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Surabhi Lakshmi

2026-05-07T17:21:00Z

Andreasujg: Starting First Details W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Surabhi Lakshmi
| image = Surabhi_Lakkshmi.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes|1986|11|16}}
| birth_name = Surabhi C. M.
| birth_place = [[Narikkuni]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| education = Masters in [[Theatre Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|MG University]] [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2005–present
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] (2016)
| website = {{URL|www.surabhilakkshmi.com}}
}}

'''Surabhi C. M.''', also known as '''Surabhi Lakshmi''' is an Indian film, television, and stage actress who appears in [[Malayalam]] films and television.<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/apr/07/six-things-you-did-not-know-about-national-award-winning-surabhi-lakshmi-1591070.html|title=Six things you did not know about national award winning Surabhi Lakshmi|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-09-03|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822064948/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/apr/07/six-things-you-did-not-know-about-national-award-winning-surabhi-lakshmi-1591070.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] in 2016 for portraying the role of a struggling middle-aged mother in the Malayalam film ''[[Minnaminungu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/national-film-awards-2017-surabhi-lakshmi-bags-best-actress-award-five-facts-you-must-know-4603897/|title=National Film Awards 2017: Surabhi Lakshmi bags Best Actress award, five facts you must know|date=2017-04-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref>

She is known for the role as ''Pathu'' through the Malayalam Comical Television Series ''[[M80 Moosa]]'' which launched on [[Media One TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/trivia/surabhi-lakshmi-speech-m80-moosa-pathu-style-speech-1.3300355|title=നാലാം ക്ലാസ്സില്‍ നാലു വട്ടം തോറ്റ പാത്തു: സുരഭിയുടെ പ്രസംഗത്തിന് കൈയടിച്ച് സദസ്|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|access-date=2019-09-03|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903172315/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/trivia/surabhi-lakshmi-speech-m80-moosa-pathu-style-speech-1.3300355|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Surabhi was born on 16 November 1986 to parents Aandy and Radha. She is from [[Narikkuni]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/the-scent-of-acting|title=The Scent Of Acting - Trivandrum News - Yentha.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144314/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/the-scent-of-acting|archive-date=27 June 2018|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="about" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130812/entertainment-mollywood/article/surabhi-taking-big-leap|title=Surabhi is taking a big leap|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903054134/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130812/entertainment-mollywood/article/surabhi-taking-big-leap|archive-date=3 September 2014|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> She earned a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in [[Bharatanatyam]], securing first rank from [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit|Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady]].<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/> Surabhi also completed a Master of Arts (MA) degree in [[Theatre arts]] from the same university and an [[Master of Philosophy]] in [[Performing arts]] from [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]].<ref name="about">{{Cite web|url=https://www.surabhilakshmi.com/about/|title=About Surabhi Lakshmi, Indian National Award winner for best actress 2016|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref> As of 2017, she is pursuing a Ph.D. in Performing Arts at Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/i-dont-want-to-be-a-star-i-want-to-be-a-good-artist-says-surabhi-who-won-the-nat/298739|title=I Don't Want To Be A Star, I Want To Be A Good Artist, Says Surabhi Who Won The National Award For Best Actress|website=Outlook (India)|date=27 January 2018 |access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2008, Surabhi won the reality show ''Best Actor'' on [[Amrita TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvtoday.wordpress.com/2008/01/29/surabhi-lekshmi-wins-amrita-tvs-best-actor/|title=Surabhi Lekshmi wins Amrita TV's Best Actor|date=2008-01-29|website=visit www.TheSuccessor.com|access-date=2017-04-13}}</ref>

She received the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] at the [[64th National Film Awards]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/national-film-awards-2017-malayalam-wins-big-surabhi-best-actress-special-jury-award-for-mohanlal-and-more-read-on-/articleshow/58062217.cms|title=National Film Awards 2017: Malayalam wins big, Surabhi Best Actress Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/national-film-awards-2016-best-malayalam-film-maheshinte-prathikaram-best-actress-surabhi-for-minnaminungu/618992/|title=National Film Awards 2016: Best Actress Surabhi for Minnaminungu|date=2017-04-07|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2017-04-10|language=en-US}}</ref> along with a special jury mention at the [[Kerala State Film Awards]] 2016 and the Malayalam Film Critics Award 2016 for Second Best Actress, all for her role in the film ''[[Minnaminungu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/film-critics-awards-announced/article17419650.ece|title=Film critics awards announced|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-04-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmiparadise.com/profile/actress/surabhi-lakshmi/1493|title=Surabhi Lakshmi Malayalam Actress Encyclopedia,Profile,Biography,Bio Data,Portfolio,Personal Details|work=Filmiparadise|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-date=22 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022122117/http://filmiparadise.com/profile/actress/surabhi-lakshmi/1493|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Directorial debut==
In 2019, Surabhi made her directorial debut with Kaumaaram, the second stage in the Malayalam music album series [[Pennaal (music series)|Pennaal]]. The series portrays five stages in a woman's life, and Kaumaaram focuses on adolescence, capturing the emotional evolution and innocence of a young girl. Pennaal is also noted for its all-women creative team, with women leading the project across lyrics, composition, direction, and performance.<ref>{{cite web |title='Kaumaaram' song directed by actress Surabhi Lakshmi is aesthetic in every sense |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/kaumaaram-song-directed-by-actress-surabhi-lakshmi-is-aesthetic-in-every-sense/articleshow/70409219.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=27 July 2019 |access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Surabhi Lakshmi on her debut direction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/surabhi-lakshmi-on-her-debut-direction/article28853621.ece |website=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=7 August 2019 |access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[By the People (2005 film)|By the People]]'' || Nalini || Debut film
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2008 || ''[[Thirakkatha]]'' || Valarmathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Pakal Nakshatrangal]]''|| Geetha
|
|-
|| ''[[Kancheepurathe Kalyanam]]'' || Athira
|
|-
|| ''Gulmohar'' || Nirmala
|
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Puthiya Mukham]]''||Roshni
|
|-
| 2010|| ''[[Katha Thudarunnu]]''|| TV Reporter
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | 2011
|| ''[[Shankaranum Mohananum]]''|| Malini
|
|-
|| ''[[The Train (2011 film)|The Train]]''|| Allu's mother
|
|-
|| ''[[Swapna Sanchari]]'' || Radha
|
|-
|rowspan="6" | 2012
|| ''[[Ivan Megharoopan]]'' || Kousalya
|
|-
|| ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]'' || Dead Kid's mother
|
|-
|| ''[[Thalsamayam Oru Penkutty]]'' || Jenny
|
|-
|| ''[[Banking Hours 10 to 4]]'' || Priya Lal
|
|-
|| ''[[Namukku Parkkan]]'' ||Maya
|
|-
|| ''[[Njanum Ente Familiyum]]'' || Clara
|
|-
|rowspan="5" | 2013
|| ''[[Housefull (2013 film)|Housefull]]'' ||Mercy
|
|-
|| ''[[Black Butterfly (2013 film)|Black Butterfly]]'' ||Ramani
|
|-
|| ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi]]'' ||Seenamol
|
|-
|| ''[[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]]''|| Jayalakshmi
|
|-
|| ''[[Papilio Buddha (film)|Papilio Buddha]]''|| Krishna
|
|-
|rowspan="6" | 2014
||''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]] Samsaram Aarogyathinu Haanikaram''
||Arguing wife
|Tamil - Malayalam bilingual film
|-
||''Odum Raja Aadum Rani''|| Thamburu's wife
|
|-
||''On The Way''||Mercy
|
|-
|| ''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]'' ||Menon's wife
|
|-
||''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]''||Chirutha
|
|-
|| ''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]''||Shobha
|
|-
|rowspan="7" | 2015
||''Love Land''|| Raji
|
|-
||''Iruvazhi Thiriyunnidam''||-
|
|-
||''Vidooshakan''|| -
|
|-
||''Kannadi Talkies''||
|
|-
|| ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]''|| Maniyamma
|
|-
|| ''[[Utopiayile Rajavu]]''||Zaira
|
|-
||''Thilothama''||Sr.Mary Lilly
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | 2016
| ''[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]'' ||Saleena
|
|-
| ''[[Kappiri Thuruthu]]''||Rukhiya
|
|-
| ''Dheeksha''||
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2017
|[[Comrade in America|''Comrade In America'']]
|Deepa
|Guest Appearance
|-
| ''[[Minnaminungu|Minnaminungu (The Firefly)]]'' || Mother || First film as Female lead
|-
| ''Till the Last Breath'' || Rose
|
|-
| ''Teaching Note'' ||Radha teacher
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Visheshapetta BiriyaniKissa (film)|Oru Visheshapetta BiriyaniKissa]]''||Amina
|
|-
| ''Chippy''|| -
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|''[[Daivame Kaithozham K. Kumar Akanam]]''
|Betty
|
|-
|''[[Eeda]]''
|Pushpalatha
|
|-
|''Sakhavinte Priyasakhi''
|Paathu
|
|-
|''[[Theevandi]]''
|Secretary Vishalam
|
|-
|''[[Ennaalum Sarath..?]]''
|Abhishtta Lekshmi (DYSP)
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2019
|''Oru Onnannara Pranayakatha''
|Premalatha Kalamandalam
|
|-
|''[[Neeyum Njanum]]''
|Subadra Antharjanam
|
|-
|''[[Athiran]]''
|Vadakkedath Kamala Lakshmi
|
|-
|''[[Mera Naam Shaji]]''
|Surabhi Shaji
|
|-
|''[[Vikruthi]]''
|Elsy
|
|-
|''[[Ulta (film)|Ulta]]''
|Gauri
|
|-
|''Chachaji''
|Sreedevi
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|2021
|''[[Kurup (film)|Kurup]]''
|Maniyamma
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=സൂപ്പർസ്റ്റാറും മെഗാസ്റ്റാറും ഒക്കെ ആയി സിനിമയുടെ എല്ലാ മേഖലയിലും ശോഭിക്കട്ടെ: 'ദുൽഖറിസത്തിൻ്റെ എട്ട് വ‍ര്‍ഷങ്ങൾ', ആശംസയുമായി സുരഭി ലക്ഷ്മി!|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/surabhi-lakshmi-shares-wishes-for-8-years-of-dulquerism-we-celebrated-his-special-day-together-in-kurup-movie-location-actress-says-in-her-facebook-post/articleshow/73902493.cms|access-date=2021-09-21|website=malayalam.samayam.com|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thala (2021 film)|Thala]]''
|Muthu
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=കുട്ടികളുടെ ത്രില്ലർ ‘തല’ ഒടിടി റിലീസിന്; ഏപ്രിൽ 18 മുതൽ മനോരമ മാക്സിൽ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/ott/2026/04/17/thala-malayalam-movie-release-ott-manorama-max.html|access-date=2026-05-07|website=Manorama Online|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2022||''[[Kallan D’Souza]]''||Asha||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/soubin-shahirs-next-is-kallan-dsouza/articleshow/76829233.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709010809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/soubin-shahirs-next-is-kallan-dsouza/articleshow/76829233.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2020|title=Soubin Shahir's next is 'Kallan D'Souza' - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/soubin-shahir-to-play-a-thief-in-kallan-d-souza-makers-release-an-exciting-new-poster/articleshow/88065419.cms|title=Soubin Shahir to play a thief in 'Kallan D 'Souza', makers release an exciting new poster - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
||''Padma''||Padma||
|-
||''Kuri''|| Betsy<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kuri Movie Review : A too simple tale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kuri/movie-review/93056663.cms |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="onmanorama.com">{{Cite web |title='Kuri': A simple, humourous [sic] tale told with twists and turns |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/07/22/kuri-starring-vishnu-unnikrishnan-surabhi-lakshmi-review.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=onmanorama.com |language=en}}</ref>|| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2022-07-22 |title=Malayalam film 'Kuri' woos audiences with a 50% discount on tickets |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-film-kuri-woos-audiences-with-a-50-discount-on-tickets/article65660763.ece |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="onmanorama.com"/>
|-
|| ''[[Kumari (2022 film)|Kumari]]'' || Muthamma ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi starrer 'Kumari' to hit theatres on Friday |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-starrer-kumari-to-hit-theatres-on-friday-1.7990360 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=26 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| ''Paykappal'' ||Neeli || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paykappal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/paykappal-official-trailer/videoshow/95582535.cms |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Valatty]]''
|Mother dog (voice)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valatty 2023: Release date, plot, trailer, voice cast, who plays who and more |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/valatty-2023-release-date-plot-trailer-voice-cast-who-plays-who-behind-the-scenes-ott-platform-and-more/988caa09c164 |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Manorathangal]]'' || Beevathu Sita || Segment:''[[Olavum Theeravum (2024 film)|Olavum Theeravum]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Manorathangal: MT Vasudevan Nair anthology gets a title, trailer launch to be held on this date?|newspaper=OTTPlay|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/manorathangal-mt-vasudevan-nair-anthology-gets-a-title-trailer-launch-to-be-held-on-this-date/802e082216404|date=14 July 2024}}</ref> Segment: ''Swargam Thurakkuna Samayam''
|-
| ''[[Ajayante Randam Moshanam]]'' || Manikyam ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire breaks out on the sets of Tovino's Ajayante Randam Moshanam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/07/a-massive-fire-broke-out-at-ajayante-randam-moshanams-set-40753.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=7 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rifle Club (film)|''Rifle Club'']] || Susan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-03-21 |title=Aashiq Abu's new film 'Rifle Club' goes on floors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Mar/21/aashiq-abus-new-film-rifle-club-goes-on-floors |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Get-Set Baby]]'' ||Sujatha ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-22 |title=New poster of Unni Mukundan-starrer Get-Set Baby out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/22/new-poster-of-unni-mukundan-starrer-get-set-baby-out |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026|| ''Aval'' ||Prabha||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/surabhi-lakshmi-aval-movie-jayaraj-ott-release-mm-771551.html|title=ജയരാജ് ചിത്രം ഒ.ടി.ടിയിൽ റിലീസ് ചെയ്യും; സുരഭി ലക്ഷ്മി പ്രധാന കഥാപാത്രമായ 'അവൾ'|website=News18 |date=29 April 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shriijth |first=Sajin |date=2023-02-15 |title=Jayaraj's Aval, with Surabhi Lakshmi, heads to Melbourne |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Feb/15/jayarajs-aval-with-surabhi-lakshmi-heads-to-melbourne-40014.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6 {{TBA}} || {{Pending film|Poriveyil}} || Lalitha ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warrier-unveils-the-first-look-of-surabhi-and-indrans-starrer-poriveyil/articleshow/71390318.cms|title=Manju Warrier unveils the first look of Surabhi and Indrans starrer 'Poriveyil' - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Jwalamukhi}} || Angel ||
|-
| {{Pending film|Anuradha Crime Number 59/2019}} || Parvathy ||
|-

|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film!!Role
|-
| 2015
| ''Mask'' ||Jeena
|-
| 2016
| ''Hunthrappy Bussatto''||Kulsu
|-
| 2018
|''Garbhapoothi''
|Shalini
|-
| 2020
|''Niqab''
|Muslim lady
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Channel !! Role
!Ref.
|-
| || ''Kathayile Rajakumari'' || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Sona Sreekumar
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/shes-a-national-award-winner-you-might-just-have-heard-of|title=She's a National Award winner you might just have heard of|last=Pattali|first=Suresh|website=Khaleej Times|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref>
|-
| || ''Amma Ammayiyamma'' || [[Kairali TV]] || Host
|
|-
| 2014-2017|| ''[[M80 Moosa]]'' || [[Media One TV|Media One]] || Paathu/Fathima
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/wedding/2018/10/20/vinod-kovoor-marriage-surabhi-fb-post.html|title=മൂസക്കായി പോയി വേറാരെയും കെട്ടാത്തത് ഞമ്മളെ ഭാഗ്യം, വല്ലാത്ത പഹയൻ തന്നെ: സുരഭി|website=ManoramaOnline|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2016|| ''Luckymonte Ezham Thiruvonam'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Telefilm
|<ref>https://www.facebook.com/1153034048/videos/pcb.10210026745242525/10210026688761113/ {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2016|| ''[[Laughing Villa]]'' || [[Surya TV]] || Suru/PA
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/At-home-with-the-stars/article14550793.ece|title=At home with the stars|last=M|first=Athira|date=2016-08-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-03|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2017|| ''[[Laughing Villa|Laughing Villa Season 2]]'' || [[Surya TV]] || Mentor
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/mar/30/laughing-it-out-in-the-second-innings-1587485.html|title=Laughing it out in the second innings|website=The New Indian Express|date=30 March 2017 |access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref>
|-
|2018|| ''Angadipattu'' || [[Media One TV|Media One]] || Shalini
|<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211206/PtDZBrubG7E Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200301120506/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDZBrubG7E Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDZBrubG7E| title = Angadipattu {{!}} കല്യാണം മുടക്കി {{!}} Episode 5 | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 3 August 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|2020||''Comedy Masters''||[[Amrita TV]]||Judge||
|-
|2024||''Star Magic''||[[Flowers TV]]||Guest||
|-
|2024|| ''Enkile Ennodu Para''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||Contestant|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/enkile-ennodu-para-new-game-show-on-asianet-sabumon-swetha-menon-slr6c9 | title=ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റില്‍ പുതിയ ഗെയിം ഷോ; 'എങ്കിലേ എന്നോട് പറ' അവതരിപ്പിക്കാന്‍ സാബുവും ശ്വേതയും | date=22 October 2024 }}</ref>
|}

=== Theater performance ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Drama
!Ref.
|-
|2010
|''Yakshikathakalum Naattuvarthamanangalum''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/a-firefly-takes-flight/article22001995.ece1|title=A firefly takes flight|last=P|first=Jinoy Jose|website=@businessline|date=5 May 2017|language=en|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Bombay Tailors''
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actress-surabhi-lakshmy-is-on-a-roll/article17742933.ece|title=When awards came calling|last=M|first=Athira|date=2017-03-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-03|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Movie/TV Show !! Role
!Ref.
|-
|2008
|[[Amrita TV|Amrita TV Channel]]
|Best Actress
|Best Actor
|
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010
|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi|Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy]]
|Best Actress
| rowspan="3" |''Yakshikathakalum Naattuvarthamanangalum''
| rowspan="3" |
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
|Santhadevi Puraskaaram
|Best Actress
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
|Abudhabi Theatre Festival Award
|Best Actress
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
|2012
|Sabarmathi Award
|Best Actress
|''Kathayile Rajakumari''
|Sona Sreekumar
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| 2015 ||[[MediaOne Channel|Media One Channel]] Award || Star of the Channel || ''[[M80 Moosa]]'' || Paathu
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|Padmarajan Puraskaaram (Short films)
|Best Actress
|''Dheeksha''
|
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstreporternow.com/kitex-flowers-tv-awards|title= Surabhi Wins Best Comedy Actress at Flowers TV}}</ref>|| Best Actress - Comedy
|''M80 Moosa''
|Paathu
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017||[[National Film Awards]]||[[National Film Award for Best Actress]]|| rowspan="4" |''[[Minnaminungu]]''|| rowspan="4" |Mother
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/national-film-awards-2017-malayalam-wins-big-surabhi-best-actress-special-jury-award-for-mohanlal-and-more-read-on-/articleshow/58062217.cms|title=National Film Awards 2017: Malayalam wins big, Surabhi Best Actress, Special Jury Award for Mohanlal, and more! Read on... - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 April 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref>
|-
|Vayalar Ramavarma Award
|Best Actress
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
|[[Kerala Film Critics Award]]
|Second Best Actress
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/apr/07/malayalam-actress-surabhi-lakshmi-says-she-never-expected-national-award-1591107.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409210941/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/apr/07/malayalam-actress-surabhi-lakshmi-says-she-never-expected-national-award-1591107.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2017|title=Malayalam actress Surabhi Lakshmi says she never expected national award|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]||[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]]
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
|-
|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi|Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy]]
|Best Actress
|''Bombay Tailors (Drama)''
|Muthu Mani
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/my-role-as-muthu-mozhi-in-the-play-is-special-as-it-fetched-me-my-kanni-award-of-the-year-surabhi/articleshow/58432745.cms|title=Surabhi: My role as Muthu Mozhi in the play is special as it fetched me my 'kanni' award of the year|date=30 April 2017|first=Deepika|last=Jayaram|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref>
|-
|2021||[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]||Best Actress||Jwalamukhi
|Angel||{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.surabhilakshmi.com}}
* {{IMDb name|id=nm3318140}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/SurabhiLakshmiActress Official Facebook page]
* [http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=160659 Press Information Bureau, Government of India (64th National Film Awards, 2016 Announcement)]

{{National Film Award for Best Actress}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakshmi, Surabhi}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)

2026-05-05T12:39:33Z

Andreasujg: Done!

{{Short description|Malayalam-language Indian television soap opera}}
{{For|the TV series in other languages and the movie|Mouna Ragam (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mounaragam Malayalam.jpeg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Action film|Action]]
| writer = Pradeep Panicker
| director = Manu Sudhakaran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/director-about-behind-the-scene-of-mounaragam-serial-q65iyt|title=മൗനരാഗം പരമ്പരയുടെ പിന്നാമ്പുറ വിശേഷങ്ങളുമായി സംവിധായകന്‍|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref> / Harrison
| presenter = [[Anoop Menon]]
| starring =
| narrator = Prof. Aliyaar
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1675 ( 25 Apr 2026 )
| executive_producer =
| producer = S. Ramesh Babu
| editor = Rajesh Thrissure
| cinematography = Arun Krishna
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 21 minutes approx
| company = Risun Pictures
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|12|16|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Mulgi Zali Ho]]'' ''[[Kaatrin Mozhi (TV series)|Kaatrin Mozhi]]''
| list_episodes =
| network = {{plainlist|
* [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
* [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* [[JioHotstar]] (India)}}
| composer = Rajeev Aattukal
| native_name =
| theme_music_composer = Saanadh George
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
}}
'''''Mounaragam''''' (transl. ''Silent Symphony'') is a [[Malayalam]]-language Indian television [[soap opera]] that airs on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]] in India. It is inspired from [[Telugu language|Telugu]] television series ''[[Mounaraagam (Telugu TV series)|Mouna Raagam]]'', which aired on [[Star Maa]] and Bharya serial in [[Asianet]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/mouna-raagam-asianet-serial/|title=Mouna Raagam Asianet Serial Launching On 16th December At 9.00 P.M.|date=9 December 2019|website=Indian Television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kudumbavilakku-rules-the-trp-charts-mounaragam-becomes-the-second-most-watched-malayalam-tv-show/articleshow/76893043.cms|title='Kudumbavilakku' rules the TRP charts, 'Mounaragam' becomes the second most-watched Malayalam TV show - The Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mounaragam (മൗനരാഗം) Asianet serial Mounaragam Cast & Crew, Actress, Actor, Story and details|url=https://www.keralachannel.in/mounaragam-%e0%b4%ae%e0%b5%97%e0%b4%a8%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%97%e0%b4%82-asianet-serial-mounaragam-cast-crew-actress-actor-story-and-details/|website=Kerala Channel|language=en-US}}</ref> It is currently the [[List of longest-running Indian television series#Malayalam|longest-running soap opera]] in [[Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mounaragam-sets-a-record-becomes-the-longest-running-serial-on-malayalam-tv/articleshow/124910958.cms|title=Mounaragam sets a record; becomes the longest-running serial on Malayalam TV|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 October 2025}}</ref> After successful run for over six years, the show will go off-air soon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mounaragam-inches-towards-the-climax-malayalams-longest-serial-to-end-soon/articleshow/129716199.cms|title=Mounaragam inches towards the climax, Malayalam's longest serial to end soon|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asianet to Finish 4 Serials, Ishtam Mathram, Snehakkoottu, Mounaragam and Teacheramma|url=https://www.keralatv.in/most-popular-malayalam-gec-asianet-to-finish-4-serials/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Kerala TV |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series follows the life of Kalyani, the mute daughter of Deepa and Prakashan. Prakashan, who despises daughters and longs for a son, ill-treats Kalyani and favors his son Vikramadhityan, while Deepa and her brother Dayanand stand by her. Despite her disability and hardships, Kalyani grows up to be talented and kind-hearted, but continues to face neglect and humiliation from her father and grandmother.

As a young woman, Kalyani reunites with Kiran, a wealthy businessman whose life she had saved during childhood. Their bond gradually turns into love, but Kiran’s cousin Sarayu—his former fiancée—grows jealous and vows revenge, supported by her parents Rahul and Shari. Meanwhile, Vikram deceives Kiran’s sister Sonia into marriage, creating further conflict between the two families.

The story traces Kalyani’s journey as she faces conspiracies, forced marriage attempts, and repeated opposition from her own family as well as Kiran’s. With the support of Kiran, Sonia, and their niece Paru, Kalyani becomes stronger and more confident. After overcoming numerous obstacles, betrayals, and tragedies, Kalyani and Kiran finally marry. The series continues with their struggles against Sarayu and others, while Kalyani gradually earns her place as a respected woman, regains her voice through surgery, and builds a new life with Kiran.

== Cast ==

=== Main cast ===
* Aishwarya Ramsai as Kalyani Kiran: A Former mute girl and the daughter of Prakashan and Deepa, sister of Kadambari and Vikram, the wife of Kiran, and the mother of Kalyan.
* Naleef Gea as Kiran Chandrasenan: The son of Chandrasenan and Roopa, brother of Sonia, Sarayu's cousin and Kalyani's husband. Kiran is Kalyan's father and Sarayu's ex-fiancé.
* [[Darshana Das]](2019-2020)(2022–present)/ Madhusri (2020) /[[Pratheeksha G Pradeep]] (2020-2022)as Sarayu: One of Manohar's wives, daughter of Rahul, and the foster daughter of Shari and biological daughter of Thara, cousin of Kiran and Sonia, and Kiran's ex-fiancée.

=== Recurring cast ===

* [[Balaji Sharma]] as Prakashan. Bhanumathi's son. Karthika, Kalyani, Kadambari and Vikram's father, Deepa's husband; Lakshmi's ex-husband who formerly hates girl children; now supports Kalyani. Grandfather of Kalyan and Charu.
* Firosh as Chandrasenan/CS: Roopa's husband, Kiran and Soni's father, MD of Sonyray group of companies. Grandfather of Kalyan and Charu.
* [[Sethu Lakshmi]] as Bhanumathi: Prakashan's mother, Deepa and Lakshmi's mother-in-law, Karthika, Kalyani, Kadambari and Vikram's grandmother who early hates Kalyani. Great-grandmother of Kalyan and Charu
* Anju Nair as Roopa: Kiran and Sonia's mother, Kalyani's and Albert's mother-in-law, Rahul's sister, Shari's sister-in-law and Sarayu's aunt; Chandrasenan's wife. Grandmother of Kalyan and Charu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/mounaragam-serial-actors-firoz-and-anju-nair-about-their-acting-experience-goes-viral-089788.html|title=അത്രയും പ്രായമുള്ളൊരു മകനുണ്ടെനിക്ക്; ഭര്‍ത്താവുണ്ടാകില്ലെന്ന് പറഞ്ഞിട്ടാണ് വന്നത്! മൗനരാഗം സീരിയല്‍ നടി അഞ്ജു|website=Filmibeat|date=2 January 2023 }}</ref>
* Sabitha Nair (2020–2025) as Deepa: Prakash's wife, Kalyani, Vikram and Kadambari's mother. Grandmother of Kalyan and Charu.(Dead)
** Padmini Jagadeesh as Deepa Prakashan (2019 - 2020)
*[[Beena Antony]] (2020–Present) as Shari Rahul: Rahul's wife, Sarayu's foster-mother, Kiran and Soniya's aunt.
** Saritha Balakrishnan as Shari (2019 - 2020) for 120 episodes
*Rajani Murali as Lakshmi, Prakashan's first wife. Gangadharan and Karthika's mother.
*Varsha Evaliya as Karthika Prakashan, Prakashan and Lakshmi's daughter. Kadambari, Kalyani and Vikram's half-sister.
* Rithika Krishna (2023–Present) as Sonia a.k.a. Soni: Kiran's younger sister, Vikram's ex-wife, Charu's mother, Albert's wife
**Shwetha Mahalakshmi<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mounaragam-shri-swetha-announces-her-exit-from-the-show-says-maybe-this-universe-has-other-plans-for-me/articleshow/102871330.cms|title=Mounaragam: Shri Swetha Announces Her Exit From The Show, Says 'Maybe This Universe Has Other Plans For Me'|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as Sonia (2019-2023)
** Avani Nair as Sonia (2019)
* Sabu Varghese as Rahul: Kiran and Sonia's uncle, Sarayu's father, Shari's husband, Thara's baby-daddy and Roopa's brother and wants to separate Kiran and Kalyani and wants Kiran to marry Sarayu and inherit the wealth of Roopa.
*Jithu Venugopal as Manohar/Riyas/Victor/Rony, a fraud who married many women including Sarayu
* Firosh Mohan as Gangaprasad, Karthika's brother, a local goon
* Kalyan Khanna as Vikramadithyan a.k.a. Vikram: Kalyani and Kadambari's younger brother, Prakashan and Deepa's son and Sonia's ex-husband, Charu's father. Kalyan's uncle.
* Arun Mohan as Ratheeshan: Kadambari's husband.
* Shari Krishnan as Kadambari Ratheesh: Kalyani and Vikram's elder sister and Ratheesh's wife (2022–present)
** Anjusree Bhadran as Kadambari Ratheesh (2019 - 2021)
*Baby Janavi Suresh as Kalyan, Son of Kiran and Kalyani.
[https://m.imdb.com/name/nm14566564/bio/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm Jelina p] as Parukkutty, Kiran's and Sonia's niece, daughter of DYSP Dineshan and supports Kalyani and wants Kiran to marry Kalyani
*Roshan Mathew John as Thara: Mute maid at Roopa's house, Rahul's illegitimate girlfriend, Sarayu's biological mother
*Aagneya /Natalia Isha, Albert's daughter
*Karthik Prasad as Baiju: A mentally challenged youth who dreams of marrying Kalyani. Later, he supports Kalyani.
*Kiran Dev as Albert (Alby): Soni's husband. Step father of Charu. Businessman
*___ as Chanthu, a local goon
*Mini Sreekumar as Yamini: Domestic help of Roopa
*Swathi Thara as Daisy: Sarayu's friend
*Sreekala as Bhargavi Amma: An old woman who offered Kalyani a job in her thattukada. Former Domestic help/Care taker of Kalyani and Sonia.
*Kottayam Rasheed as Dayanandan, Deepa's brother
*Jose K George as Xavier
*Asha Nair as Xavier's wife
*Thamburu as Linda: Kalyani's one of the best friend
*Haridas as Dasan, Prakashan friend
*Baby Parthavi as Young Kalyani
*Thirumala Ramachandran as Balan, Prakashan's Bestfriend
*Reshma R Nair as Dona Kuriakose : Manohar's girlfriend
*Aseena Yousuf as Kalyani's friend
* Dr. D Kris Venugopal as Kuriakose
** Leading businessman and best friend of CS
*Dayandan as CS's assistant
* Sarayu As Vrinda
** Neighbour of Kiran, Kalyan, Manohar & Sarayu
*Sruthisha Nair as Jumana, one of Manohar's wives
*Sreelakshmi Haridas as Dr. Swathi, Sony's friend who is pretending to love Vikram
*Amboori Jayan as advocate
*Niyas Musaliyar as Doctor Pious
*Ashraf as Dr. Thomas
*Suresh as Sanal
*Suresh Babu as Hari
*Kollam Shah as Rajappan
*Athira Madhav as Saranya
*Harisree Martin as Samuel
*Anjusha Gopi as Nisha
*Sariga S as Meghna
*Vishnu Nair as [[Patharamattu|Adarsh]]
*Lakshmi Keerthana as [[Patharamattu|Nayana]]
*Jishnu Vijayan as Varun/ Vandana : Manohar's disguised girlfriend, Dona's husband.
*Aneesh Kailas as Velu
*Varsha Vinod as Amalu
*Vijayan Karanthoor as Mooppan

===Guest appearances===
*[[Meera Vasudevan]] as [[Kudumbavilakku|Sumithra]] (episodes 145–147) for Sonia's marriage
*[[Sai Kiran]] as [[Vanambadi (TV series)|Mohan Kumar]] (episodes 179–182) for Kalyani's Birthday
*Gauri P. Krishnan as [[Vanambadi (TV series)|Anumol]] (episodes 179–182) for Kalyani's Birthday
*Chef [[Suresh Pillai]] as Cookery show judge (Onam episode 2021) for the Promotion of [[Brahmins]] curry powder
*[[Shweta Menon]] as Herself (episodes 557–562)<ref name= guests>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/malayalam-serial-mounaragam-kiran-and-kalyani-wedding-latest-episode-ran9cx|title=Mounaragam : വന്‍ താരനിരയോടെ കിരണ്‍ കല്ല്യാണി വിവാഹം : കയ്യടിച്ച് ആരാധകരും|website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref> for Kiran - Kalyani's marriage
*[[Sreethu Krishnan]] as herself (episodes 548–550)<ref name= guests />
*Manisha Mahesh as herself (episodes 548–550)<ref name= guests />
*[[Sandra Babu]] as [[Thoovalsparsham (TV series)|Malavika Nandini]] (episodes 548–550)<ref name= guests />
*Avanthika Mohan as [[Thoovalsparsham (TV series)|Sreya Nandini]] (episodes 548–550)<ref name= guests />

==Adaptations==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Language
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Title
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Original release
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Mounaraagam (Telugu TV series)|Mounaraagam]]'' మౌన రాగం
| 16 September 2018
| [[Star Maa]]
| 30 January 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Mounaragaa''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/tv-serial-mounaraaga-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/68890317.cms|title=TV serial Mounaraaga completes 100 episodes|website=The Times of India}}</ref> ಮೌನ ರಾಗ
| 17 December 2018
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 14 June 2019
| rowspan="6" |Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Kaatrin Mozhi (TV series)|Kaatrin Mozhi]]'' காற்றின் மொழி
| 7 October 2019
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 10 April 2021
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Mounaragam'' മൗനരാഗം
| 17 December 2019
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| Ongoing
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Mulgi Zali Ho]]'' मुलगी झाली हो
| 2 September 2020
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 14 January 2023
|-
| rowspan="1"|[[Hindi]]
| ''[[Teri Laadli Main]]'' तेरी लाडली मैं
| 5 January 2021
| [[Star Bharat]]
| 22 April 2021
|-
|}

==Reception==
===Airing history===
''Mounaragam'' premiered on 16 December 2019 on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] at 9:00 PM replacing ''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]'' to 9:30 PM.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatv.in/kasthooriman-serial-time-change/|title=Kasthooriman serial time changed to monday to saturday at 9.30 p.m on asianet |website=Kerala TV}}</ref>

Following a temporary suspension of production during the COVID-19 pandemic, the series was shifted to the 8:30 PM from 15 June 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-episodes-of-manjil-virinja-poovu-kudumbavilakku-and-other-tv-shows-to-air-soon/articleshow/75998002.cms|title=New episodes of Manjil Virinja Poovu, Kudumbavilakku and other TV shows to air soon|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=From Sanjivani's premiere to airing fresh episodes of popular shows: Here's how Malayalam TV will entertain viewers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/from-sanjivanis-premiere-to-airing-fresh-episodes-of-popular-shows-heres-how-malayalam-tv-will-entertain-viewers/articleshow/76132541.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=June 2020 }}</ref> Between 2020 and 2023, Asianet introduced several new serials, including ''[[Padatha Painkili (TV series)|Padatha Painkili]]'' and ''[[Thoovalsparsham (TV series)|Thoovalsparsham]]'', in the 8:30 PM slot, replacing ''Mounaragam'' to 9:00 PM. However, due to low reception for new entries, Mounaragam was repeatedly reassigned to the 8:30 PM slot during this period.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Padatha Paingili Asianet Serial Launching on 7th September|url=https://www.keralatv.in/padatha-paingili-asianet-serial/|website=Kerala TV|date=September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Thoovalsparsham {{!}} സംപ്രേഷണ സമയത്തില്‍ മാറ്റം വരുത്തി 'തൂവല്‍സ്പര്‍ശം' : വിയോജിപ്പുമായി ആരാധകരും|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/malayalam-serial-thoovalsparsham-changed-broadcast-time-from-november-22-r2vs0f|website=Asianet News|date=20 November 2021}}</ref>

With the launch of the series ''[[Patharamattu]]'' on 15 May 2023, the show was moved back to the 9:00 PM slot.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatv.in/mounaragam-serial-time-asianet/|title=Mounaragam Serial Time on Asianet is 09:00 PM, Nammal at 06:00 PM – Schedule Changes from 15 May |website=Kerala TV}}</ref>

For the launch of ''[[Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu]]'', ''Mounaragam'' was shifted to the 9:30 PM slot. Within a few weeks, the series was moved back to the 9:00 PM slot due to low reception of the new series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-program-schedule-latest/ |title=Asianet Program Schedule Latest |website=Kerala TV}}</ref>

Later, with the introduction of the series ''[[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]'', ''Mounaragam'' was shifted to the 9:30 PM slot from 16 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatv.in/star-cast-of-pavithram-serial-on-asianet/ |title=Star Cast of Pavithram Serial on Asianet |website=Kerala TV}}</ref>

From 3 August 2025, due to launch of ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 7)|Bigg Boss Malayalam Season 7]]'', ''Mounaragam'' was moved to evening slot 6:00 PM <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatv.in/show-6-pm-serial-on-asianet-is-mounaragam/ |title=Show 6:00 PM Serial On Asianet, Mounaragam is Telecasting at This Time Slot on the Channel |website=Kerala TV}}</ref>

On 27 April 2026, the series is again shifted to 10.30 PM replacing with ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Nagarani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagarani Serial Asianet Starts from 27 April, Monday to Friday at 6:00 PM, Naagin 7 in Malayalam |url=https://www.keralatv.in/nagarani-serial-asianet-starts-from-27-april-at-6-pm/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Kerala TV |language=en}}</ref>

===Viewership===
The [[Target Rating Point|TRP]] performance of ''Mounaragam'' according to [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC)]] is as follows:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Month / Period !! Rank !! Ref
|-
| February 2020 || 5 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/kudumbavilakku-serial-trp/|title=Kudumbavilakku Serial Opened With 14.54 Points, Second Popular Malayalam Show|date=6 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| July 2020 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kudumbavilakku-rules-the-trp-charts-here-are-the-top-5-shows-of-malayalam-tv/articleshow/77126508.cms|title=Kudumbavilakku rules the TRP charts; Here are the top 5 shows of Malayalam TV|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=23 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| September 2020 || 5 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-serial-santhwanam-crossed-20tvr/|title=Week 38 Reports, 20.52 is the Average TRP of Asianet Serial Santhwanam}}</ref>
|-
| October 2020 || 4 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kudumbavilakku-to-santhwanam-here-are-the-top-5-serials-of-malayalam-tv/amp_etphotostory/78428906.cms|title=Kudumbavilakku to Santhwanam; Here are the top 5 serials of Malayalam TV|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=1 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
| January 2021 || 4 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kudumbavilakku-tops-the-trp-charts-followed-by-daily-soap-santhwanam/articleshow/80150724.cms|title=Kudumbavilakku tops the TRP charts followed by daily soap Santhwanam|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| May 2021 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/santhwanam-is-back-redeems-its-numero-uno-position-on-the-trp-chart/articleshow/82452535.cms|title=Santhwanam is back; redeems its numero uno position on the TRP chart|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=7 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
| August 2021 || 4 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/manthrikam-serial-trp-ratings/|title=Manthrikam Serial Opened With 2.70 TVR – Latest Program on Asianet|date=24 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| October 2021 || 5 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmyfocus.com/highest-trp-ratings-tv-shows-in-malayalam|title=Kudumbavilakku tops the TRP charts followed by daily soap Santhwanam|date=23 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| November 2021 || 4 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/serial-palunku-trp-report/|title=Serial Palunku TRP Report – Week 47, Malayalam Channel Rating|date=3 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| March 2022 || 4 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-serial-santhwanam-online/?amp|title=Asianet Serial Santhwanam Listed As Most Popular Malayalam TV Program In Week 11 TRP|date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| July 2022 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/malayalam-trp-week-30/|title=Malayalam TRP Reports Week 30 – 23rd July to 29th July Channel Rating}}</ref>
|-
| November 2022 || 5 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kudumbavilakku-regains-the-second-spot-santhwanam-is-the-most-watched-show/articleshow/95280333.cms|title=Kudumbavilakku regains the second spot; Santhwanam is the most-watched show|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=3 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| January 2023 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-serial-latest-trp-rating/?amp|title=Asianet Serial Latest TRP Rating – Mounaragam, Kudumbavilakku, Santhwanam, Ammayariyathe}}</ref>
|-
| February 2023 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/geetha-govindam-asianet-serial-trp/|title=Geetha Govindam Asianet Serial Opening Week TRP Reports – 11.08 Is The Average TVR|date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
| May 2023 || 4 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/santhwanam-back-to-numero-uno-spot-patharamattu-enters-top-5/articleshow/100502902.cms|title=Santhwanam Back To Numero Uno Spot; Patharamattu Enters Top 5|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=25 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
| June 2023 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/malayalam-news-channel-trp-latest/?amp|title=Malayalam News Channel TRP Reports Latest (Week 26) – Asianet News is Leading in the Chart, 24 News at 2nd Position}}</ref>
|-
| July 2023 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/102010314.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|title=Mounaragam back to numero uno spot; Patharamattu enters top 5
|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=21 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| September 2023 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mounaragam-continues-to-be-the-most-watched-show-patharamattu-enters-the-top-3/articleshow/103500797.cms|title=Mounaragam Continues To Be The Most-Watched Show, Patharamattu Enters The Top 3|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=8 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| October 2023 || 5 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/santhwanam-to-patharamattu-here-are-the-most-watched-shows-on-malayalam-tv/amp_etphotostory/104761080.cms|title=Santhwanam to Patharamattu: Here are the most watched shows on Malayalam TV|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=27 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
| December 2023 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/santhwanam-continues-to-be-malayalam-tvs-most-watched-serial/articleshow/105997484.cms|title=Santhwanam continues to be Malayalam TV's most-watched serial|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=14 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| January 2024 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/patharamattu-tops-the-trp-charts-chempaneerpoovu-enters-the-top-5-spots/photostory/107563815.cms|title=Patharamattu Tops The TRP Charts, Chempaneerpoovu Enters The Top 5 Spots|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=9 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| February 2024 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/patharamattu-continues-to-be-the-most-watched-tv-serial-check-out-the-other-top-rated-shows-of-the-week/articleshow/111190193.cms|title=Patharamattu Continues To Be The Most-Watched TV Serial; Check Out The Other Top-Rated Shows Of The Week|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| June 2024 || 5 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/janakiyudeyum-abhiyudeyum-veedu-makes-it-to-the-top-5-in-the-premiere-week-bigg-boss-malayalam-6-grand-finale-grabs-record-rating/articleshow/111361837.cms|title=Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu Makes It To The Top 5 In The Premiere Week; Bigg Boss Malayalam 6 Grand Finale Grabs Record Rating|website=The Times Of India|date=29 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| August 2024 || 4 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/star-cast-of-serial-ishtam-mathram/|title=Ishtam Mathram Serial Starts from 26 August on Asianet – Rayjan Rajan and Mridula Vijay in Lead Roles|date=21 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| September 2024 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Chempaneerpoovu remains the most-watched show; Ishtam Mathram joins the top 5|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneerpoovu-remains-the-most-watched-show-ishtam-mathram-joins-the-top-5/articleshow/113093461.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
| December 2024 || 6 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Chempaneerpoovu dominates 2024 ratings; Pavithram enters top 5|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneerpoovu-dominates-2024-ratings-pavithram-enters-top-5/articleshow/116711508.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| April 2025 || 5|| <ref>{{cite web|title='Patharamattu' rules the rating charts; 'Teacheramma' enters top 5|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/patharamattu-rules-the-rating-charts-teacheramma-enters-top-5/articleshow/120590421.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 June 2025|date=24 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| May 2025 || 5 || <ref>{{cite web|title='Chempaneer Poovu' tops Malayalam TV ratings; 'Teacheramma' climbs to third spot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneer-poovu-tops-malayalam-tv-ratings-teacheramma-climbs-to-third-spot/articleshow/121513482.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 June 2025|date=30 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| July 2025 || 5|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/week-29-all-malayalam-tv-serials-rating/|title=Week 29, All Malayalam TV Serials and Shows Latest TRP Rating Report – Chempaneer Poovu, Patharamattu|date=1 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| September 2025 || 7|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/all-malayalam-tv-serials-trp-week-34/|title=All Malayalam TV Serials Latest TRP – Chempaneer Poovu, Patharamattu Are The Most Popular Kerala TV Shows|date=7 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| October 2025 || 8|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiantvinfo.com/all-malayalam-serials-latest-trp-week-41/|title=All Malayalam Serials Latest TRP reports, Find the Most Popular Television Shows – Week 41 Data|date=28 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| November 2025 || 9|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/week-45-all-malayalam-television-serials-trp/|title=All Malayalam Television Serials Latest TRP reports, Barc Week 45 Data of Asianet, Zee Keralam|date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Crossover==
Mounaragam had a crossover episode with ''[[Patharamattu]]'' from November 20 to November 24, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/cross-serial-crossover-adarsh-and-nayana-from-patharamattu-extend-support-to-kalyani-in-mounaragam/articleshow/105264836.cms|title=Cross-Serial Crossover: Adarsh and Nayana from 'Patharamattu' extent support to Kalyani in 'Mounaragam' |date=16 November 2023|website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/lcu-impact-on-malayalam-tv-decoding-mounaragam-and-patharamattu-crossover/photostory/105538210.cms|title=LCU Impact On Malayalam TV? Decoding Mounaragam And Patharamattu Crossover |date=27 November 2023|website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref> The second crossover, a special Mahasangamam episode, aired on February 14, 2024, as a one-hour Valentine's Day special.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|tt12587892}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/mounaragam/1260014924 Mounaragam - JioHotstar]

[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Telugu-language television series]]

Jamai Sasthi (film)

2026-05-02T12:42:37Z

Andreasujg: Put up the data w/ refs

{{short description|1931 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

{{Use British English|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Jamai Shashthi
|image =
|caption =
|director = [[Amar Choudhury]]
|producer = [[Madan Theatres Ltd]]
|writer = Amar Choudhury
|narrator =
|starring = {{ubl|Amar Chowdhury|[[Jatin Singha]]|[[Kshirodegopal Mukherjee]]|Ms. Golela|Bimal Gupta|Kartik Ray|Bholanath}}
|music = Kshirodegopal Mukherjee
|cinematography = T. Marconi
|editing =
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|1931|04|11|df=yes}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|budget =
}}

'''''Jamai Shashthi''''' ({{langx|bn|জামাই ষষ্ঠী}} [[English language|English]]: Son-in-law Day) is a 1931 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[short film]] directed by [[Amar Choudhury]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamai Sasthi (1931) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ASB |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> and produced by [[Madan Theatre|Madan Theatre Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yesterdate: This day from Kolkata’s past, April 11, 1931 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/yesterdate-this-day-from-kolkatas-past-april-11-1931/cid/2012528 |access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref> The film is considered a milestone in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]], as it was the first Bengali [[short film]] to be produced as a [[talkie]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian popular cinema: a narrative of cultural change|last=Gokulsing |first=K.|author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]] |year=2004|publisher=Trentham Books|isbn=1-85856-329-1|page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_plssuFIar8C&q=Ayodhyecha+Raja+1932&pg=PA24 }}</ref> It was released at Crown Cinema Hall in [[Calcutta]] on 11 April 1931, the same year as ''[[Alam Ara]]'', the first Indian talkie.

==Cast==
* Professor Bholanath
* [[Amar Choudhury]] as Kuber
* Miss Golela
* Khirodegopal Mukherjee
* Ranisundari as Mother in law<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamai Shashthi (1931) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/jamai-shashthi-1931 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0316049}}

[[Category:1931 films]]
[[Category:1931 Indian films]]
[[Category:1931 drama films]]
[[Category:1931 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language short films]]
[[Category:Madan Theatre films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Amar Choudhury]]

{{1930s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Zebu

2026-04-29T03:12:00Z

Andreasujg: Starting First Pg W/ Sources

{{Short description|South Asian domestic cattle}}
{{distinguish|Zebra}}
{{Other uses|Zebu (disambiguation)}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = A well-fed bull in Kuno WS AJTJ P1070807.jpg
| classification_status = disputed,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature |title=Opinion 75. Twenty-Seven Generic Names of Protozoa, Vermes, Pisces, Reptilia and Mammalia Included in the Official List of Zoological Names |journal=[[Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections]] |date=1922 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=35–37 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8910949}}</ref> see {{slink ||Taxonomy and name}}
| genus = Bos
| species = indicus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]<ref name=ASM21/>
| synonyms = {{Genus list
| Bos indicus |Linnaeus, 1758
| ''[[Bos taurus]]'' |Linnaeus, 1758 (heterotypic)
| Bos domesticus |[[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben|Erxleben]], 1777 (heterotypic)
| Bos zebu |[[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785
| ''[[Bos longifrons]]'' |[[Richard Owen (geologist)|R. Owen]], 1844 (heterotypic)
| incomplete = yes
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=ASM21/><ref name=Linnaeus>{{Cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |date=1758 |page=71 |chapter=''Bos indicus'' |language=la |volume=1 |edition=Tenth reformed |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000798865/page/72/mode/1up}}</ref>
}}

The '''zebu''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|iː|b|(|j|)|uː|,_|ˈ|z|eː|b|uː}}; '''''Bos indicus'''''), also known as '''[[:wikt:indicine|indicine]] cattle''' and '''humped cattle''', is a [[species]] or [[subspecies]] of [[Bos taurus|domestic cattle]] originating in [[South Asia]].<ref name=Chen10>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen |first1=S. |last2=Lin |first2=B.-Z. |last3=Baig |first3=M. |last4=Mitra |first4=B. |last5=Lopes |first5=R. J. |last6=Santos |first6=A. M. |last7=Magee |first7=D. A. |last8=Azevedo |first8=M. |last9=Tarroso |first9=P. |last10=Sasazaki |first10=S. |last11=Ostrowski |first11=S. |date=2010 |title=Zebu cattle are an exclusive legacy of the South Asia Neolithic |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=27|issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msp213 |pmid=19770222 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Zebu, like many [[Sanga cattle]] breeds, differ from taurine cattle in the fatty hump on their shoulders, their large [[dewlap]], and their sometimes-drooping ears. They are well adapted to [[Tropical climate|high temperatures]] and are raised throughout the [[tropics]].

The zebu is used as a [[draught animal|draught]] and [[riding animal]], as [[dairy cattle]] and [[beef cattle]], and as a source of byproducts such as [[Hide (skin)|hide]]s and [[Feces|dung]] for [[fuel]] and [[manure]]. Some small breeds such as Nadudana (also known as the [[Miniature Zebu|miniature zebu]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Miniature Zebu Cattle |url=https://breeds.okstate.edu/cattle/miniature-zebu-cattle.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Oklahoma State University}}</ref> are also kept as [[pet]]s like dogs.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.00619-3 |chapter=''Bos indicus'' Breeds and Bos indicus × Bos taurus Crosses |title=Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences |date=2019 |last1=Madalena |first1=F.E. |last2=Toledo-Alvarado |first2=H. |last3=Cala-Moreno |first3=N. |pages=30–47 |isbn=978-0-12-818767-8 }}</ref>

In some regions, zebu have significant [[Cattle in religion#In Indian religions|religious meaning]].

==Taxonomy==
{{wiktionary|indicus|indicine|zebu}}
Both [[scientific name]]s ''Bos taurus'' and ''Bos indicus'' were introduced by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758, with the latter used for humped cattle in [[China proper|China]].<ref name=Linnaeus/>

The zebu was classified as a distinct [[species]] by [[Juliet Clutton-Brock]] in 1999,<ref name=Clutton-Brock1999>{{Cite book |title=A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals |last=Clutton-Brock |first=J. |author-link=Juliet Clutton-Brock |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-63495-3 |oclc=39786571 |orig-date=1987 |edition=Second |page=85 |chapter=Asiatic cattle |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgL-EbbB8a0C&pg=PA85}}</ref> but was later classified as a [[subspecies]] of the domestic [[cattle]], ''Bos taurus indicus'', by both Clutton-Brock and [[Colin Groves]] in 2004<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gentry |first1=A. |last2=Clutton-Brock |first2=J. |last3=Groves |first3=C. P. |title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=May 2004 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=645–651 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006 |bibcode=2004JArSc..31..645G}}</ref> and by [[Peter Grubb (zoologist)|Peter Grubb]] in 2005.<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Artiodactyla |id=14200687 |pages=645–646 |heading=Subspecies ''Bos taurus indicus''}}</ref> In 2011, Groves and Grubb classified it as a distinct species again.<ref>{{cite book |first1=C. |last1=Groves |first2=P. |last2=Grubb |year=2011 |title=Ungulate taxonomy |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |pages=8–9 |chapter=Domestication |isbn=978-1-4214-0093-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3uZtA1ZpTAC&pg=PA9}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2023}}

The [[American Society of Mammalogists]] considers it as belonging to the species ''Bos taurus'' in analogy to [[Sanga cattle]] (''Bos taurus africanus'' {{small|[[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792}}).<ref name=ASM21>{{Cite web |work=American Society of Mammalogists |title=''Bos taurus'' |date=2021 |url=https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#genus=Bos&species=taurus&id=1006267 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501164649/https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#genus=Bos&species=taurus&id=1006267 |url-status=live |archive-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref>
The extinct wild [[aurochs]] (''Bos primigenius'') is thought to have [[Genetic divergence|diverged]] into two distinct genetic strains: the humped ''Bos indicus'' and the humpless ''Bos taurus''.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |author1=Utsunomiya, Y.T. |author2=Milanesi, M. |author3=Fortes, M.R.S. |author4=Porto-Neto, L.R. |author5=Utsunomiya, A.T.H. |author6=Silva, M.V.G.B. |author7=Garcia, J.F. |author8=Ajmone-Marsan, P. |year=2019 |title=Genomic clues of the evolutionary history of ''Bos indicus'' cattle |journal=Animal Genetics |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=557–568 |doi-access=free |doi=10.1111/age.12836|pmid=31475748 }}</ref>

==Origin==
Zebu cattle were found to derive from the [[Indian aurochs|Indian form]] of [[Aurochs#Taxonomy and evolution|aurochs]] and one of the key centers of the Indian Subcontinent been [[domesticate]]d between 6,000-7,00 [[YBP]] at [[Mehrgarh]], present-day [[Pakistan]], with South India and Gujarat from Western-India being the additional centers for domestication.<ref name="Vuure">{{cite book |author=Van Vuure, C. |year=2005 |title=Retracing the Aurochs: History, Morphology and Ecology of an Extinct Wild Ox |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |location=Sofia |isbn=978-954-642-235-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bradley |first1=D. G. |last2=MacHugh |first2=D. E. |last3=Cunningham |first3=P. |last4=Loftus |first4=R. T. |date=1996 |title=Mitochondrial diversity and the origins of African and European cattle |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=93 |issue=10 |pages=5131–5135 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.10.5131 |pmid=8643540 |pmc=39419 |bibcode=1996PNAS...93.5131B |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Pérez-Pardal |first1=L. |last2=Sánchez-Gracia |first2=A. |last3=Álvarez |first3=I. |last4=Traoré |first4=A. |last5=Ferraz |first5=J. B. S. |last6=Fernández |first6=I. |last7=Costa |first7=V. |last8=Chen |first8=S. |last9=Tapio |first9=M. |last10=Cantet |first10=R. J. C. |last11=Patel |first11=A. |last12=Meadow |first12=R. H. |last13=Marshall |first13=F. B. |last14=Beja-Pereira |first14=A. |last15=Goyache |first15=F. |date=2018 |title=Legacies of domestication, trade and herder mobility shape extant male zebu cattle diversity in South Asia and Africa |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=18027 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-36444-7 |pmid=30575786 |pmc=6303292 |bibcode=2018NatSR...818027P}}</ref><ref name=Gangal_14>{{cite journal |last1=Gangal |first1=K. |last2=Sarson |first2=G. R. |last3=Shukurov |first3=A. |title=The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2014 |volume=9 |issue=5 |article-number=e95714 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0095714 |pmid=24806472 |pmc=4012948 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...995714G |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Its wild ancestor, the Indian aurochs, [[Holocene extinction#Historic extinction|became extinct]] during the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] likely due to habitat loss, caused by expanding pastoralism and interbreeding with domestic zebu.<ref name=Chen10/><ref name=IWH2>{{cite book |author=Rangarajan, M. |year=2001 |title=India's Wildlife History |page=4 |location=[[Delhi]], India |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-140-1}}</ref> Its latest remains ever found were dated to 3,800 YBP, making it the first of the three [[Aurochs#Taxonomy and evolution|aurochs subspecies]] to die out.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turvey |first1=S. T. |last2=Sathe |first2=V. |last3=Crees |first3=J. J. |last4=Jukar |first4=A. M. |last5=Chakraborty |first5=P. |last6=Lister |first6=A. M. |title=Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know? |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=2021 |volume=252 |article-number=106740 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106740 |bibcode=2021QSRv..25206740T |s2cid=234265221 |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10116065/12/Turvey_India_megafauna_paper_highlights.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Chen10" />
[[File:Clevelandart 1973.160.jpg|thumb|Bull in Seal of Indus valley civilization]]
[[File:GODL Rampurva bull in profile.jpg|thumb|A [[Pillars of Ashoka|Pillar of Ashoka]], dating to the 3rd century BCE, depicting a zebu]]
[[File:Coin of Azes II LACMA M.84.110.8 (2 of 2).jpg|thumb|Zebu pictured on a coin of the [[Indo-Scythian]] king [[Azes II]], late first century BCE]]

Archaeological evidence including depictions on pottery and rocks suggests that humped cattle likely imported from the [[Ancient Near East|Near East]] was present in [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] around 4,000 [[Before Present|YBP]]. Its first appearance in the [[Subsahara]] is dated to after 700 AD and it was introduced to the [[Horn of Africa]] around 1000.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=2743556 |title=Rethinking the Role of ''Bos indicus'' in Sub-Sahara Africa |last=Marshall, F. |date=1989 |journal=[[Current Anthropology]] |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=235–240 |doi=10.1086/203737 |s2cid=143063029}}</ref>

Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the zebu [[Y chromosome]] [[haplotype]] groups are found in three different lineages: Y3A, the most predominant and cosmopolitan lineage; Y3B, only observed in West Africa; and Y3C, predominant in south and northeast India.<ref name=":1" />

==Characteristics==
[[File:Bos taurus indicus.jpg|thumb|A Zebu bull]]
[[File:Kankrej 01.JPG|thumbnail|Female zebu of [[Kankrej]] breed from Gujarat, India]]
Zebu, as well as many Sanga cattle, have humps on the shoulders, large dewlaps and droopy ears.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ifizci.com/zebu-information-about-the-humped-cattle/|publisher=IFIZCI |access-date=2007-09-08|title=Definition: Zebu}}</ref>

Compared to taurine cattle, the zebu is well adapted to the hot [[tropical savanna climate]] and [[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|steppe]] environments. These adaptations result in higher tolerance for drought, heat and sunlight exposure.<ref name=Mukasa-Mugerwa>{{cite book |last1=Mukasa-Mugerwa |first1=E. |title=A Review of a Reproductive Performance of Female ''Bos Indicus'' (zebu) Cattle |date=1989 |publisher=ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD) |isbn=978-92-9053-099-2 |hdl=10568/4217 |hdl-access=free }}{{page needed|date=July 2024}}</ref>

== Behaviour and ecology==
Studies on the natural weaning of zebu cattle have shown that cows wean their calves over a 2-week period, but after that, continue to show strong affiliatory behavior with their offspring and preferentially choose them for grooming and as grazing partners for at least 4–5 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reinhardt |first1=V. |last2=Reinhardt|first2=A. |year=1981 |title=Cohesive relationships in a cattle herd (''Bos indicus'') |journal=Behaviour |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=121–150 |doi=10.1163/156853981X00194 |bibcode=1981Behav..77..121R }}</ref>

===Reproduction===
Zebu are generally mature enough to give birth when they are 29 months old. This is based on the development of their bodies to withstand the strain of carrying the calf and lactation. Early reproduction can place too much stress on the body and possibly shorten lifespans. The gestation period averages 285 days, but varies depending on the age and nutrition of the mother. The sex of the calf may also affect the carrying time, as male calves are carried for a longer period than females. Location, breed, body weight, and season affect the overall health of the animal and in return may also affect the gestation period.<ref name=Mukasa-Mugerwa/>

=== Health and diseases ===
The zebu is susceptible to [[nagana]] as it does not exhibit [[trypanotolerance]].<ref name=MacHugh-et-al-1997>{{cite journal |last1=MacHugh |first1=D.E. |title=Microsatellite DNA Variation and the evolution, domestication and phylogeography of Taurine and Zebu Cattle (''Bos taurus'' and ''Bos indicus'') |journal=[[Genetics (journal)|Genetics]] |volume=146 |issue=3 |year=1997 |pages=1071–1086 |doi=10.1093/genetics/146.3.1071 |pmid=9215909 |pmc=1208036 }}</ref><ref name=Makina-et-al-2016>{{cite journal |last1=Makina |first1=S.O. |last2=Whitacre |first2=L.K. |last3=Decker |first3=J.E. |last4=Taylor |first4=J.F. |last5=MacNeil |first5=M.D. | last6=Scholtz |first6=M.M. |last7=Van Marle-Köster |first7=E. |last8=Muchadeyi |first8=F.C. |last9=Makgahlela |first9=M.L. |last10=Maiwashe |first10=A. |title=Insight into the genetic composition of South African Sanga cattle using SNP data from cattle breeds worldwide |journal=[[Genetics Selection Evolution]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |date=2016 |page=88 |doi=10.1186/s12711-016-0266-1 |pmid=27846793 |pmc=5111355 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
It is said to be resilient to parasites.<ref name=":0" />

==Breeds and hybrids==
Zebu are very common in much of Asia, including Pakistan, India, [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]] and China. In Asia, taurine cattle are mainly found in the northern regions such as [[Japan]], [[Korea]], northern China and [[Mongolia]]. In China, taurine cattle are most common in northern breeds, zebu more common in southern breeds, with hybrids in between.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cai |first1=Dawei |last2=Sun |first2=Yang |last3=Tang |first3=Zhuowei |last4=Hu |first4=Songmei |last5=Li |first5=Wenying |last6=Zhao |first6=Xingbo |last7=Xiang |first7=Hai |last8=Zhou |first8=Hui |title=The origins of Chinese domestic cattle as revealed by ancient DNA analysis |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=January 2014 |volume=41 |pages=423–434 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.09.003 |bibcode=2014JArSc..41..423C }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Komosińska |first1=Halina |last2=Podsiadło |first2=Elżbieta |title=Ssaki kopytne: przewodnik |trans-title=Hoofed mammals: a guide |date=2002 |publisher=Wydaw. Naukowe PWN |isbn=978-83-01-13806-6 |location=Warszawa |language=pl |oclc=749423644 }}{{page needed|date=July 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Zébus de Madagascar 02.jpg|thumb|Zebu market in [[Madagascar]]]]

Geneticists at the [[International Livestock Research Institute |International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)]] in Nairobi, Kenya and in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia discovered that cattle had been domesticated in Africa independently of domestication in the Near East. They concluded that the southern African cattle populations derive originally from East Africa rather than from a southbound migration of taurine cattle.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hanotte |first1=Olivier |last2=Bradley |first2=Daniel G. |last3=Ochieng |first3=Joel W. |last4=Verjee |first4=Yasmin |last5=Hill |first5=Emmeline W. |last6=Rege |first6=J. Edward O. |title=African Pastoralism: Genetic Imprints of Origins and Migrations |journal=Science |date=12 April 2002 |volume=296 |issue=5566 |pages=336–339 |doi=10.1126/science.1069878 |pmid=11951043 |bibcode=2002Sci...296..336H }}</ref> The results are inconclusive as to whether domestication occurred first in Africa or the Near East.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stokstad |first1=Erik |title=Early Cowboys Herded Cattle in Africa |journal=Science |date=12 April 2002 |volume=296 |issue=5566 |page=236 |doi=10.1126/science.296.5566.236a |pmid=11951007 }}</ref>

[[Sanga cattle]] breeds is considered to have originated from hybridization of zebu with taurine cattle <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mwai |first1=Okeyo |last2=Hanotte |first2=Olivier |last3=Kwon |first3=Young-Jun |last4=Cho |first4=Seoae |date=July 2015 |title=- Invited Review - African Indigenous Cattle: Unique Genetic Resources in a Rapidly Changing World |journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences |language=English |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=911–921 |doi=10.5713/ajas.15.0002R |issn=1011-2367 |pmc=4478499 |pmid=26104394}}</ref> leading to the [[Afrikaner cattle|Afrikaner]], [[Red Fulani cattle|Red Fulani]], [[Ankole (cattle)|Ankole]], [[Boran cattle|Boran]] and [[Sanga cattle#Breeds of Sanga cattle|many other]] breeds.

Some 75 breeds of zebu are known, split about evenly between African and Indian breeds.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
 | List of widely distributed zebu breeds
|-
| {{ulist |[[Gyr cattle|Gyr]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://butlerfarms.us/gyr-cattle/ |title=Gyr Cattle |work=Butler Farms}}</ref> |[[Kankrej cattle and Guzerat cattle|Kankrej and Guzerat]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://breeds.okstate.edu/cattle/kankrej-cattle.html |title = Breeds of livestock - Kankrej Cattle| date=28 April 2021 }}</ref> |[[Indo-Brazilian cattle|Indo-Brazilian]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://butlerfarms.us/indu-brasil-cattle/ |title=Indu Brasil Cattle |work=Butler Farms}}</ref> |[[Brahman (cattle)|Brahman]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/breeding/beef-cattle-breeds/brahman |title=Cattle Breeds-Brahman | date=2024 |access-date=2024-07-05 | archive-date=2024-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704160623/https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/animals-and-livestock/beef-cattle/breeding/beef-cattle-breeds/brahman }}</ref> |[[Sibi bhagnari|Sibi Bhagnari]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338790137|title=Beef breeds of Pakistan}}</ref> |[[White Nukra]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232016637 |title=White Fulani cattle of West and Central Africa}}</ref> |[[Cholistani (cattle)|Cholistani]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pakdairyinfo.com/cholistani.htm |title=Cholistani Cattle}}</ref> |[[Dhanni (cattle)|Dhanni]]<ref name=Joshi1953>{{Cite book |author1=Joshi, N.R. |author2=Phillips, R.W. |date=1953 |url=https://www.fao.org/4/an469e/an469e.pdf |title=Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organisation |place=Rome}}</ref> |[[Lohani cattle|Lohani]]<ref name=Joshi1953/> |[[Nelore]] |[[Ongole cattle|Ongole]]<ref name=Joshi1953/> |[[Sahiwal cattle|Sahiwal]]<ref name=Joshi1953/> |[[Red Sindhi cattle|Red Sindhi]]<ref name=Joshi1953/> |[[Butana and Kenana cattle|Butana and Kenana]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Signatures of positive selection in African Butana and Kenana dairy zebu cattle |date=2018 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0190446 |doi-access=free |last1=Bahbahani |first1=H. |last2=Salim |first2=B. |last3=Almathen |first3=F. |last4=Al Enezi |first4=F. |last5=Mwacharo |first5=J. M. | last6=Hanotte |first6=O. | journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=1 |article-number=e0190446 |pmid=29300786 |pmc=5754058 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1390446B}}</ref> |[[Baggara cattle|Baggara]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301540790 |title=Phenotypic Characterization of Sudan Zebu Cattle (Baggara Type)}}</ref> |[[Tharparkar cattle|Tharparkar]]<ref name=Joshi1953/> |[[Kangayam cattle|Kangayam]]<ref name=Joshi1953/> |[[Southern Yellow cattle|Southern Yellow]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1= Y.-C. |last2=Cao |first2=H.-H. |url=https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=7693 |title=Diversity of Chinese yellow cattle breeds and their conservation |journal=Biodiversity Science |year=2001 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=275–283 |doi=10.17520/biods.2001042}}</ref> |[[Kedah-Kelantan|Kedah Kelantan]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26591189 |title=Effect of Malaysian Zebu Cattle (Kedah-Kelantan) and their European Crosses on the Tick Biological Parameters Following Repeated Experimental Infestations}}</ref> |[[Local Indian Dairy (LID)|Local Indian Dairy]]<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://jtafs.mardi.gov.my/jtafs/17-1/Distribution%20and%20production.pdf| title=Distribution and production characteristics of Friesian crossbred cattle in Malaysia| access-date=2024-07-06| archive-date=2024-07-06| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706203529/http://jtafs.mardi.gov.my/jtafs/17-1/Distribution%20and%20production.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|}

[[File:Hariana_02.JPG|thumbnail|[[Haryanvi cattle|Hariana breed]] of zebu type cattle in north [[India]]]]
Other breeds of zebu are quite local, like the [[Haryanvi cattle|Hariana]] from [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Porter, V. |year=1991 |title=Cattle: A Handbook to the Breeds of the World |location=London |publisher=Helm |chapter=Hariana — India: Haryana, eastern Punjab |page=245 |chapter-url= |isbn=0-8160-2640-8}}</ref> or the [[Rathi cattle|Rath]] from [[Alwar district]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Porter, V. |year=1991 |title=Cattle: A Handbook to the Breeds of the World |location=London |publisher=Helm |chapter=Rath — India: Alwar and eastern Rajasthan |page=246 |isbn=0-8160-2640-8}}</ref>

Zebu were imported into [[Brazil]] in the early 20th century. Their importation marked a change in cattle ranching in Brazil as they were considered "ecological" since they could graze on natural grasses, and their meat was lean and without chemical residues.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilcox |first1=R.W. |chapter=Zebu's Elbows: Cattle Breeding the Environment in Central Brazil, 1890-1960 |pages=218–246 |editor1-last=Brannstrom |editor1-first=Christian |title=Territories, Commodities and Knowledges: Latin American Environmental History in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |date=2004 |publisher=Institute for the Study of the Americas |isbn=978-1-900039-57-4}}</ref>
From the 1960s onwards, [[Nelore]] which is an off breed of Ongole Cattle became the primary cattle breed in Brazil because of its hardiness, heat-resistance, and because it thrives on poor-quality forage and breeds easily, with the calves rarely requiring human intervention to survive. More than 80% of [[beef cattle]] in Brazil (approximately 167,000,000 animals) are either purebred or hybrid Ongole Cattle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Nelore Cattle |url=https://breeds.okstate.edu/cattle/nelore-cattle.html |access-date=2025-09-05 |work=Oklahoma State University}}</ref>

==Uses==
[[File:India.Mumbai.04.jpg|thumb|Draft zebu pulling a cart in [[Mumbai]], India (2004)]]
[[File:A day in the life of a rural 03.jpg|thumb|A villager with a decorated bull during Pongal festival]]
Zebu are used as [[draught animal|draught]] and [[riding animal]]s, [[beef cattle]], [[dairy cattle]], as well as for byproducts such as hides, [[Feces|dung]] for [[fuel]] and [[manure]], and horn for knife handles and the like. Zebu, mostly [[Miniature Zebu|miniature zebu]], are kept as [[pet]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=One of the Oldest Cattle Breeds |url=https://www.amzaonline.org/one-of-the-oldest-cattle-breeds/ |website=American Miniature Zebu Association |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> In India, the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65.7 million head.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phaniraja |first1=K.L. |last2=Panchasara |first2=H.H. |year=2009 |title=Indian draught animals power |journal=Veterinary World |issue=10 |volume=2 |pages=404–407 |url=https://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.2/October/Indian%20Draught%20Animals%20Power.pdf }}</ref>
Zebu cows commonly have low production of milk. They do not produce milk until maturation later in their lives and do not produce much. When zebus are crossed with [[taurine cattle]], milk production generally increases.<ref name=Mukasa-Mugerwa/>

In [[Madagascar]], zebu outnumber people. Zebu are wrestled by young men in a competitive ritual of courtship called ''[[tolon'omby]]''.<ref name=Combeau-Mari2011>{{Cite journal |last=Combeau-Mari |first=E. |date=2011 |title=Traditional Fighting Practices: The Root and Expression of Malagasy Culture |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1566–1585 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2011.592749 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ratsimandresy |first1=D.A. |last2=Rakototiana |first2=A. |date=2015 |title=Avulsion péno-scrotale par encornement de zebu |trans-title=Penile and scrotal avulsion caused by zebu horns |language=fr |journal=The Pan African Medical Journal |volume=20 |page=91 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2015.20.91.5832 |pmc=4506798 |pmid=26213592 }}</ref>

Within the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], zebu are used for [[jallikattu]].

In 1999, researchers at [[Texas A&M University]] successfully [[Cloning|cloned]] a zebu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cloning gives second chance for bull |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/437391.stm |work=BBC News |date=3 September 1999 }}</ref>

=== Hindu tradition ===
{{further|Cattle slaughter in India}}
Zebu are venerated in [[Hinduism]] of India. In the [[historical Vedic religion]] they were a symbol of plenty.<ref name=Jha2002>{{Cite book|last=Jha|first=D. N.|title=The myth of the holy cow |date=2002 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-85984-676-6 |location=London|page=130}}</ref>{{rp|130}} In later times they gradually acquired their present status. According to the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', they are to be treated with the same respect 'as one's mother'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahabharata, Book 13-Anusasana Parva, Section LXXVI|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13b041.htm|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012075852/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13b041.htm|archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Sacred-texts.com}}</ref> In the middle of the first millennium, the consumption of beef began to be disfavoured by lawgivers.<ref name=Jha2002/>{{rp|144}}

Milk and milk products were used in Vedic rituals.<ref name=Jha2002/>{{rp|130}} In the postvedic period products like milk, curd, ghee, but also cow dung and urine [[gomutra]], or the combination of these five [[panchagavya]] began to assume an increasingly important role in [[ritual purification]] and expiation.<ref name=Jha2002/>{{rp|130–131}}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian cattle breeds]]
*[[List of animals with humps]]
*[[List of cattle breeds]]
*[[Ubre Blanca]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Artiodactyla}}
{{Animal domestication}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q46889|from2=Q168903|from3=Q20747726}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bos]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1758]]
[[Category:Domesticated animals]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Renadive

2026-04-24T19:23:26Z

Andreasujg: put up a post!

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Renadive
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1979|05|30|df=y}}
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Kunnamkulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| other names = Renu
| yearsactive = 1999–present
| spouse = Sufitha
| children = 2
}}

'''Renu''', professionally credited as '''Renadive''' is an Indian cinematographer, who works in [[Malayalam cinema]].

==Early life==
Born in [[Kunnamkulam]], on 30 August 1979 as the son of Kallayil Vijayaraghavan, a photographer and Shyamala Vijayaraghavan. Renu holds a diploma in [[Photography|still photography]] from Indian Institute of Photography. He has worked for [[Kairali TV]] channel as a cameraman and covered 148 episodes of ''Verittakazhchakal'' with [[V. K. Sreeraman]].

==Career==
In 2006, he joined cinematographer Alagappan as an assistant cinematographer for the film ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)]]'', followed by films such as [[Photographer (film)]], [[Novel (film)]], [[Thalappavu]]. Later he joined cinematographer [[Jibu Jacob]] and worked with him in movies namely [[Shakespeare M.A. Malayalam]], [[Pranayakalam]], Heartbeats. In 2007 he joined the team of [[Big B (film)]] and worked as an assistant cinematographer to [[Sameer Thahir]]. He also worked in [[Anwar (2010 film)]] as an assistant cinematographer. From there on till present has been a part of every single movie directed and produced by [[Amal Neerad]]. His talent came into light when he debuted as a Cinematographer in [[5 Sundarikal]], anthology of 5 movies directed by different directors in which he was the DOP for ''Kullante Bharya''. He was the Associate cameraman and operating cameraman for the next [[Amal Neerad]] venture [[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]. He is done the Cinematography for [[Amal Neerad]]'s [[Comrade in America]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nagarajan|first1=Saraswathy|title=Deep focus|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/deep-focus/article18790783.ece|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 June 2017|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ranadaive to crank camera for Amal Neerad|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151217/entertainment-mollywood/article/ranadaive-crank-camera-amal-neerad|access-date=1 January 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=18 December 2015}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== As cinematographer ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' || [[Amal Neerad]] ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Comrade in America]]'' || Amal Neerad ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]'' || Jis Joy ||
|-
| ''[[Argentina Fans Kaattoorkadavu]]'' || Midhun Manuel Thomas ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Shylock (2019 film)|Shylock]]'' || Ajai Vasudev ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Palthu Janwar]]'' || Sangeeth P Rajan ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Antony (2023 film)|Antony]]'' || [[Joshiy]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2025 || ''[[Ennu Swantham Punyalan]]'' || Mahesh Madhu ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2024-12-14 |title=Ennu Swantham Punyalan confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/14/ennu-swantham-punyalan-confirms-release-date |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Prince and Family]]'' || Binto Stephen ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-07 |title=Dileep's 150th film Prince and Family gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/07/dileeps-150th-film-prince-and-family-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[JSK: Janaki V v/s State of Kerala]]'' || Pravin Narayanan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-28 |title=Suresh Gopi and Anupama Parameswaran's JSK gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/28/suresh-gopi-and-anupama-parameswarans-jsk-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vilayath Buddha]] ''|| Jayan Nambiar || Co-cinematography by [[Arvind S Kashyap]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-05 |title=Prithviraj's Vilaayath Budha gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/05/prithvirajs-vilaayath-budha-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{pending film|[[Kattalan]]}} || Paul George ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-04 |title=Teaser of Antony Varghese Pepe's Kattalan on the way |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/04/teaser-of-antony-varghese-pepes-kattalan-on-the-way |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== As assistant cinematographer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Rasathanthram]]'' || Sathyan Anthikad
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Photographer (film)|Photographer]]'' || [[Ranjan Pramod]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]'' || [[Amal Neerad]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Pranayakalam]]'' || [[Uday Ananthan]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Novel (film)|Novel]]'' || [[East Coast Vijayan]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Thalappavu]]'' || [[Madhupal]]
|-
| 2008 || ''Heartbeats'' ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Sagar Alias Jacky Reloaded]]'' || [[Amal Neerad]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Shakespeare M.A. Malayalam]]'' || Shyju, Shaji
|}

=== As associate cinematographer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Anwar (2010 film)|Anwar]]'' || [[Amal Neerad]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]'' || [[Amal Neerad]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'' || [[Amal Neerad]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]

Hassaram Sunderdas Pamnani

2026-04-23T20:34:28Z

Andreasujg: Put up initial article v1

{{Short description|Pakistani politician (1926–2024)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hassaran Sunderdas Pamnani
| honorific_prefix =
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member, [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh]]
| deputy =
| term_start = 1937
| term_end = 1945
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1887|4|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rohri]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1940|7|17|1887|4|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Rohri]], [[Sindh]], [[British India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Fergusson College]], [[Pune]]
| native_name_lang = ur
| native_name = {{nobold|ھاسارام سندرداس پمناڻي}}
}}

'''Hassaram Sunderdas Pamnani''' (10 April 1887{{snd}}17 July 1940) was a Sindhi educationist, social reformer, politician, and freedom fighter during the British Raj. He served as the principal of the Teachers Training College in [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]] and was elected as a member of the [[Sind Legislative Assembly|Sindh Legislative Assembly]] in 1937.<ref name=":1">Sindhiana Encyclopedia, Sindhi Language Authority, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan.</ref>

Pamnani was actively involved in the Indian freedom movement and was a prominent local leader of the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Early life and education ==
Hassaram Sunderdas Pamnani was born on 10 April 1887 in [[Rohri]], a town in the [[Sukkur District]] of [[Sindh]], into a well-off Sindhi Hindu family.<ref>Tanwani, Prem, Sawatantra Sangram Aur Sindh ka Yogdan (In Hindi), Raipur, India.</ref> He received his early education in his hometown and passed the matriculation examination in 1906.

He moved to [[Baroda]] (now [[Vadodara]]) for higher studies, where he became involved in the Indian freedom movement against British rule. After a year of college education, he transferred to [[Fergusson College]], [[Pune]], where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Syed |first=G.M. |title=Janab Guzariam Jin Seen |publisher=Sindhi Adabi Board |year=1975 |edition=3rd |location=Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan |language=Sindhi}}</ref>

== Social and religious activities ==
After completing his education, Pamnani returned to his hometown and devoted himself to social reform and community service in Sindh. He founded the ''Swami Dharmdas Seva Mandli'' in Rohri, a socio-religious organization. <ref name=":1" />

The organization established branches in several areas in Sindh, including [[Jacobabad]], Obaoro, [[Shikarpur, Sindh|Shikarpur]], and [[Tando Muhammad Khan]]. Pamnani worked to assist the underprivileged and to promote social and religious awareness among the local population. He also launched publications on social and religious topics, such as ''Sat Sangat Vilas'' and ''Dharam Darshan.''<ref name=":2" />

Pamnani established the Tilak High School and the Tilak Cotton Factory in [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]]. He was also actively involved in humanitarian efforts; during the severe floods of the [[Indus River]] in 1927 and 1931, he provided relief to affected communities by arranging food, clothing, and shelter.

== Professional and political career ==
Pamnani began his professional career in the revenue department but soon left the service to join the education sector as a teacher. After serving in various schools, he became a principal at the Teachers Training College in Hyderabad.

In the later part of his life, he resigned from government service to devote himself fully to the Indian freedom movement against British rule. As a result of the freedom movement, he was imprisoned for over a year.

Following the separation of Sindh from the [[Bombay Presidency]] in 1936, Pamnani entered electoral politics and was elected as a member of the [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh|Sindh Provincial Assembly]] in 1937.<ref name=":2">Unar, Mukhtiar Ali, Ajoko Deenhin (In Sindhi), Daily Ibrat Hyderabad, April 10, 2026.</ref>

== Assassination ==
In 1939, communal tensions arose in Sukkur over the [[Masjid Manzilgah|Manzilgah issue]], leading to Hindu–Muslim unrest. During this period, the prominent figure [[Bhagat Kanwar Ram]] was assassinated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Dr Muhammad Ali |date=2021-06-13 |title=HISTORY: A TURNING POINT IN THE HISTORY OF SINDH |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1628983 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref> Pamnani raised the matter in the Sindh Legislative Assembly and delivered a speech, after which he reportedly began receiving threats.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Soomro |first=Mahboob Ali |title=The Patriot Life and Time of Shaheed Allah Bux Soomro (1900-1943) |publisher=Thul Historical Sath |year=2019 |isbn=978-969-7878-13-0 |language=English}}</ref>

On 17 July 1940, while returning from [[Mirpur Mathelo]], he disembarked at Rohri railway station and was on his way to his residence when he was shot dead in broad daylight. It is reported that the assailant was the same individual who had earlier been involved in the killing of Bhagat Kanwar Ram. His funeral procession was held the following day, 18 July 1940, and was attended by thousands of people. A public meeting was also held the same evening to mourn his death. At the time of his assassination, Pamnani was 52 years old.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1887 births]]

[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category: Sindhi Hindus]]
[[Category:Sindh MPAs 1937–1945]]
[[Category:Sindhi politicians]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:People from Sukkur District]]
[[Category:Politicians from British India]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]

Vegesana Narendra Varma Raju

2026-04-23T08:28:30Z

Andreasujg: Starting Basic Article Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vegesana Narendra Varma Raju
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Kona Raghupathi]]
| constituency = [[Bapatla Assembly constituency|Bapatla]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = 1968
}}
'''Vegesana Narendra Varma Raju''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Bapatla Assembly constituency]] in Bapatla district. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with BJP and JSP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bapatla Assembly Election Results 2024: Bapatla Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/bapatla-constituency-result-1092 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Andhra Pradesh Lok Sabha Election 2024: Complete List of MLAs From TDP, YSRCP and BJP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-mla-list-ap-assembly-election-2024-winners-list-tdp-bjp-janasena-8921858.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bapatla: Know your candidates">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Bapatla: Know your candidates |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/May/09/bapatla-know-your-candidates |access-date=14 December 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214175250/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/May/09/bapatla-know-your-candidates |archive-date=14 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Raju is from Bapatla. His father’s name is Vegesana Krishnam Raju. He is a businessman and his wife also looks after the business. He completed his secondary school certificate examination at Government Junior College, Pittalavanipalem, Guntur District in 1985.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

== Political career ==
Raju won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bapatla Assembly constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled 90,626 votes and defeated [[Kona Raghupathi]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 27,768 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bapatla Constituency Election Results 2024: Bapatla Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/bapatla |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Bapatla Assembly Election Results 2024: Bapatla Andhra Pradesh Election Schedule, Vote share and Results |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/bapatla-constituency/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source= Bapatla Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Bapatla Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

Bankim Chandra Ray

2026-04-23T07:46:11Z

Andreasujg: Created new details

{{Short description|Judge of Supreme Court of India and politician (born 1926)}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bankim Chandra Ray
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| nominator = [[P.N. Bhagwati]]
| appointer = [[Zail Singh]]
| term_start = 29 October 1985
| term_end = 31 October 1991
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1926|11|01}}
| term_start1 = 9 December 1976
| term_end1 = 01 November 1988
| nominator1 = [[A. N. Ray]]
| appointer1 = [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| birth_place = Kanthalberia, [[24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]]
| website =
}}

'''Bankim Chandra Ray''' (born 1 November 1926) is a retired judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and politician.

== Early life ==
Ray was born to Bhuson Chandra Ray into a rich [[Poundra (caste)|Poundra Kshatriya]] zamindar family at 24 Praganas, [[Bengal Presidency]], British India (now West Bengal, India). He did his schooling from Multi Peary Srimantha Institution at [[Magrahat]], in 1946 he completed his B.A from [[Ripon College, Calcutta|Ripon College]] (now Surendranath College), in 1951 completed his [[LL.B]] in from University Law College (now [[Department of Law, University of Calcutta]]) and M.A (Political Economy) from [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gadbois|first=George H. Jr.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIAyDwAAQBAJ&q=justice+bankim+chandra+ray&pg=PT283|title=Judges of the Supreme Court of India: 1950–1989|date=2011-05-02|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-908838-6|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1952 he got enrolled as a lawyer at [[Calcutta High Court]] and started his private practice. He got posted as Additional Judge of Calcutta High Court in June, 1976 and elevated to permanent judge in December, 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supreme Court of India - Former Judges|url=http://164.100.107.37/judges/bio/57_bcray.htm|access-date=2020-10-07|website=164.100.107.37}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Ray was nominated as judge at Supreme Court of India in 1985 and became the second [[Dalit]] judge to hold such position after [[Appajee Vardarajan|A. Vardarajan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chandrachud|first=Abhinav|title=Former Supreme Court judges discuss the influence of caste in judicial appointments|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/law/supreme-court-judges-influence-caste-judicial-appointments-chandrachud-extract|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fayiz|first=C. Ahamed|title=Caste and Judiciary: Looking for Dalit and Adivasi Judges in Supreme Court of India|url=https://roundtableindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9623:caste-and-judiciary-looking-for-dalit-and-adivasi-judges-in-supreme-court-of-india&catid=119:feature&Itemid=132|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Round Table India|language=en-gb}}</ref> He was associated with [[Indian National Congress]] since his college days and contested the 1957 West Bengal legislative assembly election from [[Baruipur Paschim|Baruipur]] constituency but lost to Gangadhar Naskar of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 1957|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/1957-election-results.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from South 24 Parganas district]]

Mannanar dynasty

2026-04-19T20:29:21Z

Andreasujg: Info

{{Short description|Former dynasty in present-day Kerala, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Mannanar Dynasty
|common_name = Muthedath Aramanakkal Mannanar dynasty
|today = Kannur, kerala, India,
|era =
|status = Feudatory
|status_text =
|government_type = [[Feudalism|Feudal]]
|year_start = ?
|event_end = [[East India Company]], [[Madras Presidency]]- Malabar
|year_end = 1902 AD
|p1 = Mushika dynasty
|flag_p1 =
|image_p1 =
|p2 =
|flag_p2 =
|p3 =
|flag_p3 =
|p4 =
|flag_p4 =
|p5 =
|flag_p5 =
|s1 = Company rule in India
|flag_s1 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
|image_s1 =
|s2 =
|flag_s2 =
|s3 =
|flag_s3 =
|s4 =
|flag_s4 =
|s5 =
|flag_s5 =
|image_flag =
|flag_alt =
|flag =
|flag_type =
|image_coat =
|coat_alt =
|symbol =
|symbol_type =
|image_map = File:Location of Kannur Kerala.png
|image_map_alt =
|image_map_caption = Mannanar - The [[Tiyyar|Thiyyar]] King
|image_map2 =
|image_map2_alt =
|image_map2_caption =
|capital = Muthedath Aramanakkal-Anjukoor vazhcha
|capital_exile = Kannur, Kasargod, Eruvessi- Malabar, Kerala,-- {{flag|India}}
|national_motto =
|national_anthem =
|common_languages = [[Malayalam]]
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Mannanar dynasty''' ({{IPA|ml|mɐn:ɐnɐr|lang}}) was a [[Tiyyar|Thiyya]] dynasty in [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]],<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RR7nEAAAQBAJ&dq=mannanar+dynasty&pg=PA148 | title=The Certification of Insanity: Local Origins and Imperial Consequences | isbn=978-3-031-42742-8 | last1=Sposini | first1=Filippo Maria | date=30 November 2023 | publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lcj8EAAAQBAJ&dq=mannanar&pg=PA151 | title=Promoting Sustainable Gastronomy Tourism and Community Development | isbn=979-8-3693-1815-7 | last1=Jimenez Ruiz | first1=Andrea Edurne | last2=Bhartiya | first2=Shivam | last3=Bhatt | first3=Vaibhav | date=22 March 2024 | publisher=IGI Global }}</ref><ref name="gggg">{{cite book|last=A.Ayyappan|year=1944|title=Iravas and Culture Change Vol.5 issue 1 of Bulletin of the madras government museum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hZPAQAAMAAJ&q=mannanar|publisher=Government press|page=18}}</ref> near present-day [[Kannur]] and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] districts of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr.shyamalan presents Research Findings|year=2020|publisher=Newindianexpres|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jan/10/nelliatt-shyamalan-to-present-research-findings-328612.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bardwell L. Smith|year=1976|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC|isbn=9789004045101|page=32|publisher=BRILL }}</ref><ref name="ghh"/><ref name="m1">{{cite book|last=Manakkadan Manicoth Anand Ram|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mj4wAQAAIAAJ&q=mannanar|title=Influx:Create to Kerala|publisher=Keerthi publishing House|page=7-6}}</ref> The ruins of Mannanar palace can still be seen at the foothills of the Ghats borders of Coorg.<ref name="gggg"/> The ancient palace in Eruvesi to the northwest of [[Taliparamba]] was called as Anju Aramana. [[Kunnathoor Padi]], Muthappan Madapura and Padikutti were their royal family temples.<ref>cochin Government Press. "''Monograph''", (1905). Vol 7, vol 10. Google Books</ref>

The head of the Mannanar royal family travelled in a palanquin and was guarded by retainers wearing swords and shield. He had more than 200 armed [[Nair]] soldiers.<ref name="main">University of Kerala.1982 .Vol. 9 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk1DAAAAYAAJ&q=mannanar+raja of kerala studies (1982) university]</ref><ref>[[Edgar Thurston]]. Page.43</ref> He also held special ranks and privileges, like the titles of "Mannanar" or "Amachchiyar".<ref name="Thiyar">{{cite book|last=Edgar Thurston-K.Rangachari|year=1909|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnB3k8fx5oEC&pg=PA225|page=44|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120602885}}</ref><ref name="manual">{{cite book|last=William logan|year=1851|title=The Malabar Manual. Archive Org Vil.1|url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/page/124/mode/2up|isbn=9788120604469}}</ref><ref name="h1">E.M.S.
Namboothiripad. National books Agency, 1967 kerala page 251 [https://books.google.com/books?id=JUYDAAAAMAAJ&q=mannanar+.''Kerala:Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow'']</ref> The ruler who held the third position was known as [[Vazhunnavar]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ajay Skaria, M. S. S. Pandian, Shail Mayaram|year=2005|title=Muslims, Dalits, and the Fabrications of History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CNgU3OcyL4C|publisher=Permanent Black and Ravi Dayal Publisher|page=192|isbn=9788178241159 }}</ref>

A Mannanar leader with title "Muthedath Aramanakkal" had the authority to decide disputes within the [[caste]] and [[jurisdiction]] was invoked on appeal. Leaders like ''Kunhi Kelappaan Mannanar'' and ''Krishnan Vazhunnavar'' held lands in the eastern hilly tracts of [[Chirakkal, Kannur|Chirakkal]] [[Thaluk]] and is noted for giving refuge to other castes.<ref>{{cite book| last=Shali |first= Mayaram|date= 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxluAAAAMAAJ|title= Muslim, Dalid and fabrication of History|page=198|publisher= Seagull| isbn=9781905422111}}</ref><ref>P.J Rajedran, "''Kshethravinjyanakosham''" (Malayalam) 2000. Google Books, page. 103</ref>

==Etymology==
He is referred to as Mannanar (Mannan Means = King ar = honorific plural suffix), also (mannan) meaning ''king'' and ''ar'', which pluralises it. That word derivered from [[King]]<ref>{{cite book |chapter=The Sovereignty of the Divine |first=R. |last=Champakalakshmi |title=Essays on Indian History and Culture: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali |editor-first=H. V. Sreenivasa |editor-last=Murthy |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1990 |isbn=978-8-17099-211-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jMg8K5dPZUC&pg=PA61 |page=61}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=F.Fawcett|title=Nambutiris: Notes on Some of the People of Malabar|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPpUY4V-XN4C&pg=PA76|isbn=9788120615755|page=76|publisher=Asian Educational Services }}</ref>

==Kingdom==
===History===
In the Malayalam mannan means king and 'ar' pluralises the name for adding respectability to it. Mannanar dynasty had thrived for several centuries in [[Eruvessi]], north east of [[Taliparamba]] in [[North Malabar]].<ref name="123ff">{{cite book|last=S.N.Sadasivan|year=2000|title=A Social History of India|publisher=APH Publishing, Google books|pages=352–353|isbn=9788176481700|quote=In the Malayalam mannan means king and 'ar' pluralises the name for adding respectability to it. Mannanar dynasty had thrived for several centuries in Eruvasi, north east of Thaliparampa in North Kerala. He was called ruler of the five places and he had five palaces Moothedath Aramana, Elayidath Aramana, Puthan Araman, Puthiyidath Aramana and Mundaya Aramana. He also had royal establishments, such as fortress, palace, assembly hall, performance theatre and living mansion. Armed with swords and shields, 200 Nairs Soldiers had to escort him. His assumption to the throne was by the performance of the ritual Aryittuvazhcha (offer of rice to gods as an auspicious item indicating prosperity) as in the case of the Zamorin. His personal residence (living mansion) had adorned the name mannanar kotta or the king's fort.The last of the Mannanars, Kunjikelappan passed away in 1901-1902 AD. His wife respectably called Ammachiyàr (revered mother) and two of his children were alive in the thirties. The Mannanar who followed matriarchal system as a means of his survival, used to dine at the palace of the Chirakkal raja on important occasions when for him food had to be served on tender plantain leaf named pattila (silken leaf) and for other princes on plantain leaf softened over the fire. When the palaces of other rajas in Kerala are called Kovilakams or Kottarams, only Mannanar's is called Aramana, the mansion of the king (aracha (king) + mana (king's court). For these reasons and for many other, Kampil Ananthan believes that he was the oldest ruler of Kerala.After the overlordship of the Nampootiri was established, it was the social responsibility of the Mannanar to give protection to either as his wife or as his sister to the Nampootiri woman ex-communicated from her family for offences like infidelity, loss of chastity and violation of the rules of pollution. His palaces and mansions have broken down due to neglect in the absence of successors. The entire land and other properties of the Mannanar are managed by the Chirakkal raja in the capacity of their trustee. Mannanar was allowed to survive through the darkness and ferocity of caste in the 18th and 19th centuries because his survival was a necessity of the Nampootiri. The socially ostracised Nampootiri women obtained all royal facilities for a cozy living and did not lose their convivial status below that of their protector which in fact was the original status of all, not excluding the Nampootiri, the Kshatriya, the Samanta and the Nair before their conversive.The Mannanar as required by the Brahmins, changed over from patriarchal to matriarchal system and he thus, had fallen in line with other non-Brahmin communities.}}</ref> He was called ruler of the five places and he had five palaces '''Moothedath Aramana''', Elayidath Aramana, Puthan Araman, Puthiyidath Aramana and Mundaya Aramana. He also had royal establishments, such as fortress, palace, assembly hall, performance theatre and living mansion.<ref name="123ff"/> His assumption to the throne was by the performance of the ritual Aryittuvazhcha (offer of rice to gods as an auspicious item indicating prosperity) as in the case of the [[Zamorin]].<ref name="123ff"/> His personal residence (living mansion) had adorned the name mannanar kotta or the king's fort.<ref name="123ff"/>

C.A. innes was the Special Settlement Officer in Malabar. According to the Survey Settlement Register of Eruveshi Land No. 81, Chirakal Taluk, Malabar District, published from Kozhikode on 30-03-1905, ''Moothedath Aramanaikkal Kunjikelappan Mannanar'' has several acres of land in Eruveshi Land. Of these, 23 mountains are listed separately – Areekal mala, Karinkanyamala, Cherambathan mala, Mottumala, Mundan Vilangamala, Vanchiaramala, Adapatamala, Vellatam, Paramala, Karumpath Paramala, Kallangacheri mala, Elampanam mala, Palliyambamala, Ariidum kalamala, Kiliyatuparamala, Kunayanpuzumamala, Ottapunam mala, Vaali Elambamalamala, Kodakan Korandimala Kallu Mala, Vilangamala, Tarannenmavumala, two Kshetrakad Paithalmala in Pullalam, Kotan Pilavumala in the East and the [[Western Ghats]] to the eastern border of Karnataka. Apart from this, there are Aramanaparam, Kottamullaparambu, Munya Aramanaparam, Munya Tundi, Munya Paramba, Kitchenkunn Mala, Punakandiparambu, Valliyambamala Parambu, Puzhayaruvath Parambu, Padikkutazhekari, Ara Manakandi Parambu, Kitchinkunnu Parambu, Phuyadath Parambu, Malayan's Parambu, Karuvellari Eastekarambu, Velayampamala.The extent of the hilly areas alone, extending from the Western Ghats to the eastern Karnataka border, is 2230 acres.<ref name="ghh"/> Apart from this, a large amount of agricultural land in several survey numbers is also recorded in the name of Aramanakkal Kelappan Mannanar at Muthetadath.<ref name="ghh">{{cite web|last=MA Rajeev Kumar|title=Neglected and forgotten: Remains of Mannanar dynasty crumbling|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/apr/06/neglected-and-forgotten-remains-of-mannanar-dynasty-crumbling-2438459.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

In 1905, after the introduction of Janmi-tenant system, the British Government published the Settlement Register including these places.

In 1822, the Mannanar dynasty declined when the British imposed a large land tax. It was '''Karakkattidam Nayanars''' who were vassals of Mannanars who were allowed to collect taxes in [[Chuzhali]] Swarupam which included [[Eruvessi|Eruveshi]].<ref name="ghh" /> The rule at that time was that the person in whose name the land was taxed would automatically become entitled. To make matters worse, [[Chirakkal Kovilakom]] was against Mannanar and in favor of Karakkattidam.<ref name="ghh" /> With the support of [[Kovilakam]], the Nayanamars literally started crushing the Mannanars to death. In connection with that, litigation was held in Thalassery Sub Court and Payyannur Tukhipidi (Thukitti) Magistrate Court. No. 307 registered in Payyannur Court in 1859 is a living one. The case occurred when the last Mannanar in the history of the Mannanar clan, Muthetattarmanakal Kunhikelapan Mannanar, was killed. Kunjikelappan Mannanar, who was returning after checking the accounts at Nuchiat Temple, was accompanied by five escorts. The assailants brought from Malappuram surrounded and stabbed Mannanare to death with a dagger. Police records show that Mannanar was killed by unknown persons on 27 March 1902.<ref name="ghh" />

The last of the Mannanars, Kunjikelappan died in 1901-1902 AD. His wife respectably called Ammachiyàr (revered mother) and two of his children were alive in the thirties.<ref name="123ff"/> The Mannanar who followed matriarchal system as a means of his survival, used to dine at the palace of the [[Chirakkal Raja|Chirakkal raja]] on important occasions when for him food had to be served on tender plantain leaf named pattila (silken leaf) and for other princes on plantain leaf softened over the fire.<ref name="123ff"/> When the palaces of other rajas in Kerala are called Kovilakams or Kottarams, only Mannanar's is called Aramana, the mansion of the king (aracha (king) + mana (king's court). For these reasons and for many other, Kampil Ananthan believes that he was the oldest ruler of Kerala.<ref name="123ff"/>

After the overlordship of the Nampootiri was established, it was the social responsibility of the Mannanar to give protection to either as his wife or as his sister to the [[Nampootiri]] woman ex-communicated from her family for offences like infidelity, loss of chastity and violation of the rules of pollution.<ref name="123ff"/> His palaces and mansions have broken down due to neglect in the absence of successors.

==Customs==
[[File:Vitihotra Mannanar Raja of Kannur.webp|thumb|An illustration depicting or related to the Vitihotra Mannanar dynasty.]]

The well-known Mannanar belonged to the Varakat illam (Varaka [[Tiyyar|Thiyyar]]).<ref name="Thiyar" /> The Varaka [[Tiyyar|Thiyyar]] or Varakat illam Mannanar were further allowed to wear gold jewels on the neck, to don silken cloth, to fasten a sword round the waist, and to carry a shield. Th sword was made of thin pliable steel, and worn round the like belt, the point being fastened to the hilt through a small hole near the point.<ref name="DE">Edgar Thurston .1902 Google Archive [https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso07thuriala/page/42/mode/2up. ''caste and tribes of southern india'']</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kolathiri]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

Jawahar Singh Yadav

2026-04-19T18:01:42Z

Andreasujg: Put up the biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician(born 1927)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jawahar Singh Yadav
| native_name = बाबू जवाहर सिंह यादव
| image =
| caption =
| quotation =
| birth_date = 20th September, 1927
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[United Province]], [[British India]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| education = [[Master of Arts|M.A.]], [[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B.]]
| spouse = Shanti Devi (married 1940)
| children =
| occupation = Advocate
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|12|31|1927|09|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|9th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency1 = [[Nawabganj, Allahabad Assembly constituency|Nawabganj]]
| term_start1 = March 1985
| term_end1 = November 1989
| predecessor1 = Mohhamed Amin Ansari
| successor1 = Nazam Uddin
| website =
}}

'''Babu Jawahar Singh Yadav''' was an Indian politician who was a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from [[Nawabganj, Allahabad Assembly constituency|Nawabganj]] of Allahabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/partyWiseMLA/40/9 |title=Jawahar Singh Yadav |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |accessdate=2025-04-18}}</ref>
He was popularly known as Babu Ji<ref>{{Cite web |title=पार्टी के प्रति आजीवन समर्पित रहे 'बाबूजी' - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-12624245.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> among people. He was elected member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] as [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate from Allahabad (local body constituency) in December 2003 but died on 31 December 2003 before assuming office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press note |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/issue-details-page/press-releases |accessdate=2025-04-18 |date=2004-02-06 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

He was born on 20 September 1927 in Sarai Lalkhet village of Allahabad district of the then [[United Province]], his father was Chaudhary Matabhikh Yadav.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/partyWiseMLA/40/9 |title=Jawahar Singh Yadav |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |accessdate=2025-04-18}}</ref>
After getting his M.A. and L.L.B. degree from Allahabad University, he started practicing law. During this time, he was influenced by [[Chaudhary Charan Singh]] and entered active politics and joined [[Lok Dal]]. In the 1985 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections, he was elected MLA as a Lok Dal candidate from [[Nawabganj, Allahabad Assembly constituency|Nawabganj]] by defeating [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]'s sitting MLA Mohammad Amin Ansari. During the time of Lok Dal, he became close to [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], when Mulayam Singh Yadav founded [[Samajwadi Party]] in 1992, he was one of its founding members. He promoted and expanded the newly formed Samajwadi Party in Allahabad. Mulayam Singh Yadav made Jawahar Singh the District President of Samajwadi Party Allahabad and he remained on this post till his death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजनारायण, जवाहर सिंह यादव को याद किया |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj/story-remembered-rajnarayan-jawahar-singh-yadav-7566994.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101065557/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj/story-remembered-rajnarayan-jawahar-singh-yadav-7566994.html |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Hindustan |language=hi-IN |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]

LGBTQ rights in Kerala

2026-04-19T08:43:10Z

Andreasujg: Put up the page with sources

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox LGBT rights
| location_header = Kerala
| image = File:Kerala in India (disputed hatched).svg
| caption = [[Kerala]]
| legal_status = Legal since 2018
| gender_identity_expression = [[Third gender]] recognised; transgender people may change legal gender
| recognition_of_relationships = No recognition of same-sex relationships
| recognition_of_relationships_restrictions =
| adoption = No
| military =
| discrimination_protections = Discrimination protections in line with ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]'' and ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]''
}}

'''Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ)''' people in [[Kerala]] face legal and social difficulties not experienced by non-LGBTQ persons. However, Kerala has been at the forefront of LGBTQ issues in [[India]] after [[LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2015 |title=Kerala Government Has Unveiled A Policy To Enforce Constitutional Rights Of Transgenders |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/11/12/kerala-government-transge_n_8543410.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413181520/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/kerala-government-has-unveiled-a-policy-to-enforce-constitutiona_n_8543410 |archive-date=April 13, 2023 |access-date=2016-06-28 |website=The Huffington Post}}</ref> It became one of the first [[States and union territories of India|states in India]] to establish a welfare policy for the transgender community and in 2016, proposed implementing free [[gender affirmation surgery]] through government hospitals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devasia |first=T. K. |date=19 March 2016 |title=Why Kerala's free sex-change surgeries will offer a new lifeline for the transgender community |url=https://scroll.in/article/804496/why-keralas-free-sex-change-surgeries-will-offer-a-new-lifeline-for-the-transgender-community |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228100122/https://scroll.in/article/804496/why-keralas-free-sex-change-surgeries-will-offer-a-new-lifeline-for-the-transgender-community |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |access-date=2019-07-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-She-Taxi-Kerala-to-launch-G-Taxi-for-transgenders/articleshow/50792517.cms | title=After She-Taxi, Kerala to launch G-Taxi for transgenders | work=Times of India | date=31 January 2016 | agency=PTI | access-date=25 March 2016 | location=Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-how-kerala-left-the-country-behind-on-transgender-rights-2145017|title=How Kerala left the country behind on transgender rights|website=dna|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-19|date=2015-11-14}}</ref>
Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 2018, following the Supreme Court ruling in ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]''. In addition, numerous LGBT-related events have been held across Kerala, including in [[Kochi]] and [[Thrissur]]. However, there has been historical and contemporary opposition to LGBTQ rights, especially due to [[Masculism|meninist]] groups, conservative political groups, religious organizations and social conservatism prevalent in Kerala society in general.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2014-08-05 |title=Kerala's LGBT community shows first signs of coming out; but people largely hostile |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/keralas-lgbt-community-shows-first-signs-of-coming-out-but-people-largely-hostile/articleshow/39495171.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Vadakka Chandran (Riza) |first=Rahul |date=2025-02-24 |title=(Pseudo)Intellectualizing social conservatism: a critical account of anti-gender politics in Kerala, India |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2025.2467883 |journal=Journal of Gender Studies |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=684–698 |doi=10.1080/09589236.2025.2467883 |issn=0958-9236|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-06-24 |title=Liberal yet homophobic: Kerala far from being God's own country for the LGBTQI community |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/Jun/24/liberal-yet-homophobic-kerala-far-from-being-gods-own-country-for-the-lgbtqi-community-2588134.html |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==Law regarding same-sex sexual activity==
Homosexual intercourse was made a criminal offence under [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]] in 1861. This made it an offence for a person to voluntarily have "carnal intercourse against the order of nature." In 2009, the [[Delhi High Court]] decision in ''[[Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi]]'' found Section 377 and other legal prohibitions against private, adult, consensual, and non-commercial same-sex conduct to be in direct violation of fundamental rights provided by the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].<ref name="Kusum Ingots v 2004">''Kusum Ingots v. Union of India'', (2004) 6 SCC 254: "An order passed on a writ petition questioning the constitutionality of a Parliamentary Act, whether interim or final, keeping in view the provisions contained in Clause (2) of Article 226 of the Constitution of India, will have effect throughout the territory of India subject of course to the applicability of the Act."</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Pervez Iqbal Siddiqui|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-28/india/28251262_1_saharanpur-management-student-gay-party |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106033901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-28/india/28251262_1_saharanpur-management-student-gay-party |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Crackdown on gay party in Saharanpur, 13 held |date=28 December 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 January 2011}}</ref>

On 11 December 2013, the [[Supreme Court of India]] overturned the 2009 Delhi High Court order decriminalising consensual homosexual activity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://barandbench.com/comment/44159#.UqifDPRDtrA|title=Supreme Court sets aside Delhi High Court judgment in Naz Foundation; Declares S.377 to be constitutional|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131211173739/http://barandbench.com/comment/44159%23.UqifDPRDtrA|archive-date=2013-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's top court upholds law criminalising gay sex|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10509952/Indias-top-court-upholds-law-criminalising-gay-sex.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=11 December 2013|location=London|first=Dean|last=Nelson|date=11 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court makes gay sex punishable offence, again; Twitter war breaks out between those for and against the verdict|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-blow-to-gay-rights-activists-as-supreme-court-upholds-article-377-makes-gay-sex-punishable-offence-1933110|newspaper=DNA India|access-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Justices [[G. S. Singhvi]] and [[S. J. Mukhopadhaya]], however, noted that the [[Lok Sabha|Indian Parliament]] should debate and decide on the matter.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 December 2013 |title=Homosexuality is criminal offence: Supreme Court |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/homosexuality-is-criminal-offence-supreme-court/articleshow/27210542.cms |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212074912/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/homosexuality-is-criminal-offence-supreme-court/articleshow/27210542.cms |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=11 December 2013 |newspaper=Economic Times }}</ref> Protests against the Supreme Court verdict ensued. On 28 January 2014, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] dismissed a review petition filed by the [[Government of India|Central Government]], the NGO [[Naz Foundation (India) Trust|Naz Foundation]] and several others against the ruling.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court refuses overruling its Verdict on Section 377 and Homosexuality|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/supreme-court-refuses-overruling-its-verdict-on-article-377-and-homosexuality/|work=IANS|publisher=Biharprabha News|access-date=28 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-sets-aside-delhi-hc-verdict-decriminalising-gay-sex/article5446939.ece?homepage=true|title=Supreme Court sets aside Delhi HC verdict decriminalising gay sex|author=J Venkatesan|access-date=2013-12-12|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|date=11 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Harmit Shah Singh|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/11/world/asia/india-same-sex-relationship/|title=India's Supreme Court declares homosexual sex illegal | work=CNN|date=11 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Naz Foundation to file review petition against SC order on section 377|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-naz-foundation-to-file-review-petition-against-sc-order-on-section-377-1933374}}</ref>

On 2 February 2016, the Supreme Court decided to review the criminalisation of homosexual activity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/indias-top-court-examine-gay-rights-36659702|title=ABC News|author=ABC News|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] }}</ref> On 6 September 2018, the Supreme Court unanimously struck down Section 377 as unconstitutional, ruling that it infringed on the fundamental rights of autonomy, intimacy, and identity, thus legalising homosexuality in India, including in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Section 377 verdict: Here are the highlights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/section-377-supreme-court-verdict-gay-lgbtq-5343225/ |work=The Indian Express |date=6 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45429664|title=India court legalises gay sex in landmark ruling|website=BBC News|date=6 September 2018}}</ref>

==Recognition of same-sex relationships==
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Kerala}}
[[Same-sex marriage]]s are not recognised or performed in India. However, in recent times, movements advocating for such recognition has emerged in Kerala, and India in general.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/breaking-the-norm-transgender-couple-in-kerala-gets-legally-married-big-win-for-lgbt-community-in-india/1162624/|title=Breaking the norm! Transgender-couple in Kerala gets legally married – Big win for LGBT community in India|website=Financial Express|date=10 May 2018}}</ref>

In a survey conducted by [[India Today]], 58% of participants from the state rejected same-sex relationships - the 4th highest among the 12 states surveyed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/section-377-anniversary-same-sex-relationships-1596408-2019-09-06|title=Section 377 anniversary: Half of country still doesn't approve of same sex relationships|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Discrimination protections==
{{further|LGBT rights in India#Discrimination protections}}

In line with ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]'' and ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]'', discrimination on the basis of [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]] is prohibited via Article 15 of the [[Constitution of India]]. However, this article only extends to discrimination by state or government bodies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Article 15 in The Constitution Of India 1949 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/609295/ |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

Adopted in 2019, the ''[[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019]]'' bans unfair discrimination against transgender people in educational establishment and services, employment, healthcare services, access to the "use of any goods, accommodation, service, facility, benefit, privilege or opportunity dedicated to the use of the general public or customarily available to the public", the right to movement, the right to "reside, purchase, rent or otherwise occupy any property", the opportunity to stand for or hold public or private office, and in government or private establishments.<ref name="bill1">{{cite web|url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/TG%20bill%20gazette.pdf|title=Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2019|work=socialjustice.nic.in|access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>

==Transgender rights==
In 2014, the Indian Supreme Court ruled to recognize a "[[third gender]]" in the case of ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]'', affirming the transgender community's freedom from discrimination and right to equality. The state of Kerala was the first to follow up on the ruling, introducing a government transgender policy in 2015. The policy addresses the right for people belonging to transgender communities to identify as "male", "female" or "TG" (Third Gender). It has provisions to protect the community by providing equal access to social and economic resources, protecting the right to equal treatment under the law, the right to life, liberty and justice, and the right to non-discrimination based on sex.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mahapatral|first1=Dhananjay|title=Supreme court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-recognizes-transgenders-as-third-gender/articleshow/33767900.cms|access-date=12 April 2017|agency=The Times of India|date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala becomes first state to unveil transgender policy.|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kerala-becomes-first-state-to-unveil-transgender-policy/|access-date=12 April 2017|agency=The Indian Express|date=12 November 2015}}</ref>

Kerala has been at the forefront of transgender rights in India. It was one of the first states with a policy for transgender people, which was introduced in 2015, and has introduced several welfare programs for the community.<ref name="TNM"/> In 2016, the [[Government of Kerala|State Government]] proposed introducing free [[Sex reassignment surgery|sex reassignment surgeries]] in government hospitals. [[Kannur district]] in 2016 allocated a part of its budget towards employment and skill training programs for transgender people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/blogs/kerala-opens-first-transgender-school-in-india-sahaj-international-leading-by-example|title=Leading by Example: Kerala Opens India's First Transgender School|website=The Quint|date=2 January 2017}}</ref> However, societal discrimination, particularly in employment and housing, and various implementation issues remain major problems. A lack of training means that many government hospitals cannot offer gender affirming surgery, so patients must instead go to costlier private institutions. While the government provides reimbursement for gender affirming surgeries and a scholarship scheme for transgender students between classes 7 and 10, stigma, lack of care standards and issues with fund disbursement (as people who undergo these procedures must raise the funds themselves before being refunded afterwards) hamper access.<ref name="TNM">{{cite web|access-date=2023-03-30|title=Trans women want 'trans-friendly' Kerala to focus on basics: Healthcare, housing & jobs|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trans-women-want-trans-friendly-kerala-focus-basics-healthcare-housing-jobs-175220|date=29 March 2023|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

In February 2016, President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] opened the "Gender Park" in [[Kozhikode]] as an institution dedicated to policies concerning [[gender equality]] and LGBT issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-pranab-mukherjee-to-inaugurate-gender-park-on-february-27/articleshow/51120635.cms|title=President Pranab Mukherjee to inaugurate Gender park on February 27|website=The Economic Times|date=24 February 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, the country's first transgender school opened in the city of [[Kochi]]. The school prepared students for the 10th and 12th standard board exams and provided vocational skills training. The school welcomed 10 transgender students ranging from ages 25–50. Transgender activist [[Vijayarajamallika]], who was the head of the school, stated, "the school aims at making transgender people eligible for taking decent jobs and living a dignified life." She further stated, "we have admitted six candidates so far, all male-to-female persons, from 14 applicants. Of the 10 seats, we have reserved one for female-to-male and one for the disabled." The teachers of the school were also transgender. The school sought to open more opportunities for the community to gain an occupation and an education.<ref>{{cite news|title=India opens first school for transgender pupils|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38470192|access-date=12 April 2017|agency=BBC News|date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Three months after its opening, however, the center stopped functioning as a school with no academic staff, students, or accreditation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/03/when-nuns-tried-to-kickstart-indias-first-transgender-school/519957/|title=When Nuns Tried to Kick-Start India's First Transgender School|last=Mathew|first=Teresa|date=2017-03-27|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref> The building was turned into a hostel for the transgender staff of Kochi Metro and related institutions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/231217/kochi-transgender-school-turns-flop-converted-into-hostel.html|title=Kochi: Transgender school turns flop, converted into hostel|date=2017-12-23|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, the clothing brand Red Lotus hired two transgender people to model their [[Sari|sarees]], Maya Menon and Gowri Savithri. This gained a lot of attention and went viral on social media. The line is part of Sharmila Nair's collection "Mazhavil" (മഴവില്ല്) or "rainbow", representing the rainbow colours associated with LGBT rights, and is dedicated to transgender people.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rajeshwaril|first1=Ankita|title=This designer's transgender models are winning hearts|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/This-designers-transgender-models-are-winning-hearts/articleshow/52411413.cms|access-date=12 April 2017|agency=The Times of India|date=24 May 2016}}</ref>

In 2017, a workshop was held in [[Kozhikode]] to address the implementation of the state's transgender policy within social institutions. It was organized by the Social Justice Department, and around 30 representatives of the transgender community attended. During the workshop, they discussed proposals such as having identity cards for transgender people, developing a pension plan for those within the community who are over 60, the implementation of skill development training programs, having scholarships and educational loans for transgender students, and providing driving lessons in order for transgender people to be employed as [[Uber]] drivers.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chitharanjanl|first1=Sreedevi|title=Workshop on transgender policy held at Kozhikode|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/workshop-on-transgender-policy-held-at-kozhikode/articleshow/57149657.cms|access-date=12 April 2017|agency=The Times of India|date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

The Government Medical College Hospital in [[Kottayam]] opened a clinic in 2017 that exclusively attends to the transgender community. The clinic has a panel of doctors who are specialized in the area. This was the first government clinic of its kind, and focuses on serving the transgender community, as well as opening its doors to sex workers. The proposal for the clinic was put forward by the District Legal Services Authority (DLSA) after a campaign had voiced health concerns for the transgender community.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nairl|first1=Jaikrishnan|title=MCH to open transgender clinic|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/mch-to-open-transgender-clinic/articleshow/56941058.cms|access-date=12 April 2017|agency=The Times of India|date=3 February 2017}}</ref>

A recent spate of killings of transgender people and lack of responsible investigation into the cases by the police have raised security concerns among the transgender community in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/kerala/top-news/2019/07/16/transgender-murders-maria-gauri-shalu.html|title=Same style transgender murders; Maria in 2012, Gowri in 2017, Shalu in 2019, Who next?|website=Malayala Manorama}}</ref> There have also been a rise in incidents of harassment by police personals towards transgender people when they approach police stations for filing complaints which resulted in a direction by the DGP to address their grievances without delay.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kerala-top-cop-directs-to-address-grievances-of-transgenders-without-delay/articleshow/79143474.cms|title=Kerala top cop directs to address grievances of transgenders without delay|website=Economic Times}}</ref>

The suicide of Anannyah Kumari Alex, Kerala's first transgender RJ and activist, alleging botched-up gender affirmation surgery lead to protests by the LGBTQIA+ community of Kerala and initiated discussions about the irregularities and the absence of a specific protocol for conducting gender affirmation surgeries in various private hospitals of the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/probe-ordered-death-transwoman-anannyah-who-had-alleged-botched-surgery-160205|title=Probe ordered into death of transwoman Anannyah who had alleged botched surgery|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/the-fineprint/should-ive-done-it-kerala-trans-groups-anxious-after-botched-up-sex-surgeries-suicides/1153178/|title='Should i've done it?' Kerala trans groups anxious after botched-up sex surgeries, suicides|website=The Print}}</ref> The state government appointed an expert committee to look into various issues faced by transgender persons in health sector and also initiated steps to conduct free gender affirmation surgeries in government hospitals of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/panel-formed-to-study-issued-faced-by-transgender-persons/article65686730.ece|title=Kerala forms panel to study issues faced by transgender persons|website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-initiates-steps-for-free-sex-reassignment-surgeries-at-medical-college-hospitals/article65942497.ece|title=Kerala initiates steps for free sex reassignment surgeries at medical college hospitals|website=The Hindu}}</ref>

The suicide of Praveen Nath, Kerala's first transgender bodybuilder, has turned the attention to transphobic groups mushrooming across Kerala recently, many of them are rooted in religious fundamentalism.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trans-man-s-suicide-kerala-concern-over-spread-queerphobic-groups-176839|title=Trans man's suicide in Kerala, concern over spread of queerphobic groups|website=The News Minute}}</ref> Minister [[R. Bindu]] blamed both cyber bullying and transphobia in the media for the suicide and has described Praveen Nath as a martyr.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trans-man-praveen-s-suicide-kerala-puts-spotlight-transphobia-media-176815|title=Trans man Praveen's suicide in Kerala puts the spotlight on transphobia in media|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/may/06/kerala-minister-blames-blatant-cyber-bullying-rotten-journalism-for-transgender-bodybuilders-s-2572684.html|title=Kerala Minister blames 'blatant cyber-bullying', 'rotten journalism' for transgender bodybuilder's suicide|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Living conditions==
[[File:Kerala Pride March 2018 IMG 20181007 162532.jpg|thumb|right|Participants at a [[pride parade]] in [[Thrissur]] in October 2018]]
Until very recently, LGBT people were "invisible" in Kerala society. Despite Kerala being the [[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate|most literate]] Indian state, ignorance concerning homosexuality was very high; with few LGBT people opting to [[Coming out|come out]], in fear that family members would "take them to a psychiatrist or file a police complaint against friends."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/keralas-lgbt-community-shows-first-signs-of-coming-out-but-people-largely-hostile/articleshow/39495171.cms|title=Kerala's LGBT community shows first signs of coming out; but people largely hostile|website=The Economic Times|date=5 August 2014}}</ref> Local activists associate these attitudes as "the result of the Victorian sense of morality that treats sex as sin". This climate has eased in recent years. Gay conversion therapy is widely practised by both licensed psychiatrists/psychologists as well as quacks despite position statements by multiple psychiatrist/psychologist organisations condemning the practice as unscientific and illegal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/oct/16/unscientific-and-illegal-yet-conversion-therapy-rampant-2210730.html|title=Unscientific and illegal, yet conversion therapy rampant|website=New Indian Express}}</ref>

[[Queerala]] ({{langx|ml|ക്വിയറള}}), is one of Kerala's main LGBT advocacy groups, campaigning for increased awareness of LGBT people and sensitisation concerning healthcare services, educational curriculum and workplace policies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/affirming-their-right-they-march-with-pride/article19484625.ece|title=Affirming their right, they march with pride|date=2017-08-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-06-30 |language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Queerythm]] ({{langx|ml|ക്വിയറിഥം}}), another LGBT organisation, also plays a key role in organising the annual pride marches in Kerala and runs a 24X7 helpline for community members in distress.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-helpline-for-lgbt-community/article22475262.ece|title=A helpline for LGBT community|work=The Hindu|date=19 January 2018}}</ref> [[Sahayathrika]], the first ever community based organisation formed in Kerala which mainly caters to the needs of female-born members of the LGBTIQA+ community, recently celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/government-society-have-responsibility-to-bring-queer-community-to-mainstream-says-kerala-minister-r-bindu/article66157754.ece|title=Government, society have responsibility to bring queer community to mainstream, says Kerala minister|website=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Pride marches===
Kerala Queer Pride (കേരള ക്വിയർ പ്രൈഡ്) has been held annually across various cities in Kerala, beginning in July 2010 in the city of [[Thrissur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kerala-to-host-its-first-gay-parade/articleshow/6112610.cms|title=Kerala to host its first gay parade|website=The Times of India|date=30 June 2010}}</ref> The tenth edition was held in [[Kochi]] in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kochi-hosts-10th-queer-pride-march/articleshow/72100046.cms|title=Kochi hosts 10th queer pride march|work=The Times of India|date=18 November 2019}}</ref> It was launched in the aftermath of the 2009 [[Delhi High Court]] judgement decriminalising all consensual sex between adults. The event focuses on advocacy regarding LGBT issues, as well as sensitisation of the police and media to prevent violence and discrimination against members of the [[LGBT]] community.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/rainbow-on-the-streets-of-kochi/article19422539.ece|title=Rainbow on the streets of Kochi|date=2017-08-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After a gap of 2 years due to [[COVID-19]], the eleventh Kerala Queer Pride took place in [[Kollam]] in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/09/17/queer-pride-kollam-lgbtq-community-anannyah.html|title=Late transgender activist Anannyah's father to flag off Kerala Queer Pride|website=Malayala Manorama}}</ref> An annual pride walk has also been organised by Queerythm in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] since 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/queerythms-pride-walk-2017/article19324640.ece|title=A matter of pride|date=2017-07-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-12-26|author=Aswin V.N.|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Public opinion==
In the 2021 Mathrubhumi Youth Manifesto Survey conducted on people aged between 15 and 35, majority (74.3 %) of the respondents supported legislation for same-sex marriage while 25.7 % opposed it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/social/social-issues/youth-response-on-homosexual-marriage-mathrubhumi-youth-manifesto-1.5546662|title=സ്വവര്‍ഗ്ഗ വിവാഹം നിയമപരമാക്കണമെന്ന് കേരളത്തിലെ യുവജനങ്ങള്‍|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|language=Malayalam|date=26 March 2021|access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref>

==Opposition==
There is increasing opposition to LGBT+ rights in the state recently.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/in-kerala-lgbtqia-persons-are-facing-an-organised-hate-campaign|title=In Kerala, LGBTQIA+ persons are facing an organised hate campaign|website=The News Minute}}</ref> Prominent anti-LBGT+ groups include [[Masculism|meninist]] groups, right-wing political groups, and religious organizations.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Mainstream politicians like former Minister for social welfare, Dr. [[M. K. Muneer]] and [[K. M. Shaji]] have voiced their opposition multiple times with some of their statements being dubbed as 'hate speeches' by the media.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latestly.com/india/news/kerala-iuml-leader-mk-muneer-courts-controversy-by-saying-homosexuality-will-lead-to-contracting-aids-5622590.html|title=Kerala: IUML leader MK Muneer Courts Controversy by Saying Homosexuality Will Lead to Contracting AIDS|website=Latestly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iuml-leder-s-transphbic-remark-and-political-campaign-against-lgbtqia-persons-173198|title=IUML leader MK Muneer makes hate comment on Kerala trans man who gave birth|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/lgbtq-community-a-shame-they-re-worst-kind-of-people-iuml-leader-km-shaji-1.8222684|title=LGBT community a shame, they're the worst kind of people: IUML leader K. M. Shaji|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/homosexuality-unnatural-transgenders-must-be-given-counselling-to-accept-their-cisgender-km-shaji-1.8225453|title=Homosexuality unnatural, transgenders must be given counselling to accept their cisgender: K. M. Shaji|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Cyberbullying against the community and its supporters was reported to be at an all-time high with even [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters Football Club]] and actor [[Mammootty]] were not being spared.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2023/Dec/01/pranshus-suicideand-aftermath-progressive-kerala-no-better-ascyberbullying-against-queer-people-at-an-all-time-high-2637622.html|title=Pranshu's suicide and aftermath: 'Progressive' Kerala no better as cyberbullying against queer people at an all-time high|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2023/06/01/kerala-blasters-face-homophobia-for-embracing-pride-month.html|title=Kerala Blasters face homophobic remarks from fans for embracing Pride Month|website=Onmanorama}}</ref> Suicides of at least two persons belonging to the LGBTQ community have been linked to cyberbullying by homophobic trolls from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.boomlive.in/decode/kerala-tragic-tale-deadly-impact-of-homophobic-trolling-lgbtq-community-instagram-whatsapp-fake-news-cyberbullying-23804|title=Kerala's Homophobic Trolls Led To Two Deaths|website=Boom Live}}</ref> In December 2023, the High Court of Kerala described the cyber attacks against the LGBT+ community as a 'serious issue' and asked the authorities to take necessary action.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/kerala-hc-calls-cyber-attacks-on-lgbtqia-persons-a-serious-issue-orders-govt-action|title=Kerala HC calls cyber attacks on LGBTQIA+ persons a "serious issue", orders govt action|website=The News Minute}}</ref> The annual pride march conducted in Malappuram in October 2023 was attacked by a homophobic mob which led to [[Baton charge|lathicharge]] by the police.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/10/30/queer-pride-attacked-malappuram.html|title=Mob attacks participants of Queer Pride in Kerala's Malappuram|website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[LGBT rights in India]]
*[[LGBT rights in Goa]]
*[[Kerala Queer Pride]]

==References==
{{reflist|40em}}

==External links==
*[https://www.scribd.com/doc/190889099/Sc-Verdict-on-Article-377 Full decision on Article 377]

{{LGBT in India}}
{{Asia topic|LGBT rights in}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:LGBTQ rights in India by state|Kerala]]
[[Category:LGBTQ rights in India]]
[[Category:Transgender rights in India]]

Mangawan Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:56Z

Andreasujg: Created!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mangawan
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 73
| map_image = 73-Mangawan.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Rewa district|Rewa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rewa Lok Sabha constituency|Rewa]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Narendra Prajapati]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Panchu Lal Prajapati
| electors = {{formatnum:}}
}}
'''Mangawan''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> It is part of [[Rewa district]].<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Mangawan Constituency Election Results 2023: Mangawan Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/mangawan |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> As of 2023, it is represented by [[Narendra Prajapati]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=election2023/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="3" |Rukmani Raman Pratap Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Sriniwas Tiwari|Shriniwas Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Rukmani Raman Pratap Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Champa Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sriniwas Tiwari|Shriniwas Tiwari]]
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Girish Gautam
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Panna Bai Prajapati]]
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013-1">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Sheela Tyagi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018-2">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |accessdate=30 September 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Panchu Lal Prajapati
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="election2023-1">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |url-access=limited |access-date=26 January 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| [[Narendra Prajapati]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangawan<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Narendra Prajapati]]
|votes = {{formatnum:78754}}
|percentage = 50.47
|change = {{increase}}1.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Babita Saket
|votes = {{formatnum:46842}}
|percentage = 30.02
|change = {{decrease}}4.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramayan Saket
|votes = {{formatnum:22895}}
|percentage = 14.67
|change = {{increase}}5.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1947}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change = {{decrease}}0.86
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31912}}
|percentage = 20.45
|change = {{increase}}6.5
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:156044}}
|percentage = 62.53
|change = {{increase}}2.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangawan<ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Panchu Lal Prajapati
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:64488}}
|percentage = 48.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Babita Saket
|votes = {{formatnum:45958}}
|percentage = 34.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Sheela Tyagi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:11969}}
|percentage = 9.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahendra Dahiya
|votes = {{formatnum:1373}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Samman party
|candidate = Manindra Saket
|votes = {{formatnum:1315}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2797}}
|percentage = 2.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18530}}
|percentage = 13.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:132862}}
|percentage = 59.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mangawan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.65|81.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rewa district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-stub}}

Banashankari Amma Temple

2026-04-14T08:16:44Z

Andreasujg: Created a place

{{Short description|Hindu shrine in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shri Shakambhari Shakti Peetha, Cholachagudda, Badami
| image = Shakambari temple near Badami.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|15|53|14|N|75|42|18|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes= <ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/1549495/Banashankari-Shakambari-Devasthan|title=Wikimapia|access-date=2009-07-14}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bagalkot]]
| location = [[Badami]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shakambhari]] or Banashankari, form of goddess [[Parvati]]
| festivals= Banashankari jatre
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 18th century (current structure), original temple 7th century
| creator = Originally [[Chalukyas]]
| website =
}}
'''Banashankari Devi Temple''' (or '''Banashankari temple''') is a [[Hindu temple|Hindu shrine]] located at [[Cholachagudda]] near [[Badami]], in [[Bagalkot district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. The temple is popularly called 'Shakambhari' 'Banashankari'' or ''Vanashankari' since it is located in the ''Tilakaaranya'' forest. The temple deity is also called the [[Shakambhari]] ({{langx|kn|ಶಾಕoಭರಿ}}), an incarnation of the goddess [[Parvati]].

The temple attracts devotees from Karnataka as well as the neighbouring state of [[Maharashtra]]. The original temple was built by the 7th century [[Chalukya dynasty|Badami Chalukya]] kings, who worshipped goddess Banashankari as their [[Kuladevata|tutelary deity]]. The temple celebrates its annual festival called ''Banashankari jatre'', in the months of January or February. The festival comprises cultural programmes, boat festival as well as a ''Rath yatra'', when the temple goddess is paraded around the city in a chariot. Banshakhari is a form of Maa Shakambhari Devi whose real, main and ancient temple is located in [[Saharanpur]] District in Uttar Pradesh. It is also known as Shaktipeeth Shakambhari Devi. There are statues of [[Bhima]], [[Bhramari]], Shatakshi and [[Ganesha]] along with mother.

==Etymology and other names==
Banshankari or Vanashankari is made up of two [[Sanskrit]] words: ''{{lang|sa-Latn|vana}}'' ("forest") and ''{{lang|sa-Latn|Shankari}}'' ("the consort of [[Shiva]], [[Parvati]]"). The temple is popularly called Vanashankari since it is located in the Tilakaaranya forest. The transformation of ''{{lang|sa-Latn|vana-}}'' to ''{{lang|kn-Latn|bana-}}'' reflects a common loanword adaptation in [[Kannada]] from [[Sanskrit]] words. The other popular name given is [[Shakambhari]], which means the "Vegetable Goddess". It is formed by joining the two words ''{{lang|sa-Latn|Shaka}}'' and ''{{lang|sa-Latn|Ambari}}''. In [[Sanskrit]], ''{{lang|sa-Latn|Shaka}}'' means vegetables or vegan food and ''{{lang|sa-Latn|Ambari}}'' means "one who wears or bears to the hungry". A further elaboration is that "Shakambhari" comes from ''{{lang|sa-Latn|Shakam}}'' joined with the root ''{{lang|sa-Latn|Bhri}}'' (Shaka = vegetables or food and root {{lang|sa-Latn|bhri}} = to nourish).

Locals also call the temple goddess as ''Balavva'', ''Banadavva'', ''Sunkavva'', ''Shiravanthi'', ''Chowdamma'' and ''Vanadurge''. It is said that Banashankari is the sixth incarnation of the warrior-goddess [[Durga]].<ref name=south>{{Cite book|author= David Abram |author2=Nick Edwards |author3=Mike Ford |author4=Devdan Sen |author5=Beth Wooldridge|title= South India|access-date=2009-07-11|work= Banashanakri|page =282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&dq=Banashankari+temple&pg=PA282|publisher= Rough Guides|year=2003|isbn=978-1-84353-103-6}}</ref><ref name = hindu>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/23/stories/2009012350950200.htm|title= Cultural bonding at Banashankari jatre|access-date=2009-07-11|author= T.V. Sivanandan|date=2009-01-23| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090620002040/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/23/stories/2009012350950200.htm| archive-date= 20 June 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name=kannada>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kannadaratna.com/tour/banashankari.html|title=ಸಿಂಹ ವಾಹಿನಿ ನೆಲೆಸಿಹ ಬನಶಂಕರಿ ಬಾಗಲಕೋಟೆ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆಯ ಸುಂದರ ತಾಣ|access-date=2009-07-11|publisher=Kannada News Portal|archive-date=1 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201085459/http://kannadaratna.com/tour/banashankari.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Banashankari group of temples.jpg|left|thumb|200px|A complete view of Banashankari temple complex in 1855]]

Historians have dated the original temple to the 7th century AD - the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Kalyani Chalukya]] period to Jagadekamalla I in 603 AD (according to epigraphic inscriptions) who installed the image of the goddess. The present refurbished temple was built in 1750, by Parusharam Agale, a [[Maratha]] chieftain.<ref name=south/><ref name = hindu/><ref name=kannada/>

It is also said that the original temple was in existence even before the reign of the Chalukyas who gave royal favour to the beliefs of the [[Vaishnava]], [[Shaivaite]], [[Jain]] and [[Shakta]] religious orders. They worshipped Banashankari as a form of [[Shakti]], their Supreme Goddess. Epigraphic inscriptions mention that Jagadekamalla I renovated the temple with several additions. Another inscription in [[Kannada language]] on a pillar located on the northern side of the temple dated to 1019 AD, describes the bravery of the [[Rashtrakuta]] king Bhimadeva. The ''[[Deep Jyoti Stambh|Deepa Stamba]]''s (lamp pillar) are seen at the entrance to the temple; the construction of these, as per an inscription, are ascribed to the warrior Ketimayya.<ref name=veeresh>{{cite book|author=Veeresh B. Angadi|title=Tourist Guide: Aihole,Pattadakal, Badami|work=Sri Banashankari Temple|pages=55–56|publisher=Sukanya Prakash|location=Aihole|date=January 2009}}</ref>

==Structure==
[[File:Deepa Stamba on the bank of the water tank in front of the Shakambari temple.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Guard tower]] cum ''Deepa Stamba'' (lamp tower) on the bank of the water tank in front of the Shakambari temple]]

The temple was built initially in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian architectural]] style. The rebuilt structure is in the [[Vijayanagara architecture|Vijayanagara architectural]] style. The temple is enclosed by a high wall on all sides. The main structure has a ''mukha [[mantapa]]'' (portico), ''ardha mantapa'' (entrance porch/chamber in front of the sanctum) and a [[Garbhagriha|sanctum]] topped by a [[Vimana (tower)|Vimana]] (tower). The main sanctum of the temple has the image of goddess Banashankari deified in it. The black stone sculpture depicts the goddess seated on a lioness trampling a demon under her foot. The goddess has eight arms and holds a [[trishul (weapon)|trishul]] (trident), [[damaru]] (hand drum), kapaalpatra ([[Kapala|skull cup]]), ghanta (war bell), [[Vedic]] scriptures, khadga-kheta (sword and shield) and severed head of demon. The goddess was the ''[[Kuladevata|Kuladevi]]'' (tutelary deity) of the Chalukyas. The goddess Banashankari is the tutelary god for [[Devanga]] Community.<ref name = deccanherald>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/604493/standing-test-time.html|title= Standing test time|access-date=2009-07-11|author= Chitra Ramaswamy|newspaper=deccanherald|date=2017-04-03}}</ref> The [[Devanga]] weaver community in particular, holds this goddess in great reverence.<ref name=south/><ref name=veeresh/><ref>{{Cite book|author=A. Pundara |title=Pattadakal| work=Glossary| page=96| publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|year=2008|quote= Ardha-Mandapa means entrance porch/chamber in front of the sanctum and Mukha-Mantapa means portico}}</ref> Banashankari is also the tutelary deity of some [[Deshastha Brahmin]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Kolhapur/people_brahmans.html#1|title=People: Hindus: Brahmans|date=2006 |format=E-book|publisher=Maharashtra Gazetteers Dept.|access-date=2009-07-14}}</ref>

There is a {{convert|360|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} square water tank in the forefront of the temple at the entrance, which is locally called ''Haridra Tirtha'', a corrupted version of the name ''[[Harishchandra]] [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirtha]]''. The pond is enclosed with stone mantapas (halls) on three sides.<ref name=kannada/><ref name=veeresh/><ref name=group>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/b/019pho0000965s1u00088000.html|title= Bunshunkuree. Group of temples. [Banashankari]|access-date=2009-07-11}}</ref><ref name=bana>{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-temples/banashankari-temple.html|title=Banashankari Temple|access-date=2009-07-11}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name =maps>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/karnataka/tourism/banashankari-temple.html|title=Banashankari Temple|access-date=2009-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704202716/http://www.mapsofindia.com/karnataka/tourism/banashankari-temple.html|archive-date=4 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> A [[pradakshina]] or circumambulatory path surrounds the tank.<ref name =path>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D5%2BS%3D18%2BP%3D222%2BM%3D1039|title=Monuments:Banashankari Temple Hindu|access-date=2009-07-13|publisher=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|quote=Banashankari village is 9 km from Badami on the way to Gadag. There is a tank with a circumbulatory and a devi temple with black goddesses deified in it. Near the tank stands a rare sentinel tower that reflects the Vijayanagara blend of Hindu and Islamic style. The entire structure is called the \'victory tower\'. It may belong to the Maratha age.}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Lamp towers (''Deepa stambhas'') are seen in the foreground of the temple on the west bank of the pond and also at the entrance. The tower on the bank of the tank is also an uncommon guard tower which is "reflects the Vijayanagara blend of Hindu and [[Islamic architecture|Islamic style]]".<ref name =path/> It is called the Victory Tower.<ref name =path/>

==Legend==
The scriptures [[Skanda Purana]] and [[Padma Purana]] state that the demon Durgamasura harassed the local people constantly. Answering the prayers of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]s (demi-gods) who appealed to God through a sacrifice to protect them from Durgamasura, the Lord directed the goddess Shakambari to help the people. The goddess appeared through the fire of the [[Yagna]] (fire-sacrifice) in the form of the goddess Shakambari. She then killed the demon after a fierce encounter and restored peace in the region. Banashankari is considered as the incarnation of goddess Parvati, who is the consort of god Shiva.<ref name=kannada/><ref name=veeresh/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.travelchacha.com/cities/badami/banashankri-temple.html|title=Banashankri Temple Travel|access-date=2009-07-11|archive-date=6 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606135917/http://www.travelchacha.com/cities/badami/banashankri-temple.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The forests around the temple have coconut, plantain and betel leaf plants and trees. Hence, it is also said that during a severe famine, the goddess provided vegetables and food for the people to survive and thus, the goddess was given the name Shakambari.<ref name=kannada/><ref name=veeresh/>

== Banashankari jatre ==
[[File:Courtyard of the Banashankari temple with ventilation towers or deepa stamba.JPG|thumb|Courtyard of the Banashankari temple with ''deepa stamba''s, lamp towers]]
Banashankari jatre ('jatre' means a "fair") is held as a religious cum cultural festival, at the temple precincts every year on the occasion of the Rath yatra, for a period of about three weeks starting from the Rath yatra. Its starts on 8th day of Pushya masa. ಬನದ ಹುಣ್ಣಿಮ celebrated on full moon day. No past data is traceable confirming the beginning of such a festival, but it is inferred that it was started some two hundred years back. Pilgrims from across Karnataka and also the neighboring state of [[Maharashtra]] belonging to different religious beliefs, congregate here in large numbers to celebrate the festival. The time is considered auspicious to even fix marriages and purchase agricultural implements. Cultural programmes (music, drama and circus) are held to entertain the largely rural community who flock the venue to not only worship their favorite deity but also for fun and frolic. It symbolizes cultural bonding between people of different communities here. A unique feature is that many shops and kiosks set up during the festival selling [[vermilion]], clothing, sacred threads and sweets are operated by [[Muslims]] who also display a portrait of goddess Banashankari in their shops. Another interesting marketing activity seen at this venue is of the sale, by artisans of Holeyalur and surrounding areas, of elaborately engraved door frames and doors made in teak, acacia and other varieties of wood. Cattle fair is also held during this festival. Speciality of the cattle fair is the focus on sale of white bulls.<ref name = hindu/><ref name=group/><ref name=fervor/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://karnatakaonline.in/Profile/Culture/festivals.asp|title=Fairs & Festivals|access-date=2009-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425173659/http://karnatakaonline.in/Profile/Culture/festivals.asp|archive-date=25 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the festival, the temple and town are decorated with hundreds of varieties of leaves and flowers. In the fair, which starts on Bandhashtami day, a ''Palleda Habba'' or the Vegetable Utsava or festival is also held when at the start itself 108 varieties of food items (called ‘''bazi''’ in local language) made of vegetables are offered to the deity.<ref name=kannada/><ref name=fervor/>

The festival also marks another unique event namely, the ''Teppotsava'' (the boat festival) held in the temple tank. During this event, parents use boats made of banana stems to ferry newly born children blessed by the grace of the goddess around the pond seeking good luck to their children.<ref name=fervor/>

===Rath yatra===
[[File:Banashankari Car.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Banashankari wooden [[Temple car|Ratha]], a photo taken in 1855 by Thomas Biggs (car or chariot)]]
The ''Rath Yatra'' or chariot festival of the goddess held every year starts on the [[full moon]] day of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu month]] [[Pausha]] (January) in which the temple goddess Parvati is taken in the chariot (a movable shrine) in a procession along the streets of the Cholachagudd village from the temple gate to Padhkatte, another nearby sculpture. The Rath yatra is witnessed by thousands of people, irrespective of their caste and creed from across the state. To see this cultural and religious extravaganza, people from adjacent villages come in colorfully decorated carts.<ref name=fervor>{{Cite web|url=https://ellakavi.wordpress.com/2007/06/08/temple-fair-and-religious-fervour/|title= Temple fair and religious fervour|access-date=2009-07-11|date= 8 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/badami/ban03.html|title= Temple Cart, Banashankari Temple, Karnataka|access-date=2009-07-11| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090629012647/http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/badami/ban03.html| archive-date= 29 June 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

During the religious celebrations in Hindu temples, images of the gods and goddesses worshipped in the temples, are taken on large wooden chariots called ''ratha''s and drawn in a pageant by the devotees. The chariots are generally {{convert|5|-|6|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} in height and weigh several tonnes. Huge wheels of solid wood are fixed to the chariot. The chariot is pulled by specially trained men. The chariot appears like a mini temple or shrine as it invariably has figurines of gods and goddesses carved on it.<ref name= car>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/b/019pho0000965s1u00094000.html|title= Bunshunkuree. Idol car with stone wheels. Banashankari, near Badami|access-date=2009-07-11}}</ref>

==Location and access==
[[File:Banashankari Temple tank.JPG|thumb|right|400px|Montage of views of the water tank in front of the temple]]
The Banashankari temple located to the south of Badami and the Badami town itself are enclosed between two gorges. The valley formed by the two gorges has steep sandstone ridges. The soil formation is termed black cotton soil.<ref name=veeresh/>

The temple is located at [[Cholachagudd]] about {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from Badami on the road to [[Gadag]]. [[Badami]] Railway Station, served by the South Western Railways, is the nearest railhead. Badami is well connected by a good network of roads to all parts of Karnataka and is {{convert|495|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from [[Bangalore]] and {{convert|125|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from [[Hubli]], which is the nearest airport.<ref name=kannada/> In the fair all type of ornaments, jewelry, wall doors, clothes and bangles, and sweets are available. It is a fair of 12 days.

==References==
{{Commons category|Banashankari Amma Temple}}
{{reflist|2}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}
{{Historical places of Chalukyas}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Badami]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Shakti pithas in Karnataka]]

Battle of Dodderi

2026-04-11T03:33:42Z

Andreasujg: Created post.

{{Short description|1695 battle of the Deccan wars}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Dodderi
| partof = the [[Deccan wars]]
| date = October-November 1695
| place = [[Dodderi]]
| result = Maratha victory<ref name="raj">{{cite web |title=The Maratha Strategy Under Rajaram |url=http://ir.unishivaji.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2682/5/05_Chapter%202.pdf |page=23 |quote="Santaji defeated Quasira Khan in the battle of Dodderi on Nov. 20, 1695."}}</ref>
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]] [[Nayakas of Chitradurga ]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Santaji Ghorpade]]<ref name="kulkarn"/> [[Baramanna Nayaka]]
| commander2 = Qasim Khan Khanazad Khan
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = 25,000
| notes =
}}
{{Campaignbox Later Mughal-Maratha Wars}}

'''The Battle of Dodderi''' was a three-day battle of the [[Deccan wars]] between the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] forces led by [[Santaji Ghorpade|Santaji Ghorpad]] and the [[Mughal army]], with support from the [[Nayakas of Chitradurga|Nayak of Chitradurga]]. Santaji's strategic attacks disrupted the Mughal advance, leading to the death of Mughal commander Qasim Khan.<ref name="dea">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08472 |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: History
|author1=Jadunath Sarkar |author2=V.G. Dighe |author3=B.K. Apte |author4=B.G. Kunte |year=1967 |location=Bombay |publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications |page=27 |quote="In 1695, Santaji Ghorpade by masterly tactics and dispersal and concentration of his swift cavalry divisions, drove Qasim Khin, the Subbedar of Moghal Western Mysore (Sera) and Khanzaid Khan, one of the highest Court nobles, in helpless defeat into the small fort of Dodderi, where they were forced by starvation to make an abject surrender, giving up all their property and promising a ransom of 20 lakhs. Qéasim Khan himself died. Next Santaji slew Himmat Khan, a very able and vigorous general, (on 20th January 1696) near Basavapattam."}}</ref> The Mughals retreated to the fort of Dodderi, where they faced starvation and hard conditions due to a tight Maratha blockade. Mughal commander Khanazad Khan surrendered and agreed to pay a ransom of 100,000 rupees.<ref name="kulkarn">{{cite journal |title=Battle of Dodderi |first=G. T. |last=Kulkarn |pages=101–106 |journal=Maratha History Seminar 1970-Papers |year=1971 |volume=9 |publisher=Shivaji University |location=Kolhapur |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142898}}</ref> The battle is considered a decisive defeat for the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500-1700 |page=238 |first=Jos |last=Gommans |year=2002 |isbn=0-203-40258-8 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.vyomaonline.com/studymaterial/uploads/pdf/2020/11/23_eff19bded09823646f075d1de749df28.pdf}}</ref>

== Battle ==
The Marathas launched a surprise attack on the Mughal advance camp, plundering and setting tents on fire. Qasim Khan and Khanazad Khan rushed to the battlefield but were blocked by Maratha divisions. Despite courageous efforts by the Mughals, they faced overwhelming numbers and were terror-struck. The Marathas continued to humiliate them, depriving them of food and fodder for days. The Mughals, prepared for constant battle, were surrounded but the Marathas only appeared without engaging in combat for three days.{{fact|date=December 2025}}

Burmappa Nayak's army attacked the Mughals, resulting in the death of many sardars and the wounding of Khudadad, Muhammad Murad Khan's son. Qasim Khan and Khanazad Khan, shaken by the situation, decided to retreat to the small fort of Dodderi. Despite being surrounded by the Marathas, they fought their way to the fort and managed to reach it by evening. However, the Marathas continued to humiliate them, leading to a bad situation inside the fort. With limited food and ammunition, the Mughals faced starvation and constant attacks from the Marathas. Qasim Khan died shortly after. Many soldiers deserted and joined the Marathas, who took advantage of the situation by selling goods to the besieged at high prices. The Mughals suffered from total starvation as the Marathas tightened their [[blockade]], making living conditions unbearable.<ref name="aurangzib">{{cite book |title=History of Aurangzib. Based on original sources. |volume=5 |chapter=The Closing Years, 1689-1707 |year=1952 |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar |location=Calcutta |publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons Ltd. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98678 |pages=94-98}}</ref>

The besieged Mughals were reported to have already run out of food on the second day, with "no food left for either man or beast". The circumstances of Qasim Khan's death are unknown. According to Jadunath Sarkar, Khan was addicted to opium and lack of it could have caused his death. However, some survivors of the battle also claimed that Khan committed suicide, certain that surrender would mean "disgrace at the hands of the enemy and censure by the Emperor". His death caused a large decline in morale, prompting the Mughal army to seek capitulation.<ref name="aurangzib"/>

Khanazad Khan, seeking terms of surrender, agreed to pay a ransom of twenty lacs of rupees to Santaji. The Marathas collected the baggage and animals, while the Mughal sardars signed bonds as surety. Despite Santaji honoring his commitments, the Mughals did not fully comply. Santaji allowed the Mughal soldiers to leave the fort for two days, providing them with fresh food. Khanazad Khan eventually left for the Mughal Court escorted by Marathas.<ref name="aurangzib"/>

== Aftermath ==
Less than a month after their defeat, Himmat Khan Bahadur, who had been deputed to cooperate with Qasim Khan, fled to Basavapatan, 40 miles west of [[Dodderi]], with a force of 1,000 cavalry. Santaji planted his garrison in Dodderi and ordered two divisions of his army to watch and oppose Hamid-ud-din Khan from the north and Himmat Khan from the west.

The casualties of the Mughal army amounted to about one-third of the garrison.<ref name="aurangzib"/>

Afterwards, the [[Siege of Basavapatan]] began.

==See also==
*[[Siege of Wagingera]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mughal Empire|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Wagingera]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1695]]
[[Category:1695 in India]]
[[Category:1600s in the Mughal Empire]]

Idhika Paul

2026-04-04T11:29:24Z

Andreasujg:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Idhika Paul
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Tumpa Paul
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|07|02|df=yes}}<ref name="ht" />
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| alma_mater = [[K. K. Das College|K.K Das College]], [[Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://wiki.factsider.com/idhika-paul/#Early_Life_and_Education| title = Idhika Paul Wiki/Bio, Age, Height, Boyfriend, Serials, Videos & More| date = 12 July 2023| publisher =wiki.factsider.com| access-date = 2025-06-11}}</ref>
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019—present
}}

'''Idhika Paul''' (born '''Tumpa Paul''',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |script-title=bn:শুধু স্লট বদলই নয়, শীঘ্রই শেষ হচ্ছে 'রিমলি'! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rimli-zee-bangla-s-show-starring-tumpa-paul-and-john-bhattacharya-to-end-soon-31631348791518.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918173450/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rimli-zee-bangla-s-show-starring-tumpa-paul-and-john-bhattacharya-to-end-soon-31631348791518.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 September 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> 2 July 1998<ref name="ht">{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=Dev-Idhika: শাকিবের প্রিয়তমা খাদানে দেবের 'মনের মানুষ', বয়সে নায়কের চেয়ে কত ছোট 'লতিকা' ইধিকা? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-first-look-poster-of-idhika-paul-from-khadaan-do-you-know-their-age-gap-31732697422531.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207023328/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-first-look-poster-of-idhika-paul-from-khadaan-do-you-know-their-age-gap-31732697422531.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=27 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2022 |title=Bengali actress Idhika Paul turns a year older |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-actress-idhika-paul-turns-a-year-older/articleshow/92620292.cms |access-date=10 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101131602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-actress-idhika-paul-turns-a-year-older/articleshow/92620292.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>) is an Indian actress who appears in [[Bengali language]] television and [[Cinema of West Bengal|films]].<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:'খাদান'-এ দেবের বিপরীতে ইধিকা, কেরিয়ারের শুরুতে তাঁর কি শত্রু বাড়ল? উত্তর দিলেন অভিনেত্রী |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-actress-idhika-paul-shares-her-views-after-casting-in-devs-new-film-khadan-dgtl/cid/1485847 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=2 January 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> She works mostly in the [[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood film industry]], with a few ventures in the [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Dhallywood]]. In 2023, she rose to fame with the [[Tragedy|romantic tragedy]] ''[[Priyotoma]]'' in which she played the female lead opposite to [[Shakib Khan]]. In 2024, she made her [[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood]] film debut with ''[[Khadaan]]'' starring [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]. Both the movies emerged as one of the highest-grossing films ever in the respective industries and earned her popular as well as critical acclaim in both the industries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=Raghu Dakat: রঘু ডাকাতের মহরতে দেব-অনির্বাণ-ইধিকা-সহ আর কারা? ভাইচারার বার্তা সৃজিতের মুখে |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/subha-muhurat-of-devs-next-bengali-pujo-release-raghu-dakat-with-rupa-ganguly-anirban-bhattacharya-idhika-paul-31738482927664.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222120244/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/subha-muhurat-of-devs-next-bengali-pujo-release-raghu-dakat-with-rupa-ganguly-anirban-bhattacharya-idhika-paul-31738482927664.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 February 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Career ==
Idhika Paul officially started her career in 2019 with a small role in ''Arabbya Rajani''.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:রোম্যান্টিক নায়িকা থেকে যোদ্ধা! 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এ চমক ইধিকার! টলিউডের 'লাকি চার্ম'? কী বলছেন 'কিশোরী' |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/idhika-paul-talks-about-her-journey-in-her-upcoming-film-raghu-dakat-138812 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=17 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Her first TV series debut in a lead character was in ''[[Rimli]]''; a 2021 Bengali-language Indian TV series. Then she acted as a supporting character in 2022 Bengali-language Indian TV series ''[[Pilu (TV series)|Pilu]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/entertainment/2023/06/30/1294429|script-title=bn:শাকিবের নায়িকা কে এই ইধিকা পাল?|language=bn|date=30 June 2023|newspaper=[[Kaler Kantho]]}}</ref>

Paul made her silver screen debut with [[Himel Ashraf]]'s 2023 film ''[[Priyotoma]]''.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:৩ নভেম্বর ভারতে মুক্তি পেয়েছে শাকিব খান এবং ইধিকা পাল অভিনীত ছবি 'প্রিয়তমা'। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actress-idhika-paul-shares-her-take-of-the-reception-of-bangladeshi-film-priyotoma-in-india-dgtl/cid/1472725 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=7 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> It became the [[List of Bangladeshi films of 2023|highest grossing Bangladeshi film of 2023]] and emerged as [[List of highest-grossing Bangladeshi films|the third highest grossing Bangladeshi film of all time]]. In 2024, she made her [[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood]] debut with ''[[Khadaan]]'' starring [[Dev Adhikari|Dev]].<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:এ বারের বড়দিনে অ্যাকশন অবতারে দেব, বিপরীতে ইধিকাও লড়াইয়ের দৃশ্যে অভিনয় করবেন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dev-idhika-paul-starr-khadaan-will-release-on-christmas-dgtl/cid/1541740 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=28 August 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> It emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2024|highest grossing Bengali film of 2024]] and the [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|second highest grossing Bengali film of all time]]. In an interview, she mentioned that she has been a big fan of Dev since childhood and never thought that she would be lucky enough to work with him. The song "Kishori" from the movie [[Khadaan]] has become so popular that Idhika is also called "Kishori".<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:দেবদা খুব 'ফ্রেন্ডলি', সুপারস্টারের বিপরীতে কাজ করা বড় প্রাপ্তি: ইধিকা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/tollywood-actress-idhika-paul-talks-about-her-career-and-her-experiences-with-dev-in-upcoming-bengali-movie-khadaan-dgtl/cid/1567016 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=12 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> She received widespread recognition for the film, and her vibrant performance was widely applauded.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Khadaan Review: বলিউড-দক্ষিণ নয়, টলিউডও পারে, প্রমাণ করলেন দেব! অ্যাকশন থেকে নাচ-গানে ঠাসা খাদান কেমন হল? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-jisshu-sengupta-starrer-khadaan-review-31734679387229.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220143600/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-jisshu-sengupta-starrer-khadaan-review-31734679387229.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

In 2025, she returned to the [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi cinema]] with the romantic-action film ''[[Borbaad (2025 film)|Borbaad]]''. It emerged as the [[List of Bangladeshi films of 2025|highest grossing Bangladeshi film of 2025]] as well as [[List of highest-grossing Bangladeshi films|the highest grossing Bangladeshi film of all time]].

Besides, after the massive success of ''[[Khadaan]]'', Idhika starred opposite [[Dev Adhikari|Dev]] in the period action thriller ''[[Raghu Dakat]]'', which released during Durga Puja 2025.

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

* ''All films are in Indian Bengali-language, unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Priyotoma]]''
| Iti
| Debut film; [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi film]]
|<ref>{{cite news |language=bn |script-title=bn:শাকিবের 'প্রিয়তমা' কলকাতার ইধিকা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/5ch2jmq0vc |access-date=12 May 2023 |work=Prothom Alo |date=6 May 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512041020/https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/dhallywood/5ch2jmq0vc |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Khadaan]]''
| Latika
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khadaan: Idhika Paul is Dev's new actress |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-idhika-paul-is-devs-new-actress/f17cf4f0b1577 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104142131/https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-idhika-paul-is-devs-new-actress/f17cf4f0b1577 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
|[[Borbaad (2025 film)|''Borbaad'']]
|Neetu
|Bangladeshi film
|<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:'প্রিয়তমা'র সাফল্যের পর ফের শাকিবের সঙ্গে জুটি বাঁধছেন অভিনেত্রী ইধিকা পাল। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/shakib-khan-will-stay-in-mumbai-for-next-one-month-for-upcoming-movie-borbaad-shooting-dgtl/cid/1554779 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=22 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bahurup]]''
|Uttara
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |script-title=bn:জন্মদিনে নতুন ছবির ঘোষণা, নায়িকা ইধিকা! একসঙ্গে ৭টি লুকে ধরা দেবেন সোহম |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/soham-chakraborty-idhika-paul-new-film-bohurup-entertainment-news-tollywood-1123274 |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=4 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raghu Dakat]]''
|Saudamini
|
|<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ঘোড়ার পিঠে দেব, শুরু করে দিলেন 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এর প্রস্তুতি |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/dev-as-raghu-dakat-started-preparation-entertainment-news-tollywood-1118907 |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=5 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Projapati 2]]''
| Shree
| Cameo
|<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:বড় চমক, 'প্রজাপতি ২' ছবিতে দেবের বিপরীতে ইধিকাই 'নায়িকা'!|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/idhika-paul-joins-projapati-2-casting/ |work=Sangbad Pratidin |date=15 July 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Kobi}}
|{{TBA}}
|Delayed; Bangladeshi film
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-22 |title=Razz-Idhika starrer 'Kobi' not premiering this Eid, delays release |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/razz-idhika-starrer-kobi-not-premiering-eid-delays-release-3615961 |access-date=2025-08-02 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Serial
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
!Notes
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''Arabbya Rajani''
| Rajkumari Rani
| [[Colors Bangla]]
|Episodic Role
|<ref>{{cite news |title='Arabya Rajani' to narrate the story of Aladdin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/arabya-rajani-to-narrate-the-story-of-aladdin/articleshow/68410711.cms |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=14 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2019{{nbnd}}2020
| ''[[Kapalkundala (TV series)|Kapalkundala]]''
| Padmabati
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|Negative Role
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=বিলকিস |first1=মৌসুমী |script-title=bn:কপালকুণ্ডলা নিয়ে নতুন সিরিয়াল, প্রযোজনায় রাজ চক্রবর্তী |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/a-new-television-serial-on-kapalkundala-to-start-producer-raj-chakraborty-dgtl-1.1075100 |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=25 November 2019 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| 2019{{nbnd}}2021
| [[Beder Meye Jyotsna (TV series)|''Beder Meye Jyotsna'']]
| Lakkhi
| [[Sun Bangla]]
|Side Role
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Fantasy-drama 'Beder Meye Jyotsna' completes 500 episodes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/fantasy-drama-beder-meye-jyotsna-completes-500-episodes-actress-shreema-bhattacherjee-shares-her-excitement/articleshow/78035013.cms |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=10 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Rimli]]''
| Rimli
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Bangla]]
|Lead Role
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TV show 'Rimli' to launch on February 15 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-rimli-to-launch-on-february-15/articleshow/80686353.cms |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=4 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Pilu (TV series)|Pilu]]''
| Ranjini Basu Mallick "Ranja"
|Antagonist turned Second Lead
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali television show 'Pilu' crosses 100 episodes; team celebrates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-television-show-pilu-crosses-100-episodes-team-celebrates/articleshow/90971436.cms |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=21 April 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Television Shows ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" | Note
|-
|2025
|Pujor Sobcheye Boro Jalsha Season 2
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|Guest & Performer in "Season 2," featuring a "Double Dhamaka" dance with [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] at a Bonedi Bari setting.
|}

=== Mahalaya ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Serial
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| 2021
| ''Nanarupe Mahamaya''
| [[Chamunda|Devi Chamunda]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Zee Bangla]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=চৌধুরী |first1=সৌমিতা |title=Mahalaya 2021 on Television: মহালয়ায় আদ্যাশক্তি শুভশ্রী! মিঠাই -অপু -শ্যামাদের দেখা যাবে দেবীর কোন রূপে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/photo/mahalaya-2021-television-subhashree-ganguly-mithai-apu-jamuna-krishnokoli-and-other-leading-television-actresses-different-avatars-devi-durga-nanarupe-mahamaya-program-year-durga-puja-2021-soc-299899-2021-09-23-1 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=23 September 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''Singhobahini Trinayani''
| [[Chandi|Devi Chandika]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahalaya 2022 on Television: মহিষাসুরমর্দিনী শুভশ্রী! দেবীর অন্যান্য রূপে থাকছেন মিঠাই, গৌরী, যমুনারা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/photo/mahalaya-2022-television-subhashree-ganguly-plays-mahishasuramardini-mithai-gouri-jamuna-soumitrisha-mohona-sweta-and-other-television-actresses-play-different-avatars-devi-durga-soc-446472-2022-09-13-7 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=13 September 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''Jago Maa Jago Durga''
| Devi Parvati, Devi Mahamaya and [[Durga|Devi Mahisasurmardini]]
| <ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:মহিষাসুরমর্দিনী হচ্ছেন ইধিকা|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/actress-idhika-paul-will-be-seen-in-maa-durga-role-in-mahalaya/200399016.cms?fbclid=IwY2xjawL1Q69leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHkoxk_mPdo3QuJQOxa5kdbJPqnuky9Tui2_H3V5YVuJC_lDL4OmNCLPZG7Wh_aem_EAZIj2ki-fgtDZH19CX-Tg|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:দেবী দুর্গা রূপে ইধিকা পাল, টিজারেই বাজিমাত টলিউড 'কিশোরী'র!|url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/idhika-paul-mahalaya-program-teaser-out-1229378.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawMEOylleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETFHcXlKa0dIeVozT2ZrODkyAR52PpLVLK0RKSRhPQI8BCgHxJLgAcP-s_1pxYQDjQBvzQsUKS9Y8w1ya_SvDw_aem_uTF3sO5pU_vgfjJ5IwzjbA#google_vignette|language=bn}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Character !! Film/TV show
|-
| 2023
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards
| Favourite Sister-in-law
| Ranja
|''[[Pilu (TV series)|Pilu]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025
| [[Anandalok Puraskar|Anandalok Awards]]
| Best Debutant Female
| rowspan="3" | Latika
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Khadaan]]''
|-
| [[8th Filmfare Awards Bangla|Filmfare Awards Bangla]]
| Best Debut (Female)
|-
|Tele Cine Awards
| Best Debutant Actor- Female
|-
| 2026
| [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|WBFJA Awards]]
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Most Promising Actress Award|Most Promising Actress]]
| Saudamini
| ''[[Raghu Dakat]]''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=14996479}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Idhika}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali television]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]

Hindi theatre

2026-03-28T20:43:19Z

Andreasujg: Put up some page added tags

{{short description|Theatre performed in the Hindi language}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
'''Hindi theatre''' is [[Theatre in India|theatre]] performed in the [[Hindi language]], including dialects such as [[Braj Bhasha]], [[Khari Boli]]{{which|date=February 2020}} and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]. Hindi theatre is produced mainly in
[[North India]], and some parts of [[West India]] and Central India, which include Mumbai and Bhopal. Hindi theatre has its roots in the traditional folk theatre of North India, like [[Ram lila]] and [[Raslila]], and also influenced by distant [[Sanskrit drama]]. Starting with [[Bhartendu Harishchandra]] in the late 19th century and subsequent playwrights like [[Jaishankar Prasad]], [[Mohan Rakesh]], Hindi theatre came of age in the 1940s and 50s, when [[Indian People's Theatre Association|IPTA]] movement created a new brand of theatre practitioners in Hindi speaking areas, especially with [[Indian People's Theatre Association|IPTA]] Mumbai, [[Prithvi Theatres]] of thespian [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], and theatre artiste Habib Tanvir, paving way for next generation of artists who came out once [[National School of Drama]], Delhi started functioning in 1959.<ref name=fi/><ref name=Hochman44/>

==History==

===Early history===
The advent of Jainism and Buddhism and emergence of prakrit and Pali as a common language meant the lasting and definite end of Sanskrit as a spoken language though its theatre traditions continued to flourish but also gave birth to a synergistic traditions of [[Urdu]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] languages, that developed in the aftermath of a fast amalgamating diverse cultures. Traditional folk theatre which included Ramlila, Raslila and [[nautanki]] had evolved despite the absence of royal patronage and where it was present, as in the case Ramlila of [[Benares State|Kashi Kingdom]], in [[Ramnagar, Varanasi]], it evolved into a highly evolved form, with shifting locations. Elsewhere in [[Awadh]], [[Wajid Ali Shah]] had been experimenting forms like [[thumri]] and stage style known as ''rahasa'', it achieved a definite style in a play believed to be commissioned by him, ''[[Inder Sabha]]'', an Urdu play by [[Agha Hasan Amanat]], first staged in 1853.<ref name=am/>

Besides a separate tradition of [[Maithili language|Maithili]] plays, which flourished in the 17th century in present-day [[Bihar]], [[North India]] had a pre-existing tradition of folk theatre, this included [[Braj Bhasa]] verse plays in the 18th century, [[Swang (dance drama)|Swang]], the [[operatic]] tradition, which featured full-throated male singers and dancing by female impersonators, which evolved from reciting popular folk ballads and epics, and by the 1860s they were being performed across Meerut, Delhi and Banaras, and illustrated [[libretto]]s, known as ''Sangits'' were being printed in [[Devanagari]] script. In the coming decades, it too got influenced by [[Parsi theatre]], and further developed in content both thematic and music, in the 1890s onwards, which somewhere in the early 20th-century started being called [[nautanki]], after the tale of a ''Nautanki [[Shahzadi]]'' became a popular theme. However this form lost much of its popularity and films made into road to rural area after the 1940s.<ref>[[#Han|Hansen, p. 64]]</ref>

Meanwhile, with the discovery of [[Kālidāsa|Kalidas]]'s ''[[Abhijnanasakuntalam]]'' by Western scholars, it became the first Indian drama to be translated into a Western language, by [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]] in 1789. In the next a hundred years, there were at least 46 translations in twelve European languages.<ref name=completer>[http://www.complete-review.com/reviews/sanskrit/ksakun1a.htm Review] of Figueira's ''Translating the Orient: The Reception of Sakuntala in Nineteenth-Century Europe'' at the [[complete review]] website.</ref> This in turn initiated a concerted study and interest of [[Sanskrit drama]] tradition. In time the full extent of ancient Indian theatre's prowess came into light, which had been long lost, as classical Sanskrit drama mostly written from the 4th and 8th century AD faded out, with death of Sanskrit as a spoken language by the 10th century, only to be discovered many centuries later.<ref name=fi>{{cite news |title=Drama of the Indian theatre journey|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/177787/ |publisher=The Financial Express|date=17 September 2006}}</ref>

Just as the first capital of [[British India]], Calcutta, saw the rise of [[Bengali theatre]] in the light of the [[Bengal Renaissance]] during the early 19th century, at the same time [[Parsi]] theatre was coming up in Mumbai, inspired by English-style playhouses which had come up in the late 18th century in Mumbai and Kolkata, exclusively for the Raj gentry. Taking over the same proscenium stages, Parsi theatre took cue their European theatricality, but it brought in Indian themes, thus it "blended [[Realism (arts)|realism]] and [[fantasy]], music and dance, narrative and spectacle, earthy dialogue and ingenuity of stage presentation, integrating them into a dramatic discourse of [[melodrama]]. The Parsi plays contained crude humour, melodious songs and music, [[sensationalism]] and dazzling stagecraft."<ref name=Gokulsing>{{Citation|title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change|last=K. Moti Gokulsing|first=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake|publisher=Trentham Books|year=2004|isbn=978-1-85856-329-9|page=98}}</ref> Though it originally was in [[Gujarati language]], by the 1870s, a flourishing Parsi theatre lead to the creation numerous travelling theatre companies, though they mostly used Indianised versions of [[Shakespeare]]'s plays initially, soon Indian legends, epic and mythological tales made an appearance as source material, as Parsi theatre companies started travelling across North India, and employed native writers to churn out scripts in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] the popular language in the territory, akin to [[Urdu]], the court language in the [[Mughal era]]. These sources had also provided themes to the native Swang tradition, leading to cross-enrichment after ''Victoria Natak Mandali'' became the first Parsi theatre company to perform in Varanasi, in 1875. These theatre companies presented their mix of pure entertainment and nationalism during the [[Indian freedom struggle]]. This return of written dramatic text to theatre, after centuries, made Parsi theatre not just the role model for the first Indian talkies, as numerous Paris theatre producers moved to cinema, but also gave birth to a theatre tradition, that continued even after Parsi theatre died out as the talkies made their first appearance.<ref>{{cite book |title=Women's issues: an Indian perspective|author=Lakshmi Misra |publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=1992|isbn=978-81-7211-017-8|page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcv2bXaGWb0C&q=%22Hindi+theatre%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA65 }}</ref><ref>[[#Han|Hansen, p. 75]]</ref> Panned by Hindi litterateurs, Bhartendu and [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]], Parsi theatre through its veritable presence, however provoked the elite theatre of refinement as a clear reaction.<ref>[[#Han|Hansen, p. 77]]</ref>

===Modern Hindi theatre 1868 and after===

Early development of modern Hindi theatre can be traced to the work of [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]] (1850–1885), a theatre actor, director, manager, and playwright based in [[Varanasi]] (Banaras), who is also the father of modern [[Hindi literature]] as in his short life of 35 years, he edited two magazines, ''Kavi vachan Sudha'' and ''Harishchandra chandrika'', wrote numerous volumes of verse in Braj bhasa, essays and eighteen plays, thus laying the foundation of modern Hindi prose style. Well-versed in folk theatre styles and oral literary traditions of the region, he was influenced by the [[Bengal Renaissance]], however his principle influence was the ancient Sanskrit Drama, many of which he translated and established a stream of dramaturgy which has run parallel to development of the Western drama, though he even translated a Shakespeare's play. Rooted in the rising tide of Indian nationalism, he is most noted for his politically charged plays like, ''Andher nagari'' (City of Darkness) written in 1881, a clear satire on the [[British Raj]], as it implied that a society which tolerates a lawless state is doomed to fail.<ref>[[#Dm|Dimitrova, p. 14]]</ref><ref>[[#Han|Hansen, p. 62]]</ref><ref>[[#Han|Hansen, p. 78]]</ref> Eventually Bharatendu became director of ''Hindi Natak Samaj'' (Hindu National Theatre) in Banaras.<ref name="autogenerated1">[[#Han|Hansen, p. 81]]</ref>

After Bhartendu whose productions were largely funded by himself or at times by Maharaja of Kashi, Hindi theatre went through a phase of struggle, due to lack of sponsors, [[impresario]]s or efficient [[theatre manager]]s, thus there was hardly any professional theatre for many decades, discouraging writers to take to playwrighting, even works of important playwrights of this period, Jaishankar Prasad and [[Upendranath Ashk]] were mostly read, yet hardly staged. Prevalent conservatism didn't allow the female actors to take to stage and unlike [[Marathi theatre]] of Mumbai or [[Bengali theatre]] of Calcutta, Hindi theatre remained a struggling force, despite the presence of a large audience, which went to the extent of the entertainment-driven Parsi theatre companies. Only a handful of amateur theatre groups presented their works at improvised or makeshift stages, in a period when like many popular writers, intellectuals too had turned away from theatre.<ref name="Das, 159">[[#Das|Das, p. 159]]</ref> The arrival of [[talkies]] in 1931, with ''[[Alam Ara]]'', meant outflow of Hindi theatre audience that had already dwindled away after the incursions by Parsi theatre across the Hindi-speaking belt. Soon theatre actors, director, writers and technicians followed suit, shifting to Mumbai, the base for [[Hindi cinema]], where the promise of easy money from studios was too captivating to resist. As a result, numerous theatre companies and playhouses closed down and some started showing cinema, the new medium of the age. As the masses moved away from theatre, lured by the glitz of cinema, which Parsi theatre provided readily till now, theatre landscape was now populated by an educated and sophisticated audience, moving away from cinema in response to its escapism, looking for realistic and socially-relevant plays.<ref>[[#Ch|Chambers, p. 380]]</ref>

20th-century Hindi theatre received a fresh impetus through [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA). Though formed in 1942, with left-wing ideologies, after the All India People's Theatre Conference was held in Mumbai in 1943, IPTA Mumbai was formed<ref>Indian People's Theatre Association. [http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/groups/ipta.asp Article in mumbaitheatreguide.com]</ref> An important contribution of IPTA was that it was first time that women started taking part in theatre in such a number.<ref>[[#Ru|Rubin, p. 182]]</ref> It created and inspired a generation of theatre practitioners and playwrights, like [[Krishan Chander]], [[Kaifi Azmi]], [[Balraj Sahni]], Mohan Segal, [[Dina Pathak]], Shanti Bardhan, [[Durga Khote]], and others, one of them was [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] who founded [[Prithvi Theatre]]s, a travelling theatre troupe, based in Mumbai in 1944, with actors like Prithviraj himself, apart from [[Uzra Butt]], and [[Zohra Sehgal]]. The group was largely funded by Prithviraj Kapoor's film career and functioned till in 1960, when Prithviraj Kapoor's ill health forced its closure before his death in 1972.<ref name=hi>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050125193740/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/22/stories/2004112201500100.htm Kissing the firmament with Prithvi Theatre] ''[[The Hindu]]'' 22 November 2004.</ref>

===After independence===
[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] (SNA), The National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama, was established by the [[Government of India]] in 1952, to promote [[performing arts]]. Another big change in the realm of Hindi theatre was the establishing of [[National School of Drama]] in Delhi in 1959, which had ''Bharatiya Natya Sangh'' (BNS) as its precursor. BNS, with the assistance from [[UNESCO]], independently established the Asian Theatre Institute (ATI) in 1958, and in July 1958, ATI was taken over by the SNA, and merged with newly formed NSD, which initially functioned under SNA before it became an autonomous organisation. With its principal instruction language being Hindi, and stalwarts like [[Ebrahim Alkazi]] and [[Shanta Gandhi]], in the coming decades it produced a number a noted theatre actors and directors. The National School of Drama Repertory Company was set up in 1964, with actor-director [[Om Shivpuri]] as its first head, followed by [[Manohar Singh]], and other actors like [[Uttara Baokar]], [[Sudha Shivpuri]] and [[Surekha Sikri]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090315/spectrum/main1.htm National School of Drama ..over the past 50 years] ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 2009.</ref> [[RADA]]-trained Alkazi turned out to be the most influential director in the post-independence period; his Hindi productions of Sanskrit classics, like ''Abhijnana Shakuntalam'', [[Dharamvir Bharati]]'s ''[[Andha Yug]]'', [[Girish Karnad]]'s ''Tughlaq'', and the realism of his take on Mohan Rakesh's ''Asadh Ka Ek Din'' brought a fresh approach to theatricality, and sophistication to Hindi theatre, and set up standards that inspired an entire generation.<ref name=ru200>[[#Ru|Rubin, p. 200]]</ref><ref>[[#Ru|Rubin, p. 190]]</ref> His production of Dharamvir Bharati's ''Andha Yug'' premiered in 1964 at the [[Firoz Shah Kotla]] and was attended by prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name=ht1950s>{{cite news|title=Capital's cultural affair began in 50s|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Capital-s-cultural-affair-began-in-50s/Article1-769751.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|date=16 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107233545/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Capital-s-cultural-affair-began-in-50s/Article1-769751.aspx|archive-date=7 January 2013}}</ref>

A pioneer of the modern theatre movement in North India, [[Raj Bisaria]]- a highly revered stage director, he has a through grounding in western classics and contemporary dramatic works. [[Raj Bisaria]] tried that the dramatic and performing arts conform to a professional discipline and communicate through a new aesthetic medium. His plays are concerned with man-women relationship, and social issues of special concern to him. Through the productions of European and Indian plays since 1966, [[Raj Bisaria]] presented a wide spectrum of contemporary world drama as director and designer, setting his own parallel, pursues the theatre of excellence. He has ventured to blend artistic concepts and impulse of the East and the West, the traditional and the modern, and has been passionately devoted to the cause of theatre and acting. It is his firm belief that this art form can be used for its therapeutic qualities for the overall healthy development of personality of the young, apart from being a vehicle for disseminating information, and creating consciousness about social- political issues, as indeed affording aesthetic and ennobling enlightenment and enriching the cultural consciousness of modern India. Largely using his own devices and creative expression he began his work in the English and began to use Hindustani as the spoken medium of expression from the 1973. He has encouraged folk theatre form of UP - the Nautanki.

[[Raj Bisaria]] suggested to the State Government that he should start a semi-professional repertory theatre in Uttar Pradesh, in 1974 the State Government went a few steps further and requested him to evolve a scheme for establishing a drama school, which would function as a full-fledged academy of dramatic arts. [[Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts]] (BNA), when it was founded in 1975, in Lucknow, (with Raj Bisaria as its founder director) became the first of its kind in the large [[Hindi Belt|Hindi belt]] of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. His major productions of Indian plays have included Dharamvir Bharati's Andha Yug, Badal Sircar's Baqi Itihas, Adya Rangacharya's Suno Janmejaya, Elkunchwar's Garbo, Mohan Rakesh's Aadhe-Adhure, Mohit Chatterjee's Guinea Pig etc. His major and memorable productions have included Maxwell Anderson's Barefoot in Athens; Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Othello, King Lear; George Bernard Shaw's Candida; Harold Pinter's The Caretaker; Sartre's in Camera; Ionesco's The Lesson; Strindberg's Father, Jean Anouilh's Antigone; and various plays of Chekhov, Ionesco, Tennessee Williams, Shaffer and so on.

In the next few years, various states also formed their state academies for the arts, which gave boost to the theatre culture, and soon state capitals like Jaipur, Shimla, Chandigarh, Lucknow and Bhopal had their own theatre groups and culture.<ref name=Hochman44>[[#Ho|Hochman, p. 44]]</ref><ref name=Ru189>[[#Ru|Rubin, p. 189]]</ref> However, for many years to come, theatre largely remained driven by amateur groups, as full-time theatre did not become a financially viable activity. Most could not afford extensive [[Theatrical property|props]], [[Theatrical scenery|scenery]], [[Lighting designer|lighting design]], or newspaper advertisements and relied on word of mouth and small amount of postering. Many practitioners maintained regular jobs, either at educational institutions or in the corporate sector and rehearsed after working hours in hired spaces, as hardly any theatre group across Hindi theatre owned their own infrastructure, be it rehearsal space or theatre. Theatre directors often doubled as theatre managers, as impresarios were rare and impresario organisations even rarer, and then it was director's name that attracted the audience. As payments to cast and [[Technical crew|crew]] remained arbitrary and severely dependent on the success of the show, many picked up work in other mediums. As state funding was never available for theatre directly, practitioners tried to gain corporate sponsorship, or did "call shows" in other cities to raise money.<ref>[[#Ch|Chambers, p. 381]]</ref><ref>[[#Ba|Banham, p. 524]]</ref>

Gradually a number of theatre venues started coming up, both proscenium and experimental, including Sri Ram Centre, [[Kamani Auditorium]] (1971), Meghdoot theatre (designed by Alkazi), NSD studio theatre, SNA studio theatre, Abhimanch and many others.<ref>[[#Ru|Rubin, p. 213]]</ref> While many directors like Alkazi staged plays at historical monuments and various innovative venues, [[street theatre]] brought theatre out to the streets completely, including in its content. Just as IPTA-inspired [[Jana Natya Manch]] (JANAM) of [[Safdar Hashmi]] did in the 1970s and 1980 as did [[M. K. Raina]], who staged his production of [[Maxim Gorky]]'s ''The Mother'' in front of factories, inspiring many other practitioners to take theatre to the communities. The Bhopal gas tragedy (1984) saw a new wave of protest presentations in many cities, just as Bhisham Sahni wrote ''Muavze'' (Compensation, 1990) later staged by Raina. Eventually Hashmi was killed in 1989, while his production ''Halla Bol'' (Attack) was being performed in front of a factory in Sahibabad near Delhi by political goons. Though by this time street theatre had been discovered as an important tool and medium, with notable directors like [[Bansi Kaul]] and Prasanna, street theatre had reached prisons, slums and red-light areas.<ref>[[#Ru|Rubin, p. 201]]</ref>

[[Habib Tanvir]] is another pioneer in Hindi theatre, who first moved to Mumbai in 1943 from native Bilaspur looking for work in Hindi films that is when he came in contact with IPTA and Progressive Writers Association. He moved to Delhi in 1954 and joined hands with 'Hindustani theatre' of Begum Qudsia Zaidi, writer, and theatre director who had important impact on evolving theatre tradition in Delhi, who together with Habib Tanvir, made its debut with the production of a [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] version of Kalidas's ''Shakuntala'' and later produced [[Shudraka]]'s [[Mrichakatika]] as ''Mitti Ki Gadi'' (Little Clay Cart) as an operatic version in ''[[nautanki]]''-style, using tribal artists.<ref>[[#Da|Datta, p. 1117]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond The Fourth Wall |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?250267 |date=22 June 2009|publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref><ref>Begum Qudsia Zaidi's daughter is screenwriter [[Shama Zaidi]].</ref> He successfully wrote and directed ''Agra Bazar'' (1954), before he left for England. After his return from [[RADA]], Habib began his work with [[Chhattisgarh]]i tribals, at the Naya Theatre, a theatre company he founded in 1959 in [[Bhopal]], and went on to include indigenous performance forms such as ''nacha'' to create a new theatrical language, later he wrote ''Charandas Chor'' (1975), ''Gaon ka Naam Sasural, Mor Naam Damad'' and ''Kamdeo ka Apna Basant Ritu ka Sapna'' and notably staged, [[Asghar Wajahat]]'s ''Jis Lahore Nai Dekhya'' (1990).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024015604/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-09/mumbai/28184258_1_charandas-chor-habib-tanvir-naya-theatre Habib Tanvir makes his final exit] ''[[The Times of India]]'', 9 June 2009.</ref><ref name=cohab/><ref>[[#Ru|Rubin, p. 183]]</ref> Apart from him, [[B. V. Karanth]] too brought in folk forms into his work, staged many productions in Hindi, especially during his stint with the ''Rangamandal repertory'' at the [[Bharat Bhavan]] in Bhopal.<ref name=ru200/>

In the 1960s, like other parts of India, modern Hindi Theatre movement also started in Bihar. Satish Anand, actor and director, is the maker of modern Hindi theatre in Bihar. He is known as trend setter in contemporary modern Indian theatre. Satish Anand established his own theatre group Kala Sangam at Patna, capital of Bihar in 1962. Created a very healthy theatre environment and popularize Hindi plays and theatre by constantly and regularly staging plays like Dharmvir Bharti's Andha Yug, Mudrarakshash's Merjeeva, Mohan Rakesh's Adhe-Adhure, Ashadh Ka Ek Din and Lahron ke Rajhans, Badal Sircar's Baki Itihas, Ballabhpur Ki Roopkatha, Pagla Ghora and Juloos, vijay Tendulkar's Khamosh Adalat jari hai, Jat Hi Puchho Sadhu Ki, Gireesh Karnad's Tughlaq, Sophocles Greek tragedy Oedipus, Rambriksha Benipuri's Ambapali, Shanti Mehrotra's Thahra Hua Pani, Ek Tha Gadha, Kisi Ek Phool Ka Naam Lo, Godan, Chandrashekhar Kambar's Aur Tota Bola, Ibsen's Enemy of the people(Janshatru), Ben Johnson's Volpony (Chor Ke Ghar Mor), Delhi Uncha Sunati Hai, Manoj Mitr's Rajdarshan, Debashish Majumdar's Tamrapatra, Sushil Kumar Singh's Singhasan Khali Hai, Bertolt Brecht's Three Penny Opera ( Do Takkey Ka Swang), Jyoti Mahpseker's Beti Aayee Hai etc. Kala Sangam's director Satish Anand had taken every new production as a theatre workshop. He worked hard and trained actors-actresses in every department. Production of Adhe-Adhure in 1973 was considered a great happening in History of the cultural field of Bihar. This incident was considered as renaissance of theatre in Bihar. Kala Sangam always preferred to take up socio-political-economic issues in its plays. Variety in designing the play-productions with innovative ideas and high class powerful performances injected and created a keen interest for theatre among the people of Bihar. The conservative and orthodox society opened up slowly and started liberalizing their views about theatre and its actors-actresses. A large number of working women and school-college-going girls were allowed by their guardians and parents to participate actively in plays and they made their presence felt with their talents. Hundreds of boys and girls were trained by Satish Anand during these years. The quality and class of Kala Sangam's play-productions established Kala Sangam as one of the leading theatre group of India. Patna became of the most theatre-active centers of India in 70s, 80s and 1990s. Kala Sangam had organised its first theatre festival and first all India theatre Seminar in 1978. Kala Sangam presented its five plays, ''Andha Yug, Ashadh Ka Ek Din, Lahron Ke Rajhans, Ballabhpur Ki Roopkatha and Singhasan Khali Hai''. The subject of the All India theatre seminar was "Aaj Ka Natak Aur Rangmanch" (Today's Drama & theatre) Mr. B.V Karanth, Dr. Pratibha Agarwal and Sachidanand Hiranand Vatsyayan were the guest speaker of this seminar. 2nd Kala Sangam's Theatre festival and All India theatre Seminar was organised in 1979. Scholar theatre critic Nemi Chand Jain, Dhyaneshwar Nadkarni had participated in the seminar and also witnessed plays presented in the festival. Kala Sangam had organised its nine theatre festivals from 1978 to 1995 respectively. Kala Sangam's work had inspired many people in Bihar to start theatrical activities in their respective places.
In 1984 Satish Anand evolved a new theatre idiom 'BIDESIA STYLE' for Modern Indian theatre by using indigenous traditional folk theatre elements. Satish Anand started his research. Conceptualized the form and finalized its Format. Evolved a new Theatrical Idiom for Modern Indian Theatre 'BIDESIA' based on Lesser-Known Traditional Theatrical Folk Forms of Bihar, LAUNDA NAACH & NAACH PARTIES (With Special reference to Bhikhari Thakur's Naach Party), Traditional Songs, Traditional Music, Traditional Dances, Folk Culture, Life-Cycle, Rituals, Customs, Faith & Belief, Life styles, Habits, Behavior, Festivals & Celebrations etc. of Bihar. Format of BIDESIA style consists of Theatrical elements, chosen very carefully from above & creatively used in this style with contemporary & modern sensibility. Bidesia style is a new Theatrical Idiom (Rang Bhasha) of Modern Indian Theatre which works as a Bridge between Rural & Urban Theatre. Initially short stories written by Phanishwar Nath 'Renu', short stories by Mandhkar Gangadhar were read but at last one day a short story 'Amli' which was published in "Sarika" Hindi magazine was selected. Renowned Hindi Writer Kamleshwar was its Editor. Satish Anand liked that story and started work on it. He completely rearranged the incidents and sequences, created new characters, incidents and situations according to the thought format of Bidesia style. Bhojpri dialect was used in the play. Traditional music, songs & their tunes were selected according to the conflict, mood, feelings of the characters and situations. Best part of that Every actor of Kala Sangam contributed his knowledge and experience in Adaptation of a short story 'AMALI', Adaptation of a Shudraka's Sanskrit play 'MARICHCHHAKATIKA'(Mati Gari) and Phanishwar Natn's Hindi Novel 'MAILA ANCHAL in Bidesia Style. And in 1994, a new play Rabindranath Tagore's 'MUKTADHARA' Produced & presented in BIDESIA style. Kala Sangam also toured Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Bhopal, Ujjain, Guwahati, Kota, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Hanuman Garh, Ganga Nager, Lucknow, Allahabad etc. with its plays. All these plays had been presented very successfully in various Zonal & National Folk Theatre Festivals organized in different parts of India respectively. This Bidesia style had been recognized by Theatre Practitioners and Theatre Critics & appreciated by audience throughout the country. Fascinating part is that this style has also influenced Modern Indian Theatre. Kala Sangam had staged Muktadhara in Bidesia Style in Bharangam, Delhi in 2000.

[[File:Kaka tells story.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Performance of a Hindi play, ''Cotton 56, Polyester 84'' by [[Sunil Shanbag]] about life in [[Girangaon]], [[Mumbai]], 2006.]]
[[Kolkata]]-based, [[Shyamanand Jalan]] (1934–2010) is credited for the renaissance period of modern [[Indian theatre]] and especially the Hindi theatre in Kolkata from the 1960s to the 1980s. He was the first to perform modernist [[Mohan Rakesh]], starting with his magnum opus ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'' (One Day in Ashad) in 1960 and in the coming years bridged the gap between Hindi theatre and [[Bengali theatre]], by mounting Hindi productions of works by Bengali playwrights, like [[Badal Sircar]]'s ''Evam Indrajit'' (1968) and ''Pagla Ghora'' (1971), which in turn introduced Sircar to rest of the country. He co-founded theatre group ''Anamika'' in 1955 with Pratibha Aggarwal, a Hindi writer and a great granddaughter of [[Bhartendu Harishchandra]], which played a pioneering role in the revival of Hindi theatre.,<ref name=kas>{{cite book |title=Pop culture India!: media, arts, and lifestyle |author=Asha Kasbekar |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006|isbn=978-1-85109-636-7 |page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&q=%22Shyamanand+Jalan%22&pg=PA73 }}</ref> and remained with it till 1972, and during this period it created a large audience for Hindi theatre in Bengali speaking Kolkata. Subsequently, along with his wife Chetana Jalan, the well-known Kathak dancer and stage actress, and actor [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], he left Anamika in 1971 and established ''[[Padatik (Indian theatre group)|Padatik]]'' (literally foot-soldier) theatre group in 1972, of which he was the founding director. This gave him a chance to venture into bolder themes, like those in Vijay Tendukar's plays like ''Gidhade'' (The Vultures) (1973) and ''Sakharam Binder'' (1979), and [[Mahashweta Devi]]'s ''Hazar Chaurasi Ki Ma'' (Mother of 1084) (1978), with his new venture he stepped beyond Indianism, modernism, or experimentalism.<ref name=hin>{{cite news |title=Remembering Jalan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article446583.ece |work= The Hindu|date=4 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Between theater & anthropology|author= Richard Schechner|author-link=Richard Schechner|year=1985 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1225-9 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2sHhxkq7bAC&q=%22Shyamanand+Jalan%22&pg=PA73 }}</ref> Another theatre director, who practiced Hindi theatre in Kolkata, which is largely Bengali speaking area was [[Usha Ganguly]] (b. 1945), who founded ''[[Rangakarmee]]'' theatre group in 1976, known for its productions like ''Mahabhoj'', ''Rudali'', ''Court Martial'', and ''Antaryatra''.<ref name=tri>{{cite news |title=Using theatre to voice her deepest concerns |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040920/cth2.htm#6 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=20 September 2004 }}</ref><ref name=cal>{{cite news|title=Calcutta, home to Hindi Theatre |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/advertise.nsf/%28docid%29/70B426B140A9AA74652569420029534A |work=The Hindu|date=29 October 1997 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725211658/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/advertise.nsf/%28docid%29/70B426B140A9AA74652569420029534A |archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> Apart from her, theatre directors like, [[Satyadev Dubey]], [[Dinesh Thakur]] and [[Nadira Babbar]] also practiced Hindi theatre in Mumbai, till then home for Marathi and Gujarati theatre.

In the 1960s and 70s, many actors from National School of Drama started working in Hindi films, though many continued theatre activities on the side. Many theatre actors and directors, like Om Shivpuri, who had formed ''Dishantar'' theatre group in Mumbai, and Dina Pathak worked successful in mainstream cinema as well, while many others, along with [[FTII, Pune]] actors, made name in the [[Parallel cinema]], which came of age in the late 1970s. This included, Sai Paranjpye, Om Puri, Naseeruddin Shah and Pankaj Kapoor. Most colleges now had their own theatre societies, which became breeding ground for future practitioners. Later in the 1980s, with increasing popularity of television soap operas, home videos and cable TV, audience moved away from theatre for a while, before theatre resurrected itself in the late 1990s with a new breed of theatre directors who sought not just new themes and narratives, but also took to [[absurd theatre|absurd]], [[Expressionist theater|expressionist]], [[Experimental theatre|experimental]] and [[improvisational theatre]] with greater zeal. They also started to find sponsors in the corporate sector and numerous theatre directors were able to sustain themselves on theatre alone. Two challenges that came up in the coming years was that even now actors took their theatre careers as a prep for film careers, and secondly most theatre actors learned via working in theatre groups, as avenues of theatre education remained limited, though some organisation that opened in other cities beyond Delhi, like Jaipur, Lucknow, and Chandigarh, which had playwright-director [[Balwant Gargi]] guiding new phase of theatre, offered young aspirants to learn the craft.<ref name=Ru189/><ref>[[#Ch|Chambers, p. 383]]</ref>

At Bhopal theatre director and playwright Prof. Satish Mehta and his National Award-winning actor wife Jyotsna Mehta established the theatre group "Prayog". The group was founded in the year 1975 at Indore and later over the years, opened branches in Bhopal, Mumbai, Rewa, Noida and New Jersey, USA. Since then the group is active and staging the plays regularly. Well known plays of "Prayog" are "Andhon ka hathi", "Juloos", "Bakari" "Dulari Bai"," Jadugar jungle","Khamosh adalat jari hai","Ek aur Dronacharya", "Jis Lahore nahi Dekhya","Kajal ka jadu","Kandhe par baitha tha shap" "Mujhe Amrita Chahiye", "Raktbeej", "Rai" and many others. Satish Mehta directed all these plays with his own original style. He has got credit to perform many street plays, too. Prof. Satish Mehta has also authored many Plays. Few of which are, "Kajal ka Jadoo", "Jinda hai Sukrat", "Abhinay", "Door Desh ki Gandh", "Bharat ke Laal" etc. Prof. Satish Mehta's comprehensive book on theater, "Rangkarm Aayam Dar Aayam" is considered one of the finest work on the history, evolution, different genres and various other aspects of theater.<ref>In Conversation With Prof Satish Mehta And Jyotsna Mehta - Ranjani Saigal, August 18, 2017 http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=13701</ref>

Mrityunjay Prabhakar is one of the major young Hindi theatre director and playwright who emerged on Indian Theatre Scene in the last decade of the 20th century and established himself as a significant theatre activist in first decade of the 21st century. He started his theatre career from Patna during his graduation days. He has worked with several theatre groups like Abhiyan, Prerna, Mach Art group and Prangan in Patna. Later, he co-founded the group Abhiyan along with his friends. When he arrived Delhi for his further studies in Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Here he worked with famous groups like Rang Saptak, Bahroop and Dastak. Later he founded his own group named SEHAR in 2005 and started working rigorously. He has got trained under leading figures of Indian Drama and Theatre world through different workshops he attended like Habib Tanvir, B.V. Karanth, Prasanna, Ratan Thiyam, D. R. Ankur and many more. He has worked with directors like D.R. Ankur, Lokendra Arambam, H.S. Shiva Prakash, Surendra Sharma, Parvez Akhtar, Vijay Kumar, Javed Akhtar Khan, Suman Kumar and others. He has worked as an actor, director, set designer, light designer and organiser in theatre.

Mrityunjay Prabhakar works primarily as a Theatre Director and playwright with his group SEHAR. He is the founder-director of theatre troupe, SEHAR (Society of Education, Harmony, Art, Culture and Media Reproduction) (Registered under Society Act) in 2007. He has directed more than two dozens plays among them 'Sabse Udas Kavita'[2], 'Khwahishen' [3],'Jee Humen To Natak Karna Hai', [4],'Dhruvswamini'[5], 'Vithalala' and 'Suicide'[6] have got special attention from the larger section of the society. His plays has been performed in different cities and theatre centres of the country apart from Delhi. His plays were part of some of the important theatre festivals of the country.

Mrityunjay Prabhakar's originally written play ''Sadho Dekho Jag Baudana'' was published by InkLit Publication. He has also written plays ''Aao Natak Natak Khelen'', 'Khwahishen', 'Jee Humen To Natak Karna Hai', 'Suicide', 'Hey Ram', 'Teri Meri Kahani Hai', 'Karnav' and others, which has been performed by different groups and directors in various theatre centres of the country. He has adopted famous Keniyan playwright Ngugi Wa Thiong's play 'The Black Hermit' as 'Jayen To Jayen Kahan'. The adoptation was first performed by NSD Graduate Randhir Kumar in 2005 in Patna. Later he reproduced the play in 2010 with SEHAR in Delhi. He has adopted H.S. Shivaprakash famous Kannad play 'Mochi Madaiah' in Hindi which was directed by Lokendra Arambam and published by Yash Publication, Delhi. An anthology on Contemporary Indian Theatre titled 'Samkaleen Rangkarm' is also credited on his name published by InkLit Publication. His Hindi Poetry Collection 'Jo Mere Bheetar Hain' was published by Akademi of Letters (Sahitya Akademi), India.

Keeping Hindi theatre alive in the hub of Marathi theatre is not an easy task in Pune But [[Swatantra Theatre]] has been doing this job with immense determination and dedication since 2006. Headed by Abhijeet Choudhary along with Dhanashree Heblikar the group has put up more than 65 performances in the last 6 (2006) years. Picking up issues of social and contemporary relevance with its plays, Swatantra has filled up a void that Hindi audiences in the city often rued. The group continues to work, coming up with at least one performance every month. Mashal Jalao Diye Se, based on the Delhi gang rape case, is their latest play. In association with FTII, Pune Swatantra Theatre celebrate Hindi Theatre Festival on HINDI DIWAS. Some of its noteworthy productions are Jis Lahore Nahin Vekhya Wo Janmeya Hi Nahin Tajamhal Ka Tender, Mujhe Amrita Chahiye, Kabira Khada Bazar Mein, Court Martial and many more.
Self Written Play like Mashaal jao Diye Se, Tenaliram, Tukaram, Turning Pages with Sudha Murthy, DadaSaheb Phalke "Play Based on Father of Indian Cinema", Mansarovar Play based on Premchand's Short Stories, Bikhre Moti Play BAsed on Subhadra Kumari Chauhan's Life and her writings, Rabindra Sansar Play Based on Life of Rabindranath Thakur and his work and many more.
Jaag Utha Hai Raigad is a Hindi translation of Vasant Kanetkar's Marathi play Raigadala Jevha Jaag Yete Performed in 21st Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2020. Woven within the play is an inbuilt, terse and fine sense of controlled dramatic tension. It depicts the Maratha King, [[Shivaji]] and his youngest son, [[Sambhaji]] struggling with the gap between the two generations. Shivaji's efforts are to keep his family united, and the young descendant's efforts are to control and consolidate the huge legacy and empire. The play unveils the rich Maharashtrian culture, and the heritage of a bygone era.

==Hindi playwriting==
Bhartendu's father wrote a play titled, ''Nahul natak'' in 1859, which is the "first Hindi drama of literary scope in the modern period", though there is little record of its staging. The first drama to be staged was Shital Prasad Trivedi's ''Janaki mangal'' at Banaras theatre, also known as ''purana nachghar'', in 1868, in which Bhartendu himself made his stage debut as an actor, and in the coming years he wrote prolifically wrote eighteen plays till his death in 1885.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Pre-Bhartendu period, had created mostly mythological and epic inspired plays like, ''Hanuman-natak'', ''Amasya sar natak'', ''Vichitra natak'', ''Shakuntala upakhyan'', ''Anand Raghunandan'' and ''Inder sabha''.<ref name=am/>

Just as Bhartendu Harishchandra wrote ''Satya Harishchandra'' (1875), ''Bharat Durdasha'' (1876) and ''Andher Nagari'' (1878), in the late 19th century, [[Jaishankar Prasad]] became the next big figure in Hindi playwriting with plays like ''Skanda Gupta'' (1928), ''Chandragupta'' (1931) and ''Dhruvswamini'' (1933), [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]] also wrote three plays, ''Tilottama'' (1916), ''Chandrahaas'' (1921) and ''Anagha'' (1925).<ref>[[#Dm|Dimitrova, p. 15]]</ref><ref name="Datta, p. 1075">[[#Da|Datta, p. 1075]]</ref> The next phase of important plays after Prasad, came with Badrinath Bhatt, next it was Lakshminarayan Mishra's work which broke away from existing pattern of subject treatment and presentation and is known for its realism, and unmistakable influence of Ibsen as seen in ''Sansyasi'' (1931), ''Raksha Ka Mandir'' (1931), ''Mukti ka rahasya'' (1932), ''Rajyoga'' (1934) and ''Sindoor ki Holi'' (1934), which tackle social problem with marked directness. An important event in this period was establishment of ''Hans'', a literary magazine based in Varanasi, by noted writer [[Premchand]] in 1938, which published numerous important one-act plays in the coming years, further giving boost to the craft.<ref name="Datta, p. 1076"/>

In the 1930s one-act plays became a prominent organizational structure in Hindi theatre. Playwrights who excelled in this format included Ganeshprasad Dwivedi (''Suhag bindi'', 1935), Bhuvneshwarprasad (''Karvan'', 1935), and Satyendra (''Kunal'', 1937)<ref name="Datta, p. 1076"/> Of particular importance was the poet, playwright, critic, and historian Ram Kumar Verma who wrote several successful one act plays, including ''Prithviraj ki ankhen'' (1936) and ''Reshmi tai'' (1941).<ref name="Datta, p. 1076"/> Verma's play ''[[Charumitra (play)|Charumitra]]'' (1941 or 1942) is considered a masterpiece of modern Hindi drama.<ref name="Datta, p. 1076"/><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTXougCB-NMC&dq=charumitra+play&pg=PA210|chapter=Modern Hindi Drama:A Selection; Charumitra Ram Kumar Verma|pages=166, 210–220|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|editor=K. M. George|year=1992|isbn=9788172017835}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=India|author=Narayan, Shyamala A|journal=Journal of Commonwealth Literature|date=September 1978|volume=13|number=2|pages=111–129|doi=10.1177/002198947801300206|s2cid=220784854}}</ref>

===1940s and beyond===
As the Independence struggle was gathering steam playwrights broaching issues of nationalism and subversive ideas against the British, yet to dodge censorship, they adapted themes from mythology, history and legend and used them as vehicle for political messages, a trend that continues to date, though now it was employed to bring out social, personal and psychological issues rather than clearly political.

Post-independence the emerging republic threw up new issues for playwrights to tackle and express, and Hindi playwriting showed greater brevity and symbolism, but it was not as prolific as in case with [[Hindi poetry]] or fiction.<ref>[[#Na|Nagendra, p. 661]]</ref> Yet we have playwrights like [[Jagdish Chandra Mathur]] (''Konark'') and Upendranath Ashk (''Anjo Didi''), who displayed a steadily evolving understanding of thematic development, [[theatrical constraints]] and [[stagecraft]], and Gyandev Agnihotri stood out for his symbolism, wit and satire as visible in classic ''Shuturmurg'' written in the 1960s<ref>{{cite news |title=When politics meets entertainment |url=http://beta.mid-day.com/whatson/2010/mar/040310-Gyandev-Agnihotri-Shuturmurgh-Drama.htm |publisher=[[MiD DAY]] |date=4 March 2010 |access-date=20 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719155246/http://beta.mid-day.com/whatson/2010/mar/040310-Gyandev-Agnihotri-Shuturmurgh-Drama.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> before moving into screenwriting for [[Hindi films]] in the 1970s.<ref name="Datta, p. 1075"/><ref name="Datta, p. 1076">[[#Da|Datta, p. 1076]]</ref><ref>{{IMDb name|1088936|Gyandev Agnihotri}}</ref><ref>[[#Na|Nagendra, p. 645]]</ref>

The first important play of the 20th century was ''[[Andha Yug]]'' (The Blind Epoch), by [[Dharamvir Bharati]], which came in 1953, found in ''Mahabharat'', both an ideal source and expression of modern discontent and predicament of a society riddled with corruption. Starting with [[Ebrahim Alkazi]] it was staged by numerous directors. With his verse play ''Uttar Priyadarshini'', [[Agyeya]] found the story [[Ashoka]]'s redemption, reflecting the modern call for peace.<ref name="Datta, p. 1076" /><ref>[[#Ru|Rubin, p. 195]]</ref> ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'' (One Day in Ashadh), the debut play of modernist [[Mohan Rakesh]] was published in 1958, based on the life of [[Sanskrit]] dramatist [[Kālidāsa|Kalidas]], and is considered the first Modern Hindi play.<ref name=com>[[#Co|Cody, p. 1116]]</ref> Mohan Rakesh went on to write two more plays, ''Aadhe Adhure'' (Halfway House) and ''Leheron Ke Raj Hans'' (Great Swans of the Waves) and left one, ''Paon Taley Ki Zameen'' (Ground beneath the Feet) unfinished by the time of his death in 1972, but he had shifted the landscape of Hindi theatre.<ref name=com/> Today, his rise as a prominent playwright in the 1960s is seen as the coming of age of Modern Indian playwriting in [[Hindi language|Hindi]], just as [[Vijay Tendulkar]] did it in Marathi, [[Badal Sircar]] in Bengali, and [[Girish Karnad]] in Kannada.<ref>{{cite news |title=Drama between the lines|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/drama-between-the-lines/190990/0 |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |date=28 January 2007 }}</ref> His plays have now become classics of Indian theatre, have been performed by almost every major Indian theatre director and have been part of the university curriculum in Hindi-speaking areas.<ref>[[#Ru|Rubin, p. 196]]</ref>

Initially inspired by western [[dramaturgy]], in structure and movement, many initial playwrights adapted [[Ibsen]] and [[Brecht]], but soon returned to roots and found both content and form, giving birth to the movement called "theatre of the roots", a concerted attempt to 'decolonise' Indian theatre and distance itself from western theatre.<ref>[[#Ru|Rubin, 183]]</ref> Be it Habib Tanvir's ''Agra Bazar'' (1954) and ''Charandas Chor'' (1975), which brought in new indigenous forms of expression,<ref name=cohab>[[#Co|Cody, p. 1329]]</ref> On the other hand, there were younger playwrights like [[Surendra Verma]], with his ''Surya Ki Antim Kiran Se Surya Ki Pahli Kiran Tak'' (From Sunset to Sunrise, 1972), ''Draupadi'' and ''Athwan sarga'' (Eighth Chapter, 1976), rapidly experimented with forms and formats,<ref name="Datta, p. 1076" /> and writers who ventured into playwrighting to produce important works, like [[Bhisham Sahni]] who has been associated with both IPTA and Progressive Writers Association, most noted for his [[partition of India|partition]]-novel ''Tamas'' wrote, ''Hanush'' (1977), ''Madhavi'' (1982) and ''Muavze'' (1993).

Over the years the repertoire of Hindi plays has expanded to include translated and adapted works of successful playwrights from other languages, like [[Vijay Tendulkar]], [[Girish Karnad]], [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]], [[Govind Purushottam Deshpande|G. P. Deshpande]] and [[Badal Sircar]] (Evam Indrajit, 1963, ''Pagla Ghoda'', 1967).<ref name=am>[[#Da|Datta, p. 1074]]</ref>

Danish Iqbal's ''Dara Shikoh'' is a modern classic which was staged by director [[M S Sathyu]]. In the words of noted critic Ramesh Chand Charlie Dara Shikoh is a turning point of traditional theatrical sensibilities. Use of Wali Deccani's period poetry provides this Play with a very rare artistic and historical context. Dazzling use of Kathak choreography by ''Rani Khanum'' and her Troupe, and authentic costumes including head gear, swords and period art work was a treat for the eyes. This Play had a good run at cities like Delhi, Gurgaon and Bangalore.

Another notable Drama of Danish Iqbal is ''Dilli jo ek Shehr Thaa'' depicts the life and times of a Delhi lost during the invasion of [[Nadir Shah]]. He was awarded ''Mohan Rakesh Samman'' for this Play by the Chief Minister of Delhi [[Sheila Dikshit]]. Recently this Play was staged by Bharti Sharma of Kshitij Group and had Delhi audience mesmerised by its production values and grandeur.

Danish also wrote ''Sahir''' on the life and times of [[Sahir Ludhyanvi]] which was staged in Delhi for a packed audience and became a landmark production for the use of old film songs as part of Dramatic Narrative. Directed by NRI Director ''Pramila Le Hunt'' this play became a commercial success and had audience wishing more and more of Sahir. Danish Iqbal also wrote ''Kuchh Ishq Kiya Kuchh Kaam'' on the life and work of legendary poet [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]] and ''Sarah Ka Sara Aasman'' on the poet ''Sarah Shagufta'', besides the biographical Drama 'Ghalib' which used [[Ghalib]]'s poetry for the basic narrative and was staged at Dubai for the expatriate Indian Community. Danish had also given the block buster 'Woh Akhiri Hichki' and 'Ek Thi Amrita'(on the life and times of [[Amrita Pritam]]) and some other early works. In recent years he has been using lot of elements of Cinema and mass media to bring theatrical sensibilities closer to the audiences fed with lot of Bollywood. It is a pity that his collected work is not available till now although few versions of 'Dara Shikoh' and 'Ghalib' are available but Dara Shikoh being a costly historical costume Drama it is not easy to stage such a demanding production. 'Dilli Jo Ek Shehr Thaa' has all the markings of a classic stage play combining high voltage conflict with realistic characterisations, treacherous conspiracies, romance, poetry, dances and catchy dialogues.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}

Sayeed Alam is known for his wit and humour and more particularly for Plays like 'Ghalib in New Delhi' 'Big B' and many other gems which are regularly staged for massive turn out of theatre lovers. Maulana Azad is his magnum opus both for its content and style.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}

Shahid's 'Three B' is also a significant Play. He has been associated with many groups like 'Natwa' and others. Zaheer Anwar has kept the flag of Theatre flying in Kolkata. Unlike the writers of previous generation Sayeed, Shahid, Danish and Zaheer do not write bookish Plays but their work is a product of vigorous performing tradition.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}

Dramatech, a Delhi-based theatre group formed by alumni of IIT Delhi in 1984, gave a new dimension to Hindi theatre by translating and staging many English classic plays, both musicals and straight plays. These included Hindi versions of musicals Fiddler on the Roof and Hello Dolly! and plays Agatha Christie's Ten Little Niggers & Witness for the Prosecution; A Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories; Joseph Kesselring's Arsenic and Old Lace. All these were translated, lyrics and directed by Ravi Raj Sagar, in the period 1984–87 and then 2002–12.Reference: www.dramatech.in

The group's same director also adapted and staged classic stories by Premchand in play Premchand: Three comedies for families and Children in 2012. Stories included in this were Do bailon ki katha, Shatranj ke khiladi, Nimantran.Ref: Review in Deccan Herald: http://www.deccanherald.com/content/269668/premchand-children.html Also: www.dramatech.in An interview with Director Ravi Raj Sagar on Premchand's works and Hindi & Urdu Literature was published in The Times of India: http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-02/books/34216836_1_munshi-premchand-stories-comedy-genres {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-02/books/34216836_1_munshi-premchand-stories-comedy-genres |date=20 December 2013 }}

Vibha rani is a noted playwright of two Indian languages- Hindi and Mainthili. So far she has written more than 20 full length group, duet and solo plays. Her play "Doosra Aadmi, Doosari Aurat" has been awarded with Vishnudas Bhave Award for Playwriting by the Govt. of Maharashtra, 2011. The play was put up in BHARANGAM, 2002 of National School of Drama, New Delhi & currently being staged by various groups across the country. Another play "Peer Parayee" is being staged in and around the country by "Vivechana", Jabalpur from 2004 onwards. "Aye Priye Tere Liye" was staged in Mumbai. "Life is not a Dream", Balchanda", "Main Krishna Krishn Ki", "Ek Nayi Menka", "Bhikharin", "Naurangi Natni", "Bimb- Pratibimb" are her solo plays, being staged in & around the world. "Aao Tanik Prem Karen" and "Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Naa Kijo" had won 1st prize of Mohan Rakesh Samman, 2005. "Aao Tanik Prem Karen" had been awarded as the Best play, 2013 and Vibha as the Best female Actor, 2013 by the Govt. of Maharashtra.

==Theatre criticism==

On the other hand, [[theatre criticism]] which had also begun with Bhartendu, saw new voices emerging in the mid-20th century, like Lakshmi Narayan Lal, which were now subjecting recent Indian playwriting to touchstone of Ibsen and other western masters.<ref name="Datta, p. 1076"/> Leading theatre critics were now employed by national dailies, this included Ramesh Chander and Nemichand Jain, and soon a second generation theatre criticism came to the fore in the 1960s, with Kavita Nagpal, Jaidev Taneja, and others. Literary journal also started having sections devoted to theatre criticism and many magazines now ran theatre review columns. In this period, a theatre journal ''Natrang'' edited by NC Jain started publishing, similar journal were brought out by state-run academies like, ''Sangit Natak'' by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in Delhi, ''Rangyog'' at Rajasthan Academy in Jodhpur, and ''Chhayanat'' by Uttar Pradesh Academy in Lucknow. Another important development was the rise of documentation, academic research in various streams of Indian theatre by increasing number of theatre scholars, like [[Kapila Vatsyayan]], Anuradha Kapoor and N C Jain.<ref>[[#Ru|Rubin, p. 217]]</ref>

==Hindi theatre groups==
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Location
! Year of establishment
! Founding director
|-
| Darpan || Kanpur and then Lucknow || 1961 in Kanpur and 1972 in Lucknow || Prof Satyamurti
Presently Nishtha Sharma General Secretary of Darpan Kanpur
NATYANGAN KANPUR Founded by Rakesh Dugg & Junior wing of Darpan Kanpur in 1981.
Awadhesh Kumar Misra Reorganized NATYANGAN in 2016 with the fellow members of Darpan Kanpur.
Started staging plays under the direction of renowned Thespian Sangeet Natak akademi award winner, Dadasaheb Phalke awardee Ranjit Kapur.
Ek Ghora Chhah Sawaar, Surajmukhi aur Hamlet, Panchlite and Sab Thaath pada rah jayega.
NSD allumini Yashraj Jadhav directed the most acclaimed nautanki and musical classic Katha Nandan Ki in a totally different form.
One of the best musical play in which Ustad Ghulam Dastgeer Khan's best music compositions and heart touching performances of Rakesh Verma, Ravi Vaidya and Vijay Bannerji, along with the leading crowd that was the real hero made the musical.play immortal. The then in 1980it was directed by Ms Tripurari Sharma and Ravi Sharma.The Nautanki adaptation in Hindi msutanki form of Indraparthadarathi'Tamil play was done by Late Siddheshwar Awasthi.
In 1917 on the behest of Ravi Sharma, the rehearsal of Katha nandan Ki was started with totally new team. But because of Ravi Sharma's busy schedule he couldn't come to direct this musical classic.Hence it was Yashraj Jadhav who got an opportunity to redesign it in new digital era. He did but couldn't touch the sensitivity of the previous production. Although it was up to the mark but not a super duper production.
Afterwards Ranjit Kapoor gave a new concept in Surajmukhi aur Hamlet. It also won thousands applause.
|-

| Prayog || Indore, Bhopal, Rewa, Mumbai, Noida, New Jersey || 1975 in Indore, 1983 in Bhopal, 1985 in Mumbai, 1991 in Rewa, 1992 in Noida, 2012 in New Jersey, USA || Prof Satish Mehta and Mrs. Jyotsna Mehta
Prayog is a well-known Hindi theatre group of India. It was established on 15 August 1975 by Prof. Satish Mehta and his wife Mrs. Jyotsana Mehta. The first play performed by Prayog was Doosara Darwaja (Writer - Dr. Laxmi Narain Lal) and this theater group has never looked back ever since. It has gone from strength to strength putting up 1500+ performances to date of 100 full-length plays.

Prayog is a Hindi language word, which means experimentation. As the meaning indicates Prayog is different in the sense that and it puts up its plays with experimentation in content, format and presentation. The plays seek to throw new and different light on social and political issues. Prayog's constant endeavor is to bring a fresh viewpoint. The remarkable factor in the plays performed by Prayog is the variety in form and way of presentation. Few Prayog plays are as follows:

a. Folk style Plays: Dulari Bai, Bakri, Jadugar Jungle, Rai
b. Comedy Plays: Saiya Bhaye Kotwal, Langdi Tang, Sharafat teri to, Adalat Ashiko ki, Badbad Savitri.
c. Political and Social satire: Andhon Ka Hathi, Natak Nahin, Ala Afasar
d. Social Plays: Pratibimb, Mansukh Lal Majithhiya, Hastakshar
e. Period Plays: Jis Lahore nahi dekhya, Ek aur Dronacharya
f. Mythological Plays: kandhe par baitha tha shap
g. Psycho-physical Plays: Bhoma

With its liking for purposeful theater, Prayog has broken new grounds with street plays as well - "Julus", "Samarath", "Bharat Ke Lal" and "Kargil Ke Sher" were performed to aware the public with different motives. The themes of these plays were patriotism, non-violence, national integration, communal harmony and other social causes. These street plays attracted a large number of people on the streets and conveyed the message effectively to them. Prayog has a remarkable record of presenting its Plays throughout India and in USA as well. Prayog has a brigade of very talented artistes, who support the very cause for which Prayog was established and has been working ever since. Prayog has established a good name in the field of theater and continue to rise to greater heights.
|-

|-
| Kala Sangam || Patna, Bihar || 1962 || Satish Anand
|-
| [[Swatantra Theatre]] || Pune, Maharashtra || 2006 || Abhijeet Choudhary and Dhanashree Heblikar with Yuwaraj Shah

Abhijeet Choudhary with Dhanashree Heblikar and Yuwaraj Shah founded Swatantra Kala Group in Pune in 2006. The group focuses on contemporary and socio-political issues through its numerous performances and practices. It has performed at various public and private institutes of education including FTII, IITs, and NDA. It is known for its repertoire of community-based theatre and was invited by the UK Parliament for engaging in community-service through theatre. Some of its noteworthy productions are Jis Lahore Nahin Vekhya Wo Janmeya Hi Nahin- Asghar Wajahat, Tajamhal Ka Tender- Ajay Shukla, Mujhe Amrita Chahiye- Yohesg Tripathi, Kabira Khada Bazar Mein- Bhishm Sahni, Court Martial- Swadesh Deepak, Gagan Damma Bajiyo -Piyush Mishra, Jab Shehar hamara sota hai, Bakri-Sarveshwal Dayal Sharma, Ujbak Raja Teen Dacoit- Alakhnandan, and many more.
Abhijeet Choudhary, Dhanashree Heblikar Written Plays like Mashaal jao Diye Se, Tenaliram, Tukaram, Turning Pages with Sudha Murthy, DadaSaheb Phalke "Play Based on Father of Indian Cinema", Mansarovar Play based on Premchand's Short Stories, Bikhre Moti Play BAsed on Subhadra Kumari Chauhan's Life and her writings, Rabindra Sansar Play Based on Life of Rabindranath Thakur and his work and many more.
Jaag Utha Hai Raigad is a Hindi translation of Vasant Kanetkar's Marathi play Raigadala Jevha Jaag Yete Performed in 21st Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2020. Woven within the play is an inbuilt, terse and fine sense of controlled dramatic tension. It depicts the Maratha King, Shivaji and his youngest son, Sambhaji struggling with the gap between the two generations. Shivaji's efforts are to keep his family united, and the young descendant's efforts are to control and consolidate the huge legacy and empire. The play unveils the rich Maharashtrian culture, and the heritage of a bygone era.

|
|}Nat Nimad || Khandwa, M.P.|| 2000|| Vijay Soni

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Rangkarm - Aayam Dar Aayam by Prof. Satish Mehta), Volume 1|author=Prof. Satish Mehta|publisher=Vikas Prakashan, Kanpur |year=2010|isbn=978-9381317693|url=https://www.hindibook.com/index.php?p=sr&format=fullpage&Field=bookcode&String=9789381317693 }}
* ''Swatantra Theatre Selected to performed at National School of drama 2020 International Theatre Festival; a very famous marathi play in Hindi with very unique style and design '', https://www.21brm.nsd.gov.in/jaag-utha-hai-raigad/
* ''Hindi drama and stage'', by Virendra Narayana. Bansal, 1981
* {{cite book |title=Contemporary Indian theatre: interviews with playwrights and directors |author=Sangeet Natak Akademi|year=1989 |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] }}
* ''Adhunik Hindi Natak Aur Rangmanch'' (Modern Hindi Drama and Theatre), by N. C. Jain.
* ''Rang yatra: twenty-five years of the National School of Drama Repertory Company'', by National School of Drama. Published by National School of Drama, 1992.
* ''Hindi Natak: Udhbhav aur Vikas'' (Hindi Drama: Its origin and Development), Dashrath Ojha. Rajpal and Sons, 1954.
* ''Mohan Rakesh's halfway house: critical perspectives'', by Subhash Chandra. Asia Book Club, 2001. {{ISBN|978-81-7851-004-0}}.
* ''Gender, religion, and modern Hindi drama'', by Diana Dimitrova. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-7735-3364-6}}.
* ''Andha Yug'', by Dharamvir Bharati, Tr. Alok Bhalla. Oxford University Press, USA, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-19-806522-7}}.
* ''4th Hindi Theatre Festival, FTII Pune'', http://www.mid-day.com/articles/a-tribute-to-hindi/15590193
* '' First Virtual Live Play of India '', https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/swatantra-theatres-rang-e-dastaan-season-2-a-virtual-theatre-festival-from-june-4-is-a-13-day-festival-featuring-13-plays-and-70-artistes-from-across-india/article31747723.ece
* '' Swatantra Theatre is the First who Performed on COVID-19 has a sociocultural message for humanity in Swatantra Theatre's Shehar-e-Naqab, available online '', https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/a-character-called-corona-6324466/

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

;General
* {{Cite web|title=Staging a Dramatic Shift |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/staging-a-dramatic-shift/articleshow/67212237.cms}}
* {{Cite web|title=From Page to Stage |date=21 July 2019|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/from-page-to-stage-5839637/}}
* {{cite book |title=McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of world drama, Volume 3|author=Stanley Hochman|publisher=VNR AG|year=1984|isbn=978-0-07-079169-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zo5os6d0rvMC&q=hindi+theatre&pg=PA44 |ref=Ho }}
* {{cite book |title=Indian Literature|author=Dr. Nagendra |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqGojPpe8DIC&q=%22Hindi+drama%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA661 |ref=Na}}
* {{cite book |title=The Cambridge guide to theatre|author=Martin Banham|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-521-43437-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/526 526]|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh |url-access=registration|quote=hindi theatre.|ref=Ba }}
* {{cite book |title=History of Indian Literature: 1911–1956, struggle for freedom: triumph and tragedy|author=Sisir Kumar Das|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year= 1995 |isbn=978-81-7201-798-9 |page= 159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&q=hindi+theatre&pg=PA178 |ref=Das }}
* {{cite book |title=Culture and power in Banaras: community, performance, and environment, 1800–1980|author=Sandria B. Freitag|chapter=Chapter 2: The Birth of Hindi Drama in Banaras: 1868–1885, by Kathryn Hansen|publisher=University of California Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-520-06367-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RAaBmHA9uUC&q=%22Hindi+drama%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA62 |ref=Han}}
* {{cite book |title=The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia|author=Don Rubin |publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-05933-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUiXjMUl34C&q=hindi+theatre&pg=PA219 |ref=Ru }}
* {{cite book |title=Western tradition and naturalistic Hindi theatre|author=Diana Dimitrova |publisher=Peter Lang|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8204-6822-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FA9qAKpUtTIC&q=Hindi+theatre |ref=Dm }}
* {{cite book |title=Theatres of independence: drama, theory, and urban performance in India since 1947 |author=Aparna Bhargava Dharwadker|year=2005 |publisher=University of Iowa Press|isbn=978-0-87745-961-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&q=Shyamanand+Jalan&pg=PA401 |ref=Dh }}
* {{cite book |title=Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre| author=Colin Chambers |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year= 2006|isbn=978-1-84714-001-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PPVN0-SKMwC&q=hindi+theatre&pg=PA382 |ref=Ch }}
* {{cite book |title=The Columbia encyclopedia of modern drama, Volume 2 |author=Gabrielle H. Cody |author2=Evert Sprinchorn |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-231-14424-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQqOKWmjdQUC&q=%22Shyamanand+Jalan%22&pg=PA1117 |ref=Co }}
* {{cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti), Volume 2|author=Amaresh Datta|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2006|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=%22Hindi+drama%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA1075 |ref=Da }}

==External links==

* {{cite news |title=Tracing genesis of Indian theatre and its mentors |url=http://www.asianage.com/arts/tracing-genesis-indian-theatre-and-its-mentors-300 |publisher=[[The Asian Age]] |date=24 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707174913/http://www.asianage.com/arts/tracing-genesis-indian-theatre-and-its-mentors-300 |archive-date=7 July 2011}}
* {{cite news |title=Remarkable resurgence |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article600096.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=28 August 2010 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindi Theatre}}
[[Category:Hindi theatre| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Performing arts in India]]
[[Category:Theatre of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Delhi]]

Ig Nobel Prize

2026-03-27T15:37:56Z

Andreasujg: minor edit

{{short description|Annually awarded parody of the Nobel Prize}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Pone.0223447.g002.png|thumb|The 2025 Ig Nobel Prize in biology was awarded to [[Tomoki Kojima]] and other researchers for demonstrating that painting [[cows]] with [[zebra stripes|black and white stripes]] can prevent [[biting flies]] biting them without using more pesticide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crkjzxrrkd5o |title=Zebra cows and Teflon food make Ig Nobel prize winners |publisher=bbc.com |date=September 19, 2025 |access-date=September 20, 2025}}</ref>]]

The '''Ig Nobel Prize''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɪ|ɡ|_|n|oʊ|ˈ|b|ɛ|l}}) is a [[satire|satirical prize]] awarded annually since 1991 to promote public engagement with scientific research. Its aim is to "honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think." The name of the award is a pun on the [[Nobel Prize]], which it parodies, and on the word [[wikt:ignoble#English|''ignoble'']]. Most awards are for genuine scientific achievements with an unorthodox, obvious or humorous slant, while other awards are given ironically to various [[fraudster]]s, politicians, media figures, or promoters of [[pseudoscience]].

Organized by the scientific humor magazine ''[[Annals of Improbable Research]]'' (AIR), the Ig Nobel Prizes are presented by [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]] in a ceremony at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. The winners also deliver public lectures.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://slate.com/technology/2012/09/ig-nobel-prize-2012-improbable-research-presented-in-sept-20-ceremony-and-this-is-improbable-book.html |title=The Greatest Hits of Weird Science: What the Oscars could learn from the Ig Nobel Prize ceremony |author-link=Marc Abrahams |first=Marc |last=Abrahams |date=September 12, 2012 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate.com]] |access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref> The Ig Nobel Prize monetary award is given in a solitary [[banknote]] for the amount of 10 trillion [[Zimbabwean dollar (1980–2009)|Zimbabwean dollars]] (US$0.40, but the banknote is worth more as a [[collector's item]]<ref name="frisby">{{cite news |last=Frisby |first=Dominic |date=14 May 2016 |title=Zimbabwe's trillion-dollar note: from worthless paper to hot investment |url=http://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/may/14/zimbabwe-trillion-dollar-note-hyerinflation-investment |newspaper=the Guardian}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davis |first=Nicola |date=2023-09-14 |title=Reanimated spiders and smart toilets triumph at Ig Nobel prizes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/sep/14/reanimated-spiders-and-smart-toilets-triumph-at-ig-nobel-prizes |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== History ==
The Ig Nobels were created in 1991 by [[Marc Abrahams]], then editor-in-chief of the ''[[Journal of Irreproducible Results]]'' and later co-founder of the ''[[Annals of Improbable Research]]'', who has been the master of ceremonies at all awards ceremonies. Awards were presented at that time for discoveries "that cannot, or should not, be reproduced". Ten prizes are awarded each year in many categories, including the Nobel Prize categories of physics, chemistry, physiology/medicine, literature, economics, and peace, but also other categories such as public health, engineering, biology, and interdisciplinary research. The Ig Nobel Prizes recognize genuine achievements, with the exception of three prizes awarded in the first year to fictitious scientists [[Josiah S. Carberry]], Paul DeFanti,<ref>[http://tech.mit.edu/V111/N41/jackso.41o.html "Ig Nobel prizes display wit, fun, drunks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211052256/http://tech.mit.edu/V111/N41/jackso.41o.html |date=February 11, 2023 }}, ''[[The Tech (newspaper)|The Tech]]'', vol. 111, issue 41</ref> and [[Administratium|Thomas Kyle]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1991-10-05 |title=Ig Nobel Prizes Go to Those Likely to Be Overlooked : Lampoon: MIT researchers create the new series of awards, named after the 'inventor of soda pop.' Among the first winners are Vice President Dan Quayle and imprisoned junk-bond king Michael Milken. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-10-05-mn-3178-story.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

The awards are sometimes criticism via satire, as in the two awards given for [[homeopathy]] research, prizes in "science education" to the [[Kansas State Department of Education]] and [[Colorado State Board of Education]] for their [[Kansas evolution hearings|stance]] regarding the [[Creation and evolution in public education|teaching of evolution]], and the prize awarded to ''[[Social Text]]'' after the [[Sokal affair]]. Most often, however, they draw attention to [[scientific articles]] that have some humorous or unexpected aspect. Examples range from the discovery that the presence of humans tends to sexually arouse [[ostrich]]es, to the statement that [[black hole]]s fulfill all the technical requirements for being the location of Hell, to research on the "[[five-second rule]]", a tongue-in-cheek belief that food dropped on the floor will not become contaminated if it is picked up within five seconds.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html| title = Improbable.com Ig Nobel Past Winners| access-date = July 10, 2019| archive-date = September 6, 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190906104917/https://improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Sir [[Andre Geim]], who had been awarded an Ig Nobel Prize in 2000 for levitating a frog by magnetism, was awarded a Nobel Prize in physics in 2010 for his work with the electromagnetic properties of [[graphene]]. He is the only individual, as of 2026, to have received both a Nobel and an Ig Nobel.<ref name="Overbye_NYT">{{cite news |last1=Overbye |first1=Dennis |author1-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Physics Nobel Honors Work on Ultra-Thin Carbon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/06/science/06nobel.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 30, 2023 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924123720/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/06/science/06nobel.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=2014-09-24}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{efn|In January 2026, [[María Corina Machado]], the recipient of the [[2025 Nobel Peace Prize]], gave her Nobel medal to [[Donald Trump]], a co-recipient of the 2020 Ig Nobel Prize in Medical Education, but The Nobel Prize Committee clarified that the prize "cannot be revoked, shared or transferred".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-11 |title=Nobel Institute rejects María Corina Machado’s offer to share peace prize with Trump |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/11/nobel-institute-rejects-maria-corina-machados-offer-to-share-peace-prize-with-trump |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>}}

Two books have been published with write-ups on some winners: ''The Ig Nobel Prize''<ref>2002, US paperback {{ISBN|0-452-28573-9}}, UK paperback {{ISBN|0-7528-4261-7}}</ref> and ''The Ig Nobel Prize 2'',<ref>2005, US hardcover {{ISBN|0-525-94912-7}}, UK hardcover {{ISBN|0-7528-6461-0}}</ref> the latter of which was later retitled ''The Man Who Tried to Clone Himself''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abrahams |first=Marc |url=https://archive.org/details/manwhotriedtoclo0000abra |title=The Man Who Tried to Clone Himself |publisher=Plume |year=2006 |isbn=9780452287723 |url-access=registration}}</ref> An Ig Nobel Tour has been an annual part of National Science week in the United Kingdom since 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ig Nobel Tour of the UK |url=https://www.improbable.com/navstrip/airshows/info/Ig-Nobel_UK_hosting_info.pdf |access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref>

== Ceremony ==
[[File:10 Trillion Zimbabwean Dollars (cropped).jpg|thumb|Winners of the Ig Nobel Prize are awarded a banknote for the amount of 10 trillion [[Zimbabwean dollar (1980–2009)|Zimbabwean dollar]]s.]]
The prizes are mostly presented by [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]], originally at a ceremony in a lecture hall at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] but moved in 1994 to the [[Memorial Hall (Harvard University)|Sanders Theater]] at [[Harvard University]] for many years.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the event was held fully online from 2020 to 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-19|title=2020 Ceremony|url=https://www.improbable.com/ig-about/the-30th-first-annual-ig-nobel-prize-ceremony/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Improbable Research|archive-date=December 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207075555/https://www.improbable.com/ig-about/the-30th-first-annual-ig-nobel-prize-ceremony/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-18|title=What is the Ig Nobel Prize and who won it this year?|url=https://metro.co.uk/2020/09/18/what-is-the-ig-nobel-prize-and-who-won-it-this-year-13289325/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Metro|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ig Nobel Awards Go Virtual|url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/ignobels-2020/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Science Friday|language=en-US}}</ref> The ceremony returned to MIT in September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=The 34th First Annual Ig Nobel Ceremony |url=https://improbable.com/ig/archive/2024-ceremony/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=improbable.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The event contains a number of running jokes, including Miss Sweetie Poo, a little girl who repeatedly cries out, "Please stop: I'm bored", in a high-pitched voice if speakers go on too long.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |first=Kees |last=Moeliker |author-link=Kees Moeliker |title=Infinity and so much more |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/oct/11/highereducation.research1 |publisher=Education.guardian.co.uk |date=October 11, 2005 |access-date=November 17, 2018 |location=London}}</ref> The awards ceremony is traditionally closed with the words: "If you didn't win a prize—and especially if you did—better luck next year!"<ref name=":02">{{Cite report |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/ig-nobel-prizes-honor-zombie-spiders-rock-licking-scientists-and-clever-commode |title=Ig Nobel Prizes honor zombie spiders, rock-licking scientists, and a clever commode |last=Jacobs |first=Phie |date=2023-09-14 |doi=10.1126/science.adk8631 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The ceremony is co-sponsored by the Harvard Computer Society, the [[Harvard–Radcliffe Science Fiction Association]] and the Harvard–Radcliffe Society of Physics Students.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.improbable.com/ig-about/| title = Improbable.com: "About the Ig Nobel prize"| access-date = July 8, 2019| archive-date = June 4, 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190604012502/https://www.improbable.com/ig/| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Throwing [[paper plane]]s onto the stage is a long-standing tradition. For many years Professor [[Roy J. Glauber]] swept the stage clean of the airplanes as the official "Keeper of the Broom". Glauber could not attend the 2005 awards because he was traveling to Stockholm to claim a genuine [[Nobel Prize in Physics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.improbable.com/2018/12/27/sad-news-roy-glauber-paper-airplane-sweeper-and-physicist-of-light-is-gone/ |work=Improbable.com |title=Roy Glauber, paper airplane sweeper, is gone |date=2018-12-27}}</ref>

The "Parade of Ignitaries" into the hall includes supporting groups. At the 1997 ceremonies, a team of "cryogenic sex researchers" distributed a pamphlet titled "Safe Sex at Four Kelvin."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/1997/10/a-gala-night-for-weird-science/ |first=Scott |last=Kirsner |title=A Gala Night for Weird Science |magazine=Wired }}</ref> Delegates from the [[Museum of Bad Art]] are often on hand to display some pieces from their collection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Alvin |date=2000-10-12 |title=Ig Nobels flush out the world's top brains :Bad science gets good reputation at 10th annual prize ceremony |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2000/10/ig-nobels-flush-out-the-worlds-top-brains-bad-science-gets-good-reputation-at-10th-annual-prize-ceremony/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref>

For the 2026 awarding ceremony, the AIR said that it would hold the event on 3 September in [[Zurich]], Switzerland, and would be hosted by the [[University of Zurich]] and [[ETH Domain]], saying that the United States had become "unsafe" for guests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-10 |title=Ig Nobel prizes moving to Europe because US 'unsafe' to visit |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260310-ig-nobel-prizes-moving-to-europe-because-us-unsafe-to-visit |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=France 24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Frog_diamagnetic_levitation.jpg|thumb|The 2000 Ig Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to [[Andre Geim]], [[Radboud University Nijmegen]], and [[Michael Berry (physicist)|Michael Berry]], [[University of Bristol]], UK, for the [[magnetic levitation]] of a live frog. Geim was awarded an actual Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 5, 2010 |title=Geim becomes first Nobel & Ig Nobel winner |url=https://www.improbable.com/2010/10/05/geim-becomes-first-nobel-ig-nobel-winner/ |access-date=November 17, 2018 |publisher=Improbable.com}}</ref>]]
A September 2009 article in ''[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]'' titled "A noble side to Ig Nobels" says that, although the Ig Nobel Awards are veiled criticism of trivial research, history shows that trivial research sometimes leads to important breakthroughs.<ref>{{cite web |first=Robert |last=Matthews |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/science/a-noble-side-to-ig-nobels-1.532698 |title=A Noble Side to Ig Nobels |website=The National |date=September 27, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref> For instance, in 2006, a study showing that one of the mosquitoes that can carry [[malaria]] (''[[Anopheles gambiae]]'') is attracted equally to the smell of [[Limburger|Limburger cheese]] and the smell of human feet<ref>{{cite journal |first=Bart |last=Knols |title=On human odour, malaria mosquitoes, and Limburger cheese |journal=Lancet |volume=348 |issue=9037 |page=1322 |date=November 9, 1996 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)65812-6 |pmid=8909415 |s2cid=12571262 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(05)65812-6.pdf |access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref> earned the Ig Nobel Prize in the area of biology. As a direct result of these findings, traps baited with this cheese have been placed in strategic locations to combat the epidemic of malaria in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig2006 |title=The 2006 Ig Nobel Prize Winners |publisher=Improbable.com |access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Parasitology Today |volume=12 |issue=4 |date=April 1996 |pages=159–161 |title=Limburger cheese as an attractant for the malaria mosquito ''Anopheles gambiae s.s.'' |first1=Bart |last1=Knols |first2=Ruurd |last2=De Jong |doi=10.1016/0169-4758(96)10002-8 |pmid=15275226 }}</ref> [[Andre Geim]], before sharing the 2010 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his research on [[graphene]], shared the Physics Ig Nobel in [[List of Ig Nobel Prize winners#2000|2000]] with [[Michael Berry (physicist)|Michael Berry]] for the magnetic levitation of a frog, which by 2022 was reportedly part of the inspiration for China's [[Gravitation of the Moon#Simulating lunar gravity|lunar gravity research]] facility.<ref name="Futurism01a">{{cite web |title=China building "Artificial Moon" that simulates low gravity with magnets|url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/china-artificial-moon-magnets|website=Futurism.com|date=January 12, 2022 |publisher=Recurrent Ventures|access-date=17 January 2022 |quote=the facility was partly inspired by previous research conducted by Russian physicist Andrew Geim in which he floated a frog with a magnet. The experiment earned Geim the Ig Nobel Prize in Physics, a satirical award given to unusual scientific research. It’s cool that a quirky experiment involving floating a frog could lead to something approaching an honest-to-God antigravity chamber.}}</ref><ref name="scmp2022-01-12a">{{cite web |author=Stephen Chen|title=China has built an artificial moon that simulates low-gravity conditions on Earth|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3162972/china-has-built-artificial-moon-simulates-low-gravity-conditions|publisher=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=17 January 2022 |date=12 January 2022 |quote=It is said to be the first of its kind and could play a key role in the country’s future lunar missions. Landscape is supported by a magnetic field and was inspired by experiments to levitate a frog.}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Ig Nobel Prize winners]]
* [[Darwin Awards]]
* [[Golden Raspberry Awards]] – awards for bad movies
* [[Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest]] – an award for bad writing
* [[Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year|''Bookseller''/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year]] – an award for books with unusual titles
* [[Pigasus Award]] – exposing parapsychological, paranormal, or psychic frauds
* [[Golden Fleece Award]] – award for waste of government funds; often awarded for government-paid research considered frivolous or wasteful
* [[Foot in Mouth Award]] – an award presented by the [[Plain English Campaign]] for "a baffling comment by a public figure"
* [["British scientists"]] – Russian joke regarding absurd news reports about scientific discoveries

== References ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website|https://improbable.com/ig/about-the-ig-nobel-prizes/}}
* [https://improbable.com/ig/winners/ Index to list of past winners]
* {{cite web |publisher= [[TED (conference)|TED Talk]] |first= Marc |last= Abrahams |url= https://www.ted.com/talks/marc_abrahams_a_science_award_that_makes_you_laugh_then_think |title= A science award that makes you laugh, then think |date= Sep 2014 }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ig Nobel Prize| ]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1991]]
[[Category:Harvard University]]
[[Category:Ironic and humorous awards]]
[[Category:Humour in science]]

2021 in Kerala

2026-03-26T22:13:33Z

Andreasujg: Created info

{{Year in Kerala}}
Events in the year '''2021''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Photo
!Post
!Name
|-
|[[File:Governor Arif Mohammad Khan.jpg|center|frameless|99x99px]]
|[[List of governors of Kerala|The Governor of Kerala]]
|[[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
|-
|[[File:Pinarayi Vijayan 1.jpg|center|frameless|80x80px]]
|[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]]
|[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
|-
|
|[[Kerala High Court|Chief Justice of Kerala High Court]]
|[[S. Manikumar]]
|}

== Events ==

=== January ===
5 January – A group of motorists attempted in unauthorized informally opening of flyover at [[Vyttila]], [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-06|title=High drama as flyover has an 'informal' opening|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/high-drama-as-flyover-has-an-informal-opening/article33505331.ece|access-date=2021-09-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

22 January – [[Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department]] arrests five persons in [[Mankulam (Kerala)|Mankulam, Idukki]] for killing and eating a six year old [[Leopard]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 23, 2021|title=Five arrested for killing and eating leopard in Kerala|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/five-arrested-for-killing-and-eating-leopard/articleshow/80411676.cms|access-date=2021-07-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

28 January – [[Alappuzha Bypass]] on [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] inaugurated by [[Nitin Gadkari]] and [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] through video conferencing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-28|title=6.8-km-long Alappuzha bypass, with fascinating view of Arabian Sea, inaugurated in Kerala|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/alappuzha-bypass-inaugurated-in-kerala-7165253/|access-date=2021-07-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

=== February ===
5 February – there were massive sarcastic ''online mob activity'' on the [[Facebook]] page of [[Nana Akufo-Addo]], [[President of Ghana]] by [[Malayali]]s after a rumour spread in the state that [[P. V. Anvar]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Nilambur (State Assembly constituency)|Nilambur]] was held in a [[Ghana]] jail following [[Financial fraud]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keralites comment on Ghana president's FB page to release PV Anvar|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/keralites-comment-on-ghana-president-s-fb-page-to-release-pv-anvar-1.5416601|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

11 February – the Additional District [[Sessions Court]], [[Kottayam]] finds the prime accused in [[Vithura]] [[Rape]] case, Suresh alias Shamsudeen Muhammad Shajahan guilty after 25 years of trial.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-11|title=Prime accused found guilty in Vithura case|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/prime-accused-found-guilty-in-vithura-case/article33812024.ece|access-date=2021-07-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Vithura sex racket: 25 years after crime, Kerala court finds key accused guilty|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vithura-sex-racket-25-years-after-crime-kerala-court-finds-key-accused-guilty-143275|access-date=2021-07-19|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

14 February – through upgradation of District Hospital [[Mananthavady]], [[Wayanad district]] gets its first [[List of medical colleges in Kerala|Government Medical College Hospital]] and becomes the 14th and last district in [[Kerala]] to get a Government Medical College.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-15|title=Wayanad district hospital upgraded to medical college|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-district-hospital-upgraded-to-medical-college/article33837308.ece|access-date=2021-07-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

28 February – a 1987 batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer V.P. Joy is appointed as the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief secretary]], [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-02-28|title=V.P. Joy takes over as Kerala new Chief Secretary|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vp-joy-takes-over-as-kerala-new-chief-secretary/article33954909.ece|access-date=2021-07-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== March ===
7 March – The controversial four-lane [[Palarivattom Flyover Scam|Palarivattom Flyover]] at [[Kochi]], which was rebuilt by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] and [[Uralungal Labour Contract Co-operative Society]] in a record time of 5 months and 10 days, was opened for traffic. This was the last official assignment of [[E. Sreedharan]] in [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-08|title=Palarivattom flyover reopened for traffic|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/palarivattom-flyover-reopened-for-traffic/article34014849.ece|access-date=2021-07-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Metroman Sreedharan calls it a day|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/mar/05/metroman-sreedharan-calls-it-a-day-2272336.html|access-date=2021-07-15|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

11 March – the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nilambur (State Assembly constituency)|Nilambur Assembly constituency]], [[P. V. Anvar]] on whose name there were allegations in [[social media]] that, he was held in a [[Ghana]] jail, returned to [[Kerala]] from [[Sierra Leone]]. The [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] said that he was in the [[African Union|African]] country in connection with a [[mining]] project worth Rs. 20,000 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-12|title='Missing' Kerala MLA returns with 'gold mine jobs'|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/kerala-nilambur-mla-returns-to-state-after-spending-3-months-in-west-african-country-7224348/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-03-12|title=Anwar back after business trip in Sierra Leone|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/anwar-back-after-business-trip-in-sierra-leone/article34050016.ece|access-date=2021-07-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

16 March - [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] gets its first [[MEMU]] with introduction of services between [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]] and [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MEMU trains to have 21 stops between Shoranur and Kannur|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/memu-trains-to-have-21-stops-between-shoranur-and-kannur-1.5509842|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

17 March – [[Bhim Army]] activists demolish a gate in Malankara Estate [[Thodupuzha]] claiming it as ''caste gate'' which denies [[Right-of-way (property access)|right of way]] to [[dalit]] community living in the vicinity for almost two decades.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala|url=https://tv.mathrubhumi.com/en/news/kerala/dispute-over-gate-on-way-to-thonikkuzhi-colony-in-malankara-estate--1.84642|access-date=2021-07-19|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Activists smash controversial 'caste gate' in Kerala|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/kerala/bhim-army-dismantles-caste-gate-in-kerala/na20210319145637114|access-date=2021-07-19|website=ETV Bharat News|language=en}}</ref>

26 March - an alleged deposit fraud in bogus accounts to the tune of Rs.110 Crore detected in a raid by [[Income Tax Department]] on [[Abdu Rahman Nagar]] Service [[Cooperative banking|Cooperative bank]], [[Tirurangadi]], [[Malappuram district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Investments under dead persons' name, I-T dept seizes Rs 110 crore via raids in Malappuram cooperative bank|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=518146&u=investments-under-dead-persons%E2%80%99-name-i-t-dept-seizes-rs-110-crore-via-raids-in-malappuram-cooperative-bank|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Keralakaumudi Daily|language=en}}</ref>

=== April ===
3 April – a case is reported as highway robbery in [[Kodakara]], [[Thrissur district]]. The perpetrators of the crime is alleged to have links with state [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leaders.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2, 2021|first1=P. S. Gopikrishnan|last1=Unnithan|title=Senior BJP leaders under scanner as Kerala Police makes headway in Kodakara highway robbery|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/senior-bjp-leaders-under-scanner-kerala-police-kodakara-highway-robbery-1810157-2021-06-02|access-date=2021-07-19|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

6 April – [[Kerala]] registers 74.06% voter turn out in the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]s that happened as single phase in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2021-04-10|title=Kerala assembly polls: State records 74.06% turnout in April 6 election|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/kerala-assembly-polls-state-records-74-06-turnout-in-april-6-election-121041000681_1.html|access-date=2021-07-03}}</ref>

8 April – a communal and [[hate speech]] [[social media]] post by a lawyer named Adv. Krishna Raj, on a [[Viral phenomenon|viral]] dance video clip by two students from [[Government Medical College, Thrissur]] named Janaki Omkumar and Navin Razak, kicks up row and massive support for the medicos as '[[Rasputin]] Challenge' across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-09|title=Kerala man makes communal remark on viral dancing medicos, support pours in for them|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-man-makes-communal-remark-viral-dancing-medicos-support-pours-them-146828|access-date=2021-07-03|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

12 April – The state Vigilance and Anti Corruption Bureau conducts raids on [[Indian Union Muslim League]] leader [[K. M. Shaji]] and seized cash worth rupees 50 lakhs from his residence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vigilance seizes Rs 50 lakh from IUML MLA KM Shaji's house following raids|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/apr/12/vigilance-seizes-rs-50-lakh-from-iuml-mla-km-shajis-house-following-raids-2289211.html|access-date=2021-07-15|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

13 April – Higher Education Minister, [[Government of Kerala]], [[K. T. Jaleel]] submitted resignation after [[Lokayukta]] finds him guilty on charges of nepotism over a key appointment in the Kerala State Minorities Finance Development Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala minister K T Jaleel resigns after Lokayukta finds him guilty of nepotism|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/apr/13/kerala-minister-k-t-jaleel-resigns-after-lokayukta-finds-him-guilty-of-nepotism-2289536.html|access-date=2021-07-04|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

16 April – [[Kerala High Court]] quashes two cases filed by [[Kerala Police]] against [[Enforcement Directorate]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-16|title=Kerala HC quashes 2 police cases on ED|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gold-smuggling-case-kerala-hc-quashes-police-firs-against-ed-officials-101618560974590.html|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

23 April – [[Thrissur Pooram]] conducted as rituals in a minimalistic manner following [[COVID-19]] protocols.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thrissur Pooram held with all rituals following Covid protocol|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/apr/24/thrissur-pooramheld-with-all-rituals-following-covid-protocol-2294024.html|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

27 April – [[Kerala High Court]] withholds appointment of wife of [[A. N. Shamseer]] as Asst. Professor in [[Kannur University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=High Court withholds appointment of MLA Shamseer's wife in Kannur University|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/04/27/mla-shamseer-wife-appointment-hc.html|access-date=2021-12-15|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

=== May ===
2 May – in the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]s, the incumbent [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] won 99 seats out of 140 and comes back to power.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-02|title=Kerala Election Results 2021 Updates: LDF wins 99 seats in Kerala, PM Modi congrats Pinarayi Vijayan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/kerala-assembly-polls-2021/story/kerala-election-results-2021-live-updates-votes-counting-ldf-pinarayi-vijayan-udf-1797921-2021-05-02|access-date=2021-07-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

11 May – a woman from [[Idukki district]] named Soumya Santhosh, who was working in [[Ashkelon]], [[Israel]] died due to a rocket strike by [[Hamas]] during a video call with her family.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 12, 2021|title=Kerala woman killed in rocket strike in Israel while she was on video call with husband|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/struck-by-rocket-strike-during-video-call-with-husband-kerala-woman-dies-in-israel-1801495-2021-05-12|access-date=2021-07-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

15 May – a tropical [[Cyclone Tauktae]] causes heavy rains and damage across [[Kerala]]. Heavy [[coastal erosion]] along [[Thiruvananthapuram Taluk]], [[Kollam district]], [[Chellanam]], [[Kasaragod district]] etc.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-15|title=Cyclone Tauktae {{!}} Two killed in Kerala as storm intensifies|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cyclone-tauktae-two-killed-in-kerala-as-storm-intensifies/article34568399.ece|access-date=2021-07-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

19 May – Almost 15 black fungus ([[Mucormycosis]]) cases reported in [[Kerala]] as a fallout of [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala reports 15 black fungus cases, Pinarayi says no cause for undue worry|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/may/20/kerala-reports-15-black-fungus-cases-pinarayi-says-no-cause-for-undue-worry-2304844.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

20 May – [[Second Vijayan ministry|Second Pinarayi Vijayan ministry]] takes oath in a function held at Central Stadium, [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-21|title=Pinarayi Vijayan takes oath as Kerala CM, 20 ministers inducted in cabinet|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vijayan-takes-oath-as-kerala-cm-20-ministers-inducted-in-cabinet-101621536284734.html|access-date=2021-07-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

22 May – [[V. D. Satheesan]] is chosen as the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-22|title=Congress appoints VD Satheesan as leader of opposition in Kerala|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/congress-appoints-vd-satheesan-as-leader-of-opposition-in-kerala-101621693978364.html|access-date=2021-07-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

28 May – On a [[Public interest litigation in India|Public interest litigation]] moved by Justine Palluvathukkal, the [[Kerala High Court]] nullified the 80:20 ratio in distribution of minority scholarship schemes between Muslims and Latin Christians/converted Christians. The court declared that the three state government orders in this regard as unconstitutional and directed the state government to provide scholarships in accordance with the latest population of [[Minority group|Minorities]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-29|title=Kerala High Court nullifies 80:20 minority schemes for Muslims, Christians|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-high-court-nullifies-8020-minority-schemes-for-muslims-christians-7334871/|access-date=2021-07-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-28|title=HC strikes down 80:20 ratio of minority scholarship allotment|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hc-strikes-down-8020-ratio-of-minority-scholarship-allotment/article34669208.ece|access-date=2021-07-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== June ===
2 June – After years of legal battle at the Registrar of Trade Marks, [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] has won the right to acronym KSRTC, which is also used by [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-06|title=K in SRTC buses now belongs to both Kerala, Karnataka|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/k-in-srtc-buses-now-belongs-to-both-kerala-karnataka-7344878/|access-date=2021-07-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 4, 2021|first=Vivek|last=Rajagopal|title='KSRTC' now belongs to Kerala after 7 years of legal battle with Karnataka|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ksrtc-elephant-cart-emblem-kerala-years-legal-battle-karnataka-1810727-2021-06-04|access-date=2021-07-04|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

8 June – opposition benches under [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] moved an adjournment motion in [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] on ''Tree Felling Scheme'' amounting to Rs. 10 Crore, that had happened in [[Muttil, Kalpetta|Muttil village]], [[Wayanad district]] in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-10|title=How illegal felling of centuries-old rosewood trees caused a political stir in Kerala|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-illegal-felling-centuries-old-rosewood-trees-caused-political-stir-kerala-150423|access-date=2021-07-03|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|title=Kerala: Mafia tried to frame officer who bared tree felling scam, says chief conservator of forest Vinod Kumar DK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-mafia-tried-to-frame-officer-who-bared-tree-felling-scam-says-chief-conservator-of-forest-vinod-kumar-dk/articleshow/83362315.cms|access-date=2021-07-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

9 June – [[K. Sudhakaran]] takes charge as president of [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=K Sudhakaran appointed as KPCC president|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/k-sudhakaran-appointed-as-kpcc-president-1.5732765|access-date=2021-07-03|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Vivek|last=Rajagopal|title=Senior Congress leader K Sudhakaran appointed KPCC President|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/senior-congress-leader-k-sudhakaran-appointed-kpcc-president-1812801-2021-06-09|access-date=2021-07-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

13 June – [[TikTok]] celebrity ''Ambili'' aka ''Vighnesh Krishna'' arrested by [[Kerala Police]] for raping and impregnating minor girl at [[Vellikulangara]], [[Thrissur district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=TikTok star held for raping, impregnating minor|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jun/13/tiktok-star-held-for-rapingimpregnating-minor-2315512.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

19 June –

* Controversial [[Naturopathy|Naturopath]] Mohanan Vaidyar, who had taken stance against [[modern medicine]] died due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Controversial naturopath Mohanan Vaidyar dies of COVID-19|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/06/20/controversial-naturo-path-mohanan-vaidyar-found-dead.html|access-date=2021-07-07|website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* [[Perumkulam]] is declared as first ''village of books'' in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anand|first=Shilpa Nair|date=2021-06-22|title=Perumkulam is Kerala's first 'village of books'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/keralas-first-book-village-chief-minister-of-kerala-announced-reading-day-perumkulam-kollam-pn-panciker/article34909270.ece|access-date=2022-01-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

21 June – five youth from [[Cherpulassery]] got killed in a vehicle accident near [[Ramanattukara]], [[Kozhikode]] in early morning hours which occurred due to duel between gold smuggling gangs from [[Kannur]], [[Koduvally]] and, [[Cherpulassery]]. The gold of ''2.3 kg'' over which the fight happened was intercepted by [[Customs]] at [[Calicut International Airport]] from a carrier.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramanattukara accident: Three gangs were after smuggled gold?|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/06/23/ramanattukara-accident-gold-smuggling-gangs.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

22 June – a final year [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery]] student named Vismaya, hailing from [[Nilamel]] found dead at her in-law's house at [[Sasthamkotta]], [[Kollam district]]. It is alleged that the girl suffered harassment due to [[Dowry system in India|Dowry]] from her husband who is a state government employee.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-29|title=Vismaya death case: Police say husband Kiran has admitted he used to assault her|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vismaya-death-case-police-say-husband-kiran-has-admitted-he-used-assault-her-151465|access-date=2021-07-03|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dowry death: Kiran confesses to assaulting Vismaya on more than five occasions|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jun/30/dowry-death-kiran-confesses-to-assaulting-vismaya-on-more-than-five-occasions-2323301.html|access-date=2021-07-03|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

25 June – [[Petrol]] prices cross Rs. 100/ litre mark at [[Parassala]], [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] and [[Poopara]], [[Idukki district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Petrol breaches Rs 100-mark in parts of Kerala, fuel prices hiked 55 times in 6 months|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/business/2021/06/25/petrol-diesel-price-kerala-fuel-price-hike.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

27 June – ''Kerala State Excise Enforcement Squad'' busts a racket that was illegally diverting [[Ethanol|spirit]] from the imports of spirit to ''Travancore Sugars and Chemicals Limited'', [[Thiruvalla]] which manufactures J''awan Rum''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anand|first=G.|date=2021-07-03|title='Jawan' helps bust TSCL spirit diversion racket|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jawan-helps-bust-tscl-spirit-diversion-racket/article35122622.ece|access-date=2021-07-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-02|title=Probe into spirit theft from Travancore Chemicals in Kerala expands to Madhya Pradesh|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/probe-into-spirit-theft-from-travancore-chemicals-in-kerala-expands-to-madhya-pradesh/article35091817.ece|access-date=2021-07-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

28 June – a former [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] worker from [[Azhikode and Azhikkal|Azhikode]] was arrested by [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs|Customs (Preventive)]], Kochi in connection with gold smuggling through [[Calicut International Airport]] and [[Ramanattukara]] accident.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-29|title=Karipur airport gold smuggling case: Prime suspect Arjun Ayanki arrested|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karipur-airport-gold-smuggling-case-prime-suspect-arjun-ayanki-arrested-151414|access-date=2021-07-19|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gold smuggling: Customs finds Arjun Ayanki a tough nut to crack|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jun/30/gold-smuggling-customs-finds-arjun-ayanki-a-tough-nut-to-crack-2323285.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

29 June

* alleging witch-hunt by state government, the chairman and MD of Kitex Garments and founder of [[Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam]], [[Sabu M. Jacob]] announces that he is withdrawing from the Rs. 3500 Crore investment commitment made by his group in Kerala during Ascend Kerala Global Investors Meet, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alleging witch hunt by government, Kitex Group withdraws from Rs 3,500 crore project in Kerala|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jun/29/alleging-witch-hunt-by-government-kitex-group-withdraws-from-rs-3500-crore-project-in-kerala-2323114.html|access-date=2021-07-03|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* coastal shipping service connecting [[Cochin Port]] with [[Beypore port]] and [[Azhikkal]] flagged of in a virtual event by [[Mansukh L. Mandaviya]], Union Minister of State for Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=V. Sajeev|title=Coastal shipping service connecting Kochi to North Kerala flagged off|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/coastal-shipping-service-connecting-kochi-to-north-kerala-flagged-off/article35045110.ece|access-date=2021-07-05|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref>

30 June –

* senior [[Indian Police Service]] officer, Anil Kant IPS from 1988 batch was appointed as [[Director general of police]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 4, 2021|first=Jeemon|last=Jacob|title=Why Pinarayi Vijayan's choice for Kerala DGP has raised eyebrows|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-pinarayi-vijayan-s-choice-for-kerala-dgp-has-raised-eyebrows-1823753-2021-07-04|access-date=2021-07-05|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* A six-year-old girl was raped and killed in [[Vandiperiyar]] allegedly by a [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] worker.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Isac |first=Manju Elsa |date=2024-12-19 |title=Vandiperiyar Rape-Murder: Kerala High Court Asks Accused To Appear Before POCSO Court Upon State's Appeal Against Acquittal |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/kerala-high-court/kerala-high-court-vandiperiyar-rape-murder-case-arjun-appear-pocso-court-kattappana-278921 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== July ===
4 July – cargo ship services started from [[Azhikkal]] port with 9 containers as part of coastal shipping between [[Cochin Port]] and [[North Malabar]]. On July 1 the cargo vessel ''Chowgule -8'' called on [[Beypore]] with 40 containers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-02|title=Container vessel Chowgule-8 arrives at Beypore|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/container-vessel-chowgule-8-arrives-at-beypore/article35088936.ece|access-date=2021-07-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

5 July- In a major [[Crowdfunding|crowd-funding]] initiative, a whopping amount of ₹18 crore was collected in six days to purchase a medicine called [[Onasemnogene abeparvovec|Zolgensma]] for treatment of Mohammed, a one-and-a-half-year-old boy in [[Kannur]], who had been affected with [[Spinal muscular atrophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-05|title=Humanity shines as Rs 18 cr pooled in for Kerala kid's treatment within 7 days|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/humanity-shines-as-rs-18-cr-pooled-in-for-kerala-kids-treatment-within-7-days-7390544/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

6 July – a 22-year-old [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] activist named Arjun from [[Vandiperiyar]] arrested in relation with brutal rape and murder of a 6-year-old girl that occurred on 30 June.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-06|title=Rape and murder of 6-yr-old in Kerala has eerie similarities to Hasini murder in Chennai|language=en|work=The News Minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rape-and-murder-6-yr-old-kerala-has-eerie-similarities-hasini-murder-chennai-151875|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vandiperiyar rape-murder: Chilling details of crime emerge, Arjun's drama falls flat|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/07/06/vandiperiyar-rape-murder-arjun-drama-crime.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

8 July -

* [[Zika virus]] outbreak detected in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 9, 2021|title=Zika Virus in Kerala: Zika virus case detected in Kerala for the first time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/zika-virus-case-detected-in-kerala-for-the-first-time/articleshow/84256472.cms|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Cochin International Airport]] becomes the third busiest airport in the country in terms of international traffic during January–May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kochi airport becomes India's third busiest for international traffic during January-May 2021|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jul/08/kochi-airport-becomes-indias-third-busiest-for-international-traffic-during-january-may-2021-2327265.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
9 July – [[Ambergris]] worth 30 crore rupees that was held illegally was seized from [[Chetuva]], [[Thrissur district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Whale vomit' worth Rs 30 crore seized in Kerala's Thrissur, 3 arrested|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/ambergris-whale-vomit-30-crore-seized-kerala-thrissur-arrested-1826254-2021-07-10|access-date=2021-07-10|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

11 July – The Kitex group head [[Sabu M. Jacob]] on his return to state from [[Telangana]] after making an investment commitment there announced that the group won't invest any more in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-11|title=Conscience does not permit investment of even one rupee in Kerala: Kitex group chairman|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kitex-group-kerala-investment-row-7399442/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-12|title=Won't invest another rupee in Kerala: KITEX chairman|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/wont-invest-another-rupee-in-kerala-kitex-chairman-7400111/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

14 July -

* The [[Governor of Kerala]], [[Arif Mohammad Khan]] observes a day long fast to create social awareness against [[Dowry system in India|dowry]] and [[violence against women]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-15|title=Kerala governor Arif Mohammed Khan observes day-long fast against dowry|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-governor-arif-mohammed-khan-observes-day-long-fast-against-dowry-101626306669087.html|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Kerala]] chief, [[K. Surendran (politician)|K. Surendran]] was questioned by [[Kerala Police]] in connection with a [[Hawala]] case linked to highway robbery that took place in [[Kodakara]], [[Thrissur district]] on April 3, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-14|title=BJP Kerala chief K Surendran questioned in Kodakara hawala case|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bjp-kerala-chief-k-surendran-questioned-kodakara-hawala-case-152304|access-date=2021-07-19|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
15 July – four labourers died due to suffocation in a newly dug well at [[Perumpuzha]], [[Kollam district]]. A [[Kerala Fire And Rescue Services]] personnel who was in critical condition during rescue operation was hospitalised.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 16, 2021|title=Kerala: Four labourers die of suffocation in newly dug well in Kundara|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-four-labourers-die-of-suffocation-in-newly-dug-well-in-kundara/articleshow/84460932.cms|access-date=2021-07-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

19 July – An alleged loan fraud to the tune of Rs. 100 Crore reported at [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] controlled [[Karuvannoor]] Service [[Cooperative banking|Cooperative bank]], [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Thrissur district]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 20, 2021|first=T.|last=Ramavarman |title=Kerala: CPM-ruled Karuvannur co-operative bank secretary, staff siphon off over Rs 100 crore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/karuvannur-co-op-bank-secy-staff-siphon-off-over-rs-100-crore/articleshow/84564658.cms|access-date=2021-07-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rs 100 crore fraud at Karuvannur co-op bank ruled by CPM|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jul/20/rs-100-crore-fraud-at-karuvannur-co-op-bank-ruled-by-cpm-2332549.html|access-date=2021-07-24|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

20 July -

* a controversy erupted against Forest Minister [[A. K. Saseendran]] for his alleged involvement and coercion for settling a [[sexual harassment]] case against a [[Bar (establishment)|Bar]] owner based in [[Kundara]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Minister Intervenes to 'Settle' Sexual Harassment Case, Opposition Demands Sack|url=https://thewire.in/government/kerala-minister-ak-saseendran-settle-sexual-harassment-case-opposition-demands-resignation|access-date=2021-07-21|website=thewire.in|language=en}}</ref>
*Kerala's first [[Trans woman]] [[Radio personality]] and [[transgender]] activist, Anannya Kumari Alex who alleged [[medical negligence]] in her [[sex reassignment surgery]] conducted at [[Renai Medicity]], was found dead in her apartment at [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-21|title=Anannyah Kumari, first trans woman RJ in Kerala, found dead in Kochi|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anannyah-kumari-first-trans-gender-rj-kerala-found-dead-kochi-152695|access-date=2021-07-24|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chirakkal|first=Veena|title=Surgery left my vagina disfigured; using 12 pads daily: What Anannyah said before her tragic death|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/surgery-left-my-vagina-disfigured-using-12-pads-daily-what-anannyah-said-before-her-tragic-death-1.5846589|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>
* 25 July – [[Indian National League]] party splits following clash between workers at [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 25, 2021|first=P. S. Gopikrishnan |last=Unnithan|title=LDF ally INL splits following clash between party workers outside Kochi hotel|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-inl-workers-clash-among-themselves-during-state-secretariat-meeting-in-kochi-1832531-2021-07-25|access-date=2021-07-26|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

26 July – a circular issued by [[Joseph Kallarangatt]] the bishop of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Pala]] announcing sops for large families invites criticism.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-26|title=Kerala: Catholic Church diocese announces welfare scheme for families with more than 5 kids|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kerala-catholic-church-diocese-announces-welfare-scheme-for-families-with-more-than-5-kids-7423641/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

28 July – [[Supreme Court of India]] rejects [[Government of Kerala]]'s appeal to withdraw cases against legislators involved in vandalism and ruckus of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] when the house was in budget session on 13 March 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 28, 2021|first1=Aneesha|last1=Mathur|first2= Sanjay|last2=Sharma|title=Supreme Court rejects Kerala's appeal to withdraw cases against LDF MLAs in Assembly ruckus case|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/supreme-court-kerala-govt-withdraw-cases-ldf-mlas-assembly-ruckus-1833610-2021-07-28|access-date=2021-08-01|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Nair|first=C. Gouridasan|date=2015-03-13|title=Violence marks Kerala budget presentation|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-assembly-budget-presentation/article6989261.ece|access-date=2021-08-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

30 July – a 24 year old [[Dental degree]] student from Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, [[Kothamangalam]] was shot dead by a stalker in a [[paying guest]] facility at [[Nellikuzhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dental college student shot dead at Kothamangalam|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/07/30/student-shot-dead-kothamangalam.html|access-date=2021-08-01|website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

31 July – [[Kuthiran Tunnel]] in [[National Highway 544 (India)|National Highway 544]] was opened in the evening following an announcement by [[Nitin Gadkari]] through [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-01|title=One tunnel at Kuthiran opened for traffic|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/one-tunnel-at-kuthiran-opened-for-traffic/article35659928.ece|access-date=2021-08-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== August ===
5 Aug – [[P. R. Sreejesh]], part of [[India men's national field hockey team]] won [[Olympic bronze medal]] in [[2020 Summer Olympics]], [[Tokyo]]. He became the second [[Malayali]] to win an olympic medal after [[Manuel Frederick]] who was part of [[India men's national field hockey team|hockey team]] of [[1972 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=P|first=Anand|title='Sreejesh deserves all the credit; he is pride of Kerala,' says Olympian Sebastian Xavier|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/sports-news/-sreejesh-deserves-all-the-credit-he-is-pride-of-kerala-says-olympian-sebastian-xavierolympics-india-sreejesh-kerala-sebastian-xavier-1.5886035|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

6 Aug – [[Kerala High Court]] observes that [[marital rape]] is a ground for [[divorce]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-07|title=Marital rape a good ground to claim divorce, says Kerala HC|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/marital-rape-a-good-ground-to-claim-divorce-says-kerala-hc-7442347/|access-date=2021-08-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

9 Aug – a popular travel [[vlog]]gers named ''E Bull Jet'' from [[Kannur]] was arrested by [[Kerala Police]] for creating ruckus in [[Motor vehicle department|Motor vehicle department (MVD)]] office following MVD's decision to penalize [[vlog]]gers for doing illegal modifications to their vehicle. The arrest of the [[Internet celebrity|Internet celebrities]] was followed by wide spread [[social media]] mob activity propagating threat and anger by youngsters.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-10|title=A caravan, an RTO ruckus and a threat: Why Kerala is talking about E Bull Jet brothers|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/caravan-rto-ruckus-and-threat-why-kerala-talking-about-e-bull-jet-brothers-153708|access-date=2021-08-13|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

17 Aug -

* former [[Director general of police]], [[Lokanath Behera]] appointed as [[Chief executive officer]] of [[Kochi Metro]].
* [[Indian Union Muslim League]] froze the women wing ''Haritha'' of [[Muslim Students Federation (I. U. M. L.)|Muslim Students Federation]] for speaking up on sexual harassment.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-17|title=IUML freezes Haritha State panel|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/iuml-freezes-haritha-state-panel/article35962733.ece|access-date=2021-08-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-17|title=Muslim League freezes women students' wing for speaking up on sexual harassment|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/muslim-league-freezes-women-students-wing-speaking-sexual-harassment-154029|access-date=2021-08-21|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

=== September ===
1 Sept – The jury of 29th [[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actor|Kerala State Television Award]] finds no [[Television serial]] worthy for the awards and announces no awards in the category.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jury finds no serial worthy for Kerala State Television Awards|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/sep/02/jury-finds-no-serial-worthy-forkerala-state-television-awards-2353041.html|access-date=2021-09-12|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

4 Sept – [[Antony Raju]], Minister of Transport, announces that [[Government of Kerala]] is exploring possibilities of opening [[Kerala State Beverages Corporation]] outlets in [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] bus terminal complexes to raise extra revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala government mulls BEVCO outlets at KSRTC bus terminal complexes|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/sep/05/kerala-government-mulls-bevco-outlets-at-ksrtc-bus-terminal-complexes-2354570.html|access-date=2021-09-12|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Social media reacts to the plan with a flurry of [[Meme]]s and [[Internet troll]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Memes fly thick and fast amid spirited debate on move to open BEVCO outlets on KSRTC premises|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/09/06/memes-bevco-ksrtc-spirited-debate.html|access-date=2021-09-12|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

5 Sept – a 12-year-old boy died in [[Kozhikode]] following [[Nipah virus infection]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 5, 2021|first=Disney|last=Tom |title=Nipah Virus in Kerala: 12-year-old dies of Nipah virus; all contacts traced, says health minister|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kerala-12-year-old-dies-of-nipah-virus-all-contacts-traced-says-health-minister/articleshow/85941439.cms|access-date=2021-09-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

8 Sept – the first batch of girl cadets takes admission to [[Sainik School, Kazhakootam]]. The batch comprises ten cadets selected from [[Kerala]], [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Prior to this only girls who were children of staff were allowed admission in the school.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-08|title=First batch of girl cadets take admission in Sainik School Kazhakootam|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/first-batch-of-girl-cadets-take-admission-in-sainik-school-kazhakootam-101631090603439.html|access-date=2021-09-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

9 Sept – the [[Bishop]] of [[Diocese of Palai|Diocese of Pala]] [[Joseph Kallarangatt]] triggered a controversy in the state by making a remark that [[Christians|Christian]] girls are falling prey to [[Love Jihad]] and [[Narcotic]] [[Love Jihad|Jihad]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-09|title=Love and narcotic jihad exists in Kerala, claims Catholic Bishop|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/090921/love-and-narcotic-jihad-exists-in-kerala-claims-catholic-bishop.html|access-date=2021-09-12|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

10 Sept – controversy erupts in [[Kannur University]] over inclusion of works of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] ideologue [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]] and [[M. S. Golwalkar]] in the [[Master of Arts]] ([[Governance]] and Politics) curriculum.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 11, 2021|first=Akshaya|last=Nath|title=Controversy erupts in Kannur University over MA Governance syllabus|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/controversy-erupts-in-kannur-university-over-ma-governance-syllabus-1851720-2021-09-11|access-date=2021-09-29|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

26 Sept – a [[con-artist]] named Monson Mavunkal from [[Cherthala]] was arrested by [[Kerala Police]] for swindling crores of rupees by selling fake [[Artifact (archaeology)|antique artifacts]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 28, 2021|first=Akshaya|last=Nath|title=Kerala: YouTuber Monson Mavunkal arrested for swindling Rs 10 crore by selling fake artefacts|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-youtuber-monson-mavunkal-arrested-fake-artefacts-1858168-2021-09-28|access-date=2021-09-29|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

=== October ===
1 Oct – a 22-year-old girl, who was a [[graduation]] student at [[St. Thomas College, Palai]] murdered by her classmate within college premises after an examination.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chilling murder on campus: Classmate slashes girl's neck with paper-cutter in Kerala|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/10/01/girl-student-pala-st-thomas-college-killed-exam.html|access-date=2021-10-01|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

7 Oct - [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the [[National Green Tribunal]] decision that stipulates 200 metres as minimum distance between quarries and residential buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-23 |title=Quarries are forever |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/columns/view-from-my-window/m-g-radhakrishnan-column-1.6112652 |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

10 Oct- [[Diesel fuel]] prices breaches [[Indian rupee|INR]] 100 mark in Kerala at parts of [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] and [[Idukki district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Now, diesel price breaches Rs 100 per litre-mark in Kerala|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/business/2021/10/10/kerala-0diesel-price-cross-rs-100-per-litre-mark.html|access-date=2021-10-11|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

13 Oct – [[District courts of India|District Additional Sessions Court, Kollam]] which found the husband Sooraj guilty in the ''<nowiki/>'Uthra Murder Case','' awarded double life sentence to the convict. The convict had murdered his wife Uthra by using a venomous snake.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-13|title=Kerala court gives double life term to man in snake bite murder case|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-court-gives-double-life-term-to-man-in-snake-bite-murder-case-101634107978271.html|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

14 Oct – [[Trivandrum International Airport]] is taken over by [[Adani Group]] from [[Airports Authority of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=TVM International Airport to be taken over by Adani Group on Oct 14|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/tvm-international-airport-to-be-taken-over-by-adani-group-on-oct-14-adani-trivandrum-international-airport-limited-1.6079175|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

16 Oct – Heavy rains due to low pressure formed over [[Arabian Sea]] caused heavy rains in Southern Kerala along with landslides and flooding in [[Idukki district]] and Eastern parts of [[Kottayam district]] such as [[Mundakayam]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-17|title=Explained: What caused heavy rain and landslides over southern Kerala|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-caused-heavy-rain-and-landslides-over-southern-kerala-7575303/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The landslides killed at least 42 people and caused damages to numerous houses.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-16|title=Rain havoc leaves 8 dead in Kerala; Army called in|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rain-havoc-leaves-8-dead-in-kerala-army-called-out/article37031174.ece|access-date=2021-10-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Shutters of several dams in Kerala including [[Kakki dam]], [[Malampuzha Dam]], [[Thenmala Dam]], [[Neyyar Dam]] were opened following the rains.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 21, 2020|title=Kerala: Several dams opened, heavy rains till Tuesday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/several-dams-opened-heavy-rains-till-tuesday/articleshow/78223574.cms|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

21 Oct – An [[All India Students Federation]] women leader alleges casteist abuse and sexual assault against her by [[Students' Federation of India]] members during clashes between [[All India Students Federation|AISF]] and [[Students' Federation of India|SFI]] at [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]] during senate elections.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-23|title=AISF woman leader alleges sexual assault by SFI activists|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aisf-woman-leader-alleges-sexual-assault-sfi-activists-156824|access-date=2021-10-23|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

22 Oct – a 22-year-old mother from [[Peroorkada]] named Anupama, claims that her three-day-old [[New borns|new born]], born out of wedlock was allegedly kidnapped by her father P S Jayachandran who is a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] local committee member, and given for illegal [[Child adoption|adoption]] without consent. The mother of the kid, Anupama Chandran was a [[Students' Federation of India]] activist belonging to [[Ezhava]] community and the biological father of the kid Ajith Kumar is a [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] activist and [[Dalit Christian]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CPIM leader's daughter alleges parents took away her child, launches hunger strike in front of Kerala Secretariat|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/oct/23/cpim-leaders-daughter-alleges-parents-took-away-her-child-launches-hunger-strike-in-front-of-keral-2374817.html|access-date=2021-10-23|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=OJ|first=Dheepthi|date=2021-10-21|title=Complaint to Brinda Karat on Missing Baby. CPI(M) Kerala Link in Dubious Case?|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/kerala-couple-anupama-ajith-missing-child-cpim-jayachandran-forceful-abduction-brinda-karat-ammathottil|access-date=2021-10-23|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>

30 Oct – Bineesh Kodiyeri, son of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] leader [[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]] who was jailed at [[Central Prison, Bangalore]] in October 2020 in connection with [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002|Prevention of Money Laundering Act]] violations and [[2020 Bengaluru drug raids|2020 Bengaluru drug case]] released following bail order from [[Karnataka High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bineesh Kodiyeri released from Bengaluru central jail after one year|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/oct/31/bineesh-kodiyeri-released-from-bengaluru-central-jail-after-one-year-2377856.html|access-date=2021-11-21|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== November ===
5 Nov – The [[Mohanlal]] starrer [[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]] is announced for [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] release. There was an ongoing tussle between [[Film producer]] [[Antony Perumbavoor]] and theatre owners due to producers decision to go with OTT release by violating pre-existing commitment for theatrical release that could not be honoured due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-05|title=It's OTT release for Marakkar...|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/its-ott-release-for-marakkar/article37342458.ece|access-date=2021-11-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=OTT vs theatres: Mollywood faces battle for film viewership|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/nov/08/ott-vs-theatres-mollywood-faces-battle-for-film-viewership-2380704.html|access-date=2021-11-22|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

9 Nov – A video of an Islamic cleric performing '''Fatiha Jalana''' ''ritual'' (blowing air into the first plate of food to make it holy before serving it to guests) surfaces in [[Twitter]] as cleric spitting into food to make it [[Halal]]. This sparked controversy that halal food served in Kerala is ''<nowiki/>'spit food''' and started a hate campaign in [[Social media]]. It was identified by [[Fact-checking|Fact-checkers]] that the cleric in the video is Ullal Qazi Fazal Koyamma Thangal and the occasion was the 'Uroos' at the Tajul Ulama Dargah in [[Payyanur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kozhikode's Paragon restaurant moves Cyber Cell against negative campaign|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/nov/20/kozhikodes-paragon-restaurant-moves-cyber-cell-against-negative-campaign-2385813.html|access-date=2021-11-22|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

11 Nov – [[Kerala High Court]] quashes the appointment of wife of [[A. N. Shamseer]] as Asst. Professor in [[Kannur University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala HC quashes appointment of Thalassery MLA Shamsheer's wife in Kannur University|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/nov/15/kerala-hc-quashes-appointment-of-thalassery-mla-shamsheers-wife-in-kannur-university-1898678.html|access-date=2021-12-15|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

15 Nov – A [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] worker hacked to death allegedly by workers of [[Social Democratic Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-15|title=RSS worker hacked to death in Kerala, role of SDPI suspected: Police|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rss-worker-hacked-to-death-in-kerala-role-of-sdpi-suspected-police-101637000904581.html|access-date=2021-12-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

18 Nov – [[Devaswom boards in Kerala|Travancore Devaswom board]] submits before [[Kerala High Court]] that the ongoing [[Social media]] campaign which alleges usage of [[Halal]] [[Jaggery]] in ''prasadam'' served at [[Sabarimala]] temple as baseless and malicious.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-18|title=Reports of 'Halal Jaggery' in Sabarimala Prasadam Baseless, Travancore Devaswom Board Tells Kerala HC|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/travancore-devaswom-board-takes-legal-action-over-fake-propaganda-about-sabarimala-temple-prasadam-4457381.html|access-date=2021-11-22|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

20 Nov – For a first time, the existing [[Chancellor (education)|vice-chancellor]] of [[Kannur University]], Prof. Gopinath Raveendran gets reappointment for a second term.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Governor reappoints Kannur University VC Gopinath Raveendran for a second term|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/governor-reappoints-kannur-university-vc-gopinath-raveendran-for-a-second-term-kerala-university-vc-1.6205231|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

22 Nov – a 21-year-old student of law, Mofiya Parveen from [[Aluva]] commits suicide following domestic harassment from husband and insult from Police officer during conciliatory talks.<ref>{{Cite web|last=TK|first=Smitha|date=2021-11-25|title=Mofiya Suicide: Who Are You to Teach Me Law, the Cop Asked Her, Alleges Father|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/kerala-mofiya-parveen-suicide-law-police-sudheer-father-dilshad-congress-protest-dowry-harassment|access-date=2021-11-27|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>

23 Nov – [[Genetic testing]] by [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]] confirms that Anupama Chandran and Ajith Kumar as biological [[parent]]s of the baby boy in Peroorkada [[Adoption]] row.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sudhi|first=K. s|date=2021-11-23|title=DNA tests confirm Anupama, Ajith are biological parents of the baby given in adoption|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/dna-tests-confirm-anupama-ajith-are-biological-parents-of-the-baby-given-in-adoption/article37641959.ece|access-date=2021-11-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

26 Nov –

* [[Kerala]] got ranked as the [[States and union territories of India|state]] with the least [[Poverty]] in [[NITI Aayog]]'s [[Multidimensional Poverty Index]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala given best rating in Niti Aayog's poverty index|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/11/26/niti-aayog-multidimensional-poverty-index.html|access-date=2021-11-27|website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* [[Income Tax Department]] conducts raids on [[Malayalam cinema]] producers [[Antony Perumbavoor]], [[Listin Stephen]] and [[Anto Joseph]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=I-T sleuths raid offices of Antony Perambavoor, Anto Joseph, Liston Stephen|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/i-t-sleuths-raid-offices-of-antony-perambavoor-anto-joseph-liston-stephen-income-tax-1.6214665|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

=== December ===
1 Dec – [[Kerala Police]] reveals that the death of two models in a car crash at [[Kochi]] was after a drug addict named Saiju Thankachan chased them from No. 18 Hotel [[Fort Kochi]] with intentions to attack them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Models Killed In Car Crash Were Chased By Drug Addict: Police|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/kerala-news-kerala-models-killed-in-car-crash-were-chased-by-drug-addict-police-2633496|access-date=2021-12-15|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

2 Dec – A [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] local secretary was killed by assailants in [[Thiruvalla]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala: CPI(M) local secretary killed, police say 11 stab wounds found on his body; 4 arrested|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/kerala/article/kerala-cpim-local-secretary-killed-party-blames-rss-police-say-11-stab-wounds-found-on-his-body/837435|access-date=2021-12-20|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref>

6 Dec – A [[Higher Secondary School Certificate|higher secondary]] student from [[Kollam district]] through his article written in [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]] publication, refutes [[Pseudoscience|Pseudoscientific]] claims and false information spread by [[Alexander Jacob (police officer)|Alexander Jacob IPS]] in a speech given to students.<ref>{{Cite web|last=arunraj|title=Alexander Jacob : 'ഹാർവാർഡ് അപാരത' അഭിരാമിനെ അഭിനന്ദിച്ചും സ്വയം ന്യായീകരിച്ചും അലക്സാണ്ടർ ജേക്കബ്|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/alexander-jacob-controversial-harward-university-claim-former-dgp-appreciates-abhiram-arun-r3paq6|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=കിഴക്ക് ദിശയുടെ ഗുണഗണങ്ങള്‍, വിവരം ലഭിച്ചത് യൂട്യൂബില്‍ നിന്ന്‌; മറുപടിയുമായി അലക്‌സാണ്ടര്‍ ജേക്കബ്‌|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/alexander-jacob-explanations-in-controversial-remarks-about-harvard-university-1.6247817|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

8 Dec – [[Governor of Kerala]] [[Arif Mohammad Khan]] writes a letter to [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]] in which he conveys his dissent towards political interference in administration of Universities and Higher Education in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 14, 2021|first=Jeemon|last=Jacob|title=What's behind the Pinarayi- Kerala governor standoff over vice-chancellor appointments|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/what-s-behind-the-pinarayi-kerala-governor-standoff-over-vice-chancellor-appointments-1887819-2021-12-14|access-date=2021-12-15|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

15 Dec – [[Balussery]] Government Girls Higher Secondary School in [[Kozhikode district]] implemented a [[Gender neutrality|Gender neutral]] uniform for its students. Muslim organizations protested against this move.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-15|title=Kerala school implements gender neutral uniform, Muslim groups protest|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-school-implements-gender-neutral-uniform-muslim-groups-protest-158788|access-date=2021-12-15|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

16 Dec – [[E. Sreedharan]] announced that he is quitting active politics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-16|title='Metroman' E Sreedharan quits active politics|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/metroman-e-sreedharan-quits-active-politics-158809|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

17 Dec – a 22-year-old girl named Krishnapriya was killed by stabbing and setting ablaze by a 30 year old [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] affiliated youth and stalker named Nandakumar at [[Thikkodi]], [[Kozhikode district]]. The killer also died on the following day succumbing to burns.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krishna Priya was stabbed before youth set her ablaze and lit himself, both die|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/12/18/youth-who-set-ablaze-panchayat-office-staff-in-kozhikode-dies.html|access-date=2021-12-22|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

18 Dec - An internal mail leaked from Kerala Medical Services Corp Ltd reveals massive corruptions and misappropriation that has taken place under the garb of emergency purchase in the organisation during [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explosive email reveals corruption, shady deals in Kerala Medical Services Corp|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/12/18/explosive-email-reveals-corruption-shady-deals-in-kerala-medical.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

19 Dec – [[Social Democratic Party of India]] state secretary and a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] OBC Morcha leader were brutally murdered in a span of less than 12 hours by assailants in separate incidents in [[Alappuzha]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2021-12-19|title=Twin political murders rock Kerala's Alappuzha|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/twin-political-murders-rock-keralas-alappuzha/article37992720.ece|access-date=2021-12-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

22 Dec – [[Kerala High Court]] orders [[Government of Kerala]] to pay Rs. 1.5 lakh as compensation to an 8-year-old girl who was humiliated by [[Kerala Police|Pink Police]] at [[Attingal]] on August.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-22|title=Kerala HC orders Rs 1.5 lakh compensation to girl publicly humiliated by pink police|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-hc-orders-rs-15-lakh-compensation-girl-publicly-humiliated-pink-police-159043|access-date=2021-12-22|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

25 Dec – Violent clashes by [[Migrant labourers in Kerala|migrant labourers]] at labour camp of [[Anna Kitex Group]] in [[Kizhakkambalam]]. Certain labourers attacked [[Kerala Police]] and torch the official vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-26|title=Kitex workers in Kerala clash with police on Christmas, 150 detained|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kitex-workers-kerala-clash-police-christmas-150-detained-159171|access-date=2021-12-28|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== Deaths ==

=== January ===
3 - [[Anil Panachooran]], poet and lyricist.

31 – C. V. Jacob, owner of [[Synthite]] Group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CV Jacob, pioneer of Kerala's value-added spice industry, passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jan/31/cv-jacob-pioneer-of-keralas-value-added-spice-industry-passes-away-2257593.html|access-date=2021-07-04|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== March ===
5 – [[M. G. George Muthoot]], entrepreneur.

=== April ===
5 – [[P. Balachandran]], writer and actor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 5, 2021|first=Nairita|last=Mukherjee|title=Malayalam actor P Balachandran dies at 69|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/malayalam-actor-p-balachandran-dies-at-69-1787188-2021-04-05|access-date=2021-07-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

=== May ===
3 – [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]], 86, politician.

4 – [[Mela (1980 film)|Mela Reghu]], 60, actor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Mela Raghu passes away|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/actor-mela-raghu-passes-away-1.5639552|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504064944/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/actor-mela-raghu-passes-away-1.5639552|url-status=dead}}</ref>

5 – [[Philipose Mar Chrysostom Mar Thoma]], 103, patriarch of [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]].

10 – [[Dennis Joseph]], 63, Screenwriter.

11 – [[K. R. Gouri Amma]], 101, politician<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnakumar|first=R.|title=K.R. Gouri Amma: Death of a red star|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/death-of-a-red-star/article34563244.ece|access-date=2021-07-03|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref>

- [[Madampu Kunjukuttan]], 79, actor and elephant [[Ayurveda]] practitioner.

=== June ===
14 - [[Thaika Shuaib]], 90, [[Arwi]] language proponent and scholar.

18 – [[S. Ramesan Nair]], 73, lyricist.

=== July ===
10 – [[P. K. Warrier]], 101, [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] practitioner.

12 – [[Paulose II (Indian Orthodox Church)|Paulose II]], 74, primate of [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].

16 – Perumpuzha Gopalakrishnan, 89, lyricist writer and CPI leader

22 – [[K. T. S. Padannayil]], 88, actor

=== August ===
6 - P.S. Banerjee, 41, folk artist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cartoonist and folklore singer P S Banerjee dies|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=611479&u=|access-date=2021-08-06|website=Keralakaumudi Daily|language=en}}</ref>

9 – [[Saranya Sasi]], 35, actress.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saranya Sasi passes away after battling cancer for 9 years|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/08/09/saranya-sasi-passes-away-after-battling-cancer.html|access-date=2021-08-09|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

19 – [[O. M. Nambiar]], 89, athletic coach of [[P. T. Usha]].

21 – [[Chithra (actress)]], 56.

27 – Noushad, 55, [[Chef]] and [[Film producer]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Film producer and chef Naushad passes away|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/film-producer-and-chef-naushad-passes-away-naushad-noushad-big-chef-naushad-1.5948011|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

=== September ===
13 – [[Rizabawa]], 54, actor.

16 – Poonthura Siraj, 57, Vice chairman of [[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|Peoples Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-16|title=Poonthura Siraj dead|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/poonthura-siraj-dead/article36499611.ece|access-date=2022-01-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

17 - [[Thanu Padmanabhan]], 64, theoretical physicist.

=== October ===
11- [[Nedumudi Venu]], 73, actor.

=== November ===
26 – [[Bichu Thirumala]], 79, [[Lyricist]]

=== December ===
22 – [[P. T. Thomas]], 70, [[Politician]]

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
*[[2020 in Kerala]]
*[[2021 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Years in Kerala| ]]
[[Category:2020s in Kerala]]
[[Category:2021 in India]]

St. Anne's High School, Orlem

2026-03-25T08:14:16Z

Andreasujg: formatting fix

{{Short description|High school in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St Anne's High School, Malad
| image = St.Anne's_High_School.jpg
| motto = "स्नेहने श्रद्धया चैव"
| motto_translation = "With Love and Faith Alone"
| address = Orlem, Malad (West)
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| postal_code = 400064
| country = [[India]]
| established = 1916
| founder = Fr.Justin Dsouza
| principal = Rev.Fr. Michael Pinto (Since 2017)
| school_board = Maharashtra State Board of Education
| website = {{URL|www.sahsjc.org}}
}}

'''St Anne's High School and Junior College''' is a [[school]] in [[Orlem]], [[Malad (Mumbai suburb)|Malad]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sahsjc.org/|title=St. Anne's High School & Junior College|accessdate=31 August 2023}}</ref> under the [[Roman Catholic]] [[Archdiocese of Bombay]].

St. Anne's High School is established and administrated by the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes which is a [[Roman Catholic Church]]. The School is under the religious jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Mumbai.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|19.1947|N|72.8375|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Anne's High School}}
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1915]]
[[Category:1915 establishments in India]]

Ledo, Jharkhand

2026-03-22T14:18:17Z

Andreasujg: Done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ledo
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|13|40.5768|N|86|29|54.0666|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Giridih district|Giridih]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Santhali language|Santhali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =JH
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ledo''' is a village located in [[Giridih district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite web |title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK GIRIDIH |date=2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39b72e31dac81715466cd580a448cf823/uploads/2016/09/2018060195.pdf}}</ref>

==History==
Ledo also historically known as Bhandar Leda was the part of [[Pargana]] [[Kharagdiha]] and the seat of the [[Zamindars]] of Mahal Ledo.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shifton |first1=J.D. |title=Final report on the survey and settlement operations in the District of Hazaribagh |date=1908–1915 |pages=Appendix L, 36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Babu Nand Lal Rai vs Meghan Mian |title=In the Court of Munsif at Giridih |issue=1927}}</ref> The Zamindars of the estate belongs to [[Baghochia]] Clan and are a [[cadet branch]] of [[Hathwa Raj]]. The title used by the rulers of the estate is [[Rai (title)|Rai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ledo Estate |url=https://ledoestate.blogspot.com/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Ledo Khewat |date=1908}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Villages in Giridih district]]

Jayaprakash filmography

2026-03-20T13:13:11Z

Andreasujg: Put up initial data initial version

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
The following is the filmography of Indian actor and producer [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]].

==Filmography==

===Tamil films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Tamil film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Thondan (1995 film)|Thondan]]'' || || Uncredited role||<ref name="HeraldActing">{{cite news |last1=Indujaa |first1=D. N. |title=Jayaprakash about his acting career and business |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994536202/Jayaprakash-about-his-acting-career-and-business |access-date=16 May 2024 |publisher=India Herald}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Maya Kannadi]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Anasuya |title=When a producer emotes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/when-a-producer-emotes/article3489023.ece |access-date=16 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=11 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' || Producer || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2009 || ''[[Pasanga]]'' || Chokkalingam || ||<ref name="HeraldActing"/>
|-
| ''[[Laadam]]'' || Vembuli || ||
|-
| ''[[Naadodigal]]'' || Pazhanivel Raman || ||<ref name="HindueProduc"/>
|-
| rowspan="7"|2010 || ''[[Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai]]'' || Ranganathan || ||
|-
| ''[[Thillalangadi]]'' || Nisha's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Vamsam]]'' || Seenikannu Devar || ||<ref name="HindueProduc"/>
|-
| ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' || Prakasam || ||<ref name="HeraldActing"/>
|-
| ''[[Vandae Maatharam]]'' || Dr. Nayem || ||
|-
| ''[[Ayyanar (film)|Ayyanar]]'' || Prabha's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Bale Pandiya (2010 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' || Vannaiyar || ||<ref name="HindueProduc"/>
|-
| rowspan="12"|2011 || ''[[Aadukalam]]'' || Irene's relative || ||
|-
| ''[[Yuddham Sei]]'' || Dr. Judas || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaanam]]'' || Mansoor Khan || ||
|-
| ''[[Eththan]]'' || DK || ||
|-
| ''[[Pillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veedu]]'' || Ganesh's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Rowthiram]]'' || Udaya Murthy || ||
|-
| ''[[Sagakkal]]'' || Varadhan || ||
|-
| ''[[Uyarthiru 420]]'' || Jagan Pattabhiraman || ||
|-
| ''[[Mankatha]]'' || Arumuga Chettiyar || ||
|-
| ''[[Muran (film)|Muran]]'' || Devarajan || ||
|-
| ''[[Poraali]]'' || Doctor || ||
|-
| ''[[Rajapattai]]'' || || Special appearance ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2012 || ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' || School Owner || Guest appearance ||
|-
| ''[[Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal]]'' || Dr. Rudhran || ||
|-
| ''[[Kazhugu (2012 film)|Kazhugu]]'' || Ayya || ||
|-
| ''Mye'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Aarohanam (2012 film)|Aarohanam]]'' || MLA || ||
|-
| ''[[Yaarukku Theriyum]]'' || Vishwanath || ||
|-
| rowspan="10"|2013 || ''[[Samar (2013 film)|Samar]]'' || Joseph Kuriyan || ||
|-
| ''14/6: a day for humanity'' || || short film || <ref>{{cite web | title=Norway Tamil Film Festival - Clelebration of Global Tamil Cinema | url=http://www.ntff.no/News/75 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220021553/http://www.ntff.no/News/75 | archive-date=20 February 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vatthikuchi]]'' || Gangariya || ||
|-
| ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'' || Vishwanathan || ||
|-
| ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' || J. Prakash || ||
|-
| ''[[Thulli Vilayadu]]'' || Samipillai || ||
|-
| ''[[Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer]]'' || Shwetha's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' || Bhakthavatsalam || ||
|-
| ''[[Thagaraaru]]'' || Kandhuvatti Rajendran || ||
|-
| ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' || Sampath || ||
|-
| rowspan="15"|2014 || ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' || Pannaiyar || ||<ref name="HeraldActing"/>
|-
| ''[[Bramman]]'' || JK || ||
|-
| ''[[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal]]'' || Pavithra's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Vallinam]]'' || Krishnamurthy || ||
|-
| ''[[Thegidi]]'' || Raghuram || ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' || Meera's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaivan]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum]]'' || Dr. Subhash || ||
|-
| ''[[Pongadi Neengalum Unga Kadhalum]]'' || Police commissioner || ||
|-
| ''[[Nalanum Nandhiniyum]]'' || Duraipandi || ||
|-
| ''[[Megha (2014 film)|Megha]]'' || Jayakumar || ||
|-
| ''[[Vanavarayan Vallavarayan]]'' || Anjali's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Yaan (film)|Yaan]]'' || Anwar Ali || ||
|-
| ''[[Poojai]]'' || Ramaswamy || ||
|-
| ''[[Lingaa]]'' || Corrupt government officer || ||
|-
| rowspan="12"|2015 || ''[[Kanchana 2]]'' || Marudhu || ||
|-
| ''[[JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai]]'' ||Padmanabhan || ||
|-
| ''[[Aivarattam]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Masss]]'' || Kothandaram Reddy || ||
|-
| ''[[Orange Mittai]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]'' || Rajarathinam || ||
|-
| ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' || Mahima's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' || Lakshmi Narayanan|| ||
|-
| ''[[Eetti]]'' || Subramaniam || ||
|-
| ''[[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Thanga Magan]]'' || Prakash Kumar || ||
|-
| ''[[Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan]]'' || Ramalingam || ||
|-
| ''[[Pasanga 2]]'' || || Guest appearance ||
|-
| rowspan="11"|2016 || ''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]'' || Textile mill owner || ||
|-
| ''[[Navarasa Thilagam]]'' || Thangadurai|| ||
|-
| ''[[Mapla Singam]]'' || Sailaja's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Aagam (film)|Aagam]]'' || Sriram || ||
|-
| ''[[Adida Melam]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaaliba Raja]]'' || Ramachandran || ||
|-
| ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2016 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]'' || Shiva's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Muthina Kathirika]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Nambiar (film)|Nambiar]]'' || Ramachandran's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Nayaki|Nayagi]]'' || Gayatri's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaththi Sandai]]'' || Union Minister || ||
|-
| rowspan="11"|2017 || ''[[Singam 3]]'' || Ramakrishna || ||
|-
| ''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]'' || Sathya's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Ivan Yarendru Therikiratha]]'' || Arivu's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Thiri]]'' || Jeeva's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Enbathettu]]'' || Raghuvaran || ||
|-
| ''[[Paakanum Pola Irukku]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Thupparivaalan]]'' || Ram Prasad || ||
|-
| ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]'' || Shiva's father || ||
|-
| ''[[En Aaloda Seruppa Kaanom]]'' || Sandhya's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Maayavan]]'' || Velayudham || ||
|-
| ''[[My Son Is Gay|En Magan Magizhvan]]'' || Dr Ram || ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2018 || ''[[Mannar Vagaiyara]]'' || Rajangam || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaali (2018 film)|Kaali]]'' || Father John || ||
|-
| ''[[Tik Tik Tik (2018 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]'' || Mahendran || ||
|-
| ''[[Maniyaar Kudumbam]]'' || Magizhampoo's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Kalari (2018 film)|Kalari]]'' || Siddique || ||
|-
| ''[[Genius (2018 Tamil film)|Genius]]'' || Doctor || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2019 || ''[[Thirumanam (2019 film)|Thirumanam]]'' || Vijayakumar || ||
|-
| ''[[Airaa]]'' || Yamuna's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]'' || Ramajayam || ||
|-
| ''[[Magamuni]]'' || Jayaraman || ||
|-
|rowspan="7" | 2021 || ''[[Kabadadaari]]'' || Kumar / Rayudu || ||
|-
| ''[[Vanakkam Da Mappilei]]'' || Natraj || ||
|-
| ''[[Iruvar Ullam (2021 film)|Iruvar Ullam]]'' || Parvathy's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Vinodhaya Sitham]]'' || Parasuram's MD || ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'' || DGP Radhakrishnan || ||
|-
| ''[[Raajavamsam]]'' || Sivanesan || ||
|-
| ''[[Kasada Thapara]]'' ||Judge|| Streaming release ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2022 || ''[[Veerapandiyapuram]]'' || Chelladurai || ||
|-
| ''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' || Thiraviya Pandian || ||
|-
| ''[[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]'' || Kesavan || ||
|-
| ''[[Manmadha Leelai (2022 film)|Manmadha Leelai]]'' || Mohan || ||
|-
| ''[[The Warriorr]]'' || Robert || ||
|-
| ''[[Gargi (2022 film)|Gargi]]'' || Banuprakash || ||
|-
| ''[[Diary (2022 film)|Diary]]'' || Gunasekharan || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajendran |first1=Gopinath |title=Arulnithi's next film titled Diary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/Jul/22/arulnithis-next-film-titled-diary-2172968.html |access-date=16 May 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=22 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lilly Rani]]'' || Michael's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Pattathu Arasan]]'' || Thavamani || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023 ||''[[Rudhran]]'' || Police Inspector || ||
|-
| ''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]'' || Verghese || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2024 || ''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]'' || King Rajadhipathi || ||
|-
| ''[[Rathnam (film)|Rathnam]]''|| Vedha Nayagam || ||
|-
| ''[[Aranmanai 4]]''|| Varatha Rajan SV || ||
|-
| ''Quotation Gang Part 1'' || Sivaraman || ||
|-
| ''[[Meiyazhagan]]'' || Arivudai Nambi || ||
|-
| ''[[Petta Rap]]'' || Bala's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Miss You (film)|Miss You]]'' || Rajendran ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025 || ''[[2K Love Story]]'' || || ||
|-
|''[[Robber (film)|Robber]]'' || || ||
|-
|''[[The Door (2025 film)|The Door]]'' || MD Velmurugan || ||
|-
|''[[Maaman]]'' || Rekha's father || ||
|-
| ''[[Kuberaa]]'' || Narayan Gaikwad || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026 || ''[[My Lord (film)|My Lord]]'' || Judge Ramanujam ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Reset Repeat]]'' || Aditi's father || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=6 March 2026 |title=Kadhal Reset Repeat Movie Review: Audaciously flippant writing overpowers everything else |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Mar/06/kadhal-reset-repeat-movie-review-audaciously-flippant-writing-overpowers-everything-else |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260307010313/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Mar/06/kadhal-reset-repeat-movie-review-audaciously-flippant-writing-overpowers-everything-else |archive-date=7 March 2026 |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Telugu film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''[[Karthikeya (film)|Karthikeya]]'' || Dr. Prakash
| ||
|-
| ''[[Run Raja Run]]'' || Prakash
| ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2016
| ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' || Umapati "U. P."
| ||
|-
| ''[[Okka Ammayi Thappa]]'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''[[JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai|Rajadhi Raja]]'' ||L. Padmanabhan
| ||
|-
| ''[[Babu Bangaram]]'' || Sastry
| ||
|-
| ''[[Nayaki]]'' || Gayatri's father
| ||
|-
| ''[[Nandini Nursing Home]]'' || Dr. Murthy
| ||
|-
| ''[[A Aa]]'' || Satyawada Krishnamoorthy
| ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2017 || ''[[Luckunnodu]]'' || Bhakthavatsalam
| ||
|-
| ''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]'' || JP
| ||
|-
| ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]'' || Shiva's father
| ||
|-
| ''[[Meda Meeda Abbayi]]'' || Srinu's father
| ||
|-
| ''[[Jawaan (film)|Jawaan]]'' || Jai's father
| ||
|-
| ''[[Okka Kshanam]]'' || Scientist
| ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2018 || ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' || Daya Bandaru
| ||
|-
| ''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]'' || Karthikeya's father
| ||
|-
| ''[[Tej I Love You]]'' || Tej's Uncle
| ||
|-
| ''[[Vijetha (2018 film)|Vijetha]]'' || Company Chairman
| ||
|-
| ''[[Saakshyam]]'' || Siva Prasad
| ||
|-
| ''[[Chi La Sow]]'' || Anjali's uncle
| ||
|-
| ''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]'' || Sanju's father
| ||
|-
| rowspan="8"|2019 || ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' || Governor of AP
| ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Majnu]]'' || Krishna Prasad
| ||
|-
| ''[[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]]'' || Company CEO
| ||
|-
| ''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]'' || BCCI Chairman
| ||
|-
| ''[[Voter (film)|Voter]]'' || Siva
| ||
|-
| ''[[Kalki (2019 Telugu film)|Kalki]]'' || Kabir Khan
| ||
|-
| ''Nivaasi'' || Suryanarayana Varma
| ||
|-
| ''[[Chanakya (2019 film)|Chanakya]]'' || Home Minister
| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2020 || ''[[Aswathama (film)|Aswathama]]'' || Gana's father
| ||
|-
| ''[[World Famous Lover]]'' || Murthy
| ||
|-
| ''[[V (2020 film)|V]]'' || Jayaraj
| ||
|-
| ''[[Maa Vintha Gaadha Vinuma]]'' || Vinitha's father
| ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2021 || ''[[Kapatadhaari]]'' || Kumar / Rayudu
| ||
|-
| ''[[Sashi (film)|Sashi]]'' || Dhora
| ||
|-
| ''[[Tuck Jagadish]]'' || Raghuram Patrudu
| ||
|-
| ''[[Republic (film)|Republic]]'' || Prakash Rao
| ||
|-
| ''[[Most Eligible Bachelor (film)|Most Eligible Bachelor]]'' || Harsha's father
| ||
|-
| ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]'' || Mr Bhupathi
| ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2022 || ''[[The Warriorr]]'' || Robert
| ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna Vrinda Vihari]]'' || Krishna’s father
| ||
|-
| ''[[The Ghost (2022 film)|The Ghost]]'' || Colonel Nagendra Naidu
| ||
|-
| ''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]'' || Chief Minister
| ||
|-
| ''[[Veerapandiyapuram|Sivudu]]'' || || Only dubbed version released
|
|-
| rowspan="9"|2023 || ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]'' || High court Judge
| || style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="WV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/waltairveerayya.html|title=Waltair Veerayya jeevi review|last=jeevi|date=13 January 2023|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Amigos (film)|Amigos]]'' || Jayendra
| || style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/amigos/movie-review/97792724.cms |title=Amigos Movie Review : Kalyan Ram in the triple role makes this experimental film work |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 February 2023 |first1=Paul |last1=Nicodemus}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ravanasura (film)|Ravanasura]]'' || Radhakrishna Chennuri
| ||
|-
|''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]'' || Verghese
| ||
|-
| ''[[Katha Venuka Katha]]'' || Krishna
| ||
|-
| ''[[Nene Naa]]'' || Nalgonda DSP
| || style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pecheti |first1=Prakash |title=Nene Naa review: Vennela Kishore's humour garners praise in this crappy horror thriller |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nene-naa-movie-review/ |access-date=16 May 2024 |publisher=South First |date=28 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Great Indian Suicide]]'' ||
|
|
|-
| ''[[My Name Is Shruthi]]'' || DGP
| ||
|-
| ''[[Aadikeshava]]'' || Balu's adoptive father
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2024 || ''[[Saindhav]]'' || Murthy ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ooru Peru Bhairavakona]]'' || Murali
| || style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/hansika-my-name-is-shruti-is-never-heard-of-thriller-telugu-news-345682|title=Hansika: My Name is Shruti is never heard of thriller|date=16 November 2023|work=Indiaglitz}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Harom Hara]]'' || Shiva Reddy || ||
|-
|''[[Fear (2024 film)|Fear]]''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[28 Degree Celsius]]''
|Dr. Subrahmanyam
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kuberaa]]'' || Narayan Gaikwad ||
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Ustaad Bhagat Singh]]''
|Shloka’s father
|
|
|-
|}

===Malayalam films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Malayalam film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Vandae Maatharam]]'' || Dr. Nayem ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || ''[[Thiruvambadi Thamban]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' || [[Narayanan Krishnan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2013 || ''[[Yaarukku Theriyum|120 Minutes]]'' || Vishwanath ||
|-
|''[[Red Wine (2013 film)|Red Wine]]'' || Dr. Paul Alexander ||
|-
| ''[[Pattam Pole]]'' || Ramanathan ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Oozham (2016 film)|Oozham]]'' || Wilfred Marcus ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Mikhael (film)|Mikhael]]'' || William ||
|-
| ''[[Pattabhiraman (film)|Pattabhiraman]]'' || K.R.K. ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Shylock (2020 film)|Shylock]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || [[Jailer (2023 Malayalam film)|''Jailer'']] || Velu Thampi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-01 |title=First Look Poster of Dhyan Sreenivasan's Jailer Shows Actor in Intense Avatar |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/first-look-poster-of-dhyan-sreenivasans-jailer-shows-actor-in-intense-avatar-5473429.html |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Otta (film)|Otta]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Otta trailer: Resul Pookutty's star-studded directorial debut promises some intense drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/20/otta-trailer-resul-pookuttys-star-studded-directorial-debut-promises-some-intense-drama-48804.html |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Kannada films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Kannada film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Yaarukku Theriyum|Challenge]]'' || Vishwanath ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kavacha]]'' || Krishna Murthy ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Trivikrama (film)|Trivikrama]]'' || Trisha's father ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A |title=Review New talent brings freshness to formulaic 'Trivikrama' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Jun/25/review-new-talent-brings-freshness-to-formulaic-trivikrama-2469360.html |access-date=16 May 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=25 June 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of web series credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Platform
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2020||''[[Addham]]'' || Lorry Driver || rowspan="3"|Telugu || rowspan="2"|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aiyappan |first1=Ashameera |title='Addham': Production in the middle of a pandemic |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/Oct/29/addham-production-in-the-middle-of-a-pandemic-2216258.html |access-date=16 May 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=29 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2021||''[[11th Hour (web series)|11th Hour]]'' ||Jagannath Reddy ||
|-
| 2022|| ''[[Hello World (web series)|Hello World]]'' || Anand || [[Zee5]] ||
|-
| 2023|| ''[[The Village (2023 TV series)|The Village]]'' || GSK || Tamil || [[Prime video]] ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Brinda (TV series)|Brinda]]'' || SI Raghu || Telugu || SonyLIV
|}

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film producer credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Gopala Gopala (1996 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' || rowspan="8"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Porkkaalam]]'' ||<ref name="HindueProduc"/>
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Thavasi]]'' ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[April Maadhathil]]'' ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Julie Ganapathi]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2004 || ''[[Varnajalam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Chellamae]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Neranja Manasu]]'' ||<ref name="HindueProduc">{{cite news |last1=Rangarajan |first1=Malathi |title=On the road to recognition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/On-the-road-to-recognition/article16048607.ece |access-date=16 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=26 September 2010}}</ref>
|}

===Dubbing artist===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film dubbing credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Actor
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 || ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'' || |[[Akshay Kumar]]|| rowspan="4" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'' ||[[Kali Prasad Mukherjee]]
| ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Annapoorani: The Goddess of Food]]'' || [[Achyuth Kumar]]
| ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]'' || [[Rajeev Kanakala]] || dubbed version ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1957308/ Jayaprakash at IMDb]

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

M. S. K. Bhavani Rajenthiran

2026-03-18T04:57:55Z

Andreasujg:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M.S.K. Bhavani Rajenthiran
| image = |
| caption =
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1954|12|10|df=y}}
| birth_place =[[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Tirumangalam]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| residence =[[Ramanathapuram]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of parliament]]
| constituency = [[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanthapuram]]
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| religion =
| spouse = Late M.S.K. Rajenthiran
| children = 1 son and 1 daughter
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 22 September |
| year = 2006 |
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20060622230141/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=4150
}}

'''M.S.K. Bhavani Rajenthiran''' (born 10 December 1954) was a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] of India. She was born in [[Tirumangalam, Madurai]] to the [[Tirumangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Tirumangalam's]]Ex MLA, [[M. C. A. Rethinasamy Thevar]]. She represented the [[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanthapuram]] constituency of [[Tamil Nadu]] and is a member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) political party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=4150|title=Fourteenth Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile|publisher=Parliament of India|accessdate=5 July 2011}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhavani Rajenthiran, M.S.K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Women in Tamil Nadu politics]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Ramanathapuram district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

History of Tamil Nadu

2026-03-15T12:23:16Z

Andreasujg: refined lead for accuracy

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{TNhistory}}
{{Tamils}}
{{Dravidian}}

The region of '''[[Tamil Nadu]]''' in the southeast of modern [[India]], shows evidence of having had continuous human habitation from 15,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/38413/9/09_chapter%203.pdf|title=Chapter III – Profile of the State Tamil Nadu and Selected Public Sector Enterprises|website=Shodhganga}}</ref><ref name="ஐரோ">{{cite press release | url=http://www.newsreporter.in/million-years-old-acheulian-tools-were-found-in-chennai | title=Million years old Acheulian tools were found in Chennai | publisher=newsreporter.in | date=25 March 2011 | access-date=3 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710131023/https://www.newsreporter.in/million-years-old-acheulian-tools-were-found-in-chennai | archive-date=10 July 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Throughout its history, spanning the early [[Upper Paleolithic]] age to modern times, this region has coexisted with various external cultures.

The three ancient [[Tamil dynasties]], namely the [[Chera Empire|Chera]], the [[Chola Empire|Chola]], and the [[Pandyan Empire|Pandya]], were of ancient origins. Together, they ruled over this land with a unique culture and language, contributing to the growth of [[Sangam Literature|some of the oldest extant literature]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA27 |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref> These three dynasties were in constant struggle with each other vying for hegemony over the land. Invasion by the [[Kalabhras]] during the 3rd century disturbed the traditional order of the land, displacing the three ruling kingdoms. These occupiers were overthrown by the resurgence of the Pandyas and the [[Pallavas]], who restored the traditional kingdoms. The Cholas who re-emerged from obscurity in the 9th century by defeating the Pallavas and the Pandyas rose to become a great power and extended their empire over the entire southern peninsula.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} At its height the Chola empire spanned almost 3,600,000 km² (1,389,968 sq mi) straddling the [[Bay of Bengal]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} The [[Chola Navy|Chola navy]] held sway over the [[Sri Vijaya]] kingdom in Southeast Asia.

Rapid changes in the political situation of the rest of India occurred due to [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|incursions of Muslim armies]] from the northwest and the decline of the three ancient dynasties during the 14th century. Despite this, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] gained a foothold in the region from the late 14th century until the 16th century. In the early 1600's [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayakas of Madurai]] gained independence from [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Sathyanatha Aiyar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183822 |title=History Of The Nayaks Of Madura |pages=115–116|date=1924}}</ref> In the 17th and 18th centuries, the [[Maratha Empire]] expanded its influence into the northern regions of present-day Tamil Nadu. The [[Madras Presidency]], comprising most of southern India, was created in the late 18th century and was ruled directly by the [[British Empire|British]]. After the [[Indian independence struggle|independence of India]], after the Telugu and Malayalam parts of Madras state were separated from Tamilagam state in 1956, it was renamed as [[Tamil Nadu]] on January 14, 1969, by the state government.

== Prehistoric period ==
{{Further|Prehistoric South India|Prehistory of Sri Lanka|South Asian Stone Age|Bronze Age India|Iron Age India}}


=== Palaeolithic ===
For most of the [[Lower Paleolithic|Lower Palaeolithic]] stage, pre-modern humans lived close to river valleys with sparse forest cover or in grassland environments. The population density was very low and so far only two localities of this lower Palaeolithic culture have been found in [[South India]].<ref>Pappu et al., ''Antiquity'' vol 77 no 297, September 2003</ref> Pre-modern humans in South India, belonging to the species of ''[[Homo erectus]]'', lived in this primitive 'old stone age' (Palaeolithic) for quite a long time, using only crude implements such as [[hand axe]]s and choppers and subsisting as [[hunter-gatherers]].<ref>Tools of the ''Madras Industry'' have been found in the Kaveri and Vaigai beds —K.A.N. Sastri, Srinivasachari, ''Advanced History of India'', p. 14.</ref>

In [[Attirampakkam]], archaeologists from the Sharma Centre for Heritage Education excavated ancient stone tools which suggests that a human-like population existed in the Tamil Nadu region somewhere around 300,000 years before ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' arrived from Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sharp-stones-found-india-signal-surprisingly-early-toolmaking-advances |title=Science News : Archaeology – Anthropology : Sharp stones found in India signal surprisingly early toolmaking advances |access-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209183736/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sharp-stones-found-india-signal-surprisingly-early-toolmaking-advances |archive-date=9 February 2018 |url-status=live |date=31 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/ |title=The Washington Post : Very old, very sophisticated tools found in India. The question is: Who made them? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210201237/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/ |archive-date=10 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A discovery of a rare fossilized baby brain in [[Viluppuram district]], by a team of archaeologists was reported in April 2003, It is estimated to be about 187,000 years - 200,000 years or older.<ref>"Religions and Religious Freedom in India", page 20</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rajendran |first1=P. |last2=Koshy |first2=Peter |last3=Sadasivan |first3=Santha |url=http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/article/view/aa.06102/3 |title=Homo Sapiens (Archaic) Baby Fossil of the Middle Pleistocene | Rajendran | Ancient Asia |journal=Ancient Asia |date=December 2006 |volume=1 |access-date=10 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204075724/http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/article/view/aa.06102/3 |archive-date=4 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Over-2-lakh-years-old-fossilised-skull-found/articleshow/41904951.cms|title=Over 2 lakh years old fossilised skull found|website=The Times of India|date=31 March 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252003/754.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235000/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252003/754.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> The ancestor of modern humans (''[[Homo sapiens]]'') who appeared around 50,000 years ago was more developed and could make thinner [[Flint (tool)|flake tools]] and blade-like tools using a variety of stones. From about 10,000 years ago, humans made still smaller tools called [[Microlith]]ic tools. The material used by the early humans to make these tools were [[jasper]], [[agate]], [[flint]], [[quartz]], etc. In 1949, researchers found such microliths in [[Tirunelveli district]].<ref name=":1">K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p. 45.</ref> Archaeological evidence suggests that the Microlithic period lasted between 6000–3000 BCE.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p. 46.</ref>


=== Neolithic ===
In Tamil Nadu, the [[Neolithic]] period had its advent around 2500 BCE. Humans of the [[Neolithic]] period made their stone tools in finer shapes by grinding and polishing. A Neolithic axe head with ancient writing on it has been found in North Tamil Nadu Near [[Palar River|Palar]] river.<ref>{{cite news | title= Significance of Mayiladuthurai find | url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/01/stories/2006050101992000.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060617092617/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/01/stories/2006050101992000.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= 17 June 2006 | access-date=15 November 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work= [[The Hindu]] | date=1 May 2006}}</ref> The [[Neolithic]] humans lived mostly on small flat hills or on the foothills in small, more or less permanent settlements but for periodical migration for grazing purposes. They gave the dead proper burials within urns or pits. They were also starting to use copper for making certain tools or weapons.

=== Iron Age ===
During the [[Iron Age]] humans started using iron for making tools and weapons. The Iron Age culture in peninsular India is marked by [[Megalithic]] burial sites, which are found in several hundreds of places.<ref>One such was found at [[Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri|Krishnagiri]] in Tamil Nadu— {{cite news | title= Steps to preserve megalithic burial site |date=6 October 2006 | url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/06/stories/2006100617521000.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080918094106/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/06/stories/2006100617521000.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= 18 September 2008 | access-date=15 November 2006 | work= [[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India }}</ref> On the basis of both some excavations and the typology of the burial monuments, it has been suggested that there was a gradual spread of the Iron Age sites from the north to the south. Comparative excavations carried out in Adichanallur in Thirunelveli District and in Northern India have provided evidence of a southward migration of the Megalithic culture.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' TAMILNADU is stated as Kalabhras, pp. 49–51</ref>

The earliest clear evidence of the presence of the megalithic urn burials are those dating from around 1800 BCE, which have been discovered at various places in Tamil Nadu, notably at [[Adichanallur]], 24 km from [[Tirunelveli]], where archaeologists from the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] unearthed 157 urns, including 15 containing human skulls, skeletons and bones, plus husks, grains of rice, charred rice and [[Neolithic]] [[Celt (tool)|Celts]]. One urn has writing inside, which, according to archaeologists from the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], resembles early [[Tamil-Brahmi]] script, confirming it of the Neolithic period 2800 years ago.<ref>Subramanian T.S. (17 February 2005) The Hindu. Retrieved 31 July 2007 [http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704471300.htm ''Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script' unearthed at Adichanallur''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527021014/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704471300.htm |date=27 May 2014 }}</ref> Adhichanallur has been announced as an archaeological site for further excavation and studies.<ref>Subramanian T.S. (26 May 2004 ) The Hindu. Retrieved 31 July 2007 [http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/26/stories/2004052602871200.htm ''Skeletons, script found at ancient burial site in Tamil Nadu''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207124706/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/26/stories/2004052602871200.htm |date=7 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>'The most interesting pre-historic remains in Tamil India were discovered at Adichanallur. There is a series of urn burials. seem to be related to the megalithic complex. – Zvelebil, K.A., Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature – pp 21–22, Brill Academic Publishers.</ref>

Mentions of the political situation of Tamil Nadu before the common era are found in [[Ashoka]]'s edicts dated c.3rd century BCE and, vaguely, in the [[Hathigumpha inscription]] dated c.2nd century BCE.

== Early history ==
{{Main|Sangam period}}
{{See also|Tamil history from Sangam literature}}

Ancient Tamil Nadu contained three monarchical states, headed by kings called ''Vendhar'' and several tribal chieftaincies, headed by the chiefs called by the general denomination ''Vel'' or ''[[Velirs|Velir]]''.<ref name=Chattopadhyaya>{{cite book |title=A Social History of Early India |first=Brajadulal |last=Chattopadhyaya |publisher=CSC and Pearson Education |year=2009 |isbn=9788131719589 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tX4wzIUY3QC |pages=31–32}}</ref><ref>K.A.N. Sashtri, A History of South India, pp 109–112</ref> Still lower at the local level there were clan chiefs called ''kizhar'' or ''mannar''.<ref>'There were three levels of redistribution corresponding to the three categories of chieftains, namely: the Ventar, Velir and Kilar in descending order. Ventar were the chieftains of the three major lineages, viz Cera, Cola and Pandya. Velir were mostly hill chieftains, while Kilar were the headmen of settlements...' —{{cite web | title= Perspectives on Kerala History | work= P.J.Cherian (Ed) | url= http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/historicalantecedents.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060826094724/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/historicalantecedents.htm | archive-date=26 August 2006|publisher=Kerala Council for Historical Research}}</ref> During the 3rd century BCE, the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] was part of the [[Maurya Empire]], and from the middle of the 1st century BCE to 2nd century CE the same area was ruled by the [[Satavahana dynasty]]. The Tamil area had an independent existence outside the control of these northern empires. The Tamil kings and chiefs were always in conflict with each other mostly over the property. The royal courts were mostly places of social gathering rather than places of dispensation of authority; they were centres for distribution of resources. Tamil literature [[Tolkappiyam]] sheds some light on early religion.<ref>Kanchan Sinha, Kartikeya in Indian art and literature, Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan (1979).</ref> Gradually the rulers came under the influence of [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] beliefs, which encouraged performance of sacrifices to enhance the status of the ruler.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p 129</ref> [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Ajivika]] co-existed with early [[Shaivite]], [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaktism]] during the first five centuries.

The names of the three dynasties, Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras, are mentioned in the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] (inscribed 273–232 BCE) inscriptions, among the kingdoms, which though not subject to [[Ashoka]], were on friendly terms with him.<ref>'Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the [[Velirs|Satyaputras]], the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni...' —{{cite web|title=Ashoka's second minor rock edict |url=http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html |publisher=Colorado State University |access-date=15 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028175927/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html |archive-date=28 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="asoka">K.A.N. Sastri, ''The CōĻas'', 1935 p 20</ref> The king of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], [[Kharavela]], who ruled around 150 BCE, mentioned in the famous Hathigumpha inscription of the confederacy of the Tamil kingdoms that had existed for over 100 years.<ref>{{cite web | title= Hathigumpha Inscription | work= Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XX (1929–1930). Delhi, 1933, pp 86–89 | url= http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm|publisher=Missouri Southern State University | access-date=15 November 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061117151339/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm |archive-date = 17 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Yathothkari (2).jpg|thumb|centre|700px|Yathothkari Perumal Temple is one of the 108 [[Divya Desam]]s and is mentioned in the Sangam Text [[Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai]] as the god sleeping on a serpent bed at the town [[Yathothkari Perumal Temple|Thiruvekka]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/pattupattutentamilidyllschelliahj.v._108_Q/page/127/mode/2up | title=Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://sangamtranslationsbyvaidehi.com/pathuppatu-perumpanattruppadai/ | title=Pathuppāttu – Perumpānātruppadai | date=14 January 2013 }}</ref>]]

[[Karikala Chola]] was the most famous [[Early Cholas|early Chola]]. He is mentioned in a number of poems in the [[Sangam literature|Sangam poetry]].<ref>''[[Pattinappaalai]]'', ''[[Porunaraatruppadai]]'' and a number of individual poems in ''Akananuru'' and ''[[Purananuru]]'' have been the main source for the information we attribute now to Karikala. See also K.A.N. Sastri, ''The Colas'', 1935</ref> [[Purananuru]] poem 224 mentions him as a great king who performed [[Yajna|Vedic Sacrifices]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/purananuru-part-224 | title=Poem: Purananuru - Part 224 by George L. III Hart }}</ref> In later times Karikala was the subject of many legends found in the ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'' and in inscriptions and literary works of the 11th and 12th centuries. They attribute to him the conquest of the whole of India up to the Himalayas and the construction of the flood banks of the river [[Kaveri]] with the aid of his feudatories.<ref>''Cilappatikaram'' (c. 6th century CE) which attributes northern campaigns and conquests to all the three monarchs of the Tamil country, gives a glorious account of the northern expeditions of Karikala, which took him as far north as the Himalayas and gained for him the alliance and subjugation of the kings of [[Vajjika League|Vajra]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and Avanti countries. There is no contemporary evidence either in Sangam literature or from the north Indian source for such an expedition.</ref> These legends, however, are conspicuous by their absence in the Sangam poetry. [[Kocengannan]] was another famous early Chola king who has been extolled in a number of poems of the Sangam period. He was even made a [[Saiva]] saint during the medieval period.<ref>{{cite web | title= 63 Nayanmars | url= http://www.tamilnation.co/sathyam/east/saivaism/63nayanmars.htm | publisher=Tamilnation.org |access-date=15 November 2006}}</ref>

Pandyas ruled initially from [[Korkai]], a seaport on the southernmost tip of the Indian peninsula, and in later times moved to [[Madurai]]. Pandyas are also mentioned in Sangam Literature, as well as by Greek and Roman sources during this period. [[Megasthenes]] in his ''Indika'' mentions the Pandyan kingdom.<ref>In Megasthenes' account (350 BCE – 290 BCE), the Pandya kingdom is ruled by Pandaia, a daughter of [[Herakles]] —K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p 23</ref> The Pandyas controlled the present districts of Madurai, [[Tirunelveli]], and parts of south Kerala. They had trading contacts with [[Greece]] and [[Roman commerce|Rome]].<ref>{{cite web | title= 'Roman Maps and the Concept of Indian Gems | url= http://www.thebeadsite.com/UNI-MAPS.html|publisher=The Bead Museum, Inc. | access-date=15 May 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321084351/http://www.thebeadsite.com/UNI-MAPS.html  | archive-date=21 March 2006}}</ref> With the other kingdoms of Tamilakam, they maintained trading contacts and marital relationships with Tamil merchants from [[Eelam]]. Various Pandya kings find mention in a number of poems in the Sangam literature. Among them, Nedunjeliyan, 'the victor of Talaiyalanganam' deserves a special mention. Besides several short poems found in the ''[[Akananuru]]'' and the ''Purananuru'' collections, there are two major works—''[[Mathuraikkanci]]'' and the ''[[Netunalvatai]]'' (in the collection of ''[[Pattupattu]]'') that give a glimpse into the society and commercial activities in the Pandyan kingdom during the Sangam age. The [[Early Pandyan Kingdom|early Pandyas]] went into obscurity at the end of the 3rd century CE during the incursion of the Kalabhras.

The kingdom of the [[Chera Dynasty|Cheras]] comprised the modern Western [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]], along the western or [[Malabar Coast]] of southern India. Their proximity to the sea favoured trade with Africa.<ref>'Archaeologists from UCLA and the University of Delaware have unearthed the most extensive remains to date from sea trade between India and Egypt during the Roman Empire, adding to mounting evidence that spices and other exotic cargo travelled into Europe over sea as well as land.' {{cite web|title=Archaeologists Uncover Ancient Maritime Spice Route Between India, Egypt |work=Veluppillai, Prof. A. |url=http://www.dickran.net/history/india_egypt_trade_route.html |publisher=dickran.net |access-date=15 November 2006 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009110925/http://dickran.net/history/india_egypt_trade_route.html |archive-date=9 October 2006 }}</ref><ref>Archaeological evidence for the maritime contact between the Sangam age Cheras and the Roman empire has been found at Karur, which was the capital of Cheras. —R. Nagasami, ''Roman Karur''</ref> Chera rulers dated to the first few centuries AD. It records the names of the kings, the princes, and the court poets who extolled them. The internal chronology of this literature is still far from settled, and at present, a connected account of the history of the period cannot be derived. [[Uthiyan Cheralathan]], [[Imayavaramban Nedun-Cheralatan|Nedum Cheralathan]] and [[Senguttuvan|Senguttuvan Chera]] are some of the rulers referred to in the Sangam poems. Senguttuvan Chera, the most celebrated Chera king, is famous for the legends surrounding [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]], the heroine of the Tamil epic ''[[Silapathikaram]]''.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46862/From-150-bce-to-300-ce?anchor=ref485312 |title=India – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=29 August 2012}}</ref>

These early kingdoms sponsored the growth of some of the oldest extant [[Tamil literature|literature in Tamil]]. The classical Tamil literature, referred to as Sangam literature is attributed to the period between 500 BCE and 300 CE.<ref>Kamil Veith Zvelebil, ''Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature'', p 12</ref><ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'', OUP (1955) p 105</ref> The poems of Sangam literature, which deal with emotional and material topics, were categorised and collected into various anthologies during the medieval period. These Sangam poems paint the picture of a fertile land and of a people who were organised into various occupational groups. The governance of the land was through hereditary monarchies, although the sphere of the state's activities and the extent of the ruler's powers were limited through the adherence to the established order (''[[dharma]]'').<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'', OUP (1955) pp 118, 119</ref> The people were loyal to their kings and roving bards, musicians and dancers gathered at the royal courts of the generous kings. The [[Ancient Tamil music|arts of music and dancing]] were highly developed and popular. Musical instruments of various types are mentioned in the Sangam poems. The amalgamation of the southern and the northern styles of dancing started during this period and is reflected fully in the epic ''Cilappatikaram''.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'', OUP (1955) p 124</ref>

Internal and external trade was well organised and active. Evidence from both archaeology and literature speaks of a flourishing foreign trade with the ''[[Yona|Yavanas]]'' (Greeks). The port city of [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]] on the east coast and [[Muziris]] on the west coast of south India were emporia of foreign trade, where huge ships moored, offloading precious merchandise.<ref>'The vast quantities of gold and silver coins struck by [[Roman emperor]]s up to [[Nero]] (54–68CE) found all over Tamil Nadu testify the extent of the trade, the presence of Roman settlers in the Tamil country'. K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'', OUP (1955) pp 125–127</ref> This trade started to decline after the 2nd century CE and the direct contact between the Roman empire and the ancient Tamil country was replaced by trade with the Arabs and the [[Kingdom of Aksum|Auxumites]] of East Africa. Internal trade was also brisk and goods were sold and bartered. Agriculture was the main profession of a vast majority of the populace.

== Interregnum (300–600) ==
{{Main|Kalabhra dynasty}}
After the close of the Sangam era, from about 300 to about 600 CE, there was an almost total lack of information regarding occurrences in the Tamil land. Some time about 300 CE, the whole region was upset by the appearance of the Kalabhras. These people are described in later literature as 'evil rulers' who overthrew the established Tamil kings and got a stranglehold of the country.<ref>'Kalabhraas were denounced as 'evil kings' (''Kaliararar'') —K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p 130</ref> information about their origin and details about their reign is scarce. They did not leave many artifacts or monuments. The only source of information on them is the scattered mentions in [[Buddhist]] and [[Jain]] literature.<ref>Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund, ''A History of India'', Routledge (UK), p 105</ref>

Historians speculate that these people followed Buddhist or [[Tamil Jain|Jain]] faiths and were antagonistic towards the Hindu religions (''viz.'' the [[Astika]] schools) adhered by the majority of inhabitants of the Tamil region during the early centuries CE.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' p 130</ref> As a result, Hindu scholars and authors who followed their decline in the 7th and 8th century may have expunged any mention of them in their texts and generally tended to paint their rule in a negative light. It is perhaps due to this reason, the period of their rule is known as a 'Dark Age'—an interregnum. Some of the ruling families migrated northwards and found enclaves for themselves away from the Kalabhras.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri postulates that there was a live connection between the early Cholas and the Renandu Cholas of the Andhra country. The northward migration probably took place during the [[Pallava]] domination of [[Simhavishnu]]. Sastri also categorically rejects the claims that these were the descendants of Karikala Chola —K.A.N. Sastri, ''The CōĻas'', 1935 p 107</ref> [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]], took deep roots in the society, giving birth to a large body of ethical poetry.

Writing became very widespread and ''[[vatteluttu]]'' evolved from the [[Tamil-Brahmi]] became a mature script for writing Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldgenweb.org/lkawgw/tamil-brahmi.htm|title=A magnum opus on Tamil|website=www.worldgenweb.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= South Asian Writing Systems | url= http://www.ancientscripts.com/sa_ws.html |publisher=Lawrence K Lo | access-date=15 November 2006}}</ref> While several anthologies were compiled by collecting bardic poems of earlier centuries, some of the [[The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature|epic poems]] such as the ''Cilappatikaram'' and didactic works such as the ''[[Tirukkural]]'' were also written during this period.<ref>The identity of the author of ''Tirukkural'' is not known with any certainty. This work of 1330 [[distich]]s is attributed to [[Tiruvalluvar]], who was probably a Jain with knowledge of the [[Sanskrit]] didactic works of the north.</ref> The patronage of the Jain and Buddhist scholars by the Kalabhra kings influenced the nature of the literature of the period, and most of the works that can be attributed to this period were written by the Jain and Buddhist authors. In the field of dance and music, the elite started patronising new polished styles, partly influenced by northern ideas, in the place of the folk styles. A few of the earliest rock-cut temples belong to this period. Brick temples (known as ''kottam'', ''devakulam'', and ''palli'') dedicated to various deities are referred to in literary works. Kalabhras were displaced around the 7th century by the revival of Pallava and Pandya power.<ref>Pandya Kadungon and Pallava Simhavishnu overthrew the Kalabhras. Acchchutakalaba is likely the last Kalabhra king —K.A.N. Sastri, ''The CōĻas'', 1935 p 102</ref>

Even with the exit of the Kalabhras, the Jain and Buddhist influence still remained in Tamil Nadu. The early Pandya and the Pallava kings were followers of these faiths. The Hindu reaction to this apparent decline of their religion was growing and reached its peak during the later part of the 7th century.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' pp 382</ref> There was a widespread Hindu revival during which a huge body of Saiva and [[Vaishnava]] literature was created. Many Saiva [[Nayanmars]] and Vaishnava [[Alvars]] provided a great stimulus to the growth of popular devotional literature. Karaikkal Ammaiyar who lived in the 6th century CE was the earliest of these Nayanmars. The celebrated Saiva hymnists [[Sundarar|Sundaramurthi]], [[Thirugnana Sambanthar]] and [[Thirunavukkarasar]] were of this period. Vaishnava Alvars such as [[Poigai Alvar]], [[Bhoothathalvar]] and [[Peyalvar]] produced devotional hymns for their faith and their songs were collected later into the four thousand poems of ''[[Naalayira Divyap Prabhandham]]''.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' pp 333–335</ref>

== Age of empires (600–1300) ==
The medieval period of the history of the Tamil country saw the rise and fall of many kingdoms, some of whom went on to the extent of empires, exerting influences both in India and overseas. The Cholas who were very active during the Sangam age were entirely absent during the first few centuries.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''The CoLas'', pp 102</ref> The period started with the rivalry between the Pandyas and the Pallavas, which in turn caused the revival of the Cholas. The Cholas went on to become a great power. Their decline saw the brief resurgence of the Pandyas. This period was also that of the re-invigorated Hinduism during which temple building and religious literature were at their best.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' p 387</ref>

The [[Hindu]] sects [[Saivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] became dominant, replacing the prevalence of Jainism and Buddhism of the previous era. Saivism was patronised more by the Chola kings and became more or less a state religion.<ref name="intolerance">There is an inscription from 1160 that the custodians of Siva temples who had social intercourses with Vaishnavites would forfeit their property. —K.A.N. Sastri, ''The CōĻas'', 1935 pp 645</ref> Some of the earliest temples that are still standing were built during this period by the Pallavas. The rock-cut temples in [[Mamallapuram]] and the majestic Kailasanatha and Vaikuntaperumal temples of [[Kanchipuram]] stand testament to the Pallava art. The Cholas, utilising their prodigious wealth earned through their extensive conquests, built long-lasting stone temples including the great [[Brihadisvara temple]] of [[Thanjavur]] and exquisite bronze sculptures. Temples dedicated to Siva and Vishnu received liberal donations of money, jewels, animals, and land, and thereby became powerful economic institutions.<ref name="temple">Some of the output of villages throughout the kingdom was given to temples that reinvested some of the wealth accumulated as loans to the settlements. The temple served as a centre for redistribution of wealth and contributed towards the integrity of the kingdom —John Keays, India a History, pp 217–218</ref> Mutharaiyar who ruled the central part of Tamil Nadu between 600 - 900 CE. The Cauvery Delta regions were mostly ruled by the Muthraiyar Kings having Woraiyur as their Capital. Vijayalayachola conquered Tanjore from Dhancheya Muhuraiyar King who established the Tanjore City. Among the noted Muthariyar King, Perumbidugu alias Swaran Maran Muthraiyar who conquered consequently 14 battles and known as the Emperor in Tamil Nadu (Perarasar). He and his ancestors built many cave temples in Tiruchirappalli and Pudukottai regions. Among them Kuvavan Sathan alias Videl Vidugu Muthraiyar built many cave temples in Pudukottai Region. Mutharaiyars and ancestors are known as Muthuraja in central of part of Tamil Nadu particularly Tiruchirappalli.

[[Tamil script]] replaced the ''[[vatteluttu]]'' script throughout Tamil Nadu for writing [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. Religious literature flourished during the period. The Tamil epic, [[Kambar (poet)|Kamban's]] ''[[Ramavataram|Ramavatharam]]'', was written in the 13th century. A contemporary of Kamban was the famous poet [[Avvaiyar (12th-century poet)|Auvaiyar]] who found great happiness in writing for young children. The secular literature was mostly court poetry devoted to the eulogy of the rulers. The religious poems of the previous period and the classical literature of the Sangam period were collected and systematised into several anthologies. Sanskrit was patronised by the priestly groups for religious rituals and other ceremonial purposes. Nambi Andar Nambi, who was a contemporary of [[Rajaraja Chola I]], collected and arranged the books on Saivism into eleven books called ''[[Tirumurai|Tirumurais]]''. The hagiology of Saivism was standardised in ''[[Periya Puranam|Periyapuranam]]'' by [[Sekkilhar|Sekkilar]], who lived during the reign of [[Kulothunga Chola II]] (1133–1150 CE). Jayamkondar's ''[[Kalingattuparani|Kalingattupparani]]'', a semi-historical account on the two invasions of Kalinga by [[Kulothunga Chola I]] was an early example of a biographical work.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' pp 342–344</ref>

=== Pallavas ===
{{Main|Pallava Empire}}
[[File:Greater Pallavas.png|thumb|left|Greatest extent of Pallava Empire, during the reign of Narasimhavarman I (630-668 CE)]]
[[File:Mamallapuram1a.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Shore Temple]] in [[Mamallapuram]] built by the [[Pallavas]]. (c. eighth century CE)]]
The 7th century Tamil Nadu saw the rise of the [[Pallavas]] under [[Mahendravarman I]] and his son ''Mamalla'' [[Narasimhavarman I]]. The Pallavas were not a recognised political power before the 2nd century.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' pp 91–92</ref> It has been widely accepted by scholars that they were originally executive officers under the [[Satavahana]] kings.<ref>Durga Prasad, ''History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D''., pp 68</ref> After the fall of the Satavahanas, they began to get control over parts of [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] and the Tamil country. Later they had marital ties with the [[Vishnukundina]] who ruled over the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. It was around 550 CE under King [[Simhavishnu]] that the Pallavas emerged into prominence. They subjugated the Cholas and reigned as far south as the [[Kaveri River]].
The Pallavas were at their finest during the reigns of Narasimhavarman I and ''Pallavamalla'' [[Nandivarman II]]. Pallavas ruled a large portion of [[South India]] with [[Kanchipuram]] as their capital. [[Dravidian architecture]] during the Pallava rule includes the [[Shore Temple]], built for [[Narasimhavarman II]], which is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. Many sources describe [[Bodhidharma]], the founder of the [[Zen]] school of [[Buddhism]] in China, as a prince of the Pallava dynasty.<ref>Kamil V. Zvelebil (1987). "The Sound of the One Hand", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', Vol. 107, No. 1, p. 125-126.</ref> Alongside Bodhidharma, another monk, [[Vajrabodhi]] is said to have been the son of a Tamil aristocrat, travelled from Tamil Nadu to the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] capital of [[Chang'an]], via Sri Lanka and [[Srivijaya]], after mastering the art of [[Vajrayana|Tantric Buddhism]]. He took a plethora of new theological beliefs to a China that was largely following [[Confucianism]] or [[Taoism|Daoism]]. Vajrabodhi's contribution to the growth of Tantric Buddhism in China has been recorded by one of his lay disciples, Lü Xiang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Acri |first=Andrea |title=Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

During the 6th and the 7th centuries, the western Deccan saw the rise of the [[Chalukyas]] based in [[Badami|Vatapi]]. [[Pulakeshin II]] (c.610–642) invaded the Pallava kingdom in the reign of Mahendravarman I. Narasimhavarman who succeeded Mahendravarman mounted a counter invasion of the Chalukya country and captured the Chalukyan capital Vatapi and ruled it for 12 years. The rivalry between the Chalukyas and the Pallavas continued for another 100 years until the demise of the Chalukyas around 750. The Chalukyas and Pallavas fought numerous battles and the Pallava capital [[Kanchipuram]] was occupied by [[Vikramaditya II]] during the reign of Nandivarman II.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' pp 140</ref> Nandivarman II had a very long reign (732–796). He led an expedition to the [[Gangas|Ganga kingdom]] (south [[Mysore]]) in 760. Pallavas were also in constant conflict with the Pandyas and their frontier shifted along the river Kaveri. The Pallavas had the more difficult existence of the two as they had to fight on two fronts—against the Pandyas as well as the Chalukyas.

=== Pandyas ===
{{Main|Pandyan Empire}}
[[File:Pandya Kingdom (south India).png|thumb|right|200px|[[Pandyan Empire]]]]
Pandya [[Kadungon]] (560–590) is credited with the overthrow of the [[Kalabhras]] in the south.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title= Pandya Dynasty| encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica | url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058245|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | access-date=15 November 2006}}</ref> Kadungon and his son [[Maravarman Avanisulamani]] revived the Pandya power. Pandya [[Jayantavarman|Cendan]] extended their rule to the Chera country. His son [[Arikesari Maravarman|Arikesari Parantaka Maravarman]] (c. 650–700) had a long and prosperous rule. He fought many battles and extended the Pandya power. ''Pandya'' was well known since ancient times, with contacts, even diplomatic, reaching the [[Roman Empire]]; during the 13th century, [[Marco Polo]] mentioned it as the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|richest empire]] in existence.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Pandyas|work=Facts-About-India.com|url=http://www.facts-about-india.com/the-pandyas.php|access-date=26 January 2011}}</ref>

The [[Pandyan Empire]] was large enough to pose a serious threat to the Pallava power. Pandya Maravarman Rajasimha aligned with the [[Chalukya]] Vikramaditya II and attacked the Pallava king Nandivarman II.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' p 140</ref> Varagunan I defeated the Pallavas in a battle on the banks of the Kaveri. The Pallava king Nandivarman sought to restrain the growing power of the Pandyas and went into an alliance with the feudal chieftains of Kongu and Chera countries. The armies met in several battles and the Pandya forces scored decisive victories in them. Pandyas under [[Srimara Srivallabha|Srimara Srivallaba]] also invaded Sri Lanka and devastated the northern provinces in 840.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' p 145</ref>

The Pandya power continued to grow under Srimara and encroached further into the Pallava territories. The Pallavas were now facing a new threat in the form of the [[Rashtrakutas]] who had replaced the Chalukyas in the western Deccan. However, the Pallavas found an able monarch in Nandivarman III, who with the help of his Ganga and Chola allies defeated Srimara at the [[Battle of Tellaru]]. The Pallava kingdom again extended up to the river [[Vaigai]]. The Pandyas suffered further defeats at the hands of the Pallava [[Nriputungavarman|Nripatunga]] at Arisil (c. 848). From then the Pandyas had to accept the overlordship of the Pallavas.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' pp 144–145</ref>

=== Cholas ===
{{See also|Early Cholas|Medieval Cholas|Later Cholas}}
Around 850, out of obscurity rose [[Vijayalaya Chola]], the successor of [[Srikantha Chola]] made use of an opportunity arising out of a conflict between Pandyas and Pallavas, captured [[Thanjavur]] from [[Mutharaiyar]] dynasty and eventually established the imperial line of the medieval Cholas. Vijayalaya revived the Chola dynasty and his son [[Aditya I]] helped establish their independence. He invaded Pallava kingdom in 903 and killed the Pallava king [[Aparajita Varman|Aparajita]] in battle, ending the Pallava reign.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' p 159</ref> The Chola kingdom under [[Parantaka I]] expanded to cover the entire Pandya country. However, towards the end of his reign, he suffered several reverses by the Rashtrakutas who had extended their territories well into the Chola kingdom.
[[File:Chola Empire Map (1).svg|left|thumb|250x250px|[[Chola Empire]] under [[Rajendra Chola]] (c. 1030).]]
The Cholas went into a temporary decline during the next few years due to weak kings, palace intrigues and succession disputes. Despite a number of attempts, the Pandya country could not be completely subdued and the Rashtrakutas were still a powerful enemy in the north. However, the Chola revival began with the accession of [[Rajaraja I|Rajaraja Chola I]] in 985. Cholas rose as a notable military, economic and cultural power in Asia under Rajaraja and his son [[Rajendra Chola I]]. The Chola territories stretched from the islands of [[Maldives]] in the south to as far north as the banks of the river [[Ganges]] in Bengal. Rajaraja Chola conquered peninsular [[South India]], annexed parts of Sri Lanka and occupied the islands of [[Maldives]]. Rajendra Chola extended the Chola conquests to the [[Malay Archipelago|Malayan archipelago]] by defeating the [[Srivijaya]] kingdom.<ref name="kadaram">K.A.N. Sastri, ''The CoLas'', 1935. pp 211–215</ref> He defeated [[Mahipala]], the king of [[Bihar]] and Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital called [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] (''the town of Cholas who conquered the Ganges''). At its peak, the Chola Empire extended from the island of Sri Lanka in the south to the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] basin in the north. The kingdoms along the east coast of India up to the river Ganges acknowledged Chola suzerainty. Chola navies invaded and conquered Srivijaya in the Malayan archipelago.<ref name="srivijaya">The kadaram campaign is first mentioned in Rajendra's inscriptions dating from his 14th year. The name of the Srivijaya king was Sangrama Vijayatungavarman —K.A.N. Sastri, ''The CoLas'', 1935 pp 211–220</ref> Chola armies exacted tribute from [[Thailand]] and the [[Khmer people|Khmer]] kingdom of [[Cambodia]].<ref name="Khmer">There is an inscription in the [[Chidambaram]] temple dated 1114 mentioning a peculiar stone presented by the king of Kambhoja ([[Kampuchea]]) to Rajendra Chola which the Chola king caused to be inserted into the wall of the Chidambaram shrine —K.A.N. Sastri, ''The CoLas'', 1935 p 325</ref> During the reign of Rajaraja and Rajendra, the administration of the Chola empire matured considerably. The empire was divided into a number of self-governing local government units, and the officials were selected through a system of popular elections.<ref>'In the twelfth year of Parantaka I the [Uttaramerur] ''sabha'' passed a resolution [...] that the election of local government officials will be carried out through lots (''kudavolai'')' —K.A.N. Sastri, ''The Colas'', p 496.</ref>
[[File:Thanjavur temple.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Brihadishwara Temple]]]]
Throughout this period, the Cholas were constantly troubled by the ever-resilient [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalas]] trying to overthrow the Chola occupation of [[Lanka]], Pandya princes trying to win independence for their traditional territories, and by the growing ambitions of the Chalukyas in the western Deccan. The history of this period was one of constant warfare between the Cholas and of these antagonists. A balance of power existed between the Chalukyas and the Cholas and there was a tacit acceptance of the [[Tungabhadra]] river as the boundary between the two empires. However, the bone of contention between these two powers was the growing Chola influence in the [[Vengi]] kingdom. The Cholas and [[Western Chalukya Empire|Chalukyas]] fought many battles and both kingdoms were exhausted by the endless battles and a stalemate existed.

Marital and political alliances between the [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya]] kings based around Vengi located on the south banks of the [[river Godavari]] began during the reign of Rajaraja following his invasion of Vengi. [[Virarajendra Chola]]'s son [[Athirajendra Chola]] was assassinated in a civil disturbance in 1070 and Kulothunga Chola I ascended the Chola throne starting the [[Chalukya Chola]] dynasty. Kulothunga was a son of the Vengi king [[Rajaraja Narendra]]. The Chalukya Chola dynasty saw very capable rulers in Kulothunga Chola I and [[Vikrama Chola]], however, the eventual decline of the Chola power practically started during this period. The Cholas lost control of the island of Lanka and were driven out by the revival of Sinhala power.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, Srinivasachari, ''Advanced History of India'', pp 294</ref> Around 1118 they also lost control of Vengi to Western Chalukya king [[Vikramaditya VI]] and Gangavadi (southern Mysore districts) to the growing power of [[Hoysala]] Vishnuvardhana, a Chalukya feudatory. In the Pandya territories, the lack of a controlling central administration caused a number of claimants to the Pandya throne to cause a civil war in which the Sinhalas and the Cholas were involved by proxy. During the last century of the Chola existence, a permanent Hoysala army was stationed in Kanchipuram to protect them from the growing influence of the Pandyas. [[Rajendra Chola III]] was the last Chola king. The [[Kadava]] chieftain [[Kopperunchinga I]] even captured Rajendra and held him prisoner. At the close of Rajendra's reign (1279), the Pandyan empire was at the height of prosperity and had completely absorbed the Chola kingdom.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, Srinivasachari, ''Advanced History of India'', pp 296–297</ref>
The Cholas also found a place in the very famous novel by Kalki titled [[Ponniyin Selvan]] which portrays the whole Chola history with Rajaraja Cholan ( Ponniyin Selvan, Arul Mozhi Varman, Vallavarayan '''[[Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan|Vanthiyaththevan]]''', [[Aditha Karikalan|Karikalar]], Nandhini, [[Kundavai Pirāttiyār|Kundhavi]]) as the characters of the novel.

=== Cheras ===
{{Further|Chera dynasty|Chera Perumals of Makotai|Kongu Chera dynasty}}
The [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] were an ancient Dravidian royal dynasty of Tamil origin who ruled in regions of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in India. Together with the Chola and the Pandyas, it formed the three principal warring Iron Age kingdoms of southern India in the early centuries of the Common Era. They established their control over a wide area comprising [[Venadu kingdom|Venad]], [[Kuttanad]], Kudanad, Pazhinad, and more.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ferenczi |first=Roland |url=https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/bitstream/ediss/11295/1/Eo%CC%88tvo%CC%88s%20Lora%CC%81nd%20Tudoma%CC%81nyegyetem_new_2024.pdf |title=An Annotated Translation of the Patiṟṟuppattu and the Political Geography of the Early Cēra Kingdom |publisher=University of Hamburg |editor-last=Wilden |editor-first=E. |location=Hamburg |publication-date=2022 |pages=281-335 |editor-last2=Wojtilla |editor-first2=Gyula}}</ref> In other words, they governed the area between [[Alappuzha]] in the south to [[Kasaragod|Kasargod]] in the north. This included Palghat, [[Coimbatore]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], and [[Kolli Hills|Kollimalai]]. The capital was Vanchi, which the Romans who actively traded with the Cheras knew as [[Muziris|Muzris]].

[[File:Map of Chera Kingdom.jpg|250px|thumb|left|[[Chera Empire]].]]
By the early centuries of the Common Era, civil society and statehood under the Cheras were developed in present-day western Tamil Nadu. The location of the Chera capital is generally assumed to be at modern Karur (identified with the Korra of [[Ptolemy]]).<ref name=":0" /> The Chera kingdom later extended to the plains of Kerala, the Palghat gap, along the river Perar and occupied land between the river Perar and river [[Periyar River|Periyar]], creating two harbour towns, Tondi ([[Tyndis]]) and Muciri (Muziris), where the Roman trade settlements flourished.<ref name=":0" />

The Cheras were in continuous conflict with the neighboring Cholas and Pandyas. The Cheras are said to have defeated the combined armies of the Pandyas and the Cholas and their ally states. They also made battles with the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambās]] of [[Banavasi]] and the [[Yona|Yavanas]] (the Greeks) on the Indian coast.<ref name=":0" /> After the 2nd century AD, the Cheras' power decayed rapidly with the decline of the lucrative trade with the Romans.

The Tamil poetic collection called [[Sangam literature]] describes a long line of Chera rulers dated to the first few centuries AD.<ref name=":0" /> It records the names of the kings, the princes, and the court poets who extolled them. The internal chronology of this literature is still far from settled, and at present, a connected account of the history of the period cannot be derived. [[Uthiyan Cheralathan]], [[Nedum Cheralathan]] and [[Chenkuttuvan|Senguttuvan]] Chera are some of the rulers referred to in the Sangam poems.<ref name=":0" /> Senguttuvan Chera, the most celebrated Chera king, is famous for the legends surrounding [[Kannagi]], the heroine of the Tamil epic [[Cilappatikaram|Silapathikaram]].

The Chera kingdom owed its importance to trade with West Asia, Greece, and Rome. Its geographical advantages, like the abundance of exotic spices, the navigability of the rivers connecting the Ghat mountains with the Arabian Sea, and the discovery of favorable [[Monsoon of South Asia|Monsoon winds]] which carried sailing ships directly from the Arabian coast to Chera kingdom, combined to produce a veritable boom in the Chera foreign trade.

The Later Cheras ruled from the 9th century. Little is known about the Cheras between the two dynasties. The second dynasty, Kulasekharas ruled from a city on the banks of River Periyar called [[Kodungallur|Mahodayapuram]] (Kodungallur). Though they never regained the old status in the Peninsula, the Kulasekharas fought numerous wars with their powerful neighbors and diminished to history in the 12th century as a result of continuous Chola and Rashtrakuta invasions. The Chera Dynasty was supported by Tamil warriors such as Villavar, Vanavar and Malayar clans.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

The Chera rulers of Venadu, based at the port [[Kollam|Quilon]] in southern Kerala, trace their relations back to the later/second Cheras. [[Ravivarman Kulaśēkhara|Ravi Varma Kulasekhara]], ruler of Venadu from 1299 to 1314, is known for his ambitious military campaigns into the former Pandya and Chola territories.

=== Pandya revival ===
After being overshadowed by the Pallavas and Cholas for centuries, the Pandyas revived their fortunes in the 13th century and the Pandya power extended from the Telugu territories along the banks of the Godavari river to the northern half of Sri Lanka. When [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I|Kulasekara Pandyan I]] died in 1308, a conflict stemming from succession disputes arose amongst his sons – the legitimate Sundara Pandya and the illegitimate Vira Pandya (who was favoured by the king) fought each other for the throne. Soon Madurai fell into the hands of the invading armies of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (which initially gave protection to the vanquished Sundara Pandyan).

=== Delhi Sultanate ===
{{Main|Madurai Sultanate}}

[[Malik Kafur]], a general of the Delhi Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] invaded and sacked Madurai in 1311.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' pp 197</ref> Pandyas and their descendants were confined to a small region around [[Tirunelveli]] for a few more years. [[Ravivarman Kulaśēkhara|Ravivarman Kulasekara]] (r. 1299–1314), a [[Chera dynasty|Chera (Perumal)]] feudatory of Kulasekara Pandya, staked his claim to the Pandya throne. Ravivarman, utilizing the unsettled nature of the country, quickly overran the southern Tamil Nadu and brought the entire region from [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] to [[Kanchipuram]], under the Chera kingdom. His inscription was found in [[Poonamallee|Punaamalli]], a suburb of [[Madras]].<ref>{{cite web | title= Chera Coins – Tamil Coins, a Study | work= R. Nagasamy | url= http://tamilartsacademy.com/books/coins/chapter01.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060718000222/http://tamilartsacademy.com/books/coins/chapter01.html | archive-date=18 July 2006|publisher=Tamil Arts Academy, Madras | access-date=15 November 2006}}</ref> But, Ravivarman's hold over Kanchi was only short-lived and his aggressive activities were arrested by the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kākatiya]] ruler, [[Prataparudra II|Pratāparudra II]]. The Kākatiya army under the command of Muppidi Nāyaka marched to Kanchi and captured the city.<ref>''History of Ancient India'' Rama Shankar Tripathi. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1942. p. 491</ref><ref>''The Cambridge Shorter History of India.'' Volume I (To 1526) J. Allan, T. Wolseley Haig, [[H. H. Dodwell]].</ref>

== Vijayanagar and Nayak period (1300–1650) ==
{{Main|Vijayanagara Empire|Madurai Nayaks|Thanjavur Nayaks}}
{{See also|Tamil Nadu under the Vijayanagar Empire}}[[File:Tirumalai Nayak.jpg|left|thumb|Tirumalai Nayak Palace, Madurai]]
The 14th-century invasion by the Delhi Sultans caused a retaliatory reaction from the Hindus, who rallied to build a new kingdom, called the Vijayanagara Empire. Bukka, with his brother Harihara, founded the Vijayanagara Empire based in the city of [[Vijayanagara]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' pp 214–217</ref> Under Bukka the empire prospered and continued to expand towards the south. Bukka and his son Kampana conquered most of the kingdoms of southern India. In 1371 the Vijayanagar empire defeated the short-lived [[Madurai Sultanate]], which had been established by the remnants of the invading Khalji army.<ref>Kampana's wife Ganga Devi wrote an account of this campaign in a Sanskrit poem ''Madhura Vijayam'' (Conquest of Madurai) —K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'' pp 241</ref> Eventually the empire covered the entire south India. Vijayanagara empire established local governors called [[Nayak (title)|Nayak]]s to rule in the various territories of the empire.
[[File:Serfoji II and Amar Singh of Tanjore.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[Tanjore]] became a major cultural centre during the 18th and 19th centuries, under [[Maratha]] rule. The figure depicts a [[Tanjore painting]] from this era. ''From the collection of the V&A Museum.'']]
The Vijayanagar Empire declined in 1565 defeated by the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan sultans]] in the [[Battle of Talikota]].<ref>[[Rama Raya]] fought [[Adil Shahi|Ali Adil Shah]] at Talikota on 15 September 1564 —K.A.N. Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p 266</ref> The local Nayak governors declared independence and began to rule, forming their [[Nayaka dynasties|own dynasties]]. The [[Madurai Nayaks|Nayaks of Madurai]] and Thanjavur were the most prominent of them. [[Raghunatha Nayak|Ragunatha Nayak]] (1600–1645) was the greatest of the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayaks]].<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, Srinivasachari ''Advanced History of India'' p 428</ref> Raghunatha Nayak encouraged trade and permitted a Danish settlement in 1620 at [[Tarangambadi]] in [[Mayiladuthurai district]].<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, Srinivasachari ''Advanced History of India'' p 427</ref> This laid the foundation of future European involvement in the affairs of the country. The success of the Dutch inspired the English to seek trade with Thanjavur, which was to lead to far-reaching repercussions. Vijaya Raghava (1631–1676) was the last of the Thanjavur Nayaks. Nayaks reconstructed some of the oldest temples in the country and their contributions can be seen even today. Nayaks expanded the existing temples with large pillared halls, and tall gateway towers, which is representative of the religious architecture of this period.

In Madurai, [[Thirumalai Nayak]] was the most famous Nayak ruler. He patronised art and architecture creating new structures and expanding the existing landmarks in and around Madurai. On Thirumalai Nayak's death in 1659, the Madurai Nayak kingdom began to break up. His successors were weak rulers and invasions of Madurai recommenced. The Nayakas manned their forces with primarily [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]] and [[Maravar|Marava]] warriors.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6y0EAAAQBAJ&dq=warriors+kallar&pg=PA86|title=Architecture of Sovereignty|author=Gita V. Pai|year=2023|page=86|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-15015-6 }}</ref>

==Tondaiman period (1680–1948)==

[[Pudukkottai State|Pudukkottai]] was a kingdom and later a princely state in British India, which existed from 1680 until 1948. It was one of the very few regions of Tamil Nadu not to be colonized by the British. The Kingdom of Pudukkottai was founded in about 1680 as a feudatory of Ramnad and grew with subsequent additions from Tanjore, Sivaganga and Ramnad. One of the staunch allies of the British East India Company in the Carnatic, Anglo-Mysore and [[Polygar War]]s, the kingdom was brought under the Company's protection in 1800 as per the system of Subsidiary Alliance. The state was placed under the control of the Madras Presidency from 1800 until 1 October 1923, when the Madras States Agency was abolished, and until 1948 it was under the political control of the Government of India.

Pudukkottai State covered a total area of 1,178 square miles (3,050 km2) and had a population of 438,648 in 1941. It extended over the whole of the present-day Pudukkottai district of Tamil Nadu (with the exception of Aranthangi taluk which was then a part of Tanjore district). The town of Pudukkottai was its capital.

'''List of kings of Pudukkottai'''

[[File:Todiman Raja in his Durbar, Pudukkottai, 1858.jpg|thumb|200px|Ramachandra Tondaiman, king of Pudukkottai, at his durbar, ca. 1858]]

* [[Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman]] (1686–1730)
* [[Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman I]] (1730–1769)
* [[Raya Raghunatha Tondaiman]] (1769– December 1789)
* [[Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman]] (December 1789 – 1 February 1807)
* [[Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman II]] (1 February 1807 – June 1825)
* [[Raghunatha Tondaiman]] (June 1825 – 13 July 1839)
* [[Ramachandra Tondaiman]] (13 July 1839 – 15 April 1886)
* [[Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman]] (15 April 1886 – 28 May 1928)
* [[Rajagopala Tondaiman]] (28 October 1928 – 1 March 1948)

==Maratha influences (1676–1855)==
{{See also|Thanjavur Maratha kingdom}}
In 1676, [[Shivaji Bhonsle]], the first Maratha [[Chhatrapati]], started a campaign in present-day Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesFarEast/India_EarlyModern_Marathas08.htm | title=The Marathas: Tanjore Bhosales }}</ref> Shivaji had conquered important forts like [[Gingee Fort|Gingee]] and [[Vellore]] by 1678. [[Ekoji|Ekoji Bhonsle]], the paternal half brother of Shivaji, [[Thanjavur Marathas|established his own rule in Thanjavur]]. This particular Bhonsle dynasty ruled Thanjavur until 1855, when the kingdom was annexed by the British Raj.

[[Gingee]] served as the [[Maratha]] capital for nine years during the [[War of 27 years|27-year Mughal-Maratha war]], starting after the death of [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji]]. The Mughals captured [[Gingee Fort|Gingee]] in 1698.

== Rule of Poligars, Nizams and Nawabs ==
European settlements began to appear in the Tamil country during the Vijayanagara Empire. In 1605, the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] established trading posts in the [[Coromandel Coast]] near Gingee and in [[Pulicat]]. The British East India Company built a 'factory' (warehouse) at Armagaon (Durgarazpatnam), a village around {{convert|35|mi|km}} North of Pulicat, as the site in 1626. In 1639, Francis Day, one of the officers of the company, secured the rights over a three-mile (5 km) long strip of land a fishing village called Madraspatnam from the Damarla Venkatadri Nayakudu, the Nayak of [[Vandavasi]]. The East India Company built [[Fort St George]] and castle on an approximate five square kilometre sand strip.<ref>John Keay, ''India, a History'', p 370</ref> This was the start of the town of Madras. The coromandel coast was ruled by the [[Vijayanagara King]] ([[Aravidu Dynasty]]), [[Peda Venkata Raya]], based in [[Chandragiri]] and [[Vellore Fort]]. With his approval the English began to exercise sovereign rights over their strip of land.<ref>K.A.N. Sastri, Srinivasachari, ''Advanced History of India'', p 583</ref>

During the Maratha rule of Thanjavur. After Ekoji, his three sons namely Shaji, Serfoji I, Thukkoji alias Thulaja I ruled Thanjavur. The greatest of the Maratha rulers was [[Serfoji II]] (1798–1832 ). Serfoji devoted his life to the pursuit of culture and Thanjavur became renowned as a seat of learning. Serfoji's patronised art and literature and built the [[Saraswati Mahal]] Library at his palace. The incursion of the Muslim armies from the north forced a southward migration of Hindus from the central Deccan and the Andhra countries to seek shelter under the Nayak and the Maratha kings. The famous [[Carnatic music]] composer [[Tyagaraja]] (1767–1847), along with the Trinity of Carnatic music flourished in the Thanjavur district during this time.<ref>{{cite web |title = Maratha Kings of Thanjavur |url = http://www.sarasvatimahallibrary.tn.nic.in/Thanjavur/Maratha_Rulers/maratha_rulers.html |publisher = "Saraswathi Mahal Library |access-date = 18 November 2006 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061127112850/http://www.sarasvatimahallibrary.tn.nic.in/Thanjavur/Maratha_Rulers/maratha_rulers.html |archive-date = 27 November 2006 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>
[[File:Fort St. George, Chennai.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Fort St. George, Chennai (18th century etching)]]
With the demise of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in 1707, his empire dissolved amidst numerous succession wars and the vassals of the empire began to assert their independence. The administration of the southern districts of Tamil Nadu was fragmented with hundreds of [[Polygar]]s or ''Palayakkarars'' governing a few villages each. These local chieftains often fought amongst each other over territory. This turned the political situation in the Tamil country and in South India in general into confusion and chaos. The European traders found themselves in a situation where they could exploit the prevailing confusion to their own advantage.<ref>John Keay, ''India, a History'', pp 372–374</ref>

== European influences ==
{{Main|British East India Company}}

=== Anglo-French conflicts ===
[[File:Wallajah2.jpg|200px|thumb|Mohamed Ali Khan Wallajah, [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] (1717–1795)]]

The French were relative newcomers to India. The [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]] was formed in 1664 and in 1666 the French representatives obtained Aurangzeb's permission to trade in India. The French soon set up trading posts at [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] on the Coromandel coast. They occupied [[Karaikal]] in 1739 and [[Joseph François Dupleix]] was appointed Governor of [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]]. In Europe the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] began in 1740 and eventually the British and the French forces in India were caught up in the conflict. There were numerous naval battles between the two navies along the Coromandel coast. The French led by [[Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais|La Bourdonnais]] attacked the poorly defended Fort St. George in Madras in 1746 and occupied it. [[Robert Clive]] was one of the prisoners of war from this battle. The war in Europe ended in 1748 and with the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|peace of Aix-la-Chapelle]] Madras was restored to the British.<ref>John Keay, ''India, a History'', pp 393–394</ref>

The conflict between the British and the French continued, this time in political rather than military terms. Both the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] and [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] positions were taken by rulers who were strongly sympathetic to the French. Chanda Sahib had been made Nawab of the Carnatic with Dupleix's assistance, while the British had taken up the cause of the previous incumbent, [[Mohammed Ali Khan Walajah]]. In the resultant battle between the rivals, Clive assisted Mohammed Ali by attacking [[Chanda Sahib]]'s fort in [[Arcot]] and took possession of it in 1751. The French assisted Chanda Sahib in his attempts to drive Clive out of Arcot. However, the large Arcot army assisted by the French was defeated by the British. The [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]] formally confirmed Mahommed Ali as the Nawab of the Carnatic. It was a result of this action and the increased British influence that in 1765 the Emperor of Delhi issued a ''[[firman (decree)|firman]]'' (decree) recognising the [[British possessions]] in southern India.<ref>John Keay, ''India, a History'', p 379</ref>

=== British Government control ===
[[File:Madras Prov South 1909.jpg|thumb|left|[[Madras Presidency]], 1909]]

Although the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states, it was getting clearer day by day that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories. Opinion amongst the members of the [[Parliament of Great Britain|British Parliament]] urged the government to control the activities of the company. The company's financial position was also bad and it had to apply for a loan from Parliament. Seizing this opportunity, the Parliament passed the [[East India Company Act 1773]] ([[13 Geo. 3]]. c. 63).<ref>Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India pp 245</ref> The act set down regulations to control the company board and created the position of the [[Governor General]]. [[Warren Hastings]] was appointed the first Governor-General. In 1784 [[William Pitt the Younger|Pitt's]] [[East India Company Act 1784]] ([[24 Geo. 3. Sess. 2]]. c. 25) made the company subordinate to the [[British Government]].

The next few decades were of rapid growth and expansion in the territories controlled by the British. The [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]] of 1766 to 1799 and the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha Wars]] of 1772 to 1818 put the Company in control of most of India.<ref>John Keay, ''India, a History'', pp 380</ref> In a sign of the early resistance against the English control, the [[Polygar|Palayakkarar]] chieftains of the old Madurai Kingdom, who had independent authority over their territories, ran into [[Polygar Wars|a conflict]] with the company officials over tax collection. [[Kattabomman]], a local Palayakkarar chieftain in the [[Tinnevely District (Madras Presidency)|Tirunelveli district]], rebelled against the taxes imposed by the company administration in the 1790s. After the First Polygar War (1799–1802), he was captured and hanged in 1799. A year later, [[Oomaithurai]] continued the resistance against the East India Company. In the first Poligar war, he was captured and imprisoned in [[Palayamkottai Central Prison]]. In February 1801, he escaped and rebuilt the Panchalankurichi fort which had been razed in the first war. In the second Poligar war that followed, Oomaithurai allied himself with Maruthu brothers who ruled Sivagangai and was part of a grand alliance against the company which included [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]] and Kerala Verma. The company forces led by Lt. Colonel Agnew laid siege to the Panchalankurichi fort and captured it in May 1801 after a prolonged siege and artillery bombardment. Oomaithurai escaped the fall of the fort and joined Marudu brothers at their jungle fort at Kalayar Kovil. The company forces pursued him there and eventually captured Kalayar Kovil in October 1801. Oomaithurai along with the Marudu brothers was hanged on 16 November 1801.<ref>{{cite book|author=W. Francis|title=Gazetteer of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vERnljM1uiEC&pg=PA261|year=1989|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=261|oclc=1047901420 }}</ref><ref>Nicholas Dirk, ''The Hollow Crown'', pp 19–24</ref>

In 1798 [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesley]] became the Governor-General. In the course of the next six years, Wellesley made vast conquests and doubled the company's territory. He shut out the French from further acquisitions in India, destroyed several ruling powers in the Deccan and the Carnatic, took the Mughal Emperor under the company's protection and compelled Serfoji, the king of Thanjavur to cede control of his kingdom. The Madras Presidency was established so that the territory under direct company control could be administered effectively. The direct administration began to cause resentment among the people. In 1806 the soldiers of the [[Vellore]] cantonment rebelled when [[Lord William Bentinck|William Bentinck]], the Governor of Madras decreed that the native soldiers should abandon all caste marks. Fearing this act to be an attempt of forceful conversion to Christianity, the [[Vellore Mutiny|soldiers mutinied]]. The rebellion was suppressed but 114 British officers were killed and several hundred mutineers executed. Bentinck was recalled in disgrace.<ref>{{cite web|title=The first rebellion |work=The Hindu |date=19 June 2006 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/06/19/stories/2006061900220500.htm |publisher=The Hindu Group |access-date=15 November 2006 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102120139/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/06/19/stories/2006061900220500.htm |archive-date=2 November 2007 }}</ref><ref>Read, Anthony, The Proudest Day—India's Long Ride to the Independence, pp 34–37</ref>

=== End of Company rule ===
The simmering discontent in the various districts of the company territories exploded in 1857 into the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Sepoy war]]. Although the rebellion had a huge impact on the state of the colonial power in India, Tamil Nadu was mostly unaffected by it. As a consequence of the war, the British Government enacted the Act of 1858 to abolish the powers of the Company and transfer the government to the [[British government|Crown]].

== British rule (1858–1947) ==
{{Main|British Raj}}

In 1858 the British Crown assumed direct rule in India. During the early years, the government was autocratic in many ways. The opinion of Indians in their own affairs was not considered by Britain as important. However, in due course, the British Raj began to allow Indians participation in local government. Viceroy [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Ripon]] passed a resolution in 1882, which gave a greater and more real share in local government to the people. Further legislation such as the 1892 Indian councils Act and the 1909 "[[Minto–Morley Reforms]]" eventually led to the establishment of the [[Madras Legislative Council]].<ref name="legcouncil">{{cite web|title=The State Legislature—Origin and Evolution |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=16 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413233934/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm |archive-date=13 April 2010 }}</ref> The [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]] started under [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s leadership led the British government to pass the [[Government of India Act 1919|Government of India Act]] (also known as [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]]) of 1919. The first elections were held for the local assemblies in 1921.<ref name="legcouncil"/>
[[File:Madras famine 1877.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Madras famine (1877). Distribution of relief. From the ''[[Illustrated London News]]'' (1877)]]
Failure of the summer [[monsoon]]s and administrative shortcomings of the [[Ryotwari]] system resulted in a severe famine in the Madras Presidency during 1876–1877.<ref name="famine">Romesh Chunder Dutt, ''Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India'', p10</ref> The government and several charitable institutions organised relief work in the city and the suburbs. Funds were also raised from Europeans in India and overseas for the famine relief. Humanitarians such as [[William Digby (writer)|William Digby]] wrote angrily about the woeful failure of the British administration to act promptly and adequately in response to the wholesale suffering caused by the famine.<ref>{{cite web | title= Victorian Values: Death and Dying in Victorian India | work= David Arnold | url= http://www.fathom.com/course/10701057/session3.html | publisher= Fathom Knowledge Network | access-date= 13 November 2006 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061021155957/http://www.fathom.com/course/10701057/session3.html | archive-date= 21 October 2006 | df= dmy-all }}</ref> When the famine finally ended with the return of the monsoon in 1878, between three and five million people had perished.<ref name="famine" /> In response to the devastating effects of the famine, the government organised a Famine Commission in 1880 to define the principles of disaster relief. The government also instituted a famine insurance grant, setting aside 1.5 million Rupees. Other civic works such as [[Buckingham Canal|canal building]] and improvements in roads and railway were also undertaken to minimise the effects of any future famines.

=== Independence struggle ===
The growing desire for independence began to gradually gather pace in the country and its influence in Tamil Nadu generated a number of volunteers to the fight against the British colonial power in the [[Indian independence movement|struggle for Independence]]. Notable amongst these are [[Tiruppur Kumaran]], who was born in 1904 in a small village near Erode. Kumaran lost his life during a protest march against the British. The location of the French colony of [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]], offered a place of refuge for the fugitives freedom fighters trying to flee the British Police. [[Aurobindo]] was one such living in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] in 1910. The poet [[Subramania Bharati]] was a contemporary of Aurobindo.<ref name="pondy">{{cite web | title= Political situation in Pondicherry (1910–1915) | work= Extract from diary of A.B. Purani (PT MS5 (1924), 86 | url= http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=25 | publisher= Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust | access-date= 15 November 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020848/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=25 | archive-date= 11 March 2007 | url-status= dead | df= dmy-all }}</ref> Bharathi wrote numerous poems in Tamil extolling the revolutionary cause. He also published the journal ''India'' from Pondicherry. Both Aurobindo and Bharathi were associated with other Tamil revolutionaries like [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]].<ref name="pondy" /> Tamils formed a significant percentage of the members of the [[Indian National Army]] (INA), founded by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] to fight the British occupation in India.<ref>"Noting that the Tamils formed a large chunk of the strength of the INA, Prof. Pfaff, said it was always a moving experience to interact with the INA members from Tamil Nadu." {{cite news | title= Tamils' contribution to INA campaigns recalled | url= http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/22/stories/2005122218630900.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060209235024/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/22/stories/2005122218630900.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= 9 February 2006 | access-date=15 November 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work= [[The Hindu]] | date=22 December 2005}}</ref><ref>"More than 75 percent of the INA soldiers were Tamils" according to V. Vaidhyalingam, secretary and treasurer, Tamil Nadu Indian National Army League. {{cite news | title= The unsung heroes | url= http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/02/stories/2004080201760100.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041030202019/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/02/stories/2004080201760100.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= 30 October 2004 | access-date=15 November 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work= [[The Hindu]] | date=2 August 2004}}</ref> [[Lakshmi Sahgal]] from Tamil Nadu was a prominent leader in the INA's [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment]].

In 1916 Dr. T. M. Nair and Rao Bahadur Thygaraya Chetty released the ''Non-Brahmin Manifesto'' sowing the seeds for the Dravidian movements.<ref name="swamy">Subramaniyam Swami, Is the Dravidian movement dying?, Frontline, Vol.20, Iss. 12, June 2003</ref> During the 1920s, two movements focused mainly on regional politics began in Tamil Nadu. One was the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]], which won the local legislative elections held in 1921. The Justice Party was not focused on the Indian independence movement, rather on local issues such as affirmative action for socially backward groups. The other main movement was the anti-religious, anti-Brahmin, [[Self-Respect Movement]] led by [[Periyar|E. V. Ramasami]].<ref name="swamy"/> Further steps towards eventual self-rule were taken in 1935 when the British Government passed the [[Government of India Act 1935|All-India Federation Act of 1935]]. Fresh local elections were held and in Tamil Nadu the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] captured power defeating the Justice party. In 1938, Ramasami with [[C. N. Annadurai]] [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|launched an agitation]] against the Congress ministry's decision to introduce the teaching of Hindi in schools.<ref>{{cite web | title= Sowing The Seeds of a Policy For Free India and the Anti-Hindi Agitation in the South 1910–1915 | work= M. S. Thirumalai, PhD | url= http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2005/languagepolicy1936-1.html |publisher=languageinindia.com | access-date=15 November 2006}}</ref>

== Post Independence period ==
[[File:India Tamil Nadu locator map.svg|200px|thumb|left|The [[Political integration of India|political]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of Tamil Nadu in India was created in 1969 when erstwhile [[Madras State]] was renamed.]]

The trauma of the [[Partition of India|partition]] did not impact Tamil Nadu when India was granted Independence in 1947. There was no sectarian violence against various religions. There had always been an atmosphere of mutual respect and peaceful coexistence between all religions in Tamil Nadu. Congress formed the first ministry in the Madras Presidency. [[Rajaji|C. Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji) was the [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|first Chief Minister]]. Madras Presidency was eventually reconstituted as Madras State. Following agitations for a separate Andhra state comprising the Telugu-speaking regions of the Madras state by [[Potti Sriramalu]], the Indian Government decided to partition the Madras state.<ref>{{cite web|title=The battle for Andhra |work=The Hindu, 30 Mar 2003 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/03/30/stories/2003033000040300.htm |publisher=The Hindu Group |access-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102141050/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/03/30/stories/2003033000040300.htm |archive-date=2 November 2007 }}</ref> In 1953 [[Rayalaseema]] and the coastal Andhra regions became the new state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the [[Bellary]] district became part of the Mysore state. In 1956 south [[Kanara]] district was transferred to Mysore, the [[Malabar coast]]al districts became part of the new state of Kerala, and the Madras state assumed its present shape. The Madras state was named [[Tamil Nadu]] (literally The Land of [[Tamils]] or Tamil Country) in 1969.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review%204_67-70.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225355/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review%204_67-70.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/index.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318195710/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/index.htm |archive-date=18 March 2016 }}</ref>

The [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] during the 1970s and the 80s saw large numbers of [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] fleeing to Tamil Nadu. The plight of Tamil refugees caused a surge of support from most of the Tamil political parties.<ref>Rajesh Venugopal, ''The Global Dimensions of Conflict in Sri Lanka'' p 19</ref> They exerted pressure on the Indian government to intercede with the Sri Lankan government on behalf of the Sri Lankan Tamilians. However, LTTE lost much of its support from Tamil Nadu following the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] on 21 May 1991 by an operative from Sri Lanka for the former prime minister's role in sending [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|Indian peacekeepers]] to Sri Lanka to disarm the LTTE.<ref>Chris McDowell, A Tamil Asylum Diaspora, p112</ref><ref name="LTTE's regret">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5122032.stm?ls|title=Tamil Tiger 'regret' over Gandhi|work=BBC News|access-date=27 June 2006 | date=27 June 2006}}</ref> 

The east coast of Tamil Nadu was one of the areas affected by the [[Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on India|2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami]], during which almost 8000 people died in the disaster.<ref>{{cite web | title= Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs Situation Report | url= http://ndmindia.nic.in/Tsunami2004/sitrep32.htm#ANNEXURE-I | publisher= Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | access-date= 15 November 2006 | archive-date= 23 December 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061223221159/http://ndmindia.nic.in/Tsunami2004/sitrep32.htm#ANNEXURE-I | url-status= dead }}</ref> The sixth most populous state in the Indian Union, Tamil Nadu was the seventh-largest economy in 2005 among the states of India.<ref name="scores">{{cite web | title= Ranking of states |work=India Today Group | url= http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/scores.xls |access-date=15 November 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061028142904/http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/scores.xls |archive-date = 28 October 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> The growing demands for skilled labour has caused increased number of educational institutions in Tamil Nadu. The widespread application of caste-based [[Reservation in India#Caste Based Reservations in Tamil Nadu|affirmative action]] caused the state to have 69% of all educational and employment vacancies to be reserved to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Such caste-based reservations have huge public support in Tamil Nadu, with no popular protests organised against its implementation.<ref>{{cite web | title= With the highest rate of reservation already in place, TN stays calm | work= The Financial Express, 28 May 2006 | url= http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=128641 | publisher= The Financial Express, Mumbai | access-date= 15 November 2006 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080228055653/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=128641 | archive-date= 28 February 2008 | df= dmy-all }}</ref>

Since the 1990s, Tamil Nadu has experienced significant economic growth, especially in the service sector, and has had significant increases in development indicators. Kalaiyarasan (2014) attributes this to the strong welfare measures implemented by successive state governments and a two-track focus on economic growth and grassroots development.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=A|first=Kalaiyarasan|date=2014|title=A Comparison of Developmental Outcomes in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24479122|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=49|issue=15|pages=55–63|jstor=24479122|issn=0012-9976|via=}}</ref>

=== Evolution of regional politics ===
The politics of Tamil Nadu have gone through three distinct phases since independence. The domination of the Congress Party after 1947 gave way to the Dravidian populist mobilization in the 1960s. This phase lasted until the end of the 1990s. The most recent phase saw the fragmentation of the [[Dravidian parties|Dravidian political parties]] and led to the advent of political alliances and coalition governments.<ref>[[John Harriss]] and Andrew Wyatt, THE CHANGING POLITICS OF TAMIL NADU IN THE 1990s, Conference on State Politics in India in the 1990s: Political Mobilisation and Political Competition, December 2004. p1</ref> Annadurai formed the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) in 1949 after splitting from [[Dravidar Kazhagam]].<ref>The Justice Party was renamed the ''Dravidar Kazhagam'' (Dravidian Association) in September 1944 —Nambi Arooran, K., The Demand for Dravida Nadu</ref> DMK also decided to oppose the 'expansion of the Hindi culture' in Tamil Nadu and started the demand for a separate homeland for the Dravidians in the South. The demand was for an Independent state called ''[[Dravida Nadu]]'' (country of [[Dravidian people|Dravidians]]) comprising Tamil Nadu and parts of [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]], [[Karnataka]] and Kerala.<ref>The geographical region of the proposed Dravida Nadu roughly corresponded to the then Madras Presidency, comprising people speaking Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada. —S. Viswanathan, A history of agitational politics</ref> The increased involvement of the [[Indian National Congress]] party in Madras during the late 1950s and the strong pan-Indian emotions whipped up by the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962 led to the demand for ''Dravida Nadu'' losing some of its immediacy. Consequently, in 1963, when the Sixteenth Amendment to the [[Constitution of India]], precluded secessionist parties from contesting elections, the DMK chose to formally drop its demand for an independent Dravida Nadu, focusing instead on securing greater functional autonomy within the framework of the Indian Constitution.<ref>Hargrave, R.L.: "The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism", ''Pacific Affairs'', 37(4):396–411 at 396–397.</ref>

The Congress party, riding on the wave of public support stemming from the independence struggle, formed the first post-independence government in Tamil Nadu and continued to govern until 1967. In 1965 and 1968, DMK led widespread anti-Hindi agitations in the state against the plans of the Union Government to introduce Hindi in the state schools. [[Reservation in India|Affirmative action]] in employment and educational institutions were pioneered in Tamil Nadu based on the demands of the Dravidian movement.<ref>Cynthia Stephen, ''The History of Reservations in India From The 1800S to the 1950s''</ref> The leadership of the [[Dravidian movement]] had very capable authors and literati in Annadurai and [[Karunanidhi]], who assiduously utilised the popular media of stage plays and movies to spread its political messages.<ref>S. Theodore Baskaran, The Roots of South Indian Cinema, Journal of the International Institute,</ref> [[MG Ramachandran]] (MGR) who later became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, was one such stage and movie actor.<ref name="bbctamil">{{cite news |first = Jegatheesan |last = L. R. |url = https://www.bbc.com/tamil/specials/178_wryw |title = ஆளும் அரிதாரம் (''Reigning filmdom'') |publisher = BBC |access-date = 8 November 2006 |language = ta}}</ref>

In 1967 DMK won the state election. DMK split into two in 1971, with MGR forming the splinter [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK). Since then these two parties have dominated the politics of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Harris">John Harriss and Andrew Wyatt, THE CHANGING POLITICS OF TAMIL NADU IN THE 1990s, Conference on State Politics in India in the 1990s: Political Mobilisation and Political Competition, December 2004. p2</ref> AIADMK, under MGR, retained control of the State Government over three consecutive assembly elections in 1977, 1980 and 1984. After MGR's death, AIADMK was split over the succession between various contenders. Eventually [[J. Jayalalithaa]] took over the leadership of AIADMK.

Several changes to the political balance in Tamil Nadu took place during the later half of the 1990s, eventually leading to the end of the duopoly of DMK and AIADMK in the politics of Tamil Nadu. In 1996, a split in the Congress party in Tamil Nadu eventuated in the formation of [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC). TMC aligned with the DMK, while another party [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK), which split from DMK aligned with the AIADMK. These and several smaller political parties began to gain popular support. The first instance of a 'grand alliance' was during the 1996 elections for the [[Parliament of India|National parliament]], during which the AIADMK formed a large coalition of a number of smaller parties to counter the electoral threat posed by the alliance between the DMK and TMC. Since then the formation of alliances of a large number of political parties has become an electoral practice in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news | title= The arithmetic of alliance and anti-incumbency | url= http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/06/stories/2004050604981200.htm| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040531130637/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/06/stories/2004050604981200.htm| url-status= dead| archive-date= 31 May 2004| access-date=15 November 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work= [[The Hindu]] | date=6 May 2004}}</ref> The electoral decline of Congress party at the national level, which started during early 1990, forced the Congress to seek coalition partners from various states including Tamil Nadu. This paved the way for the Dravidian parties to be part of the [[Government of India|Central Government]].<ref>John Harriss and Andrew Wyatt, THE CHANGING POLITICS OF TAMIL NADU IN THE 1990s, Conference on State Politics in India in the 1990s: Political Mobilisation and Political Competition, December 2004. p4</ref>

In the 2001 elections, Jaylalithaa became Chief Minister again, but due to legal cases against her, the Chief Ministership was taken up by loyalist [[O. Panneerselvam|O. Paneerselvam]] until she returned 6 months later. In the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 assembly elections]] however, the DMK won a majority and Karunanidhi became chief minister. During the 2011 election however, the DMK was beset by anti-incumbency and anger over the [[2G spectrum case|2G scam]], and Jaylalithaa became Chief Minister again. Unlike the rest of India, the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha elections]] resulted in no significant increase in support for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in Tamil Nadu and the AIADMK swept the state. In 2016, Jaylalithaa won another term, but soon after taking office died of a heart attack. After her death, Paneerselvam served again as caretaker Chief Minister until he was expelled from the party by general secretary [[V. K. Sasikala]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 February 2017|first=Julie |last=Mariappan|title=Panneerselvam: AIADMK sacks Panneerselvam, 19 other rebel leaders from party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ops-vs-sasikala-aiadmk-sacks-panneerselvam-19-other-rebel-leaders-from-party/articleshow/57144596.cms|access-date=14 January 2021|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Then [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami|Edappadi Palaniswami]], the newly-elected leader of the AIADMK legislature party, reached an agreement on chief ministership, and Palaniswami became chief minister in February 2017 with Paneerselvam as his deputy.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saqaf|first=Syed Muthahar|date=14 February 2017|title=From farmer to CM pick — the rise of a Jaya loyalist|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/From-farmer-to-CM-pick-%E2%80%94-the-rise-of-a-Jaya-loyalist/article17300830.ece|access-date=14 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2018, Karunanidhi died and was succeeded by his son [[M. K. Stalin|M.K. Stalin]] as DMK leader and leader of the opposition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=M.K. Stalin timeline: Slow, steady rise of DMK's new president|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/08/28/m-k-stalin-timeline-slow-steady-dmk-president.html|access-date=14 January 2021|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> In the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, the DMK-led alliance swept the state winning 37 out of 38 seats.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=Stalin Steers DMK To Success In Lok Sabha Polls|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-stalin-steers-dmk-to-success-in-lok-sabha-polls/330856|access-date=14 January 2021|work=Outlook}}</ref> The alliance also won the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 Legislative Assembly election]], with 159 out of 234 seats. As a result, [[M. K. Stalin|M.K. Stalin]] became the Chief Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Prasanth |date=2021-05-07 |title=Finally, son rises in Tamil Nadu as Stalin becomes Chief Minister |url=https://thefederal.com/tamilnadu-elections-2021/finally-son-rises-in-tamil-nadu-as-stalin-becomes-chief-minister/ |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=The Federal |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chronology of Tamil history]]
* [[Tamil inscriptions]]
* [[Tamizhi]]
* [[Tamil Heritage Foundation]]
* [https://tamilnation.org/heritage/index.htm The Tamils are an ancient people...]
* [[Political history of medieval Karnataka]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Sister project links|Tamil Nadu}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book | first= K.A. | last= Nilakanta Sastri | author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | year=2000 | title= A history of South India: from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar | publisher=Oxford University Press | location= New Delhi| isbn= 978-0-19-560686-7 | oclc = 796210659}}
* {{cite book | first= K.A. | last= Nilakanta Sastri | year=1984| title= The Colas | publisher=University of Madras | location= Madras}}
* {{cite book |first=Durga |last=Prasad |year=1988 |title=History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. |url=http://igmlnet.uohyd.ernet.in:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf |publisher=P. G. Publishers |location=Guntur, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313210732/http://igmlnet.uohyd.ernet.in:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2007 }}
* {{cite book | first= Humphrey William | last= Codrington | year= 1926 | title= A Short History of Lanka | publisher= Macmillan and Co., Limited | location= St Martin's Street, London | url= http://lakdiva.org/codrington/ }}
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* {{cite book | first= K.A. | last= Nilakanta Sastri |author2=Srinivasachari | year=2000 | title= Advanced History of India | publisher= Allied Publishers Ltd | location= New Delhi| id= ASIN: B0007ASWQW}}
* {{cite book | first= Anthony | last= Read | year=1997 | title= The Proudest Day – India's Long Ride to Independence | publisher= Jonathan Cape | location= London | isbn=978-0-393-31898-2 }}
* {{cite book | first= Romesh Chunder | last= Dutt | title= Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India | date= January 1999 | publisher= Adamant Media Corporation | isbn= 978-1-4021-5115-6 }}
* {{cite book| first= John| last= Keay| author-link= John Keay| year= 2000| title= India, a History| publisher= Harper Collins Publishers| location= London| isbn= 978-0-00-638784-8| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC}}
* {{cite book | first= Nicholas B.| last= Dirks | year=2000| title= The Hollow Crown:Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom | publisher= University of Michigan Press| location= US| isbn= 978-0-472-08187-5 }}
* {{cite book | first= Bipin | last= Chandra | year=1999 | title= The India after Independence | publisher= Penguin | location= New Delhi | isbn=978-0-14-027825-5 }}
* {{cite book | first= Hermann | last= Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund | year=2004| title= A History of India | publisher= Routledge (UK) | isbn= 978-0-415-32919-4}}
* {{cite book | first= Chris | last= McDowell | year= 1996| title= A Tamil Asylum Diaspora: Sri Lankan Migration, Settlement and Politics in Switzerland | publisher= Berghahn Books| location= New York | isbn=978-1-57181-917-8 }}
* {{cite web | title= Religious Traditions of the Tamils | work= Veluppillai, Prof. A. | url= http://tamilelibrary.org/ | access-date= 15 May 2006 }}
* {{cite web | title= 63 Nayanmars | work= Sri Swami Sivananda, The Divine Life Trust Society | url= http://www.tamilnation.co/sathyam/east/saivaism/63nayanmars.htm | access-date= 16 May 2006 }}
* {{cite web|title=Maratha Kings of Thanjavur|url=http://www.sarasvatimahallibrary.tn.nic.in/Thanjavur/Maratha_Rulers/maratha_rulers.html|publisher=Saraswathi Mahal Library|access-date=18 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127112850/http://www.sarasvatimahallibrary.tn.nic.in/Thanjavur/Maratha_Rulers/maratha_rulers.html|archive-date=27 November 2006}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Shanti Pappu |author2=Yanni Gunnell |author3=Maurice Taieb |author4=Jean-Philippe Brugal |author5=K. Anupama |author6=Raman Sukumar |author7=Kumar Akhilesh |title=Excavations at the Palaeolithic Site of Attirampakkam, South India |journal=Antiquity |volume=77 |issue=297 |url=http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/pappu297/ }}
* {{cite web| title = Archaeobotany of Early Historic sites in Southern Tamil Nadu| url = http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/staff/profiles/fuller/tamil.htm| access-date = 15 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060213113405/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/staff/profiles/fuller/tamil.htm| archive-date = 13 February 2006}}
* {{cite web | title= Vellore Revolt 1806 | url= http://www.vellorerevolt1806.info/index.html | access-date= 15 May 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223208/http://www.vellorerevolt1806.info/index.html | archive-date= 27 September 2007 | url-status= dead | df= dmy-all }}
* {{cite web |title=Historical Atlas of South India-Timeline |work=French Institute of Pondicherry |url=http://www.ifpindia.org/Historical-Atlas-of-South-India-Timeline.html |access-date=15 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928071936/http://www.ifpindia.org/Historical-Atlas-of-South-India-Timeline.html |archive-date=28 September 2006 }}
* {{cite web | title= Excavations at Arikamedu | url= http://www.thebeadsite.com/UNI-ARK.html | access-date= 16 May 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060424073600/http://www.thebeadsite.com/UNI-ARK.html  | archive-date= 24 April 2006 }}
* {{cite web | title=Roman Maps and the Concept of Indian Gems | url=http://www.thebeadsite.com/UNI-MAPS.html | access-date=16 May 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321084351/http://www.thebeadsite.com/UNI-MAPS.html  | archive-date=21 March 2006 }}
* {{cite web |title=The State Legislature – Origin and Evolution |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm |access-date=16 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413233934/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm |archive-date=13 April 2010 }}
* {{cite web| title=The Changing Politics of Tamil Nadu in the 1990s| work=John Harriss and Andrew Wyatt, Conference on State Politics in India in the 1990s: Political Mobilisation and Political Competition, December 2004| url=http://www.dcrcdu.org/dcrc/John%20Harriss.doc| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626234350/http://www.dcrcdu.org/dcrc/John%20Harriss.doc| url-status=dead| archive-date=26 June 2007| access-date=14 June 2006}}
* {{cite web | title= The Roots of South Indian Cinema | work= By S. Theodore Baskaran, The Journal of the International Institute | url= http://www.umich.edu/~iinet/journal/vol9no2/baskaran_cinema.html | access-date= 14 June 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050423210028/http://www.umich.edu/~iinet/journal/vol9no2/baskaran_cinema.html | archive-date= 23 April 2005 }}
* {{cite web | title= Passions of the Tongue – Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970 | work= Sumathi Ramaswamy University of California Press | url= http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft5199n9v7&brand=ucpress | access-date= 14 June 2006 }}
* {{cite web | title= Is the Dravidian movement dying? | work= Subramanian Swamy, Frontline, Vol 20, Issue 12, June 2003 | url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2012/stories/20030620003609800.htm | access-date= 14 June 2006 | url-status= usurped | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061214070629/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2012/stories/20030620003609800.htm | archive-date= 14 December 2006 | df= dmy-all }}
* {{cite web | title= Tamil Coins- a study – Online Book | work= R. Nagaswamy | url= http://tamilartsacademy.com/books/coins/cover.html | access-date= 16 June 2006 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060615123242/http://tamilartsacademy.com/books/coins/cover.html | archive-date= 15 June 2006 | df= dmy-all }}
* {{cite web | title= The Political Situation in Pondicherry 1910–1915 | url= http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=25 | access-date= 12 October 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020848/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=25 | archive-date= 11 March 2007 | url-status= dead | df= dmy-all }}
* {{cite web | title= Sowing The Seeds of a Policy For Free India and the Anti-Hindi Agitation in the South 1910–1915 | work= M. S. Thirumalai, PhD | url= http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2005/languagepolicy1936-1.html | access-date= 16 October 2006 }}
* {{cite web | title= The Demand for Dravida Nadu | work= Nambi Arooran, K | url= http://tamilnation.co/heritage/aryan_dravidian/dravidanadu.htm | access-date= 16 October 2006 }}
* {{cite web | title= A history of agitational politics | work= Viswanathan, S. | url= http://india.eu.org/1389.html | access-date= 17 October 2006 | archive-date= 14 November 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061114222410/http://india.eu.org/1389.html | url-status= dead }}
* {{cite web | title= Community, Class and Conservation:Development Politics on the Kanyakumari Coast | work= Ajantha Subramanian | url= http://www.conservationandsociety.org/c_s_1_2-1-subramanian.pdf | access-date= 17 October 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060815110614/http://www.conservationandsociety.org/c_s_1_2-1-subramanian.pdf | archive-date= 15 August 2006 }}
* {{cite web | title= The History of Reservations in India From The 1800s to the 1950s | work= Cynthia Stephen | url= http://www.holycrossjustice.org/pdf/Asia/Integral%20Liberation/June%202006/The%20History%20of%20Reservations%20in%20India.pdf | access-date= 15 March 2009 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090318145134/http://www.holycrossjustice.org/pdf/Asia/Integral%20Liberation/June%202006/The%20History%20of%20Reservations%20in%20India.pdf | archive-date= 18 March 2009 | df= dmy-all }}
* {{cite web | title= The Global Dimensions of Conflict in Sri Lanka | work= Rajesh Venugopal, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford | url= http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/qehwp/qehwps99.pdf | access-date= 17 October 2006 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061010121927/http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/qehwp/qehwps99.pdf | archive-date= 10 October 2006 | df= dmy-all }}
* {{cite news |first = Jegatheesan |last = L. R. |url = https://www.bbc.com/tamil/specials/178_wryw |title = ஆளும் அரிதாரம் (''Reigning filmdom'') |publisher = BBC |access-date = 8 November 2006 |language = ta }}
* {{cite web | title= Varalaaru – Online Monthly Magazine | work= Dr.R. Kalaikkovan | url= http://www.varalaaru.com | access-date= 12 April 2007 | language= ta }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.soas.ac.uk/research/publications/journals/ijjs/file46109.pdf Unintended influence of Jainism on the development of caste in post-classical Tamil society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118072245/http://www.soas.ac.uk/research/publications/journals/ijjs/file46109.pdf |date=18 January 2012 }}

{{History of India by State}}
{{Portal bar|Tamils|India|Religion}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu| ]]
[[Category:Tamil history|*]]

Rishika Mihani

2026-03-13T10:48:44Z

Andreasujg: put up article

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rishika Mihani
| image =
| birth_name = Rishika Mihani
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|06|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| parents = Omprakash Mihani (father)
| partner = Ameya Malandkar
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Muskaan Mihani]] (sister)|Vishal Mihani (brother)}}
| years_active = 2010–present
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=6}}
}}
'''Rishika Mihani''' (born 8 June 1987)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/happy-birthday-lauren-gottlieb-and-rishika-mihani |title=Happy Birthday to Lauren Gottlieb and Rishika Mihani |publisher=Tellychakkar.com |date=2013-06-08 |accessdate=2013-11-16}}</ref> is an Indian [[television]] [[actress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/rishika-mihani-cute-gracious-and-talented |title=Rishika Mihani - cute, gracious and talented |publisher=Tellychakkar.com |date=2012-10-19 |accessdate=2013-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/topic/Rishika-Mihani-Interview.html |title=Rishika Mihani Interview - Latest News on Rishika Mihani Interview | Read Stories & Articles from |publisher=India.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-16}}</ref> She made her debut with ''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat (TV series)|Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]]''. She has done episodics for ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'', ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'', ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'' and ''[[Savdhaan India @ 11]]''.

Rishika Mihani has a sister [[Muskaan Mihani]], who is also a television actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/it-was-my-sister-muskaans-dream-i-get-lead-role-says-rishika-mihani |title=It was my sister Muskaan's dream that I get a lead role, says Rishika Mihani |publisher=Tellychakkar.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-16}}</ref>

==Career==
Rishika Mihani started her career<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/was-expecting-more-from-love-marriage-ya-arranged-marriage-rishika-mihani-310003 |title=Was expecting more from Love Marriage Ya Arranged Marriage: Rishika Mihani | NDTV Movies.com |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=2012-12-26 |accessdate=2013-11-16}}</ref> with the role of Ira (Mohini) in ''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat (TV series)|Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]]'' on [[Star Plus]]. After that, she played the role of Komal in ''[[Beend Banoongaa Ghodi Chadhunga]]''
. She was last seen in ''[[Love Marriage Ya Arranged Marriage]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metromasti.com/tv/gossip/Shivanis-new-crisis-in-Sony-TV-Love-Marriage-Ya-Arrange-Marriage/20470 |title=Rishika in Sony TV Love Marriage Ya Arrange Marriage |publisher=Metromasti.com |date=2012-09-09 |accessdate=2013-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/dec/081212-Rishika-Mihani-lost-13-kilos-before-entering-tinsel-town.htm |title=Rishika Mihani lost 13 kilos before entering tinsel town |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=2012-12-08 |accessdate=2013-11-16}}</ref> as Shivani.

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ '''TV Shows'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/print/news/i-want-to-focus-on-television-rishika-mihani-5919-12.html |title=India TV >> I want to focus on television: Rishika Mihani |publisher=Indiatvnews.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-16}}</ref>
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year(s)
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Ref(s)
|-
| 2017–2018
! scope="row" | ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
| Monali Veer Pratap Chauhan
|
|-
| 2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3]]''
| Pooja
|
|-
| 2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Ichhapyaari Naagin]]''
| Vishpreet
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityairnews.com/content/rishika-mihani-vishpreet-sony-sabs-ichhapyaari-naagin|title=Rishika Mihani as Vishpreet in Sony SAB's Ichhapyaari Naagin|access-date=2017-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| 2015-2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Kalash (2015 TV series)]]''
| Ananya
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rishika-Mihani-to-join-Kalash/articleshow/47340513.cms|title=Rishika Mihani to join Kalash|newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 May 2015 |access-date=2015-05-19}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
! scope="row" | ''[[Tum Aise Hi Rehna]]''
| Anushka Kapoor
|
|-
|2014-2015
!scope="row" | ''Box Cricket League''

| herself||
|-
| 2014-2015
! scope="row" | ''[[Hamari Sister Didi]]''
| Dimple Khanna||
|-
|| 2011-12
! scope="row" | ''[[Beend Banoongaa Ghodi Chadhunga]]''
| Komal
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Beend-Banonga-Ghodi-Chadunga |title=Beend Banonga Ghodi Chadunga: News | Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-16}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012
! scope="row" | ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
| Rashi
| <ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1943898/fullcredits Adaalat (TV Series 2010) - IMDb]</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
| Cameo
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Love Marriage Ya Arranged Marriage]]''
| Shivani Prakash
| <ref>[http://setindia.com/show_details.php?sid=104 Love Marriage Ya Arranged Marriage | show about] publisher setindia.com</ref>
|-
|| 2008
! scope="row" | ''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat (TV series)|Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]]''
| Ira (Mohini)
| <ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://forum.punjabijunktion.co.in/f122/ira-s-truth-unveiled-raja-ki-ayegi-baraat-61156 |title=Ira's truth unveiled in 'Raja Ki Ayegi Baraat |publisher=Forum.punjabijunktion.co.in |date=2010-05-13 |accessdate=2013-11-16}}</ref><ref>[http://starplus.startv.in/show/raja-ki-aayegi-baraat/home_33.aspx Website of Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat] publisher startv.in, year 2008</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5299724}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mihani, Rishika}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]

Belesvara Shiva Temple

2026-03-12T01:14:55Z

Andreasujg: Created place

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{unreferenced article|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Beleswara Shiva Temple
| map_type = India Odisha
| map_size = 220
| map_caption = Location in Odisha
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20|14|41|N|85|50|06|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha, India]]
| elevation_m = 25
| deity = [[Lord Shiva]]
| festivals =
| architecture_style = Kalingan Style ([[Kalinga Architecture]])
| year_completed = 9th century A.D.
}}
'''Beleswara Shiva Temple''' is a 9th-century [[Hindu temple]] of [[Lord Shiva]]. This is one of the oldest temples in [[Bhubaneswar]] (The "Temple city" of [[India]]), a well known heritage place and capital of [[Odisha]]. The festivals of this temple's are [[Shivratri]] and all [[Sankranti]]s.

Beleswara Shiva temple is on the Talabazar road, Old Town, Bhubaneswar. It is in the southern bank of the [[Bindusagar Tank]] and on the left side of Talabazar road leading from Lingaraja to Kedar-Gouri Lane. The temple faces east, and is in use. The presiding deity is a [[Shiva linga]] within a circular yoni pitha inside the sanctum. This temple is made of a fine-grained grey sandstone, and is of type Rekha Deul.

The temple is under the care and maintenance of Devaraj Das.

The temple is surrounded by Sradha Mandapa on the east and residential buildings on the other three sides.

On [[Multiview orthographic projection#Plan|plan]] the temple has a triratha vimana measuring 2.10 square metres with a frontal porch of 0.30 metres. On [[Multiview orthographic projection#Elevation|elevation]] the vimana is a rekha deul with usual bada, gandi and mastaka. The temple is in a dilapidated condition and partially buried, with cracks on all sides with vegetation growing and entry of rainwater. What exists at present is the bada and gandi. The remaining part of the bada measure 1.30 metres. ({{lang|sa-Latn|pabhaga}} 0.23 metres, {{lang|sa-Latn|jangha}} 0.85 metres, {{lang|sa-Latn|baranda}} 0.22 metres with two mouldings). The {{lang|sa-Latn|gandi}} measures 2.30 metres.

Raha niche and parsva devatas: The raha niches on {{lang|sa-Latn|jangha}} in the three sides of north, west and south measure 0.44 metres in height x 0.26 metres in width with a depth of 0.09 metres. The niches are empty.

The door jambs are carved with three plain vertical bands that measures 1.08 metres in height and 0.88 metres in width.

A broken [[amalaka]] and stone carved with {{lang|sa-Latn|kirtimukha}} are in front of the temple.

== See also ==
*[[List of Shiva temples in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Odisha]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:9th-century Hindu temples]]

KMC Medical College & Hospital

2026-03-09T09:45:21Z

Andreasujg: Put up a page first draft

{{Short description|College in Maharajganj, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox university
| name = KMC Medical College & Hospital
| native_name = केएमसी मेडिकल कॉलेज एवं अस्पताल
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = KMC Medical College Logo.svg
| image_size = 290px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = Esteemed-Ethics-Excellence
| motto_lang = en
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| established = {{start date|2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter of Permission -National Medical Commission |url=https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/assets/pdf/LOP.pdf}}</ref>
| closed = 
| type = [[Public–private_partnership|PPP]] (Government of Uttar Pradesh)<ref name="timesofindia_114598944">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-26 |title=First med college on PPP model inaugurated in Maharajganj dist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/inauguration-of-first-ppp-model-medical-college-in-maharajganj/articleshow/114598944.cms |access-date=2025-10-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| parent = Shanti Foundation
| academic_affiliation = *[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]](2024 - present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=University Affiliation |url=https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/assets/pdf/ABVMU_Affiliation.pdf}}</ref>
| accreditation = [[National_Accreditation_Board_for_Hospitals_%26_Healthcare_Providers|NABH]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Certificate of Scope- NABH|url=https://portal.nabh.co/Documents/AccreditedList/Entry-Level%20Hospitals/PEH-2019-1048.pdf}}</ref>
| affiliation = [[National_Medical_Commission|NMC]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter of Permission -National Medical Commission |url=https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/assets/pdf/LOP.pdf}}</ref> [[National_Board_of_Examinations_in_Medical_Sciences|NBEMS]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| rector =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman = Vinay Kumar Shrivastava
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| principal =
| dean = Dr. Sankalp Dwivedi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=सर्जन प्रो. संकल्प केएमसी मेडिकल कालेज के नए डीन बने |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj/story-new-dean-appointed-at-kmc-medical-college-dr-sankalp-dwivedi-focuses-on-innovation-and-quality-healthcare-201731500157347.html |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students = 350
| undergrad = 200 ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]) students every year <ref>{{Cite web |title=50 MBBS seats increased in KMC Medical College: 200 students will now be able to study in Maharajganj, National Commission gives permission |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj/news/kmc-medical-college-increases-50-mbbs-seats-136028812.html |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web |title=Letter of Permission -National Medical Commission |url=https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/assets/pdf/LOP.pdf}}</ref>
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = Farenda Road
| city = [[Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh]]
| province =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.111555|N|83.4770000|E|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe-zoom = 15
| campus = [[Suburban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|24.2|acre}}
| language = English
| free_label = Beds
| free = 1100 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter of Permission 2025-26 |url=https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/assets/pdf/Collegeinfombbs.pdf}}</ref>
| free_label1 =
| free1 =
| athletics_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| website = {{URL|http://kmcmedicalcollege.com/}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
| other_name = KMC Maharajganj
| former_name = 
| founder =
| religious_affiliation =
| postcode = 273303
| colours = Azure {{color box|#257EFC}} White {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
}}

'''KMC Medical College & Hospital''' ('''KMC M''') is a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=3 new medical colleges in U.P.'s Gorakhpur div set to start MBBS course |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/3-new-medical-colleges-in-u-p-s-gorakhpur-div-set-to-start-mbbs-course-101722620968689.html |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> based medical college in the city of [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]] in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It offers undergraduate courses in [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS). The college was established and is maintained by the [[Gorakhpur]] based Shanti Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Credit Report - Shanti Foundation|url=https://www.infomerics.com/admin/uploads/pr-Shanti-Foundation-10jan25.pdf}}</ref>

==Administration==
The college was established in 2024 by the Gorakhpur-based Shanti Foundation. Vinay Kumar Srivastava<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMC Medical College & Hospital |url=https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/messagechairman |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=kmcmedicalcollege.com}}</ref> serves as the Chairman and Managing Director of the college. The Dean of the college is Dr. Sankalp Dwivedi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMC Medical College & Hospital |url=https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/dean&supretendent |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=kmcmedicalcollege.com}}</ref> The institution functions at the interface of the trust (Shanti Foundation) and state oversight under the PPP agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-22 |title=25 को केएमसी मेडिकल कॉलेज का उद्घाटन करेंगे सीएम, तैयारी शुरू |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj/story-kmc-medical-college-and-hospital-inauguration-by-cm-yogi-adityanath-on-october-25-201729571739818.html |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref> An MoU<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-04-08 |title=UP govt to set up state's first two colleges in PPP mode |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/up-govt-to-set-up-state-s-first-two-colleges-in-ppp-mode-1935147-2022-04-08 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> was signed in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Pallavi |date=Apr 8, 2022 |title=UP govt to set up two new medical colleges in Sambhal, Maharajganj |url=https://www.shiksha.com/news/medicine-health-sciences-up-govt-to-set-up-two-new-medical-colleges-in-sambhal-maharajganj-blogId-87747}}</ref> between the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] and the Shanti Foundation for the establishment and operation of the medical college under the PPP mode. The college was formally inaugurated by [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] [[Yogi Adityanath]] in 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-10-26 |title=UP CM Yogi Adityanath: Number of MBBS seats in UP have doubled, 17 new medical colleges opened this year |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/number-of-mbbs-seats-in-up-have-doubled-17-new-medical-colleges-opened-this-year-adityanath/article68799832.ece |access-date=2025-10-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> marking it as the first PPP-mode medical college in the state of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="timesofindia_114598944"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-31 |title=केएमसी मेडिकल कालेज का अस्पताल रहा अव्वल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj/story-kmc-medical-college-hospital-recognized-for-excellence-in-ayushman-bharat-scheme-201756617740002.html |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Affiliations and Recognition ==
The is affiliated with [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]] (ABVMU),'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=NMC College Information MSR 1.3 |url=https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/assets/pdf/Collegeinfombbs.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=University Affiliation |url=https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/assets/pdf/ABVMU_Affiliation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007182923/https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/assets/pdf/ABVMU_Affiliation.pdf |archive-date=2025-10-07}}</ref>''' Uttar Pradesh. The college is recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC),<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBBS Seat Matrix as on 17-10-2025 |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/MCIRest/open/getDocument?path=/Documents/Public/Portal/LatestNews/seat%20Matrix%20for%20updated%20on%2017.10.2025%20(2).pdf#page=44 |url-status=live |website=National Medical Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Medical Commission - List of College teaching MBBS (2024) |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Revised%20UG%20Seat%20Matrix%202024-25%20on%2031-03-2025.pdf}}</ref> the National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences ([[National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences|NBEMS]]), and the hospital holds accreditation from the [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers|National Accreditation Board for Hospitals]] & Healthcare Providers (NABH).'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH) |url=https://portal.nabh.co/frmViewAccreditedHosp.aspx#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=portal.nabh.co}}</ref>'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+Seats Affiliated
!Year
!2024
!2025
|-
|MBBS (UG)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBBS Seat Matrix as on 24-09-2025 - nmc.org.in |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/MCIRest/open/getDocument?path=/Documents/Public/Portal/LatestNews/MBBS%20seat%20matrix.pdf}}</ref>
|150<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter of Permission -National Medical Commission |url=https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/assets/pdf/LOP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007182832/https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/assets/pdf/LOP.pdf |archive-date=2025-10-07}}</ref>
|200<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=17 October 2025 |title=MBBS Seat Matrix for Session 2025-26 |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/seat%20Matrix%20for%20updated%20on%2017.10.2025.pdf |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=National Medical Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter of Permission 2025-26|url=https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/assets/pdf/Collegeinfombbs.pdf}}</ref>
|}

==Campus==
The college is spread over 24.2 acres and offers modern infrastructure to support medical education and student life. The campus features spacious lecture halls,<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMC Medical College & Hospital |url=https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/lecturetheatres |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=kmcmedicalcollege.com}}</ref> departmental laboratories, and a central library with internet access and over 5,996 textbooks and reference materials. Separate hostels for male and female students are equipped with gymnasiums and facilities for indoor games, while faculty and staff have on-campus residential accommodations. Sports facilities include courts for volleyball, basketball, badminton, and football, and annual sports meets encourage student participation in both indoor and outdoor events. The affiliated 850-bed<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bed Distribution - Monthly Upload |url=https://kmcmedicalcollege.com/assets/pdf/BedDistribution.pdf}}</ref> KMC Digital Hospital provides comprehensive healthcare services, including 24/7 emergency care, ICUs, NICUs, PICUs, and a Coronary Care Unit, offering students extensive hands-on clinical training across multiple specialties.

==Admission==
The college admits 150 students each year into the MBBS program. Admission is strictly based on performance in the [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET-UG]] examination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMC Medical College Admission 2024-Cut off, Fees, Ranking, MBBS/PG/SS Courses |url=https://mbbscouncil.com/listing/kmc-medical-college/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=MBBSCouncil |language=en-US}}</ref> Seat allotment and counselling are handled by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Directorate General of Medical Education (DGME)]], Uttar Pradesh through the state counselling process. There is no reservation of seats by community; all seats are open. The MBBS course spans 4.5 years of academic instruction followed by a one-year compulsory rotating internship.

The college operates under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model between the Shanti Foundation and the Government of Uttar Pradesh. Under this arrangement, the fee structure for MBBS students is regulated and fixed by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh State Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=|date=2024-10-07 |title=2024 Fee Structure for PPP Medical College - D.G.M.E. |url=https://dgme.up.gov.in/assets/admin/news/Scan_6882.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/scan-6882/ |archive-date=2025-10-07 |access-date= |website=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.kmcmedicalcollege.com/ Official website]
*[https://nmc.org.in/ National Medical Commission]
*[https://dgme.up.gov.in Directorate General of Medical Education and Training, U.P.]
{{Portal|India}}

{{Colleges affiliated to Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Education in Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2024]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Medha Shri Dahiya

2026-03-08T20:59:57Z

Andreasujg: Stub

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Medha Shri
| image = Medha Shri Dahiya.jpg
| citizenship = Indian
| alma_mater = Miranda House
| occupation = Journalist
}}

'''Medha Shri Dahiya''' is an Indian journalist.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=Medha Shri Joins Wildr As Head Of Customer Success |url=https://everythingexperiential.com/article/medha-shri-joins-wildr-as-head-of-customer-success-498958#:~:text=Medha%20Shri%20has%20been%20appointed,chief%20for%20the%20blogging%20community. |website=Business World Everything Experential}}</ref> She has worked in the media industry for 15 years<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 November 2020 |title=HT's Medha Shri Joins os.me as Editor-in-Chief |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/announcements-news/hts-medha-shri-joins-osme-as-editor-in-chief-109247.html |archive-url= |work=Exchange 4 Media}}</ref> with a focus on global literature,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dahiya |first=Medha Shri |title=Sir Elton John's autobiography is warm, moving and a hit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/sir-elton-john-s-autobiography-is-warm-moving-and-a-hit/story-Y5LLxxMGA9zHE83TqGqnUN.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> multidisciplinary arts,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dahiya |first=Medha Shri |title=The Jaipur Literature Festival 2019, an arts and literature stupor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/the-jaipur-literature-festival-2019-an-arts-and-literature-stupor/story-lT0TDetJ1u0H2m3MJHcbvJ.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> human experience,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffs |first=Gigi |title=What does an editor-in-chief do and why does it matter? |url=https://www.bynder.com/en/blog/3-reasons-you-need-an-editor-in-chief/ |website=bynder.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=World Cancer Day: I am not a cancer survivor, I am a fighter, says Anchal Sharma |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/a-chinese-womans-bold-spiritual-journey-to-india-article-110401761#:~:text=Medha%20Shri%20Dahiya%20is%20a,social%20media%20network%20in%20India. |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shri |first=Medha |date=9 April 2010 |title=Social fretworking: meant to vent! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/love-sex/social-fretworking-meant-to-vent/articleshow/5538731.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> social issues,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shri |first=Medha |title=OS.ME By Spiritual Leader Om Swami Helps Millions Find Peace & Purpose, Digitally! |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/people/os-me-by-spiritual-leader-om-swami-helps-millions-find-peace-purpose-digitally/ |work=<nowiki>[[Travel and Leisure India]</nowiki>}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2009 |title=NGOs put up a play at Dilli Haat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/ngos-put-up-a-play-at-dilli-haat/articleshow/5123810.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> creative lifestyle,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Dahiya |first=Medha Shri |date=31 August 2015 |title=I look at variety when I pick up a project: Radhika Apte |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-look-at-variety-when-i-pick-up-a-project-radhika-apte/story-2OznuOvbKRkc9mqPZssmmL.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Hindi film industry<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2016 |title=Nothing is handed to my kids on a platter, they have to earn it: Akshay Kumar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nothing-is-handed-to-my-kids-on-a-platter-they-have-to-earn-it-akshay-kumar/story-3MjXxXWiFsCHcGlTG85LUL.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Sep 2015 |title=Whoever brings a return on investment, gets money: Salman Khan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/whoever-brings-return-on-investment-gets-money-salman-khan/story-G8KVEwXlYOo1UA1Q5VE6pK.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |pages=23}}</ref> and leadership<ref>{{Cite news |title=A Chinese Woman's Bold Spiritual Journey to India |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/a-chinese-womans-bold-spiritual-journey-to-india-article-110401761#:~:text=Medha%20Shri%20Dahiya%20is%20a,social%20media%20network%20in%20India. |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dahiya |first=Medha Shri |title=A Chat with Maneka Gandhi is Lit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/don-t-fear-author-maneka-is-here/story-mORamPR5qvQlXExSM5u3KI.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=6 February 2024 |title=Medha Shri Dahiya, India Head of Customer Success At Wildr, Shares Insights on Interim Budget 2024 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/news/medha-shri-dahiya-india-head-of-customer-success-shares-insights-on-interim-budget-2024-2716974.html |archive-url= |work=Zee News}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dahiya has worked with largest Indian English daily The [[The Times of India|Times of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medha Shri/Author/Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toireporter/author-MEDHA-SHRI-479204465.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and [[Hindustan Times]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=News/Author/Medha Shri Dahiya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/author/medha-shri-dahiya-101608310497621 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> She currently serves as the India Head of Customer Success<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=6 December 2023 |title=Medha Shri joins social media app Wildr as Head of Customer Success |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/medha-shri-joins-social-media-app-wildr-as-head-of-customer-success/ }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=WildrCoin Waitlist Launched, Users Register to Get Rewarded for Positivity! |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/wildrcoin-waitlist-launched-users-register-to-get-rewarded-for-positivity20240112184559/ |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref> at Wildr, a troll-free social media app. In 2020, she took charge as the editor-in-chief,<ref>{{Cite web |title=HT's Medha Shri joins as Editor-in-Chief of OS.ME |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/announcements-news/hts-medha-shri-joins-osme-as-editor-in-chief-109247.html |website=Exchange 4 Media |date=25 November 2020 }}</ref> os.me, a blogging platform. Later, she worked at Explurger as Content and Communications Head. Explurger is a social media application co- founded by [[Sonu Sood]].<ref name=":2" />

She is an advisor of Kalinga Literary Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medha Shri |url=https://kalingaliteraryfestival.com/speakers/medha-shri-dahiya/ |website=[[Kalinga Literary Festival]] |date=14 October 2021 }}</ref> She is on the advisory board of NGO, Meals of Happiness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Team |url=https://mealsofhappiness.org/our-team/ |website=Meals of Happiness}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In an interview, Dahiya quoted hairstylist [[Sapna Bhavnani]] saying, "[[Salman Khan]] dances like a monkey in stupid movies."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dahiya |first=Medha |date=22 August 2016 |title=Salman dances like a monkey in stupid movies; misuses people: Sapna Bhavnani |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/salman-dances-like-a-monkey-in-his-stupid-f-all-movies-sapna-bhavnani/story-3U9vvcnt3mGR0JRfZuImeJ.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> After the interview appeared in ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Sapna was bashed online.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Shriya |date=23 August 2016 |title=Sapna Bhavnani Got Candid About Her Dislike For Salman And Didn't Hold Anything Back |url=https://www.storypick.com/sapna-bhavnani-interview/ |website=(Storypick)}}</ref> Sapna then landed in a Twitter fight with Medha Shri.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Khare |first=Sameeksha |date=23 August 2016 |title=Sapna Bhavnani Calls Salman a Pig, Fights With Reporter in Tweets |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/sapna-bhavnani-calls-salman-khan-a-pig-fights-with-reporter-in-tweets |work=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> Sapna accused Dahiya of using 'clickbaity title'.<ref name=":3" /> This was widely covered by media houses. Later, in an article in ''Hindustan Times'' titled "Hey! ‘Unethical’ Media, You Didn't Misquote Me. And I will Sulk", Dahiya wrote, '[Sapna Bhabnani] insisted she was saying so ‘on record’, and repeatedly said, ‘you can quote me on this... you quote me on this’, while giving this particular quote.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 201 |title=Hey! 'Unethical' media, you didn't misquote me. And I will sulk |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hey-unethical-media-you-didn-t-misquote-me-and-i-will-sulk/story-gcxnsZndLuiZoQLRBxyRxI.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

In an article in ''The Times of India'', Dahiya broke the news that Indian film actors [[Sushmita Sen]] and [[Preity Zinta]] had enrolled for [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor's Degree]] at [[School of Open Learning]], [[Delhi University]], but withdrew their admission without completing their degrees.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shri |first=Medha |date=16 July 2019 |title=Preity, Sush in DU? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/preity-sush-in-du-/articleshow/4780212.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hindustantimes.com/author/medha-shri-dahiya-101608310497621 Medha Shri Dahiya Author Page]
* [https://kalingaliteraryfestival.com/speakers/medha-shri-dahiya/ Official Website of Kalinga Literary Festival announces Medha Shri Dahiya as the advisor]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dahiya, Medha Shri}}
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Indian women newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:The Times of India journalists]]
[[Category:Hindustan Times journalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Miranda House alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University Students Union]]

Jaish-e-Mohammed

2026-03-08T11:44:33Z

Andreasujg:

{{Short description|Deobandi-jihadist Pakistani militant organization}}
{{Distinguish|Jaysh Muhammad al-Fatih}}
{{Redirect|JeM|other uses|Jem (disambiguation)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox War Faction
| name = Jaish-e-Mohammed
| native_name = {{nq|جيشِ محمدؐ}}
| native_name_lang = ur
| war = [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
| image = [[File:Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg|200px|border]]
| caption = The flag of Jaish-e-Mohammed
| active = 2000–present
| allegiance = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]<ref name="afintl.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.afintl.com/en/202410090797|title=Many Jihadi Groups In Asia & Africa Pledge Allegiance To Taliban Leader, Group Sources|website=[[Afghanistan International]]|date=9 October 2024}}</ref>
| ideology = {{Nowrap|[[Deobandi jihadism]]<ref name="Moj intro">{{harvp|Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement|2015|p=98}}: "Deobandis like Masood Azhar, a graduate of Jamia Binouria who later set up a jihadist outfit named Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) in 2000, reportedly at the behest of Pakistan's military establishment."</ref> [[Sunni]] [[Islamism]]<ref name="bbcprofile">{{cite news |title=Jaish-e-Mohammad: A profile |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2002-02-06 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1804228.stm |access-date=2009-12-02 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428060751/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1804228.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islamic fundamentalism]]<ref name="bbcprofile"/>}}
| leader = [[Masood Azhar]]
| leader1_title = Supreme Commander
| leader1_name = [[Abdul Rauf Azhar]]<ref name="Sridevi">{{Cite web |last=Sridevi |first=Prema |title=Masood Azhar, JeM Founder: Is His Brother Dead or Alive? |url=https://theprobe.in/security/masood-azhar-jem-founder-is-his-brother-dead-or-alive-9057210 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=theprobe.in |language=en}}</ref>
| clans = [[Al-Akhtar Trust]] [[Lashkar-e-Mustafa]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url = https://thekashmirwalla.com/kashmir-tigers-another-militant-outfit-emerges-fourth-in-two-years/|title = Kashmir Tigers: Another militant outfit emerges, fourth in two years|date = 23 January 2021|access-date = 22 October 2021|archive-date = 22 October 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211022120838/https://thekashmirwalla.com/kashmir-tigers-another-militant-outfit-emerges-fourth-in-two-years/|url-status = usurped}}</ref>
| headquarters = [[Bahawalpur]], [[Pakistan]]<ref name="BBCUrdu7May">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=انڈیا نے چھ مئی کی شب پاکستان اور اس کے زیرِ انتظام کشمیر میں کن مقامات کو نشانہ بنایا؟ |trans-title=What locations did India target in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir on the night of May 6? |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/articles/c5yly8pg7rgo |website=[[BBC Urdu]] |language=ur|trans-quote=It is worth noting that Bahawalpur is also home to the central headquarters of the banned organization Jaish-e-Mohammad, and Madrasa al-Sabir and Jamia Masjid al-Subhan are part of it.}}</ref><ref name="IISS15May">{{Cite web |last=Roy-Chaudhury |first=Rahul |date=15 May 2025 |title=India–Pakistan drone and missile conflict: differing and disputed narratives |publisher=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2025/05/indiapakistan-drone-and-missile-conflict-differing-and-disputed-narratives/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515193358/https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2025/05/indiapakistan-drone-and-missile-conflict-differing-and-disputed-narratives/ |archive-date=15 May 2025|quote=Significantly, these included the headquarters of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, the group blamed for the Pahalgam attack, in Muridke, 50 kilometres from Lahore; and the headquarters of the Jaish-e-Mohammed terror group in Bhawalpur, over 100 km from the Indian border. Both cities are in Pakistani Punjab.}}</ref><ref name="TheDiplomat">{{Cite web |last=Shahid |first=Kunwar Khuldune |date=31 May 2025 |title=Pakistan and the Latest Reincarnation of Lashkar-e-Taiba |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/05/pakistan-and-the-latest-reincarnation-of-lashkar-e-taiba/ |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
| area = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| attacks = *[[2001 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly car bombing]]
*[[2001 Indian Parliament attack]]
*[[2016 Pathankot attack]]
*[[2016 Uri attack]]
*[[2019 Pulwama attack]]
| status = Active
| size = Unknown
| partof = [[United Jihad Council]] [[Operation Tupac]]<ref name=FAS>
{{cite web |url = https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |title = Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |publisher = [[Federation of American Scientists]] |author = John Pike |date = 25 July 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131913/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |archive-date=15 May 2008}}
</ref>
| previous =
| next =
| allies = '''State allies''' 
* {{flag|Pakistan}} (alleged, denied by Pakistan)<ref name="afintl.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gabol |first=Imran |date=2024-03-10 |title=CTD arrests 23 suspected militants in Punjab |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1820450 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>
* {{flag|Afghanistan}} ([[Taliban]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Taliban's Kashmir policy: Rhetoric, ideology, and interests |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/talibans-kashmir-policy/?amp |publisher=Observer Research Foundation |access-date=21 September 2022 |quote=Essentially, JeM maintains eight camps in Afghanistan’s Nangahar—three of which are under the direct control of the [[Taliban]]. |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405034143/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/talibans-kashmir-policy/?amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Popovic |first=Milos |title=The Perils of Weak Organization: Explaining Loyalty and Defection of Militant Organizations Toward Pakistan |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |volume=38 |number=11 |year=2015 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2015.1063838 |s2cid=108668097 |page=925}}</ref>
'''Non-State allies''' 
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda]]{{sfnp|Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization|2015|pp=921, 925, 926}}<ref name="Riedel Al-Qaeda">{{harvp|Riedel, Deadly Embrace|2012}}: "The answer is JeM's friend and ally, Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda." (p. 69) "Or as Pakistan's interior minister Rehman Malik has put it, "They—Lashkar-e-Janghvi, the Sipah-e-Sohaba Pakistan, and Jaish-e-Mohammad—are allies of the Taliban and al Qaeda" and do indeed pursue many of the same goals." (p. 100)</ref>
** {{flagicon image|Flag of AQIS.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent|AQIS]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg}} [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]]
* {{flagicon image|Al-Badr flag.svg}} [[Al-Badr (India)|Al-Badr]]
* [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Sipah-e-Sahaba.jpg}} [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]]<ref name="satp" /><ref name="cable" /> (until 2018)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]]<ref name="map">[http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/pak Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319070309/http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/pak |date=19 March 2023 }}. ''Mapping Militants''. [[Stanford University]].</ref> (until 2024)
* [[Al Rashid Trust]]<ref name="map"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Indian Mujahideen]]<ref>[https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/indian-mujahideen-2012 Indian Mujahideen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909070625/https://www.start.umd.edu/baad/database/indian-mujahideen-2012 |date=9 September 2022 }}. [[Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism]].</ref>
* [[People’s Anti-Fascist Front]]<ref name="tt">{{cite web | url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/peoples-anti-fascist-front-paff-jammu-and-kashmir/ | title=People's Anti-Fascist Front (PAFF) – Jammu & Kashmir | website=Tracking Terrorism | access-date=26 October 2022 | archive-date=4 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004180601/https://trackingterrorism.org/group/peoples-anti-fascist-front-paff-jammu-and-kashmir/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Hamas}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hamas Leaders Visited Pakistani kashmir': Israel Envoy On Link With Pak-Based Lashkar|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hamas-leaders-visited-pakistan-occupied-kashmir-israel-envoy-reuven-azar-on-coordination-among-terrorists-8245254|access-date=25 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hamas leaders visited Pakistan multiple times in the last one years|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hamas-pak-trying-to-link-jk-terrorism-to-fight-against-israel/articleshow/120562966.cms|access-date=25 April 2025}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg}} [[Pakistani Taliban]]<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title='Failed To Liberate Kashmir': Taliban mock 'incompetent' Pak Army; Refute Indian proxy charge| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdC3IKY-fgk|access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TTP condemned the Indian attack and expressed soldiery with Masood Azhar TTP also slams Pakistan Army over killing of Masood Azhar's family|url=https://newsvibesofindia.com/ttp-slams-pakistan-army-over-killing-of-masood-azhars-family-members-in-indian-attack/|access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>
| opponents = '''State opponents''' 
*{{flag|India}}
| battles = *[[Kashmir conflict]]
**[[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
| designated_as_terror_group_by = {{hlist
|[[Australia]]
|[[Canada]]<ref name="canada-list">{{cite web|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx|title=Currently listed entities|work=Public Safety Canada|date=21 December 2018|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728171301/https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx|archive-date=28 July 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[India]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|[[Russia]]
|[[United Arab Emirates]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[United States]]
|[[United Nations|UN]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Freedman |first=Benjamin |date=May 2010 |title=Officially Blacklisted Extremist/Terrorist (Support) Organizations: a Comparison of Lists from six Countries and two International Organizations |url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/governance-and-global-affairs/isga/perspectives-on-terrorism/2010-2.pdf |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=46–52 |jstor=26298448 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716093916/https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/governance-and-global-affairs/isga/perspectives-on-terrorism/2010-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[BRICS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/qGrkGqzoC99RAMe9nmjpdP/Brics-2017-Nations-voice-concern-over-terror-groups-includ.html|title=BRICS declaration names Pakistan-based terror groups in diplomatic victory for India|date=4 September 2017|publisher=Mint.com|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420002505/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/qGrkGqzoC99RAMe9nmjpdP/Brics-2017-Nations-voice-concern-over-terror-groups-includ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| url =
}}
{{Deobandism}}
'''Jaish-e-Mohammed''' ('''JeM''') is a [[Deobandi jihadism|Deobandi-jihadist]] Pakistani [[militant]] group active in [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Yudhijit|date=2020-03-19|title=The Terrorist Who Got Away|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/magazine/masood-azhar-jaish.html|access-date=2021-05-20|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021222739/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/magazine/masood-azhar-jaish.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot intro">{{harvp|Jaffrelot, ''The Pakistan Paradox''|2015|p=520}}: "as soon as he was freed, Masood Azhar was back in Pakistan where he founded a new jihadist movement, Jaish-e-Mohammed, which became one of the jihadist groups the ISI used in Kashmir and elsewhere."</ref><ref name="congressional" /> The group's primary motive is to separate [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] from [[India]] and integrate it into [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Al Jazeera Staff |title=Who are the armed groups India accuses Pakistan of backing? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/9/who-are-the-armed-groups-india-accuses-pakistan-of-backing |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

Since its inception in 2000, the group has carried out several terrorist attacks on civilian, economic, and military targets in India.<ref name="bbcprofile"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Attack_May_Spoil_Kashmir_Summit.html |title=Attack May Spoil Kashmir Summit |publisher=SpaceWar.com |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211181801/https://www.spacewar.com/reports/Attack_May_Spoil_Kashmir_Summit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It portrays Kashmir as a "gateway" to the entire India, whose Muslims it deems to be in need of liberation. It maintains close relations and alliances with the [[Taliban]], [[al-Qaeda]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]], [[Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind]], [[Indian Mujahideen]].<ref name=Moj2>{{harvp|Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement|2015|p=98}}: "In addition to guerilla activities in Kashmir, JeM kept close ties with the Taliban as well as al-Qaeda in Afghanistan."</ref>{{sfnp|Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization|2015|pp=921, 925, 926}}<ref name="Riedel Al-Qaeda"/>

JeM was allegedly created with the support of Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI),<ref name="Moj intro"/><ref>{{harvp|Rashid, Descent into Chaos|2012|loc=Glossary}}: "Jaish-e-Mohammed— ... militant group... formed in 2000 by the ISI and Maulana Masud Azhar in the aftermath of the hijacking of an Air India plane to Kandahar."</ref><ref name="Riedel intro">{{harvp|Riedel, Deadly Embrace|2012|p=69}}: "the ISI-supported, if not created, Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) terror organization."</ref> which is using it to carry out terrorist attacks in [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmir]] and rest of [[Terrorism in India|India]].<ref name="Fair ISI">{{citation |author=C. Christine Fair |author-link=C. Christine Fair |title=Bringing back the Dead: Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe-Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase |newspaper=[[Huffington Post]] |date=12 January 2016 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/cchristinefair/bringingbackthedeadwh_b_8955224.html |quote=This interpretation of the attack as 'peace spoiler' misses the strategic element of the ISI's revival of Jaish-e-Mohammad...}}</ref><ref name="Riedel ISI">{{cite news |author=Bruce Riedel |author-link=Bruce Riedel |title=Blame Pakistani Spy Service for Attack on Indian Air Force Base |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/01/05/blame-pakistani-spy-service-for-attack-on-indian-air-force-base.html |newspaper=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=5 January 2016 |access-date=8 October 2016 |archive-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503130537/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/01/05/blame-pakistani-spy-service-for-attack-on-indian-air-force-base.html |url-status=live }}: "His group is technically illegal in Pakistan but enjoys the continuing patronage of the ISI."</ref> Due to sustained international pressure against [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|Pakistan sponsored terrorism]], JeM was banned in Pakistan in 2002 as a formality. However, the organization was never seriously disrupted or dismantled.<ref name="Riedel ban">{{harvp|Riedel, Deadly Embrace|2012|p=70}}: "But the ban was only a formality; neither organization [LeT and JeM] was seriously disrupted or dismantled. Hardly touched by the crackdown, LeT was spared the most."</ref> Its arrested leaders were subsequently released without any charges and permitted to re-form under new names.<ref name="Majidyar ban">{{harvp|Majidyar, Could Taliban take over Punjab?|2010|p=3}}: "Pakistani jails have revolving doors, and even high-profile detainees like JeM leader Maulana Masood Azhar and LeT chief Hafiz Muhammad Saeed were soon free men. Banned organizations resurfaced under new names or as charities..."</ref><ref name="Gregory ban">{{harvp|Gregory, The ISI and the War on Terrorism|2007|pp=1022–1023}}: "However, most of those arrested were subsequently released without any charges and the separatist/Islamic Jihadis groups, such as the ISI creations Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, have been permitted to re-form, some of them under different names."</ref> Its variants openly continue operations under different names or charities in several facilities in Pakistan.<ref name="mcclatchy"/><ref name=livesfreely/>

According to [[B. Raman]], Jaish-e-Mohammed is viewed as the "deadliest" and "the principal Islamic terrorist organisation in Jammu and Kashmir".<ref name="congressional">{{harvp|Cronin et al., Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)|2004|pp=40–43}}</ref><ref name=braman>{{cite web|last1=Raman |first1=B. |year=2001 |title=Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)—A Backgrounder |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers4%5Cpaper332.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616015345/http://southasiaanalysis.org//papers4/paper332.html |archive-date=June 16, 2010}}</ref> The group was responsible for several attacks: the [[2001 attack on Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly]], the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]], the [[2016 Pathankot attack|2016 Pathankot airbase attack]], the 2016 attack on the Indian Mission in [[Mazar-i-Sharif]], the [[2016 Uri attack]], and the [[2019 Pulwama attack]], each of which has had strategic consequences for [[India–Pakistan relations]].<ref name="Praveen Swami">[[Praveen Swami]], [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/kashmir-masood-azhar-talha-rashid-killed-jaish-e-muhammad-lashkar-hizb-ul-mujahideen-indian-army-militancy-terrorism-4930417/ How significant is Jaish-e-Muhammad in Kashmir today?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215932/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/kashmir-masood-azhar-talha-rashid-killed-jaish-e-muhammad-lashkar-hizb-ul-mujahideen-indian-army-militancy-terrorism-4930417/ |date=11 November 2020 }}, The Indian Express, 10 November 2017.</ref> The group has been [[List of designated terrorist groups|designated as a terrorist organisation]] by [[Pakistan]], [[Russia]], [[Australia]], [[Canada]],<ref name="canada-list"/> [[India]], [[New Zealand]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[European Union]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Australia – Jaish e Mohammed (JeM) |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=pjcis%2Fsix+terrorist%2Fjem.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725095133if_/https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=pjcis%2Fsix+terrorist%2Fjem.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Parliament of Australia}}</ref> the [[United Kingdom]],<ref name="Proscribed"/> the [[United States]], and the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list|title=Sanctions List Materials—United Nations Security Council|website=un.org|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216040651/https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Origins==
Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) is said to have created Jaish-e-Mohammed by working with several [[Deobandi]] Islamic jihadis associated with [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]].<ref name=thedead>[[C. Christine Fair]], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/cchristinefair/bringingbackthedeadwh_b_8955224.html Bringing back the Dead: Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe-Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase], Huffington Post, 12 January 2016.</ref><ref name="Riedel">{{cite news |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Riedel |date=5 January 2016 |title=Blame Pakistani Spy Service for Attack on Indian Air Force Base |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/01/05/blame-pakistani-spy-service-for-attack-on-indian-air-force-base.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503130537/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/01/05/blame-pakistani-spy-service-for-attack-on-indian-air-force-base.html |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=7 October 2016 |newspaper=The Daily Beast}}</ref>{{sfnp|Rashid, Descent into Chaos|2012|ps=: "formed in 2000 by ISI and Maulana Masud Azhar in the aftermath of the hijacking of an Air India plane to Kandahar"}} By the late 1990s, states [[Ahmed Rashid]], the [[Pakistani military]] justified ''[[jihad]]'' in Kashmir as a legitimate part of its foreign policy. Harkat had been set up in mid-1990s with ISI support to carry out "spectacular acts of terrorism". The United States declared it an Islamic jihadist group in 1998 and bombed its training camps in Afghanistan.{{sfnp|Rashid, Descent into Chaos|2012|loc=Chapter 6}}

In December 1999, Harkat Islamic jihadis hijacked the [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] scheduled to fly from [[Kathmandu]] to [[Delhi]], and diverted it to [[Kandahar]], where they were looked after by the Afghan [[Taliban]] and the Pakistani officials stationed at the airport. After they slit the throat of a passenger, the Indian government agreed to their demands and released [[Maulana Masood Azhar]], [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]] and [[Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar]], three Harkat operatives previously imprisoned in India.{{sfnp|Jaffrelot, The Pakistan Paradox|2015|p=520}} The released prisoners were escorted to Pakistan by the ISI,<ref name=thedead/> and Masood Azhar was chosen to head the new group Jaish-e-Mohammed. The ISI is said to have paraded him on a victory tour through Pakistan to raise money for the new organisation.<ref name="Barzilai2014">{{citation |last=Barzilai |first=Yaniv |title=102 Days of War: How Osama bin Laden, al Qaeda & the Taliban Survived 2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0KkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |year=2014 |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-61234-533-8 |page=97}}</ref> Some analysts argue that ISI built up the JeM to counter the growing power of [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT).{{sfnp|Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization|2015|p=926}} Many analysts believed that around 1999, Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) used JeM to fight in Kashmir and other places, and continues to provide it backing.{{sfnp|Jaffrelot, The Pakistan Paradox|2015|p=520}}{{sfnp|Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement|2015|p=98}}<ref name=thedead/> Although the JeM has been officially banned in Pakistan since 2002, it continues to openly operate several facilities in the country.<ref name="mcclatchy">{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Saeed |title=Terror group builds big base under Pakistani officials' noses |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24554758.html |agency=McClatchy newspapers |date=13 September 2009 |access-date=2 October 2016 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120000226/https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24554758.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Azhar's leadership is said to be nominal. The group has a largely decentralised structure. JeM's membership, drawn from the former members of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, was allied to the Taliban in Afghanistan and [[Al Qaeda]]. The members had shared the Al Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan and carried loyalty to Al Qaeda.{{sfnp|Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization|2015|pp=921, 925, 926}}<ref name="congressional"/><ref name="The World Reporter">{{cite news|url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/03/jem-top-commander-killed-in-encounter.html|title=JeM top commander killed in encounter in Kashmir|newspaper=World Reporter|author=Sanskar Shrivastava|date=10 March 2011|access-date=10 March 2011|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417055044/https://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/03/jem-top-commander-killed-in-encounter.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A majority of the members of Harkat are said to have followed Azhar into the newly founded group, leaving Harkat under-funded and under-supported.<ref name=congressional/><ref name=braman/>

==History==
===2000–2001===
On 20 April 2000, JeM carried out the first suicide bombing in Kashmir, exploding a bomb in an Indian army barracks. Five Indian soldiers were killed.{{sfnp|Rashid, Descent into Chaos|2012|loc=Chapter 6}}
{{Jihadism sidebar}}
{{Islamism sidebar}}
Following the [[September 11 attacks]] in the United States, the [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf government]] joined the United States in the [[war on terror]], assuming that the move would give it a free hand in supporting militancy in Kashmir.{{sfnp|Rashid, Descent into Chaos|2012|loc=Chapter 6}} In October 2001, JeM carried out a [[2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing|bombing near the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly]], killing 38 people and claiming responsibility for it.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1574225.stm Militants attack Kashmir assembly], BBC News, 1 October 2001</ref> In December 2001, JeM and LeT militants launched a ''[[fidayeen]]'' attack on the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|Indian Parliament]] waging a battle with the security personnel.<ref name=Riedel/> Eight security personnel and a gardener were killed, but the attack was foiled. JeM claimed responsibility for the attack, but removed the announcement a day later under pressure from the ISI.{{sfnp|Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization|2015|p=926}} The Indian Government accused the LeT and JeM of being involved in the attack. Subsequently, four JeM members were caught by Indian authorities and put on trial. All four were found guilty of playing various roles in the incident. One of the accused, [[Afzal Guru]], was sentenced to death.<ref name="4 convicted in attack">{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090111094828/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/12/17/stories/2002121705260100.htm 4 convicted in attack]}}. ''The Hindu'', 17 December 2002. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref>

Security specialist [[Bruce Riedel]] comments that even by the standards of modern terrorism, this was an extraordinary attack. If the Prime Minister or a senior party leader of India was killed in the attack, India would have been forced to retaliate militarily.{{sfnp|Riedel, Deadly Embrace|2012|p=69}} In the event, India called the terror attack an "attack on democracy" and began [[2001 India Pakistan standoff|large-scale troop mobilisation]] at the India-Pakistan border, launching the largest war games in fifteen years. Pakistan retaliated by launching its own war games, moving troops from the Afghan border to the Indian border. The United States, annoyed with the dilution of the war on terror as well as the threat of an Indo-Pakistani war, delivered an ultimatum to Musharraf, asking him to make "a clear statement to the world that he intends to crack down on terror". Pushed to a corner, Musharraf announced on 12 January 2002 that no organisation would be allowed to indulge in terrorism in the name of Kashmir. He declared a ban on five extremist groups including the JeM. Hundreds of militants were rounded up, states Ahmed Rashid, giving rise to severe hostility and derision from them. However, by March 2002, all the arrested militants were freed and curbs on them were quietly lifted.{{sfnp|Rashid, Descent into Chaos|2012|loc=Chapter 6}} Financial and intelligence inputs to JeM were resumed. Masood Azhar was released under a court order.{{sfnp|Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization|2015|p=927}}

===Bans, revolts and split===
Earlier in 2001, when the group anticipated that the US State Department would declare it a foreign Islamic jihadist organisation, it renamed itself ''Tehrik-ul-Furqan'' and transferred its assets to low-profile supporters. JeM was declared a foreign Islamic jihadist organisation by the United Nations in October 2001 and by the US in December 2001.{{sfnp|Gunaratna & Kam, Handbook of Terrorism|2016|p=230}}

In response to the January 2002 ban by Pakistan, JeM changed its name to '''Khuddam ul-Islam'''. Khuddam was also banned in 2003, after which it re-branded itself as a charity called ''Al-Rehmat Trust'' through which they are accused of raising funds for their activities.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/article/how-jaish-e-mohammed-funding-terror-acts-heres-a-look-at-its-source-of-income/373997 | title=How Jaish-e-Mohammed funds terror acts. Here's a look at its source of income | date=28 February 2019 | access-date=23 August 2022 | archive-date=23 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823133925/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/article/how-jaish-e-mohammed-funding-terror-acts-heres-a-look-at-its-source-of-income/373997 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="congressional"/><ref name=rebirth/>

By this time, the JeM had split into two groups, due to conflicts among the members. Three JeM commanders, Abdul Jabbar, Maulana Umar Farooq and Abdullah Shah Mazhar, left the group and formed ''Jamaat ul-Furqan''. The remaining group that stayed with Masood Azhar used the name ''Khuddam ul-Islam''.{{sfnp|Gunaratna & Kam, Handbook of Terrorism|2016|p=230}}

The rank and file of the JeM were angered by Musharraf's U-turn in joining the war on terror. By staying loyal to the Pakistani state, Masood Azhar lost majority support in the JeM Supreme Council, who demanded his resignation. Particularly influential among the rebels was Maulana Abdul Jabbar, whose faction led a ''jihad'' against what they called the "slave" government of Pakistan and the US influence upon it. They were supported by Al Qaeda, and joined by members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] and Harkatul Mujahideen.{{sfnp|Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization|2015|p=927}}

From March to September 2002, the rebels carried out suicide missions on Pakistani officials in cities like Islamabad, Karachi, Murree, Taxila and Bahawalpur. After the fall of the Taliban government, the JeM activists returning from Afghanistan attacked Christian churches, Shia mosques and diplomatic missions inside Pakistan. The ISI demanded Masood Azhar to rein in the rank-and-file. However he had lost control over them. He maintained that they were already expelled from the organisation and the state should arrest them. In fact, most of the factions remained within the JeM and competed with the parent organisation for authority and resources. Some rebellious factions gathered around Abdul Jabbar who launched ''Jamaat-ul-Furqan'' in late 2002. The rebel factions were supported by "rogue" members of the ISI. In November 2003, the Musharraf government banned the renamed ''Khuddam ul-Islam'' as well as ''Jamaat-ul-Furqan''. Then the rebels carried out two assassination attempts on President Musharraf himself, on 14 December and 25 December 2003. There was evidence of Pakistan military members providing logistical support for the attempts. The explosives used in the bombings were traced to an Al Qaeda camp in South Waziristan. Masood Azhar too had publicly called for the assassination of Musharraf.{{sfnp|Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization|2015|pp=927-928}}

Eventually, the government cracked down on the rogue elements in the military and intelligence establishments. More than a hundred members were apprehended and dismissed, with some members being sentenced to death. However, the majority of the militant infrastructure was left intact. Azhar's group, which had fallen into relative obscurity by 2004, was allowed to rebuild itself after the problematic portions of the leadership were purged.{{sfnp|Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization|2015|p=929}} The rebellious factions eventually realigned themselves with [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (Pakistani Taliban) in 2007.<ref name=thedead/>

===Revival===
Masood Azhar stayed loyal to the Pakistani state after 2004. Pakistan in turn protected his group despite the official bans. The group continued to grow in [[Bahawalpur]].<ref name=thedead/> In 2009, it was reported to have built a large 6.5 acre walled complex in Bahawalpur, along with a swimming pool and a stable for a dozen horses, which could be used for training militants.<ref name=mcclatchy/> ''[[India Today]]'' later revealed that the complex has been branded as 'Jamia Masjid Subhan Allah' and that it was 8 km. away from the headquarters of Pakistan Army's [[XXXI Corps (Pakistan)|XXXI Corps]].<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-terror-attack-jaish-e-mohammed-headquarters-in-pakistan-bahawalpur-india-today-exclusive-1457818-2019-02-16 JeM chief gets Osama-style protection: India Today zeroes in on Jaish den in Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216173655/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-terror-attack-jaish-e-mohammed-headquarters-in-pakistan-bahawalpur-india-today-exclusive-1457818-2019-02-16 |date=16 February 2019 }}, ''India Today'', 16 February 2019.</ref> In the centre of the city, the group ran an "imposing" madrassa, attended by hundreds of children every year. In 2008, the organization held a massive three-day rally in the city, with its own armed security guards posted at all the entrances to the city centre. The police were conspicuous by their absence.<ref name=mcclatchy/>

Masood Azhar kept a low profile for several years until he resurfaced in 2014, giving fiery speeches calling for more attacks on India and the United States. He boasted of having 300 suicide attackers at his command and threatened to kill [[Narendra Modi]] if he were to become the Prime Minister.<ref name=Riedel/><ref name=Kugelman>{{citation |author=Michael Kugelman |title=Five Pakistani Militants we should be Paying More Attention to |newspaper=War on the Rocks |date=1 May 2014 |url=http://warontherocks.com/2014/05/five-pakistani-militants-we-should-be-paying-more-attention-to/ |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010043413/http://warontherocks.com/2014/05/five-pakistani-militants-we-should-be-paying-more-attention-to/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Bruce Riedel]] connects the revival of JeM to the return to office of Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]], who had long advocated a 'détente' with India. The developing links between him and the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, especially following the latter's visit to Lahore on the Christmas Day in 2015, angered the group.<ref name=Riedel/>

===2016===
A week after Narendra Modi's visit to Pakistan, the group launched an attack on the [[2016 Pathankot attack|Pathankot air base]] in which seven security personnel were killed. This was immediately followed by an attack on the Indian consulate in [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] in Afghanistan.<ref name=Riedel/> Both India and Pakistan condemned the attack and stayed on course with their peace process. Pakistan has also followed on the leads provided by India and carried out raids on the offices of JeM. It announced the formation of a joint investigation team with India to investigate the attack.<ref name=SumitKumar>{{citation |author=Sumit Kumar |title=The Pathankot Airbase Attack and the Future of India-Pakistan Relations |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/the-pathankot-airbase-attack-and-the-future-of-india-pakistan-relations/ |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=12 January 2016 |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910062958/http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/the-pathankot-airbase-attack-and-the-future-of-india-pakistan-relations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also announced that Masood Azhar was taken into "protective custody".<ref>{{citation |author=Ankit Panda |title=Post-Pathankot Attack, Pakistani Investigative Team Arrives in India |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/post-pathankot-attack-pakistani-investigative-team-arrives-in-india/ |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=29 March 2016 |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-date=6 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006223349/http://thediplomat.com/2016/03/post-pathankot-attack-pakistani-investigative-team-arrives-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, JeM issued a statement denying that anybody had been arrested.<ref>{{cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |date=15 January 2016 |title=No one arrested, we are still in business, says Jaish-e-Mohammad |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/no-one-arrested-we-are-still-in-business-says-jaish-e-muhammad/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825101834/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/no-one-arrested-we-are-still-in-business-says-jaish-e-muhammad/ |archive-date=25 August 2016 |access-date=7 October 2016 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In April 2016, the JeM chief Masood Azhar was said to be free but "within reach, if needed". According to [[Riaz Hussain Pirzada]], the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|Member of National Assembly]] from Bahawalpur, the "breeding grounds" still remained and the madrassas were still being financed.<ref name=livesfreely>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/pakistan-didn-t-detain-masood-azhar-after-pathankot-attack-report/story-QlXZi7xMlPtaPNF1ZVg1NJ.html JeM's Azhar lives freely in Pakistan, govt never detained him: Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005073455/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/pakistan-didn-t-detain-masood-azhar-after-pathankot-attack-report/story-QlXZi7xMlPtaPNF1ZVg1NJ.html |date=5 October 2016 }}, ''Hindustan Times'', 26 April 2016.</ref> According to an official, Nawaz Sharif ordered the Counterterrorism Department to crack down on the organisation but, in a high-level meeting, the army chief General [[Raheel Sharif]] pressured the Prime Minister to hand over the crackdown to the Army, after which "no one knows what happened".<ref name=rebirth>{{citation |author=Umer Ali |title=Pakistan: The Rebirth of Jihad |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/08/pakistan-the-rebirth-of-jihad/ |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=18 August 2016 |access-date=2 October 2016 |archive-date=3 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003082130/http://thediplomat.com/2016/08/pakistan-the-rebirth-of-jihad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' reported the Punjab Chief Minister [[Shahbaz Sharif]] as saying that, whenever civilian authorities took action against certain groups, the security establishment worked behind the scenes to set them free. The government however denied the accuracy of the report.<ref>{{citation |author=Cyril Almeida |author-link=Cyril Almeida |title=Exclusive: Act against militants or face international isolation, civilians tell military |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1288350/exclusive-act-against-militants-or-face-international-isolation-civilians-tell-military |newspaper=Dawn |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=6 October 2016 |archive-date=6 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006070409/http://www.dawn.com/news/1288350/exclusive-act-against-militants-or-face-international-isolation-civilians-tell-military |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the onset of the [[2016 Kashmir unrest]] in Indian Jammu and Kashmir, all the ''jihadi'' groups in Pakistan held rallies in major cities like [[Lahore]]. The JeM was seen openly raising funds for ''jihad''.<ref name=rebirth/> In September 2016, ''jihadi'' militants [[2016 Uri attack|attacked the Indian brigade headquarters]] in [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]], close to the [[Line of Control]] in Jammu and Kashmir. The attack resulted in the death of 19 soldiers, described as the deadliest attack in over two decades. India suspected JeM for the attack. It also made its feelings felt with heavy rhetoric, the Indian Home Minister calling Pakistan a "terrorist state" and noting that the perpetrators were "highly trained, heavily armed, and specially equipped". Pakistan denied involvement.<ref name=options>{{cite news |author=Ankit Panda |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/gurdaspur-pathankot-and-now-uri-what-are-indias-options/ |title=Gurdaspur, Pathankot, and Now Uri: What Are India's Options? |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=19 September 2016 |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116200050/https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/gurdaspur-pathankot-and-now-uri-what-are-indias-options/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Subsequently in November 2016, the [[2016 Nagrota army base attack|Nagrota Army base attack]] was orchestrated. All hostages were unharmed but multiple casualties were reported from the Indian Army while trying to defuse the situation.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

India then launched a diplomatic offensive, trying to isolate Pakistan in the world community. On 28 September, it declared that it had carried out "[[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|surgical strikes]]" on alleged JeM camps in Pakistani-administered Kashmir. The claim was however denied by Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ankit Panda |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/indian-forces-cross-line-of-control-to-carry-out-surgical-strikes-first-takeaways/ |title=Indian Forces Cross Line of Control to Carry Out 'Surgical Strikes': First Takeaways |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=29 September 2016 |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-date=30 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930180104/https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/indian-forces-cross-line-of-control-to-carry-out-surgical-strikes-first-takeaways/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2019 ===
On 14 February 2019, Jaish-e-Mohammed carried out and claimed responsibility<ref>{{cite news|title=Kashmir Pulwama Terror Attack LIVE News Updates|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-and-kashmir-eight-crpf-injured-in-awantipora-ied-blast-militants-pulwama-live5584067/|access-date=18 February 2019|newspaper=Indian Express|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218075748/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-and-kashmir-eight-crpf-injured-in-awantipora-ied-blast-militants-pulwama-live5584067/|url-status=live}}</ref> for a [[2019 Pulwama attack|suicide attack in Lathpora]] near [[Awantipora]] in Kashmir's Pulwama District on a convoy of security forces, killing least 40 Indian personnel. A bus carrying 39 Central Reserve Police Force personnel was rammed by a car carrying 350 kg of explosives.<ref name="TOI Pulwama">{{cite news |title=Jaish terrorists attack CRPF convoy in Kashmir, kill at least 40 personnel |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 February 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/36-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214233423/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/36-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 26 February 2019, 12 [[Indian Air Force]] [[Mirage 2000]] jets crossed the Line of Control, and dropped precision-guided bombs on an alleged Jaish-e-Mohammed training camp in [[Balakot]], a town in the Khyber province of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Highlights: France Strongly Supports India's Fight Against Cross-Border Terrorism|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-air-force-strikes-terror-camps-across-line-of-control-reports-live-updates-1999288|access-date=2021-05-20|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520183307/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-air-force-strikes-terror-camps-across-line-of-control-reports-live-updates-1999288|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-27|title='Get ready for our surprise': Pakistan warns India it will respond to airstrikes|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/26/pakistan-india-jets-breached-ceasefire-line-kashmir-bomb|access-date=2021-05-20|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803195244/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/26/pakistan-india-jets-breached-ceasefire-line-kashmir-bomb|url-status=live}}</ref> The Pakistani government denied that any damage had been caused by the bombs.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-03-01|title=Abhinandan: Captured Indian pilot handed back by Pakistan|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47412884|access-date=2021-05-20|archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302131948/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47412884|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-01|title=Pakistan returns Indian pilot shot down over Kashmir in peace gesture|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/01/pakistan-hands-back-indian-pilot-shot-down-over-kashmir-in-peace-gesture|access-date=2021-05-20|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520183841/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/01/pakistan-hands-back-indian-pilot-shot-down-over-kashmir-in-peace-gesture|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/01/pakistan-hands-back-indian-pilot-shot-down-over-kashmir-in-peace-gesture | title=Pakistan returns Indian pilot shot down over Kashmir in 'peace gesture' | newspaper=The Guardian | date=March 2019 | last1=Safi | first1=Michael | last2=Zahra-Malik | first2=Mehreen | access-date=15 November 2019 | archive-date=2 March 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302120826/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/01/pakistan-hands-back-indian-pilot-shot-down-over-kashmir-in-peace-gesture | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 27 August 2019, two members of a nomadic community were killed by militants believed to be members of Jaish-e-Mohammed in the higher reaches of Tral in south Kashmir after they were abducted from their temporary shelter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-nomads-abducted-killed-in-suspected-militant-attack-in-kashmir-s-tral-police/story-8vOLnFveYpF8mTIqP5w0oM.html|title=Two nomads abducted, killed in suspected militant attack in Kashmir's Tral: Police|date=28 August 2019|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827230717/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-nomads-abducted-killed-in-suspected-militant-attack-in-kashmir-s-tral-police/story-8vOLnFveYpF8mTIqP5w0oM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2021 ===
After the Taliban seizure of Afghanistan, many JeM cadres were released, the JeM and Taliban have held meetings and the JeM has been assured of all support in carrying out its activities in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=JeM planning attacks in India, say reports |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jem-planning-attacks-in-india-say-reports/article36120687.ece |work=The Hindu |location=New Delhi |date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829170201/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jem-planning-attacks-in-india-say-reports/article36120687.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The Hindustan Times reported on Oct 27, 2021 that JeM's leader Masood Azhar met w/ Taliban leaders including Mullah Baradar in Khandar in late August 2021 seeking their help in the Kashmir fight.

=== 2025 ===
{{Main|2025 India–Pakistan conflict}}

On 7 May 2025, India said that it launched [[missile strikes]] on JeM base camps in Bahawalpur, Pakistan in retaliation for the [[Pahalgam attack]]. Masood Azhar later claimed that several of his family members were killed in the strikes.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |last3=Iyer |first3=Aishwarya S. |last4=Sangal |first4=Aditi |last5=Hammond |first5=Elise |last6=Powell |first6=Tori B. |last7=Yeung |first7=Jessie |last8=Harvey |first8=Lex |last9=Radford |first9=Antoinette |date=2025-05-06 |title=May 7, 2025 India launches attacks on Pakistan after Kashmir massacre |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-attack-kashmir-tourists-intl-hnk |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='No Regret, No Despair': 10 Of Masood Azhar's Family Killed In Op Sindoor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-operation-sindoor-masood-azhar-terror-mastermind-masood-azhar-says-10-family-members-killed-in-op-sindoor-8352368 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> According to Indian officials, his brother, [[Abdul Rauf Azhar]] who took the command of JeM on 21 April 2007, was killed in the strikes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-08 |title=Who was Rauf Azhar, IC 814 hijacking mastermind killed in 'Operation Sindoor'? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-rauf-azhar-jem-chiefs-brother-who-died-in-operation-sindoor-attack-101746700088974.html|access-date=2025-05-09 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-09 |title=Operation Sindoor eliminates top Jaish-e-Mohammad leadership including Abdul Rauf Azhar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/operation-sindoor-eliminates-top-jaish-e-mohammad-leadership-including-abdul-rauf-azhar/articleshow/121000967.cms |access-date=2025-05-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Though this remains unconfirmed, other reports which list wanted terrorist claimed to have been killed in the strikes do not include his name. Masood Azhar, who confirmed the death of 10 members of his family in a statement, also did not list his name among those killed in the strikes.<ref name="Sridevi">{{Cite web |last=Sridevi |first=Prema |title=Masood Azhar, JeM Founder: Is His Brother Dead or Alive? |url=https://theprobe.in/security/masood-azhar-jem-founder-is-his-brother-dead-or-alive-9057210 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=theprobe.in |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2025, rare admissions from top JeM commanders confirmed the destruction of their training camps in Bahawalpur. At the 38th annual Mission Mustafa conference, Jaish-e-Muhammad commander Masood Ilyas Kashmiri revealed that Indian forces "tore into pieces" the family members of [[Masood Azhar]] during the strike in Bahawalpur, and accused Pakistan Army Chief [[Asim Munir]] of sending generals to the funerals of slain terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=Masood Azhar's family 'torn into pieces' in Operation Sindoor, Jaish commander admits {{!}} Video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/jaish-commander-admits-masood-azhars-family-torn-into-pieces-in-op-sindoor-strikes-video-101758007988790.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jonko |first=Anushree |date=2025-09-16 |title=How Jaish Member Exposed Pakistan Army Chief Asim Munir's Terror Tango |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/how-jaish-leader-masood-ilyas-kashmiri-exposed-pakistans-army-chief-asim-munirs-terror-tango-9288258 |access-date=2025-09-21 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

After 12 May, India subsequently conducted more operations in Jammu and Kashmir. On 15 May, Asif Ahmed Sheikh, Amir Nazir Wani, and Yawar Ahmad Bhat — all residents of Pulwama district who were identified as JeM associates — were killed in an [[Encounter killing|encounter]] with Indian security forces in Tral’s Nadir village. They were reportedly shot dead after opening fire on troops during a cordon and search operation based on specific intelligence about their presence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Drone footage shows Jaish terrorists taking cover before being killed in J&K |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jammu-kashmir-tral-encounter-drone-footage-jaish-terrorists-hiding-army-2725155-2025-05-15 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Army Details How 6 Terrorists Were Eliminated In 2 Encounters In J&K |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-sindoor-indian-army-details-how-6-terrorists-were-eliminated-in-2-encounters-in-jammu-and-kashmir-8428064 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2025, Sunil Bahadur Thapa, Advisor to the President of Nepal and former Minister of Industry, warned that groups like Jaish-e-Mohammed could potentially exploit Nepal as a transit point for its activities in India, raising concerns about regional security.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-09 |title=LeT-Jaish terrorists from Pakistan may use Nepal as transit to enter India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/let-jaish-terrorists-from-pakistan-may-use-nepal-as-transit-to-enter-india/articleshow/122347480.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Experts in Nepal underscore greater collaboration among South Asian nations to combat terrorism |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2025/07/09/fes36-nepal-terrorism-experts.html |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

==Ideology and goals==
The declared objective of the JeM is to liberate Kashmir and merge it with Pakistan. However, it projects Kashmir as a "gateway" to all of India, whose Muslims are deemed to be in need of liberation. After liberating Kashmir, it aims to carry out its activities in other parts of India, with an intent to drive Hindus and other non-Muslims from the [[Indian subcontinent]].{{sfnp|Gunaratna & Kam, Handbook of Terrorism|2016|p=229}}<ref name=mapping>{{cite web |title=Jaish-e-Mohammed |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/95 |work=Mapping Militant Organizations |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902015517/https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/95 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="j814">{{cite web | last=Hashim | first=Asad | title=Profile: What is Jaish-e-Muhammad? | website=Al Jazeera | date=1 May 2019 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/5/1/profile-what-is-jaish-e-muhammad | access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref>

JeM also aims to drive the United States and Western forces from Afghanistan.<ref name=mapping/><ref name=NCTC>{{cite web |title=Jaish-e-Mohammed |url=https://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/jem.html |work=Counter Terrorism Guide |publisher=United States National Counter Terrorism Center |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010214512/https://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/jem.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The JeM leader Masood Azhar is reported to have said in a speech in [[Karachi]]:
{{blockquote|Marry for jihad, give birth for jihad and earn money only for jihad till the cruelty of America and India ends.<ref>Quoted in {{harvp|Rashid, Descent into Chaos|2012|loc=Chapter 6}}; See also {{harvp|Innes, Inside British Islam|2014|loc=Chapter 1}}</ref>}}
In late 2002, Christians were targeted across Pakistan and the gunmen belonging to JeM were caught for the acts.{{sfnp|Rashid, Descent into Chaos|2012|loc=Chapter 8}} Some members have attacked members of the Pakistani state and western targets inside Pakistan.{{sfnp|Gunaratna & Kam, Handbook of Terrorism|2016|p=229}} Jewish American journalist [[Daniel Pearl]] was abducted and murdered by [[Ahmed Omar Sheikh]].{{sfnp|Rashid, Descent into Chaos|2012|loc=Chapter 8}}

==Organization==
===Leadership===
JeM's founder and leader (''emir'') is Maulana Masood Azhar, who had earlier been a leader of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. Having trained at the same religious seminary ([[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]] in Karachi) as the Taliban founder [[Mullah Omar]], he had long-standing connections to Taliban and Al Qaeda.<ref name="Roggio 2016">{{cite news|author=Bill Roggio|date=16 January 2016|title=Pakistan again puts Jaish-e-Mohammed leader under 'protective custody'|newspaper=The Long War Journal|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/01/pakistan-again-puts-jaish-e-mohammed-leader-under-protective-custody.php|quote='In 2008, JEM recruitment posters in Pakistan contained a call from Azhar for volunteers to join the fight in Afghanistan against Western forces,' according to the US Treasury's 2010 designation of the group's emir.|access-date=18 October 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404182743/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/01/pakistan-again-puts-jaish-e-mohammed-leader-under-protective-custody.php|url-status=live}}</ref> He had fought in Afghanistan and set up Harkat affiliates in Chechnya, Central Asia and Somalia. He was reputed to have taught the Somalis how to shoot down American [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|Black Hawk]] helicopters.{{sfnp|Rashid, Descent into Chaos|2012|loc=Chapter 6}} He was regarded as a close associate of [[Osama bin Laden]], when he was sent to Britain for fund raising in the early 1990s.{{sfnp|Innes, Inside British Islam|2014|loc=?}} In 1994, Azhar went to Indian-administered Kashmir on a "mission" and got arrested by Indian security forces. Reportedly, Osama bin Laden wanted Azhar freed and ordered Al Qaeda to arrange the hijacking that led to his release. Subsequently, Azhar was lionized in Pakistan and promoted by the ISI as the leader of the new group Jaish-e-Mohammed.{{sfnp|Rashid, Descent into Chaos|2012|loc=Chapter 6}} Azhar was specially designated as a "global Islamic terrorist" by the [[United States Treasury Department]] in 2010.<ref name="Roggio 2016"/>

JeM is run by Azhar's family like a family enterprise.<ref name="The Hindu fortifying">{{cite news |title=India fortifying case to put Jaish on ban list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-fortifying-case-to-put-jaish-on-ban-list/article26426600.ece |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=4 March 2019 |language=en-IN |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028113929/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-fortifying-case-to-put-jaish-on-ban-list/article26426600.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Masood Azhar's brother, [[Abdul Rauf Asghar]], is a senior leader of JeM and its intelligence coordinator. He was one of the hijackers of the flight IC 814 and served as the "acting leader" of JeM in Masood Azhar's absence in 2007. Since 2008, he has been involved with organising suicide attacks in India, including the [[2016 Pathankot attack]], where he was found to have directed the militants via telephone. Abdul Rauf Asghar has also been designated as a "global terrorists" by the United States Treasury Department.<ref name="Roggio 2010">{{cite news |author=Bill Roggio |title=US designates Pakistan-based leaders of Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, Jaish-e-Mohammed as terrorists |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2010/12/us_designates_pakist.php |newspaper=The Long War Journal |date=2 December 2010 |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-date=7 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207063250/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2010/12/us_designates_pakist.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-submit-watertight-case-to-unsc-on-masood-azhar/article9173954.ece India giving 'final touches' to its UNSC proposal on Masood Azhar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001150445/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-submit-watertight-case-to-unsc-on-masood-azhar/article9173954.ece |date=1 October 2016 }}, ''The Hindu'', 1 October 2016.</ref> In 2023, one of its commanders, Shahid Latif, was mysteriously assassinated in a mosque in Daska, [[Sialkot]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-12 |title=2016 Pathankot attack handler Shahid Latif gunned down in Pakistan mosque |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2016-pathankot-attack-handler-shahid-latif-gunned-down-in-pakistan-mosque/articleshow/104333586.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118213931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2016-pathankot-attack-handler-shahid-latif-gunned-down-in-pakistan-mosque/articleshow/104333586.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Membership===
The launch of JeM in Karachi in 2000 was attended by 10,000 armed followers.{{sfnp|Innes, Inside British Islam|2014|loc=Chapter 1}} The majority of the early membership was drawn from Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.<ref name=congressional/> Having fought in Afghanistan alongside the Taliban and Al Qaeda, these members carried loyalty to those organisations and enmity towards the United States.{{sfnp|Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization|2015|pp=921, 925, 926}}

Approximately three-quarters of JeM's membership is drawn from Punjab in Pakistan, from [[Multan District|Multan]], [[Bahawalpur District|Bahawalpur]] and [[Rahim Yar Khan District|Rahim Yar Khan]] districts. This region being the main ethnic origin of the Pakistani military corps, ISI believed that the shared ethnicity would make the JeM aligned to the military's strategic goals. There are also a large number of Afghans and Arabs.{{sfnp|Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization|2015|p=926}}{{sfnp|Honawar, Jaish-e-Mohammed|2005|p=2}} Several western militants of Pakistani origin have also joined the organisation. Prominent among them are [[Rashid Rauf]], who was involved with a [[2006 transatlantic aircraft plot|2006 plot to blow up transatlantic airliners]], [[Shehzad Tanweer]], who was involved with the [[7 July 2005 London bombings|2005 London Underground bombings]], and [[Ahmed Omar Sheikh]], convicted of murdering [[Daniel Pearl]].<ref name=mcclatchy/>

Following the split in 2002, the majority of the original fighters left the parent organisation and joined renegade groups. When the organisation was revived by 2009, JeM was believed to have between one and two thousand fighters and several thousand supporting personnel.{{sfnp|Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization|2015|p=929}} Masood Azhar claimed to have 300 suicide attackers at his command.<ref name=Riedel/>

===Infrastructure===
JeM originally operated training camps in Afghanistan, jointly with the other militant groups. After the fall of the Taliban government, it relocated them to [[Balakot]] and [[Peshawar]] in [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Muzaffarabad]] in [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]].{{sfnp|Honawar, Jaish-e-Mohammed|2005|p=3}} By 2009, it developed a new headquarters in [[Bahawalpur]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]], 420 miles south of [[Islamabad]]. These include a madrassa in the centre of the city and a 6.5 acre walled complex that serves as a training facility, including water training and horse back riding. Bahawalpur also serves as a [[rest and recuperation]] facility for jihadists fighting in Afghanistan, away from the areas of [[Drone strikes in Pakistan|US drone attacks]]. It is also close to the bases of other militant groups with which JeM is believed to have operational ties: [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] in [[Muridke]], [[Sipah-e-Sahaba]] in [[Gojra]], and [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] also based in Punjab. There are at least 500–1000 other madrassas in Bahawalpur, most of which teach a violent version of Islam to children.<ref name=mcclatchy/><ref>
{{cite news |author=Praveen Swami |author-link=Praveen Swami |title=Behind terror attack, a reborn jihad empire |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=3 January 2016 }}</ref>

==== Redevelopment efforts after Indian airstrikes ====
Following the destruction of JeM's key facilities—including its headquarters, Markaz Subhanallah, and four additional training camps namely Markaz Bilal, Markaz Abbas, Mahmona Zoya, and Sargal—in Indian strikes conducted under [[Operation Sindoor]] on 7 May 2025, the group initiated a large-scale reconstruction effort. Indian Intelligence reports indicated that JeM launched a PKR 3.91 billion fundraising campaign aimed at rebuilding these centers and establishing new '313' Markaz centers. Each new markaz was projected to cost PKR 12.5 million, with funding primarily being solicited via digital wallets. Reports also suggested that the Pakistani government had announced plans to redevelop the destroyed centers, and that appeals for donations were being circulated through social media platforms linked to JeM. India blames Pakistan for deliberately avoiding monitoring of the digital wallets.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==== Jamat ul-Muminat ====
JeM's first women's brigade, Jamat ul-Muminat was announced in October 2025 by JeM's propaganda outlet Al-Qalam Media. A letter signed by JeM chief [[Masood Azhar]] disclosed the course of action. According to reports, the new unit's recruitment process started on October 8 in Markaz Usman-o-Ali in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Sadiya Azhar, the sister of Masood Azhar, will lead the women's wing. It was disclosed that the group has begun recruiting economically disadvantaged women who are enrolled in its facilities in Bahawalpur, Karachi, Muzaffarabad, [[Kotli]], Haripur, and [[Mansehra]], as well as the wives of JeM commanders. This new female brigade was created as a result of Masood Azhar and his brother Talha al-Saif's joint approval of the decision to include women in JeM's operational framework after the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam attack]] and [[Operation Sindoor]]. Its purpose is to prepare and employ female suicide bombers for terrorist acts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sibbal |first=Siddhant |date=2025-10-09 |title=Jaish-e-Mohammed forms women's brigade 'Jamaat-ul-Mominaat' under Masood Azhar's sister; recruitment drive starts in Bahawalpur |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/jaish-e-mohammed-forms-women-s-brigade-jamaat-ul-mominaat-under-masood-azhar-s-sister-recruitment-drive-starts-in-bahawalpur-1759997385096 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> In an attempt to increase recruitment and generate money for its women's wing, JeM has introduced an online course called Tufat al-Muminat. Through theological and jihad-focused instruction, the online course seeks to attract and brainwash women into joining JeM's female wing. Masood Azhar's sisters, Sadiya, Safia, Samaira, and Afreera Farooq, wife of [[2019 Pulwama attack|Pulwama attack]] conspirator Umar Farooq will conduct the 40-minute daily sessions via online platforms starting on November 8. A donation of ₹500 (in [[Pakistani rupee]]) is requested from each participant. In the sessions, they will learn about their responsibilities from the standpoint of Islam and jihad from female family members of JeM leaders. The goal is to create a women's force that is modeled after the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]], [[Hamas]], and the [[Islamic State]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-22 |title=Jaish launches online 'jihadi course' to recruit women; Masood Azhar's sisters, Pulwama bomber's wife to lead training |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/jaish-launches-online-jihadi-course-to-recruit-women-masood-azhar-s-sisters-pulwama-bomber-s-wife-to-lead-training-101761108438292.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Indian security officials detained Dr. Shaheen Shahid in [[Faridabad]] following the [[2025 Delhi car explosion]]. Shahid was tasked with the establishment and leadership of Jamat ul-Muminat in India. According to investigative agencies, Shaheen Shahid, who communicated with handlers in Pakistan via social media, may have been given the direct assignment by Sadia Azhar to increase the JeM's recruitment base by rallying supporters of the group's actions in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojha |first=Arvind |last2=Srivastava |first2=Samarth |last3=Chawla |first3=Simer |last4=Jha |first4=Anuja |date=2025-11-11 |title=Who is Dr Shaheen, professor-turned-Jaish recruiter arrested in terror module case? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dr-shaheen-professor-turned-jaish-recruiter-arrested-in-terror-module-case-2817726-2025-11-11 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> At [[Al-Falah University]], the Haryana Police Bomb Disposal Squad found a silver [[Suzuki Brezza]] on 13 November 2025 that belonged to Dr. Shaheen Shahid. The vehicle was one of many that were meant to be used in the terror bombing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Nikhil |date=2025-11-13 |title=Delhi blast probe deepens: 3rd terror vehicle found; Dr Shaheen Shahid's Maruti Brezza seized from Al-Falah University campus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/delhi-blast-probe-deepens-3rd-terror-vehicle-found-dr-shaheen-shahids-maruti-brezza-seized-from-al-falah-university-campus/articleshow/125296372.cms |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengar |first=Mukesh Singh |date=13 November 2025 |title=32 Cars In Red Fort Terrorists' Chilling Plot For Babri Revenge: Sources |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-red-fort-car-blast-news-delhi-red-fort-terror-attack-live-updates-ford-ecosport-maruti-brezza-hyundai-i20-red-fort-attack-news-9626608 |access-date=14 November 2025 |work=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Akash |date=2025-11-12 |title=Delhi Blast A Mistake, Real Targets Were Ayodhya Ram Temple, Kashi Vishwanath, BJP & Army Offices In New Delhi, Reveals Investigation |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-blast-a-mistake-real-target-was-ayodhya-ram-temple-kashi-vishwanath-bjp-army-offices-in-new-delhi-reveals-investigation-2983305.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Funding ===
As of 2025, Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), according to claims made by Indian sources, reportedly adopted digital financial technologies to facilitate its funding operations, effectively creating a parallel financial ecosystem. According to investigative reports, JeM utilizes Pakistani fintech platforms such as [[Easypaisa|EasyPaisa]] and SadaPay to collect and move funds domestically and internationally. These digital wallets enable the group to bypass traditional banking scrutiny, especially following the increased financial monitoring imposed during Pakistan’s engagement with the [[Financial Action Task Force]] (FATF). JeM is believed to operate over 2,000 active digital wallet accounts, collectively moving an estimated PKR 800–900 million (approximately USD 2.8–3.2 million) annually. The group employs a rotation model whereby funds are cycled through multiple wallets and dispersed into smaller transactions, making tracing and enforcement challenging. These wallets are reportedly linked to senior JeM figures and are used to solicit donations for purported reconstruction efforts, while a substantial portion of the funds is allegedly diverted to procure arms and support operational infrastructure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-21 |title=Jaish's Fintech Terror: Inside Masood Azhar's Digital Fundraising Empire - EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/asia/jaishs-fintech-terror-inside-masood-azhars-digital-fundraising-empire-exclusive-article-152498957 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Indian Intelligence report reportedly linked the fundraising activities of Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) to several digital wallet accounts. These included a SadaPay account registered under the name Talha Al Saif (also known as Talha Gulzar), associated with a phone number reportedly used by Haripur district commander Aftab Ahmed. Additional accounts included an EasyPaisa wallet operated by Abdullah Azhar, son of JeM founder [[Masood Azhar]], and another belonging to Syed Safdar Shah, a JeM commander in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Reports suggested the group maintains over 250 active EasyPaisa wallets and creates approximately 30 new accounts monthly, potentially to obscure the origins of its funding.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-08-21 |title=From grey list to digital hawala: Pakistan's dirty trick to keep Jaish alive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/from-grey-list-to-digital-hawala-pakistans-dirty-trick-to-keep-jaish-alive-glbs-2774388-2025-08-21 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

===Publications===
Like other jihadi outfits in the country, JeM distills its ideology through the print media, its publications including the weekly ''Al-Qalam'' in Urdu and English, monthly ''Ayeshatul Binat'' in Urdu for women and weekly ''Musalman Bachy'' for children.<ref>Muhammad Amir Rana, "Jihadi Print Media in Pakistan: An Overview" in ''Conflict and Peace Studies'', vol. 1, no. 1 (Oct-Dec 2008), p. 3</ref> Other E-publications are made on telegram channels usually stating their successes in their operations against the Indian Army and publishing statements of the leadership of the organization<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telegram Channel Urges Muslims To Join Jaish-e-Muhammad, Says: 'Jaish-e-Muhammad Is The Name Of Kashmir's Freedom And Pakistan' |url=https://www.memri.org/jttm/telegram-channel-urges-muslims-join-jaish-e-muhammad-says-jaish-e-muhammad-name-kashmirs |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=MEMRI |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118213931/https://www.memri.org/jttm/telegram-channel-urges-muslims-join-jaish-e-muhammad-says-jaish-e-muhammad-name-kashmirs |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Links to other organisations===
When JeM started, it had strong ties to the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, sharing their training camps in Afghanistan, and exchanging intelligence, training and coordination.{{sfnp|Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization|2015|p=925}} Bruce Riedel suggests that the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] was possibly a "payback" to Al-Qaeda for its earlier help in getting Masood Azhar released. With the Indian reaction to the attack, Pakistan was forced to move its forces from the Afghan border to the Indian border, relieving pressure on Al-Qaeda.{{sfnp|Riedel, Deadly Embrace|2012|p=70}}

Most of the JeM members with loyalties to the Taliban left to join renegade groups in 2002. However, Masood Azhar's group was noticed recruiting fighters for the Afghan ''jihad'' in 2008.<ref name="Roggio 2016"/><ref name=mcclatchy/> In 2010, Pakistan's Interior minister [[Rehman Malik]] stated that the JeM, along with [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] and [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]], were allied to the [[Taliban]] and [[Al-Qaeda]].<ref name="Riedel Al-Qaeda"/><ref>{{citation |author=Jane Perlez |title=Official Admits Militancy's Deep Roots in Pakistan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/world/asia/03pstan.html?_r=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=22 October 2016 |archive-date=29 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029180424/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/world/asia/03pstan.html?_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> Within South Punjab, the JeM is closely allied to Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Sipah-e-Sahaba. Scholars Abou Zahab and Roy state that the three organisations appear to be "the same party" focusing on different sectors of activity.{{sfnp|Abou Zahab & Roy, Islamist Networks|2004|p=30}}

In October 2000, [[Masood Azhar]], founder of the banned Jaish-e-Mohammed, was quoted as saying that "[[Sipah-e-Sahaba]] stands shoulder to shoulder with [[Jaish-e-Muhammad]] in [[Jihad]]."<ref name="satp">{{cite web |title=Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/ssp.htm |access-date=22 February 2022 |publisher=SATP}}</ref> A leaked U.S. diplomatic cable described Jaish-e-Mohammed as "another Sipah-e-Sahaba breakaway [[Deobandi]] organisation."<ref name="cable">{{cite news |date=2011-05-22 |title=2009: Southern Punjab extremism battle between haves and have-nots |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/05/22/2009-southern-punjab-extremism-battle-between-haves-and-have-nots.html |access-date=2011-05-25 |work=DAWN}}</ref>

JeM continues to have links to its ancestor, Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. In addition, the group has operational ties to Lashkar-e-Taiba, which it employed in launching the 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament in New Delhi.<ref name=Riedel/> It joined the ISI-sponsored [[United Jihad Council]], an umbrella organisation of 13–16 militant organisations that fight in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{citation |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |orig-date=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir'', 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ |page=198}}
</ref>

'''Khuddam ul-Islam''' is a militant splinter group of the Jaish-e-Mohammed. It is a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the [[Terrorism Act 2000]]<ref name="Proscribed">{{cite act |title=Terrorism Act 2000 |title-link=Terrorism Act 2000 |date=2000-07-20 |orig-section=sched. 2 |chapter=Proscribed Organisations |reporter=UK Public General Acts |volume=2000 c. 11 |chapter-url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121085241/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |archive-date=2013-01-21 |url-status=live}}</ref> and said to be politically aligned with [[Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman]]'s faction of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) (Army of MohammedTehrik ul-Furqaan, Khuddam-ul-Islam ) |publisher=[[Overseas Security Advisory Council]] |url=http://www.osac.gov/Groups/group.cfm?contentID=1283 |access-date=2009-01-13
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805005613/http://www.osac.gov/Groups/group.cfm?contentID=1283 |archive-date= 5 August 2007 }}</ref> Some sources believe that Khuddam ul-Islam is simply a restructuring of JeM and that the group is under the command of Mufti [[Abdul Rauf Asghar]], the younger brother of JeM's founder, [[Maulana Masood Azhar]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Nirupama |title=Restrictions put on Masood Azhar |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2008-12-18 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/10/stories/2008121058230100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212223734/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/10/stories/2008121058230100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-12-12 |access-date=2009-01-13}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JeM chief Masood Azhar under house arrest |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=2008-12-09 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/JeM_chief_Masood_Azhar_under_house_arrest/articleshow/3811634.cms |access-date=11 February 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212155051/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/JeM_chief_Masood_Azhar_under_house_arrest/articleshow/3811634.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Al-Akhtar Trust==
Before being designated as a terrorist organization, Jaish-e-Mohammed established the '''Al-Akhtar Trust''' ({{Langx|ar|ثقة الأختر|translit=Thiqat alʼkhtr}}) in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JAISH-I-MOHAMMED {{!}} United Nations Security Council |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list/summaries/entity/jaish-i-mohammed |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=[[United Nations Security Council]]}}</ref> The group mostly funded Al-Qaeda and the Taliban and its associates with food, water, and clothing for orphans of "martyrs".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-08-06 |title=Pakistan bans 25 militant organisations |url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/provinces/18-25-militant-organisations-banned-am-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822152942/http://www.dawn.com:80/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/provinces/18-25-militant-organisations-banned-am-02 |archive-date=2009-08-22 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-06 |title=QE.A.121.05. AL-AKHTAR TRUST INTERNATIONAL |url=https://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/NSQE12105E.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521102837/https://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/NSQE12105E.shtml |archive-date=2009-05-21 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=[[United Nations Security Council]]}}</ref> The organization also funded terrorism in Iraq before being designated as a terrorist organization funder by the United States on October 14, 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=U.S. DESIGNATES AL AKHTAR TRUST Pakistani Based Charity is Suspected of Raising Money for Terrorists in Iraq |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/js899 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable attacks==
* The group, in co-ordination with [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], has been implicated in the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] in New Delhi.<ref name="congressional" /><ref name=Riedel/>
* It has been suspected in the murder of American journalist [[Daniel Pearl]] in Karachi.<ref name=bbcprofile/><ref name="mcclatchy"/>
* Rahul Gandhi kidnap plot was a failed plot of this militant group to kidnap a prominent Indian political personality in lieu of 42 militant imprisoned in India. Several newspapers reported that the political personality was [[Rahul Gandhi]], scion of the India's [[Nehru–Gandhi family|Nehru-Gandhi political dynasty]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-30537720071116|title=Police foil Rahul Gandhi kidnap plot|date=16 November 2007|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=11 October 2018|archive-date=9 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211146/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-30537720071116|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Plot to kidnap Rahul foiled |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/pastissues2/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIM%2F2007%2F11%2F17&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00101&AppName=2 |website=[[Times of India]] |access-date=26 October 2018 |date=November 17, 2007 |archive-date=9 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109235618/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/pastissues2/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIM%2F2007%2F11%2F17&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00101&AppName=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The three Pakistani nationals were arrested namely Mohammed Abid alias Fateh from [[Lahore]], Yusuf alias Faisal of [[Multan]] and Mirza Rashid Beg alias Raja Kajafi of [[Sialkot]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jem-plot-to-abduct-rahul-gandhi-foiled/story-Yz3ZyRkt7fOL4qadwBQyhM.html|title=JeM 'plot' to abduct Rahul Gandhi foiled|date=16 November 2007|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=7 February 2022|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207020512/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jem-plot-to-abduct-rahul-gandhi-foiled/story-Yz3ZyRkt7fOL4qadwBQyhM.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/indian-police-foil-plot-to-kidnap-rahul-gandhi-1.212722|title=Indian police foil plot to kidnap Rahul Gandhi|website=gulfnews.com|date=16 November 2007|access-date=7 February 2022|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207020504/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/indian-police-foil-plot-to-kidnap-rahul-gandhi-1.212722|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/plot-to-abduct-rahul-gandhi-foiled/articleshow/2547120.cms|title=Plot to abduct Rahul Gandhi foiled | India News|website=The Times of India|date=17 November 2007|access-date=7 February 2022|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207020512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/plot-to-abduct-rahul-gandhi-foiled/articleshow/2547120.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* An [[informant]], posing as a member of Jaish-e-Mohammed, helped police to arrest four people allegedly plotting to bomb a New York City synagogue as well as to shoot [[FIM-92 Stinger|Stinger]] missiles at military aircraft in the United States. The arrest of the four took place in May 2009. One of the four, by the name of James Cromitie, allegedly expressed the desire to join Jaish-e-Mohammed. This expression allegedly took place approximately a year prior to this arrest.<ref>
[http://www.newsday.com/news/printedition/longisland/ny-nybomb2212791308may21,0,141551.story Kelly: 4 arrested in terror plot 'wanted to commit jihad'] Newsday. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523175522/http://www.newsday.com/news/printedition/longisland/ny-nybomb2212791308may21%2C0%2C141551.story |date=23 May 2009}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN20523965 |work=Reuters |title=Synagogue targeted in NY plot, four charged |date=2009-05-21 |access-date=1 July 2017 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124102916/https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN20523965 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US men charged over synagogue plot |newspaper=Al Jazeera |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/05/200952144536467973.html |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-date=12 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612075059/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/05/200952144536467973.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* In January 2016, members of the group were suspected of carrying out the [[2016 Pathankot attack|Pathankot attack]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pathankot attack: First terrorist was killed while he was climbing 10 ft high wall|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pathankot-air-force-base-terror-attack-punjab/|website=The Indian Express|date=2 January 2016|access-date=2 January 2016|archive-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701111706/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pathankot-air-force-base-terror-attack-punjab/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/nia-registers-case-in-pathankot-terror-strike/20160104.htm|title=NIA registers case in Pathankot terror strike|website=Rediff|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002907/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/nia-registers-case-in-pathankot-terror-strike/20160104.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 18 September 2016, the group was accused of carrying out [[2016 Uri attack|an attack]] over an army camp at [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]], [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47250994|title=Viewpoint: How far might India go to 'punish' Pakistan?|date=2019-02-15|access-date=2019-02-17|language=en-GB|archive-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216101856/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47250994|url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 14 February 2019, a suicide bomber of the group, Adil Ahmad Dar, carried out a [[2019 Pulwama attack|suicide bombing attack]] on a convoy of security vehicles near [[Pulwama|Pulwama, Jammu & Kashmir]], killing at least 40 [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF personnel]].<ref name="TOI Pulwama" />

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandi organisations]]
* [[2009 detention of Americans by Pakistan]]
* [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Abdul Rauf Asghar]]
* [[Khuddam ul-Islam]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last1=Abou Zahab |first1=Mariam |last2=Roy |first2=Olivier |author-link2=Olivier Roy (professor) |date=2004 |orig-date=First published in French in 2002 |title=Islamist Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VLN26d9Gx8C&pg=PA29 |translator-last=King |translator-first=John |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=978-1-85065-704-0 |ref={{sfnref|Abou Zahab & Roy, Islamist Networks|2004}}}}
* {{citation |last=Bowen |first=Innes |title=Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FonDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |date=2014 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-84904-529-2 |ref={{sfnref|Innes, Inside British Islam|2014}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Cronin |first1=Audrey Kurth |last2=Aden |first2=Huda |last3=Frost |first3=Adam |last4=Jones |first4=Benjamin |title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations |journal=CRS Report for Congress |pages=40–43 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, D.C. |date=6 February 2004 |url=https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf |access-date=2 December 2012 |ref={{sfnref|Cronin et al., Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)|2004}}}}
* {{citation |last=Fair |first=C. Christine |author-link=C. Christine Fair |title=Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szaTAwAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-989271-6 |ref={{sfnref|Fair, Fighting to the End|2014}}}}
* {{citation |last=Gregory |first=Shaun |title=The ISI and the War on Terrorism |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |volume=30 |issue=12 |year=2007 |pages=1013–1031 |issn=1057-610X |doi=10.1080/10576100701670862 |s2cid=71331428 |ref={{sfnref|Gregory, The ISI and the War on Terrorism|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Gunaratna |first1=Rohan |last2=Kam |first2=Stefanie |title=Handbook of Terrorism in the Asia–Pacific |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3XQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |date=2016 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-1-78326-997-6 |ref={{sfnref|Gunaratna & Kam, Handbook of Terrorism|2016}}}}
* {{citation |last=Honawar |first=Rohit |title=Jaish-e-Mohammed |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |location=New Delhi |date=November 2005 |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/100232/IPCS-Special-Report-04.pdf |access-date=11 October 2016 |ref={{sfnref|Honawar, Jaish-e-Mohammed|2005}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA520 |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-023518-5 |ref={{sfnref|Jaffrelot, The Pakistan Paradox|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Majidyar |first=Ahmad |title=Could the Taliban Take Over Pakistan's Punjab Province? |publisher=American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research |date=June 2010 |url=https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/02-MEO-June-2010-g.pdf |access-date=16 October 2016 |ref={{sfnref|Majidyar, Could Taliban take over Punjab?|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last=Moj |first=Muhammad |title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |year=2015 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-389-3 |ref={{sfnref|Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement|2015}}}}
* {{cite web |last=Moore |first=John |title=The Evolution of Islamic Terrorism: An Overview |work=Frontline: Target America |publisher=PBS Online and WGBH/Frontline |year=2001 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/etc/modern.html |access-date=2009-12-02}}
* {{citation |last=Popovic |first=Milos |title=The Perils of Weak Organization: Explaining Loyalty and Defection of Militant Organizations Toward Pakistan |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |volume=38 |number=11 |year=2015 |pages=919–937 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2015.1063838 |s2cid=108668097 |ref={{sfnref|Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization|2015}}| issn=1057-610X}}
* {{citation |last=Rashid |first=Ahmed |author-link=Ahmed Rashid |title=Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUE2SuQ-eMC |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-191909-6 |ref={{sfnref|Rashid, Descent into Chaos|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Riedel |first=Bruce O. |title=Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULgk7_oWB1EC |date=2012 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-2274-8 |ref={{sfnref|Riedel, Deadly Embrace|2012}}}}
* {{cite web |title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) Factsheet |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=11 October 2005}}

{{War on Terrorism|state=collapsed}}
{{Kashmir separatist movement}}
{{Terror outfits in India}}

[[Category:2000 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Al-Qaeda allied groups]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by Pakistan]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Russia]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2000]]
[[Category:Deobandi organisations]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by Australia]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:Deobandi jihadist organizations]]

Anbu Magan

2026-03-04T05:15:32Z

Andreasujg: expanded content

{{short description|1961 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anbu Magan
| image = Anbu Magan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. Prakash Rao]]
| writer = [[Murasoli Maran]]
| producer = T. V. S. Raju
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|A. Nageswara Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]] [[K. A. Thangavelu]] [[M. N. Rajam]]
| cinematography = [[Kamal Ghosh]]
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| music = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
| studio = Pragathi Art Productions
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1961|1|27|ref1=}}
| runtime = 2:48 (15120 ft.)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Anbu Magan''''' ({{translation|Beloved Son}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[T. Prakash Rao]]. The film stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|A. Nageswara Rao]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]. It was released on 27 January 1961.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1961 – அன்புமகன் – {{sic|nolink=y|ஜெயலஷ்மி பிக்சர்ஸ்}} |trans-title=1961 – Anbu Magan – {{sic|nolink=y|Jayalakshmi Pictures}} |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1961-cinedetails2.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171130004755/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1961-cinedetails2.asp |archive-date=30 November 2017 |access-date=30 November 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> It is remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Maa Babu]]''. The film itself is a remake of [[Hindi]] film ''[[Chirag Kahan Roshni Kahan]]'' (1959).

== Plot ==
Dr. Anand is a well-known rectitude, and his wife dies giving birth to a baby boy. Parallelly, a widowed pregnant lady, Ratna Devi, has a miscarriage. Since Anand promised her to protect the child, he gives his own to her, hiding the truth. After that, grief-stricken, Anand becomes a wanderer and returns after a few years. Due to affection for his son, he starts being frequent in their life, which does not augur well with Ratna Devi's mother-in-law and sister-in-law, who make her life miserable by attributing illicit relations and forcibly stopping Anand. Shortly after that, Anand knits a nurse, Maya, who is a spendthrift, does not get with Anand. Eventually, Anand's dad passes away, and he leaves considerable wealth to Anand's child, including a monthly allowance of Rs.10,000. At that time, Maya learns the birth secret of Anand's child, so she files a case in the court and wins. Therefore, Ratna Devi has to hand over the child to Maya, but the depressed child is not able to stay therein and flies. At Present, everybody is in hunt of him, and in that chaos, Maya dies in an accident. Finally, the movie ends with Anand retrieving the child to Ratna Devi and continuing his journey on official duty by dedicating his life to the hospital.

== Cast ==
The list is adapted from the film's Song book.<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNalNQeGRVeXlnbFk/view |title=அன்பு மகன் |publisher=Pragathi Art Productions |year=1961 |type=[[song book]] |access-date=30 November 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
;Male cast
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|A. Nageswara Rao]]
*[[K. A. Thangavelu]]
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
*[[K. Sarangapani]]
*M. N. Krishnan
*Karikol Raj
{{col-break|width=33%}}
;Female cast
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]]
*[[M. N. Rajam]]
*[[P. Kannamba]]
*[[M. Saroja]]
*[[Honey Irani]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
;Guest artistes
*[[V. Nagayya]]
*[[D. Balasubramaniam]]
*[[A. Karunanidhi]]
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by T. V. S. Raju under the banner ''Pragathi Art Productions'' and was directed by [[T. Prakash Rao]]. [[Murasoli Maran]] wrote the screenplay and dialogues. [[Kamal Ghosh]] was in charge of cinematography while the editing was done by N. M. Shankar. Audiography was done by A. Krishnan. Kaladhar was the Art Director. The film was shot and processed at [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> The songs ''My Dear Lady Pothunga'' and ''Vanna Mayil Vel Murugan'' did not take place in the film and were not listed in the film's song book either.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 2 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2016 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=15 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Kodukka Therindha Maname Unakku" || P. B. Srinivas || rowspan=4|[[Kannadasan]]||
|-
| "Annam Pole Unnai Than Arugil Vaithaan" || rowspan=2|P. Susheela || 03:55
|-
| "Annam Pole Unnai" {{small|(another version)}} || 01:55
|-
| "Paal Koduththa Thanangal Sollum" || P. Leela ||
|-
| "Oru Ooril Oru Rajah...Chal Chalonnu Savaari Vittar" || P. Susheela || [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]|| 05:35
|-
| "O! .. Maappillai Machaan" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan & S. Janaki || A. S. Rajagopal || 06:12
|-
| "Malar .. Gum Gum Manam Veesum" || K. Jamuna Rani || Subbu Arumugam ||
|-
| "My Dear Lady Pothunga" || Thiruchi Loganathan || || 03:22
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0254088}}

[[Category:1961 Indian films]]
[[Category:1961 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Prakash Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. Chalapathi Rao]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat

2026-03-04T04:12:16Z

Andreasujg: Starting A Data V1

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox album
| italic_title = no
| name = Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat
| type = Studio album
| artist = [[Charanjit Singh (musician)|Charanjit Singh]]
| cover = Synthesizing Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat.jpg
| border =
| alt =
| released = 1982 2010 (re-issue)
| recorded = 1982
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Electro-disco]] [[acid house]]<ref name="auto">{{cite magazine |last1=Weiner |first1=Natalie |title=Charanjit Singh, Acid House Innovator & Bollywood Session Musician, Has Died |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/charanjit-singh-acid-house-died-6620128/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref>
| length =
| label = [[Saregama|Gramophone Company of India/Saregama]], Bombay Connection (2010 reissue)<ref name="discogs_cd"/>
| producer = [[Charanjit Singh (musician)|Charanjit Singh]]
| prev_title = [[Silsila (1981 film)#Music|Charanjit Singh: Plays Hit Tunes on Synthesizer of Silsila]]
| prev_year = 1981
| next_title = Experiments in Calypso
| next_year =
}}

'''''Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat''''' is the debut studio album by Indian musician [[Charanjit Singh (musician)|Charanjit Singh]]. It was released in 1982 through the Gramophone Company of India, now known as [[Saregama]]. The album primarily utilizes the [[Roland TR-808]] [[drum machine]] and [[Roland TB-303]] [[bass synthesizer]] and was originally intended as a [[:Category:Fusion music genres|fusion]] of [[Electronic music|electronic]] [[disco]] music with [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]] [[raga]]s.

Singh's distinctive utilization of both the TR-808 and the TB-303 on the album has led some music journalists to suggest that it is perhaps the earliest example of [[acid house]] music; predating [[Phuture]]'s seminal [[Chicago house|Chicago acid house]] record "[[Acid Tracks]]" (1987) by five years.<ref name="guardian_20103">{{cite web |last=Pattison |first=Louis |date=10 April 2010 |title=Charanjit Singh, acid house pioneer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/apr/10/charanjit-singh-acid-house |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="guardian_20112">{{cite web |author=Stuart Aitken |date=10 May 2011 |title=Charanjit Singh on how he invented acid house ... by mistake |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/10/charanjit-singh-acid-house-ten-ragas |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Because of this, Charanjit Singh is often regarded as the pioneer of acid house.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-31 |title=Acid House Was Born in a Mumbai Basement |url=https://aaww.org/acid-house-mumbai-charanjit-singh/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Asian American Writers' Workshop |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=2015-07-06 |title=RIP acid house pioneer Charanjit Singh |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/25363/1/rip-acid-house-pioneer-charanjit-singh |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MacHattie |first=Callum |date=2024-10-12 |title=Charanjit Singh: the accidental father of acid house |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/charanjit-singh-father-of-acid-house/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=faroutmagazine.co.uk |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Background ==

=== Production ===
Singh produced ''Ten Ragas'' using three [[electronic musical instrument]]s made by the [[Roland Corporation]]: the [[Roland Jupiter-8|Jupiter-8]] synthesizer, Roland TR-808, and Roland TB-303.<ref name="guardian_20103"/> It was one of the first records to use the TB-303, a machine that has become synonymous with acid house. Singh had bought his TB-303 in Singapore soon after its introduction in late 1981. He didn't know much about the three machines at first, so he spent much time figuring out how to use them, and eventually discovered that it was possible to synchronise the TR-808 and TB-303 with the Jupiter-8 keyboard. According to Singh: "At home I practised with the combination and I thought 'It sounds good – why not record it'."<ref name="guardian_20112"/> While the TB-303 was originally designed to fill in for a bass guitar, it was awkward when it came to reproducing conventional basslines, so he found a different way to employ the machine, particularly its [[glissando]] function which made it suitable for reproducing the Indian [[raga]] melodies.<ref name="ra_raga">{{cite web |author=William Rauscher |date=12 May 2010 |title=Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat |url=http://www.residentadvisor.net/review-view.aspx?id=7445 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |publisher=[[Resident Advisor]]}}</ref>

Besides [[Music of India|Indian]] raga music, he also took inspiration from contemporary [[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood music]], or [[filmi]] music, specifically the Indian electronic disco scene that had only just become popular in the early 1980s (sparked by the success of [[Pakistani pop]] singer [[Nazia Hassan]] and Indian producer [[Biddu]]), at a time when disco's popularity had declined in the United States. In parallel to the [[Euro disco]] scene at the time, the continued relevance of disco in India and the increasing reliance on synthesizers led to experiments in [[Minimal music|minimalist]], [[Hi-NRG|high-tempo]], electronic disco, such as [[R.D. Burman]]'s "[[:File:Dil Lena Khel Hai Dildar Ka.ogg|Dil Lena Khel Hai Dildar Ka]]" (''[[Zamane Ko Dikhana Hai]]'', 1981) which had a "futuristic [[Electro music|electro]] feel" and [[Bappi Lahari]]'s "[[:File:Disco Dancer - Yaad Aa Raha Hai.ogg|Yaad Aa Raha Hai]]" (''[[Disco Dancer]]'', 1982). Such developments eventually culminated in the work of Singh, who increased the [[tempo]] and made the sounds more minimalistic, while pairing them with instrumental Indian ragas using his new equipment setup.<ref name="ra_raga" /><ref name="geeta_ragas">{{cite web |author=Geeta Dayal |date=6 April 2010 |title=Further thoughts on '10 Ragas to a Disco Beat' |url=http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/2010/04/further-thoughts-on-ten-ragas-to-a-disco-beat/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902151454/http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/2010/04/further-thoughts-on-ten-ragas-to-a-disco-beat/ |archive-date=2 September 2010 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |publisher=The Original Soundtrack}}</ref><ref name="geeta_disco2">{{cite web |author=Geeta Dayal |date=29 August 2010 |title='Studio 84′: Digging into the History of Disco in India |url=http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/2010/08/29/studio-84-the-history-of-disco-in-india/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302083346/http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/2010/08/29/studio-84-the-history-of-disco-in-india/ |archive-date=2 March 2012 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |publisher=The Original Soundtrack}}</ref>

According to Singh: "There was lots of disco music in films back in 1982. So I thought why not do something different using disco music only. I got an idea to play all the Indian ragas and give the beat a disco beat – and turn off the [[tabla]]. And I did it. And it turned out good."<ref name="guardian_20112" /> The first track "[[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Raga Bhairavi]]" also features a [[Speech synthesis|synthesised voice]] that says "[[Om Namah Shivaya]]" through a [[vocoder]].<ref name="dayal_thoughts">{{cite web |author=Geeta Dayal |date=5 April 2010 |title=Thoughts on '10 Ragas to a Disco Beat' |url=http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/2010/04/05/thoughts-on-10-ragas-to-a-disco-beat/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305185502/http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/2010/04/05/thoughts-on-10-ragas-to-a-disco-beat/ |archive-date=5 March 2012 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |publisher=The Original Soundtrack}}</ref>

== Release ==
The album was released under the label [[Saregama|Gramophone Company of India]]<ref name="discogs_1983">{{Discogs release|2247646|Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat|type=album}} (1983 LP)</ref> (now Saregama), having been recorded at their [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] in Bombay in 1982.<ref name="discogs_cd">{{Discogs release|2136045|Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas To A Disco Beat|type=album}} (2010 CD)</ref> Following the [[LP record]]'s release in 1982,<ref name="allmusic_ragas">{{allMusic|class=album|id=r1818735|label=Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat|accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> it garnered some interest in India, finding its way onto [[All India Radio|Indian national radio]], but it became a commercial failure and was largely forgotten until its 2010 re-release.<ref name="guardian_20103"/>

== Live performance ==
From 2012 until his death in 2015, Charanjit Singh toured internationally, performing Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat for the first time. In November 2012, at age 72, he made his UK debut with stops at The Shacklewell Arms in London and La Cheetah Club in Glasgow, performing with his original Roland TB-303, TR-808, and Jupiter-8 gear.<ref>[https://ra.co/news/18002<nowiki> Resident Advisor – Charanjit Singh makes UK debut]</nowiki>]</ref>

In 2013 he embarked on a European tour, performing in cities including Aalst (Belgium), Bordeaux, Lyon, and Paris, and appeared at festivals such as Nuits Sonores (Lyon), Music Meeting (Nijmegen), and Field Day (London). He also played at Berghain in Berlin alongside A Guy Called Gerald.<ref>[https://julietippex.com/roster/charanjit-singh/<nowiki> Juliette Tippex – Charanjit Singh artist page]</nowiki>]</ref><ref>[https://chriscook50.wordpress.com/2013/06/09/in-contrast-watching-a-performance-by-charanjit-singh/<nowiki> Chris Cook – Concert review]</nowiki>]</ref>

== Legacy ==
Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat is often considered by music journalists to be the earliest example of [[acid house]] predating [[Phuture]]'s seminal [[Chicago house|Chicago acid house]] record "[[Acid Tracks]]" (1987) by five years. According to ''[[The Guardian]]'' writer Stuart Aitken, Singh's record was "far ahead" of its time.<ref name="guardian_20112"/> Electronic musician [[A Guy Called Gerald]], who performed with Singh at the [[Berghain]] in [[Berlin]], called him “a true pioneer — playing music from the 1980s that sounded more futuristic than what DJs were making in 2012.”

The album has also played a role in popularising electronic music in Bollywood at the time,<ref>{{cite web |author=Adam MacGregor |date=3 January 2011 |title=Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat |url=http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/6094 |accessdate=4 June 2011 |work=Dusted Magazine}}</ref> and a somewhat similar "techno-sounding interlude" had later appeared in Lahiri's song "[[Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki]]" from the film of the same name in 1984.<ref name="geeta_disco2"/>

== Track listing ==
The original 1982<ref name="allmusic_ragas" /> and 1983<ref name="discogs_1983" /> [[LP record]]s and the 2010 CD<ref name="discogs_cd" /> and LP<ref>{{Discogs release|2108668|Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas To A Disco Beat|type=album}} (2010 LP)</ref> re-releases contain the following five-minute-long tracks named after [[raga]]s:

# "[[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Raga Bhairavi]]" – 4:59
# "[[Lalit (raga)|Raga Lalit]]" – 4:55
# "[[Bhopali|Raga Bhupali]]" – 4:53
# "[[Todi (raga)|Raga Todi]]" – 4:52
# "[[Madhuvanti|Raga Madhuvanti]]" – 4:59
# "[[Megh Malhar|Raga Meghmalhar]]" – 5:01
# "[[Yaman (raga)|Raga Yaman]]" – 5:06
# "[[Kalavati|Raga Kalavati]]" – 5:08
# "[[Malkaush|Raga Malkauns]]" – 5:02
# "[[Bairagi (raga)|Raga Bairagi]]" – 5:07

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1982 debut albums]]

Idiot (2002 film)

2026-03-03T18:06:05Z

Andreasujg: added info

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Idiot
| image = Idiot 2002 film poster.jpg
| director = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| producer = Puri Jagannadh
| writer = Puri Jagannadh
| based_on = ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]'' (Kannada)
| starring = [[Ravi Teja]] [[Rakshita]]
| music = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = [[Shyam K. Naidu]]
| studio = [[Vaishno Academy]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|08|22}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹16 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies in 2002 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2002/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=12 May 2025 |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124222536/https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2002/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Idiot: O Chanti Gaadi Prema Katha''''' ({{lit|Idiot: Chanti's love story}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film|action]] [[romantic comedy]] film which released on 22 August 2002 and was directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]]. It was the second collaboration between [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Puri Jagannadh]] after the successful film ''[[Itlu Sravani Subramanyam]]''. The dialogue was written by [[Puri Jagannadh]] with soundtrack by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]. This film stars [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Rakshita]] (in her Telugu debut, reprising her role from original). It turned out to be a blockbuster. The film ran for 100 days in 36 centres. The film was a remake of director's own 2002 [[Kannada]] movie ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-school-master-to-u-turn-a-look-at-kannada-films-remade-in-other-indian-languages/articleshow/75161463.cms |title=From 'School Master' to 'U Turn': A look at Kannada films remade in other Indian languages |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 April 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030064513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-school-master-to-u-turn-a-look-at-kannada-films-remade-in-other-indian-languages/articleshow/75161463.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bhaskar Rao a.k.a. Chantigadu is the son of a head [[constable]] Venkata Sami. Chanti is a guy with a carefree attitude. He is beaten by a rival gang at night and is rescued by a beautiful girl, Suchitra. She pays his hospital bills and donates her blood. She is gone from the hospital by the time Chanti becomes conscious. When Chanti's friends inform him about the girl who rescued him, he starts loving her immediately for her goodheartedness, though he did not see her. Suchi later turns out to be the daughter of the city police commissioner Vipra Narayana.

Chanti meets Suchi in the college for the first time and expresses his love. When she does not agree, he tries to tease her. She complains to her father, and he takes Chanti to the police station and severely beats him before being rescued by his father and his fellow constables. Even though Chanti is beaten by Narayana, he becomes more adamant to win his ladylove. He proposes to Suchi again in the college. She asks him to jump from the building. When he is ready to do so, she agrees to his love.

However, Narayana is not happy about their relationship and ropes in some rowdies to amputate his leg. Suchi discovers this and runs to help him, but is met with an accident. Both of them get admitted to the same hospital, and they unite there also. Narayana finally arranges her marriage with another person, to which she openly opposes and tries to commit suicide. Chanti comes and rescues her, but Narayana still wants to get her married to a man of his own choice. He also engages goons to kill Chanti. Chanti finally escapes all the troubles and meets the [[Director General of Police|DGP]] to help him to marry his love. The DGP finally suspends Narayana and arranges Chanti's marriage in the police station. Finally, Chanti appears for [[Indian civil service|civil services]] and is selected for [[Indian Police Service|IPS]].

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Bhaskar Rao a.k.a. Chantigadu
* [[Rakshita]] as Suchitra a.k.a. Suchi
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Police Commissioner Vipra Narayana
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Head Constable Venkata Swamy
* [[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]] as Rajyalakshmi, Chanti's mother
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Motorcycle thief
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Seetha Ramaiah; DGP
* [[Giri Babu]] as Police Officer
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Police Officer
* [[Pruthviraj Balireddy|Pruthviraj]] as Police Officer
* Jr. Relangi as Police Officer
* Vidya Vathi as Chanti's sister
* [[Sairam Shankar]] as Sai, Chanti's friend
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Chanti's friend
* [[MS Narayana]] as College Principal
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Yadav
}}

== Production ==
This is a remake of the Kannada film ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]'' directed by Puri Jagannath which was the debut movie of [[Puneeth Rajkumar]].<ref name="Chinnarayana 2016">{{cite web |last1=Chinnarayana |first1=Pulagam |title=ఇడియట్ చంటిగాడు లోకల్ |url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/funday/idiot-movie-story-307819 |website=sakshi.com |date=23 January 2016 |publisher=Jagati Publications |access-date=26 September 2016}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Idiot
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 16 August 2002
| recorded = 2002
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 29:02
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Chakri
| prev_title = [[Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Ammayilu Abbayilu]]
| next_year = 2003
}}

The music was composed by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-idiot.html |title=Juke Box – Idiot |work=[[Idlebrain.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021020082858/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-idiot.html |archive-date=20 October 2002 |access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref> and the soundtrack was released under the Sohan Audio label.<ref>{{cite web |last=NaChaKi |date=5 December 2002 |title=Press Meet – Manmadhudu |url=http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/manmathuDu_press.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030219114713/http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/manmathuDu_press.shtml |archive-date=19 February 2003 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=Telugu Cinema}}</ref> It consists of six tracks. The tune of the song "Jai Veeranjaneya" was based on the song "Kolumande Jangama" from the 1996 Kannada film ''[[Janumada Jodi]]''. The beginning portions of "Choopultho" were reused from "Taliban Alla Alla" from ''Appu''. Conversely, the song "Choopultho Guchi" was copied and used multiple times first by Mika Singh with the song ''[[Sawan Mein Lag Gaye Aag]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=Rhs9B4t6-ejPRpwx&v=660gG2YhkA0&feature=youtu.be |title=Kolumande Jangama – Janumada Jodi - ಜನುಮದ ಜೋಡಿ - Kannada Video Songs |via=[[YouTube]] |date=11 July 2021}}</ref> The song "Ee Roje Thelisindi" was sampled by Bulgarian pop-folk singer [[Emilia (Bulgarian singer)|Emilia]] in her song "Ti si mi".
{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:02
| title1 = Sye Sara Sye
| extra1 = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kandikonda]]
| length1 = 4:50
| title2 = Choopultho Guchi
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics2 = Kandikonda
| length2 = 4:29
| title3 = Cheliya Cheliya
| extra3 = Ravi Varma
| lyrics3 = Peddada Murthy
| length3 = 5:19
| title4 = Ee Roje
| extra4 = [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| lyrics4 = Kandikonda
| length4 = 4:52
| title5 = Le Letha
| extra5 = [[Udit Narayan]], Kousalya
| lyrics5 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| length5 = 5:07
| title6 = Jai Veeranjaneya
| extra6 = [[Raghu Kunche]]
| lyrics6 = Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar
| length6 = 4:25
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 4/5 stars and wrote, "''Idiot'' is a good film to watch for everybody".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-idiot.html |title=Telugu Cinema – Idiot – Review |last=G. V. Ramana |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |publisher=GV |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228002643/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-idiot.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-idiot.html |title=Farcical fare |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |website=[[The Hindu]] |author-link=Gudipoodi Srihari |access-date=2 May 2025 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701063909/https://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-idiot.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "on the whole the film is a good comedy caper".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=11949912&ctid=5&cid=2430 |title=Review: Idiot |work=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107092708/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=11949912&ctid=5&cid=2430 |archive-date=7 January 2005 |author=Moviebuzz |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1606248}}

{{Puri Jagannadh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Idiot}}
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2002 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puri Jagannadh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]

Nishad (film)

2026-03-03T11:49:56Z

Andreasujg: put up details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nishad
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Shaji N. Karun]]
| screenplay = Shaji N. Karun Valsalan-Vathussery
| story =
| starring = [[Rajit Kapoor]] [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] [[Thupten Phelgye|Geshe Thupten Phelgye]] [[Ram Gopal Bajaj]] [[Talluri Rameshwari|Rameshwari]]
| producer = Sukhwant Dhadda
| cinematography = Hari Nair
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| released = {{Film date|2002|09}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| studio =
| distributor =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| music = [[Isaac Thomas Kottukapally]]
}}

'''''Nishad''''' (English title: ''Octave'') is a [[2002 in film|2002]] Indian [[Hindi film]] directed by [[Shaji N. Karun]] with [[Archana (actress)|Archana]], [[Rajit Kapur]], [[Thupten Phelgye|Geshe Thupten Phelgye]], Master Jhang Ray, [[Ram Gopal Bajaj]], and [[Talluri Rameshwari|Rameshwari]] in the lead roles.

The film premiered at the Fukuoka International Film Festival in September 2002 in Japan and was subsequently showcased at over ten additional international film festivals. It was also selected for the Indian Panorama section at the [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref name=Shaji>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaji.info/films.html|title=Shaji Karun's Films|publisher=Shaji.info|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sati Gujaral is a music teacher in a school for Tibetan children run by the [[Tibetan government-in-exile]]. Her husband Gopi Gujaral is a doctor in a government hospital. Their only son, Ashok, is a pilot with the [[Indian Air Force]].

The atmosphere is tense with the possibility of a war between India and Pakistan. Ashok calls home unerringly every week bringing joy and some comfort to his anxious mother. One day she gets a call from a boy trying desperately to reach his mother. The anxiety is compounded when her own son's call doesn't arrive at the appointed hour. The next call reveals that the child has died.

==Cast==
*[[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as Sati Gujaral
*[[Rajit Kapoor]] as Dr. Gopi Gujaral
*[[Thupten Phelgye|Geshe Thupten Phelgye]] as Senior Monk
*Master Jhang as Junior Monk
*Dominique de Gasquet as French Lady Musician
*[[Ram Gopal Bajaj]]
*[[Talluri Rameshwari|Rameshwari]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nishad (2002) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/nishad-9173 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125120856/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/nishad-9173 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0323415|title=Nishad}}

{{Shaji N. Karun}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaji N. Karun]]
[[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Mayyil

2026-02-28T21:49:19Z

Andreasujg: fixed lead based on references and updated info

{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mayyil
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline = Velamvayanasala.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Velam public library
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.04|N|75.46|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of talukas of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Taliparamba]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = Mayyil Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 33.08
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://elevationmap.net/mayyil-kannur-in-1011618269 |title=Topographic map of Mayyil, Kannur, India}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 45
| population_total = 29,649
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dop.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/node/1027|title=കണ്ണൂര്‍ ജില്ലയിലെ ഗ്രാമ പഞ്ചായത്തുകളുടെ അടിസ്ഥാന വിവരങ്ങള്‍ | Deparyment of Panchayats|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=18 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118132145/https://dop.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/node/1027|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670602
| registration_plate = KL59
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kannur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Assembly constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Arimbra Subrahmanya Temple, Mayyil Kannur.jpg|thumbnail|Arimbra Subrahmanya Temple]]
[[File:Perumacheri AUP School.JPG|thumbnail|Perumacheri AUP School, Kolacherry, Mayyil]]
[[File:Paadikkunu2.JPG|thumbnail|Padikkunnu]]
'''Mayyil''' is a [[Census Town]] and [[Grama Panchayat]] in [[Kannur]] District of [[Kerala]] State. Mayyil Panchayat established in 1962 by merging the villages of Kayaralam, Mayyil and Kandakkai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/|title = Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/electionupdates/deStatusLB.php?distID=13|title=DE Status|access-date=5 October 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614095249/https://lsgkerala.gov.in/electionupdates/deStatusLB.php?distID=13|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Location==
Mayyil is situated 20  km North East of District HQ [[Kannur]], 13  km South East of [[Taliparamba]], 20  km North West of [[Mattannur]], 13  km South West of [[Sreekandapuram]] and 16  km West of [[Irikkur]].

==Educational institutions==
*IMNS GHSS, Mayyil
*MAYYIL ALP School, Mayyil
*Institute of Technology, Mayyil
*ITM Arts & Science College, Mayyil
*Kayaralam AUP School
*Kayaralam North ALP School
*ITM Public School, Mayyil
*Mayyil Teacher Training Institute, Mayyil
*Mullakkodi AUP School, Arimbra, [[Mullakkodi]]
*Mullakkodi LP School, Mullakkodi
*Kandakkai K V A L P school, Kandakkai
*Kandakai LP School, Kandakai
*Thayampoyil ALP School, Thayampoyi
*Perumachery AUP school, Perumachery
*Pavannur ALP School, Pavannur
*Peruvangoor ALP School, Peruvangoor
*Spangle Academy, Professional Training, Kambil
*Cherupazhassi ALP School, Cherupazhassi <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://highereducation.kerala.gov.in/index.php/academic/institutions/self-financing?showall=&start=3 |title=Higher Education Institutes in Kannur University}}</ref>

==Temples==
*Velam maha ganapathi temple
*Chekiyattu sree darmashata temple
*Chekiyattu sree maha vishnu temple
*Nechikottu kavu, Kayaralam
*Chalagottu kavu, Kandakkai
*Arimbra Subhramanya Temple
*Sree Puthiya Bhagavathi Kaavu, Kaavinmoola
*Kandanaar Poyil Sree Muchilott Bhagavathi Kshethram, Cherupazhassi
*Kadoor Sree Ganapathi Shethram, Kadoor
*Udayam kottam shiva kshethram, kadoor ambalam
*Nambram Sree Muchilott Bhagavathi Kshethram, Naniyoor Nambram
*Kandakkai Kunnummal Muthappan Madappura
*Karonnan Kottam, Kayaralam
*Thalakkott Muchilott Kavu
*Thrikapaleswaram Sree Durga Devi Kshethram, Cherupazhassi

==Administration==
Mayyil Panchayat is part of [[Irikkur]] [[Block Panchayat]]. Mayyil is politically a part of Taliparamba Assembly constituency under Kannur Loksabha constituency.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archivedate = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>

==Transportation==
The national highway([[NH 66]]) passes through Puthiyatheru (15 km South West), Dharmasala (11 km West), [[Taliparamba]] (13 km North West) away from Mayyil Town. [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of [[Iritty]] connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]]. The nearest railway station is [[Kannur]] on [[Mangalore]]-[[Palakkad]] line.
Trains are available to almost all parts of India subject to advance booking over the internet. There are airports at [[Kannur International Airport|Mattanur]], [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut]]. All of them are international airports but direct flights are available only to Middle Eastern countries. Newly inaugurated Kannur International Airport (Mattannur) is 22 km away from Mayyil, and the proposed 4 line airport road from Taliparamba to Mattannur passes through Mayyil.

==Demographics==
As of 2011 Indian census, Mayyil [[census town]] had population of 12,490 among which 5,768 are males and 6,722 are females. Total geographic area of mayyil census town is {{cvt|12.77|km2}}. Population of age group in 0-6 was 1,557 (12.5%) which constitutes 771 males and 786 females. Literacy rate of Mayyil town was 92.7% lower than state average of 94% where male literacy was 96.2% while female literacy rate was 89.7%.

Mayyil [[Grama Panchayat]] had total population of 29,649 which constitutes 13,810 males and 15,839 with an area spreads over {{cvt|33.1|km2}} and 6,387 households. Mayyil panchayat has administration over Mayyil census town (urban) and [[Kayaralam]] village (rural).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kannur |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=180,181,278,279|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3202_PART_B_KANNUR.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>
{{Further|topic=the village|Niranthodu}}

==Religion==
As of 2011 India [[census]], Mayyil [[census town]] had total population of 12,490 which constitute 59.8% Hindus, 40% Muslims and 0.2% others.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web |title=Religion – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General}}</ref>

==Geography==
Mayyil is surrounded by around half of its boundary by [[Valapattanam river]].

==Libraries==
Almost every road in this grama panchayat in Kerala's Kannur district leads to or ends with a library. The panchayat, which has a population of a little over 30,000 people in {{cvt|33.08|km2}} with a literacy rate of 93.52 percent, boasts 34 functioning libraries, the highest for a local body in Kerala state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ezhavainternational.com/2020/09/mayyil-cm-declares-village-in-kannur-as.html?m=1 |title=MAYYIL ..CM declares village in Kannur as nation's first with a fully digital library facility |website=www.ezhavainternational.com |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2022/jul/03/this-panchayat-in-kerala-has-fifteen-libraries-2472283.html |title=This panchayat in Kerala has fifteen libraries |work=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kannur district}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mayyil}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kannur district]]

Sial dynasty

2026-02-26T18:31:08Z

Andreasujg:

{{Short description|18th century chieftaincy in Punjab}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Sial State
| image_map = Jhang state.jpg
| map_caption = Map of the state of Jhang in Punjab in the mid-18th century
| capital = [[Jhang]]
| ethnic_groups = [[Punjabis]] (with the [[Sial tribe|Sials]] being the dynastic rulers)
| religion = [[Islam]] (dynastic)
| status = [[Tribal chief|Chieftainship]]
| life_span = {{circa|1727}}–1816
| common_languages = {{ublist|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]([[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]])}}
| title_leader = Chief
| year_leader1 = 1723 – 1747
| leader1 = Walidad Khan Sial (founder)
| year_leader2 = 1747 – 1787
| leader2 = [[Inayatullah Khan Sial]]
| year_leader3 = 1787 – 1798
| leader3 = Sultan Kabir Khan Sial
| year_leader4 = 1798 – 1816
| leader4 = Ahmad Khan Sial (last)
| p1 = Mughal Empire
| flag_p1 = Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg
| s1 = Sikh Empire
| flag_s1 = Sikh Empire flag.svg
| today = {{tree list}}
* {{flag|Pakistan}}
** {{flag|Punjab}}
{{tree list/end}}
| area_sq_mi = 6,007<ref name=g/>
}}
'''Sial dynasty'''{{efn|[[Punjabi language | Punjabi (Shahmukhi)]]: سیالان دی سلطنت}} was a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Muslim]] dynasty that ruled over the '''Sial state'''<ref name=q>{{Cite book |last=Gilmartin |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfXLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |date=2020 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-35553-8 |language=en|page=93}}</ref> ({{circa|1727}}–1816) in [[central Punjab]] during the 18th and 19th centuries. It was centred around the city of [[Jhang]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zahab |first=Mariam Abou |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0snhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |title=Pakistan: A Kaleidoscope of Islam |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-753459-5 |pages=68–69 |language=en |quote=Jhang is located about 200 kilometres south of Lahore. It had historically a great politico-strategic importance for two reasons: the Sial dynasty was once powerful and Jhang was situated on the main communication line between Lahore and Multan. Parts of the vast district were taken away by the British and later by the Government of Pakistan when they created new districts. Today Jhang consists of three tehsils: Jhang, Chiniot and Shorkot.}}</ref><ref name="Gupta2">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.VTheSikhLionOfLahoremaharajaRanjitSingh/page/n61/mode/2up?q=Sansar|series=History Of The Sikhs | volume= V|title= The Sikh Lion of Lahore (Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799–1839)|author=[[Hari Ram Gupta|Gupta, Hari Ram]]|date=1991|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-8-121-50515-4|pages=65–66}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:NORTHERN INDIA 1780 by hellbat.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Punjab in 1780, depicting Sial capital of Jhang in the [[Rachna Doab]].]]
Jhang has been historically the stronghold of the Punjabi [[Sial tribe]] for centuries. The 13th Sial chief, Walidad Khan established a strong regional state in the early-18th century following the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]], which was supported by a large agricultural base along river [[Chenab River|Chenab]].<ref name="q" /><ref name=g>{{Cite web|url=https://jhang.punjab.gov.pk/our-history|title=Our History |website=District Jhang|publisher=Government of the Punjab}}</ref> He gradually gained control of the lower [[Rachna Doab|Rachna]] doab, including the cities of [[Chiniot]], [[Pindi Bhattian]], Jhang and [[Mankera]].<ref name="o"/> Next chief, [[Inayatullah Khan Sial|Inayatullah Khan]] ({{reign|1747}}1787) was a successful general who won 22 battles against [[Bhangi Misl]] and the Multan chiefs.<ref name="o" /> His son, Sultan Kabir Khan was a mild ruler and his reign was peaceful. In 1798, he abdicated in the favour of his son, Ahmed Khan, who proved to be the last Sial ruler.<ref name=yasmin>{{cite book |last=Yasmin |first=Robina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRsCzwEACAAJ |title=Muslims Under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century |date=2022 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-7556-4035-5 |language=en|pages=45–46}}</ref>

In 1803, the Sikh ruler of Lahore, [[Ranjit Singh]], sent his agents to Jhang to demand tribute from Ahmed Khan. Upon his refusal Ranjit Singh marched with his army to Jhang. Ahmed Khan collected a force consisting of Sials, [[Kharral]]s and [[Bharwana]]s, but was defeated, ultimately being forced to pay a tribute of 60,000 rupees per year. Ranjit Singh annexed the Sial capital of Jhang in 1807, on the pretext that Ahmad Khan Sial was making an alliance with [[Muzaffar Khan Sadozai]] of Multan and had signed a secret treaty with the latter.<ref name="yasmin" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rishi |title=State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab |publisher=SAGE Publications India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9-3515-0504-4 |quote=When Ranjit Singh realised that Ahmad Khan Sial of Jhang had concluded a secret treaty with Nawab Muzaffar Khan of Multan, he annexed Jhang in 1807 and gave Ahmad Khan a jagir at Mirowal near Amritsar.}}</ref> However, Ahmed Khan seized control of Jhang again in 1808 with the help of Pathans of Multan.<ref name="Gupta2" /> Ranjit Singh again invaded Sial-ruled territories in 1810 while going on campaign against the Nawab of Multan, and defeated the Sials.<ref name="o">{{Cite book|publisher=Punjab Government|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105607|title=Gazetteer Of The Jhang District|date=1883–84|chapter=Chap. II. — History|pages=23–39}}</ref> The Sial rule came to end in 1816, and Ahmed Khan was awarded a small jagir by Ranjit Singh worth 12,000 rupees in the [[Amritsar District]] as compensation.<ref name="yasmin" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |author-link=J. S. Grewal |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-63764-0 |edition=Revised |pages=4, 102–10, 248 |lccn=99158580 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of Punjab]]
[[Category:1723 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1818 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1723]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1818]]

Ajmer–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Jan Shatabdi Express

2026-02-26T03:32:38Z

Andreasujg: enhanced intro also and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Jan Shatabdi Express train in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{No footnotes|date=October 2019}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=October 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 87cefa
| name = Ajmer Junction – Delhi Sarai Rohilla ''Jan Shatabdi Express''
| logo =
| image = Ajmer Delhi Jan Shatabdi.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Jan Shatabdi Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|12|22}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railways (NWR)]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Ajmer Junction railway station|Ajmer Junction]] '''(AII)'''
| stops = 8
| end = [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla]] '''(DEE)'''
| distance = {{convert|386|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 5 hours 55 minutes as 12065, 6 hours 10 minutes as 12066
| frequency = Five days a week {{efn|Except Sundays and Thursdays}}
| class = AC Chair Car, Second Class seating
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = Previously ran as [[Ajmer–Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = Overhead racks
| other facilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12065 / 12066
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|63|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = {{Ajmer–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Jan Shatabdi Express Route|inline=y}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 12065 / 12066 '''Ajmer–Delhi Sarai Rohilla ''Jan Shatabdi Express''''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of the [[Jan Shatabdi]] category belonging to [[Indian Railways]] - [[North Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Delhi Sarai Rohilla}} in India.

It operates as train number 12065 from Ajmer Junction to Delhi Sarai Rohilla and as train number 12066 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]] & [[Rajasthan]].

This train formerly ran as a [[Ajmer–Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express]] but due to poor demand was converted to a [[Jan Shatabdi Express]].

==Coaches==

The 12065 / 12066 Ajmer–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Jan Shatabdi Express has 1 AC car, 12 Second Class seating and 2 power cars. It does not carry a [[pantry car]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 12065 Ajmer–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Jan Shatabdi Express covers the distance of {{convert|386|km|0|abbr=on}} in 5 hours 55 mins (55.14 km/h) and in 6 hours 5 mins as 12066 Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Ajmer Jan Shatabdi Express (56.49 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

==Routeing==

The 12065 / 12066 Ajmer–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Jan Shatabdi Express runs from Ajmer Junction via {{stnlnk|Kishangarh}}, {{stnlnk|Phulera Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ringas Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Nim Ka Thana}}, {{stnlnk|Narnaul}}, {{stnlnk|Rewari}}, {{stnlnk|Gurgaon}}, {{stnlnk|Delhi Cantonment}} to Delhi Sarai Rohilla.

==Traction==

As the entire route is now fully electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad]]-based [[WAP-5]] / [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive powers the train for its entire journey.

==Timings==

* 12065 Ajmer–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Jan Shatabdi Express leaves Ajmer Junction every Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday at 05:40 hrs IST and reaches Delhi Sarai Rohilla at 11:35 hrs IST the same day.
* 12066 Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Ajmer Jan Shatabdi Express leaves Delhi Sarai Rohilla every Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday at 16:20 hrs IST and reaches Ajmer Junction at 22:25 hrs IST the same day.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160126012037/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/jan_shatabdi.html
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151017221019/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-04/news/43658782_1_stoppages-train-occupancy The Economic Times]
* http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=3239&id=0,4,268
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMklOWdVKGQ
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/55998266@N08/11337567923/
* https://web.archive.org/web/20131201203814/http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/news/ajmer-nizamuddin-jan-shatabdi/1107475.html
* http://www.dailypioneer.com/todays-newspaper/5-pairs-of-duranto-get-new-names-for-want-of-travellers.html

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate= 8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=irfca.org|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Jan Shatabdi Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajmer - Hazrat Nizamuddin Jan Shatabdi Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Ajmer]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jan Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2013]]

Jal Shakti Abhiyan

2026-02-24T09:09:08Z

Andreasujg:

{{Short description|Water conservation campaign of the Government of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Jal Shakti Abhiyan
| native_name = जल शक्ति अभियान
| native_name_a =
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| formed = {{Start date|2019|07|01|df=y}}
| preceding1 =
| jurisdiction = [[India]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| minister1_name = [[C. R. Patil]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Jal Shakti]]
| parent_agency = [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]
| website = {{URL|jsactr.mowr.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Jal Shakti Abhiyan''' ({{translation|Water Power Campaign}}) is a [[water conservation]] campaign of the [[Government of India]], administered by the [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]. Launched on 1 July 2019 by Union Minister [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]], the campaign was conceived as a response to acute [[water scarcity in India|water stress across India]].<ref name="bstandard">{{cite news |title='Jal Shakti Abhiyan': Govt launches water conservation campaign |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jal-shakti-abhiyan-govt-launches-water-conservation-campaign-119070100897_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=1 July 2019 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> In its initial phase, the programme targeted 256 water-stressed districts identified by the Central Ground Water Board.<ref name="pib-launch">{{cite press release |title=Jal Shakti Abhiyan for Water Conservation Launched |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=191069 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=1 July 2019 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> Since 2021, it has operated under the expanded name "Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain" and has been conducted annually across all districts in the country.<ref name="pmindia-ctr">{{cite web |title=PM to launch 'Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain' campaign on 22nd March |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-to-launch-jal-shakti-abhiyancatch-the-rain-campaign-on-22nd-march/ |website=Prime Minister of India |date=22 March 2021 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>

== Background ==

A 2018 report by [[NITI Aayog]], titled the ''Composite Water Management Index'', stated that approximately 600 million people in India faced high to extreme water stress.<ref name="niti-aayog">{{cite web |title=NITI Aayog Report on Water Crisis |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=195635 |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> The report warned that 21 major cities, including [[Delhi]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]], and [[Hyderabad]], risked running out of [[groundwater]] by 2030, and that the crisis could cost up to six per cent of India's [[gross domestic product]] by 2050.<ref>{{cite news |title=India has just five years to solve its water crisis, experts fear |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/27/india/india-water-crisis-intl-hnk |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=27 June 2019 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="niti-aayog" /> India holds 18 per cent of the world's population but has access to only four per cent of global freshwater resources; per capita [[water supply|water availability]] had declined to approximately 1,100 [[cubic metre]]s, below the internationally recognised water stress threshold of 1,700 cubic metres.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's latest crisis: 600 million people struggle with drought |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/india-s-latest-crisis-600-million-people-struggle-drought |website=[[Lowy Institute]] |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> Groundwater, which supplies over 60 per cent of [[irrigation in India|irrigated agriculture]] and 85 per cent of rural [[drinking water]] in India, had experienced a significant increase in extraction over the preceding decades.<ref>{{cite web |title=On Day Zero, India prepares for a water emergency |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nindia.2019.84 |website=[[Nature (journal)|Nature India]] |date=2019 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>

In May 2019, the Government of India formed the [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]] by merging the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation with the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.<ref name="bstandard" /> Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], in his ''[[Mann Ki Baat]]'' radio address, called on citizens to treat water conservation as a [[Mass movement (politics)|mass movement]] comparable to the [[Swachh Bharat Mission]].<ref name="pib-launch" />

== First phase (2019) ==

The Jal Shakti Abhiyan was launched on 1 July 2019 as a time-bound, mission-mode campaign in 1,592 blocks across 256 water-stressed districts.<ref name="pib-launch" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Neerain |date=2026-02-05 |title=Jal Shakti Abhiyan & Rainwater Harvesting: Homeowner's Participation Guide |url=https://neerain.com/jal-shakti-abhiyan/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=NeeRain |language=en-US}}</ref> Implementation occurred in two phases: the first from 1 July to 15 September 2019, coinciding with the [[monsoon of South Asia|southwest monsoon]], and the second from 1 October to 30 November 2019 for states receiving the northeast retreating monsoon.<ref name="pib-launch" />

The campaign focused on five interventions: [[rainwater harvesting|water conservation and rainwater harvesting]]; renovation of traditional [[water body|water bodies]] and tanks; reuse of water and recharge of [[tube well|bore wells]]; [[watershed management|watershed development]]; and intensive [[afforestation]].<ref name="pib-launch" /><ref name="bstandard" /> These were supported by the development of block- and district-level water conservation plans and the promotion of efficient [[irrigation]] through [[Krishi Vigyan Kendra]]s.<ref name="pib-launch" /> The programme was coordinated by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation with the participation of multiple central ministries and [[states and union territories of India|state governments]].<ref name="pib-launch" />

''[[Down To Earth (magazine)|Down To Earth]]'', an Indian environmental magazine, reported that while the campaign was built on the principle of citizen participation, it lacked clearly defined and measurable outcome targets.<ref name="dte-analysis">{{cite web |title=Jal Shakti Abhiyan: What can make it more impactful |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/jal-shakti-abhiyan-what-can-make-it-more-impactful-66878 |website=[[Down To Earth (magazine)|Down To Earth]] |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>

== Catch the Rain expansion (2021–present) ==

The campaign was not conducted in 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. On 22 March 2021, [[World Water Day]], Prime Minister Modi launched "'''Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain'''" with the slogan "Catch the rain, where it falls, when it falls."<ref name="pmindia-ctr" /> Unlike the 2019 campaign, this expanded programme covered all blocks in all districts across India, encompassing both rural and urban areas.<ref name="pmindia-ctr" /><ref name="nwm-ctr">{{cite web |title=Catch the Rain |url=https://nwm.gov.in/catch-rain |website=National Water Mission, Ministry of Jal Shakti |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> The programme has been conducted annually since, with each edition carrying a thematic focus.<ref name="nwm-ctr" />

The 2024 edition adopted the theme "Nari Shakti se Jal Shakti" (Women's Power for Water Power), emphasising the role of women in water conservation.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Union Minister for Jal Shakti Launches Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain 2024 Campaign |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2013162 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=2024 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> The 2025 edition, launched from [[Panchkula]], [[Haryana]], by Union Minister [[C. R. Patil]], focused on grassroots engagement in 148 districts identified by the Central Ground Water Board.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nationwide 'Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain' campaign launched from Panchkula |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/nationwide-jal-shakti-abhiyan-catch-the-rain-campaign-launched-from-pkula/ |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=22 March 2025 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="pib-2025">{{cite press release |title=Ministry of Jal Shakti to Launch 'Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain – 2025' on World Water Day |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2113865 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=March 2025 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>

== Outcomes ==

According to government figures, over 46 lakh (4.6 million) water conservation and rainwater harvesting works were completed or initiated between the March 2021 launch and December 2021, alongside the planting of over 36 [[crore]] (360 million) saplings.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=G. Asok |title=Note on Jal Shakti Abhiyan – Catch The Rain campaign |url=https://asokji.in/sites/default/files/Jal%20Shakti%20Abhiyan-Catch%20The%20Rain%2007022022.pdf |date=7 February 2022 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> By 2024, the government reported that 24.24 lakh (2.4 million) water bodies had been enumerated in what it described as the country's first such census, and more than 670 Jal Shakti Kendras (water resource centres) had been established across [[states and union territories of India|states and union territories]].<ref name="pib-2025" />

[[WaterAid]] India, in an analytical report on the campaign, noted instances of significant community mobilisation at the district level, including participatory vulnerability assessments and water budgeting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Analysis and Learnings |url=https://www.wateraid.org/in/sites/g/files/jkxoof336/files/jal-shakti-abhiyan-analysis-and-learning.pdf |website=[[WaterAid]] India |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> However, independent evaluations of overall programme effectiveness remain limited, and the government's reported statistics have not been subject to comprehensive third-party audit.<ref name="dte-analysis" />

== Relationship to other programmes ==

The Jal Shakti Abhiyan is distinct from the [[Jal Jeevan Mission]], which aims to provide piped [[drinking water]] to every rural household, and from the [[Atal Bhujal Yojana]], a [[World Bank]]-supported [[groundwater]] management programme.<ref name="pib-launch" /> The government has described these programmes as operating in convergence, with the Jal Shakti Abhiyan serving as the umbrella campaign for community-level water conservation and awareness.<ref name="nwm-ctr" />

== See also ==
* [[Water scarcity in India]]
* [[Jal Jeevan Mission]]
* [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]
* [[Swachh Bharat Mission]]
* [[Atal Bhujal Yojana]]
* [[Namami Gange Programme]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|jsactr.mowr.gov.in}}
* [https://nwm.gov.in/catch-rain Catch the Rain] – National Water Mission

[[Category:Water conservation in India]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation in India]]

The Hyderabad Public School, Ramanthapur

2026-02-21T05:45:55Z

Andreasujg: updated page

{{Short description|Grade 1-12 state school in Hyderabad}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = The Hyderabad Public School, Ramanthapur
| image = HPSR.jpg
| motto = '''Be Vigilant'''
| established = 1972
| type = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Public]]
| principal = Dr.Narsimha Reddy
| principal2 =
| principal_label2 = Vice Principal
| area = 40 acres
| faculty = 100
| staff =
| enrollment = 2300
| athletics =
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| athletic_conference =
| colors =
| mascot =
| free_label = Emblem
| free_text = "Shaheen" – The Eagle
| free_label2 = School Song
| free_text2 = God Bless The School
| free_label3 = School Magazine
| free_text3 = "Shaheen" (Annually)
| free_label4 = School Newsletter
| free_text4 = "Eaglet" (Quarterly)
| free_label5 = Online Magazine
| free_text5 = "Musings"
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| postal_code = 500013
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.3996045|N|78.5362976|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}
| information =
| website = http://hpsramanthapur.org
}}
'''The Hyderabad Public School''' is located in [[Ramanthapur]], [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, India.

The school was established in 1972. It is a branch of [[Hyderabad Public School]] located at Begumpet. It has over 2300 students in grades PP1 through 12; teaching is in English. The teacher student ratio is 1:23. The school is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], New Delhi, and is a member of Indian Public Schools' Conference. Admission into the school is through a recently introduced system of drawing lots.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} The school is an ethical, non-profitable, co-educational institution.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== History ==
In 1972, The Hyderabad Public School Society realized the need for another public school. By resolution of the Board of Governors, the society decided to start a new unit. The Late Sri T.B.V. Subhramanyam was entrusted with the project and was appointed the founder principal.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} Thus a new unit of the Hyderabad Public School came into existence in a rented building at Panjagutta. Later, the [[Osmania University]] leased out {{convert|40|acre|ha}} (+20 acres for conservation purpose) of land in at Ramanthapur and the school was shifted to its present site.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Facilities ==
The school has nine main buildings: the administrative block accommodates the accounts office and the clerical staff, a two storied main academic block, the principal's academic office, the vice-principal's office, the staff room, the assembly hall, laboratories, workshop areas, activity rooms and class rooms.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The school is co-ed (since 1986). The boarding facilities are offered for boys only.

There is a 25-bed dispensary, physics, chemistry, biology, and computer laboratories alongside a Mathematics lab.

== Divisions ==
* Pre-Primary Wing – Classes: PP1 and PP2
* Primary Wing – from Class 1 to 5
* Secondary Senior Wing – Classes 6 to 12
Each class has five sections A, B, C, D, E and F(Only till 5 class)

==Sports and extra-curricular activities==
The school in a {{convert|40|acre|m2|adj=on}} closed campus has playgrounds for [[cricket]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[basketball]], [[football (soccer)|football]], [[volleyball]], [[badminton]], [[kabaddi]], [[tennis]], [[tennikoit]] and [[table tennis]]. There is a children's park near the primary wing and parallel bars adjacent to the boarding house.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==Management==
The Hyderabad Public School is managed by the Hyderabad Public School Society through its Board of Governors. The Board of Governors comprises:{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}
* Six elected representatives of the Hyderabad Public School Society
* The Vice Chancellor, Osmania University, Hyderabad
* The Vice Chancellor, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad.
* Two Nominees of Education Department of Telangana State Government.
* The Principal, The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet, Hyderabad.
* The Principal, The Hyderabad Public School, Ramanthapur, Hyderabad.
The Executive Body of the Managing Committee of H.P.S. Society also constitutes the Executive Body of the Board of Governors of H.P.S.

==The House system==
The student body is divided into four houses named after famous Empires:{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

*[[Vijayanagara]] – {{font color|black|yellow|Yellow}}
*[[Nalanda]] – {{font color|white|blue|Blue}}
*[[Nagarjuna]] – {{font color|white|red|Red}}
*[[Taxila]]- {{font color|white|green|Green}}

==Notable alumni==
* [[Preetish Nijhawan]]; Co-founder of [[Akamai Technologies]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/about/company-history.jsp|title=Alumni{{!}} Preetish-Akamai}}</ref>
* [[Venkatapathy Raju]]; Indian Cricketer<ref name="Raju">{{cite web |last1=Venkatapathy |first1=Raju |title=Alumni |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2010/dec/27/a-trip-down-memory-lane-for-the-old-boys-214227.html}}</ref>
* [[Rajiv Chilaka]]; Founder & MD of [[Green Gold Animation]] {{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]]; Actor and Film Director
* [[Kallam Satish Reddy|K. Satish Reddy]]; Chairman of [[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories|Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd.]]
* [[Ravi Kailas]]; Chairman of Mytrah Group{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}
* [[Ravi Mantha]]; Co-founder of [[Srikanth Bolla|Bollant Industries]], former advisor to [[Narendra Modi]], author{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==See also==
* [[Education in India]]
* [[List of schools in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.today/20010127155800/http://learning.indiatimes.com/school/pages/homepages/othercity/othschaf/hydhpsram1.htm School profile from ''India Times'']
* [http://hpsramanthapur.org Website]

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyderabad Public School, Ramanthapur The}}
[[Category:Schools in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1972]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Telangana]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Patna–Guwahati high-speed rail corridor

2026-02-05T10:08:44Z

Andreasujg:

{{Short description|Under-construction high-speed rail line}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Siliguri–Guwahati High Speed Rail Corridor
| other_name =
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[High-speed rail]]
| system =
| status = Planned
| locale = {{unbulleted list | [[West Bengal]]|[[Assam]]}}
| start = [[Siliguri]]
| end = [[Guwahati]]
| stations = 10 (expected)
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| planopen = {{Start date and age|2051|df=y}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/railway-budget-2021-bullet-train-expectations-list-mumbai-ahmedabad-varanasi/articleshow/80419088.cms|title=Railway Budget 2021: Indian Railways to focus on new bullet train networks in coming years?|work=The Times of India|date=23 January 2021}}</ref>
| open = 
| yearcommenced =
| yearcompleted = 
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited]]
| character = Elevated, underground and [[grade-separated]]
| depot =
| stock = [[E5 Series Shinkansen]]
| linelength_km = 850
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|1,435 mm|allk=on}}
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification = [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC]], 50 Hz, [[overhead catenary]]
| speed_km/h = 320
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website = {{URL|https://www.nhsrcl.in/}}
| map = {{Patna–Guwahati high-speed rail corridor}}
| map_name =
| map_state = uncollapsed
}}

'''Siliguri–Guwahati High Speed Rail Corridor''' is one of the six new proposed [[high-speed rail]] lines that will run from West Bengal's [[Siliguri]] to [[Assam]]'s largest city, [[Guwahati]], via the [[Siliguri Corridor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/railway-budget-2021-bullet-train-expectations-list-mumbai-ahmedabad-varanasi/articleshow/80419088.cms|title=Railway Budget 2021: Indian Railways to focus on new bullet train networks in coming years?|work=The Times of India|date=23 January 2021}}</ref>

This line is set to boost the connectivity in Northeastern India by linking with the [[Delhi–Kolkata high-speed rail corridor|Delhi–Kolkata line]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bullet-train-in-india-new-routes-jammu-guwahati-varanasi-ayodhya-patna-bengaluru-mumbai-indian-railways/articleshow/79808273.cms|title=Bullet train to Jammu, Guwahati? Indian Railways proposes to connect these major cities with high-speed rail|work=The Times of India|date=19 December 2020}}</ref>

==Possible stations==
The route is according to the planned alignment as shown in National Rail Plan's (NRP) High-speed rail line map.
As far as it is planned, the possible routes may be via [[Katihar]] & [[New Jalpaiguri]] with a {{convert|414|km|adj=on}} spur line to connect [[Howrah]] from [[Katihar]]. From [[Patna]] to [[Guwahati]], [[Barauni]], [[Khagaria]], [[Naugachhia]], [[Kishanganj]], [[Cooch Behar]], [[New Bongaigaon]] & [[Rangiya]] may be the stations en route. For [[Howrah]] connection line, [[Nabadwip Dham]], [[Bolpur]] [[Rampurhat]] & [[Malda Town]] may be the stations en route.

==See also==
* [[High-speed rail in India]]
** [[Varanasi–Howrah high-speed rail corridor]]
** [[Delhi–Varanasi high-speed rail corridor]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|https://www.nhsrcl.in/en/home|NHRCL official website}}
* {{URL|http://www.jterc.or.jp/english/kokusai/conferences/pdf/130211-jic-presentation.pdf|Preliminary Study}}

{{High-speed rail in India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patna - Guwahati high-speed passenger corridor}}
[[Category:2020 in rail transport]]
[[Category:High-speed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:India–Japan relations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Assam]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Bihar]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in West Bengal]]

{{India-rail-transport-stub}}

Sanjay Vellanki

2026-01-30T21:28:45Z

Andreasujg: Starting Initial Pg V1

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjay Vellanki
| image =
| other_names = Sanjay
| birth_place = India
| yearsactive = 2005–2023
| occupation = Actor
| parents =
}}
'''Sanjay Vellanki''' is a former Indian actor who worked in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. He is known for his work in ''[[Parugu]]'' (2008), ''[[Mundhinam Paartheney]]'' (2010) and ''[[Doo (film)|Doo]]'' (2011).

== Personal life ==
Prior to entering films, he worked as a chef in a five-star hotel in Mumbai. His brother worked as an assistant director to [[Mohan Raja]].<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-kitchen-to-camera-sanjay-vellanki/articleshow/5719183.cms|title=From kitchen to camera: Sanjay Vellanki|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 March 2010}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sanjay Vellanki went to acting school before making his debut as a lead actor with ''Kadante Avunanile'' (2005) under the stage name of Vamsi Krishna.<ref name="T"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-kadanteavunanile.html|title=Audio release - Kadante Avunanile|date=17 April 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> He went on to play supporting roles in several Telugu films including ''[[Parugu]]'' (2008), where he played [[Poonam Bajwa]]'s lover, with whom she elopes.

He made his Tamil debut with the romantic drama ''[[Mundhinam Paartheney]]'' (2010). To prepare for his role of a software professional, he lost ten kilograms.<ref name ="T"/> His performance was well received with a critic noting that "New face Sanjay delivers a low-key yet elegant performance as Sanju, giving his co-star all the room to shine".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mundhinam-paartheney--review-tamil-pclx5cgcjhfdh.html|title=Review : (2010)|work=[[Sify]]|date=19 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116133241/https://www.sify.com/movies/mundhinam-paartheney--review-tamil-pclx5cgcjhfdh.html |archive-date=2019-11-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Fun-foibles-and-%E2%80%A6-love/article16614664.ece|title=Fun, foibles and … love|date=25 March 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Rangarajan|first=Malathi}}</ref> He then starred in another romantic film ''[[Doo (film)|Doo]]'' (2011). Regarding his performance, a critic wrote that "Sanjay lends conviction to his role, and is comfortable in the fight-dance sequence also".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/aug/09/doo-279682.html|title=Doo|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 |access-date=|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720064040/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/aug/09/doo-279682.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Doo | website=[[Sify]] | date=2011-08-06 | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/doo-review-tamil-pcmac5eejbbfg.html | access-date= | archive-date=20 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720064030/https://www.sify.com/movies/doo-review-tamil-pcmac5eejbbfg.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Although ''Mundhinam Partheney'' and ''Doo'' released to above average reviews, both films were box office failures.<ref name="t">{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/theriyum-aanaal-theriyaathu-tamil-film/articleshow/55703342.cms|title=யாழ் குணசேகரன் இயக்கத்தில் 'தெரியும் ஆனால் தெரியாது'!|language=ta|work=[[The Times of India|The Times of India Samayam]]|date=30 November 2016}}</ref> His next film ''Eppodhum Vendraan'' (2014) had a low-key release and the film ''Theriyum Aanal Theriyathu'' was never released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-04-04/Eppodhum-Vendran-Tamil-movie-review/90977|title=Eppodhum Vendran Tamil movie review|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=4 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="t"/>

He played the second hero in the film ''[[Kabadi Bro]]'', which released after a four year delay in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2023-07-03 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம் : கபடி புரோ |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/kabadi-bro-film-review-999733 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta |archive-date=2023-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704063216/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/kabadi-bro-film-review-999733 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Feature films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
!Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''Kadante Avunanile'' || Raghuram || rowspan="5" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || Dr. Lokesh
|
|-
| ''[[Photo (2006 film)|Photo]]'' || Giri
|
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Munna (2007 film)|Munna]]'' || Munna's friend
|
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Parugu]]'' || Errababu
|
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mundhinam Paartheney]]'' || Sanjay || rowspan="5" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Doo (film)|Doo]]'' || Vasanth
|
|-
|2014 || ''Eppothum Vendraan'' || Saravanan
|
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Ratsasan]]'' || Inspector Durai Raj
|
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kabadi Bro]]'' || Shakti
|
|}

=== Other work ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
!Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''Happy Married Life'' || {{n/a}} || rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || rowspan="3"|Short films
|-
| 2016 || ''Rusi Kanda Poonai'' || Meera's husband
|-
| 2021 || ''Bhoomi'' || Bharat || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2022
|''Yedhedho Maatram''
| {{n/a}}
| Tamil
|Music video
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|12128844}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanjay Vellanki}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Prem Nagar, Uttarakhand

2026-01-26T18:44:51Z

Andreasujg: further expand layout for accuracy and cleaned formatting for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Dehradun]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Yatinder Singh

2026-01-24T20:21:46Z

Andreasujg:

{{Short description|Indian bodybuilder}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox bodybuilder
| name = Yatinder Singh
| gender = Male
|image =
| caption= Singh at 2015 World Body Building & Physique Sports Championship Bangkok
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Saharanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| height = 5 ft 5 in
| weight = 90-120 kg
| firstproshow = Jr. Mr India
| firstproshowyear = 2005
| bestwin = WBPF Championship Bangkok
| bestwinyear = 2015
| predecessor =
| successor =
| yesorretiredyear =

}}
'''Yatinder Singh''' is an Indian bodybuilder, entrepreneur and fitness icon. His most recent accomplishments include the silver medal in 7th World Body Building<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wbpf-tv.com/photo-gallery-bangkok/bodybuilding-men|title=Bodybuilding Men|website=wbpf-tv.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-09-24}}</ref> and Physique Championship 2015 and Mr. India 2016.

==Early life==
Yatinder was born and raised in [[Saharanpur]] town of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=fitn ess |first1=stiry |title=Yatinder Singh |date=24 December 2015 |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/from-being-bound-to-a-wheelchair-to-becoming-a-world-champion-the-story-of-yatinder-singh-will-definitely-inspire-you-248747.html}}</ref><ref name=ibb1>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indianbodybuilding.co.in/inspiring-journey-yatinder-singh-wheel-chair-indias-best-bodybuilder/|title=Inspiring Journey of Yatinder Singh – from Wheel Chair to India's Best Bodybuilder |date=2016-05-04|work=IBB - Indian Bodybuilding|access-date=2017-09-24|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
===Bodybuilding career===
The year 2001 marked the beginning of Singh's bodybuilding career.<ref name="ascogent.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.ascogent.com/the-inspiring-journey-of-mr-asia-mr-world-yatinder-singh/ |title=The Inspiring Journey of Mr. Asia & Mr. World Yatinder Singh {{!}} Ascogent & Co. |website=www.ascogent.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526110514/https://www.ascogent.com/the-inspiring-journey-of-mr-asia-mr-world-yatinder-singh/ |archive-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> After winning his first championship in 2002, he took part in several bodybuilding and fitness competitions in India and later internationally.<ref name="bhaskar.com">{{Cite web |title=This man was on a wheelchair for 16 months, became world champion by will power |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-KAN-bodybuilder-yatinder-singh-was-paralyzed-for-16-months-before-world-champion-tit-5311751-PHO.html |access-date=2022-08-19}}</ref>
<ref name=ibb1/>

===Major injury===
Singh had started preparing for Mr. Asia 2005.<ref name="bhaskar.com"/> One evening while working out, he was seriously injured due to the negligence of a helping boy. Singh's lower back vertebrae had ruptured causing nerve injuries. His right hand and leg about 30 percent paralyzed. As a result, he was bedridden for months.<ref name="ascogent.com"/>

Singh had to stay away from bodybuilding for the next three years.<ref name="bhaskar.com"/> To become financially independent, he soon started working as a personal trainer in a gym in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. In 2008, he moved to Gurgaon to pursue his career as a businessman.<ref name="fitsaurus.com">{{Cite web|url=http://fitsaurus.com/fitness-story-former-mr-india-mr-world-runners-up-yatinder-singh-interviews-with-fitsaurus/|title = Fitness Story: Former Mr. India & Mr. World Runners-up Yatinder Singh Interviews with Fitsaurus|date = 26 September 2017}}</ref>

===Second chance in bodybuilding===
By 2008, Singh's back had recovered substantially and he returned to bodybuilding.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.techitalk.ga/uncategorized/the-inspiring-journey-of-mr-asia-mr-world-yatinder-singh/ |title=The Inspiring Journey of Mr. Asia & Mr. World Yatinder Singh – TechiTalk |website=www.techitalk.ga |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526111158/https://www.techitalk.ga/uncategorized/the-inspiring-journey-of-mr-asia-mr-world-yatinder-singh/ |archive-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> He started researching and studying techniques that would help him work out without straining himself.<ref name="fitsaurus.com"/> He completed ACE and ACSM training courses. In 2010, Singh won several championships such as Mr. UP Overall title, Mr. North India, Senior Mr. India title in 75  kg category. He was also the first runner-up in the overall Sr. Mr. India and won the title of the Best Improved Bodybuilder.<ref name="ascogent.com"/>

He went on to win many more national and international titles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/from-being-bound-to-a-wheelchair-to-becoming-a-world-champion-the-story-of-yatinder-singh-will-definitely-inspire-you-248747.html|title=Bound To A Wheelchair Few Years Ago To A World Champion, This Is The Story Of Yatinder Singh|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=2017-09-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/yatinder-singh-world-champion-bodybuilder/|title=Here's How Wheelchair-Bound Yatinder Singh Defied All Odds To Become A World Champion Bodybuilder|last=ScoopWhoop|date=2015-12-24|work=ScoopWhoop|access-date=2017-09-24|language=En}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Gurgaon-bodybuilder-conquers-pain-to-win-silver-at-global-contest/articleshow/50069075.cms|title=Gurgaon bodybuilder conquers pain to win silver at global contest - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-09-24}}</ref>

==Contest history==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Competition
!Location
!Title/Medal
|-
|2022
|54th Asian Bodybuilding And Physique Sports Championship 2022 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/mr-asia-yatinder-singh-made-india-proud-once-again/#:~:text=New%20Delhi%3A%20Indian%20bodybuilder%2C%20entrepreneur,weight%20category%20(85%20kg) | title=Mr. Asia, Yatinder Singh Made India Proud, Once Again | date=30 July 2022 | access-date=28 October 2022 | archive-date=12 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812180048/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/mr-asia-yatinder-singh-made-india-proud-once-again/#:~:text=New%20Delhi%3A%20Indian%20bodybuilder%2C%20entrepreneur,weight%20category%20(85%20kg) | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|Mafushi, Republic of Maldives
| Gold
|-
|2016
|Mr. International Championship
|Dubai
|Bronze
|-
|2016
|Senior Mr.India Body Building Championship<ref name=IBB1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianbodybuilding.co.in/results/sunit-jadhav-wins-ibbf-mr-india-2016/|title = Sunit Jadhav Wins IBBF Mr India 2016 – Full Results}}</ref>
|Maharashtra<ref name=IBB1 />
|Gold<ref name=IBB1 />
|-
|2016.
|Svayambhu Shree Classic All India Invitational Championship<ref name=IBB2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianbodybuilding.co.in/results/rajendran-mani-wins-svayambhu-shree-2016-complete-results/|title = Rajendran Man 46i Wins SVAYAMBHU Shree 2016 – Complete Results}}</ref>
|Maharashtra<ref name=IBB2 />
|Bronze<ref name=IBB2 />
|-
|2016
|Federation Cup
|Ludhiana
|Overall Title
|-
|2015
|World Body Building & Physique Sports Championship<ref name="Yatinder Singh">{{Cite web|url=http://indianfitnessmagazine.blogspot.com/2018/08/yatinder-singh.html|title=Yatinder Singh}}</ref>
|Bangkok<ref name="Yatinder Singh"/>
|Silver<ref name="Yatinder Singh"/>
|-
|2015
|Mr. India Satish Sugar Classic Championship
|Karnataka
|Overall Title
|-
|2015
|Mr. India Talwalkar's Classic Bodybuilding Championship<ref name="Yatinder bags bodybuilding title">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/sports/in-other-sports/011217/yatinder-bags-bodybuilding-title.html|title = Yatinder bags bodybuilding title|date = December 2017}}</ref>
|Mumbai<ref name="Yatinder bags bodybuilding title"/>
|Silver<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/krida-news/yatinder-singh-talwalkar-classic-bodybuilding-competition-1593214/|title=स्वप्न प्रत्यक्षात आणणं, हाच यशाचा मार्ग}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|Mr. U.P.
|Uttar Pradesh
|Overall Title
|-
|2015
|Mr. North India Championship
|New Delhi
|Overall Title
|-
|2014
|[[2014 WBPF World Championship|WBPF World Championship]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wbpf-tv.com/video-gallery-16/physique-fitness-men/video/yatinder-singh-india-6th-wbpf-ch-mumbai|title=Yatinder Singh - India, 6th WBPF Ch. Mumbai|website=www.wbpf-tv.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-09-24}}</ref>
|Mumbai
|4th Place
|-
|2014
|Mr. U.P.
|Uttar Pradesh
|Overall Title
|-
|2010
|Best-Improved Bodybuilder of the Year
| -
|Title
|-
|2010
|50th National Bodybuilding Championship
|Assam
|Gold
|-
|2009
|North India Bodybuilding Championship
|Chandigarh
|Overall Title
|-
|2009
|North India Classic Championship
|Faridabad
|Silver
|-
|2004
|5th Federation Cup Championship
|Chhattisgarh
|Gold
|-
|2004
|Best-Improved Bodybuilder of the Year
| -
|Title
|-
|2004
|Jr. Mr. India
|India
|Silver
|-
|2004
|Mr. North India
|New Delhi
|Gold, Overall Title
|-
|2002
|Mr. Saharanpur
|Uttar Pradesh
|Overall Title
|-
|2002
|Western Uttar Pradesh Championship
|Uttar Pradesh
|Gold
|}
*

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://yatindersingh.in/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Yatinder}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male bodybuilders]]

Amazon miniTV

2026-01-23T00:07:25Z

Andreasujg:

{{Short description|Streaming service in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox website
| name = miniTV
| logo = miniTV.png
| logo_size = 225px
| logo_alt = Logo for the miniTV
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2021
| screenshot =
| company_type = [[Division (business)|Division]]
| type = [[Over-the-top media service|OTT streaming platform]]
| language = {{plainlist|
* Hindi
* Tamil
* Telugu
}}
| language_count = 3
| headquarters = [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], U.S.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
| country_of_origin = United States{{cn|date=August 2024}}
| area_served = India
| owner = [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]
| industry = {{hlist|[[Entertainment]]|[[mass media]]}}
| products = {{flatlist|
* [[Teen drama]]
* [[Streaming media]]
}}
| services =
| subsidiaries =
| url = {{URL|https://www.amazon.in/minitv}}
| commercial = Yes
| registration =
| users =
| launch_date =
| current_status = Active
}}
'''Amazon miniTV''', now branded as '''[[MX Player|Amazon MX Player]]''', is a free [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] [[Streaming media|streaming]] service of [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] available in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/amazon-minitv-captures-the-hearts-of-the-gen-z-with-the-allure-of-astrology/107629347|title=Amazon mini TV captures the hearts of the Gen Z with the allure of astrology}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/7-unmissable-and-binge-worthy-amazon-mini-tv-series-you-must-watch-once/|title=7 unmissable and binge-worthy Amazon miniTV series you must watch at least once|date=13 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/amazon-minitv-unveils-trailer-of-industry-an-inspiring-drama-capturing-nuances-of-the-film-industry-898963|title=Amazon MiniTV unveils trailer of Industry, an inspiring drama capturing nuances of the film Industry OTT|date=14 June 2024 }}</ref> It is an ad-supported service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aboutamazon.in/news/entertainment/amazon-minitv-india-free-streaming|title=How Amazon miniTV is building a free OTT service for young adults|date=26 December 2023 }}</ref> MiniTV service can be accessed from Amazon’s shopping app, on [[Amazon Prime Video]], Fire TV, Smart TVs, or downloaded from Play Store.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/200-popular-dubbed-shows-movies-on-amazon-mini-tv-890225|title=Amazon miniTV forays into Tamil and Telugu language content|date=19 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/pratik-gandhi-s-short-film-shimmy-to-premiere-on-amazon-mini-tv-on-sept-17-1852620-2021-09-14|title=Pratik Gandhi's short film Shimmy to premiere on Amazon Mini TV on Sept 17|date=14 September 2021 }}</ref>

==History==
The service debuted in May 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/amazon-launches-minitv-in-india-5-things-you-should-know-about-the-new-free-video-streaming-service-1803684-2021-05-17|title=Amazon launches miniTV in India: 5 things you should know about the new free video streaming service|date=17 May 2021 }}</ref>

==Content==
===Original programming===
Many drama series were streamed on Mini TV like:
* ''[[Hunter Tootega Nahi Todega]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Half CA]]'' (2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/onca-day-amazon-minitv-announces-half-ca-a-series-that-brings-different-facets-of-the-profession-12813382.html | title=OnCA Day, Amazon miniTV announces Half CA - a series that brings different facets of the profession|work=Firstpost | date=July 2023 }}</ref>
* ''[[Highway Love]]'' (2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-highway-love-on-amazon-minitv-4-reasons-why-ritvik-sahore-gayatri-bhardwaj-s-romantic-show-should-be-on-your-binge-list-news-295422|title='Highway Love' On Amazon MiniTV: 4 Reasons Why Ritvik Sahore-Gayatri Bhardwaj's Romantic Show Should Be On Your Binge List|date=16 June 2023 |access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017223612/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-highway-love-on-amazon-minitv-4-reasons-why-ritvik-sahore-gayatri-bhardwaj-s-romantic-show-should-be-on-your-binge-list-news-295422|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Ishq Express]]'' (2022)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/5-reasons-why-ishq-express-is-a-must-watch-10829481.html | title=5 reasons why Ishq Express is a must-watch | work=Firstpost | date=23 June 2022 | access-date=19 September 2023 | archive-date=30 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930234850/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/5-reasons-why-ishq-express-is-a-must-watch-10829481.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Gutar Gu]]'' (2023)<ref>{{cite web|last=Khurana|first=Archika|title=Gutar Gu Season 1 Review : This Modern Romance Will Make You Relive the Nostalgia of First Love|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/gutur-gu/gutur-gu-season-1/seasonreview/99244575.cms|website=Times of India|date=5 April 2023|access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
* ''[[Amber Girls School]]'' (2024–present)<ref>{{cite web|title=Amber Girls School|url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Amber-Girls-School/0QDZDD2KB657BIGNEHK11K9ENS|website=Prime Video|access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref>
* ''[[Sisterhood (web series)|Sisterhood]]'' (2024–present)<ref>{{cite web|last=Khurana|first=Archika|title=''Sisterhood'' Season 1 Review: A Bingeable Coming-of-Age Teen Drama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/sisterhood/season-1/seasonreview/110961503.cms|website=Times of India|date=13 June 2024|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Amazon}}
{{VOD services}}

[[Category:Amazon (company)]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2021]]

{{India-tv-stub}}
{{internet-tv-stub}}

The Patriotic Song

2025-12-31T20:42:17Z

Andreasujg:

'''The Patriotic Song''' may refer to:

*"[[Aegukga]]", the national anthem of South Korea
*"[[Aegukka]]", the national anthem of North Korea
*[[National anthem of the Korean Empire]], the former national anthem of Korea
*[[The Patriotic Song (anthem)|"The Patriotic Song" (anthem)]], a former national anthem of Russia

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Lists of patriotic songs]]
* [[:Category:American patriotic songs]]

{{disambiguation}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patriotic Song, The}}

St. Francis Xavier Church, Kethanahalli

2025-12-12T23:01:12Z

Andreasujg: Starting New Pg W/ Refs

{{Short description|Roman Catholic Church in Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Infobox church
| coordinates = {{coord|12.32333|78.14237|display=inline,title}}
| name = St. Francis Xavier Church
| other name = Savariyar Church
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = St. Francis Xavier Church 2, Kethanahalli.jpeg
| caption = Side View of the church
| location = [[Kethanahalli, Dharmapuri|Kethanahalli]], Kariamangalam, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu
| country = India
| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| religious institute = [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]
| membership = 200 families
| former name =
| founded date = {{start date|1936|07|25|df=y}}
| founder = Mathew Pulickal and Alexander Xavi
| status = [[Parish church]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dharmapuridiocese.com/cms/public_view/list-parishes.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825175657/http://www.dharmapuridiocese.com/cms/public_view/list-parishes.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 25, 2013|title=Dharmapuri Diocese}}</ref>
| functional status = Active
| architectural type = Church
| style = Modern Architecture
| groundbreaking = 1999
| completed date = 2000
| parish = [[Kethanahalli, Dharmapuri|Kethanahalli]]
| deanery = [[Denkanikottai]]
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri]]
| archbishop = [[Francis Kalist]]
| bishop = Lawrence Pius Dorairaj
| priest = John Kennedy
}}

'''Saint Francis Xavier Church''' is a [[Catholic parish]] church around{{explain|is it in the village, or just near it?|date=May 2025}} [[Kethanahalli, Dharmapuri|Kethanahalli]] village in Dharmapuri district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The church is under the administration of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri Diocese]].

==History==
In 1930 the place became a substation of [[Kadagathur, Dharamapuri|Kadagathur]] [[Queen of Angels Church, Kadagathur|St. Mary's Parish Church]].<ref>History of Dharamapuri Diocese - by Rev Fr A.Susairaj</ref>

[[File:St. Francis Xavier Old Church, Kathenahalli.jpg|thumb|200 px|left|The abandoned Old St Francis Xavier Church, used before 2000]]

The parish of [[Palakkodu|Palacode]] was formed in 1985, and this church became its sub station. Since then the [[Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny|Cluny sisters]] have worked there on weekends.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sj-cluny.org/India-South-Central-Salem?lang=en | title=India / South Central (Salem) }}</ref>

Thirty families lived in the village in 1930. By 1974 the number had grown and the parish bought a 1.59-acre land. Later a new St. Francis Xavier Church was built on July 25, 2000.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dharmapuridiocese.org/cms/public_view/list-parishes.html | title=Dharmapuri Diocese }}</ref>

==Substations==
Under this Kethanahalli Parish church, one Sub-Station church sits in Thumbanalalli Dam with two chapels within a 2 km radius. RC Fathima Primary School is run under the church administration.<ref name="Directory">{{cite web | url=https://catholicchurches.in/directory/dharmapuri-churches/st-francis-xaviers-church-kethanahalli.htm | title=St. Francis Xavier's Church – Kethanahalli -Dharmapuri Churches- catholic churches.in | date=6 April 2009 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Churches in Dharmapuri district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in the Diocese of Dharmapuri|F]]

T. S. Rukmani

2025-12-03T04:56:03Z

Andreasujg: Starting Some Info W/ Refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Trichur Subramaniam Rukmani
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1930
| birth_place = [[Nemmara]], Kerala, India
| death_date = 2024
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], India
| residence =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Professor]], [[Author]], [[Translator]]
| period =
| known_for =
| home_town =
| boards = 
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
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| awards = 
| website =
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in [[Sanskrit]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| thesis_title = A Critical Study of the Bhagavata Purana with special reference to Bhakti<ref name=tsrcv/>
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1958
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
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| workplaces = [[University of Delhi]], [[University of Durban-Westville]], [[Concordia University]]
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}}

'''Trichur Subramaniam Rukmani''', often known as '''T. S. Rukmani''', was a [[Sanskrit]]ist who served many years on the faculty of [[Concordia University]] (1996-2012) and retired in 2012. She was a prolific author on Indian Philosophy and translator of many Sanskrit texts into English. She died on November 24, 2024, in Bengaluru, India, at the age of 94.

==Biography==
Rukmani was born in [[Kerala|Kerala State]], India.<ref name=clark08>{{cite web |last1=Clark |first1=Matthew |title=T. S. Rukmani |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/religions-and-philosophies/events/comeandmeet/rukmani/ |website=soas.ac.uk |access-date=6 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> She received a B.A. in Sanskrit, Mathematics, Economics and English ([[University of Delhi]], 1952), and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in Sanskrit (University of Delhi, 1954 and 1958).<ref name=tsrcv>[https://www.concordia.ca/etc/designs/concordia/resources/file.pdf?did=2125 CV of T. S. Rukimani] (accessed 6 January 2020)</ref>
She later received an honorary [[Doctor of Letters|Doctor of Literature]] (D.Litt.) degree from University of Delhi (1991) in recognition of her four-volume translation of a Sanskrit text called ''Yogavartiika of Vijnanabhiksu (1981-89)'', on [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga philosophy]] by [[Vijnanabhiksu]].<ref name=clark08/>

From 1964 to 1981 Rukmani served as Lecturer or Senior Lecturer at [[Indraprastha College for Women|Indraprastha College]], [[University of Delhi]].<ref name=tsrcv/>
From 1982 to 1993 she served as the Principal of [[Miranda House, Delhi|Miranda House]], University of Delhi.<ref name=tsrcv/>
From 1993 to 1995, she served as Professor and Head of the Department of Hindu Studies and Indian Philosophy, [[University of Durban-Westville]], in [[Durban]], [[South Africa]].<ref name=tsrcv/>
From 1996 to 2012 she served as Professor and Chair of the Department of Hindu Studies at [[Concordia University]] in [[Montreal]], [[Canada]].<ref name=tsrcv/><ref name=concfac>[https://www.concordia.ca/faculty/trichur-rukmani.html#IDX_BIOGRAPHY T. S. Rukmani faculty page] at [[Concordia University]], (accessed 6 January 2020).</ref>

In the mid-1990s, Rukmani served as chief editor of the ''Journal of the Indological Society of Southern Africa''<ref name=tsrcv/> and of ''Nidān: International Journal for Indian Studies'',<ref name=EIC94>{{cite journal |title=Inside front Cover |journal=Nidān: International Journal for Indian Studies |date=1 December 1994 |volume=1994 |issue=v6 |language=en |issn=2414-8636|hdl=10520/AJA10165320_24 }}</ref> and has served on the boards of several other journals, such as the ''Journal of Hinduism'' and the ''Journal of Hindu Studies'' (Oxford).<ref name=tsrcv/><ref name=jhsedboard>{{cite web |title=Editorial Board for Journal of Hindu Studies |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhs/pages/Editorial_Board |website=Oxford Academic |access-date=7 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2013, Rukmani was the subject of a [[festschrift]].<ref name=fest13>{{cite book |editor1-last=Kumar |editor1-first=P. Pratap |editor2-last=Duquette |editor2-first=Jonathan |title=Classical and contemporary issues in Indian studies: essays in honour of Trichur S. Rukmani |date=2013 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-246-0652-0 |language=en|oclc=884968023 }}</ref>

==Selected works==

* {{cite book |last=Rukmani |first=T. S. |title=Kaṭhopaniṣat: with the commentary of Vijñānabhikṣu called Vedāntāloka |date=2018 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788121513227 |oclc=1059570515}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Rukmani |editor-first=T. S. |title=The Mahabharata: what is not here is nowhere else : (Yannehāsti na Tadkvacit) |date=2005 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-215-1130-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3QpAAAAYAAJ |oclc=62149232 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Rukmani |first=T. S. |title=Yogasūtrabhāṣyavivaraṇa of Śaṅkara: Vivaraṇa text with English translation, and critical notes along with text and English translation of Patañjali's Yogasūtras and Vyāsabhāṣya |date=2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-215-0908-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcHWAAAAMAAJ}} {{OCLC|46352942}}
* {{cite book |last=Rukmani |first=T. S. |title=Shankaracharya |date=1994 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-230-0063-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/shankaracharya00rukm |oclc=31900500 |language=en}} (freely downloadable)
* {{cite book |last=Rukmani |first=T. S. |title=Yogavārttika of Vijñānabhikṣu: text, with English translation and critical notes, along with the text and English translation of the Pātañjala Yogasūtras and Vyāsabhāṣya |date=1981 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788121500562 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ya3WAAAAMAAJ |language=en}} {{OCLC|9969995}}
* {{cite book |last=Rukmani |first=T. S. |title=A critical study of the Bhagavata Purana: (with special reference to Bhakti) |date=1970 |publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mmvXAAAAMAAJ |language=en}} {{OCLC|462838647}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.concordia.ca/etc/designs/concordia/resources/file.pdf?did=2125 CV of T. S. Rukimani] ([[Concordia University]])
*[https://www.concordia.ca/faculty/trichur-rukmani.html#IDX_BIOGRAPHY T. S. Rukmani faculty page] ([[Concordia University]])
*[https://ochs.org.uk/people/professor-ts-rukmani T. S. Rukmani faculty page] ([[Oxford University]])

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rukmani, TS}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Indologists]]
[[Category:Yoga scholars]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Concordia University]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]

Raunaq Yar Khan

2025-10-16T10:58:08Z

Andreasujg: put up a entry

{{Short description|Indian noble and socialite}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Raunaq Yar Khan
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Nizam Raunaq Yar Khan.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|4|13}}
| birth_place = Viqar-Ul-Umra Palace, [[Begumpet]], [[Hyderabad]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = Ahmad Yar Khan Lateef Unnisa Begum
| relatives =
}}

'''Raunaq Yar Khan''' (born 13 April 1960, at Viqar-Ul-Umra Palace, [[Begumpet]], [[Hyderabad]]) is a Hyderabadi aristocratic noble and socialite.

== Early life and education ==
Yar Khan is connected to the Asaf Jahi dynasty through his maternal lineage, as he is the great-grandson of Nizam Mir [[Mahboob Ali Khan]], the VIth Nizam of Hyderabad. His grandmother, Dawood Unnisa Begum, was the daughter of Nizam Mahboob Ali Khan and was married to the nobleman Nawab Muhammad Nazir ud-din Khan Bahadur, Nazir Nawaz Jang<ref>{{Cite book |last=V.H. |first=Desai |title=Vande Mataram to Jana Gana Mana: Saga of Hyderabad Freedom Struggle |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1990 |pages=238}}</ref> (also a descendant of the Vth Nizam, [[Afzal-ud-Daulah]]). Raunaq Yar Khan is the son of Lateef Unnisa Begum, their daughter.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Syed |date=2023-03-03 |title=VIII Nizam heir dispute reaches theological proportions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/viii-nizam-heir-dispute-reaches-theological-proportions/article66577430.ece |access-date=2025-06-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His father, Ahmad Yar Khan,<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-30 |title=HC sets aside collector's '22 order on Jubilee Hills land |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-high-court-overturns-controversial-denotification-of-jubilee-hills-land/articleshow/114746026.cms |access-date=2025-06-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and his mother, Lateef Unnisa Begum,<ref name=":14" /> are both of the Islamic faith.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-19 |title=Shia Council Wants Raunaq Yar Khan to Oversee Muharram Rally |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/shia-council-wants-raunaq-yar-khan-to-oversee-muharram-rally-1886146 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sameer |date=2025-06-19 |title=Allow Bibi Ka Alam procession under IX Nizam of Hyderabad: Shia Council |url=https://www.siasat.com/allow-bibi-ka-alam-procession-under-ix-nizam-of-hyderabad-shia-council-3235435/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref>

His early education began at the Parsi Pre-primary School, which was established by close friends of the family and Parsi nobility.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=pynr.in |date=2024-06-23 |title=Shepherding a dynasty {{!}} The Pioneer |url=https://pynr.in/shepherding-a-dynasty/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Following his early education, Yar Khan attended [[The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet|Hyderabad Public School]], Begumpet.<ref name=":2" />

After completing his schooling, he pursued higher education in science. He served as a voluntary advisor to the Delhi Police between 1989 and 1999.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2023-02-15 |title=Explained {{!}} The claim for the title of the Hyderabad Nizam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/the-hindu-explains-is-the-claim-for-title-of-nizam-becomes-battle-of-nerves/article66511958.ece |access-date=2025-09-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Raunaq Yar Khan attended courses on Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic technology at [[IIT Madras]] at [[Guindy]], now [[Chennai]], India.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAkvB9_qNic |title=Nizam Prince Raunaq Yar Khan Exclusive Interview {{!}} Koffee With Yamuna Kishore #21 {{!}}{{!}} #427 |date=2017-07-03 |last=iDream Media |access-date=2025-06-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Eventually, he became involved in his father's manufacturing business, where he explored his interests in product design and innovation, particularly in fibreglass technology.<ref name=":2" />

== Cultural contributions ==
His deep roots in the city have positioned him as an authentic representative of Hyderabad's distinctive "[[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|tehzeeb]]" (refined culture) and cosmopolitan spirit that developed through centuries of multicultural interaction under Asaf Jahi rule.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Tomar |first=Ajay |date=2023-03-03 |title=1 throne, 2 heirs? Why Asaf Jahi dynasty chose Raunaq Yar Khan over Azmet Jah as Hyderabad Nizam |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/1-throne-2-rulers-why-asaf-jahi-dynasty-chose-raunaq-yar-khan-over-azmet-jah-as-hyderabad-nizam/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-02-10 |title=Nawab Raunaq Khan designated as 9th Nizam of Hyderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nawab-raunaq-khan-designated-as-9th-nizam-of-hyderabad |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> His involvement in both Hindu celebrations<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-02-04 |title=Ninth Nizam of Asaf Jahi Dynasty, Raunaq Yar Khan graces Basant Panchami festival in Hyderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ninth-nizam-of-asaf-jahi-dynasty-raunaq-yar-khan-graces-basant-panchami-festival-in-hyderabad |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> like [[Holi]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSVwlB_hEVA |title=Jubilee Hills Holi Celebrations by HIGHNESS RAUNAQ YAR KHAN 9TH NIZAM OF ASAF JAHIS {{!}} ZEE News |date=2025-03-14 |last=Zee Telugu News |access-date=2025-06-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Pics - Grand Holi Celebrations 2016 by Raunaq Yar Khan, Hyderabad |url=https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/81249/raunaq-yar-khan-holi-celebrations-photos.aspx |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=www.ragalahari.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-03-10 |title=Raunaq Yar Khan's colourful Holi bash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/raunaq-yar-khans-colourful-holi-bash/articleshow/12197870.cms |access-date=2025-06-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Hans News |date=2019-03-23 |title=Nizam's kin organize inter-faith Holi celebrations |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/nizams-kin-organize-inter-faith-holi-celebrations-514654 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2GO8zA3VSM |title=Raunaq Yar Khan Organised Inter-faith Holi in Hyatt Gachibowli {{!}} Hyderabad {{!}} ABN Entertainment |date=2019-03-23 |last=ABN Chitrajyothy |access-date=2025-06-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-25 |title=Grand Holi Celebrations at Bhut Bangla, Hyderabad {{!}} RITZ |url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/grand-holi-celebrations-at-bhut-bangla-hyderabad/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> and Islamic traditions<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /> promotes harmony among communities.

He owns an expansive 80-acre film facility situated on a 115-acre estate in [[Jubilee Hills]].<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-12-27 |title=Reunion of HPS alumni held at Hyderabad's tallest man-made hill |url=https://telanganatoday.com/reunion-of-hps-alumni-held-at-hyderabads-tallest-man-made-hill |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Achary |first=Neel |date=2023-12-30 |title=Former CM Kiran Kumar Reddy among 36 HPS alumni explored Raunaq's H.I.G.H. as part of HPS's 100-year celebrations, at a high tea & more, hosted by Nawab Raunaq |url=https://bizrapidx.com/business/former-cm-kiran-kumar-reddy-among-36-hps-alumni-nawab-raunaq/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Biz RapidX}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=Former CM Kiran Kumar Reddy among 36 HPS Alumni explored Raunaq's H.I.G.H |url=https://medicircle.in/former-cm-kiran-kumar-reddy-among-36-hps-alumni-explored-raunaqs-high |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=MediCircle |language=en}}</ref> This facility, considered one of the largest in the city, features a unique man-made hill known as H.I.G.H. (Highest In Greater Hyderabad Hill) and has served as a location for film productions such as '[[Rangasthalam]]'.<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabindra |date=2023-06-05 |title=Nawab Raunaq Yar Khan, the 9th head of the Asif Jahi Dynasty of Nizams pays tributes to Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam of the Princely State of Hyderabad |url=https://businessmicro.in/news/nawab-raunaq-yar-khan-the-9th-head-of-the-asif-jahi-dynasty-of-nizams-pays-tributes-to-mir-osman-ali-khan-the-last-nizam-of-the-princely-state-of-hyderabad/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Business Micro |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|//www.nizamraunaqyarkhan.com}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yar Khan, Raunaq}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Hyderabadi Muslims]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad district, India]]

National Highway 45B (India, old numbering)

2025-10-13T18:13:17Z

Andreasujg: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 38 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Hrishikesh Kanitkar

2025-10-05T22:38:04Z

Andreasujg: update information after review and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1974)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Hrishikesh Kanitkar
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Hrishikesh Hemant Kanitkar
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|11|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| family = [[Hemant Kanitkar]] (father)
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm offbreak
| role = All-rounder
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1997 - 2000
| testdebutdate = 26 December
| testdebutyear = 1999
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 224
| lasttestdate = 2 January
| lasttestyear = 2000
| lasttestagainst = Australia
| odidebutdate = 7 December
| odidebutyear = 1997
| odidebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| odicap = 109
| lastodidate = 30 January
| lastodiyear = 2000
| lastodiagainst = Australia
| odishirt = 14
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 2
| runs1 = 74
| bat avg1 = 18.50
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 45
| deliveries1 = 6
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 34
| runs2 = 339
| bat avg2 = 17.84
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1
| top score2 = 57
| deliveries2 = 1,006
| wickets2 = 17
| bowl avg2 = 47.23
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/22
| catches/stumpings2 = 14/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 146
| runs3 = 10,400
| bat avg3 = 52.26
| 100s/50s3 = 33/46
| top score3 = 290
| deliveries3 = 7,753
| wickets3 = 74
| bowl avg3 = 47.91
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 3/21
| catches/stumpings3 = 85/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 128
| runs4 = 3,526
| bat avg4 = 35.26
| 100s/50s4 = 6/21
| top score4 = 133
| deliveries4 = 3,476
| wickets4 = 70
| bowl avg4 = 39.64
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 4/35
| catches/stumpings4 = 49/–
| date = 20 February
| year = 2016
| source = http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30018.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Hrishikesh Hemant Kanitkar''' ({{audio|Hrishikesh_Kanitkar.ogg|pronunciation}}; born 14 November 1974) is a former Indian [[cricket]]er, who briefly played Tests and ODIs.

He is a left-handed batsman and a right-arm offbreak bowler.<ref name="cricinfo_kanitkar">[http://www.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/30018.html Hrishikesh Kanitkar on ESPNcricinfo]</ref> When he retired in 2015, he was one of only three batsmen to have scored over 8000 runs in the [[Ranji Trophy]] and also the only captain in the Ranji Trophy history to lift both the Elite and Plate league titles.

== Domestic career ==

He made his [[First-class cricket|first-class debut]] against the [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] led [[Mumbai cricket team]] at [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Solapur]], which was drawn in the [[1994–95 Ranji Trophy]].

He scored prolifically for the [[Maharashtra cricket team]] in the Ranji Trophy and brought himself into contention for national selection. Although off the international scene for quite some time, Kanitkar joined the [[Brentwood Cricket Club]] in [[Essex]] for the 2006 season. During this season he enjoyed the English conditions, scoring over 1000 runs in the season with an average of 76.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranjisuperleague/content/story/325940.html Rookies come to the party]</ref><ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/429552.html Madhya Pradesh welcome back ICL returnees]</ref> His highest score of 290* was against Bihar in the 2002-03 Ranji season in [[Tata Digwadih Stadium]], where Indian would-be captain [[MS Dhoni]] was the wicket-keeper.

Kanitkar played for the [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] [[Ranji Trophy|Ranji]] team as a senior player.<ref name="RanjiGuest">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Aakash-Chopra-to-represent-Rajasthan/Article1-612997.aspx Ranji Trophy Guest Players] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104002242/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Aakash-Chopra-to-represent-Rajasthan/Article1-612997.aspx |date=4 November 2010 }}</ref> In the [[2010-11 Ranji Trophy]] season, he captained the Rajasthan team and led them to their maiden Ranji Trophy triumph after defeating [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] in the finals.<ref name="ranji_win">{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-26/ranji-trophy/28361409_1_hrishikesh-kanitkar-ranji-trophy-rajasthan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104205715/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-26/ranji-trophy/28361409_1_hrishikesh-kanitkar-ranji-trophy-rajasthan | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-11-04 | title=Dream comes true for Kanitkar | access-date=2011-02-20 | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=2011-01-26 }}</ref>

In December 2012, he became the 27th cricketer to play 100 [[Ranji Trophy]] matches.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/502593.html Yes, but is he lucky]</ref><ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-elite-2011/content/story/549155.html Kanitkar 'humbled' to be in final again]</ref><ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranjisuperleague2010/content/story/497208.html A triumph to savour for Kanitkar]</ref>

In July 2015 Kanitkar announced his retirement from cricket.<ref name="Retire">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/893081.html |title=Hrishikesh Kanitkar retires from cricket |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=1 July 2015 |access-date=1 July 2015 }}</ref>

== International career ==

He is best remembered for hitting a four when India required 3 runs to win from 2 balls in the [[Silver jubilee independence cup 1998|Silver Jubilee Independence Cup]] final at [[Dhaka]], against [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]].<ref name="cricinfo_kanitkar"/> He played only a few ODIs and scored only one half-century in the format (which came in his third ODI innings against the [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] in [[Kochi]]).

He only had a brief international test career in which he played in two tests in [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1999–2000|1999/00]] both against [[Australian cricket team]] at [[Melbourne]] and [[Sydney]]. He scored 11 and 45 in a [[Boxing Day]] Test at [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] as the [[Indian cricket team|India]] lost by 180 runs. In his second Test, Kanitkar scored 10 and 8 as India was defeated by an innings and 141 runs and Kanitkar was never selected in the Test team again.

== Coaching career ==

In 2011, Kanitkar was appointed as an assistant coach of [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] but walked out of the contract even before the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] season began. This was due to disputes with the owners.

Kanitkar was named as head coach of the [[Goa cricket team]] for [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy]] season with a one-year contract.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2015-16/content/story/902921.html Kanitkar joins Goa as coach]</ref>

Kanitkar then became the head coach of the [[Tamil Nadu cricket team]] from 2016 - 2019. He excelled as a coach for Tamil Nadu and was credited with turning around the fortunes of the team.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hrishikesh Kanitkar: The man behind Tamil Nadu's Ranji Trophy turnaround - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/hrishikesh-kanitkar-the-man-behind-tamil-nadus-ranji-trophy-turnaround/articleshow/56170409.cms|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The Times of India|date=25 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Along with [[Lakshmipathy Balaji|Lakshmipati Balaji]], as the full-time bowling coach, Kanitkar was credited with making a major change in the team.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=C. Santosh|date=2017-01-01|title=Hrishikesh Kanitkar's hand in Tamil Nadu transformation|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/010117/hrishikesh-kanitkars-hand-in-tamil-nadu-transformation.html|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

In the run-up to [[ICC Women's T20 World Cup]] 2023, Hrishikesh Kanitkar was named the Stand-In Chief Coach of the [[India women's national cricket team]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/richa-ghosh-draws-praise-from-india-stand-in-coach-ahead-of-womens-t20-world-cup-2023-sky-is-the-limit-for-her-2333512-2023-02-11 | title=Richa Ghosh draws praise from India stand-in coach ahead of Women's T20 World Cup 2023: Sky is the limit for her | date=11 February 2023 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==

He is the son of former Indian wicket-keeper [[Hemant Kanitkar]] who also played in two [[Test cricket|Tests]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanitkar, Hrishikesh}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan cricketers]]
[[Category:Maharashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Central Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Rajasthan cricket captains]]
[[Category:Coaches of the India women's national cricket team]]

{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}

List of metropolitan areas in Gujarat

2025-09-16T08:17:55Z

Andreasujg: Stub

{{short description|Metropolitan areas in Gujarat}}
{{see also|Districts of Gujarat|Cities of Gujarat|Talukas of Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

A '''[[metropolitan area]]''' or '''metro''' is a '''region''' consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less populated surrounding territories under the same administrative division, sharing industry, infrastructure and housing.
Based on these faculties [[Ahmedabad]] is the largest metropolitan area in [[Gujarat]].

This is a list of [[metropolitan area]]s by population in [[Gujarat]]. The 74th Amendment to the Indian Constitution defines a [[metropolitan area]] as: <blockquote>An area having a population of 10 [[Lakh]] or 1 Million or more, comprised in one or more districts and consisting of two or more Municipalities or Panchayats or other contiguous areas, specified by the Governor by public notification to be a Metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Local Bodies|url=http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/SYB2013/CH-42-LOCAL%20BODIES/local%20bodies.pdf|website=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=5 June 2015|page=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034226/http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/SYB2013/CH-42-LOCAL%20BODIES/local%20bodies.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend74.htm|title=The Constitution (Seventy-Fourth Amendment) Act, 1992}}</ref></blockquote>

{{location map+|Gujarat|width=300|right|caption=List of metropolitan areas in Gujarat|places={{location map~|Gujarat|label=[[Ahmedabad]]|lat=23.03|long=72.58}}
{{location map~|Gujarat |lat=21.1012864|N|long=72.4951819|E|label=[[Surat]]|mark=Green pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|Gujarat|label=[[Vadodara]]|lat=22.18|long=73.12|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Gujarat |lat=22.3000|N|long=70.7833|E|label=[[Rajkot]]|mark=Yellow pog.svg|position=right}}}}

== List ==
List is based on the data of cities by Population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Cities above 1 Lakh, Census 2011|publisher=Government of India|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!City
!District
!Type
!Population (2021)
|-
|1
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|[[Metropolis]]
|8,253,000
|-
|2
|[[Surat]]
|[[Surat district|Surat]]
|[[Metropolis]]
|7,645,384
|-
|3
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|[[Metropolis]]
|3,041,791
|-
|4
|[[Rajkot]]
|[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
|[[Metropolis]]
|1,390,640
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of cities in Gujarat by population]]
* [[List of metropolitan areas in India]]
* [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]
* [[List of cities in Gujrat by school]]

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cities in Gujarat by population}}
[[Category:Lists of cities in India by state or union territory|Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat-related lists|Cities]]
[[Category:Lists of cities in India by population|Gujarat]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Gujarat|Population]]

Raj Kumar Bhatia

2025-09-13T21:55:18Z

Andreasujg: put up a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Politician
| name = Raj Kumar Bhatia
| term_start = 8 February 2025
| constituency = [[Adarsh Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Adarsh Nagar]]
| office = Member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Pawan Kumar Sharma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''[https://rajkumarbhatia.in/ Raj Kumar Bhatia]''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Delhi]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] to the [[8th Delhi Assembly]] from [[Adarsh Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Adarsh Nagar Assembly constituency]], defeating his closest competitor Mukesh Kumar Goel of [[Aam Aadmi Party]] by 11,482 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adarsh Nagar Election Results 2025: How Raj Kumar Bhatia, Mukesh Kumar Goel performed in Adarsh Nagar constituency |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/delhi/delhi-assembly-elections-2025-results-how-raj-kumar-bhatia-mukesh-kumar-goel-performed-in-adarsh-nagar-constituency-3396231 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adarsh Nagar Election Result 2025: Raj Kumar Bhatia of BJP Wins, Defeats Mukesh Kumar Goel of AAP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/adarsh-nagar-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-winner-leading-mla-margin-9218811.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatia, Raj Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}