial and political means to unify the state apparatus behind an industrialization process.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=S.|last=Wangwe |title=The performance of the manufacturing sector in Tanzania: Challenges and the way forward |journal=WIDER Working Paper No. 2014/085. |date=2014 |page=31}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> === Outcomes ===<br /> Sub-Saharan Africa's experiment with ISI created largely pessimistic results across the continent by the early 1980s. Manufacturing, which formed the core of the big push towards industrialisation, accounted for only 7% of GDP across the continent by 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa and Import substitution policy&quot;/&gt;{{rp|135}} The failures of the model stemmed from various external and domestic factors. Internally, efforts to industrialise came at the expense of the agricultural sector, which accounted for 70% of the region's workforce throughout the 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Ernest|last1=Aryeetey|first2=Nelipher|last2=Moyo |title=Industrialisation for Structural Transformation in Africa: Appropriate Roles for the State&quot; |journal=Journal of African Economies |date=2012 |page=65}}&lt;/ref&gt; The neglect was detrimental to producers as well as the urban population, as agricultural output could not meet the increasing demands for foodstuffs and raw materials in the growing urban areas. ISI efforts also suffered from a comparative disadvantage in skilled labor for industrial growth.&lt;ref name=&quot;Industrial strategy for late starters&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first1=R.|last1=Gulhati|first2=U.|last2=Sekhar |title=&quot;Industrial strategy for late starters: the experience of Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia |journal=Staff Working Paper; No. SWP 457 |date=1981}}{{page needed|date=August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A 1982 World Bank report stated, &quot;There exists a chronic shortage of skills which pervades not only the small manufacturing sector but the entire economy and the over-loaded government machine.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Industrial strategy for late starters&quot;/&gt;{{rp|32}} Tanzania, for example, had only two engineers at the beginning of the import-substitution period.&lt;ref name=&quot;African socialism&quot;/&gt;{{rp|71}} The skills shortage was exacerbated by the technological deficiencies facing African states throughout industrialisation. Learning and adopting the technological resources and skills was a protracted and costly process, something that African states were unable to capitalise on because of the lack of domestic savings and poor literacy rates across the continent.&lt;ref name=&quot;Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa and Import substitution policy&quot;/&gt;{{rp|133}}<br /> <br /> The failure of ISI to generate sufficient growth in industrialisation and overall development led to its abandonment by the early 1980s. In response to the underdeveloped economies in the region, the IMF and the World Bank imposed a [[wikt:neoclassical|neo-classical]] counter-revolution in Africa through [[Structural adjustment program|Structural Adjustment Programmes]] (SAPs) from 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Olu|last1=Ajakaiye|first2=John|last2=Page |title=Industrialisation and Economic Transformation in Africa: Introduction and Overview |journal=Journal of African Economies |date=2012 |page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The new economic consensus blamed the low growth rates on excessive [[protectionism]] in the industrial sector, the neglect of exports, and the low agricultural productivity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Accelerated development in sub-Saharan Africa: an agenda for action (English). |date=1981 |publisher=The World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the [[IMF]] and the [[World Bank]], the solution to the failure of import substitution was a restructuring of the economy towards strict adherence to a [[neoliberal]] model of development throughout the 1980s and the 1990s.<br /> <br /> == Russia ==<br /> In 2014, customs duties were applied on imported products in the food sector. Russia has considerably reduced its food imports, and domestic production has increased considerably. The cost of food imports dropped from $60 billion in 2014 to $20 billion in 2017, and the country enjoys record cereal production. Russia has strengthened its position on the world food market and has become food self-sufficient. In the fisheries, fruit, and vegetables sectors, domestic production has increased sharply, imports have declined significantly, and the trade balance (the difference between exports and imports) has improved. In the second quarter of 2017, agricultural exports were expected to exceed imports, which would make Russia a net agricultural exporter for the first time in almost 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/business/farming/agri-business/record-breaking-food-production-in-russia-could-see-exports-reaching-40-billion-36700225.html|title=Record breaking food production in Russia could see exports reaching $40 billion|website=Farming Independent|date=13 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Criticism ==<br /> Import substitution policies might create jobs in the short run, but as domestic producers replace foreign producers, both output and growth are lower than would otherwise have been in the long run.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} Import substitution denies the country the benefits to be gained from specialisation and foreign imports. The theory of [[comparative advantage]] shows how countries within the model gain from trade, however, this concept has received criticism for its misguided underlying assumptions and inapplicability to modern production. Moreover, protectionism leads to dynamic inefficiency, as domestic producers have no incentive from foreign competitors to reduce costs or improve products. Import substitution can impede growth through poor allocation of resources, and its effect on exchange rates harms exports.&lt;ref name=&quot;Import Substitution and Industrialization in Latin America&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Results ===<br /> Despite some apparent gains, import substitution was &quot;both unsustainable over time and produced high economic and social costs&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Franko, P. M. 2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Franko|first=Patrice|date=2007|title=The puzzle of Latin American economic development|edition=3rd|location=Lanham|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9780742553538}}{{page needed|date=August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Given import substitution's dependence upon its developed and isolated markets within Latin America, it relied upon the growth of a market that was limited in size. In most cases, the lack of experience in manufacturing and the lack of competition reduced innovation and efficiency, which restrained the quality of Latin American produced goods, and protectionist policies kept prices high.&lt;ref name= &quot;Franko, P. M. 2007&quot; /&gt; In addition, power was concentrated in the hands of a few, which decreased the incentive for entrepreneurial development. Lastly, the large deficits and debts resulting from import substitution policies are largely credited for the Latin American crisis of the 1980s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first=Jeffrey|last=Sachs|date=1985|url=http://www.earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/about/director/pubs/BPEA1985_2.pdf|title=External Debt and Macroeconomic Performance in Latin America and East Asia|journal=Brookings Papers on Economic Activity|number=2|pages=523–573|doi=10.2307/2534445 |jstor=2534445 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br /> * ''[[The Commanding Heights]]'' for an exposition of the effects of ISI on Latin American economies<br /> * [[International trade]]<br /> * [[Export-oriented industrialization]]<br /> * [[Local purchasing]]<br /> * [[Mercantilism]]<br /> * [[Prebisch–Singer thesis]]<br /> * [[Protectionism]]<br /> * [[Voluntary export restraints]]<br /> * [[There is no alternative]] (TINA)<br /> * [[Industrial policy]]<br /> * [[Infant industry argument]]<br /> * [[Licence Raj]]{{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Trade|state=expanded}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Import Substitution Industrialization}}<br /> [[Category:Development economics]]<br /> [[Category:Economic nationalism]]<br /> [[Category:Import]]<br /> [[Category:Industrial policy]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&diff=447287 2026-02-18T04:59:14Z

<p>Andreasyrt: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian political ideology}}<br /> {{About||the same phrase applied to Irish politics|Two nations theory (Ireland)|a proposed solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Two-state solution|the same phrase applied to Taiwanese and Chinese politics, a proposed explanation to the Chinese Taiwanese Status Quo|One Country on Each Side|}}<br /> <br /> {{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Muslim percent 1909.jpg|thumb|Map showing the Muslim population based on percentage in India, 1909]]<br /> <br /> The '''two-nation theory''' was an [[ideology]] of [[religious nationalism]] that advocated [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim Indian nationhood]], with a separate homeland for [[Islam in South Asia|Indian Muslims]] within a decolonised [[British India]], which ultimately led to the [[partition of India]] in 1947.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Conflict Analysis in&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bhatti |first1=Safeer Tariq |title=International Conflict Analysis in South Asia: A Study of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan |date=3 December 2015 |publisher=UPA |isbn=978-0-7618-6647-3 |page=xxxi |language=en |quote=The religious nationalism sentiment is based upon the two nation theory that Hindus and Muslims are of two separate religious communities and separate nations.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its various descriptions of religious differences were the main factor in Muslim separatist thought in the [[Indian subcontinent]], asserting that Indian Muslims and Indian Hindus are two separate nations, each with their own customs, [[tradition]]s, [[art]], [[architecture]], [[literature]], interests, and ways of life.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MARREAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=It+flowed+from+the+experience+of+Muslim+dominance+in+India,+which+reinforced+the+idea+that+an+essential+part+of+being+Muslim+entailed+belonging+to,+or+identifying+with,+the+ruling+power%3B+but+it+also+derived+from+an+Islamically+informed+discourse+that+valued+power+as+an+instrument+in+the+service+of+God%E2%80%99s+Law.&amp;pg=PA15 |title= Making Sense of Pakistan |page= 15 |author= Farzana Shaikh |date= 2018 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-092911-4 |access-date= 30 March 2023 |archive-date= 25 March 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230325210016/https://books.google.com/books?id=MARREAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=It+flowed+from+the+experience+of+Muslim+dominance+in+India,+which+reinforced+the+idea+that+an+essential+part+of+being+Muslim+entailed+belonging+to,+or+identifying+with,+the+ruling+power%3B+but+it+also+derived+from+an+Islamically+informed+discourse+that+valued+power+as+an+instrument+in+the+service+of+God%E2%80%99s+Law.&amp;pg=PA15 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The theory was adopted and promoted by the [[All-India Muslim League]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and became the basis of the [[Pakistan Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=O'Brien |first=Conor Cruise |title=Holy War Against India |newspaper=The Atlantic Monthly |date=August 1988 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/88aug/obrien.htm |access-date=20 August 2014 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128075043/https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/88aug/obrien.htm |url-status=live }} Quoting Jinnah: &quot;Islam and Hinduism are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but in fact different and distinct social orders, and it is only a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality.... To yoke together two such nations under a single state ... must lead to a growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hindu Mahasabha]] under the leadership of [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) supported the Two-nation theory. According to them, Hindus and Muslim cannot live together so they favoured India to become a religious Hindu state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Bapu | first=Prabhu | title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History | publisher=Routledge | series=Online access with subscription: Proquest Ebook Central | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-415-67165-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC | page=76 |quote= &quot;I have no quarrel with Mr. Jinnah's two-nation theory. We, Hindus, are a nation by oursleves and it is a historical fact that Hindus and Muslims are two nations.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Two-Nation theory argued for a different state for the Muslims of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] as Muslims would not be able to succeed politically in a Hindu-majority India; this interpretation nevertheless promised a democratic state where Muslims and non-Muslims would be treated equally.&lt;ref name=&quot;caldarola1982&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Religions and societies, Asia and the Middle East | author=Carlo Caldarola | year=1982 | isbn=978-90-279-3259-4 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1ME01zxL98C |pages=262–263|quote=&quot;They simply advocated a democratic state in which all citizens, Muslims and non-Muslims alike, would enjoy equal rights.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; The two nation theory sought to establish a separate state for Indian Muslims from the northwestern provinces and [[Bengal|Bengal region]] of colonial India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Bidyut |last2=Pandey |first2=Rajendra Kumar |title=Modern Indian Political Thought: Text and Context |date=10 July 2009 |publisher=SAGE Publishing |isbn=978-93-5280-189-3 |language=en |quote=Conceptualising Pakistan in a two nation theory format, Iqbal offered a map of the redistribution of territory forming a Muslim state comprising the north-west part of India and Bengal (Datta 2002: 5037).}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pakistan]] claims to be the inheritor of the traditions of Muslim India, and the heir of the two-nation theory.&lt;ref name=&quot;chandra1996&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Historiography, Religion, and State in Medieval India | author=Satish Chandra | year=1996 | publisher=Har-Anand Publications | isbn=9788124100356 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAkVclcWWeUC&amp;dq=two+nation+theory+delhi+sultanate&amp;pg=PA43 | access-date=28 March 2023 | archive-date=22 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040537/https://books.google.com/books?id=XAkVclcWWeUC&amp;dq=two+nation+theory+delhi+sultanate&amp;pg=PA43 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Buddhist and [[Dalit]] activist,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar|B R Ambedkar]] supported the theory and partition of India in the interest of safety of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; According to Ambedkar, the assumption that Hindus and Muslims could live under one state if they were distinct nations was but &quot;an empty sermon, a mad project, to which no sane man would agree&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ambedkar&quot; /&gt; [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] rejected two-nation theory and opposed it even after the creation of Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;l807&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Bandyopadhyaya | first=Jayantanuja | title=The Making of India's Foreign Policy | publisher=Allied Publishers | date=2003 | isbn=978-81-7764-402-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzeFR8lxLrIC&amp;pg=PA55 | access-date=2025-08-16 | page=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Apart from Congress, the [[Opposition to the Partition of India|opposition to the two-nation theory]] also came from a number of Hindus, and Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rabasa2004&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ali2006&quot;/&gt; They conceived India as a [[Composite nationalism|single Indian nation]], of which [[Hindu-Muslim unity|Hindus and Muslims]] are two intertwined communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;zakaria2004&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Indian Muslims: where have they gone wrong? | author=Rafiq Zakaria | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-7991-201-0 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aMlKSmWRQ8cC }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Republic of India officially rejected the two-nation theory and chose to be a [[secular state]], enshrining the concepts of [[religious pluralism]] and [[composite nationalism]] in its constitution.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scott2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=David |title=Handbook of India's International Relations |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-81131-9 |page=61 |quote=On the other hand the Republic of India rejected the very foundations of the two-nation theory and, refusing to see itself a Hindu India, it proclaimed and rejoiced in religious pluralism supported by a secular state ideology and for a geographical sense of what India was.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ali2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Asghar Ali |title=They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities |date=2006 |publisher=Hope India Publications |isbn=978-81-7871-091-4 |page=24 |quote=Mr. Jinnah and his Muslim League ultimately propounded the two nation theory. But the 'Ulama rejected this theory and found justification in Islam for composite nationalism.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kashmir]], a Muslim-majority region three-fifths of which is administered by the [[Republic of India]], and the oldest dispute before the [[United Nations]], is a venue for both competing ideologies of [[South Asia]]n nationhood.<br /> <br /> ==Pre-Modern India==<br /> [[File:Joppen1907India1700a.jpg|thumb|The Mughal Empire in 1700]]<br /> Pakistani historians such as [[Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi]] base the two-nation theory on the distinctiveness of medieval Indo-Muslim culture or civilization. It is described that by assimilating many aspects of Indian culture in customs, social manners, architecture, painting and music, the Muslims of India established a new distinct Indo-Muslim culture or civilization, which not only maintained its separate identity from other Muslim peoples such as the Arabs and the Persians, etc., but also simultaneously maintained the distinctiveness of this new culture from the former Hindu India by being essentially [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]] in character.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/self-and-sovereignty/page/17/mode/2up?q=cultural |title=Self And Sovereignty: Individual And Community in South Asian Islam since 1850 |author= Ayesha Jalal |date= 2000 |quote= not in some syncretic weave obliterating the religiously informed cultural identifies of Muslims but permitting the emergence of what has been variously described as Indo-Persian or the Indo-Islamic style of the arts.|page=17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chandra1996&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandria B. Freitag 1989 104&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6FqVKJNCfQC&amp;dq=rohilkhand+indo-muslim+state&amp;pg=PA102 |page=104 |author=Sandria B. Freitag |date=1989 |title=Collective Action and Community Public Arenas and the Emergence of Communalism in North India |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520064393 |access-date=25 March 2023 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041934/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6FqVKJNCfQC&amp;dq=rohilkhand+indo-muslim+state&amp;pg=PA102 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This is seen as a conscious decision of the Muslims of India. According to Qureshi, the distinctiveness of Muslim India could only be maintained by the political domination of the Muslims over the Hindus. Any sharing of political power with the Hindus was considered dangerous and the first step towards the political abdication of the Indian Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;chandra1996&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;asgharali2002&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Competing Nationalisms in South Asia | author=Asghar Ali Engineer | year=2002 | publisher=Orient BlackSwan | isbn=9788125022213 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qJG7GapE_IC&amp;dq=two+nation+theory+centra+asian&amp;pg=PA253 | access-date=28 March 2023 | archive-date=22 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040525/https://books.google.com/books?id=7qJG7GapE_IC&amp;dq=two+nation+theory+centra+asian&amp;pg=PA253 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is generally believed in Pakistan that the movement for Muslim self-awakening and identity was started by [[Ahmad Sirhindi]] (1564–1624), who fought against emperor Akbar's religious syncretist ''[[Din-i Ilahi]]'' movement and is thus considered &quot;for contemporary official Pakistani historians&quot; to be the founder of the Two-nation theory,&lt;ref&gt;Arthur Buehler, &quot;Ahmad Sirhindī: Nationalist Hero, Good Sufi, or Bad Sufi?&quot; in Clinton Bennett, Charles M. Ramsey (ed.), ''South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny'', A&amp;C Black (2012), p. 143&lt;/ref&gt; and was particularly intensified under the Muslim reformer [[Shah Waliullah]] (1703–1762) who, because he wanted to give back to Muslims their self-consciousness during the decline of the [[Mughal empire]] and the rise of the non-Muslim powers like the [[Marathas]], [[Jats]] and [[Sikhs]], launched a mass-movement of the religious education which made &quot;them conscious of their distinct nationhood which in turn culminated in the form of Two Nation Theory and ultimately the creation of Pakistan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;M. Ikram Chaghatai (ed.),''Shah Waliullah (1703 - 1762): His Religious and Political Thought'', Sang-e-Meel Publications (2005), p. 275&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Roots of Muslim separatism in Colonial India (17th century–1940s) ==<br /> {{Further|Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Pakistan Movement|Pakistani nationalism}}<br /> M. S. Jain and others have traced the origins of the two nation-theory to [[Syed Ahmed Khan]] and the [[Aligarh Movement]], consisting of his followers such as [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/languagereligion0000bras/page/n1/mode/2up |title= Language, Religion and Politics in North India |page=168 |author= Paul R. Brass |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 9780521203241 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Syed Ahmed Khan was the grandson of the Mughal Vizier of [[Akbar Shah II]], Dabir-ud-Daula,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Graham |first=George Farquhar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.6209/page/n5 |title=The Life and Work of Syed Ahmed Khan |publisher=Black wood |year=1885 }}&lt;/ref&gt; while Mohsin-ul-Mulk belonged to a family that played an important part in shaping the fortunes of the Mughal Empire, known as the [[Sadaat-e-Bara]], who had been ''de-facto'' sovereigns of the Mughal Empire in the 1710s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&amp;dq=Mohsin-ul-Mulk+barah&amp;pg=PA76 |title=Indian Muslims and Partition of India |page=76 |author=S.M. Ikram |date=1995 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Distributors |isbn=9788171563746 |access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422094717/https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&amp;dq=Mohsin-ul-Mulk+barah&amp;pg=PA76 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC&amp;q=sayyid%20brotherhood%20barha |title=Mohammad Yasin |date=1958 |publisher=Upper India Publishing House |page=18 |access-date=25 March 2023 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325044854/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC&amp;q=sayyid%20brotherhood%20barha |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> &lt;gallery caption=&quot;Early Associates of Syed Ahmed Khan&quot; class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Syed Ahmed Khan.jpg|[[Syed Ahmed Khan]]<br /> File:NawabMushtaqHussain.jpg|[[Waqar-ul-Mulk]]<br /> File:Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg|[[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> This feudal Indian Muslim service gentry, which performed both clerical and military service for the Mughal Empire and the British, provided cultural and literary patronage, which acted even after the fall of Muslim political power, as preservers of [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]] traditions and values.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandria B. Freitag 1989 104&quot;/&gt; They consisted of a group of feudal elites with an interest in preserving their power and position in relation to Hindus and the British.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&amp;dq=two+nation+theory+mohsin+mulk&amp;pg=PA168 |title=Language, Religion and Politics in North India |page=168 |author=Paul R. Brass |date=2005 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=9780595343942 |access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422094751/https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&amp;dq=two+nation+theory+mohsin+mulk&amp;pg=PA168 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The resistance of Hindus towards the [[Urdu language]] prompted Syed Ahmed Khan and his associates to view Indian Muslims as not only having their own separate culture, but belonging to a separate nation, using the Urdu word, &quot;Qawm&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LSeEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Mohsin+-+ul+-+mulk+Urdu&amp;pg=PT72 |title=India's Freedom Struggle and the Urdu Poetry |author=Gopi Chand Narang |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=9781000827835 |access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422094718/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LSeEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Mohsin+-+ul+-+mulk+Urdu&amp;pg=PT72 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> [[Sir Syed Ahmad Khan|Syed Ahmed Khan]] provided a modern idiom in which to express the quest for Islamic identity,&lt;ref&gt;Akbar Ahmed, ''Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The search for Saladin'', Routledge (2005), p. 121&lt;/ref&gt; His concept of Indian Muslim identity placed great importance on nativity and the cultural values of Muslim India, and his writings became a dissemination of ideas about a national identity that was both Muslim and Indian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HLIHEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=indo-muslim+identity+syed+ahmed+khan&amp;pg=PT113 |title= Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: Reason, Religion and Nation |author= Shafey Kidwai |date= 2020 |publisher= Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn= 9781000297737 |access-date= 28 March 2023 |archive-date= 12 May 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230512061851/https://books.google.com/books?id=HLIHEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=indo-muslim+identity+syed+ahmed+khan&amp;pg=PT113 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thus, many Pakistanis often quote modernist and reformist scholar Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898) as the architect of the two-nation theory. For instance, in 1876, Syed Ahmed Khan exclaimed when speaking at Benares:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|“I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation as their religion and way of life was quite distinct from each other. Now I am convinced that these communities will not join wholeheartedly in anything. At present there is no open hostility between the two communities but it will increase immensely in the future. He who lives, will see.” &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kp6x7zDLhfMC&amp;dq=I+am+convinced+now+that+Hindus+and+Muslims+could+never+become+one+nation+as+their+religion+and+way+of+life+was+quite+distinct+from+each+other.%E2%80%9D&amp;pg=PA175 |title=Rediscovering Gandhi:Volume 1 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |date=2007 |author=Rameshwar Prasad Misra |isbn=9788180693755 |access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512061853/https://books.google.com/books?id=kp6x7zDLhfMC&amp;dq=I+am+convinced+now+that+Hindus+and+Muslims+could+never+become+one+nation+as+their+religion+and+way+of+life+was+quite+distinct+from+each+other.%E2%80%9D&amp;pg=PA175 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Mohsinul Mulk, Syed Ahmad Khan and Syed Mahmood.jpg|Syed Ahmed Khan, Mohsin-ul-Mulk and Syed Mahmud|thumb]]<br /> <br /> In their view, Indo-Muslim culture had participants from certain sections of Hindus as well, who had been influenced a great deal by Indo-Muslim culture and had adopted some Muslim traditions during Muslim rule. However, the cultural ties with Hindus were scuttled due to Hindu revivalism after the advent of the British.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCZuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=The+Indo+-+Muslim+culture+,+which+had+thus+%22+a+definite+entity+%22+,+claimed+participants+from+the+Hindus+as+well+. |title=Pakistan Pictorial |date=1999 |publisher=Pakistan Publications |quote=The Indo - Muslim culture, which had thus &quot; a definite entity &quot;, claimed participants from the Hindus as well . They had also been influenced by Islamic culture a good deal and had come to adopt some of the Islamic traditions during |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040532/https://books.google.com/books?id=TCZuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=The+Indo+-+Muslim+culture+,+which+had+thus+%22+a+definite+entity+%22+,+claimed+participants+from+the+Hindus+as+well+. |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xloBAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=The+Indo+-+Muslim+culture+,+which+had+thus+%22+a+definite+entity+%22+,+claimed+participants+from+the+Hindus+as+well+. |title=Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Founder of Pakistan |date= |page=132 |author=Ziauddin Ahmed |publisher=the University of Michigan |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040538/https://books.google.com/books?id=xloBAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=The+Indo+-+Muslim+culture+,+which+had+thus+%22+a+definite+entity+%22+,+claimed+participants+from+the+Hindus+as+well+. |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The formation of the [[Indian National Congress]] was seen politically threatening and he dispensed with composite Indian nationalism. In an 1887 speech, he said:{{blockquote|Now suppose that all the English were to leave India—then who would be rulers of India? Is it possible that under these circumstances two nations, Mohammedan and Hindu, could sit on the same throne and remain equal in power? Most certainly not. It is necessary that one of them should conquer the other and thrust it down. To hope that both could remain equal is to desire the impossible and inconceivable.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Hussain |chapter=The Crisis of State Power in Pakistan |first1=Akmal |editor1=Ponna Wignaraja |editor2=Akmal Hussain |title=The Challenge in South Asia: Development, Democracy and Regional Cooperation |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9DmV9-0on0C&amp;pg=PA201 |year=1989 |publisher=United Nations University Press |isbn=978-0-8039-9603-8 |page=201 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115015242/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9DmV9-0on0C&amp;pg=PA201 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[File:India1765and1805b.jpg|thumb|350px|The changing Indian political scenario in the second half of the 18th century.]]<br /> In 1888, in a critical assessment of the [[Indian National Congress]], which promoted [[composite nationalism]] among all the castes and creeds of colonial India, he also considered Muslims to be a separate nationality among many others:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|The aims and objects of the Indian National Congress are based upon an ignorance of history and present-day politics; they do not take into consideration that India is inhabited by different nationalities: they presuppose that the Muslims, the Marathas, the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Banias, the Sudras, the Sikhs, the Bengalis, the Madrasis, and the Peshawaris can all be treated alike and all of them belong to the same nation. The Congress thinks that they profess the same religion, that they speak the same language, that their way of life and customs are the same... I consider the experiment which the Indian National Congress wants to make fraught with dangers and suffering for all the nationalities of India, especially for the Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;Gerald James Larson, ''India's Agony Over Religion: Confronting Diversity in Teacher Education'', SUNY Press (1995), p. 184&lt;/ref&gt;|}}<br /> <br /> [[File:All India Muslim league conference 1906 attendees in Dhaka.jpg|thumb|250px|All India Muslim league conference, 1906]]<br /> In 1925, during the Aligarh session of the [[All-India Muslim League]], which he chaired, [[Abdur Rahim (judge)|Justice Abdur Rahim]] (1867–1952) was one of the first to openly articulate on how Muslims and Hindu constitute two nations, and while it would become common rhetoric, later on, the historian [[S. M. Ikram]] says that it &quot;created quite a sensation in the twenties&quot;:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|The Hindus and Muslims are not two religious sects like the Protestants and Catholics of England, but form two distinct communities of peoples, and so they regard themselves. Their respective attitude towards life, distinctive culture, civilization and social habits, their traditions and history, no less than their religion, divide them so completely that the fact that they have lived in the same country for nearly 1,000 years has contributed hardly anything to their fusion into a nation... Any of us Indian Muslims travelling for instance in Afghanistan, Persia, and Central Asia, among Chinese Muslims, Arabs, and Turks, would at once be made at home and would not find anything to which we are not accustomed. On the contrary in India, we find ourselves in all social matters total aliens when we cross the street and enter that part of the town where our Hindu fellow townsmen live.&lt;ref&gt;S.M. Ikram, ''Indian Muslims and Partition of India'', Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist (1995), p. 308&lt;/ref&gt;|}}<br /> <br /> More substantially and influentially than Justice Rahim, or the historiography of British administrators, the poet-philosopher [[Muhammad Iqbal]] (1877–1938) provided the philosophical exposition and [[Barrister]] [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] (1871–1948) translated it into the political reality of a nation-state.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A. |title=Jinnah of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0PqPAAACAAJ |date=12 July 2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-567859-8|pages=47–48}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some Hindu nationalists also tended to believe Hindus and Muslims are different peoples, as illustrated by a statement made by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1937 during the 19th session of the Hindu Mahasabha in Ahmedabad regarding two nations:-<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|There are two antagonistic nations living side by side in India. India cannot be assumed today to be a unitarian and homogenous nation. On the contrary, there are two nations in the main: the Hindus and the Muslims, in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;counterview&quot;/&gt;|}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Flag of Muslim League.svg|thumb|Flag of the All-India Muslim League]]<br /> The [[All-India Muslim League]], in attempting to represent Indian Muslims, felt that the Muslims of the subcontinent were a distinct and separate nation from the Hindus. At first they demanded separate electorates, but when they opined that Muslims would not be safe in a Hindu-dominated [[India]], they began to demand a separate state. The League demanded [[self-determination]] for Muslim-majority areas in the form of a sovereign state promising minorities equal rights and safeguards in these Muslim majority areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Many scholars argue that the creation of Pakistan through the partition of India was orchestrated by an elite class of Muslims in colonial India, not the common man.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ranjan |first1=Amit |title=Partition of India: Postcolonial Legacies |date=2018 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-0-429-75052-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Komireddi |first1=Kapil |title=The long, troubling consequences of India's partition that created Pakistan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-long-troubling-consequences-of-indias-partition-that-created-pakistan/2015/04/17/8bf2669a-c746-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=31 May 2020 |date=17 April 2015 |quote=The idea of Pakistan emerged from the anxieties and prejudices of a decaying class of India's Muslim elites, who claimed that Islam's purity would be contaminated in a pluralistic society. |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108113700/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-long-troubling-consequences-of-indias-partition-that-created-pakistan/2015/04/17/8bf2669a-c746-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rabasa2004&quot;/&gt; A large number of Islamic political parties, religious schools, and organizations [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]] and advocated a [[composite nationalism]] of all the people of the country in opposition to British rule (especially the [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Fazal2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fazal |first1=Tanweer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WwtBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA162 |title=Nation-state and Minority Rights in India: Comparative Perspectives on Muslim and Sikh Identities |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-75179-3 |page=162 |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040544/https://books.google.com/books?id=1WwtBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA162 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|In 1941, a CID report states that thousands of Muslim weavers under the banner of [[Momin Conference]] and coming from Bihar and Eastern U.P. descended in Delhi demonstrating against the proposed two-nation theory. A gathering of more than fifty thousand people from an unorganized sector was not usual at that time, so its importance should be duly recognized. The non-''ashraf'' Muslims constituting a majority of Indian Muslims were opposed to partition but sadly they were not heard. They were firm believers of Islam yet they were opposed to Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fazal2014&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> On the other hand, Ian Copland, in his book discussing the end of the British rule in the Indian subcontinent, precises that it was not an élite-driven movement alone, who are said to have birthed separatism &quot;as a defence against the threats posed to their social position by the introduction of representative government and competitive recruitment to the public service&quot;, but that the Muslim masses participated into it massively because of the religious polarization which had been created by [[Hindu revivalism]] towards the last quarter of the 19th century, especially with the openly anti-Islamic [[Arya Samaj]] and the whole [[cow protection movement]], and &quot;the fact that some of the loudest spokesmen for the Hindu cause and some of the biggest donors to the Arya Samaj and the cow protection movement came from the Hindu merchant and money lending communities, the principal agents of lower-class Muslim economic dependency, reinforced this sense of insecurity&quot;, and because of Muslim resistance, &quot;each year brought new riots&quot; so that &quot;by the end of the century, Hindu-Muslim relations had become so soured by this deadly roundabout of blood-letting, grief and revenge that it would have taken a mighty concerted effort by the leaders of the two communities to repair the breach.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ian Copland, ''India 1885-1947: The Unmaking of an Empire'', Pearson Education (2001), pp. 57-58&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Relevant opinions ==<br /> <br /> The, &quot;Two Nation Theory&quot;, has become the official narrative in Pakistan for the creation of the state and key to how Pakistan defines itself, based on religion; seeking a separate homeland for Muslims, Jinnah had said in a speech in Lahore leading up to the partition that Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literary traditions, neither intermarrying nor eating together, belonging to two different civilisations whose ideas and conceptions are incompatible.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Kermani | first=Secunder | title=How Jinnah's ideology shapes Pakistan's identity | website=BBC Home | date=2017-08-18 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40961603 | access-date=2024-04-04}} Quote=&quot;Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literary traditions. They neither intermarry nor eat together, and indeed they belong to two different civilisations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Why was British India Partitioned in 1947? Considering the role of Muhammad Ali Jinnah | website=Faculty of History | date=2017-09-08 | url=https://www.history.ox.ac.uk/why-was-british-india-partitioned-in-1947-considering-the-role-of-muhammad-ali-0 | ref={{sfnref | Faculty of History | 2017}} | access-date=2024-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; The theory rested on the view that Muslim Indians and Hindu Indians were two separate nations due to being from different religious communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Conflict Analysis in&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= The Idea of Pakistan |date=2004 |author= Stephen P. Cohen |page=36 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It asserted that India was not a nation. It also asserted that Hindus and Muslims of the Indian subcontinent were each a nation, despite great variations in language, culture and ethnicity within each of those groups.&lt;ref name=&quot;saigol1995&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Knowledge and identity: articulation of gender in educational discourse in Pakistan | author=Rubina Saigol | year=1995 | isbn=978-969-8217-30-3 |publisher=ASR Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d82eAAAAMAAJ }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===British officials===<br /> <br /> [[Theodore Beck]], who played a major role in founding of the [[All-India Muslim League]] in 1906, was supportive of two-nation theory. Another British official includes [[Theodore Morison]]. Both Beck and Morison believed that parliamentary system of majority rule would be disadvantageous for the Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmed 2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=I. | title=Jinnah: His Successes, Failures and Role in History | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | year=2020 | isbn=978-93-5305-664-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hP9DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT118 | access-date=2023-07-11 | pages=117–118 | archive-date=11 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711040219/https://books.google.com/books?id=1hP9DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT118 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Arya Samaj===<br /> <br /> [[Bhai Parmanand]] while reading letters of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] to him in 1909, had jotted an idea that &quot;the territory beyond [[Sindh]] could be united with North-West Frontier Province into a great [[Musulman]] Kingdom. The [[Hindu]]s of the region should come away, while at the same time the [[Muslim|Musulmans]] in the rest of the country should go and settle in this territory&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Parmanand, Bhai |title=The Story of my Life|url=https://archive.org/details/bhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life/page/n73 41]–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Jaffrelot, Christophe |title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC&amp;pg=PA193|date= 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6|pages=193–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/4819117|title=Hindus- Muslims in 1857 &amp; Emergence of 2 Nation Theory|access-date=19 May 2007|publisher=Shamsul Islam|last1=Islam|first1=Shamsul|archive-date=11 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711040215/https://www.academia.edu/4819117|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Savarkar, Hindu Mahasabha, and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh===<br /> <br /> An embryonic form of the two-nation theory was seen in the [[Hindutva]] ideology since [[Essentials of Hindutva|its emergence in 1923]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bapu&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Bapu | first=Prabhu | title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History | publisher=Routledge | series=Online access with subscription: Proquest Ebook Central | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-415-67165-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC | page=77}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] in 1937, during the 19th session of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] in Ahmedabad, publicly expressed his support for the two-nation theory.&lt;ref name=&quot;counterview&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.counterview.net/2016/01/savarkar-in-ahmedabad-declared-support.html | title=Savarkar in Ahmedabad 'declared' two-nation theory in 1937, Jinnah followed 3 years later | date=24 January 2016 | access-date=29 May 2022 | archive-date=26 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426154721/https://www.counterview.net/2016/01/savarkar-in-ahmedabad-declared-support.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He said:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|There are two antagonistic nations living side by side in India. India cannot be assumed today to be a unitarian and homogenous nation. On the contrary, there are two nations in the main: the Hindus and the Muslims, in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;counterview&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Savarkar declared on August 15, 1943, in Nagpur:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|I have no quarrel with Mr Jinnah's two-nation theory. We Hindus are a nation by ourselves and it is a historical fact that Hindus and Muslims are two nations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee Ramaswamy&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1=Mukherjee | first1=S. | last2=Ramaswamy | first2=S. | title=Political Science Annual 1996 | publisher=Deep &amp; Deep Publications | year=1996 | isbn=978-81-7100-833-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bO4aqix_0qkC | page=242 | access-date=3 June 2023 | archive-date=15 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215111249/https://books.google.com/books?id=bO4aqix_0qkC | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Savarkar saw Muslims in the Indian police and military to be &quot;potential traitors&quot;. He advocated that India reduce the number of Muslims in the military, police and public service and ban Muslims from owning or working in munitions factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=McKean | first=L. | title=Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-226-56010-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsI7Hy8H34YC | page=96 | access-date=3 June 2023 | archive-date=30 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130152328/https://books.google.com/books?id=OsI7Hy8H34YC | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Savarkar criticised Gandhi for being concerned about Indian Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1=Cowen | first1=R. | last2=Kazamias | first2=A.M. | title=International Handbook of Comparative Education | publisher=Springer Netherlands | series=Springer International Handbooks of Education | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-4020-6403-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCJFq4D4r-8C | page=880}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> M. S. Golwalkar, the second [[Sarsanghchalak]] of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] Hindutva [[paramilitary]] organisation, believed that the 'partition' actually meant &quot;an acknowledgement that the Muslims formed a distinct and antagonistic national community ... won for itself a distinct state by vivisection of the country in which they had originally come as invaders and where they had been trying to settle down as conquerors&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bapu&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Muhammad Ali Jinnah===<br /> [[File:Jinnah addresses the delegates to the Moslem Political Convention held in New Delhi during 1943 (Photo 429-8).jpg|thumb|Jinnah addresses the delegates to the Moslem Political Convention held in New Delhi during 1943]]<br /> [[File:Jinnah with Iqbal.jpg|thumb|Jinnah and Iqbal]]<br /> <br /> In [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s All India Muslim League presidential address delivered in Lahore, on March 22, 1940, he explained:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, [[litterateur]]s. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state.|&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaid&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nazariapak.info/data/quaid/statements/two-nation.asp|title=Excerpt from the presidential address delivered Muhammad Ali Jinnah in Lahore on March 22, 1940|first=Nazaria-e-Pakistan Foundation|last=Official website|access-date=22 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628044030/http://www.nazariapak.info/data/quaid/statements/two-nation.asp &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date = 28 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> In 1944, Jinnah said:<br /> {{blockquote|We maintain and hold that Muslims and Hindus are two major nations by any definition or test of a nation. We are a nation of hundred million and what is more, we are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportions, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendar, history and tradition, and aptitude and ambitions. In short, we have our own outlook on life and of life.|}}<br /> <br /> In an interview with British journalist [[Beverley Nichols]], he said in 1943: <br /> {{blockquote|Islam is not only a religious doctrine but also a realistic code of conduct in terms of every day and everything important in life: our history, our laws and our jurisprudence. In all these things, our outlook is not only fundamentally different but also opposed to Hindus. There is nothing in life that links us together. Our names, clothes, food, festivals, and rituals, all are different. Our economic life, our educational ideas, treatment of women, attitude towards animals, and humanitarian considerations, all are very different.|}}<br /> <br /> In May 1947, he took an entirely different approach when he told [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Mountbatten]], who was in charge of British India's transition to independence: {{blockquote|Your Excellency doesn't understand that the Punjab is a nation. Bengal is a nation. A man is a Punjabi or a Bengali first before he is a Hindu or a Muslim. If you give us those provinces you must, under no condition, partition them. You will destroy their viability and cause endless bloodshed and trouble.|}}<br /> <br /> Mountbatten replied: {{blockquote|Yes, of course. A man is not only a Punjabi or a Bengali before he is a Muslim or Hindu, but he is an Indian before all else. What you're saying is the perfect, absolute answer I've been looking for. You've presented me the arguments to keep India united.|}} &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/cabinetmissionplan/mountbatten-and-jinnah-negotiations-on-pakistan-april-|title=Mountbatten and Jinnah negotiations on Pakistan April-July 1947 - CabinetMissionPlan|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009164532/https://sites.google.com/site/cabinetmissionplan/mountbatten-and-jinnah-negotiations-on-pakistan-april-|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Support of Ahmadis===<br /> [[File:Mirza_Nasir_Chating_with_Furqan_Force_Colonel_Sahibzada_Mubarak_Ahmad.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ahmadiyya Caliphate|Third Caliph]] of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at [[Mirza Nasir Ahmad]] conversing with [[Furqan Force]] colonel Sahibzada Mubarak Ahmad,]]<br /> The [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at]] staunchly supported Jinnah and his two-nation theory.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Minority Interest |journal=[[Pakistan Herald Publications|The Herald]] |date=1991 |volume=22 |issue=1–3 |page=15 |publisher=[[Pakistan Herald Publications]] |quote=When the Quaid-e-Azam was fighting his battle for Pakistan, only the Ahmadiya community, out of all religious groups, supported him.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaudary Zafarullah Khan, an Ahmadi leader, drafted the [[Lahore Resolution]] that separatist leaders interpreted as calling for the creation of Pakistan.&lt;ref name=Khalid&gt;{{cite web |last1=Khalid |first1=Haroon |title=Pakistan paradox: Ahmadis are anti-national but those who opposed the country's creation are not |url=https://scroll.in/article/836580/how-ahmadis-became-anti-pakistan-and-those-who-opposed-its-creation-came-to-define-nationalism |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=May 6, 2017 |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119000118/https://scroll.in/article/836580/how-ahmadis-became-anti-pakistan-and-those-who-opposed-its-creation-came-to-define-nationalism |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaudary Zafarullah Khan was asked by Jinnah to represent the Muslim League to the Radcliffe Commission, which was charged with drawing the line between an independent India and newly created Pakistan.&lt;ref name=Khalid/&gt; Ahmadis argued to try to ensure that the city of [[Qadian, India]] would fall into the newly created state of Pakistan, though they were unsuccessful in doing so &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Balzani |first1=Marzia |title=Ahmadiyya Islam and the Muslim Diaspora: Living at the End of Days |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-76953-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upon the creation of Pakistan, many Ahmadis held prominent posts in government positions;&lt;ref name=Khalid/&gt; in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]], the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at created the [[Furqan Force]] to fight Indian troops.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valentine2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Valentine |first1=Simon Ross |title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice |date=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-70094-8 |page=204 |quote=In 1948, after the creation of Pakistan, when the Dogra Regime and the Indian forces were invading Kashmir, the Ahmadi community raised a volunteer force, the Furqan Force which actively fought against Indian troops.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Support of Ambedkar ===<br /> [[File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|thumb|Ambedkar]]<br /> [[File:Punjabi Muslim soldiers, WW1.jpg|thumb|Punjabi Muslim soldiers in the British Indian Army]]<br /> In his 1945 book ''Pakistan, Or the Partition of India'', the Indian statesman, Buddhist and [[Dalit]] activist,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691157863 |editor-last=Buswell |editor-first=Robert Jr |editor-link=Robert Buswell Jr. |location=Princeton, NJ |page=34 |editor-last2=Lopez |editor-first2=Donald S. Jr. |editor-link2=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]], wrote a sub-chapter titled &quot;If Muslims truly and deeply desire Pakistan, their choice ought to be accepted&quot;. Ambedkar's anti-Muslim rhetoric in his book was paradoxical, which in order to agree with Jinnah's two-nation theory, played on every stereotype of Muslim barbarism. It emphasized the threat that the Muslim dominance in the Indian army posed to free India, and about the frightful fate that the Hindus would face if Pakistan was not separated.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=savUAQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=two+nation+theory+muslim+dominance&amp;pg=PA194 |title= Muslim Zion: Pakistan as a Political Idea |author= Faisal Devji |date= 2013 |page= 194 |publisher= Harvard University Press |isbn= 9780674074163 |access-date= 30 March 2023 |archive-date= 22 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040529/https://books.google.com/books?id=savUAQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=two+nation+theory+muslim+dominance&amp;pg=PA194 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He asserted that, if the Muslims were bent on the creation of Pakistan, the demand should be conceded in the interest of the safety of India. He asks whether Muslims in the army could be trusted to defend India in the event of Muslims invading India or in the case of a Muslim rebellion, as the bulk of the fighting forces available for the defence of India mostly came from areas which were to be included in Pakistan. &quot;[W]hom would the Indian Muslims in the army side with?&quot; he questioned. According to him, the assumption that Hindus and Muslims could live under one state if they were distinct nations was but &quot;an empty sermon, a mad project, to which no sane man would agree&quot;.&lt;ref name = &quot;Ambedkar&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last =Ambedkar | first =Bhimrao Ramji | title =Pakistan, Or the Partition of India | publisher =Thackers | year =1945 | location =Mumbai | url =http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_partition/307a.html#part_2 | access-date =30 September 2009 | archive-date =26 June 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100626013944/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_partition/307a.html#part_2 | url-status =live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In direct relation to the two-nation theory, he notably says in the book:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|The real explanation of this failure of Hindu-Muslim unity lies in the failure to realize that what stands between the Hindus and Muslims is not a mere matter of difference and that this antagonism is not to be attributed to material causes. It is formed by causes which take their origin in historical, religious, cultural and social antipathy, of which political antipathy is only a reflection. These form one deep river of discontent which, being regularly fed by these sources, keeps on mounting to a head and overflowing its ordinary channels. Any current of water flowing from another source, however pure, when it joins it, instead of altering the colour or diluting its strength becomes lost in the mainstream. The silt of this antagonism which this current has deposited has become permanent and deep. So long as this silt keeps on accumulating and so long as this antagonism lasts, it is unnatural to expect this antipathy between Hindus and Muslims to give place to unity.&lt;ref&gt;Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, ''Pakistan Or Partition of India'', Thacker limited (1945), p. 324&lt;/ref&gt;|}}<br /> <br /> According to Ambedkar, Hindu Nationalists naturally felt a resentment towards the assertion that Muslim India was a separate nation, because the Hindus felt ashamed to admit that India was not a nation, and despite attempts by the Hindus to prove to the English that India was in fact a nation, a deadlier blow arrived from the Muslim League which &quot;cuts the whole ground from under the feet of the Hindu politicians.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= Pakistan or the Partition of India |author= Ambedkar |date= 1945 |page=12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Ambedkar asserted that the separation of Muslims from India would benefit India, as the army would no longed be dominated by Muslims. Therefore, the Hindu civilian government would not be vulnerable to the army.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= the Idea of Pakistan| author= Stephen P. Cohen |date=2004 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |page=32 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Views of the Barelvis===<br /> [[File:Except from the Fatwa-i-Razaviya, Volume 21.webp|thumb|Except from the Fatwa-i-Razaviya, Volume 21]]<br /> The founder of the [[Barelvi]] movement, [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Ahmad Raza Khan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxD8DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ahmad+raza+khan+pakistan&amp;pg=PA34 |page=34 |title=Rethinking Pakistan: A 21st Century Perspective |author=Bilal Zahoor, Raza Rumi |date=2020 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=9781785274930 |access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422094752/https://books.google.com/books?id=RxD8DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ahmad+raza+khan+pakistan&amp;pg=PA34 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; supported the Muslim League and Pakistan's demand, arguing that befriending 'unbelievers' was forbidden in Islam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sikand2005&quot;/&gt; Other Barelvi scholars [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]] and the League's demand to be seen as the only representative of Indian Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kukreja&quot;/&gt; Ahmad Raza Khan wrote in the [[Fatawa-e-Razvia|Fatawa-e-Radaviyyah]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/FatawaRazawiyaJild21/page/n183/mode/2up |page=184 |author= Muhammad Tariq lahori |title= Fatawa Razawiya Jild 21 |date=11 January 2014 |quote= }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt; &quot;Pay heed, at this time in which the country is not in their hands [Hindus], how many obstacles they place for your religious symbols...When authority shall be in their hands, what can be guessed of that time? For example, at this time ritual slaughtering [qurbānī] occurs with restrictions and limitations...at that time they shall make it a crime worse than murder of a human.<br /> <br /> Shall the [British] government grant you [Muslims] alone the country? This is not possible. Nor shall they [Hindus] alone be granted it, then you shall have to share, or you shall have to divide the country. In the event of the second, it is apparent that no Indian city is free from Muslim population, then upon those hundreds of thousands of Muslims you have implemented laws in opposition to your pure Sharīáh with your united effort and you shall be responsible for that...In the event of the first, shall the Hindus agree that the country be shared and that the laws be solely the laws of Islām? Certainly not! Eventually you shall have to agree with them in one law or another that is in opposition to Islām...This is all in the case that dispute does not arise, and if it does break out, and experience informs that it certainly shall, if at that time the Hindus, as per their habit, play innocent and place all the blame upon your heads, then who shall be responsible for raising mischief in the land and opposing the Divine command, “Do not throw yourselves into destruction”, placing the lives and honour of yourselves and of hundreds of thousands of innocent Muslims in danger? May Allāh grant correct understanding! Āmīn.&quot; <br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1946, the support of the Barelvi Ulama across India was formalized in support of Pakistan in order to give it religious legitimacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMMpEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=barelvis+partition&amp;pg=PT66 |title=Syncretic Islam: Life and Times of Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi |author=Anil Maheshwari, Richa Singh |date=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9789354350092 |access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040543/https://books.google.com/books?id=YMMpEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=barelvis+partition&amp;pg=PT66 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pir Jamaat Ali Shah, who claimed an extensive following in rural Northern Punjab and influential Muslims elsewhere, lent unequivocal support for the anti-Hindu stance of the Barelvi Ulama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxD8DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Jamaat+Ali+Shah++Barelvi&amp;pg=PA35 |page=35 |title=Rethinking Pakistan: A 21st Century Perspective |author=Bilal Zahoor, Raza Rumid |date=2020 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=9781785274930 |access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040523/https://books.google.com/books?id=RxD8DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Jamaat+Ali+Shah++Barelvi&amp;pg=PA35 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Pro-Muslim League Newspapers===<br /> The case for Indo-Muslim identity was based on cultural grounds, understood as an ethnic Muslim identity as well as a clearly identifiable cultural history. In 1947, Dawn made a case for cultural nationalism based on art, literature, and way of life, and crucial to this claim of a nationhood separated from the majority 'Hindu' community was the fixing of a national culture that could be specific to Indian Muslims. In this case, the writer's rather sophisticated definition of 'common culture' - 'developed manifestations of thought and feeling' - serve to reinforce this distinctiveness. Indian Muslims thought differently, felt differently, had a different and unique history and therefore had a common purpose and interest, and therefore belonged to a different nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUgsAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=two+nation+theory+islam+ethnic+identity+culture&amp;pg=PA203 |title=Being Bengali: At Home and in the World |date=2014 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=9781317818908 |quote=Dawn made a case for cultural nationalisn based on art/architecture, literature/language, and 'way of life'. Crucial to this claim of a nationhood separated from the majority 'Hindu' community was the fixing of a national culture that could be specific to Indian Muslims. In this case, the writer's rather sophisticated definition of 'common culture' - 'developed manifestations of thought and feeling' - serve to reinforce this distinctiveness. Indian Muslims thought differently, felt differently, had a different and unique history and therefore had a common purpose and interest |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040528/https://books.google.com/books?id=DUgsAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=two+nation+theory+islam+ethnic+identity+culture&amp;pg=PA203 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Two Nation Theory has also led to debate over whether Pakistan was intended as a secular homeland for Indian Muslims or an Islamic state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40961603 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Opposition to the partition of India==<br /> [[File:Critical caricatureof Syed Ahmed Khan.png|thumb|Critical caricature of Syed Ahmed Khan]]<br /> [[Image:Badshah Khan.jpg|thumb|[[Indian National Congress]] leaders [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] and [[Mohandas Gandhi]] both championed [[Hindu–Muslim unity]] and [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of colonial India]].]]<br /> {{Main|Opposition to the partition of India}}<br /> {{Further|Composite nationalism|Hindu–Muslim unity|Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb}}<br /> <br /> The newly formed [[Dominion of India]] officially rejected the two-nation theory and chose to be a [[secular state]], enshrining the concepts of [[religious pluralism]] and [[composite nationalism]] in its constitution.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scott2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ali2006&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===All India Azad Muslim Conference===<br /> The [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]], which represented nationalist Muslims, gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for an [[Opposition to the partition of India|independent and united India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Ali Usman |last2=Robb |first2=Megan Eaton |title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108621236 |page=2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The British government, however, sidelined this nationalist Muslim organization and came to see Jinnah, who advocated separatism, as the sole representative of Indian Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shodganga&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Qaiser |first=Rizwan |chapter=Towards United and Federate India: 1940-47 |title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad a study of his role in Indian Nationalist Movement 1919–47 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University/Shodhganga |year=2005 |hdl=10603/31090 |at=Chapter 5, pp.&amp;nbsp;193, 198}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgar===<br /> [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], also known as the &quot;Frontier Gandhi&quot; or &quot;Sarhadi Gandhi&quot;, was not convinced by the two-nation theory and wanted a single united India as a home for both Hindus and Muslims. He was from the [[North West Frontier Province]] of British India, now in present-day [[Pakistan]]. He believed that the partition would be harmful to the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. After partition, following a majority of the NWFP voters going for Pakistan in a controversial referendum,&lt;ref name=&quot;Phadnis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Phadnis |first1=Aditi |title=Britain created Pakistan |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/britain-created-pakistan/20171102.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=2 June 2020 |date=2 November 2017 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816134904/https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/britain-created-pakistan/20171102.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghaffar Khan resigned himself to their choice and took an oath of allegiance to the new country on February 23, 1948, during a session of the Constituent Assembly, and his second son, [[Khan Abdul Wali Khan|Wali Khan]], &quot;played by the rules of the political system&quot; as well.&lt;ref&gt;[[Christophe Jaffrelot]], ''The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience'', Oxford University Press (2015), p. 153&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mahatma Gandhi's view===<br /> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was against the division of India on the basis of religion. He once wrote:{{blockquote|I find no parallel in history for a body of converts and their descendants claiming to be a nation apart from the parent stock.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prasoon2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Prof. Prasoon|title=My Letters.... M.K.Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qfEbNpv7ggC&amp;pg=PA120|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1109-9|page=120}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arnold2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=David Arnold|title=Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWzXAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT170|date=17 June 2014|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-317-88234-3|page=170}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chakraborty2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Mridula Nath Chakraborty|title=Being Bengali: At Home and in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUgsAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA203|date=26 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-81890-8|page=203}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Banerjee1981&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Anil Chandra Banerjee|title=Two Nations: The Philosophy of Muslim Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APLmIxRyEjEC&amp;pg=PA236|year=1981|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=236|id=GGKEY:HJDP3TYZJLW}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Parekh1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Bhikhu Parekh|title=Gandhi's Political Philosophy: A Critical Examination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sP2wCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA178|date=25 November 1991|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-12242-4|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ===Maulana Sayyid Abul Kalam Azad's view===<br /> [[Abul Kalam Azad|Maulana Sayyid Abul Kalam Azad]] was a member of the Indian National Congress and was known as a champion of [[Hindu-Muslim unity]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Naqvi&quot;/&gt; He argued that Muslims were native to India and had made India their home.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naqvi&quot;/&gt; Cultural treasures of undivided India such as the [[Red Fort]] of Delhi to the [[Taj Mahal]] of Agra to the [[Badshahi Mosque]] of Lahore reflected an Indo-Islamic cultural legacy in the whole country, which would remain inaccessible to Muslims if they were divided through a partition of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naqvi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Naqvi |first1=Saeed |title=Why didn't we listen to Maulana Azad's warning? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/310120/why-didnt-we-listen-to-maulana-azads-warning.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=2 June 2020 |language=en |date=31 January 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729121546/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/310120/why-didnt-we-listen-to-maulana-azads-warning.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He opposed the partition of India for as long as he lived.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Maulana Azad opposed Partition till last breath: Experts |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maulana-azad-opposed-partition-till-last-breath-experts-116022301000_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=2 June 2020 |date=23 February 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307230844/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maulana-azad-opposed-partition-till-last-breath-experts-116022301000_1.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === View of the Deobandi ulema ===<br /> {{further|Composite Nationalism and Islam}}<br /> The two-nation theory and the partition of India were vehemently opposed by the vast majority of [[Deobandi]] Islamic religious scholars, being represented by the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] that supported both the [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]] and [[Indian National Congress]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Qasmi&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Muhammadullah Khalili |title=Madrasa Education: Its Strength and Weakness |date=2005 |publisher=Markazul Ma'arif Education and Research Centre (MMERC) |isbn=978-81-7827-113-2 |page=175|quote=The Deobandis opposed partition, rejected the two-nation theory and strongly supported the nationalist movement led by the Congress.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kukreja&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kukreja |first1=Veena |last2=Singh |first2=M. P. |title=Pakistan: Democracy, Development, and Security Issues |date=2005 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |isbn=978-93-5280-332-3 |quote=The latter two organizations were offshoots of the pre-independence Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind and were {{sic|comprised|hide=y}} mainly of Deobandi Muslims (Deoband was the site for the Indian Academy of Theology and Islamic Jurisprudence). The Deobandis had supported the Congress Party prior to partition in the effort to terminate British rule in India. Deobandis also were prominent in the Khilafat movement of the 1920s, a movement Jinnah had publicly opposed. The Muslim League, therefore, had difficulty in recruiting ulema in the cause of Pakistan, and Jinnah and other League politicians were largely inclined to leave the religious teachers to their tasks in administering to the spiritual life of Indian Muslims. If the League touched any of the ''ulema'' it was the Barelvis, but they too never supported the Muslim League, let alone the latter's call to represent all Indian Muslims.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;QasmiRobb2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Ali Usman |last2=Robb |first2=Megan Eaton |title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108621236 |page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ali2006&quot;/&gt; The principal of Darul Uloom Deoband, Maulana Hussain Ahmad Madni, not only opposed the two-nation theory but sought to redefine the Indian Muslim nationhood. He advocated [[composite nationalism|composite Indian nationalism]], believing that nations in modern times were formed on the basis of land, culture, and history.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moj2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Muhammad Moj|title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA81|date=1 March 2015|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78308-389-3|pages=81–}}&lt;/ref&gt; He and other leading Deobandi ulama endorsed territorial nationalism, stating that Islam permitted it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sikand2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Yoginder Sikand|title=Bastions of the Believers: Madrasas and Islamic Education in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dK6_IMuqWpoC&amp;pg=PA228|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-400020-3|pages=228–}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite opposition from the leading Deobandi scholars, Ashraf Ali Thanvi and Mufti Muhammad Shafi instead tried to justify the two-nation theory and concept of Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Khan1988&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Shafique Ali Khan|title=The Lahore resolution: arguments for and against : history and criticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=910eAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Royal Book Co.|isbn=9789694070810|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144044/https://books.google.com/books?id=910eAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Ronald Inglehart|title=Islam, Gender, Culture, and Democracy: Findings from the World Values Survey and the European Values Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPbtAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=De Sitter Publications|isbn=978-0-9698707-7-7|page=28|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144046/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPbtAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The most decisive Deobandi refutation of Madani's &quot;united nationalism&quot;, was the commentary I'la al-Sunan, written by Ashraf Ali Thanvi's nephew, which stated that in a mixed nation society, the distinction and identity of Muslim life is diluted. A unified nation where non-Muslims form the numerical majority would result in the &quot;destruction of Islam, its laws, and its rituals, and it is therefore forbidden from the viewpoint of the Shari'ah.&quot; Since the distinguishing the Muslims from unbelievers is one of the &quot;fundamentals&quot; of the Shari'ah, anyone who denies the importance of Islamic law in maintaining sharp boundaries between Muslim and non-Muslim - he says in a thiny veiled allusion to Madani - &quot;is neither a competent scholar of Islamic law nor even a proper Muslim.&quot; In order to reconcile the two views, Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi, who travelled between India and Pakistan several times to resolve the split on the nationalist question, he declared that the split did not constitute a contradiction within Deobandi school based in theology, but merely the political attitude towards the question of sovereign power.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title= The Metacolonial State: Pakistan, Critical Ontology, and the Biopolitical Horizons of Political Islam| author= Naqeeb Jan |date=2019 |publisher=Wiley }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Post-partition debate==<br /> Similar debates on national identity existed within India at the linguistic, provincial and religious levels. While some argued that Indian Muslims were one nation, others argued they were not.<br /> <br /> Since the partition, the theory has been subjected to animated debates and different interpretations on several grounds. Mr. Niaz Murtaza, a Pakistani scholar with a doctoral degree from the Berkeley-based University of California, wrote in his ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' column (April 11, 2017):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murtaza |first=Dr Niaz |date=2017-04-11 |title=National myths |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1326135 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|If the two-nation theory is eternally true, why did Muslims come to Hindu India from Arabia? Why did they live with and rule Hindus for centuries instead of giving them a separate state based on such a theory? Why did the two-nation theory emerge when Hindu rule became certain? All this can only be justified by an absurd sense of superiority claiming a divine birthright to rule others, which many Muslims do hold despite their dismal morals and progress today.|}}<br /> <br /> To Indian nationalists, the British government intentionally divided India in order to keep the nation weak. According to Ambedkar, the British colonial government and British commentators made &quot;it a point of speaking of Indians as the people of India and avoid speaking of an Indian nation.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;khan1940&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Pakistan: The Heart of Asia | author=Liaquat Ali Khan | year=1940 | publisher=Thacker &amp; Co. Ltd. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swIYjzJOx5wC | isbn=9781443726672 | access-date=12 August 2015 | archive-date=29 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144038/https://books.google.com/books?id=swIYjzJOx5wC | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This was cited as a key reason for British control of the country: since Indians were not a nation, they were theoretically not capable of national [[self-government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lowell1918&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Greater European governments | author=Abbott Lawrence Lowell | year=1918|publisher=Harvard University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9gMAAAAYAAJ }}&lt;/ref&gt; While some Indian leaders insisted that Indians were one nation, others agreed that Indians were not yet a nation but there was &quot;no reason why in the course of time they should not grow into a nation.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;khan1940&quot;/&gt; Scholars note that a national consciousness has always been present in &quot;India&quot;, or more broadly the [[Indian subcontinent]], even if it was not articulated in modern terms.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mukherjee, Nationhood and Statehood in India|2001|p=6}}: &quot;Obviously the inhabitants of the subcontinent were considered by the Puranic authors as forming a nation, at least geographically and culturally. There were feelings among at least a section of the public that the whole of the subcontinent (or by and large the major part of it) was inhabited by a people or a group of peoples sharing a link-culture or some common features of an &quot;umbrella&quot; culture in so deep a manner that they could be called by a common name—Bhārati. So geographically and culturally, if not politically and ethnically, the Bhāratis were a nation.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Indian historians such as [[Shashi Tharoor]] have claimed that the partition of India was a result of the [[Divide and rule|divide-and-rule]] policies of the [[British Raj|British colonial government]] initiated after [[Hindu-Muslim unity|Hindus and Muslims]] united together to fight against the British East India Company in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Tharoor |first1=Shashi |title=The Partition: The British game of 'divide and rule' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/08/partition-british-game-divide-rule-170808101655163.html |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=August 10, 2017 |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922165201/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/08/partition-british-game-divide-rule-170808101655163.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some, such as [[Ambedkar]] argued that Indian Muslims were not yet a nation, but could be forged into one.&lt;ref name=&quot;khan1940&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the Gilani, Pakistani school textbooks make a mistake as [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] is often referred to as the first Pakistani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Gilani |first=Waqar |title=History books contain major distortions |newspaper=Daily Times |date=30 March 2004 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-3-2004_pg7_16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606172153/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-3-2004_pg7_16 |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:Pakistan&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://infopak.gov.pk/History.aspx|title=Information of Pakistan|date=2010-07-23|access-date=2019-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723113602/http://infopak.gov.pk/History.aspx|archive-date=23 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Prakash K. Singh attributes the arrival of Muhammad bin Qasim as the first step towards the creation of Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prakash K. Singh&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia on Jinnah|year=2008|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-8126137794|page=331|author=Prakash K. Singh|volume=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] considered the [[Pakistan movement]] to have started when the first Muslim put a foot in the [[Gateway of Islam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bepf.punjab.gov.pk/independence_through_ages|title=Independence Through Ages|website=bepf.punjab.gov.pk|access-date=2019-04-05|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207082914/https://bepf.punjab.gov.pk/independence_through_ages|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cL0VAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=The+Pakistan+Movement+started+when+the+first+Muslim+put+his+foot+on+the+soil+of+Sindh,+the+gateway+of+Islam+in+India.%22|title=Encyclopaedia on Jinnah|last=Singh|first=Prakash K.|date=2009|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=9788126137794|language=en|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113612/https://books.google.com/books?id=cL0VAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=The+Pakistan+Movement+started+when+the+first+Muslim+put+his+foot+on+the+soil+of+Sindh,+the+gateway+of+Islam+in+India.%22|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many common Muslims criticized the two-nation theory as favoring only the elite class of Muslims, causing the deaths of over one million innocent people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rabasa2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rabasa |first1=Angel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1cyn36g3E4C&amp;pg=PA299 |title=The Muslim World After 9/11 |last2=Waxman |first2=Matthew |last3=Larson |first3=Eric V. |last4=Marcum |first4=Cheryl Y. |date=2004 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-3755-8 |quote=However, many Indian Muslims regarded India as their permanent home and supported the concept of a secular, unified state that would include both Hindus and Muslims. After centuries of joint history and coexistence, these Muslims firmly believed that India was fundamentally a multireligious entity and that Muslims were an integral part of the state. |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040540/https://books.google.com/books?id=i1cyn36g3E4C&amp;pg=PA299 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In his memoirs entitled ''Pathway to Pakistan'' (1961), [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]], a prominent leader of the Pakistan movement and the first president of the [[Pakistan Muslim League]], has written: &quot;The two-nation theory, which we had used in the fight for Pakistan, had created not only bad blood against the Muslims of the minority provinces but also an ideological wedge, between them and the Hindus of India.&quot;.{{sfn|Khaliquzzaman, Pathway to Pakistan|1961|p=390}} He further wrote: &quot;He ([[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]) doubted the utility of the two-nation theory, which to my mind also had never paid any dividends to us, but after the partition, it proved positively injurious to the Muslims of India, and on a long-view basis for Muslims everywhere.&quot;{{sfn|Khaliquzzaman, Pathway to Pakistan|1961|p=400}}<br /> <br /> According to Khaliquzzaman, on August 1, 1947, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] invited the Muslim League members of India's constituent assembly to a farewell meeting at his Delhi house.<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|Mr. Rizwanullah put some awkward questions concerning the position of Muslims, who would be left over in India, their status and their future. I had never before found Mr. Jinnah so disconcerted as on that occasion, probably because he was realizing then quite vividly what was immediately in store for the Muslims. Finding the situation awkward, I asked my friends and colleagues to end the discussion. I believe as a result of our farewell meeting, Mr. Jinnah took the earliest opportunity to bid goodbye to his two-nation theory in his speech on 11 August 1947 as the governor general-designate and President of the constituent assembly of Pakistan.{{sfn|Khaliquzzaman, Pathway to Pakistan|1961|p=321}} }}<br /> <br /> In his August 11, 1947 speech, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] had spoken of composite [[Pakistani nationalism]], effectively negating the faith-based nationalism that he had advocated in his speech of March 22, 1940. In his August 11 speech, he said that non-Muslims would be equal citizens of Pakistan and that there would be no discrimination against them. &quot;You may belong to any religion or caste or creed that has nothing to do with the business of the state.&quot; On the other hand, far from being an ideological point (transition from faith-based to composite nationalism), it was mainly tactical: [[Dilip Hiro]] says that &quot;extracts of this speech were widely disseminated&quot; in order to abort the communal violence in Punjab and the NWFP, where Muslims and Sikhs-Hindus were butchering each other and which greatly disturbed Jinnah on a personal level, but &quot;the tactic had little if any, impact on the horrendous barbarity that was being perpetrated on the plains of Punjab.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dilip Hiro, ''The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan'', Hachette UK (2015), p. 101&lt;/ref&gt; Another Indian scholar, Venkat Dhulipala, who in his book ''Creating a New Medina'' precisely shows that Pakistan was meant to be a new Medina, an Islamic state, and not only a state for Muslims, so it was meant to be ideological from the beginning with no space for composite nationalism, in an interview also says that the speech &quot;was made primarily keeping in mind the tremendous violence that was going on&quot;, that it was &quot;directed at protecting Muslims from even greater violence in areas where they were vulnerable&quot;, &quot;it was pragmatism&quot;, and to vindicate this, the historian goes on to say that &quot;after all, a few months later, when asked to open the doors of the Muslim League to all Pakistanis irrespective of their religion or creed, the same Jinnah refused, saying that Pakistan was not ready for it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Ajaz Ashraf |date=28 June 2016 |url=https://scroll.in/article/810132/the-venkat-dhulipala-interview-on-the-partition-issue-jinnah-and-ambedkar-were-on-the-same-page |title=The Venkat Dhulipala interview: 'On the Partition issue, Jinnah and Ambedkar were on the same page |website=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=5 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205112539/http://scroll.in/article/810132/the-venkat-dhulipala-interview-on-the-partition-issue-jinnah-and-ambedkar-were-on-the-same-page |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The theory has faced skepticism because Muslims did not entirely separate from Hindus and about one-third of all Muslims continued to live in post-partition India as Indian citizens alongside a much larger Hindu majority.&lt;ref name=&quot;haqqani2005&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military | author=Husain Haqqani | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-87003-214-1 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;urdupoint2010jsa&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=کالم نگار جہالت اور جذبات فروشی کا کام کرتے ہیں ('Columnists are peddling ignorance and raw emotionalism') | newspaper=Urdu Point | access-date=22 October 2010 | url=http://akhbar.urdupoint.com/khas/interviews/Hassan-Nissar.shtml | archive-date=12 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112183547/http://akhbar.urdupoint.com/khas/interviews/Hassan-Nissar.shtml | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> People or religious organizations among others, who moved from India to Pakistan after the partition and instigated the anti-Ahmadi movement, compelled Pakistan into giving up its inclination to secularism in favor of a theocratic state.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Express Tribune pk 2011 h847&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Jinnah and the religious right | website=The Express Tribune | date=2011-01-16 | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/104683/jinnah-and-the-religious-right | access-date=2024-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Impact of Bangladesh's creation ===<br /> The [[Bangladesh Liberation War|subsequent partition of Pakistan itself]] into the present-day nations of Pakistan and [[Bangladesh]] was cited as proof both that Muslims did not constitute one nation and that religion alone was not a defining factor for nationhood.&lt;ref name=&quot;haqqani2005&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;urdupoint2010jsa&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;voll1994&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Islam, Continuity and Change in the Modern World | author=Craig Baxter|author-link = Craig Baxter | year=1994 | isbn=978-0-8156-2639-8 |publisher=Syracuse University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtsqZZJ1tToC }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baxter1998&quot;&gt;{{Citation | author=Craig Baxter | year=1998 | title=Bangladesh: From a Nation to a State |publisher=Westview Press |page=xiii | isbn=978-0-8133-3632-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Altaf Hussain, [http://www.mqm.org/English-News/Apr-2000/TWO%20NATION%20THEORY.htm Two Nation Theory] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831160803/http://www.mqm.org/English-News/Apr-2000/TWO%20NATION%20THEORY.htm |date=31 August 2006 }}, Muttahida Quami Movement, April 2000.&lt;/ref&gt; Some historians have claimed that the theory was a creation of a few Muslim intellectuals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |author=Amaury de Riencourt |author-link=Amaury de Riencourt |date=Winter 1982–83 |title=India and Pakistan in the Shadow of Afghanistan |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19821201faessay8309/amaury-de-riencourt/india-and-pakistan-in-the-shadow-of-afghanistan.html |magazine=Foreign Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030519075744/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19821201faessay8309/amaury-de-riencourt/india-and-pakistan-in-the-shadow-of-afghanistan.html |archive-date=19 May 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Altaf Hussain (Pakistani politician)|Altaf Hussain]], founder of the [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|Muttahida Qaumi Movement]] believes that history has proved the two-nation theory wrong.&lt;ref&gt;Altaf Hussain, [http://www.mqm.org/English-News/Jun-2000/twonation-210600.htm The slogan of two-nation theory was raised to deceive the one hundred million Muslims of the subcontinent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721195349/http://www.mqm.org/English-News/Jun-2000/twonation-210600.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}, Muttahida Quaumi Movement, 21 June 2000&lt;/ref&gt; He contended, &quot;The idea of Pakistan was dead at its inception when the majority of Muslims (in Muslim-minority areas of India) chose to stay back after partition, a truism reiterated in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last =Faruqui | first =Ahmad | title =Jinnah's unfulfilled vision: The Idea of Pakistan by Stephen Cohen | newspaper =Asia Times | location =Pakistan| date =19 March 2005 | url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GC19Df04.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050320023956/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GC19Df04.html | url-status=unfit | archive-date=20 March 2005 | access-date =6 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Pakistani scholar [[Tarek Fatah]] termed the two-nation theory &quot;absurd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Aarti Tikoo Singh|title=Tarek Fatah: India is the only country where Muslims exert influence without fear|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/interviews/Tarek-Fatah-India-is-the-only-country-where-Muslims-exert-influence-without-fear/articleshow/19619612.cms|access-date=29 April 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 April 2013|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308210816/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/interviews/Tarek-Fatah-India-is-the-only-country-where-Muslims-exert-influence-without-fear/articleshow/19619612.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In his ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' column [[Irfan Husain]], a well-known political commentator, observed that it has now become an &quot;impossible and exceedingly boring task of defending a defunct theory&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Irfan Husain, [http://archives.dawn.com/weekly/mazdak/20001104.htm A discourse of the deaf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112170527/http://archives.dawn.com/weekly/mazdak/20001104.htm |date=12 January 2012 }}, ''Dawn'', 4 November 2000&lt;/ref&gt; However some Pakistanis, including a retired Pakistani brigadier, Shaukat Qadir, believe that the theory could only be disproved with the reunification of independent [[Bangladesh]], and [[Republic of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dailytimes1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Professor [[Sharif al Mujahid]], one of the most preeminent experts on [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] and the [[Pakistan movement]], the two-nation theory was relevant only in the pre-1947 subcontinental context.&lt;ref&gt;[https://jinnah-institute.org/feature/august-11-1947-jinnahs-paradigmatic-shift/ Jinnah's paradigmatic shift] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031220625/https://jinnah-institute.org/feature/august-11-1947-jinnahs-paradigmatic-shift/ |date=31 October 2020 }}, Jinnah Institute, 4 September 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;{{full citation needed|date=April 2017}} He is of the opinion that the creation of Pakistan rendered it obsolete because the two nations had transformed themselves into Indian and Pakistani nations.&lt;ref&gt;The News, March 23, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;{{full citation needed|date=April 2017}} Muqtada Mansoor, a columnist for Express newspaper, has quoted [[Farooq Sattar]], a prominent leader of the [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|MQM]], as saying that his party did not accept the two-nation theory. &quot;Even if there was such a theory, it has sunk in the [[Bay of Bengal]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Daily Express, Lahore, March 24, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;{{full citation needed|date=April 2017}}<br /> <br /> In 1973, there was a movement against the recognition of Bangladesh in Pakistan. Its main argument was that Bangladesh's recognition would negate the two-nation theory. However, [[Salman Sayyid]] says that 1971 is not so much the failure of the two-nation theory and the advent of a [[Supremacism#Islamic|united Islamic polity]] despite ethnic and cultural difference, but more so the defeat of &quot;a [[Westphalian sovereignty|Westphalian]]-style nation-state, which insists that linguistic, cultural and ethnic homogeneity is necessary for high 'sociopolitical cohesion'. The break-up of united Pakistan should be seen as another failure of this Westphalian-inspired [[Kemalist]] model of nation-building, rather than an illustration of the inability of [[Political Islam|Muslim political identity]] to sustain a unified state structure.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Salman Sayyid, ''Recalling the Caliphate: Decolonisation and World Order'', C. Hurst &amp; Co. (2014), p. 126&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some Bangladesh academics have rejected the notion that 1971 erased the legitimacy of the two-nation theory as well, like Akhand Akhtar Hossain, who thus notes that, after independence, &quot;Bengali ethnicity soon lost influence as a marker of identity for the country's majority population, their Muslim identity regaining prominence and differentiating them from the Hindus of West Bengal&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Akhand Akhtar Hossain, &quot;Islamic Resurgence in Bangladesh's Culture and Politics: Origins, Dynamics and Implications&quot; in ''Journal of Islamic Studies'', Volume 23, Issue 2, May 2012, Pages 165–198&lt;/ref&gt; or Taj ul-Islam Hashmi, who says that Islam came back to Bangladeshi politics in August 1975, as the death of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] &quot;brought Islam-oriented state ideology by shunning secularism and socialism.&quot; He has quoted Basant Chatterjee, an Indian Bengali journalist, as rebuking the idea of the failure of two-nation theory, arguing that, had it happened, Muslim-majority Bangladesh would have joined Hindu-majority West Bengal in India.&lt;ref&gt;Taj ul-Islam Hashmi, &quot;Islam in Bangladesh politics&quot; in Hussin Mutalib and Taj ul-Islam Hashmi (editors), ''Islam, Muslims and the Modern State: Case Studies of Muslims in Thirteen Countries'', Springer (2016), pp. 100-103&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[J. N. Dixit]], a former ambassador of India to Pakistan, thought the same, stating that Bangladeshis &quot;wanted to emerge not only as an independent Bengali country but as an independent Bengali Muslim country. In this, they proved the British Viceroy Lord [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|George Curzon]] (1899-1905) correct. His [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal in 1905]] creating two provinces, one with a Muslim majority and the other with a Hindu majority, seems to have been confirmed by Bangladesh's emergence as a Muslim state. So one should not be carried away by the claim of the two-nation theory having been disproved.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;J. N. Dixit, ''India-Pakistan in War and Peace'', Routledge (2003), p. 387&lt;/ref&gt; Dixit has narrated an anecdote. During Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's visit to [[Dhaka]] in July 1974, after [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] went to Lahore to attend the Islamic summit in February 1974: &quot;As the motorcade moved out, Mujib's car was decorated with garlands of chappals and anti-Awami League slogans were shouted together with slogans such as: &quot;Bhutto Zindabad&quot;, and &quot;Bangladesh-Pakistan Friendship Zindabad&quot;.&quot; He opines that Bhutto's aim was &quot;to revive the Islamic consciousness in Bangladesh&quot; and &quot;India might have created Bangladesh, but he would see that India would have to deal with not one, but two Pakistans, one in the west and another in the east.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;J. N. Dixit, ''India-Pakistan in War and Peace'', Routledge (2003), p. 225&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ethnic and provincial groups in Pakistan ===<br /> <br /> Several ethnic and provincial leaders in Pakistan also began to use the term &quot;nation&quot; to describe their provinces and argued that their very existence was threatened by the concept of amalgamation into a Pakistani nation on the basis that Muslims were one nation.&lt;ref name=&quot;iops2005fds&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Pakistan political perspective, Volume 14 | author=((Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad)) | year=2005| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uGNAAAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mustafa2003s&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Sayyed: as we knew him |author1=Sayid Ghulam Mustafa |author2=Ali Ahmed Qureshi |year=2003 |publisher=Manchhar Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfdtAAAAMAAJ |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144038/https://books.google.com/books?id=rfdtAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It has also been alleged that the idea that Islam is the basis of nationhood embroils Pakistan too deeply in the affairs of other predominantly Muslim states and regions, prevents the emergence of a unique sense of Pakistani nationhood that is independent of reference to India, and encourages the growth of a fundamentalist culture in the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;brass2002&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Competing nationalisms in South Asia: essays for Asghar Ali Engineer |author1=Paul R. Brass |author2=Achin Vanaik |author3=Asgharali Engineer |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-250-2221-3 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qJG7GapE_I }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;burki1999&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Pakistan: fifty years of nationhood | author=Shahid Javed Burki | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-8133-3621-3 |publisher=Westview Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0qwWSbboAAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ahmar2001&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=The CTBT debate in Pakistan | author=Moonis Ahmar | year=2001 | isbn=978-81-241-0818-5 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cO52DJYhF14C}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Also, because partition divided Indian Muslims into three groups (of roughly 190 million people each in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) instead of forming a single community inside a united India that would have numbered about 570 million people and potentially exercised great influence over the entire subcontinent. So, the two-nation theory is sometimes alleged to have ultimately weakened the position of Muslims on the subcontinent and resulted in large-scale territorial shrinkage or skewing for cultural aspects that became associated with Muslims (e.g., the decline of [[Urdu language]] in India).&lt;ref name=&quot;kibria2009&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=A shattered dream: understanding Pakistan's underdevelopment | author=Ghulam Kibria | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-19-577947-9 |publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNDsAAAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mahajan2002&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=The multicultural Path: Issues of Diversity and Discrimination in Democracy | author=Gurpreet Mahajan | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-7619-9579-1 |publisher=Sage | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wanZAAAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This criticism has received a mixed response in Pakistan. A poll conducted by [[Gallup Pakistan]] in 2011 shows that an overwhelming majority (92%) of Pakistanis held the view that separation from India was justified in 1947.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/250684/majority-pakistanis-think-partition-of-india-was-justified-gallup-poll/|title=Majority Pakistanis think separation from India was justified: Gallup poll|work=Express Tribune|date=12 September 2011|access-date=28 December 2011|archive-date=26 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026111448/http://tribune.com.pk/story/250684/majority-pakistanis-think-partition-of-india-was-justified-gallup-poll/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakistani commentators have contended that two nations did not necessarily imply two states, and the fact that Bangladesh did not merge into India after separating from Pakistan supports the two-nation theory.&lt;ref name=&quot;khan2005skd&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=The concept, Volume 25 | author=Raja Afsar Khan | year=2005| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-NtAAAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dailytimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=India and Partition |publisher=Daily Times |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_10-4-2004_pg3_5 |access-date=11 June 2007 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020200059/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_10-4-2004_pg3_5 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Counters to this question was the argument that despite the still-extant Muslim minority in India, and asserted variously that Indian Muslims have been &quot;Hinduized&quot; (i.e., lost much of their Muslim identity due to assimilation into [[Hindu culture]]), or that they are treated as an excluded or alien group by an allegedly Hindu-dominated India.&lt;ref name=&quot;haddad2000&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Muslims on the Americanization path? |author1=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad |author2=John L. Esposito | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-19-513526-8 |publisher=Oxford University Press US | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrV5dI0Z3koC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Factors such as lower literacy and education levels among Indian Muslims as compared to Indian Hindus, longstanding cultural differences, and outbreaks of religious violence such as those occurring during the [[2002 Gujarat violence|2002 Gujarat riots]] in India are cited.&lt;ref name=&quot;Two-Nation Theory Exists&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Mallah|first=Samina |title=Two-Nation Theory Exists |newspaper=Pakistan Times |date=2007 |url=http://www.pakistantimes.net/2007/04/03/oped2.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111023629/http://www.pakistantimes.net/2007/04/03/oped2.htm |archive-date=11 November 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Pan-Islamic identity ===<br /> {{See also|Pan-Islamism}}<br /> The emergence of a sense of identity that is pan-Islamic rather than Pakistani has been defended as consistent with the founding ideology of Pakistan and the concept that &quot;Islam itself is a nationality,&quot; despite the commonly held notion of &quot;nationality, to Muslims, is like idol worship.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;jan1993&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Foreign policy debate, the years ahead | author=Tarik Jan | year=1993|publisher=Institute of Policy Studies | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--1tAAAAMAAJ| isbn=9789694480183 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;burke1974&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani foreign policies | author=S. M. Burke | year=1974 | isbn=978-0-8166-0720-4 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8QCmx0u7FUC}}&lt;/ref&gt; While some have emphasized that promoting the primacy of a pan-Islamic identity (over all other identities) is essential to maintaining a distinctiveness from India and preventing national &quot;collapse&quot;, others have argued that the two-nation theory has served its purpose in &quot;midwifing&quot; Pakistan into existence and should now be discarded to allow Pakistan to emerge as a normal nation-state.&lt;ref name=&quot;burki1999&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;syed1974&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=China &amp; Pakistan: diplomacy of an entente cordiale | author=Anwar Hussain Syed | year=1974 | isbn=978-0-87023-160-5 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-eJOu2ZUkkC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Post-partition perspectives in India===<br /> The Republic of India officially rejected the two-nation theory and chose to be a [[secular state]], enshrining the concepts of [[religious pluralism]] and [[composite nationalism]] in its constitution.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scott2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ali2006&quot;/&gt; Constitutionally, India rejects the two-nation theory and regards Indian Muslims as equal citizens.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref71puyox&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Kargil 1999: Pakistan's fourth war for Kashmir | author=Jasjit Singh | publisher=Knowledge World, 1999 | isbn=9788186019221 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBFuAAAAMAAJ | year=1999 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nevertheless, in post-independence India, the two-nation theory helped advance the cause of [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] groups seeking to identify a &quot;Hindu national culture&quot; as the core identity of an Indian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Sammyh S. Khan, Ted Svensson, Yashpal A. Jogdand, James H. Liu |title=Lessons From the Past for the Future: The Definition and Mobilisation of Hindu Nationhood by the Hindu Nationalist Movement of India |journal=Journal of Social and Political Psychology |date=2017 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=477–511 |doi=10.5964/jspp.v5i2.736 |url=https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/5027/5027.html |quote=Hindu nationalist movement in fact supported the notion of a two-nation theory. |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301155748/https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/5027/5027.html |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; This allows the acknowledgment of the common ethnicity of Indian Hindus and Muslims while requiring that all adopt a Hindu identity to be truly Indian. From the Hindu nationalist perspective, this concedes the ethnic reality that Indian Muslims are &quot;flesh of our flesh and blood of our blood&quot; but still presses for an officially recognized equation of national and religious identity, i.e., that &quot;an Indian is a Hindu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;suryadinata2000&quot;&gt;{{Citation |first=Kripa |last=Sridharan |chapter=Grasping the Nettle: Indian Nationalism and Globalization | title=Nationalism and globalization: east and west | editor=Leo Suryadinata | year=2000 | isbn=978-981-230-078-2 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |pages=294–318 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEcHhROO_qUC&amp;pg=PA310}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The theory and the very existence of Pakistan has caused Indian far-right extremist groups to allege that Indian Muslims &quot;cannot be loyal citizens of India&quot; or any other non-Muslim nation, and are &quot;always capable and ready to perform traitorous acts&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref54jezil&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Muslims in India: Contemporary Social and Political Discourses | author=Yogindar Sikand | publisher=Hope India Publications, 2006 | isbn=9788178711157 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqII1zqXt-4C| year=2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref29gixuv&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Peoples of South Asia | author=Clarence Maloney | publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974 | isbn=9780030849695 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOptAAAAMAAJ | year=1974 }}&lt;/ref&gt; BJP's general secretary [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]] has said that after the partition in 1947, whatever was left of India constituted a &quot;Hindu Rashtra&quot; (Hindu Nation).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=After Partition, India became a Hindu nation: BJP's Kailash Vijayvargiya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hindu-rashtra-partition-india-pakistan-bjp-kailash-vijayvargiya-2349908-2023-03-22 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=India Today |date=22 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416111920/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hindu-rashtra-partition-india-pakistan-bjp-kailash-vijayvargiya-2349908-2023-03-22 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Opinions in Pakistan and Bangladesh===<br /> With the rise of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the attendant marginalisation of Muslims in India, some in Pakistan and Bangladesh have argued that Jinnah's views had been vindicated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=M Serajul |first=Islam |title=The two-nation theory and the present-day India |website=New Age |date=25 December 2019 |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/94532/the-two-nation-theory-and-the-present-day-india |access-date=17 July 2023 |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717082019/https://www.newagebd.net/article/94532/the-two-nation-theory-and-the-present-day-india |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |title=Jinnah was right. But Pakistan has a long way to go |newspaper=TRT World |date=2020 |url=https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/jinnah-was-right-but-pakistan-has-a-long-way-to-go-38894 |access-date=2023-07-17 |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717022604/https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/jinnah-was-right-but-pakistan-has-a-long-way-to-go-38894 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; People including General [[Qamar Javed Bajwa]] believed that the separation of the Muslim-majority areas into Pakistan has saved many Muslims from domination by the Hindu nationalists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Quaid's two-nation theory more acknowledged reality today, says Gen Qamar |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=25 June 2019 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2124851/quaids-two-nation-theory-acknowledged-reality-today-coas |access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426094258/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2124851/quaids-two-nation-theory-acknowledged-reality-today-coas |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; General [[Asim Munir]] also agrees with this doctrine. He said that &quot;our religions are different, our cultures are different, our traditions are different, our thoughts are different, our ambitions are different&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |last2=Baloch |first2=Shah Meer |date=2025-05-10 |title=Who is Gen Asim Munir, the army chief leading Pakistan’s military amid India crisis? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/10/who-is-gen-asim-munir-army-chief-leading-pakistan-military-over-india-crisis |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Pakistan|British Empire|India|}}<br /> * [[Pakistanism]]<br /> * [[Composite nationalism]]<br /> * [[Secularism in Pakistan]]<br /> * [[Ziaism]]<br /> * [[Madani–Iqbal debate]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{citation |last=Mukherjee |first=Bratindra Nath |author-link=B. N. Mukherjee |title=Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTGKAAAAMAAJ |date=2001 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-87498-26-1 |ref={{sfnref|Mukherjee, Nationhood and Statehood in India|2001}}}}<br /> * {{citation |first=Choudhry |last=Khaliquzzaman |year=1961 |title=Pathway to Pakistan |publisher=Brothers' Publisher |location=Lahore |publication-date=1993 |ref={{sfnref|Khaliquzzaman, Pathway to Pakistan|1961}}}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A129|title=The Ideology of Pakistan: Two-Nation Theory|first=Jin Technologies (Pvt) Limited|last=Story of Pakistan website|date=December 2003|access-date=22 April 2006|archive-date=11 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511170712/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A129|url-status=live}}<br /> *Story of the Nation divided by group connected by heart; [https://www.e-gyankosh.in/2020/07/two-nation-theory.html two nation theory E-Gyankosh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712184523/https://www.e-gyankosh.in/2020/07/two-nation-theory.html |date=12 July 2020 }}<br /> * {{Cite news |author=Amir Zia |title=Increasing Marginalization of Muslims in India: Vindication of Two-nation Theory |newspaper=Hilal English (The Pakistan Armed Forces Magazine) |date=2019 |url=https://hilal.gov.pk/eng-article/detail/NjQ0MQ==.html }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> {{Islamism}}<br /> {{Segregation by type}}<br /> {{Political ideologies}}<br /> {{Relpolnav}}<br /> {{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Jinnah}}<br /> {{Pakistan Movement}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Pakistani nationalism]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Movement]]<br /> [[Category:Segregation]]<br /> [[Category:Partition of India]]<br /> [[Category:Political terminology in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Political ideologies]]<br /> [[Category:Constitution of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:History of the All-India Muslim League]]<br /> [[Category:Historiography of India]]<br /> [[Category:Historiography of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Historiography of Bangladesh]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anand_Marriage_Act,_1909&diff=486262 2026-02-12T16:50:37Z

<p>Andreasyrt: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox legislation<br /> | short_title = Anand Marriage Act, 1909<br /> | legislature = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]<br /> | image = Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg<br /> | imagesize = 150<br /> | long_title = An Act to remove doubts as to the validity of the marriage ceremony common among the Sikhs called Anand.<br /> | citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2347/1/190907.pdf Act No. 7 of 1909]<br /> | territorial_extent = whole of India<br /> | enacted_by = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]<br /> | date_enacted = 22 October 1909<br /> | amended_by = Anand Marriage (Amendment) Act, 2012 (29 of 2012)<br /> | status = in force<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Anand Marriage Act, 1909''' was a piece of legislation dealing with [[Anand Karaj|Sikh marriage]] in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] that validated the Sikh marriage customs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chaudhari |first=Dattatraya Hari |title=The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (Act No. 25 of 1955): With an Exhaustive Commentary, Explanatory and Critical Notes, Case Law, Other Marriage and Divorce Acts, High Court Rules, Table of Cases, Index, Etc |last2=Chaudhari |first2=A. D. |publisher=Eastern Law House |year=1966 |edition=3rd |pages=68, 363}}&lt;/ref&gt; The act was a result of the ongoing [[Singh Sabha Movement|Singh Sabha movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot |url=http://archive.org/details/constructionofre0000ober |title=The Construction of religious boundaries : Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |date=1994 |publisher=Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=336–343}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hirst |first=Jacqueline Suthren |title=Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia |last2=Zavos |first2=John |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-62668-5 |pages=190–196 |chapter=9 The construction of religious boundaries}}&lt;/ref&gt; It helped cement a [[Hinduism and Sikhism|separate Sikh religious identity]] from [[Hinduism]] and was a landmark decision that helped in the formation of modern religious boundaries observed today.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The act is valid today in an amended form.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> === Passing of law ===<br /> [[File:Photograph of Maharaja Ripudaman Singh of Nabha State, Bourne &amp; Shepherd, 1903.jpg|thumb|Ripudaman Singh of Nabha, who was instrumental in the passing of the act]]<br /> Sikhs believe [[Guru Amar Das]] introduced the Sikh wedding ceremony, known as the ''[[Anand Karaj]]'', and [[Guru Ram Das]] introduced the ''[[Laavaan|Lāvān]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shivam Pratap |date=19 September 2025 |title=Anand Marriage Act explained as SC asks states to frame rules on Sikh unions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-is-anand-marriage-act-explained-as-sc-asks-states-to-frame-rules-on-sikh-marriages-101758281592259.html |access-date=12 December 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Panjab Past and Present, Volume 2 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |year=1968 |pages=409}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Anand text and Laavaan hymns constitute two fundamental components of the Sikh marriage ceremony.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Later-on, reformist [[Sects of Sikhism|Sikh sects]], such as the [[Namdhari|Namdharis]] and [[Nirankari|Nirankaris]], helped formulate, standardize, and simplify the Sikh wedding ceremony.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Mina |title=Ceremony of the Sikh Wedding |publisher=Rupa &amp; Company |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-291-0633-9 |pages=4 |chapter=Origins}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the anand form of marriage has historically existed amongst the Sikhs, it was only until prince [[Ripudaman Singh of Nabha]] efforts beginning in 1908 that it was legally sanctioned in law as a valid form of marriage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kahan |title=Encyclopaedia of the Sikh Literature: English Translation of Guruṣabada Ratanākara Mahāna Koṣa |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2006 |volume=1 |location=Patiala |pages=246}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The [[Chief Khalsa Diwan|Chief Khalsa Diwan's]] members were instrumental in the passing of the ''Anand Marriage Act, 1909''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chief Khalsa Diwan - History |url=https://www.chiefkhalsadiwan.com/history |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=Chief Khalsa Diwan}}&lt;/ref&gt; The members felt that the Sikh marriage rites did not have legal basis behind them and that Hindu influences remained in the marriage customs of many Sikhs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sikhs also showed more predisposition to [[Inter-caste marriage|intercaste]] marriages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jyoti |first=Surinder K. |title=Marriage Practices of the Sikhs: A Study of Intergenerational Differences |publisher=Deep &amp; Deep |year=1983 |pages=219–200}}&lt;/ref&gt; The organizations opposition to &quot;Hindu&quot; rituals in the marriage practices of Sikhs led to them being condemned and boycott by some traditionalist factions within the Sikh community.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[Sundar Singh Majithia]] of the C.K.D. and [[Ripudaman Singh]] of [[Nabha State]] (who introduced the bill on 30 October 1908&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;) pushed the Sikh marriage bill through the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] despite heavy opposition, with the former piloting it and the latter intervening, where it was successfully passed on 22 October 1909.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dharam |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Patiala Punjabi University |year=2002 |isbn=81-7380-100-2 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=4th |volume=1: A–D |pages=461–465 |chapter=Chief Khalsa Diwan}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sunder Singh Lyallpuri]] also played a role in the formation and passing of the bill.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; The passing of the bill helped with the keeping of a separate Sikh identity apart from the Hindus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; <br /> [[File:Photograph of the wedding of Kunwar Paramjit Singh of Kapurthala and Maharani Brinda Devi Sahiba of Jubbal, 1911.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the Sikh wedding of Kunwar Paramjit Singh of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] and Maharani Brinda Devi Sahiba of [[Jubbal State|Jubbal]], 1911]]<br /> However, contemporary opponents at the time worried that the act would provide a legal framework that legitimizes a barrier between the Sikh and Hindu communities, pushing out many non-Khalsa, ''[[Sahajdhari|sehajdhari]]''-alligned members from the Sikh fold.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Myrvold |first=Kristina |title=Sikh News in India, 1864-1924 - Colonial Reports on Vernacular Newspapers of Punjab. |date=2 December 2024 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-70708-5 |pages=728–731 |chapter=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, Sikh proponents of the bill saw this criticism as external meddling in their religious affairs, claimed that non-anand forms of marriage were &quot;Hindu&quot; rather than &quot;Sikh&quot;, and argued about the involvement of the Sikh gurus in the formation of separate Sikh marriage customs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=O'Connell |first=Joseph T. |title=Sikh History and Religion in the Twentieth Century |last2=Israel |first2=Milton |last3=Oxtoby |first3=Willard Gurdon |last4=McLeod |first4=W. H. |last5=Grewal |first5=J. S. |publisher=Manohar Publications |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-85054-76-6 |pages=153–154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sikh periodicals of the era, such as the ''[[Khalsa Akhbar]]'' and ''[[The Khalsa Advocate|Khalsa Advocate]]'', published many articles in-favour of the codeification of the Sikh marriage customs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; The name for the act was also proposed to be ''Sikh Marriage Act'' but this was opposed by some Sikh supporters.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The act was passed on 22 October 1909.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === After Indian independence ===<br /> After the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]] in 1947, Sikh marriages would be registered under the [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]], as the earlier 1909 act was invalidated by the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]] in 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Decoding and Defining the Anand Karaj Marriage Act |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/decoding-and-defining-anand-karaj-marriage-act |access-date=12 December 2025 |website=SikhNet}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1955 act was viewed as conservative because it applied to any person who is Hindu by religion in any of its forms, but it also includes other religions, such as Jains, Buddhists, or Sikhs as specified in Article 44 of the Indian Constitution.&lt;ref name=&quot;revenue&quot;&gt;[http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/hmrgact(1).htm ''Department of Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management'' – &quot;Hindu Marriage Act, 1955&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105343/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/hmrgact(1).htm|date=4 March 2016}} d&lt;/ref&gt; The 1909 act was amended by act 48 of 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; However, with the passage of Anand Marriage (Amendment) Bill in 2012, Sikhs now also have their own [[Family law|personal law]] related to [[Marriage law|marriage]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== 2012 amendment ====<br /> The 1909 act would later be amended by the Anand Marriage (Amendment) Act, 2012 on 7 June 2012. This act paved the way for the validation of Sikh traditional marriages, amending the Anand Marriage Act of 1909, thus providing for compulsory registration of &quot;Anand Karaj&quot; marriages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Anand Marriage (Amendment) Act, 2012 Published in the Gazzette of India - Family Law |url=http://www.lawyersclubindia.com/news/The-Anand-Marriage-Amendment-Act-2012-Published-in-the-Gazzette-of-India-13894.asp |access-date=18 January 2019 |website=Lawyersclubindia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sikhs can register marriages under Anand Act - Times of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-22/india/31815659_1_blissful-event-anand-marriage-act-anand-karaj |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413031309/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-22/india/31815659_1_blissful-event-anand-marriage-act-anand-karaj |archive-date=13 April 2013 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sikhs hail the passage of Sikh Marriage Act in Indian Parliament &amp;#124; India America Today |url=http://www.indiaamericatoday.com/article/sikhs-hail-passage-sikh-marriage-act-indian-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527130754/http://www.indiaamericatoday.com/article/sikhs-hail-passage-sikh-marriage-act-indian-parliament |archive-date=27 May 2012 |access-date=15 June 2012 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; This allowed for Sikhs to register their marriages under the 2012 Anand Marriage Act instead of the 1955 Hindu Marriage Act.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; In 2025, the [[Supreme Court of India]] validated the legality of Anand Karaj marriages and requested all Indian states &amp; union territories to develop a framework for them, as some still have yet to notify the rules despite the 2012 amendment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 September 2025 |title=SC asks states, UTs to notify rules for registration of ‘Anand Karaj’ marriage |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/sc-asks-states-uts-to-notify-rules-for-registration-of-anand-karaj-marriage-101758221999042.html |access-date=12 December 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 September 2025 |title=Chief Khalsa Diwan calls SC decision on Sikh's Anand Marriage Act as historic |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/ckd-calls-sc-decision-on-anand-marriage-act-as-historic/ |access-date=12 December 2025 |work=The Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; [[Haryana]] had notified its rules regarding anand marriages in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Siwach |first=Sukhbir |date=8 May 2014 |title=Haryana woos Sikhs with marriage law |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Haryana-woos-Sikhs-with-marriage-law/articleshow/34795668.cms |access-date=12 December 2025 |work=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Bhupinder |date=8 May 2014 |title=Haryana notifies Anand Marriage Registration Rules |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/haryana-notifies-anand-marriage-registration-rules.html |access-date=12 December 2025 |work=The Pioneer}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> According to [[Harjot Oberoi]], the passing of the bill in 1909 was a instrumental part of the formation of a modern Sikh religious identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2347/1/190907.pdf Text of the 1909 act]<br /> <br /> [[Category:1909 in law]]<br /> [[Category:1909 in British India]]<br /> [[Category:Acts of the Imperial Legislative Council]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmas_Indicopleustes&diff=474616 2026-02-07T06:41:36Z

<p>Andreasyrt: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|6th-century Greek traveller and merchant}}<br /> [[File:WorldMapCosmasIndicopleustes.jpg|right|thumb|[[Early world maps|World map]], by Cosmas Indicopleustes. The map is oriented with north to the top.]]<br /> '''Cosmas Indicopleustes''' ({{langx|grc-x-koine|Κοσμᾶς Ἰνδικοπλεύστης|lit=Cosmas who sailed to [[India]]}}; also known as '''Cosmas the Monk''') was a [[merchant]] and later [[hermit]] from [[Alexandria]] in [[Egypt]].&lt;ref&gt;Beatrice Nicolini, Penelope-Jane Watson, ''Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean (1799–1856)'', 2004, BRILL, {{ISBN|90-04-13780-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He was a 6th-century traveller who made several voyages to the [[Kingdom of Aksum]], and [[India]] during the reign of emperor [[Justinian]]. His work ''[[Christian Topography]]'' contained some of the earliest and most famous [[Early world maps|world maps]].&lt;ref name=Brit&gt;''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', 2008, O.Ed, Cosmas Indicopleustes.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Yule|first=Henry|title=Cathay and the Way Thither|year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqgAb41ifIC&amp;pg=PA212|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1966-1|pages=212–32}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Hugh|title=The Testimony of the Rocks|url=https://archive.org/details/testimonyrockso03millgoog|year=1857|publisher=Gould and Lincoln|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/testimonyrockso03millgoog/page/n438 428]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Cosmas was a pupil of the [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] Patriarch [[Aba I]] and was himself a follower of the [[Church of the East]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Indicopleustes2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Cosmas Indicopleustes|title=The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk: Translated from the Greek, and Edited with Notes and Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp9S9o5lj5oC|access-date=3 November 2012|date=24 June 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-01295-9|page=87}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Scott |title=The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKRybwb17WMC&amp;pg=PA1019|access-date=3 November 2012|date=November 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533693-1|page=1019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Voyage==<br /> Around AD 550, while a monk in the retirement of a [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] [[Enclosed religious orders|cloister]],&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Cosmas (of Alexandria)|display=Cosmas|volume=7|page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cosmas wrote the once-copiously illustrated ''[[Christian Topography]]'', a work partly based on his personal experiences as a merchant on the [[Red Sea]] and [[Indian Ocean]] in the early 6th century. His description of [[India]] and [[Ceylon]] during the 6th century is invaluable to historians. Cosmas seems to have personally visited the [[Kingdom of Axum]] in modern day northern [[Ethiopia]], as well as [[Eritrea]]. He sailed along the coast of [[Socotra]], but it cannot be ascertained that he really visited [[India]] and [[Ceylon]].<br /> <br /> ==''Indicopleustes''==<br /> &quot;Indicopleustes&quot; means &quot;Indian voyager&quot;, from {{wikt-lang|grc|πλέω}} &quot;(I) sail&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{LSJ|ple/w|πλέω|ref}}.&lt;/ref&gt; While it is known from [[classical literature]], especially the ''[[Periplus Maris Erythraei]]'', that there had been [[trade]] between the [[Roman Empire]] and [[India]] from the first century BC onwards, Cosmas's report is one of the few from individuals who had actually made the journey. He described and sketched some of what he saw in his ''Topography''. Some of these have been copied into the existing manuscripts, the oldest dating to the 9th century. In 522 AD, he mentions several ports of trade on the [[Malabar Coast]] ([[South India]]). He is the first traveller to mention [[Saint Thomas Christians|Soriyani Christians]] in present-day [[Kerala]] in [[India]]. He wrote: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Even in Taprobane, an island in Further India, where the Indian sea is, there is a Church of Christians, with clergy and a body of believers, but I know not whether there be any Christians in the parts beyond it. In the country called Malê, where the pepper grows, there is also a church, and at another place called Calliana there is moreover a bishop, who is appointed from Persia. In the island, again, called the Island of Dioscoridês, which is situated in the same Indian sea, and where the inhabitants speak Greek, having been originally colonists sent thither by the Ptolemies who succeeded Alexander the Macedonian, there are clergy who receive their ordination in Persia, and are sent on to the island, and there is also a multitude of Christians. […] The island [of Sri Lanka] has also a church of Persian Christians who have settled there, and a Presbyter who is appointed from Persia, and a Deacon and a complete ecclesiastical ritual. But the natives and their kings are heathens.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781108012959 |editor=J. W. McCrindle |pages=118–120, 365}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ==''Christian Topography''==<br /> [[File:Cosmas - universe.jpg|thumb|180px|A theoretical model of the universe.]]<br /> [[File:Cosmas Indicopleustes - Topographia Christiana 1.jpg|right|thumb|180px|World picture from ''Christian Topography''.]]<br /> <br /> A major feature of his ''[[Christian Topography]]'' is his worldview that the surface of ocean and earth is [[flat earth|flat]] (that is, nonconvex and nonspherical, as perceived by the human senses) and that the [[sky|heavens]] form the shape of a box with a curved lid. He was scornful of [[Ptolemy]] and others who held that the world's surface was, contrary to human perceptual experience, a spherical shape. Cosmas aimed to prove that pre-Christian geographers had been wrong in asserting that the surface of the earth and surface of the ocean was convex and spherical in shape, and that it was in fact modelled on the [[tabernacle]], the house of worship described to [[Moses]] by God during the [[The Exodus|Jewish Exodus]] from Egypt. In the centre of the plane is the inhabited earth, surrounded by ocean, beyond which lies the paradise of [[Adam]]. The sun revolves round a conical mountain to the north: round the summit in summer, round the base in winter, which accounts for the difference in the length of the day.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> However, his idea that the surface of the ocean and earth is nonspherical had been a minority view among educated Western opinion since the 3rd century BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Russell | first = Jeffrey B. | url = http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/history/1997Russell.html | title = The Myth of the Flat Earth | publisher = American Scientific Affiliation | access-date = 2007-03-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cosmas's view was never influential even in religious circles; a near-contemporary Christian, [[John Philoponus]], sought to refute him in his ''[[De opificio mundi (John Philoponus)|De opificio mundi]]'' as did many Christian philosophers of the era.&lt;ref name=Brit/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[David C. Lindberg]] asserts: {{quote|''Cosmas was not particularly influential in Byzantium, but he is important for us because he has been commonly used to buttress the claim that all (or most) medieval people believed they lived on a flat earth. This claim...is totally false. Cosmas is, in fact, the only medieval European known to have defended a flat earth cosmology, whereas it is safe to assume that all educated Western Europeans (and almost one hundred percent of educated Byzantines), as well as sailors and travelers, believed in the earth's sphericity.''&lt;ref&gt;Lindberg, David &quot;[[The Beginnings of Western Science]], 600 B.C. to A.D. 1450&quot;, p. 161&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Cosmas was mentioned in Umberto Eco's historical novel, ''[[Baudolino]]''. In the book, a Byzantine priest and spy, Zozimas of Chalcedon, refers to his world topography as the key to finding the mythical [[Prester John]]: <br /> <br /> {{quote|''Well, in the empire of us Romans, centuries ago there lived a great sage, Cosmas Indicopleustes, who traveled to the very confines of the world, and in his ''Christian Topography'' demonstrated in irrefutable fashion that the earth truly is in the form of a tabernacle, and that only thus can we explain the most obscure phenomena.''&lt;ref&gt;Eco, Umberto (2002). ''Baudolino.'' Orlando, Florida: Harcourt, Inc. p. 215&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Cosmology aside, Cosmas proves to be an interesting and reliable guide, providing a window into a world that has since disappeared. He happened to be in [[Adulis]] on the [[Red Sea]] Coast of modern [[Eritrea]] at the time (c. AD 525) when the King of [[Kingdom of Axum|Axum]] was preparing a military expedition to attack the [[Jew]]ish king [[Dhu Nuwas]] in [[Yemen]], who had recently been persecuting Christians. On request of the Axumite king and in preparation for this campaign, he recorded now-vanished inscriptions such as the [[Monumentum Adulitanum]] which he mistook for a continuation of another monument detailing [[Ptolemy III Euergetes]]'s conquests in Asia. Neither have been located by archeologists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rossini |first1=A. |date=December 2021 |title=Iscrizione trionfale di Tolomeo III ad Aduli |url=https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/it/edizioni/riviste/axon/2021/2/iscrizione-trionfale-di-tolomeo-iii-ad-aduli/ |journal=Axon |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=93–142 |doi=10.30687/Axon/2532-6848/2021/02/005|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Allusions in the Topography suggest that Cosmas was also the author of a larger cosmography, a treatise on the motions of the stars, and commentaries on the [[Psalms]] and [[Canticle]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Chronology of European exploration of Asia]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * Kenneth Willis Clark collection of Greek Manuscripts: Cosmas Indicopleustes, ''Topographia''.<br /> * Cosmas Indicopleustes, ed. John Watson McCrindle (1897). [https://archive.org/details/christiantopogra00cosm ''The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk'']. [[Hakluyt Society]]. (Reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-108-01295-9}})<br /> * Cosmas Indicopleustes, Eric Otto Winstedt (1909). ''The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes''. The University Press<br /> * Jeffrey Burton Russell (1997). ''Inventing the Flat Earth''. Praeger Press<br /> * Dr. Jerry H Bentley (2005). ''Traditions and Encounters''. McGraw Hill.<br /> * Schneider, Horst (2011). ''Kosmas Indikopleustes, Christliche Topographie. Textkritische Analysen. Übersetzung. Kommentar.'' Turnhout: Brepols.<br /> * Wanda Wolska-Conus. ''La topographie chrétienne de Cosmas Indicopleustes: théologie et sciences au VIe siècle'' Vol. 3, Bibliothèque Byzantine. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1962.<br /> * Cosmas Indicopleustes. ''Cosmas Indicopleustès, Topographie chrétienne.'' Translated by Wanda Wolska-Conus. 3&amp;nbsp;vols. Paris: Les Editions du Cerf, 1968–1973.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/#Cosmas_Indicopleustes The Christian Topography] by Cosmas Indicopleustes<br /> *[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/morefathers.html#Cosmas_Indicopleustes The Christian Topography] by Cosmas Indicopleustes (other site)<br /> *[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0500-0600-_Cosmas_Indicopleustis.html Greek Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes]<br /> *[https://archive.today/20150419140638/http://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.gr.699/0001/thumbs?sid=093d29441ce90fbfec1f878486263cd3%23current_page Scan of the entire Codex Vat.gr.699 on Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana website]<br /> <br /> ''This article uses text taken from the Preface to the [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers#Cosmas_Indicopleustes Online English translation of the Christian Topography], which is in the public domain.''<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Byzantine geographers]]<br /> [[Category:Explorers of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Church of the East writers]]<br /> [[Category:6th-century Byzantine monks]]<br /> [[Category:6th-century Byzantine writers]]<br /> [[Category:Greek explorers]]<br /> [[Category:6th-century Byzantine scientists]]<br /> [[Category:Flat Earth proponents]]<br /> [[Category:6th-century geographers]]<br /> [[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Monks of the Church of the East]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poo_Ramu&diff=525898 2026-01-11T10:05:33Z

<p>Andreasyrt: starting new details!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian journalist and actor (1962–2022)}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Poo Ramu<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = 1962<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2022|6|27|1962||}}<br /> | death_place = [[Chennai]], India<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | othername = <br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | parents = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Poo Ramu''' (1962 – 27 June 2022) was an Indian actor who appeared in Tamil language films as a supporting actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=மாதேவன் |first=சந்தோஷ் |title='''அன்பே சிவம்' கமல் கதாபாத்திரம் என்னுடையதுதான்..!'' - 'பூ' ராமு |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/155390-an-exclusive-interview-with-actor-poo-ramu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165330/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/155390-an-exclusive-interview-with-actor-poo-ramu |archive-date=2023-01-24 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Ananda Vikatan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2020 |title=Maara's father Poo Ramu reveals unknown story about slapping Suriya in Soorarai Pottru |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/maaras-father-poo-ramu-reveals-unknown-story-about-slapping-suriya-in-soorarai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203152934/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/maaras-father-poo-ramu-reveals-unknown-story-about-slapping-suriya-in-soorarai.html |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Behindwoods}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Ramu was a member of the Tamil Nadu Progressive Writers’ Association, and from 1990 to 2005, Ramu was a part of the theatre group Chennai Kalai Kuzhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;hind&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2022 |title=Actor 'Poo' Ramu dies at 60 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/poo-ramu-dies-at-60/article65573643.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203152935/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/poo-ramu-dies-at-60/article65573643.ece |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Veteran actor Poo Ramu passes away at 60 in Chennai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/veteran-actor-poo-ramu-passes-away-at-60-in-chennai-1967485-2022-06-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203152935/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/veteran-actor-poo-ramu-passes-away-at-60-in-chennai-1967485-2022-06-28 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Athimuthu |first=Soundarya |date=June 28, 2022 |title='Soorarai Pottru' &amp; 'Karnan' Actor 'Poo' Ramu Passes Away at 60 |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/karnan-pariyerum-perumal-soorarai-pottru-fame-tamil-actor-poo-ramu-dies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203152938/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/karnan-pariyerum-perumal-soorarai-pottru-fame-tamil-actor-poo-ramu-dies |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=TheQuint}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ramu began his acting career as a street theatre artiste, reprising a role as a theatre actor in the &quot;Naatukoru Seithi Solla&quot; song as a part of his film debut ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' (2003).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Actor Poo Ramu passes away after suffering heart attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-poo-ramu-passes-away-after-suffering-heart-attack/articleshow/92497369.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203152936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-poo-ramu-passes-away-after-suffering-heart-attack/articleshow/92497369.cms |archive-date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; He garnered acclaim in the film industry for his role in the critically acclaimed 2008 film ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]'' by [[Sasi (director)|Sasi]]. He subsequently took on the name of the film as his stagename, and later went on to notably feature in ''[[Neerparavai]]'' (2012), ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' (2018) and ''[[Nedunalvaadai]]'' (2019).&lt;ref name=&quot;hind&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Ramu died on 27 June 2022 aged 60. He had been admitted to the Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital in Chennai, after he had a cardiac arrest during the previous week.&lt;ref name=&quot;hind&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2022 |title=Veteran Tamil actor Poo Ramu passes away in Chennai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/veteran-tamil-actor-poo-ramu-passes-away-7994673/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203152942/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/veteran-tamil-actor-poo-ramu-passes-away-7994673/ |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=January 24, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> *''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' (2003)<br /> *''[[Maayavi]]'' (2005)<br /> *''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]'' (2005)<br /> *''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]'' (2008)<br /> *''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' (2012)<br /> *''[[Neerparavai]]'' (2012)<br /> *''[[Madhubana Kadai]]'' (2012)<br /> *''[[Thanga Meenkal]]'' (2013)<br /> *''[[Jilla]]'' (2014)<br /> *''[[Kaadu (2014 film)|Kaadu]]'' (2014)<br /> *''[[Thilagar]]'' (2015) as Ukkirapandi<br /> *''[[Sivappu]]'' (2015)<br /> *''[[Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan]]'' (2015)<br /> *''Kandadhai Sollugiren'' (2016)<br /> *''[[Peranbu]]'' (2018)<br /> *''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' (2017)<br /> *''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' (2018)<br /> *''[[Nedunalvaadai]]'' (2019)<br /> *''[[Kanne Kalaimaane]]'' (2019)<br /> *''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2020)<br /> *''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]'' (2020)<br /> *''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'' (2021)<br /> *''[[Kodiyil Oruvan]]'' (2021)<br /> *''[[Rocky (2021 film)|Rocky]]'' (2021)<br /> *''Onaan'' (2021)<br /> *''[[Anbulla Ghilli]]'' (2022)<br /> *''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]'' (2023) (Malayalam)<br /> *''[[Idam Porul Yaeval]]'' (TBA)<br /> *''[[Kida (film)|Kida]]'' (2023)<br /> *''[[Thuritham]]'' (2023)<br /> *''[[Rajni (film)|Rajni]]'' (2023) (also in Malayalam)<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|5852535}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ramu, Poo}}<br /> [[Category:1962 births]]<br /> [[Category:2022 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manimangalam&diff=515997 2026-01-06T13:19:25Z

<p>Andreasyrt: adding details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Coord|12.916|80.042|display=title}}<br /> {{Hatnote|Alternatively, you may be searching for [[Manmangalam]] in Karur District}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Manimangalam<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | leader_title = Panchayat Chairman<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languagages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Languages with official status in India|Official]]<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 601301<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | leader_name = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = &lt;!--India Tamil Nadu--&gt;<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India<br /> | government_type = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Manimangalam''' is a small town located in the [[Kanchipuram district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in Southern [[India]], famous for its ancient temples and inscriptions documenting the history of the ancient [[Tamil kings]]&lt;ref name=&quot;JTH&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Julius Theodor Hultzsch |first1=Eugen |title=South-indian Inscriptions Volume III, Miscellaneous Inscriptions From The Tamil Country Part - I (Inscriptions at Ukkal, Melpadi, Karuvur, Melmangalam and Tiruvallam) (New Imperial Series - Volume XXIX) |date=1890 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=Chennai |pages=48–88 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34592/page/n73/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=15 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the town had a population was 8198, of which 4,117 were males and 4,081 were females. The literacy rate is 72.60%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s31543843a4723ed2ab08e18053ae6dc5b/uploads/2018/04/2018042395.pdf|title=District Census Handbook Part B 2011 - Kancheepuram |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2022-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> The town is located at a distance of {{convert|10|km}} from [[Tambaram]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Manimangalam is a town of historic significance. This place became famous in the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava period]] as the site of the [[Battle of Manimangala]], in which the Pallava king, [[Narasimhavarman I]] is said to have defeated the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya King]] [[Pulakeshin II]], and as one of the places mentioned in the [[Tamil copper-plate inscriptions]] of Kūram (in the modern-day [[Kanchipuram district]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;LCT&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Balasubrahmanyam |first1=S. R. |last2=Balasubrahmanyam |first2=Venkataraman |last3=Balasubrahmanyam |first3=Ramachandran |title=Later Chola Temples - Kulottunga I to Rajendra III ((A.D. 1070 — 1280) |date=1979 |publisher=Mudgala Trust |location=Chennai |page=XIX - Supplement |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/later-chola-temples/d/doc212142.html |access-date=15 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is said that the town housed exporters and merchants of precious jewels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ramakrishnan |first1=H. |title=History through inscriptions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/history-through-inscriptions/article2653084.ece |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |agency=The Hindu |publisher=Kasturi Group |date=23 November 2011 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; As gathered from inscriptions in [[Sanskrit]] in local sites, the town was also known by ''Ratnagrahara'' and ''Ratna Grama'' (''The village of jewels'')&lt;ref name=&quot;LCT&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JTH&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The town houses the 1000-year old [[Rajagopala Perumal Temple]], devoted to [[Vishnu]], and which is believed to have been built during the period of the [[Medieval Cholas]], and the Dharmeswara Temple, devoted to [[Shiva]], which is believed to have been built by [[Kulottunga I]] during the [[Later Cholas|Later Chola]] period. In inscriptions found in both these temples, it is gathered that the town had several other appellations - it went by the name of ''Loka-Mahadevi-Chaturvedi-Mangalam'' during the time of [[Rajaraja I]] (alias ''Rajakesarivarman''), by ''Raja-Sulamani-Chaturvedi-Mangalam'' during the reign of the following kings [[Rajadhiraja Chola|Rajadhiraja]], [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra]] and [[Virarajendra Chola|Veera Rajendra]] and also by a few other names . From the time of Kulothunga Chola I to the end of the third Kulothunga period, the town was called 'Pandiyanai Irumadi Venkonda Chola Chaturvedi Mangalam' ('the town belonging to the Chaturvedi Chola who conquered Pandyas twice'). During the 18- year reign of Raja Raja III, the town was called &quot;Grama Sikamani Chaturvedi Mangalam&quot; (''Jewel among habitations'').&lt;ref name=&quot;JTH&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Temples ==<br /> The Rajagopala Perumal temple is dedicated to the worship of Vishnu, in the form of ''Dwaraka-Pati'' ('the Lord of [[Dvārakā]]'), and was also known in Tamil as {{lang|ta|Vanduvarapati}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;LCT&quot; /&gt; Besides this, there are two other temples in the town devoted to Vishnu called the Vaikuntha-Perumal temple and the Krishna-swami temple.{{fact|date=June 2023}} There is another temple called Kailasa-Nathar temple devoted to Siva.{{fact|date=June 2023}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Kanchipuram district]]<br /> [[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Kanchipuram-geo-stub}}</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shravasti_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=535283 2025-12-20T22:51:46Z

<p>Andreasyrt: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Shravasti &lt;Br&gt;{{Small|UP-58}}<br /> |map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Shravasti.map}}<br /> |map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Shravasti Lok Sabha constituency<br /> |party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> |mp = [[Ram Shiromani Verma]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> |electors = 1,787,985<br /> |assembly_cons = [[Bhinga Assembly constituency|Bhinga]]&lt;br&gt;[[Shravasti Assembly constituency|Shravasti]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tulsipur Assembly constituency|Tulsipur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gainsari Assembly constituency|Gainsari]]&lt;br&gt;[[Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Balrampur]] <br /> |preceded_by=[[Daddan Mishra]]<br /> |reservation=None<br /> |established=2008- Present}}<br /> <br /> '''Shrawasti Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments and serving MLAs==<br /> Shrawasti Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/058_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-58-Shravasti|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> !No<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |289 <br /> |[[Bhinga Assembly constituency|Bhinga]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Shravasti district|Shravasti]]<br /> |Indrani Devi<br /> |{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |290 <br /> |[[Shravasti Assembly constituency|Shravasti]]<br /> |[[Ram Feran Pandey]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |291<br /> |[[Tulsipur Assembly constituency|Tulsipur]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]]<br /> |Kailash Nath Shukla<br /> |-<br /> |292<br /> |[[Gainsari Assembly constituency|Gainsari]]<br /> |Rakesh Kumar Yadav <br /> |{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |294<br /> |[[Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Balrampur]] (SC)<br /> |Paltu Ram<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Shravasti, Tulsipur, Gainsari and Balrampur assembly segments were earlier in erstwhile Shravasti Lok Sabha constituency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/with-delimitation-ahead-of-ls-polls-leaders-looking-for-safe-seats/264777/|title=With delimitation ahead of LS polls, leaders looking for safe seats|date=24 January 2008|author=Kalhans, Siddharth|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|accessdate=2009-07-26|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929064755/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/with-delimitation-ahead-of-ls-polls-leaders-looking-for-safe-seats/264777/|archivedate=29 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhinga assembly segment was earlier in erstwhile [[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> == Members of Parliament ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;4&quot;| {{center|''1952-2009 : See [[Balrampur Lok Sabha constituency|Balrampur]]''}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |[[Vinay Kumar Pandey]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |[[Daddan Mishra]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Ram Shiromani Verma]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==General election results==<br /> === 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Shrawasti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Shravasti&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Shravasti |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2458.htm |access-date=25 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625142926/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2458.htm |archive-date=25 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shrawasti Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Shrawasti Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/shrawasti |access-date=25 June 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625142808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/shrawasti |archive-date=25 June 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Ram Shiromani Verma]]|votes=5,11,055|percentage=48.83|change={{increase}}48.83}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Saket Misra]]|votes=4,34,382|percentage=41.51|change={{decrease}}2.27}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Muinuddin Ahamad Khan <br /> |votes =56,251<br /> |percentage = 5.38 <br /> |change ={{decrease}}38.93<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=9,872|percentage=0.94|change={{decrease}}0.78}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=76,673|percentage=7.33|change={{increase}}6.80}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=10,46,528|percentage=52.84|change={{increase}}0.76}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner =Samajwadi Party <br /> |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Shrawasti]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Ram Shiromani Verma]]|votes=4,41,771|percentage=44.31 |change=+24.43 |Result=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Daddan Mishra]]|votes=4,36,451|percentage=43.78 |change=+8.58|Result=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dhirendra Pratap Singh|votes=58,042|percentage=5.82 |change=+3.78}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Nabban Khan|votes=12,662|percentage=1.27|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=17,108|percentage=1.72|change=+0.23}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=5,320|percentage=0.53|change=-8.24}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=9,97,139|percentage=52.08|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Shrawasti]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Daddan Mishra]]<br /> |votes = 3,45,964<br /> |percentage = 35.30<br /> |change = +27.38<br /> |Result =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = [[Atiq Ahmad|Ateeq Ahmed]]<br /> |votes = 2,60,051<br /> |percentage = 26.53<br /> |change = +8.15<br /> |Result = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = [[Lalji Verma|Lal Ji Verma]]<br /> |votes = 1,94,890<br /> |percentage = 19.88<br /> |change = -6.47<br /> |Result =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Peace Party of India<br /> |candidate = [[Rizwan Zaheer]]<br /> |votes = 1,01,817<br /> |percentage = 10.39<br /> |change = +8.35<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Vinay Kumar Pandey]]<br /> |votes = 20,006<br /> |percentage = 2.04<br /> |change = -31.25<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Arun Kumar<br /> |votes = 10,083<br /> |percentage = 1.03<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = [[Ram Adhar]]<br /> |votes = 6,278<br /> |percentage = 0.64<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Vijay Kumar<br /> |votes = 5,542<br /> |percentage = 0.56<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = [[Prakash Chandra Mishra]]<br /> |votes = 4,489<br /> |percentage = 0.45<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = [[Arjun Yadav]]<br /> |votes = 3,730<br /> |percentage = 0.38<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = [[Tej Bahadur]]<br /> |votes = 3,474<br /> |percentage = 0.35<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Samyak Parivartan Party<br /> |candidate = [[Saxsen]]<br /> |votes = 3,188<br /> |percentage = 0.32<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = [[Ram Sudhi]]<br /> |votes = 2,961<br /> |percentage = 0.30<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |candidate = [[Ratnesh]]<br /> |votes = 2,578<br /> |percentage = 0.26<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 14,587<br /> |percentage = 1.49<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 85,913<br /> |percentage = 8.77<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 9,80,196<br /> |percentage = 54.82<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Shrawasti]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |page=169|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=30 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Vinay Kumar Pandey]]|votes=2,01,556|percentage=33.29|change=14.34}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Rizwan Zaheer]]|votes=1,59,527|percentage=26.35|change=11.35}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Rubab Sayeda|votes=1,11,247|percentage=18.38|change=7.91|Result=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Satya Deo Singh|votes=47,943|percentage=7.92|change=3.41|Result=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peace Party of India|candidate=Rajeshwar Mishra|votes=44,691|percentage=7.38|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]<br /> |candidate = Vinod Kumar Pandey<br /> |votes = 14,002<br /> |percentage = 2.31<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=42,029|percentage=6.94|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=6,05,386|percentage=43.06|change=}}<br /> {{Election box new seat win|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser =<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Balrampur Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[Shravasti district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/shrawasti/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Shrawasti lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Devipatan division topics}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|27.7|81.84|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shravasti Lok Sabha constituency}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Shravasti district]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Hole_of_Calcutta&diff=462689 2025-12-17T22:29:31Z

<p>Andreasyrt: added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Dungeon used in 1756 to hold British and Indian prisoners}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br /> [[File:Hutchinsonsstory00londuoft 0234.jpg|thumb|The Black Hole of Calcutta (20 June 1756) from the ''Hutchinson's story of the nations'']]<br /> {{Bengalis}}<br /> <br /> The '''Black Hole of Calcutta''' was a dungeon in [[Fort William, West Bengal|Fort William, Calcutta]], measuring {{convert|14|x|18|ft|m}}, in which troops of [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]], the [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]], held British [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] on the night of 20 June 1756.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Brejen K. |last=Gupta |title=Siraj-ud-daullah and the East India Company, 1756–1757 |location=Leiden |publisher=E. J. Brill |date=1962 |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-MUAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA76}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=cummins&gt;{{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Cummins |title=The World's Bloodiest History: Massacre, Genocide, and the Scars They Left on Civilization |location=New York |publisher=Crestline |date=2013 |pages=56–73 |isbn=9781616734633 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BaqmFQtvC-oC&amp;pg=PA58 |access-date=12 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|58}} [[John Zephaniah Holwell]], one of the British prisoners and an employee of the [[East India Company]] said that, after the fall of Fort William, the surviving [[British people|British]] soldiers, [[Indian people|Indian]] [[sepoys]], and Indian civilians were imprisoned overnight in conditions so cramped that many people died from [[suffocation]] and [[heat exhaustion]], and that 123 of 146 prisoners of war imprisoned there died.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Little |first=J. H. |date=1916 |title=The Black Hole – The Question of Holwell's Veracity |journal=Bengal: Past and Present |volume=12 |pages=136–171}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some modern historians{{who?|date=November 2025}} believe that 64 prisoners were sent into the Hole, and that 43 died there.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Dalrymple |first1=William|title=The anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company|last2=Fraser |first2=Olivia|date=10 September 2019|isbn=978-1-63557-395-4|location=New York|oclc=1076511649}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some historians put the figure even lower, to about 18 dead, while questioning the veracity of Holwell's account itself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Brijen K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQduAAAAMAAJ |title=Sirajuddaullah and The East India Company, 1756–1757: Background to the Foundation of British Power in India |publisher=[[E. J. Brill]] |year=1966 |location=Leiden, Netherlands |pages=70–80}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dirks |first=Nicholas B. |title=The Scandal of Empire – India and the Creation of Imperial Britain |publisher=[[The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-674-02724-4 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=3–4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> {{Further|History of Calcutta}}<br /> {{Location map | India Kolkata<br /> | width = 250<br /> | lat_deg = 22.5546<br /> | lon_deg = 88.3358<br /> | label = Fort William<br /> | caption = Location of Fort William<br /> }}<br /> {{Coord|22.573357|88.347979|display=title}}<br /> <br /> Fort William was built to safeguard the [[East India Company]]’s trade in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], the chief city of the [[Bengal Presidency]]. In 1756, amid rising tensions with the French East India Company due to the global [[Seven Years’ War]], the British began strengthening the fort’s defenses. [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], the [[Nawab of Bengal]], ordered both the British and French to cease fortification work, wary of European encroachment. The French complied, but the British continued, prompting the Nawab’s ire and contributing to the subsequent conflict.<br /> <br /> In consequence to that British indifference to his authority, Siraj ud-Daulah organised his army and [[Siege of Calcutta|laid siege to Fort William]]. In an effort to survive the battle, the British commander ordered the surviving soldiers of the garrison to escape, yet left behind 146 soldiers under the civilian command of [[John Zephaniah Holwell]], a senior [[bureaucrat]] of the East India Company who had been once a [[military surgeon]].&lt;ref name=wolpert&gt;{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|title=A New History of India|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-533756-3|edition=8th|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|page=185}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The desertions of [[Sepoy|Indian sepoys]] made the British defence of Fort William ineffective and it fell to the siege of Bengali forces on 20 June 1756. The British officers and merchants based in Calcutta were rounded up by the forces loyal to Siraj ud-Daulah and forced into a dungeon known as the &quot;Black Hole&quot;.<br /> <br /> ==The Holwell account==<br /> [[File:Black Hole of Calcutta 1908.jpg|thumb|right|A fenced display of the Black Hole of Calcutta (1908)]]<br /> Holwell wrote about the events that occurred after the fall of Fort William. He met with Siraj-ud-Daulah, who assured him: &quot;On the word of a soldier; that no harm should come to us&quot;.&lt;!-- There were some italics here – are they original? --&gt;&lt;ref name=holwell&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|last=Holwell|first=John Zephaniah|author-link=John Zephaniah Holwell|author2=Friends|title=A Genuine Narrative of the Deplorable Deaths of the English Gentlemen, and Others, who were suffocated in the Black-Hole in Fort-William, at Calcutta, in the Kingdom of Bengal; in the Night succeeding the 20th Day of June, 1756 |encyclopedia=India Tracts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0oOAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA251|access-date=16 September 2011|edition=2nd|year=1764|publisher=Becket &amp; de Hondt|location=London|pages=251–276}}&lt;/ref&gt; After seeking a place in the fort to confine the prisoners (including Holwell), at {{nowrap|8.00 p.m.}}, the jailers stripped the prisoners of their clothes and locked the prisoners in the fort's prison—&quot;the black hole&quot; in soldiers' slang—a small room that measured {{convert|14|x|18|ft|m}}.&lt;ref&gt;Partridge, Eric. ''Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English''&lt;/ref&gt;{{full citation needed|date=June 2022}} The next morning, when the black hole was opened, at {{nowrap|6.00 a.m.}}, only about 23 of the prisoners remained alive.&lt;ref name=wolpert/&gt;<br /> <br /> Historians offer different numbers of prisoners and casualties of war; Stanley Wolpert estimated that 64 people were imprisoned and 21 survived.&lt;ref name=wolpert/&gt; D. L. Prior estimated that 43 men of the Fort-William garrison were either missing or dead, for reasons other than suffocation and [[Acute stress reaction|shock]].&lt;ref&gt;D. L. Prior, Holwell's biographer in the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', estimated figures of 64 prisoners and 21 survivors.&lt;/ref&gt; Busteed suggests that the many non-combatants present in the fort when it was captured make infeasible a precise number of people killed.&lt;ref name=bust&gt;{{cite book |first=H. E. |last=Busteed |title=Echoes from Old Calcutta |location=London |publisher=W. Thacker |date=1908 |pages=30–56 |edition=4th |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104189/page/n57/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; Regarding responsibility for the maltreatment and the deaths in the Black Hole of Calcutta, Holwell said, &quot;it was the result of revenge and resentment, in the breasts of the lower ''[[Jemadar]]s'' (sergeants), to whose custody we were delivered, for the number of their order killed during the siege.&quot;&lt;ref name=holwell/&gt;<br /> <br /> Concurring with Holwell, Wolpert said that Siraj-ud-Daulah did not order the imprisonment and was not informed of it.&lt;ref name=wolpert/&gt; The physical description of the Black Hole of Calcutta corresponds with Holwell's point of view:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|The [[dungeon]] was a strongly barred room and it was not intended for the confinement of more than two or three men at a time. There were only two windows, and a projecting [[veranda]] outside, and thick iron bars within impeded the ventilation, while fires, raging in different parts of the fort, suggested an atmosphere of further oppressiveness. The prisoners were packed so tightly that the door was difficult to close.<br /> <br /> One of the soldiers stationed in the veranda was offered 1,000 [[Coinage of India#Later Mughal Emperors (c. 1555–1857 CE)|rupees]] to have them removed to a larger room. He went away, but returned saying it was impossible. The bribe was then doubled, and he made a second attempt with a like result; the ''[[Nawabs of Bengal|nawab]]'' was asleep, and no one dared wake him.<br /> <br /> By nine o'clock several had died, and many more were delirious. A frantic cry for water now became general, and one of the guards, more compassionate than his fellows, caused some water to be brought to the bars, where Mr. Holwell and two or three others received it in their hats and passed it on to the men behind. In their impatience to secure it nearly all was spilled, and the little they drank seemed only to increase their thirst. Self-control was soon lost; those in remote parts of the room struggled to reach the window, and a fearful tumult ensued, in which the weakest were trampled or pressed to death. They raved, fought, prayed, blasphemed, and many then fell exhausted on the floor, where suffocation put an end to their torments.<br /> <br /> About 11 o'clock the prisoners began to drop off, fast. At length, at six in the morning, Siraj-ud-Daulah awoke and ordered the door to be opened. Of the 146 only 23, including Mr. Holwell [from whose narrative, published in the ''[[The Annual Register|Annual Register]]'' and ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'' for 1758, this account is partly derived], remained alive, and they were either stupefied or raving. Fresh air soon revived them, and the commander was then taken before the ''nawab'', who expressed no regret for what had occurred, and gave no other sign of sympathy than ordering the Englishman a chair and a glass of water. Notwithstanding this indifference, Mr. Holwell and some others acquit him of any intention of causing the catastrophe and ascribe it to the malice of certain officers, but many think this opinion unfounded.|sign=|source=}}<br /> <br /> Afterward, when the prison of Fort William was opened, the corpses of the dead men were thrown into a ditch. As prisoners of war, Holwell and three other men were transferred to [[Murshidabad]].<br /> <br /> ==British reaction==<br /> The remaining survivors of the Black Hole of Calcutta were freed the next morning on the orders of the Nawab, who learned only that morning of their sufferings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Holwell |first=John Zephaniah |chapter=A Genuine Narrative |editor-first=S. C. |editor-last=Hill |title=Bengal in 1756–1757: A Selection of Public and Private Papers Dealing with the Affairs of the British in Bengal during the Reign of Siraj-Uddaula, Vol. 3 |location=London |publisher=John Murray |date=1905 |page=144 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280336/page/n147/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{r|cummins|page=71}} After news of Calcutta's capture was received by the British in [[Chennai|Madras]] in August 1756, [[Robert Clive|Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clive]] was sent to retaliate against the Nawab. With his troops and local Indian allies, Clive recaptured Calcutta in January 1757, and defeated Siraj ud-Daulah at the [[Battle of Plassey]], which resulted in Siraj being overthrown as Nawab of Bengal and executed.&lt;ref name=wolpert/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Monument to the victims==<br /> {{further|Holwell Monument agitation}}<br /> [[File:Black Hole Calcutta memorial 3.jpg|thumb|right|The Black Hole Memorial, St. John's Church, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[India]].]]<br /> <br /> ''In memoriam'' of the dead, the British erected a {{convert|15|m|ft|adj=on}} high [[obelisk]]; it now is in the graveyard of (Anglican) St. John's Church, Calcutta. Holwell had erected a tablet on the site of the 'Black Hole' to commemorate the victims but, at some point (the precise date is uncertain), it disappeared. [[Lord Curzon]], on becoming Viceroy in 1899, noticed that there was nothing to mark the spot and commissioned a new monument, mentioning the prior existence of Holwell's; it was erected in 1901 at the corner of Dalhousie Square (now [[B. B. D. Bagh]]), which is said to be the site of the 'Black Hole'.{{r|bust|pages=52-6}} At the apex of the [[Indian independence movement]], the presence of this monument in Calcutta was turned into a nationalist ''[[cause célèbre]]''. [[Indian nationalism|Nationalist]] leaders, including [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], lobbied energetically for its removal. The Congress and the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] joined forces in the anti-monument movement. As a result, Abdul Wasek Mia of Nawabganj thana, a student leader of that time, led the removal of the monument from Dalhousie Square in July 1940. The monument was re-erected in the graveyard of [[St. John's Church, Kolkata|St John's Church]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], where it remains.<br /> <br /> The 'Black Hole' itself, being merely the guardroom in the old Fort William, disappeared shortly after the incident when the fort itself was taken down to be replaced by the new Fort William which still stands today in the Maidan to the south of B.B.D. Bagh. The precise location of that guardroom is in an alleyway between the General Post Office and the adjacent building to the north, in the north west corner of B.B.D. Bagh. The memorial tablet which was once on the wall of that building beside the GPO can now be found in the nearby postal museum.<br /> <br /> &quot;List of the smothered in the Black Hole prison exclusive of sixty-nine, consisting of Dutch and British sergeants, corporals, soldiers, topazes, militia, whites, and Portuguese, (whose names I am unacquainted with), making on the whole one hundred and twenty-three persons.&quot;<br /> <br /> Holwell's list of the victims of the Black Hole of Calcutta:<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|Of Counsel – E. Eyre, Esqr., Wm. Baillie, Esqr., the Rev. Jervas Bellamy.<br /> <br /> Gentlemen in the Service – Messrs. Jenks, Revely, Law, Coales, Valicourt, Jeb, Torriano, E. Page, S. Page, Grub, Street, Harod, P. Johnstone, Ballard, N. Drake, Carse, Knapton, Gosling, Robert Byng, Dod, Dalrymple, V. Ament Theme.<br /> <br /> [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Military Captains]] – Clayton, Buchanan, Witherington.<br /> <br /> [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenants]] – Bishop, Ifays, Blagg, Simson, Bellamy.<br /> <br /> [[Ensign (rank)#United Kingdom|Ensigns]] – Paccard, Scot, Hastings, C. Wedderburn, Dumbleton.<br /> <br /> [[Non-commissioned officer#United Kingdom|Sergeants, &amp;c.]] – [[Sergeant major#United Kingdom|Sergeant-Major]] Abraham, [[Quartermaster#British Army|Quartermaster]] Cartwright, Sergeant Bleau (these were sergeants of militia).<br /> <br /> [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Sea Captains]] – Hunt, Osburne, Purnell (survived the night; died on the morn), Messrs. Carey, Stephenson, Guy, Porter, W. Parker, Caulker, Bendall, Atkinson, Leech, &amp;c., &amp;c.<br /> <br /> The list of the men who survived their imprisonment in the Black Hole of Calcutta:<br /> <br /> Messrs. John Zephaniah Holwell, Court, Secretary Cooke, Lushington, Burdett, Ensign Walcott, Mrs. Carey, Captain Mills, Captain Dickson, Mr. Moran, John Meadows, and twelve military and militia (blacks &amp; whites).&lt;ref&gt;Busteed, 1888 appendix section of Echoes of Old Calcutta&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> [[File:Black Hole of Calcutta - Memorial.jpg|Text on the Memorial in St John's Churchyard|thumb]]<br /> [[File:Black Hole Monument.jpg|Black Hole Monument|thumb]]<br /> [[File:Holwell Monument and Writers Buildings.jpeg|Holwell Monument, c. 1905|thumb]]<br /> [[File:Black Hole Calcutta memorial 2.jpg|Inscription dating relocation|thumb]]<br /> [[File:Scene of the Black Hole.jpeg|Scene of the Black Hole, c. 1905|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ===Literature===<br /> [[Mark Twain]], on Chapter 20 in his travelogue ''[[Innocents Abroad]]'' (1867), describes a cell he and his fellow passengers were put into by police in [[Bellagio, Lombardy|Bellagio, Italy]], as &quot;the Black Hole of Calcutta on a small scale.&quot; Later, in chapter 54 of his ''[[Following the Equator]]'' (1897), he visits Calcutta and describes the history of the place, quoting an excerpt from Holwell. He also mentions the destruction of the site: &quot;the mention of Calcutta infallibly brings up the Black Hole...and yet within the time of men who still live, the Black Hole was torn down and thrown away as carelessly as if its bricks were common clay, not ingots of historic gold. There is no accounting for human beings.&quot;<br /> <br /> [[Muriel Rukeyser]], in ''The Book of the Dead'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rukeyser |first=Muriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cl8tswEACAAJ |title=The Book of the Dead |date=2018 |publisher=West Virginia University Press |isbn=978-1-946684-21-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; originally published as a group of poems in ''U.S. 1: Poems''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rukeyser |first=Muriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haAMAAAAIAAJ |title=U.S. 1 |date=1938 |publisher=Covici, Friede}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1938)'','' quotes from [[Vito Marcantonio]]'s speech &quot;Dusty Death&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vito Marcantonio Online |url=http://www.vitomarcantonio.org/chapter_2.php |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Vito Marcantonio}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1936). Rukeyser was writing about the [[Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster|Hawk's Nest Tunnel]] tragedy and referenced to Marcantonio's speech to compare the silicate tunnels to the Black Holes of Calcutta, writing &quot;This is the place. Away from this my life I am indeed Adam unparadiz'd. Some fools call this the Black Hole of Calcutta. I don't know how they ever get to Congress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rukeyser |first=Muriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhrJAI6kUgC&amp;dq=%22This+is+the+place.+Away+from+this+my+life+I+am+indeed+Adam+unparadiz%27d.+Some+fools+call+this+the+Black+Hole+of+Calcutta.+I+don%27t+know+how+they+ever+get+to+Congress.%22&amp;pg=PA30 |title=Out of Silence: Selected Poems |date=1994 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-5015-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Thomas Pynchon]] refers to the Black Hole of Calcutta in the historical novel ''[[Mason &amp; Dixon]]'' (1997). The character [[Charles Mason]] spends much time on [[Saint Helena]] with the astronomer [[Nevil Maskelyne]], the brother-in-law of Lord [[Robert Clive]] of India. Later in the story, [[Jeremiah Dixon]] visits New York City, and attends a secret &quot;Broad-Way&quot; production of the &quot;musical drama&quot;, ''The Black Hole of Calcutta, or, the Peevish Wazir'', &quot;executed with such a fine respect for detail&amp;nbsp;...&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Pynchon, Thomas, ''Mason &amp; Dixon'', pp. 562–564.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kenneth Tynan]] satirically refers to it in the long-running musical revue ''[[Oh! Calcutta!]]'', which was played on Broadway for more than 7,000 performances. [[Edgar Allan Poe]] makes reference to the &quot;stifling&quot; of the prisoners in the introduction to &quot;[[The Premature Burial]]&quot; (1844).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2148/2148-h/2148-h.htm#link2H_4_0015|title=The Works of Edgar Allan Poe, Volume 2|access-date=25 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Black Hole is mentioned in ''[[Looking Backward]]'' (1888) by [[Edward Bellamy]] as an example of the depravity of the past.<br /> <br /> In a story written by Indian author [[Masti Venkatesha Iyengar]], &quot;Rangana Maduve&quot; (&quot;Ranga's Marriage&quot;), the narrator Shyama describes Ranga's house as 'the Black Hole of Calcutta' because of the large crowd that had gathered to see Ranga when he came home after completing his studies. If all the people had gone inside, the house would have become as crowded as the Black Hole of Calcutta.<br /> <br /> In the science-fiction novel ''[[Omega: The Last Days of the World]]'' (1894), by [[Camille Flammarion]], the Black Hole of Calcutta is mentioned for the suffocating properties of Carbonic-Oxide ([[Carbon Monoxide]]) upon the British soldiers imprisoned in that dungeon. [[Eugene O'Neill]], in ''[[Long Day's Journey into Night]]'', Act 4, Jamie says, &quot;Can't expect us to live in the Black Hole of Calcutta.&quot; [[Patrick O'Brian]] in ''[[The Mauritius Command]]'' (1977) compared Jack Aubrey's house to the black hole of Calcutta &quot;except that whereas the Hole was hot, dry, and airless&quot;, Aubrey's cottage &quot;let in draughts from all sides&quot;.<br /> <br /> In Chapter VII of [[Pearl S. Buck]]'s biography of her father, ''[[Fighting Angel]]'' (1936), she compares the brutality of China's 1899-1901 [[Boxer Rebellion]] (which she and her family survived while living in China) to that of the Black Hole of Calcutta: &quot;The story of the [[Boxer Rebellion]]&amp;nbsp;... remains, like the tale of the Black Hole of Calcutta, one of the festering spots of history. If the number of people actually dead was small, as such numbers go in these days of wholesale death by accidents and wars, it was the manner of death&amp;nbsp;... that makes the heart shudder and condemn even while the mind can reason and weigh.&quot;<br /> <br /> [[Diana Gabaldon]] mentions briefly the incident in her novel ''[[Lord John and the Private Matter]]'' (2003). The Black Hole is also compared with the evil miasma of Calcutta as a whole in Dan Simmons's novel ''The Song of Kali''. [[Stephen King]] makes a reference to the Black Hole of Calcutta in his 1983 novel ''[[Christine (King novel)|Christine]]'', and his 2004 novel ''[[The Dark Tower VI: Song of Susannah|Song of Susannah]]''.<br /> <br /> In Chapter V of ''[[King Solomon's Mines]]'' by [[H. Rider Haggard]] (1885) the Black Hole of Calcutta is mentioned: &quot;This gave us some slight shelter from the burning rays of the sun, but the atmosphere in that amateur grave can be better imagined than described. The Black Hole of Calcutta must have been a fool to it&quot;. In [[John Fante]]'s novel ''[[The Road to Los Angeles]]'' (1985), the main character Arturo Bandini recalls when seeing his place of work: &quot;I thought about the Black Hole of Calcutta.&quot; In ''[[Vanity Fair (novel)|Vanity Fair]]'', [[William Makepeace Thackeray]] makes a reference to the Black Hole of Calcutta when describing the Anglo-Indian district in London (Chapter LX). [[Swami Vivekananda]] makes a mention of the Black Hole of Calcutta in connection with describing [[John Zephaniah Holwell|Holwell]]'s journey to [[Murshidabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda|last=Vivekananda|first=Swami|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|year=2002|isbn=81-85301-75-1|location=Kolkata|pages=307}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When discussing deep unconsciousness in her book ''How to be Human'', [[Ruby Wax]] describes this as: &quot;It's like the black hole of Calcutta of our souls.&quot;<br /> <br /> In ''[[Hellblazer]]: Event Horizon'', [[John Constantine]] says that a mad Brahmin in the Black Hole made a stone because he wanted revenge. The stone causes one to have insane thoughts and hallucinations.<br /> <br /> In ''The Other Side of Morning'' by Stephen Goss (2022), the events of the Black Hole of Calcutta are described from the perspective of John Holwell. The book is the story of Holwell's life leading up to the incident.<br /> <br /> The Black Hole of Calcutta is also mentioned in Chapter IV of Sara Jane Lippincott's book titled &quot;History of my Pets,&quot; in reference to a pet toad (named Phibby) she had left locked in the cabin of a wooden ship. The poor toad was later found suffocated as a result. Upon telling her sympathetic father, he compared the unfortunate blunder to the Black Hole of Calcutta.<br /> <br /> ===Astronomy===<br /> According to [[Hong-Yee Chiu]], an [[astrophysics|astrophysicist]] at [[NASA]], the Black Hole of Calcutta was the inspiration for the term ''[[black hole]]'', referring to objects resulting from the [[gravitational collapse]] of very heavy [[star]]s. He recalled hearing the [[physicist]] [[Robert Dicke]] in the early 1960s compare such gravitationally collapsed objects to the prison.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Siegfried |first=Tom |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/context/50-years-later-its-hard-say-who-named-black-holes |title=50 years later, it's hard to say who named black holes |work=Science News |date=23 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Prison reform ===<br /> A minority opinion in the August 1910 report of the Penitentiary Investigating Committee of the State of Texas (USA) referred to the prison conditions in this way:<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote |text=I trust that this report will sufficiently arouse the people of Texas to the atrocities daily heaped upon this mass of thirty-six hundred breathing, human souls, wards of the State, to such an extent that the people will rise up and demand a Called Session of the Legislature of this State in order that legislation may be enacted whereby this organized hell and &quot;Black Hole of Calcutta&quot; will be in the course of a few months only a ghastly memory in the minds of the people. |author=C. B. Hudspeth |source=Report of the Penitentiary Investigating Committee (1910)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |date= August 1910 |title=Report of the Penitentiary Investigating Committee |url=https://lrl.texas.gov/scanned/interim/31/31_PenitInvestPartI.pdf |pages=20–21}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Human rights violation]]<br /> *[[Hỏa Lò Prison]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * Noel Barber. ''The Black Hole of Calcutta: A Reconstruction''. London, Suttonn Publishing Ltd., U.K. Edition, 2003. 272 p. {{ISBN|978-0750933896}}.<br /> * Partha Chatterjee. ''The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power''. Princeton, N.J.: [[Princeton University Press]], 2012. 425 pp. {{ISBN|9780691152004}}. Explores the incident itself and the history of using it to expand or critique British rule in India.<br /> * [[Urs App]] (2010). ''The Birth of Orientalism''. Philadelphia: [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] ({{ISBN|978-0-8122-4261-4}}); contains a 66-page chapter (pp.&amp;nbsp;297–362) on Holwell.<br /> *{{cite book|last=Dalley|first=Jan|title=The Black Hole: Money, Myth and Empire|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|location=London|year=2006|isbn=0-670-91447-9}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Tafseer|first=Usama|title=Exile|year=2013}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Black Hole of Calcutta}}<br /> * [https://shc.stanford.edu/multimedia/black-hole-empire-0 ''The Black Hole of Empire''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910165721/https://shc.stanford.edu/multimedia/black-hole-empire-0 |date=10 September 2022 }} – Stanford Presidential Lecture by Partha Chatterjee<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307145223/http://www.rangan-datta.info/photo/viewpic.php?gallery=41&amp;id=205 Photo of Calcutta Black Hole Memorial at St. John's Church Complex, Calcutta]<br /> * Partha Chatterjee and Ayça Çubukçu, &quot;Empire as a Practice of Power: Introduction,&quot; ''The Asia-Pacific Journal'', Vol 10, Issue 41, No. 1, 9 October 2012. [http://japanfocus.org/-Ay__a-__ubuk__u/3840] Interview with Chatterjee.<br /> * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Calcutta|volume=5|pages=981–983}}<br /> *The Black Hole of Calcutta{{snd}}the Fort William's airtight death [https://www.thoughtco.com/what-was-the-black-hole-of-calcutta-195152 prison]<br /> * [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annual_Register/1758/Extraordinary_Adventures/Black_Hole &quot;A genuine narrative of the sufferings of the persons who were confined in the prison called the Black Hole, in Fort William at Calcutta, in the kingdom of Bengal, after the surrender of that place to the Indians in June 1756, from a letter of J. Z. Holwell, Esq. to William Davis, Esq.&quot;, ''The Annual Register'', 1758]<br /> <br /> {{Kolkata topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1756 in British India]]<br /> [[Category:18th century in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century prisoner-of-war massacres]]<br /> [[Category:Massacres in India]]<br /> [[Category:Massacres in the 1750s]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century murders in India]]<br /> [[Category:Military history of Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Siraj ud-Daulah]]<br /> [[Category:Crime in Kolkata]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syed_Jamaluddin_Madari&diff=538991 2025-11-17T23:40:40Z

<p>Andreasyrt: Entry!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sufi saint of Madariyya order}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox religious biography<br /> | religion = [[Islam]]<br /> | name = Syed Jamaluddin Madari<br /> | honorific prefix = ''[[Hazrat]]''<br /> | office1 = Leader of [[Madariyya]] Sufi order<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Badi' al-Din|Shah Badiuddin Qutbul Madar]]<br /> | title = Janeman Jannati<br /> | birthname = Syed Jamaluddin<br /> | home_town = [[Hilsa, Bihar]]<br /> | Sufi_order = [[Madariyya]]<br /> | death_place = [[Hilsa, Bihar]]<br /> | Madh'hab = [[Hanafi]]<br /> | teacher = [[Badi' al-Din|Shah Badiuddin Qutbul Madar]]<br /> | known_for = [[Dewangan|Dewangan sufi order]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Syed Muhammad Jamaluddin Madari''' popularly known as '''Janeman Jannati''' was a disciple of [[Badi' al-Din|Shah Badiuddin Qutbul Madar]] and a Sufi saint of [[Madariyya|Madariyya order]] of Sufism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Markovits |first1=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jPtAAAAMAAJ |title=Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950 |last2=Pouchepadass |first2=Jacques |last3=Subrahmanyam |first3=Sanjay |date=2006 |publisher=Anthem |isbn=978-1-84331-231-4 |pages=284 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=O'Malley |first=L. S. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-QaOP5nK-MC |title=Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers Patna |year=2005 |orig-year=1924 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7268-121-0 |pages=213 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is known as the nephew of [[Abdul Qadir Gilani|Abdul Qadir Jilani]] and one of the four main [[Khalifah (Sufism)|Khalifa]] of [[Badi' al-Din|Shah Badiuddin Qutbul Madar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Muhammad Zubair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYoxAAAAMAAJ |title=خدابخش خطبات |date=1993 |publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library |pages=596 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |author-link=Syed Hasan Askari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zj8EAAAAMAAJ |title=Maktub &amp; Malfuz Literature as a Source of Socio-political History |date=1981 |publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library |pages=30 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the founder of the [[Dewangan]] sub-order of Madariyya, whose followers use 'Malang' as their surname.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=Ananda |title=Fakir Uprising in Bengal (1770-1800): A New Aappraisal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSsUAQAAMAAJ |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh: Humanities |volume=51 |issue=2 |date=December 2006 |page=294}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBfJTEQzeZcC |title=K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Lāʼibreri jarnal |date=2006 |publisher=K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibreri |pages=35–37 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |author-link=Syed Hasan Askari |year=1949 |title=The Mausoleum of a Saint of Madari Order of Sufis at Hilsa |journal=Bihar, Bengal Past and Present |publication-place=Kolkata |volume=IXVIII}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Successors ==<br /> <br /> * Syed Lajan Sarmast Dewangan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DodDAAAAYAAJ |title=The Calcutta Historical Journal |date=2006 |publisher=University of Calcutta. |pages=68 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Pyare Baba Dewangan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Mithe Miyan Dewangan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Nagari Dewangan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Baba Man Dewangan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Shah Mahmud Dewangan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Kazi Mahmud Dewangan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> *Data Lodi Shah Dewan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Madari, Syed Jamaluddin}}<br /> [[Category:Sufi saints]]<br /> [[Category:People from Nalanda district]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._A._Jayaseelan&diff=506816 2025-11-16T17:24:53Z

<p>Andreasyrt: New.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian essayist, linguist and poet}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = K. A. Jayaseelan<br /> | image = Jayaseelan-2.JPG<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Karattuparambil Achuthan Jayaseelan<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1940|7|27}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Kerala]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | restingplace = <br /> | occupation = Poet, essayist, linguist<br /> | spouse = Amritavalli<br /> | website = <br /> | awards = <br /> }}<br /> '''Karattuparambil Achuthan Jayaseelan''' (born 27 July 1940) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] linguist, essayist and a poet of [[Malayalam literature]]. He is known for his poems characterized by philosophical thoughts and his contributions to the linguistics of South Indian languages.<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Jayaseelan was born on 27 July 1940 to K. R. Achuthan, a lawyer and Umbooli, a school teacher and the eldest daughter of [[Mithavaadi Krishnan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Linguistic theory and South Asian languages : essays in honour of K.A. Jayaseelan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Linguistic theory and South Asian languages : essays in honour of K.A. Jayaseelan |date=2007 |publisher=J. Benjamins Pub. Co |isbn=9789027292452 |location=Amsterdam |oclc=320323517}}&lt;/ref&gt; His early education was at Basel Mission School and the Government Ganapat School, [[Feroke]] after which he did his college education at [[Farook College]] and [[Madras Christian College]] to earn an MA (1960) and MLitt (1963) in English literature.&lt;ref name=&quot;The poetry of economy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://fountainink.in/qna/the-poetry-of-economy |title=The poetry of economy |date=2018-08-30 |access-date=2018-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, he secured a doctoral degree in English literature from [[Visva-Bharati University]] in 1970. His career as an English teacher spanned across several institutions such as Madras Christian College, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]] and Regional college of Education, Bhopal, till he settled at the Central Institute of English Foreign Languages as a lecturer in 1970 and by the time he retired from service, it had been upgraded as the present-day [[English and Foreign Languages University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IT industry welcomes new varsity - Times of India&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/IT-industry-welcomes-new-varsity/articleshow/2258026.cms?referral=PM |title=IT industry welcomes new varsity - Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=2018-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; In between, he earned a master's degree in linguistics from [[Lancaster University]] in 1973 and a doctoral degree from [[Simon Fraser University]] in 1980. He continues his association past his superannuation as an adjunct faculty of linguistics.&lt;ref name=&quot;Linguistic theory and South Asian languages : essays in honour of K.A. Jayaseelan&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Jayaseelan is married to Amritavalli, an academic, co-author of one of his books and his colleague and the couple have two children, Annapoorna and Maitreyi.<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> Jayaseelan's poetry is noted for its intense philosophical overtone, often presented in a witty manner.&lt;ref name=&quot;The poetry of economy&quot; /&gt; The first of his poetry anthologies was published in 1986 under the title, ''Aarohanam''. This was followed by a number of anthologies which include ''Kavithakal'' (1997), ''Jayaseelante Kavithakal'' (2008), ''Viswaroopan'' (2013)&lt;ref name=&quot;Viswaroopan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Viswaroopan |last=Jayaseelan |first=K. |date=2013 |publisher=insight publica |language=Malayalam |id= {{ASIN|9382709401|country=in}} }}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Aamayum Kaalavum'' (2015).&lt;ref name=&quot;Āmayuṃ kālavuṃ&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Āmayuṃ kālavuṃ |last=Jayaseelan |first=K. A. |year=2015 |isbn=9788126465064 |location=Kottayam |oclc=950203466}}&lt;/ref&gt; His contributions in linguistics are marked by a leaning towards the [[generative grammar]] of [[Noam Chomsky]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The poetry of economy&quot; /&gt; He has published many essays on linguistics&lt;ref name=&quot;TOPIC, FOCUS AND ADVERB POSITIONS IN CLAUSE STRUCTURE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/LINGUISTICS/publication/pdf/NL4-3-jayaseelan.pdf |title=TOPIC, FOCUS AND ADVERB POSITIONS IN CLAUSE STRUCTURE |last=Jayaseelan |first=K. A. |date=2018-08-30 |access-date=2018-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Parametric studies in Malayalam syntax'' is one of his studies published under CIEFL Akshara series.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parametric studies in Malayalam syntax&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Parametric studies in Malayalam syntax |last=A. |first=Jayaseelan, K. |date=1999 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-8170239444 |location=New Delhi |oclc=42762086}}&lt;/ref&gt; He serves as an editorial board member of the ''Linguistic Analysis'', an international journal published by the [[University of Washington]] and dedicated to publishing contents in [[phonology]], morphology, [[syntax]] and [[semantics]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Linguistic Analysis - Editors&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.linguisticanalysis.com/editors |title=Linguistic Analysis - Editors |website=www.linguisticanalysis.com |language=en |access-date=2018-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also an editorial board member of ''Syntax'', a Wiley journal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Syntax :&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/14679612/homepage/EditorialBoard.html |title=Syntax |date=2018-08-30 |website=onlinelibrary.wiley.com |language=en |access-date=2018-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and recognition ==<br /> &quot;Language in India&quot;, a [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] approved linguistics journal, issued a [[festschrift]] on Jayaseelan in 2003 where many of his linguistics theories in Malayalam have been discussed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Language in India&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2003/ciefl10.html#chapter1 |title=Language in India |date=2018-08-30 |website=www.languageinindia.com |access-date=2018-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Four years later, another festschrift was published on him under the title, ''Linguistic Theory and South Asian Languages, Essays in honour of K. A. Jayaseelan'' which termed Jayaseelan as ''one of present-day India’s most influential linguists''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Linguistic Theory and South Asian Languages 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027292452 |title=Linguistic Theory and South Asian Languages 2 |volume=102 |date=2007-05-16 |editor-last=Bayer |editor-first=Josef |editor2-last=Bhattacharya |editor2-first=Tanmoy |website=Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today |language=en |doi=10.1075/la.102 |access-date=2018-08-30 |editor3-last=Babu |editor3-first=M.T. Hany|series=Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today |isbn=978-90-272-3366-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012, he received the inaugural V.T. Kumaran Foundation Award.&lt;ref name=&quot;V.T. Kumaran Foundation Award&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/kozhikode/news/1879688-local_news-Kozhikode-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0.html |title=V.T. Kumaran Foundation Award |date=2018-08-30 |website=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2018-08-30 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Kerala Sahitya Akademi lifetime achievement award November 2022<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> === Poetry ===<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Aarohanam |last=Jayaseelan |first=K. A. |year=1986 |location=Kottayam |publisher=National Book Stall}}<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Kavithakal |last=Jayaseelan |first=K. A. |year=1997 |location=Kottayam |publisher=Chithira Publishers}}<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Jayaśīlant̲e kavitakaḷ |last=Jayaseelan, K. A. |date=2008 |publisher=Currant̲ Books |isbn=9788122607048 |location=Trś̥ūr |oclc=299379077}}<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Viswaroopan |last=Jayaseelan |first=K. A. |date=2013 |publisher=insightpublica |language=Malayalam |id= www.insightpublica.com{{ASIN|9382709401|country=in}} }}<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Āmayuṃ kālavuṃ |last=Jayaseelan |first=K. A. |year=2015 |isbn=9788126465064 |location=Kottayam |oclc=950203466}}<br /> <br /> === Linguistics ===<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Parametric studies in Malayalam syntax |last=A. |first=Jayaseelan, K. |date=1999 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-8170239444 |location=New Delhi |oclc=42762086}}<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Issues in Chomskyan linguistics |last=Jayaseelan |first=K. A. |publisher=CIEFL bulletin, Special issue |year=2005 |oclc=255839161}}<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Dravidian syntax and universal grammar |last=K A Jayaseelan; R Amritavalli |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=9780190630225 |location=New York, NY |oclc=957554630}}<br /> <br /> === Essays on Linguistics ===<br /> * {{Cite web |url=http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/LINGUISTICS/publication/pdf/NL4-3-jayaseelan.pdf |title=Topic, Focus and Adverb Positions in Clause Structure |last=Jayaseelan |first=K. A. |date=2018 |access-date=2018-08-30}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Jayaseelan |first=K. A. |date=2001 |title=IP-internal topic and focus phrases |journal=Studia Linguistica |language=en |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=39–75 |doi=10.1111/1467-9582.00074 |issn=0039-3193}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Jayaseelan |first=K. A. |date=2001 |title=Questions and Question-word Incorporating Quantifiers in Malayalam |journal=Syntax |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=63–93 |doi=10.1111/1467-9612.00037 |issn=1368-0005}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Jayaseelan |first=K.A. |date=1997 |title=Anaphors as Pronouns |journal=Studia Linguistica |language=en |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=186–234 |doi=10.1111/1467-9582.00012 |issn=0039-3193}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Theoretical linguistics]]<br /> * [[Binding (linguistics)]]<br /> <br /> {{portal|India}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Cite web |url=http://www.nalamidam.com/archives/11782 |title=കടമ്മനിട്ടയ്ക്കപ്പുറവും ഇടമുണ്ട് കടമ്മനിട്ടക്കവിതയ്ക്ക് - Nalamidam |date=2018-08-30 |website=www.nalamidam.com |language=en-US |access-date=2018-08-30}}<br /> * {{Cite web |url=http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2004_1_02_9235.pdf |title=Question Movement in Some SOV Languages and the Theory of Feature Checking |last=K. A. Jayaseelan |year=2004 |publisher=Language and Linguistics |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025446/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2004_1_02_9235.pdf |url-status=dead }}<br /> * {{Cite web |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%253AJayaseelan%252C+K.+A.%252C&amp;qt=hot_author |title=au:Jayaseelan, K. A. |date=2018-08-30 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en |access-date=2018-08-30}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jayaseelan, K. A.}}<br /> [[Category:1940 births]]<br /> [[Category:Malayali people]]<br /> [[Category:Linguists from India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian essayists]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam poets]]<br /> [[Category:Indian scholars]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of the English and Foreign Languages University]]<br /> [[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of Lancaster University]]<br /> [[Category:Simon Fraser University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:Farook College alumni]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doodhpathri&diff=497588 2025-11-04T18:17:35Z

<p>Andreasyrt: started.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hill Station in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Doodhpathri<br /> | native_name = <br /> | settlement_type = Hill Station<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = Region<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = District<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = Tehsil<br /> | registration_plate = JK04<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLang&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics_type2 = Languages<br /> | demographics2_title1 = Local<br /> | demographics2_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Gujari language|Gujari]], [[Pahadi language|Pahadi]]<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pin Code]]<br /> | postal_code = 191111<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | image_skyline = [[File:A bench with scenic view Doodhpathri southwest Jammu Kashmir India.jpg|275px]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;[[File:Doodhpathri southwest Jammu Kashmir India (7).jpg|275px]]<br /> | image_caption = Nature, scenery of Doodhpathri<br /> | elevation_m = 2730<br /> | official_name = DoodhPathri Development Authority<br /> | nickname = Valley Of Milk<br /> | named_for = White Appearance Of Water<br /> | native_name_lang = ks<br /> | governing_body = Doodhpathri Development Authority<br /> | motto = {{force singular}} We Serve, We Invite You To Visit Us| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu &amp; Kashmir, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|33.85|N|74.56|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Doodhpathri''' ({{translation|Valley of Milk}}; {{IPA|ur|d̪uːd̪ʱ pət̪ʰɾiː}}; {{IPA|ks|dɔdɨ patʰɨr}}) is a [[tourist destination]] and a [[hill station]] located in the [[Khan Sahib, Jammu and Kashmir|Khansahib]] [[tehsil]] of the [[Budgam district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 September 2022 |title=Doodhpatri: A new travel destination in Kashmir |website=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/india/doodhpatri-a-new-travel-destination-in-kashmir/1131438/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Situated at an altitude of {{convert|2730|m|ft}} from sea level, it is located at a distance of {{cvt|42|km}} from Jammu and Kashmir's [[summer capital]], [[Srinagar]], and {{cvt|30|km}} from its district headquarters, [[Budgam]].<br /> <br /> == History and Etymology ==<br /> The name &quot;Doodhpathri&quot; means &quot;Valley of Milk.&quot; It is said that the famous poet and saint of Kashmir, &quot;[[Nund Rishi|Sheikh-Ul-Aalam&quot; Sheikh-Noor-Ud-Din Noorani]], has prayed here, and once, when he was in search of water in the meadows to offer prayers, he pricked the ground with his stick to search for water, and milk came out. He told the milk that it could only be used for drinking and not for [[Wudu|ablution]]. Hearing this, milk at once changed its state to water, and the meadow got its name &quot;Doodhpathri&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Places of Interest {{!}} District Budgam, Government of Jammu &amp; Kashmir {{!}} India |url=https://budgam.nic.in/places-of-interest/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The water that is currently flowing through the meadows has a milky appearance from a distance and remains very cold throughout the year. The lush green grasses over the vast meadows and silver-shining streams running over the large stones further increase its beauty. Doodhpathri is a sloping grassy landscape with a diversity of multicolored flowers up to Chang. The famous [[Tosa Maidan|Tosamaidan]] lies to the west of Doodhpathri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = The unexplored wealth of Doodhpathri|url = http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/the-unexplored-wealth-of-doodhpathri/155105.html|website = www.greaterkashmir.com|accessdate = 2015-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> Doodhpathri lies in a bowl shaped valley in the [[Pir Panjal Range]] of the [[Himalayas]], at an altitude of {{convert|2730|m|ft}} above sea level. It is an alpine valley covered with snow-clad mountains and meadows of [[pine]], [[fir]] and [[Deodar cedar|deodar]]. The natural meadows, which are covered with snow in winter, allow the growth of wild flowers such as daisies, [[Myosotis|forget-me-nots]], and [[Ranunculus|buttercups]] during spring and summer.<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> Doodhpathri does not have any permanent settlements, and during the winter months, it is inaccessible due to the severe snowfall. Shepherds from the plains of the district [[Budgam district|of Budgam]] send their cattle to Doodhpathri in the summer for grazing, and they tend to stay there seasonally for approximately six months.<br /> <br /> == Access ==<br /> Doodhpathri is easily accessible from [[Srinagar]], in under 2–3 hours by car or bus. The routes of Doodhpathri are from Srinagar to [[Budgam]], Budgam to [[Ichgam]], Ichgam to [[Khan Sahib, Jammu and Kashmir|Khansahib]], and Khansahib to Doodhpathri via Raiyar. The total distance is about {{cvt|42|km}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Doodhpathri|url = http://www.daletravels.net/Doodhpathri.aspx|website = www.daletravels.net|accessdate = 2015-10-13|archive-date = 17 August 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150817172439/http://daletravels.net/Doodhpathri.aspx|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Unexplored Doodhpathri|url = http://kashmirscan.net/2013/10/25/unexplored-doodhpathri/|website =kashmirscan.net|accessdate = 2015-10-13|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216080150/http://kashmirscan.net/2013/10/25/unexplored-doodhpathri/|archivedate = 2013-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title= Doodhpathri| url= https://budgam.nic.in/tourist-place/doodhpathri/| website= budgam.nic.in|accessdate= 14 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Doodhpathri is easily accessible from Srinagar in under 2 hours by car or taxi. The routes to Doodhpathri are from Srinagar to Budgam, Budgam to Khansahib, and Khansahib to Doodhpathri via Raiyar, a total distance of about {{cvt|45|km}}. Another route is from Srinagar to [[Gulmarg]] Road; the route starts from Srinagar to [[Magam]], Magam to [[Beerwah, Jammu and Kashmir|Beerwah]], and Beerwah to Doodhpathri via Zaingam and [[Arizal, Jammu and Kashmir|Arizal]], a total distance of about {{cvt|50|km}}.<br /> <br /> The nearest airport is the [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport]] (Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir). Doodhpathri is at a distance of {{cvt|40|km}} from this airport and it takes about 1 hour by car.<br /> <br /> == Places around Doodhpathri ==<br /> The main attractions of Doodhpathri are Tangnar, Mujpather, Dophkhal, Sochilpather, Palmaidan, and Parihas.<br /> <br /> * '''Tangnarٹنٚگٕہ نار''': (Lit; Gorge Of Pears) This place comes on the way {{cvt|2|km}} before Doodhpathri. It is a beautiful place of small valleys with deodar and pine trees on small hills.<br /> * '''Mujpathriمُجِہ پَتھٕر''': Mujpathri (translation: ''Valley of Turnip'') is a small hamlet {{cvt|3|km}} from Doodhpathri, it is situated on the bank of river Shaliganga.<br /> * '''Palmaidanپَلۂ مآٔدآن''': Palmaidan (translation: ''Big stones ground'') is named after the &quot;Big Stones&quot; because there are huge stones all around the ground. It is situated at a distance of about {{cvt|5|km}} from Doodhpathri and is the favourite spot of shepherds and cowboys where they gather in large numbers in summer and graze their cattle and livestock. It is a beautiful place with a small stream running on one side of the ground. The place is rich in deodar and pine trees.<br /> *'''Diskhal ڈِسکُھل''': Dikshal is a beautiful meadow on the top of the mountain and overlooks the Ashtaar glacier. It is around {{cvt|10|km}} trek from Shaliganga Nallah in Doodhpathri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Places of Interest {{!}} District Budgam , Government of Jammu &amp; Kashmir {{!}} India |url=https://budgam.nic.in/places-of-interest/#:~:text=Doodhpathri%20has%20no%20permanent%20settlement,seasonally%20for%20about%20six%20months.&amp;text=Main%20attraction%20of%20Doodhpathri%20is,from%20Shaliganga%20nallah%20in%20Dodhpathri. |access-date=2025-05-17 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Budgam district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Budgam district]]<br /> [[Category:Hill stations in Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chetan_Chitnis&diff=493895 2025-10-23T04:31:12Z

<p>Andreasyrt: done.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian malaria research scientist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Chetan Chitnis<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Chetan Eknath Chitnis<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|3 April 1961}}<br /> | birth_place = India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | restingplace = <br /> | restingplacecoordinates = <br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = Scientist (Malaria research)<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | domesticpartner = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = [[Eknath Vasant Chitnis]]<br /> | website = <br /> | awards = [[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award]]&lt;br&gt;[[Infosys Prize]]&lt;br&gt;[[Indian Academy of Sciences|IAS Fellow]]&lt;br&gt;[[Indian National Science Academy|INSA Fellow]]&lt;br&gt;BioSpectrum Person of the Year<br /> }}<br /> '''Chetan Eknath Chitnis''' is an Indian scientist in the field of [[malaria]] research. He is the head of the ''Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit'' at the [[Institut Pasteur]] in [[Paris]] and an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (2009) as well as [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2014).&lt;ref name=pasteurchitnis&gt;{{cite web|title=Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit|url=https://research.pasteur.fr/en/team/malaria-parasite-biology-and-vaccines|publisher=Institut Pasteur|accessdate=31 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ias&gt;{{cite web|title=Indian Academy of Sciences - Fellowship entry for Dr. Chitnis|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Chitnis,_Dr_Chetan_Eknath|accessdate=31 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=insa&gt;{{cite web|title=Indian National Science Academy - Academy News December 2014|url=http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol80_2014_5_Art17.pdf|accessdate=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081453/http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol80_2014_5_Art17.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He received the [[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award]] in 2004 and the [[Infosys Prize]] in Life Sciences 2010.&lt;ref name=shanti&gt;{{cite web|title=Recipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize For Science And Technology-2004|url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/ssb2004.pdf|work=Awards|publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|accessdate=28 January 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927141238/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/ssb2004.pdf|archivedate=27 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=infosyschitnis&gt;{{cite web|title=Infosys Prize laureate in life sciences in 2010 - Dr. Chetan E. Chitnis|url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/infosys-prize-2010-winners.html|accessdate=21 January 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117022339/http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/infosys-prize-2010-winners.html|archivedate=17 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chitnis is the former principal investigator of the malaria research group at the [[International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology]] (ICGEB) in [[New Delhi]].&lt;ref name=ICGEBchitnis&gt;{{cite web|title=Profile of Chetan Chitnis on the ICGEB homepage|url=http://www.icgeb.org/pi-chetan-chitnis.html|publisher=International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology|accessdate=27 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716012024/http://www.icgeb.org/pi-chetan-chitnis.html|archive-date=16 July 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education and career==<br /> Chitnis completed his Master of Science in physics at [[Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai]] in 1983. Subsequently, he obtained a Master of Arts in physics from the [[Rice University]] in Houston, in 1985 and a doctor of philosophy (PhD) from the [[University of California-Berkeley]] in 1991&lt;ref name=ICGEBchitnis /&gt; after which he worked at the [[National Institutes of Health]] in [[Bethesda, Maryland]] as a Fogarty International Fellow from 1991 to 1995. Returning to India, he joined the malaria research group in ICGEB in 1996 as the principal investigator and worked there until 2014 when he was appointed as the head of the Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit at the [[Institut Pasteur]] in [[Paris]].&lt;ref name=pasteurchitnis /&gt;<br /> <br /> Chitnis has published over 100 international papers and has three patents pertaining to malaria vaccines.&lt;ref name=pubmedchitnis&gt;{{cite web|title=Index of scientific articles by Chetan E. Chitnis on Pubmed|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chitnis%20CE%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28306665|publisher=PubMed|accessdate=31 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Research interest ==<br /> Chitnis's work is predominantly in the areas of molecular [[parasitology]] and vaccine development for malaria by understanding the molecular and cellular biology aspects of host-parasite interactions. His work has assisted in the development of antibodies against ''[[Plasmodium|Plasmodium spp.]]'' and widened the understanding of the parasite-binding proteins and their interactions with the [[Duffy antigen system|Duffy blood group antigen]] of the host red blood cells. Furthermore, his research group is involved in the studies of molecular signaling during the [[Plasmodium falciparum biology#Erythrocytic stage|blood stage]] of ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'', especially the process of invasion and egress from [[erythrocytes]].<br /> <br /> At ICGEB, Chitnis has also established a protein production facility for the production of malaria vaccines based on novel concepts.<br /> <br /> == Other activities ==<br /> * Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Member of the External Advisory Committee&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.isglobal.org/en/governance Governance] Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and honors ==<br /> Chitnis, who received the University of California Regents' Fellowship, Henry Kaiser Fellowship and Abraham Rosenberg Research Fellowship during his doctoral research years, was a Fogarty International Fellow at the [[National Institutes of Health]], Bethesda during 1991–96. The [[American Society for Microbiology]] awarded him the ICAAC Young Investigator Award in 1995&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ICAAC Young Investigator Awards Past Laureates|url=http://www.asm.org/asm/index.php/professional-development/icaac-young-investigator-awards-past-laureates.html|publisher=American Society for Microbiology|accessdate=28 January 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225071705/http://www.asm.org/asm/index.php/professional-development/icaac-young-investigator-awards-past-laureates.html|archivedate=25 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; and he delivered the Dr. B.N. Singh Memorial Award Oration of the [[Indian Society for Parasitology]] in 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Recipients of Dr. B.N. Singh Memorial Oration Award|url=http://www.parasitologyindia.org/awards.htm|publisher=The Indian Society of Parasitology|accessdate=28 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211163733/http://www.parasitologyindia.org/awards.htm|archive-date=11 February 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same year, he also won the MOT Iyengar Award for Research on Malaria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=M.O.T.Iyengar Award (1997)|url=http://icmr.nic.in/award/awards97.htm|work=List of recipients of ICMR awards and prizes for 1997|publisher=Indian Council of Medical Research|accessdate=28 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623071116/http://www.icmr.nic.in/award/awards97.htm|archive-date=23 June 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was International Research Scholar at [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Profile of Chetan E. Chitnis|url=http://www.hhmi.org/research/international/chitnis_bio.html|work=HHMI Alumni International Scholars|publisher=Howard Hughes Medical Institute|accessdate=28 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and an International Senior Research Fellow at the [[Wellcome Trust]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Past Fellows|url=http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/Funding/Biomedical-science/Funded-projects/Awards-made/International-funding/WTD003238.htm#past|work=Indian Senior Research Fellows|publisher=Wellcome Trust|accessdate=28 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617054500/http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/Funding/Biomedical-science/Funded-projects/Awards-made/International-funding/WTD003238.htm#past|archive-date=17 June 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; during the period 2000–05. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] in Medical Sciences, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brief Profile of the Awardee&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=434 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a Tata Innovation Fellow from 2007 to 2009 and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected him as a fellow in 2009;&lt;ref name=ias /&gt; the same year as he received the Distinguished Alumnus Award of [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IIT Bombay Celebrates Foundation Day|url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/News_09/FD_09.html|work=2009 IIT-B News Archives|publisher=Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay|accessdate=28 January 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130002947/http://www.iitb.ac.in/News_09/FD_09.html|archivedate=30 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; He became an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 2014&lt;ref name=insa /&gt; and in between, he received the [[Infosys Prize]] in Life Sciences in 2010&lt;ref name=infosyschitnis /&gt; and the BioSpectrum Person of the Year award in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=BioSpectrum Annual Awards 2011|url=http://www.euvaccine.eu/news-events/news/biospectrum-annual-awards-2011|publisher=European Vaccine Initiative|accessdate=31 March 2017|archive-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331210559/http://www.euvaccine.eu/news-events/news/biospectrum-annual-awards-2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2025, Chitnis was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] for his contribution in the field of medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Padma Award Winners 2025 Full List: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |website=pib.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/profile-of-top-25-scientists-in-india-366262-2011-09-11 |title=Profile of Top 25 scientists in India |date=2011-09-11 |website=India Today |language=en-US |access-date=2018-01-17}}<br /> <br /> {{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science &amp; Engineering}}<br /> {{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chitnis, Chetan Eknath}}<br /> [[Category:Indian biotechnologists]]<br /> [[Category:1961 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Rice University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br /> [[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science &amp; engineering]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manasbal_Lake&diff=515688 2025-09-26T00:10:16Z

<p>Andreasyrt: adding a details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lake in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox body of water<br /> | name = Manasbal Lake<br /> | image = Wula.jpg<br /> | caption = View of Manasbal Lake<br /> | alt = View of Manasbal Lake<br /> | image_bathymetry = <br /> | caption_bathymetry = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Manasbal lake within Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | location = [[Ganderbal district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]<br /> | coords = {{coord|34|15|N|74|40|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}<br /> | lake_type = Fresh water<br /> | inflow = <br /> | outflow = <br /> | catchment = {{convert|33|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br /> | basin_countries = [[India]]<br /> | length = {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | width = {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/NWIA_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Atlas.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 July 2011 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009030215/http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/NWIA_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Atlas.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area = {{convert|2.81|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<br /> | depth = {{convert|4.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br /> | max-depth = {{convert|13|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br /> | volume = {{convert|0.0128|km3|cumi|abbr=on}}<br /> | residence_time = 1.2 years<br /> | shore = {{convert|10.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> | elevation = {{convert|1583|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br /> | islands = <br /> | cities = Kondabal<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Manasbal Lake''' is the deepest [[freshwater lake]] found in [[Safapora|the Safapora]] area of [[Ganderbal District|Ganderbal district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. Named after the sacred [[Lake Manasarovar|Manasarovar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kas_lake&quot;&gt;http://kashmir-tourism.com/jammu-kashmir-lakes-mansabal-lake.htm, Manasbal Lake&lt;/ref&gt; The lake is encircled by four villages, viz., Jarokbal, Kondabal, Nesbal (situated on the north-eastern side of the lake), and Gratbal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-03-13|title=Neglect, of Manasbal Lake|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/neglect-of-manasbal-lake/|access-date=2020-10-10|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It's renowned for its lotus blooms ([[Nelumbo nucifera]]) at the periphery of the lake (blooms during July and August) adds to the beauty of the clear waters of the lake. The [[Mughal garden]], called the Jaroka Bagh (meaning bay window), built by [[Nur Jahan]], overlooks the lake.&lt;ref name=Jam_kash&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.indiainfoweb.com/jammu-kashmir/lakes/mansabal-lake.html |title=Manasbal Lake, Manasbal Lake in Jammu, Lakes in Jammu, Jammu Kashmir Lake Tours, Travelling in Jammu Kashmir |access-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214113038/http://www.indiainfoweb.com/jammu-kashmir/lakes/mansabal-lake.html |archive-date=2012-02-14 }} Mansbal lake&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The lake is a good place for [[birdwatching]] as it is one of the largest natural spawning grounds of Aquatic birds in Kashmir and has the epithet &quot;supreme gem of all Kashmir Lakes&quot;.&lt;ref name=manas_bal&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-57.html |title=Manasbal Lake |access-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303215814/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-57.html |archive-date=2012-03-03 }} Manasbal Lake&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.mascottravels.com/kashmirlakes.htm kashmir lakes&lt;/ref&gt; The rootstocks of the lotus plant, which grows extensively in the lake, are harvested and marketed, and also eaten by the local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;kas_lake&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Access==<br /> The lake is approached from [[Srinagar]] by a {{convert|30|km|adj=on}} road via Shadipora, Nasim, and Ganderbal. The road to [[Wular Lake]], the largest lake in [[Kashmir]], passes through this lake via [[Safapora]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kas_lake&quot;/&gt;<br /> It is also easy to reach Manasbal from Sonmarg via Ganderbal.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> It is believed to be an ancient lake by locals, but exact dating is yet to be done. Close to the northern shore of the lake are the ruins of a 17th-century fort, called the Jharokha Bagh, built by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s, used in the past by caravans traveling from [[Punjab region|Punjab]] to [[Kashmir]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kas_lake&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = manas_bal/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Topography ==<br /> The lake is surrounded by the Baladar mountains on the east, by an elevated plateau known as 'Karewa' comprising [[Lake|lacustrine]], [[fluviatile]], and [[loessic]] deposits on the north, and bounded by the Ahtung hills in the south, which are used for limestone extraction.&lt;ref name = manas_bal/&gt;<br /> <br /> Along the course of the [[Jhelum River]], the Manasbal Lake falls under the third series of high altitude lakes of the [[Himalayas]] (designated concerning their origin, altitudinal situation and nature of biota they contain) as the valley lakes ([[Dal Lake|Dal]], [[Anchar Lake]], Manasbal etc.) situated at the altitudinal zone of {{convert|1585|–|1600|m|ft|abbr=on}}; the other two types being the high altitude [[wetlands]] (altitude {{convert|1585|-|4000|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} amsl) of the second series of lakes (Nilnag) in the lower fringes of [[Pir Panjal]] ranges right amid [[pine]] forests, and the glaciated lakes of the first series situated on the inner Himalayas between {{convert|3000|–|4000|m|ft|abbr=on}} amsl (Alipathar, [[Sheshnag Lake|Sheshnag]], Kounsarnag, [[Tar Sar]], [[Marsar Lake|Marsar]], [[Vishansar Lake|Vishansar]], [[Gangbal]], [[Krishansar Lake|Kishan Sar]], [[Tso Kar|Kyo Tso]], [[Pangong Tso]], etc.) which have probably originated during the third Himalayan [[glaciation]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ramsar.org/wurc/wurc_mgtplan_india_wular.pdf Comprehensive Management, Action Plan for Wular lake, Kashmir&lt;/ref&gt; A fissure is reported to be running from east to west at the centre of the lake.&lt;ref name = ski_sport&gt;http://www.india9.com/i9show/-Jammu-and-Kashmir/Manasbal-Lake-15415.htm Manasbal Lake&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Land use===<br /> [[File:Manasbal lake3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Manasbal lake]]<br /> Important vegetation in the catchment of the lake comprises Orchards ([[apple]], [[mulberry]]), some [[Platanus]] (Chinar trees), and [[Salix]] trees. Safar, adjacent to Safapur, contains an extensive grove of [[Platanus orientalis|Chinar]] trees, known as Badshah Boni, royal Chinar, and was planted in imitation of the [[Naseem Bagh|Nasim Bagh]] in Srinagar. [[Maize]], [[Mustard plant|mustard]], and [[wheat]] are generally the main crops grown in the agricultural lands of the catchment. In recent years, land use patterns have changed with more land used for horticulture and also diversion of land for construction purposes.&lt;ref name = manas_bal/&gt;&lt;ref name = Jam_kash/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Hydrology==<br /> The [[drainage basin]] for the lake, covering an area of {{convert|10|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, has no major inlet channels and is thus fed mainly by precipitation (rain and snow fall) and springs (more than 1,200 springs).&lt;ref&gt;http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/07nov26/news.htm{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Dal look for Manasbal lake soon&lt;/ref&gt; Lake water outflows to the [[Jhelum River]] through a regulated outflow channel. The lake is the source of water for fishing and for obtaining food and fodder plants.&lt;ref name=&quot;kas_lake&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The lake not only provides a source of water but also offers facilities for [[navigation]] and transportation, [[fisheries]], harvesting of economically useful plants, sightseeing, tourism, and recreation.&lt;ref name = manas_bal/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Water quality issues==<br /> Some of the [[water quality]] parameters reported relate&lt;ref name = manas_bal/&gt; to:<br /> <br /> *The lake is [[monomictic|a monomictic]] mixing type and develops [[thermal stratification]] from March to November. The maximum depth of the [[Thermocline]] is {{convert|9|m}}. [[Hypolimnion]] temperature ranges from {{convert|8.5|C}} to {{convert|11|C}}.<br /> *pH value varied from a maximum of 8.8 on the surface to a minimum of 7.7 at {{convert|11|m}} depth in year over the 12 months.<br /> *DO [mg l-1] value varied from a maximum of 10.4 on the surface to a minimum of 2.2 at the bottom in year over the 12 months.<br /> *Maximum [[Nitrogen]] Concentration (NH4-N [micro l-1] of 13 on the surface and 120 at the bottom of the lake has been reported.<br /> *The lake water temperature varied from a minimum of {{convert|6|C}} in January to {{convert|27.5|C}} in June/July at the surface and correspondingly {{convert|6|C}} and {{convert|19|C}}, at the bottom of the lake.<br /> <br /> === Flora===<br /> Within the lake water, the [[flora]] recorded comprises the following.&lt;ref name = manas_bal/&gt;<br /> <br /> *Emerged [[macrophyte]]s, floating macrophytes, submerged macrophytes, and [[phytoplankton]]. In the reported period, the [[biomass]] production due to [[plankton]] was a maximum of 864.9 milligrams/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in June, with a minimum of 54 milligrams/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in December.<br /> <br /> ==Fauna==<br /> The fauna recorded in the lake includes [[zooplankton]], [[benthos]], and [[fish]]. The economically important fishes reported are:&lt;ref name = manas_bal/&gt;<br /> <br /> *Schizothorax niger, S. esocinus, Cyprinus carpio specularis+, C. carpio communis+ and Neomacheilus latius.<br /> Note: + considered economically important<br /> <br /> [[Cyprinus]], an exotic species, has proliferated extensively after its introduction in 1956. A decline in the population of indigenous species due to rapid changes in the environment was reported.<br /> <br /> == Deterioration of the lake ==<br /> [[Eutrophication]] was recorded and confirmed by the test results in the lake. [[Ceratophyllum demersum]] recorded an increase in the lake area. Dense mono-specific stands have been created by the [[weed]]s. Further, a decrease in species diversity has occurred, an increase in the period of [[Hypoxia (environmental)|anoxic]] conditions, and accumulation of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S in deeper waters have been reported. [[Pollution]] has also taken place due to a lack of wastewater treatment plants.&lt;ref name = manas_bal/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] (WWF), which conducted an extensive survey of the lake in 1997, attributed the reasons for the deterioration of the lake, particularly on its banks, gradually turning it into a stinking [[marsh]], to the following.&lt;ref name = shafi_wani&gt;http://www.greaterkashmir.com/full_story.asp?Date=23_8_2007&amp;ItemID=57&amp;cat=1, Community participation makes it possible, Arif Shafi Wani&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> # Large-scale illegal encroachment on the periphery of [[Ganderbal]] and Qazibagh sides in the form of hundreds of trees, vegetable gardens, toilets, residential structures, garbage dumping sites<br /> # Siltation due to noxious run-off from adjoining fields, stone quarries, and lime kilns;<br /> # The flow of [[sewage]] and the use of [[fertilizers]] in the agricultural fields in its adjoining villages<br /> # 80 per cent of the lake was seen under the thick blanket of weed<br /> <br /> WWF recommended several measures to be undertaken for the restoration of the lake.<br /> <br /> ==Lake restoration works==<br /> It was only in the year 2007 that lake restoration measures could be undertaken with the formation of the Wular-Manasbal Development Authority (WMDA) under the Government of Jammu and Kashmir.&lt;ref name = shafi_wani/&gt;<br /> <br /> WMDA undertook the following measures for restoration and to improve the general environment of the lake.<br /> <br /> *Removing the illegal constructions;<br /> *Pedestrian walkway/pathway construction around the lake periphery of {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br /> *Manual de-weeding<br /> *[[Dredging]]<br /> *Demarcation of the lake<br /> *Construction of STPs and<br /> *Regulation of [[limestone]] extraction and [[afforestation]] of mountains to restore the lake's glory<br /> [[File:Manasbal lake2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Manasbal lake from the shade of a Willow tree]]<br /> The chief executive officer of the WMDA has been reported as stating that:<br /> {{Blockquote|It was after long deliberations with locals that we could start work on the lake. We made the locals understand that Manasbal’s conservation was imperative not only from tourism point of view, but for their livelihood too. Now, there is community participation in the restoration process.}}<br /> A [[Shikara]] operator of the Lake area has reported that &quot;there has been a lot of improvement in its condition&quot;.<br /> <br /> == Hindu temple==<br /> [[File:Anicient Temple.jpg|thumb|An ancient Hindu temple near the eastern and western shores of Manasbal Lake in Kashmir]]<br /> Wullar-Manasbal Development Authority has reported the unearthing of an ancient [[Hindu]] temple on the eastern shore of the Manasbal Lake, built in the traditional architectural style of ancient [[Kashmir]]. The lower half of the temple, which was buried in the earth, was found during the restoration works undertaken for the lake. Dated to 800-900 AD, during [[Avantivarman (Utpala dynasty)|Avantivarman]] or [[Sankaravarman]] rule, based on epigraphic writings, the temple, constructed in local grey stone, has a unique pyramid-shaped rooftop with [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] or floral motifs. It is stated to be a new pilgrimage attraction for pilgrims who visit the cave shrine at [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath]] and the [[Kheer Bhawani]] temple at Tulmulla in [[Ganderbal]] district.&lt;ref&gt;http://news.webindia123.com/news/ar_showdetails.asp?id=711180334&amp;cat=&amp;n_date=20071118 Unique eighth century Hindu temple restored in Kashmir&lt;/ref&gt; Other tourist attractions in the lake area are the Manasbal Temple, the ruins of a terraced Mughal garden and sculptured stones of some [[Sufi shrine]]s on the banks of the lake.&lt;ref name = ski_sport/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Naval training of NCC==<br /> [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC) started its activities in Kashmir in 1965, but the training facility at Manasbal Lake was abandoned in 1989 due to the deterioration of the security situation in Jammu and Kashmir.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/news/jk-indian-navy-to-begin-ncc-training-at-manasbal-lake-after-3-decade-gap-101663160265205.html|title=Indian Navy resumes NCC cadet training at Kashmir's Manasbal lake after 33 years}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/manasbal-lake-restored-after-33-years-for-ncc-naval-wing-training-camp/1128972/|title=Manasbal Lake restored after 33 years for NCC Naval Wing training camp |website=[[ThePrint]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2022, [[Indian Navy|the Indian Navy]] revived its naval training of the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] at the Manasbal lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-naval-training-centre-at-manasbal-lake-in-ganderbal-revived-after-33-years-3343822|title=Naval Training Centre At Jammu And Kashmir Lake Revived After 33 Years}}&lt;/ref&gt; 100 NCC cadets, including girls from various colleges of Jammu and Kashmir, participate in the camp. A suitable camping site along with adequate infrastructure has been provided by the Manasbal Development Authority on the lakefront. The cadets are trained in various activities like boat pulling, sailing, signalling, and ship modelling.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/after-33-years-kashmirs-pristine-manasbal-lake-opens-for-ncc-cadets-again/article65890337.ece|title=After 33 years, Kashmir's pristine Manasbal Lake opens for NCC cadets again|website=[[The Hindu]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier, due to closure, these activities were carried out in [[Nagrota]] and [[Mansar Lake]], Jammu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/after-33-yrs-navy-training-starts-at-manasbal-lake-431729|title=After 33 years, Navy training starts at Manasbal Lake in Ganderbal district}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Water skiing ==<br /> The weather is pleasant in May and August, when the lake offers water [[skiing]], which is now becoming an increasingly popular activity in many rivers and lakes in India. Jammu &amp; Kashmir Tourism Department (JKTD) provides essential [[water skiing]] equipment and trained instructors to adventure seekers.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.vacationsindia.com/water-skiing-in-india.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323170605/http://www.vacationsindia.com/water-skiing-in-india.html |date=23 March 2015 }}, Water Skiing in India&lt;/ref&gt; The lake's surface sheen and its long length and width attract tourists to the water skiing sport.&lt;ref name = ski_sport/&gt; However, the noise and turbulence of waterskiing boats will change the environment of this last quiet lake and could risk taking away one of its main attractions: Peace. There is still a discussion going on whether or not a more environmentally sensitive form of [[sustainable tourism]] would be more appropriate for this special lake, not to turn it into a second Dal Lake.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Lakes}}<br /> *[[Nigeen Lake]]<br /> *[[Nundkol Lake]]<br /> *[[Khanpursar]]<br /> *[[Wular Lake]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * Kondabal http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Kondabal.html<br /> * https://www.myfeeling.in/2021/12/the-secret-of-manasbal-lake.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930215052/https://www.myfeeling.in/2021/12/the-secret-of-manasbal-lake.html |date=30 September 2022 }}<br /> <br /> {{Kashmir Valley}}<br /> {{Hydrography of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> {{Waters of South Asia}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Ganderbal district]]<br /> [[Category:9th-century Hindu temples]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auroville_Express&diff=488366 2025-07-29T11:16:34Z

<p>Andreasyrt: new a stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian express train}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | color= ffba01<br /> <br /> | name = '''Auroville Express'''<br /> <br /> | image = Pondicherry Express at MS.jpg<br /> | image_width = 300px<br /> | caption = Chennai Egmore - Pondicherry (Puducherry) Auroville Express at Chennai Egmore Railway Station<br /> | type = [[Mail/Express]]<br /> | locale = [[Tamilnadu]] &amp; [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] <br /> | website = {{URL|https://indianrailways.gov.in/}}<br /> | first = <br /> | last =<br /> | operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]<br /> | formeroperator = [[Indian Railways]] <br /> | ridership = [[Mail/Express]]<br /> | ridership2 = [[Mail/Express]] <br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}} '''(MS)'''<br /> | stops = 12<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} '''(PDY)'''<br /> | distance = {{convert|197|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 4hrs 05min<br /> | frequency = Daily<br /> | class = <br /> * Non A/C Chair Car (D) 2<br /> * Unreserved (GS) 7<br /> * GSLRD 2<br /> | access = {{Access icon|20px}}<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = No<br /> | autorack = <br /> | catering = On-board catering &lt;br /&gt; E-catering<br /> | observation = Large Windows<br /> | entertainment = No<br /> | baggage = No<br /> | otherfacilities = No<br /> | stock = <br /> * [[WAP-4]] Locomotive from [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode]], [[Arakkonam]] <br /> * [[WAP-1]] Locomotive from [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode]]<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br /> | electrification = [[25kV AC]] [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]<br /> | trainnumber = <br /> * 16115 (Down) <br /> * 16116 (Up) <br /> | speed = <br /> {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts<br /> | trainlength = 11 Coaches<br /> | routenumber = 12<br /> | owners = [[Indian Railways]] <br /> | maintenance = {{rws|Chennai Egmore}} <br /> | map = <br /> | map_state =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Chennai Egmore–Puducherry Auroville Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to the [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}} and {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} in India via {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}. The Express train between Madras and Pondicherry, introduced on 15- 12-1970, was cancelled 1-.4-1988. &lt;ref&gt;https://164.100.77.150/bitstream/123456789/261258/1/PQ_152_22121989_S7_p35_p35.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is currently being operated with 16115/16116 train numbers on a daily basis.&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cyclone-vardah-southern-railway-cancels-31-trains/articleshow/55943205.cms Cyclone Vardah: Southern Railway cancels 31 trains ]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/southern-railway-cancels-39-trains-departing-from-chennai/articleshow/55951685.cms Southern railway cancels 39 trains departing from Chennai]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in//view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,4,268&amp;dcd=4652&amp;did=1478773082999232D770EC9BA01324E716F290926F201.web91 PERMANENT AUGMENTATION OF COACHES IN TRAINS]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Service==<br /> <br /> The 16115/Chennai Egmore–Puducherry Auroville Express has an average speed of 46&amp;nbsp;km/h and covers 196&amp;nbsp;km in 4h 15m. The 16116/Puducherry–Chennai Egmore Auroville Express has an average speed of 49&amp;nbsp;km/h and covers 196&amp;nbsp;km in 3h 55m.<br /> <br /> [[File: Puducherry Pondicherry Express.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> ==Coach composition==<br /> <br /> The train runs consists of 11 [[Passenger car (rail)|carriages]]:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#12ad2b;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt; Loco&lt;/span&gt;<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#804a00;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt; 1&lt;/span&gt;<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffd801;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; 2&lt;/span&gt;<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffd801;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; 3&lt;/span&gt;<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffd801;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; 4&lt;/span&gt;<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffd801;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; 5&lt;/span&gt;<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffd801;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; 6&lt;/span&gt;<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffd801;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; 7&lt;/span&gt;<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#7d0552;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt; 8&lt;/span&gt;<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#7d0552;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt; 9&lt;/span&gt;<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffd801;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; 10&lt;/span&gt;<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#804a00;&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffffff;&quot;&gt; 11&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|24px]] ||&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; SLRD&lt;/span&gt;||&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;UR&lt;/span&gt;||&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;UR&lt;/span&gt;||&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;UR&lt;/span&gt;||&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;UR&lt;/span&gt;||&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;UR&lt;/span&gt;||&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;UR&lt;/span&gt;||&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;D1&lt;/span&gt;||&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;D2&lt;/span&gt;||&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;UR&lt;/span&gt;||&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;SLRD&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Traction==<br /> <br /> Both trains are hauled by an <br /> * [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|Arakkonam Loco Shed]], [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Loco Shed]] -based [[WAP-4]] <br /> * [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Loco Shed]] -based [[WAP-1]] <br /> electric locomotive from Chennai to Puducherry and vice versa.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Chennai Egmore railway station]]<br /> * [[Puducherry railway station]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/4625 16115/Chennai Egmore–Puducherry Express] India Rail Info<br /> * [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/4618 16116/Puducherry–Chennai Egmore Express] India Rail Info<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Egmore-Puducherry Express}}<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Puducherry]]<br /> [[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-express-train-stub}}</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishwar_Sahu&diff=504781 2025-06-17T11:03:53Z

<p>Andreasyrt: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1981)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Ishwar Sahu<br /> | office = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Saja Assembly constituency|Saja]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Ravindra Choubey]]<br /> | term_start = 3 December 2023<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | birth_date = 1981<br /> }}<br /> '''Ishwar Sahu''' (born 1981) is an Indian politician, [[rickshaw puller]] and laborer who is serving as member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] elected from [[Saja Assembly constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Nilesh |title=रिक्शा चलाने वाले ईश्वर साहू बने विधायक, जानिए किस पार्टी ने और क्यों दिया था टिकट |url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/chhattisgarh-news/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-2023-updates-rickshaw-puller-ishwar-sahu-became-mla-know-shy-bjp-gave-the-ticket-4634786 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Pramit |date=2023-12-04 |title=पांचवी पास मजदूर ने दी मंत्री को पटखनी, सांप्रदायिक दंगे में हुई थी बेटे की मौत |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/elections/chhattisgarh-vidhan-sabha-election-2023-saja-assembly-result-ishwar-sahu-defeated-minister-ravindra-choubey/1993725 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Chhattisgarh]]. Sahu defeated 7 times winning Congress MLA [[Ravindra Choubey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Sapna |title=Ishwar Sahu who lost his son in Chhattisgarh riots, entered into politics for the first time and defeated 7 times Congress MLA Ravindra Choubey in 2023 Chhattisgarh assembly election |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/ishwar-sahu-a-labour-of-chhattisgarh-defeated-7-times-congress-mla-ravindra-choubey |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> Sahu is educated till Class 5.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़: बेटा लिंचिंग में मारा गया, पांचवी पास मजदूर ने मंत्री को हरा दिया |url=https://www.thelallantop.com/election/post/chhattisgarh-election-results-ishwar-sahu-beat-ravindra-choubay-saja-seat-son-lynching |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.thelallantop.com |date=4 December 2023 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Sahu’s son was murdered in a riot / mob lynching.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=ईश्वर साहू: दंगों में बेटे को खोया, पहली चुनाव में 7 बार के विधायक को हराया |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/chhattisgarh/raipur-ishwar-sahu-defeats-ravindra-choubey-7-time-congress-mla-in-saja-seat-lost-son-in-lynching-cg-election-2023-result-7875225.html |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Ishwar}}<br /> [[Category:1981 births]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bemetara district]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._V._Narasimha_Rao&diff=460736 2025-05-23T08:54:21Z

<p>Andreasyrt: added info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1954)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox cricketer<br /> | name = M. V. Narasimha Rao<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]]<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | full_name = Madireddy Venkat Narasimha Rao<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1954|08|11}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Secunderabad]], [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]], India<br /> | batting = Right-handed<br /> | bowling = Legbreak<br /> | columns = 2<br /> | column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]<br /> | matches1 = 4<br /> | runs1 = 46<br /> | bat avg1 = 9.19<br /> | 100s/50s1 = 0/0<br /> | top score1 = 20*<br /> | deliveries1 = 463<br /> | wickets1 = 3<br /> | bowl avg1 = 75.66<br /> | fivefor1 = 0<br /> | tenfor1 = 0<br /> | best bowling1 = 2/46<br /> | catches/stumpings1= 8/–<br /> | column2 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]<br /> | matches2 = 108<br /> | runs2 = 4,845<br /> | bat avg2 = 40.71<br /> | 100s/50s2 = 9/30<br /> | top score2 = 160*<br /> | deliveries2 = 13,265<br /> | wickets2 = 245<br /> | bowl avg2 = 28.05<br /> | fivefor2 = 15<br /> | tenfor2 = 3<br /> | best bowling2 = 7/21<br /> | catches/stumpings2= 111/–<br /> | international = true<br /> | country = India<br /> | testcap = 142<br /> | testdebutagainst = West Indies<br /> | testdebutdate = 29 December<br /> | testdebutyear = 1978<br /> | lasttestdate = 26 October<br /> | lasttestagainst = Australia<br /> | lasttestyear = 1979<br /> | source = http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31795.html ESPNcricinfo<br /> | date = 20 November<br /> | year = 2022<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Madireddy Venkat '''&quot;'''Bobjee'''&quot;''' Narasimha Rao''' {{post-nominals|MBE}} {{audio|Madireddy_Narasimha_Rao.ogg|pronunciation}} (born 11 August 1954), is a former Indian [[cricket]]er who played in four [[Test cricket|Test matches]] from 1978 to 1979. He was also a cricket coach.<br /> <br /> ==Cricket career==<br /> He was picked to play for India against West Indies in 1978–79, but after two tests he was dropped. He was again brought back the following season for the series against [[Kim Hughes]]' Australian team, but again discarded after two Tests. In the 5th test against Australia at [[Eden Gardens]], he played a crucial role in saving India from imminent defeat. India required 247 to win on the last day and at one point was struggling with 4 wickets down for 123. Four key batsmen - [[Sunil Gavaskar|Gavaskar]], [[Dilip Vengsarkar|Vengsarkar]], [[Gundappa Vishwanath|Vishwanath]] and [[Chetan Chauhan]] were already back in the pavilion when Narasimha Rao provided a match-saving partnership with [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]] who scored an unbeaten 85. India ended up with a score of 200 for 4 to draw the Test.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| access-date = 1 July 2009| publisher=ESPNcricinfo| title=Calcutta Test Scorecard - Ind/Aus: 1979-80| url=http://www.cricinfo.com/india/engine/match/63245.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was the last Test match played by Narasimha Rao. As an alert close-in fielder, however he did well in picking up eight catches. <br /> <br /> Rao captained [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] in [[Ranji Trophy]] from [[1977–78 Ranji Trophy|1977-78]] to [[1987–88 Ranji Trophy|1987-88]]. In the [[1984–85 Ranji Trophy|1984-85 season]], he scored his career best 160* against Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;[https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1984-85/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/SOUTH/HYD_KERALA_RJI-S_30DEC1984-01JAN1985.html 160*, Hyderabad v Kerala, Secunderabad, 1984-85]&lt;/ref&gt; A failure to win this match due to a delayed declaration was a factor in Hyderabad failing to qualify from the South Zone.&lt;ref&gt;[https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1984-85/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/SOUTH/RJI-S_1984-85_TABLE.html 1984-85 South Zone points table]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vivek Jaisimha]] replaced him as captain for [[1985–86 Ranji Trophy|1985-86]] but Hyderabad once again failed to qualify.&lt;ref&gt;[https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1985-86/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/SOUTH/RJI-S_1985-86_TABLE.html 1985-86 South Zone points table]&lt;/ref&gt; Back as captain in [[1986–87 Ranji Trophy|1986-87]], Rao captained Hyderabad to the Ranji title for the second time in their history.&lt;ref&gt;[https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1986-87/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/DELHI_HYD_RJI-FINAL_21-26MAR1987.html Delhi v Hyderabad, Ranji final, 1986-87]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In first class cricket Rao scored 4,124 runs (avg 47.40) and took 218 wickets (avg 24.20).<br /> <br /> ==Coaching career==<br /> Rao returned to competitive international cricket albeit as an assistant coach of the [[Ireland Cricket team]] for the [[2011 ICC World Cup]]. In December 2012, Rao became the first Indian cricketer to be appointed [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) for his contribution for promoting the [[sport]] and also for community service through cricket during the testing times faced by the ethnic community in [[Northern Ireland]].<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/british-high-for-bobjee/article4246168.ece| title = British 'high' for Bobjee - The Hindu| work = The Hindu| date = 27 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After Rao retired, he set up the St Johns Cricket Academy which produced many stars like [[VVS Laxman]], [[Mithali Raj]], [[Bavanaka Sandeep]], [[Hanuma Vihari]] and [[Tarun Nethula]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=From Hyderabad to the North West: The fascinating life of Bobby Rao|url=https://www.derryjournal.com/sport/cricket/hyderabad-north-west-fascinating-life-bobby-rao-2968464|access-date=2020-09-14|website=www.derryjournal.com|date=11 September 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Narasimha Rao, Bobjee}}<br /> [[Category:1954 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:India Test cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:South Zone cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Coaches of the Irish national cricket team]]<br /> [[Category:Hyderabad cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople from Secunderabad]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers from Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]<br /> [[Category:Ireland cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Members of the Order of the British Empire]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-cricket-bio-1950s-stub}}</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shri_Mansa_Mata_Mandir_Hasampur&diff=454318 2025-04-16T13:04:00Z

<p>Andreasyrt: corrected section per standard format and improved wording per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|Mansa Devi Temple in [[Hasampura]]||Mansa Devi Temple (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{advert|date=August 2012}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Shri Mansa Mata Mandir<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = India Rajasthan#India<br /> | map_caption = Location in Hasampur<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27.763310|76.023245|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | native_name = माता मनसा देवी मंदिर<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | state = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | district = [[Sikar district|Sikar]]<br /> | location = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | deity = [[Manasa|Mansa]] Devi ([[Shakti]])<br /> | festivals= [[Navratri]]<br /> | architecture = [[Hindu temple architecture]]<br /> | temple_quantity = <br /> | monument_quantity= <br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | year_completed = 1811-1815 A.D.<br /> | creator = [[Maharaja]] Mittal God of [[Hasampur]]<br /> | temple_board = Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Board<br /> | website = [https://mansamata.in/ mansamata.in]<br /> }}<br /> '''Mata Mansa Devi''' is a [[Hindu temple]] of [[Manasa|Mansa Devi]], in [[Sikar district]] of [[Rajasthan]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in [[India]]. The temple complex is spread over {{convert|100|acre|km2}} in the Hasampur Hills foothills in village Hasampur, near [[Neem-Ka-Thana]], and [[Sikar]], 20&amp;nbsp;km from [[National Highway 8 (India)]] [[Kotputli]], another noted Devi shrine in the region, both just outside [[Sikar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SHRI MATA MANSA DEVI SHRINE BOARD |url=http://mansadevi.nic.in/hist.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609021927/http://mansadevi.nic.in/hist.htm |archive-date=2009-06-09 |website=mansadevi.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&amp;dq=Mansa+Devi&amp;pg=PA83 Mansa Devi] ''Contemporary Hinduism: ritual, culture, and practice'', by Robin Rinehart. Publisher ABC-CLIO, 2004. {{ISBN|1-57607-905-8}}. ''Page 83''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sura |first=Ajay |date=2009-06-18 |title=Mansa Devi temple to get wall cover |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Mansa-Devi-temple-to-get-wall-cover/articleshow/4669119.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024043939/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-18/chandigarh/28172498_1_mansa-devi-temple-dp-dattana-boundary-wall |archive-date=2012-10-24 |url-status=live |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is one of the prominent [[Shakti]] temples of [[North India]]. Thousands of devotees visit the shrine from various parts of the country, and especially during the [[Navratra]] fair, this number rises to [[lakh]]s every day for the [[Navratra|nine auspicious days]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[Maharaja]] Mittal God of Hasampur constructed the present main temple of Shri Mansa Devi in 965 AD. The main temple is 200 meters from the Hasampur village.<br /> <br /> Durga Mata Marbel Murti was constructed by Seth Ramavatar Muchhal, the then Maharaja Hasampur in the year 1982. This temple had the patronage of the Rajasthan State. After the merger of princely states into [[PEPSU]] the Patronage of State Govt. ended and the temples remained neglected.<br /> <br /> The Raja of Rajasthan then appointed [[pujari]] as ‘Keshavpanditji’ of this temple whose duty was to worship the deity of the temple. After the merging of the princely State into Pepsu these [[pujari]]s became independent in the matter of controlling and managing the affairs of the temple and its land. They could neither maintain this temple nor provide necessary facilities to the visiting devotees, thus the condition of the temple deteriorated day by day. So much so that there were no proper arrangements for pilgrims visiting the temple during [[Navaratra]] melas. The complex was neglected until the establishment of the Board.<br /> <br /> == Navratra Melas ==<br /> [[Navratra]] festival is celebrated in the [[mandir]] for nine days. Twice a year millions of devotees visit the temple. Shardiya Every year two [[Navaratri|Navratra]] [[Melā|melas]] are organized at the shrine complex in the month of [[Ashvin (month)|Ashvin]] (Shardiya, [[Sharad (Indian season)|Sharad]] or Winter [[Navratra]]), and another in the month of Chaitra (Spring [[Navratra]]) by the Shrine Board.<br /> <br /> [[Lakhs]] of devotees pay obeisance during the Navratra melas held in Ashvin and Chaitra and temples remain open throughout the day. These melas are of 9 days duration each and conclude on the 9th day. The Shrine Board makes arrangements for the comfortable stay and [[Darśana|darshan]] of the devotees, including the provision of ''[[Chhowldari]]'', tented accommodation, [[Dhurrie|durries]], blankets, temporary toilets, temporary dispensaries, mela police post and lines. During the mela, Duty Magistrates and Nodal Officers are appointed to look after the devotees and smooth conduct of the mela. On the 7th and 8th day of Navratras, the temples of the Shrine Complex are closed only for two hours during the night for cleaning maintenance. For the rest of Navratras, the temples remain open for [[Darśana|darshan]] from 5 a.m. to 10 p.m.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-09-29 |title=Thousands throng Mansa Devi Shrine |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/thousands-throng-mansa-devi-shrine/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=227538 Thousands of devotees thronged the Mansa Devi shrine on the first day of the nine-day ‘Chaitra Navratra Mela’...]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [[Indian Express]], 20 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990320/ige20104.html Lakhs attend Navratra fair]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Indian Express]], 20 March 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Temple management ==<br /> The temple complex and its environment are presently looked after by the Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Board (SMMDSB) Rajasthan. In view of the popularity of the temple for its mythological and historical significance, the Rajasthan Government by an enactment (Rajasthan Act No. 14 of 1991, christened as Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Act 1991) took over the control of this temple to provide for better infrastructure development, management, administration and governance of the shrine and its endowments, including attached lands and buildings. A Shrine Board with the Chief Minister of Rajasthan as chairman was constituted for the running of the Temple and preserving the heritage of the region.<br /> <br /> ==Other Mansa Devi temples==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * [[Mansa Bari, Kolkata]], [[Kolkata]]<br /> * [[Mata Mansa Devi Mandir|Mansa Devi Mandir]], [[Panchkula]], [[Haryamna]] <br /> * [[Mansa Devi Temple, Haridwar|Mansa Devi Temple]], Bilwa Parvat, [[Haridwar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/haridwar/tourism/mansa-devi-temple.html |title=Mansa Devi temple |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=6 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906161619/http://www.mapsofindia.com/haridwar/tourism/mansa-devi-temple.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Mansa Devi temple, Alwar]], [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]]<br /> * [[Mansa Devi temple, Dhuri]], [[Dhuri]], [[Sangrur district]], [[Punjab]]<br /> * [[Mansa Devi temple, Narela]], [[Narela]], [[Delhi]]<br /> * [[Mansa Devi temple, Manik Chowk]], [[Sitamarhi district]], [[Bihar]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{URL|https://www.mansamata.in}}<br /> <br /> {{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranpur,_Abdasa&diff=529674 2024-11-19T15:07:52Z

<p>Andreasyrt: starting a article!</p> <hr /> <div>{{one source|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox place<br /> | name = Ranpur<br /> | settlement_type = [[Administrative_divisions_of_India#Villages|Village]]<br /> | pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23|08|35|N|68|44|43|E|display=it}}<br /> | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kutch district|Kutch]]<br /> | native_name_lang = gu<br /> | native_name = રાણપુર<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset = +5:30<br /> | registration_plate = GJ-12<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ranpur''' ({{Langx|gu|રાણપુર}}) is a village in [[Abdasa Taluka]] of [[Kutch district|Kutch District]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Abdasa Taluk Villages on Kutch District Website |url=http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/marugam-1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103053534/http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/marugam-1.htm |archive-date=3 January 2011 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in |language=gu}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main occupations of its residents are agriculture, farm labor and [[animal husbandry]]. The village's main farm products are [[Mung bean]], [[Sesame]], [[Panicum]], [[Sorghum]] and [[Alfalfa]], and some other vegetable crops are cultivated here as well. The village also have facilities such as a [[primary school]], a ''[[gram panchayat]]'' (village council), a [[kindergarten]], and a milk dairy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> [[Category:Villages in Kutch district]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1784_in_India&diff=481686 2024-09-19T22:56:04Z

<p>Andreasyrt: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|none}} &lt;!-- &quot;none&quot; is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive --&gt;<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Year in India|1784}}<br /> Events in the year '''1784 in India'''.<br /> <br /> ==Events==<br /> * 15 January - [[The Asiatic Society]] was established.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-10-28 |title=Bengal’s intellectual ‘adda’ comes alive in an exhibition on the Asiatic society |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/bengal-s-intellectual-adda-comes-alive-in-an-exhibition-on-the-asiatic-society/story-OzWWHR1boJxHAQazkeFs4L.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 11 March - [[Treaty of Mangalore]] signed between a jubilant [[Tipu Sultan]] and [[East India Company]] bringing a closure to [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sreenivasan |first=M. A. |date=2023-03-04 |title='Tipu's drop', the cliff where Mysuru people were pushed to death under Tipu Sultan's reign |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/tipus-drop-the-cliff-where-mysuru-people-were-pushed-to-death-under-tipu-sultans-reign/1417435/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Laws==<br /> * [[Pitt's India Act]]<br /> <br /> == Births ==<br /> <br /> * [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{India year nav}}<br /> {{Year in Asia|1784}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1784 in India| ]]<br /> [[Category:1784 by country|India]]<br /> [[Category:Years of the 18th century in India]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Trevor_Lambrick&diff=503238 2024-08-14T19:25:53Z

<p>Andreasyrt: Stub.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|British archaeologist, historian and administrator}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> '''Hugh Trevor Lambrick''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (20 April 1904&amp;ndash;31 August 1982) was a British archaeologist, historian and administrator.<br /> <br /> During his distinguished career as a member of the [[Indian Civil Service]] he also became known for his archaeological work at [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]].<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> He was born in 1904 at [[Shardlow]], Derbyshire, England,&lt;ref name=&quot;cricketarchive&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1036/1036083/1036083.html|publisher=cricketarchive.com|title=The Home of CricketArchive|accessdate=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; the son of the Revd. Charles Menzies Lambrick (1862–1947) and Jessie Mabel ''née'' Trevor (1875–1946), who was born in India. His brother was George Lambrick (1901–1946) and his sister Hope Lambrick (1911–1983). He was educated at The Dene preparatory school in [[Caterham]] in [[Surrey]] (1912–17) and after at the [[Rossall School]] in [[Fleetwood]] in [[Lancashire]] (1917–23). He won an open scholarship to [[Oriel College, Oxford]] (1923–6) where he was awarded a first-class honours degree in modern history.&lt;ref name=&quot;ancestry&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/hugh-trevor-lambrick_1630630|publisher=ancestry.com|title=Hugh Trevor Lambrick, father of 0 - Ancestry|accessdate=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;myheritage&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/jessie_lambrick|publisher=myheritage.com|title=Jessie Lambrick - Historical records and family trees - MyHeritage|accessdate=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;myheritage2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/charles_lambrick|publisher=myheritage.com|title=Charles Lambrick - Historical records and family trees - MyHeritage|accessdate=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ODNB&gt;Moir, Martin [https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-107503 Lambrick, Hugh Trevor (1904–1982)], [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> In October 1927 Lambrick joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) after passing the open competitive civil service examination; he chose to serve in [[Sindh]] where members of his mother's family had served before him.&lt;ref name=ODNB/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Routledge Guide to British Political Archives: Sources since 1945|author=Cook, C.|date=2012|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=9781136509612|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k89anpKEY6YC&amp;pg=PA118|page=118|accessdate=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1927 to 1947 he served in Sindh province (present day Pakistan) as Commissioner where he did most of his archaeological work,<br /> including at [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Routledge Guide to British Political Archives: Sources since 1945|author=Cook, C.|date=2012|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=9781136509612|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k89anpKEY6YC&amp;pg=PA118|page=118|accessdate=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The History of India|author1=Publishing, B.E.|author2=Pletcher, K.|date=2010|publisher=Rosen Publishing Group, Incorporated|isbn=9781615302017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdmcAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA43|page=43|accessdate=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lambrick became fluent in the [[Sindhi language]] and also became familiar with the [[Balochi language]], developing an appreciation for Balochi poetry and music. Such was his interest in the geography, anthropology and archaeology of the Sindh province that he became Secretary of the Sindh Historical Society.&lt;ref name=ODNB/&gt; During the 1940s he was involved in suppressing the [[Indian independence movement]] which in 1943 lead to the hanging of [[Pir of Pagaro VI]], the spiritual leader of the [[Hurs]]. [[1944 New Year Honours|In 1944]] Lambrick was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) and retired from the Indian Civil Service in 1946.<br /> <br /> In 1947 he became a historian and a Fellow of [[Oriel College, Oxford]] where he served until 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Routledge Guide to British Political Archives: Sources since 1945|author=Cook, C.|date=2012|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=9781136509612|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k89anpKEY6YC&amp;pg=PA118|page=118|accessdate=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 1948 he married [[Gabrielle Lambrick|Gabrielle Margaret Jennings]] (1913–1968), a principal civil servant in the Overseas Finance Section in [[HM Treasury|the Treasury]] and the younger daughter of Herbert Henry Jennings, a hospital administrator and amateur art connoisseur and collector.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.abingdon.gov.uk/abingdon_people/gabrielle-lambrick Biography of Gabrielle Lambrick], Abingdon on Thames Town Council website&lt;/ref&gt; The couple had two sons: Charles Trevor Lambrick (born 1949), a solicitor; and George Hugh Lambrick (born 1952), an archaeologist. At Oriel Lambrick was appointed Lecturer in Modern History and Treasurer in 1951 but relinquished the latter role in 1955 when he was appointed Spalding senior research fellow in Indian history at the college. In 1971 Lambrick retired from his post at Oriel and became an emeritus fellow. He was awarded a [[Doctor of Letters|DLitt]] by the [[University of Oxford]] and became a Fellow of the [[Society of Antiquaries of London|Society of Antiquaries]]. In 1978 he was awarded the Richard Burton memorial medal by the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Asiatic Society]].&lt;ref name=ODNB/&gt;<br /> <br /> Hugh Trevor Labrick died at the [[John Radcliffe Hospital]] in [[Oxford]] in August 1982.&lt;ref name=ODNB/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> His collected papers are held at the [[British Library]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nationalarchives&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/9efee0a2-1248-478f-be78-c2900d65f476|publisher=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk|title=Papers of Hugh Trevor Lambrick, Indian Civil Service, Sind 1927-47, Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford 1947-71 &amp;#124; The National Archives|accessdate=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lambrick published seven books between 1952 and 1976 including a novel ''The Terrorist'' (1972), biographies of Sir [[Charles James Napier]] (1952) and [[John Jacob (East India Company officer)|John Jacob]] of [[Jacobabad]] (1960; revised edition, 1975)&lt;ref name=&quot;abebooks&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/John-Jacob-Jacolabad-Lambrick-Hugh-Trevor/9905649136/bd|publisher=abebooks.co.uk|title=John Jacob of Jacolabad by Lambrick, Hugh Trevor: Cassell Unknown Binding - Black Paw Books|accessdate=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;goodreads&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/1805976.H_T_Lambrick|publisher=goodreads.com|title=H.T. Lambrick (Author of John Jacob Of Jacobabad)|accessdate=2017-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; and two volumes in the History of Sind series: ''Sind: A General Introduction'' (1964) and ''Sind Before the Muslim Conquest'' (1973). He wrote numerous articles for historical and archaeological journals. His last publication was a chapter on 'The Hill Country of Sind and its People' in ''Sind Through The Centuries'' (ed. Hamida Khuro, 1982).&lt;ref name=ODNB/&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50-37275/|publisher=worldcat.org|title=Sindh and the races that inhabit the Valley of the Indus|accessdate=2017-01-08}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Lambrick, Hugh Trevor}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1904 births]]<br /> [[Category:1982 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century British archaeologists]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford]]<br /> [[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br /> [[Category:People from South Derbyshire District]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]<br /> [[Category:Mohenjo-daro]]<br /> [[Category:Harappa]]<br /> [[Category:People educated at Rossall School]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderabad_railway_station&diff=538296 2024-07-29T03:12:27Z

<p>Andreasyrt: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Railway station in Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{one source|date=November 2021}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Sunderabad railway station<br /> | type = [[Indian Railways]] station<br /> | style = Indian Railways<br /> | image = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | address = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.1252|75.3110|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | line = <br /> | other = <br /> | elevation = {{convert|505|m|ft}}<br /> | structure = Standard (on-ground station)<br /> | platform = 1<br /> | depth = <br /> | levels = <br /> | tracks = 1<br /> | parking = No<br /> | bicycle = No<br /> | opened = <br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = 2016<br /> | electrified = No<br /> | accessible = <br /> | code = {{Indian railway code<br /> | code = SNBD<br /> | zone = [[Western Railway zone|WR]]<br /> | division = {{rwd|Ratlam}}<br /> }}<br /> | owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | status = BG<br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | mpassengers = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Western Railway zone|left=Barnagar|right=Runija|type=[[Akola–Ratlam line]]}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Sunderabad railway station''' is a small railway station in [[Ratlam district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Its code is '''SNBD'''. It serves Sunderabad village. The station consists of two platforms, neither of which is well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SNBD|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/blog/sunderabad-snbd/3682 |website=India Rail Info |access-date=15 November 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Railway stations in Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Ratlam district]]<br /> [[Category:Ratlam railway division]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{MadhyaPradesh-railstation-stub}}</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amarjit_Singh_Samra&diff=472033 2024-05-16T21:25:54Z

<p>Andreasyrt: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Amarjit Singh Samra<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1943|11|24}}<br /> | birth_place = Samrai<br /> | residence = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India]]<br /> | office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]<br /> | constituency = Nakodar<br /> | term = 1994 – 2012<br /> | predecessor = [[Umaro Singh]]<br /> | successor = [[Gurpartap Singh Wadala]]<br /> | office3 = Minister for Revenue and Rehabilitation<br /> |1blankname3 = Chief Minister<br /> |1namedata3 = [[Capt. Amarinder Singh]]<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Sewa Singh Sekhwan]]<br /> | successor3 = [[Ajit Singh Kohar]]<br /> | term3 = 2002 - 2007<br /> | party =[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | website = http://amarjitsamra.com<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Amarjit Singh Samra''' was an Indian politician and a member of [[Indian National Congress]]. He was Minister for Revenue and Rehabilitation in the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]] from 2002 to 2007.&lt;ref name='aa'&gt;[http://www.ballepunjab.com/ministry.php Punjab Cabinet Ministers Portfolios 2002] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822034311/http://www.ballepunjab.com/ministry.php |date=2012-08-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> <br /> He was born on 24 November 1943 in Samrai near [[Jalandhar]] in [[Punjab, India]]. His father's name is Ujagar Singh Samra.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Amarjit Singh Samra(Criminal &amp; Asset Declaration)|url=http://myneta.info/pb2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=164|publisher=The Association for Democratic Reforms|accessdate=4 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> <br /> Samra started his career as a [[sarpanch]] of Samrai in 1964. In 1975 he became chairman of development block or [[panchayat samiti]] [[Rurka Kalan]]. He remained sarpanch till 1993. He was elected to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] in 1994 in by election from Nakodar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Politics of a By-Election: Nakodar and Ajnala Assembly Constituencies in Punjab|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=29|issue=32|pages=2095–2102|publisher=ITHAKA|jstor=4401595|last1=Verma|first1=P. S.|year=1994}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was re-elected in 1997, 2002 and 2007.&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1997/StatiscialReport-PU97.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1997 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/punjab/results/2002.aspx |title=Punjab Assembly Election 2002 Results |access-date=4 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805112727/http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/punjab/results/2002.aspx |archive-date=5 August 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020227/punjab-mlas.htm Punjab Assembly Elections-2002 winners]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070302073951/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/punjab/election-result-07.html Punjab Assembly Election 2007 Results]&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2002 Congress government he was made Minister for Revenue and Rehabilitation.&lt;ref name='aa'/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Samra, Amarjit Singh}}<br /> [[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]<br /> [[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1992–1997]]<br /> [[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1997–2002]]<br /> [[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2002–2007]]<br /> [[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2007–2012]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]<br /> [[Category:1943 births]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhasaipaikar&diff=490999 2024-03-29T08:37:22Z

<p>Andreasyrt: new new post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bhasaipaikar<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Census Town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24.6389|N|87.9255|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country <br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 3.0451<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 12<br /> | population_total = 23,141<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone/STD code<br /> | area_code = 03485<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 742202<br /> | registration_plate = WB<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Samserganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Samserganj]]<br /> | website = {{URL|murshidbad.nic.in/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bhasaipaikar''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Samserganj (community development block)|Samserganj]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Jangipur subdivision]] of the [[Murshidabad district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=400| height=500| zoom=11<br /> | coord={{coord|24|42|0|N|87|59|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the northern portion of Jangipur subdivision, Murshidabad district (including Farakka, Samserganj, Suti II CD blocks)'''&lt;br/&gt; M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility&lt;br/&gt;Abbreviation- TPS: Thermal Power Station&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|24|48|4|N|87|53|50|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Srimantapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Srimantapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|24|47|33|N|87|54|51|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Benia Gram| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Benia Gram]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|24|48|30|N|87|54|39|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Farakka Barrage |labela3= Township| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Farakka Barrage Township]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|24|43|21|N|87|56|3|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Arjunpur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Arjunpur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|24|42|49|N|87|55|52|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Sibnagar| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Sibnagar]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|24|41|55|N|87|55|10|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Mamrejpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Mamrejpur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|24|42|16|N|87|56|17|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Pranpara| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Pranpara]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|24|41|21|N|87|55|41|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Mahadeb Nagar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Mahadeb Nagar]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|24|40|30|N|87|56|44|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Anup Nagar| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Anup Nagar]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|24|40|8|N|87|56|47|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Jafrabad| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Jafrabad, Murshidabad]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|24|39|45|N|87|57|30|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Kankuria| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Kankuria]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|24|39|0|N|87|58|34|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Uttar Mahammadpur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Uttar Mahammadpur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|24|39|20|N|87|58|30|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Chachanda| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Chachanda]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|24|38|35|N|87|58|50|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Dhusaripara| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Dhusaripara]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|24|38|10|N|88|0|50|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Serpur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Serpur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|24|38|38|N|87|58|6|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Kohetpur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Kohetpur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|24|38|20|N|87|55|31|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Bhasaipaikar| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=Bhasaipaikar (CT)|shape-color17=black| label-size17=13|label-color17=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|24|39|20|N|87|57|40|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Jaykrishnapur| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Jaykrishnapur, Murshidabad]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|24|39|0|N|87|58|4|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Basudebpur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Basudebpur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|24|38|10|N|88|1|30|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Jagtaj| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Jagtaj]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|24|37|34|N|88|1|17|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Debipur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Debipur, Murshidabad]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|24|37|0|N|88|1|25|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Aurangabad| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Aurangabad, West Bengal]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|24|37|50|N|87|58|30|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Mahendrapur| numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Mahendrapur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|24|37|50|N|88|1|0|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Hafania| numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Hafania]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|24|38|15|N|87|58|40|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Dafahat| numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Dafahat]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord26={{coord|24|36|15|N|88|2|35|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Paschim Punropara| numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Paschim Punropara]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord27={{coord|24|34|49|N|88|2|57|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Ichhlampur| numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Ichhlampur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord28={{coord|24|35|50|N|88|2|50|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Chakmeghoan| numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Chakmeghoan]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord29={{coord|24|35|20|N|88|3|0|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29=Kakramari| numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Kakramari]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord30={{coord|24|34|52|N|88|2|19|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30=Khanpur| numbered30=CT| mark-title30=[[Khanpur, Murshidabad]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord31={{coord|24|36|32|N|88|1|40|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31=Khidirpur| numbered31=CT| mark-title31=[[Khidirpur, Murshidabad]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord32={{coord|24|36|0|N|88|1|9|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Bhabki| numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Bhabki]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord33={{coord|24|41|0|N|87|57|14|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Dhuliyan| numbered33=M| mark-title33=[[Dhuliyan]] (M) | shape-color33= #800000<br /> |mark-coord34={{coord|24|48|16|N|87|55|59|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Farakka Barrage| numbered34=F| mark-title34= [[Farakka Barrage]] (F) |shape-color34=#967117<br /> |mark-coord35={{coord|24|46|21|N|87|53|39|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Farakka Super TPS| numbered35=F| mark-title35= [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] (F) |shape-color35=#967117<br /> |mark-coord36={{coord|24|47|25|N|87|54|15|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Farakka| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Farakka]] (R) |shape-color36=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord37={{coord|24|35|21|N|88|0|33|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37= Mahesail| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Mahesail]] (R) |shape-color37=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord38={{coord|24|39|44|N|87|58|10|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38= Nimtita| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Nimtita]] (R) |shape-color38=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord39={{coord|24|37|0|N|88|2|0|E}} | label-pos39=right|label39= Suti| numbered39=R| mark-title39= [[Suti]] (R) |shape-color39=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord40={{coord|24|46|45|N|87|54|37|E}} | label-pos40=right|label40= Nabarun| numbered40=R| mark-title40= [[Nabarun]] (R) |shape-color40=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord41={{coord|24|46|0|N|87|56|40|E}} | label41= Ganges River| label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= 85| label-pos41=right| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none<br /> |mark-coord42={{coord|24|38|20|N|88|3|10|E}} | label42= Padma River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 45| label-pos42=right| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none<br /> |mark-coord43={{coord|24|46|0|N|87|54|10|E}} | label43= Farakka | labela43 = Feeder Canal| label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= 85| label-pos43=right| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none<br /> |mark-coord44={{coord|24|40|53|N|87|55|52|E}} | label-pos44=left|label44= Tarapur| numbered44=R| mark-title44= [[Tarapur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color44=#C40000<br /> |arc-coordA={{coord|24|46|0|N|88|5|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35<br /> |arc-coordB={{coord|24|34|30|N|87|53|0|E}}|arc-textB= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-120| arc-gapB=5.5| arc-radiusB=0.35}}<br /> <br /> ===Location===<br /> Bhasaipaikar is located at {{coord|24.6389|N|87.9255|E|display=inline}}.<br /> <br /> ===Area overview===<br /> Jangipur subdivision is crowded with 52 [[census towns]] and as such it had to be presented in two location maps. One of the maps can be seen alongside. The subdivision is located in the [[Rarh region]] that is spread over from adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]]. The land is slightly higher in altitude than the surrounding plains and is gently undulating.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities | access-date= 24 July 2017 | archive-date= 29 August 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170829154116/http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The river [[Ganges]], along with its distributaries, is prominent in both the maps. At the head of the subdivision is the 2,245 m long [[Farakka Barrage]], one of the largest projects of its kind in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://fbp.gov.in/ | title = Farakka Barrage Project | publisher = FBP | access-date = 12 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Murshidabad district shares with Bangladesh a porous international border which is notoriously crime prone (partly shown in this map).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://edgeofhumanity.com/2020/12/27/child-labor-illnesses-lost-childhoods-indias-tobacco-industry/ |title = Child labour, illness &amp; lost childhoods, India’s tobacco industry |publisher= Edge of Humanity Magazine, 27 December 2020| access-date = 13 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The subdivision has two large power plants - the 2,100 MW [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] and the 1,600 MW [[Sagardighi Thermal Power Station]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/farakka | title= Power Generation | work= Farakka | publisher= NTPC | access-date= 7 August 2016 | archive-date= 30 October 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161030030445/http://www.ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/farakka | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | title = The West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited | work = Sagardighi Thermal Power Project | publisher = WBPDCL | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-date = 23 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115439/http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a 2016 report, there are around 1,000,000 (1 million/ ten lakh) workers engaged in the [[beedi]] industry in Jangipur subdivision. 90% are home-based and 70% of the home-based workers are women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/28080/6/06_chapter%201.pdf| title = Child workers in household industry: a study of beedi industry in Murshidabad district of West Bengal | first= Sunirmal| last= Kar| work = Viswa Bharati University thesis, page 5 | publisher = Shodhganga | access-date = 28 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.com/features/the-poor-man-s-cigarette-1485045757.html | title = The ‘Poor man’s cigarette’ | work = Gurvinder Singh | publisher = The Statesman, 22 January 2017 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Beedi-workers-of-Jangipur-hold-key/article16588097.ece#! | title = Beedi workers of Jangipur hold key | work = Indrani Dutta | publisher = The Hindu, 1 May 2009 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the [[Ganges]] alone in Murshidabad district. [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|Severe erosion]] occurs along the banks.&lt;ref name=&quot;erosion1&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 5 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The two maps present some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the maps are linked in the larger full screen maps.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bhasaipaikar had a total population of 23,141, of which 11,589 (50%) were males and 11,552 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 5,270. The total number of literate persons in Bhasaipaikar was 8,871 (49.64% of the population over 6 years).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 313878, page 26-27|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 28 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Infrastructure==<br /> According to the ''District Census Handbook, Murshidabad'', 2011, Bhasaipaikar covered an area of 3.0451&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. It had 2.5&amp;nbsp;km roads. The protected water-supply involved hand pump, tube well/ bore well. It had 882 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 3 dispensaries/ health centres, 4 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 6 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school, 1 senior secondary school. Among the social, cultural &amp; recreational facilities it had 2 public libraries, 1 reading room. It produced [[beedi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Murshidabad, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 981-987: Statement I: Growth History, Pages 990-993: Statement III: Civic &amp; Other Amenities, Pages 993-995: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 995-1001 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities; Pages 1001- 1002: Statement VI: Industry &amp; Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 26 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Healthcare ==<br /> Samserganj CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by a high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10&amp;nbsp;mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50&amp;nbsp;mg/ litre. The maximum concentration in Samserganj CD block is 287&amp;nbsp;mg/litre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Murshidabad| access-date = 4 August 2017| archive-date = 22 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092741/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Murshidabad District}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Murshidabad district]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:IPL/HA&diff=545190 2024-03-05T03:09:34Z

<p>Andreasyrt: Created a redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian Premier League/Hot articles]]</div>

Andreasyrt https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malik_Rihan_Dargah,_Sira&diff=515453 2024-02-16T17:26:17Z

<p>Andreasyrt: adding a bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox religious building<br /> | building_name = Malik Rihan Tomb, Sira <br /> | image = Malik Rihan Darga 2012-09-14 10-14-53.jpg<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | alt = Mausoleum for Malik Rihan<br /> | map_type =India Karnataka<br /> | map_size =250px<br /> | map_caption =Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | location =[[Sira, India]] <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13|44|06.3|N|76|54|31.9|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]<br /> | state =[[Karnataka]]<br /> | district =[[Tumakuru district]]<br /> | consecration_year =1651 CE<br /> | architecture_type =Tomb<br /> }}<br /> '''Malik Rihan Dargah''', also known as '''Malik Rihan tomb''', is a [[mausoleum]] in [[Sira, India|Sira]], [[Karnataka]], India. It contains the grave of [[Malik Rihan]] who was the governor of [[Province of Sira|Sira province]] in the 17th-century. It has a square plan and illustrates the Indo-Saracenic style in Deccan architecture.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michell2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites &amp; Museums|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT192|date=1 May 2013|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=978-81-7436-903-1|pages=192–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=mysore/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> The tomb is located in the Sira town which is a [[taluk]] in [[Tumkur District]] in the [[Province of Sira]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian State]] of Karnataka. It is a municipal town on the National Highway (NH-48) (from [[Bangalore]] to [[Pune]]), and is {{Convert|123|km|mi|0}} away from Bangalore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michell2013&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Sira was near the eastern edge of the region under the control of the [[Deccan sultanates|Bijapur Sultans]] from 1638 to 1687, before Aurangzeb dismissed them and expanded the Mughal empire. Sira was also the place where Hyder Ali began his career, before seeking employment with the Wodeyars and later organizing a coup to dismiss them to found the Mysore Sultanate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michell2013&quot;/&gt; His son Tipu Sultan forced the relocation of most Muslims from Sira to a new town he founded on the island of Seringapatam. This led to a large decline of Sira.&lt;ref&gt;Rice, B. L. (2001), Gazetteer of Mysore. Asian Educational Services, pp. 198–199&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Malik Rihan Tomb and Islamic monument, Sira Karnataka.jpg|thumb|left|Floor plan of the Malik Rihan dargah.]]<br /> While under the control of Bijapur Sultanate, Malik Rihan was appointed the [[Subahdar]] (governor) of Sira by the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahis]] from 1638 to 1651. This mausoleum was completed in 1651, over his tomb.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michell2013&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=mysore&gt;Sira monuments, Mysore Archaeological Report 1917, pp. 11–12&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2012, under the High Court order, the Hazrath Malik Rehan Dargah- Wakf was brought under Section 65 of the Wakf Act, 1995 by the Karnataka State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/118943099/|title= Hazrath Malik Rehan Darga ... vs Karnataka State Board Of Wakfs |date=8 October 2012|accessdate=14 April 2016|publisher=Karnataka High Court}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Features==<br /> The mausoleum built in 1651 in Mudéjar style has a square plan. It has a central hall, with a sheltered arcade with sculpted brackets. The dome on the top is &quot;three quarters hemispherical&quot; with Adil Shahi-style &quot;domical [[finials]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michell2013&quot;/&gt; It illustrates the Saracenic style.&lt;ref name=mysore/&gt;<br /> <br /> The tomb, which is a protected monument under the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), is located close to the [[Jama Masjid, Sira]].<br /> <br /> ==Other structures==<br /> [[File:Jamia_Masjid_Sira_1.jpg|right|thumb|Juma Masjid nearby]]<br /> Apart from the [[Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka Fort]], the Juma Masjid close to the tomb was built in 1696. The masjid is decorated with five arches in the facade. Ornamented parapet walls are built above the arches. The roof of the masjid is made up of three domes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michell2013&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tombs in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:1651 establishments in Asia]]</div>

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