Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Bicholim taluka

2026-05-05T14:13:56Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Created a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bicholim
| native_name = {{langx|kok|Bichole}}
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| image_map = Bicholim.png
| map_caption = Location of Bicholim in [[North Goa district]] in [[Goa]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15.588804|N|73.965469|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bicholim]]
| parts_type = Settlements
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 2 cities 2 towns 22 villages
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name = na
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name1 = na
| area_total_km2 = 238.79
| population_total = 97,955
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 43.06%
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| blank_name_sec1 = Rain
| blank_info_sec1 = na
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituency]]
| leader_name2 = na
| leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = na
| demographics1_info1 = 80.27%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 962
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#Goa|GA]]-04
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 4035XX
}}

'''Bicholim''' is a sub-district, also known as Taluka, located in the Northeastern part of [[North Goa district]] of [[Goa]], [[India]]. There are 2 cities, 2 towns and 22 villages in Bicholim Taluka.

==Demographics==

As per the 2011 Census of India, Bicholim Taluka has a population of 97,955 people. The sex-ratio of Bicholim Taluka is around 962 compared to 973 which is the state average of Goa. The literacy rate of Bicholim Taluka is 80.27% out of which 84.23% males are literate and 76.15% females are literate. The total area of Bicholim is 238.79 km2 with population density of 410 per km2. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 2.31% and 4.59% of the population respectively. 43.06% of the population lives in urban areas.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – North Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/368/download/1120/DH_2011_3001_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH_GOA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title = Religion in Bicholim Taluka (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar = #Fcd116
|left1 = Religion
|right1 = Percent
|float = left
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Goa|Hinduism]]|darkorange|90.93}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|7.12}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Goa|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.72}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.23}}
|caption =
}}

[[Hinduism]] is followed by the vast majority of population of Bicholim Taluka. [[Muslims]] and [[Christians]] are among the minorities. At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 90.93% of the population of the Taluka followed Hinduism, 7.12% Islam, 1.72% Christianity and 0.23% of the population followed other religions or did not state religion.<ref name="Religion" >{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW30C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref>

===Languages===

Konkani is the most spoken language in Bicholim Taluka. Marathi is also spoken by a significant minority.

{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Languages of Bicholim Taluka (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Goa |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value1 = 66.38 |color1 = salmon
|label2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value2 = 18.56 |color2 = red
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 5.14 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]] |value4 = 3.43 |color4 = darkslateblue
|label5 = [[Urdu]] |value5 = 3.20 |color5 = green
|label6 = Others |value6 = 3.29 |color6 = grey
}}

At the time of 2011 Census of India, 66.38% of the population of Bicholim Taluka spoke [[Konkani language|Konkani]], 18.56% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 5.14% [[Hindi]], 3.43% [[Kannada]] and 3.20% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Goa |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.indiastudychannel.com/india/cities/Taluks-628-Bicholim.aspx Cities and villages in Bicholim Taluka]

{{Goa topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bicholim Taluk}}
[[Category:Talukas of Goa]]
[[Category:Geography of North Goa district]]

{{goa-geo-stub}}

Kautha

2026-05-04T10:46:55Z

AndersonMcFarlan: started new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kautha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kn
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.035377|77.475227|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bidar district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Aurad]]
| government_type = Panchayat Raj
| governing_body = Kautha Gram Panchayat<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Bidar%20DG%20Chapter%20Village%20List.pdf
| title = Bidar District Gazetteer - Chapter: Village List
| publisher = Government of Karnataka
| website = Karnataka Gazetteer Department
| format = PDF
| access-date = 20 July 2025
}}</ref>
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web
| url = https://vill.co.in/karnataka/bidar/aurad-558054560/koutha-b-054566001160/
| title = Kautha Village - Aurad Taluk, Bidar District
| website = Vill.co.in
| publisher = Village Information Portal
| access-date = 20 July 2025
}}
</ref>
| area_total_km2 =7.8
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,454<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web
| url = https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/600116-koutha-karnataka.html
| title = Koutha Village Population - Aurad, Bidar, Karnataka
| website = Census of India 2011
| access-date = 20 July 2025
}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011<ref name="Census2011"/>
| population_density_km2 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 585421<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://news.abplive.com/pincode/karnataka/bidar/koutha-b-pincode-585421.html
| title = Kautha Pincode 585421 -Aurad Taluka, Bidar District, Karnataka
| website = [[ABP News]]
| publisher = [[ABP Group]]
| access-date = 20 July 2025
}}
</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08481
| registration_plate = KA-38
}}

'''Kautha''', also known as '''Koutha''',<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://villagedatabase.com/village-info/india/karnataka/bidar/aurad/koutha#gsc.tab=0
| title = Koutha Village in Aurad (Bidar), Karnataka
| website = VillageDatabase.com
| access-date = 20 July 2025
}}</ref> is a village in [[Aurad]] taluka of [[Bidar district]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://inmap.in/Kouta%20B/Aurad/Bidar/Karnataka
| title = Kautha village in Aurad Taluk, Bidar District
| website = InMap.in
| access-date = 20 July 2025
}}</ref> As of the 2011 census, the village had a population of 2,454.<ref name="Census2011"/>

==Demographics==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demographic data of Kautha village (2011 Census)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://villageinfo.org/village/600116
| title = Kautha Village Population - Aurad, Bidar, Karnataka
| website = VillageInfo.org
| access-date = 20 July 2025

}}</ref>
|-
! Category !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| '''Total Population''' || 2,454 || 1,234 || 1,220
|-
| Children (0-6 years) || 362 || 169 || 193
|-
| Scheduled Caste Population || 643 || 326 || 317
|-
| Scheduled Tribe Population || 684 || 345 || 339
|-
| '''Literacy Rate''' || 69.69% || 77.84% || 61.25%
|-
| '''Workers''' || colspan="3" |
|-
| Total Workers || 1,052 || 660 || 392
|-
| Main Workers || 893 || data-sort-value="" | — || —
|-
| Marginal Workers || 159 || 53 || 106
|-
| '''Total Houses''' || colspan="3" | 440
|}

==Schools and Colleges==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Educational Institutions in Kautha
|-
! Name !! Type !! Class !! Location !! Established !! Management
|-
| '''Government Higher Primary School'''<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://kys.udiseplus.gov.in/#/schooldetail/5558345/11
| title = GOVT HPS KOUTHA - School Details (UDISE+ ID: 5558345)
| publisher = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]]
| website =Unified District Information System for Education Plus Portal (UDISE)
| date =
| access-date = 20 July 2025
}}
</ref> || [[Primary education|Primary with Upper Primary]] || 1st-7th || Kautha (585421) || 1951 || [[Government school|Government]]
|-
| '''Harlayya Comp PU College'''<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://kys.udiseplus.gov.in/#/schooldetail/5524702/11
| title = Harlayya Comp P.U. College - UDISE+ School Details (ID: 5524702)
| publisher = Ministry of Education, Government of India
| website = UDISE+ Portal
| access-date = 20 July 2025
}}
</ref> ||Pre-University || PUC I-II || Kautha (585421) || 1992 || Private
|-
| '''Harlayya High School'''<ref name="UDISE_Harlayya">{{cite web
| url = https://kys.udiseplus.gov.in/#/schooldetail/5515451/11
| title = UDISE+ School Details: Harlayya Composite P.U. College, Kautha (ID: 5515451)
| publisher = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education, Government of India]]
| work = Unified District Information System for Education Plus Portal (UDISE)
| access-date = 20 July 2025
}}
</ref> || [[Secondary education|Secondary]] || 8th-10th || Kautha (585421) || 1983 || [[Grant-in-aid|Government Aided]]
|-
| '''Sainath Gurukul Higher Primary School'''<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://kys.udiseplus.gov.in/#/schooldetail/5515083/11
| title = Sainath Gurukul HPS Kautha - UDISE+ School Details (ID: 5515083)
| publisher = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]]
| work = Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE) Portal
| access-date = 20 July 2025
}}
</ref> || [[Primary education|Primary with Upper Primary]] || 1st-7th || Kautha (585421) || 2006 || Private
|}

==Bank==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Banking Services in Kautha Village
|-
! Bank Name !! Branch !! IFSC Code !! Services
|-
| [[Canara Bank]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/ifsccode/bank-canara-bank,state-karnataka,district-kouthab,branch-kowtha-b,ifsccode-CNRB0001930.cms
| title = Canara Bank Kautha Branch IFSC Code (CNRB0001930)
| website = [[The Economic Times]]
| publisher = [[The Times Group]]
| access-date = 20 July 2025
}}
</ref> || Kautha|| CNRB0001930 || Savings Accounts, Loans, Fixed Deposits
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://karnataka.gov.in}}

[[Category:Villages in Bidar district]]

The Belle of Cavel

2026-05-04T06:45:05Z

AndersonMcFarlan:

{{Short description|1895 Konkani play by Pai Tiatrist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox play
| name = The Belle of Cavel
| image = Cavelchi Sundori (The Belle of Cavel), 1943.png
| caption = A photograph of the play featured in the ''[[The Times of India|Times Evening News]]'', 1943
| writer = [[João Agostinho Fernandes]]
| director = João Agostinho Fernandes
| characters = {{plainlist|
* Deodita
* Amaral
* Hellen
* Berthold
* Gregory
* João
* Esperans
* Silvester
* Marcelin
* Alex}}
| setting = [[Charni Road]] Gardens
| premiere = May 1895
| place = Skating Rink, [[Bombay]]
| orig_lang = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| subject = Preference for [[love marriage]] versus [[arranged marriage]], challenges with [[Caste system in India|caste and class differences]]
| genre = [[Tiatr]], [[romcom]]
| series = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Batcara II]]''
* ''[[Bebdo (play)|Bebdo]]''
* ''Pandurang Kusmonncar''
}}
}}

'''''The Belle of Cavel''''' is a two-act [[Konkani language|Konkani]] play written and directed by the [[Goan]] playwright [[João Agostinho Fernandes]] in his debut as a playwright. It is a [[musical comedy]] that explores themes of [[romantic comedy]]. It was first composed in 1893 and later debuted on stage in 1895. Between the years 1909 and 1943, this theatrical work had no less than ten more showings, solidifying its place as one of Fernandes's most acclaimed productions. The play was known by different titles such as '''''Charni Road Bagh''''' and '''''Eoc Goencar B. A. Exam Passar''''' until 1927 when it was [[rebranded]] with its present title in 1932.

==Characters==
Deodita is the belle of [[Cavel]], an educated young woman and the female protagonist.

Amaral, a [[law student]], is the Belle's [[love interest]] and the male protagonist.

Hellen is depicted as the [[Conservatism|traditional-minded]] companion of the Belle.

Gregory is the Belle's elderly father who opposes his daughter's decision to marry her lover.

Professor Dom Berthold Mustard is the [[Mad scientist|mad professor]] known for his witty remarks and disputes. He later marries Esperans.

Bhojjawalla is the man who argues with Berthold.

João is a passerby and an acquaintance of Amaral.

Esperans is the village woman who appears in the [[subplot]] and is part of a [[love triangle]].

Silvester is a [[sailor]] who wants to marry Esperans and appears in the subplot.

Marcelin is the love interest of Esperans and appears in the subplot.

Alex is the father of Amaral, who later has a fight with Gregory.

Baltazar is the lawyer who defends Amaral during his [[trial]].

Gunderiwalla is the second [[witness]] during Amaral's trial.

==Plot==
[[File:Shadows of Charni Road.jpg|thumb|The neighborhood of Charni Road in 2009, where the original play is set.]]
===Act I===
Amaral, a [[Bachelor of Arts]] (B.A.) graduate, is focused on his [[Bachelor of Laws]] (L.L.B.) exam preparations when he encounters João. Their discussions range from politics to [[Current events|current affairs]]. Meanwhile, Deodita, renowned as the Belle of Cavel, is strolling with her companion Hellen in the distance. Amaral and Deodita share a moment of mutual attraction, leading to the blossoming of [[love at first sight]]. The storyline involves Berthold's conflict with Bhojjawalla, along with other events. Amaral is the recipient of a correspondence from the Belle. Their interaction is characterized by intense emotions and romantic discussions. João and Hellen are influenced by their romantic gestures. Amaral signals his desire to wed the Belle by presenting an [[engagement ring]] as a symbol of their [[betrothal]]. Concurrently, Esperans rejects romantic overtures from Silvester. Berthold contributes witty and insightful remarks to the unfolding events.

Amaral engages Berthold to act as an [[intermediary]] for delivering a [[Love letter|message of affection]] to the Belle. Inquisitive about the content of the letter, the Belle's father, Gregory, disguises himself as her grandfather and promises to pass the letter to Deodita upon her return. The [[mad scientist|peculiar professor]] entrusts Berthold with the letter and is compensated. After discovering the letter's contents, the furious old man expels the Belle from the residence due to her defiance and disrespect. Berthold feigns sympathy towards Gregory in a mocking manner. Deodita and Amaral convene in the garden, during which Amaral voices his apprehensions regarding the upcoming L.L.B. examination. Deodita offers words of encouragement and support to Amaral during this challenging time. Meanwhile, Marcelin has a rendezvous with Esperans, and Berthold entertains with his witty jokes.

===Act II===
Alex and Gregory, two fathers, engage in a confrontation, resulting in a physical scuffle over the topic of Amaral and Deodita's engagement. The dispute intensifies from verbal disagreements to a [[physical altercation]]. Berthold adds his witty remarks to the situation, injecting humor into the tense encounter. Marcelin finds himself in Silvester's control, with both vying for Esperans's hand in marriage. Berthold intervenes, resolving their conflict by [[Menacing|brandishing]] a [[revolver]]. He successfully resolves the situation, leading Esperans away in triumph.

Amaral's apprehension regarding [[Bride kidnapping|abduction]] charges is alleviated by the Belle assuming complete responsibility. Their exchange is interrupted by Gregory's arrival with law enforcement to arrest Amaral, and they are then escorted to the police station. In the [[legal proceeding]]s involving Amaral accused of abducting the Belle of Cavel, the police inspector puts forth a forceful argument. Baltazar provides a competent defense. Berthold's [[courtroom]] jests and testimony are notable, with Gunderiwalla appearing as the second [[witness]]. The Judge's final remarks contribute to Amaral's ultimate [[exoneration]].

==Themes==
The play examines the growth of enduring friendships among educated [[youth|young individual]]s, disregarding the approval of parents or [[Social inequality|societal barrier]]s. This theme is subtly introduced in the initial [[Song structure|choral passage]], as the main characters Deodita and Amaral sing: "''Zaite zananim utor dilam angasori Pai maiche khoxi bhairi''" ({{translation|Many have given their word here, against the wishes of their parents}}). The play emphasizes the concept of [[empowering women]], with a particular focus on the role of [[Female education|education in this empowerment]]. The production also emphasizes the importance of responsible conduct among educated women, cautioning against frivolity. The play portrays the persistent conflict between traditional values and [[Modernism|modern influence]]s, showcasing a setting where educated young women are becoming more confident in making independent choices regarding their lives, including their decisions on marriage partners.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |language=en}}</ref>

The work also explores the conflict between [[Traditional society|traditional societal]] expectations and emerging trends emphasizing [[Libertarian personal autonomy|personal autonomy]] in matters of marriage. [[Traditionalist conservatism|Traditionalist]] perspectives maintained that factors like [[Caste system in India|caste and class]] should be key criteria in such decisions, a view challenged by the playwright Fernandes as [[Caste system among South Asian Christians|incompatible with Christian principles]]. This [[Theme (narrative)|thematic]] tension is conveyed through the male protagonist Amaral, who expresses concern over the persistence of caste distinctions among Christians, questioning how such practices align with their religious faith. The play directly depicts the consequences of these divergent attitudes, as the parents of Amaral and Deudita clash over appropriate marriage considerations, leading to [[physical altercation]]s between the fathers. Consequently, the need to overcome entrenched prejudices related to hierarchies of caste and class emerges as a central preoccupation of the work. It grapples with the broader [[sociocultural]] shifts underway, where traditional norms governing [[arranged marriage]] face increasing challenges from perspectives emphasizing individual choice and [[religious universalism]].<ref name=":0" />

==2021 adaptation==
In December 2021, the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG) appointed ''[[tiatr]]'' director and scholar Michael Gracias to produce a play written by [[Goan]] playwright [[João Agostinho Fernandes]], marking the 150th anniversary of Fernandes's birth. Gracias selected one of Fernandes's plays and spent two weeks [[transcribing]] the original handwritten [[manuscript]] in order to produce a more accessible typed version. For the production, Gracias assembled a cast that included some of his own students. Following that, he undertook the task of restructuring and refining the theatrical piece by infusing it with beloved traditional [[Goan music|Konkani musical compositions]] from the early to mid-20th century. These incorporated songs included "Tornnem Rogot", "Bhattacho Vantto", "Zalo Tedna Melo", "Dotik Lagon", "Ankvar Mariechem Dukh", and "Bottatteanchi Bhaji".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-05 |title=A song and dance about Cavel |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/a-song-and-dance-about-cavel-23230334 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Promotional Poster of The Belle of Cavel.png|thumb|The 1938 staging of the original play at The Princess Theatre, [[Kalbadevi]]]]
Gracias composed the [[Introduction (music)|introductory musical piece]] for the theatrical production as a [[Tribute act|gesture of reverence]] towards the artistic contributions of Fernandes. The play underwent an extensive [[rehearsal]] period, with the cast and crew meeting daily for three weeks to prepare. The Tiatr Academy of Goa granted financial assistance for the staging of five performances of the three-hour play. By June 2022, the play had been performed 22 times following its premiere.<ref name=":1" /> On 2 October 2022, Gracias brought the play to [[Cavel]], Mumbai, which was the original inspiration for the production. Over 250 people attended this performance in [[Mumbai]]. Following the Cavel showing, additional performances of the play were held at other venues in the Mumbai area, including [[Kurla]], [[Dadar]], [[Matunga]], and [[Kankavli]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-30 |title=Staging Mirrors: How Konkani language tiatrs/theatre plays chronicle the socio-political themes of the times, with much struggle |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/staging-mirrors-how-konkani-language-tiatrs-theatre-plays-chronicle-the-socio-political-themes-of-the-times-with-much-struggle-news-233281 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

==Scene by scene==
<gallery>
File:The Belle of Cavel scene I & II.png|Act I – Scene I & II
File:Belle of Cavel Scene III & IV.png|Scene III & IV
File:Belle of Cavel Act 2 - Scene I and II.png|Act II – Scene I & II
File:Belle of Cavel Scene 3 and 4.png|Scene III & IV
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tiatr]]
[[Category:1895 musicals]]
[[Category:1890s debut plays]]
[[Category:Musical comedy plays]]
[[Category:Musicals set in parks]]
[[Category:Plays about marriage]]

List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Ravichandran Ashwin

2026-05-03T17:16:38Z

AndersonMcFarlan: creating a stub w/ infobox!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
[[File:Ashwin (6801258319) (cropped).jpg|200px|thumbnail|Ashwin has taken a pair of five-wicket hauls in a match on four occasions.|alt=Ravichandran Ashwin]]

In [[cricket]], a [[five-wicket haul]] (also known as a "fifer"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sport.scotsman.com/sport/Swinging-it-for-the-Auld.4398695.jp | work = [[The Scotsman]]|publisher=[[Johnston Press]] | access-date = 30 October 2009|date = 17 August 2008|title = Swinging it for the Auld Enemy – An interview with Ryan Sidebottom| quote=... I'd rather take fifers (five wickets) for England ...}}</ref>) refers to a [[Bowler (cricket)|bowler]] taking five or more [[wicket]]s in a single [[Innings (cricket)|innings]]. This is regarded as a notable achievement,<ref>{{cite book|last=Pervez|first=M. A.|title=A Dictionary of Cricket|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2001|page=31|isbn=9788173701849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122081212/http://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31|archive-date=22 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and {{As of|2024|10|lc=yes}} only 54 bowlers have taken 15 or more five-wicket hauls at international level in their cricketing careers.<ref name=Overall>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11;filter=advanced;orderby=five_wickets;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets |title=Combined Test, ODI and T20I records: Most five-wicket hauls in a career |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007181014/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dfive_wickets%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bwicketsmin1%3D5%3Bwicketsval1%3Dwickets |archive-date=7 October 2012 }}</ref> [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] {{en dash}} a right-arm [[off break]] bowler {{en dash}} is a [[Test cricket|Test]], [[One Day International]] (ODI) and [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) cricketer who represents the [[India national cricket team]]. In a 2016 interview, former Sri Lankan cricketer [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] described Ashwin as the "best current Test spinner".<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramesh|first=Akshay|title=Ravichandran Ashwin best spinner in the world: Muttiah Muralitharan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ravichandran-ashwin-muttiah-muralitharan-spinner-west-indies-vs-india-327465-2016-07-05|website=[[India Today]]|date=5 July 2016|access-date=11 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822011140/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ravichandran-ashwin-muttiah-muralitharan-spinner-west-indies-vs-india/1/707963.html|archive-date=22 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{As of|2024|9}}, Ashwin has taken 37 five-wicket hauls in international cricket;<ref name=Overall /> he ranks joint-fourth in the [[List of cricketers by number of international five-wicket hauls#Men's international cricket|all-time list]], and joint-first among his countrymen.{{efn|He is joint-first with [[Anil Kumble]] (37).<ref name=Overall />}}

Ashwin made his Test debut in [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2011–12|November 2011 against the West Indies]]. He took nine wickets in the match, including a five-wicket haul in the second innings. India won the match and his performance earned him the [[man of the match]] honour.<ref>{{cite web|last=Premachandran|first=Dileep|title=India v West Indies in India, 2011–12|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/597476.html|website=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]|date=17 December 2012|publisher=reprinted by ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416031913/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/597476.html|archive-date=16 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> His career-best [[Bowling analysis|figures]] of seven wickets for 59 [[Run (cricket)|runs]] came against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] in October 2016; in the process he also became the fifth bowler to take six five-wicket hauls against them.{{efn|The feat was earlier achieved by [[Ian Botham]], [[Dale Steyn]], [[Derek Underwood]] and [[Wasim Akram]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics / Test matches / Bowling records|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;opposition=5;orderby=five_wickets;template=results;type=bowling|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510201419/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Bopposition%3D5%3Borderby%3Dfive_wickets%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling|archive-date=10 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} He has picked up ten or more wickets in a match on seven occasions.{{efn|His tally is joint fourth highest in the all time list, and he shares the position with [[Sydney Barnes]], [[Clarrie Grimmett]] and [[Dennis Lillee]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / Test matches / Bowling records / Most ten-wickets-in-a-match in a career|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283370.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014070953/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/Ci/content/records/283370.html|archive-date=14 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} Ashwin made his ODI and T20I debuts in June 2010 against Sri Lanka and [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]], respectively, and is yet to take a five-wicket haul in both formats. His four wickets for 25 runs against the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]] in the [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015 World Cup]] remain his best in ODIs,<ref>{{cite web|title=21st match, Perth: India v United Arab Emiratres|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/1005179.html|website=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|date=29 April 2016|publisher=reprinted by ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710095136/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/1005179.html|archive-date=10 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> while his figures of four wickets for 8 runs against Sri Lanka are his best in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Bowling records / Best figures in an innings|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283973.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319012305/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283973.html|archive-date=19 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Key==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Symbol
! Meaning
|-
! Date
|Day the [[Test cricket|Test]] started or [[One Day International|ODI]] held
|-
! Inn
|[[Innings (cricket)|Innings]] in which five-wicket haul was taken
|-
! Overs
|Number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] bowled
|-
! Runs
|Number of [[Run (cricket)|runs]] conceded
|-
! Wkts
|Number of [[Wicket (dismissal)|wickets]] taken
|-
! Econ
|[[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|Runs conceded per over]]
|-
! Batsmen
|[[Batting (cricket)|Batsmen]] whose wickets were taken
|-
! Result
|[[Result (cricket)|Result]] for the [[India national cricket team|India]] team
|-
! {{dagger}}
|10 or more wickets taken in the match
|-
! {{double-dagger}}
|Ashwin was selected as [[Man of the match#Cricket|man of the match]]
|}

==Tests==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Test cricket<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics / R Ashwin / Test matches|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/26421.html?class=1;filter=advanced;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025051903/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/26421.html?class=1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bview%3Dinnings%3Bwicketsmin1%3D5%3Bwicketsval1%3Dwickets|archive-date=25 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|- align=center
! style="width:5%;"|No.
! style="width:11%;"|Date
! style="width:17%;"|Ground
! style="width:10%;"|Against
! style="width:5%;"|Inn
! style="width:5%;"|Overs
! style="width:5%;"|Runs
! style="width:5%;"|Wkts
! style="width:5%;"|Econ
! style="width:15%;" class="unsortable"|Batsmen
! style="width:5%;"|Result
|- align=center
|| 1
| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|November|6}} {{double-dagger}}
|| {{nowrap|[[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]]}}, [[Delhi]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|WIN}}}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|21.3}} || {{nts|47}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06153|6}}
|| {{nts|2.18}} || align=left |
* [[Kieran Powell]]
* [[Darren Bravo]]
* [[Marlon Samuels]]
* [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]]
* [[Daren Sammy]]
* [[Ravi Rampaul]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-west-indies-2011/engine/match/535997.html |title=1st Test: India v West Indies at Delhi, Nov 6–9, 2011 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121051251/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-west-indies-2011/engine/match/535997.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 2
| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|November|22}} {{double-dagger}}
|| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|WIN}}}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|52.1}} || {{nts|156}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05044|5}}
|| {{nts|2.99}} || align=left |
* [[Adrian Barath]]
* [[Kraigg Brathwaite]]
* [[Ravi Rampaul]]
* [[Marlon Samuels]]
* [[Devendra Bishoo]]
|| Drawn<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-west-indies-2011/engine/match/535999.html |title=3rd Test: India v West Indies at Mumbai, Nov 22–26, 2011 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207062358/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-west-indies-2011/engine/match/535999.html |archive-date=7 December 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 3
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|August|23}} {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}} 1
|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|NZ}}}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|16.3}} || {{nts|31}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06169|6}}
|| {{nts|1.87}} || align=left |
* [[Martin Guptill]]
* [[Ross Taylor]]
* [[Daniel Flynn (cricketer)|Daniel Flynn]]
* [[Jeetan Patel]]
* [[Trent Boult]]
* [[Chris Martin (cricketer)|Chris Martin]]
|| Won<ref name="1st10w">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/565817.html |title=1st Test: India v New Zealand at Hyderabad (Deccan), Aug 23–26, 2012 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110190427/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/565817.html |archive-date=10 November 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 4
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|August|23}} {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}} 2
|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|NZ}}}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|26.5}} || {{nts|54}}
! scope='row' | {{sort|06146|6}}
|| {{nts|2.01}} || align=left |
* [[Ross Taylor]]
* [[Daniel Flynn (cricketer)|Daniel Flynn]]
* [[James Franklin (cricketer)|James Franklin]]
* [[Kruger van Wyk]]
* [[Trent Boult]]
* [[Chris Martin (cricketer)|Chris Martin]]
|| Won<ref name="1st10w"/>
|- align=center
|| 5
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|August|31}}
|| {{nowrap|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]]}}, [[Bangalore]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|NZ}}}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|22}} || {{nts|69}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05132|5}}
|| {{nts|3.13}} || align=left |
* [[Kane Williamson]]
* [[Daniel Flynn (cricketer)|Daniel Flynn]]
* [[Kruger van Wyk]]
* [[James Franklin (cricketer)|James Franklin]]
* [[Tim Southee]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/565818.html |title=2nd Test: India v New Zealand at Bangalore, Aug 31 – Sep 3, 2012 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129084645/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/565818.html |archive-date=29 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 6
| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|February|22}} {{dagger}} 6
|| {{nowrap|[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]]}}, [[Chennai]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|AUS}}}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|42}} || {{nts|103}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|07097|7}}
|| {{nts|2.45}} || align=left |
* [[Ed Cowan]]
* [[Phillip Hughes]]
* [[Shane Watson]]
* [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
* [[Matthew Wade]]
* [[Moises Henriques]]
* [[Nathan Lyon]]
|| Won<ref name="2nd10w">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598812.html |title=1st Test: India v Australia at Chennai, Feb 22–26, 2013 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027023056/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598812.html |archive-date=27 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 7
| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|February|22}} {{dagger}} 7
|| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|AUS}}}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|32}} || {{nts|95}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05105|5}}
|| {{nts|2.96}} || align=left |
* [[Shane Watson]]
* [[Ed Cowan]]
* [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]]
* [[James Pattinson]]
* [[Mitchell Starc]]
|| Won<ref name="2nd10w"/>
|- align=center
|| 8
| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|March|2}}
|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|AUS}}}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|28}} || {{nts|63}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05137|5}}
|| {{nts|2.25}} || align=left |
* [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
* [[Phillip Hughes]]
* [[Glenn Maxwell]]
* [[Matthew Wade]]
* [[James Pattinson]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598813.html |title=2nd Test: India v Australia at Hyderabad (Deccan), Mar 2–5, 2013 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117165850/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598813.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 9
| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|March|22}}
|| [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]], [[Delhi]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|AUS}}}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|34}} || {{nts|57}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05143|5}}
|| {{nts|1.67}} || align=left |
* [[Ed Cowan]]
* [[Matthew Wade]]
* [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]]
* [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]
* [[Peter Siddle]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598815.html |title=4th Test: India v Australia at Delhi, Mar 22–24, 2013 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120001627/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598815.html |archive-date=20 November 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 10
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|June|10}}
|| [[Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium]], [[Fatullah]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|BAN}}}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|25}} || {{nts|87}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05113|5}}
|| {{nts|3.48}} || align=left |
* [[Tamim Iqbal]]
* [[Mushfiqur Rahim]]
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]]
* [[Shuvagata Hom]]
* [[Liton Das]]
|| Drawn<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/870729.html |title=Only Test: Bangladesh v India at Fatullah, Jun 10–14, 2015 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102002645/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/870729.html |archive-date=2 November 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 11
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|August|12}} {{dagger}}
|| {{nowrap|[[Galle International Stadium]]}}, [[Galle]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|SRI}}}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|13.4}} || {{nts|46}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06154|6}}
|| {{nts|3.36}} || align=left |
* [[Kumar Sangakkara]]
* [[Lahiru Thirimanne]]
* [[Jehan Mubarak]]
* [[Angelo Mathews]]
* [[Dhammika Prasad]]
* [[Rangana Herath]]
|| Lost<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/895773.html |title=1st Test: Sri Lanka v India at Galle, Aug 12–15, 2015 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103165446/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/895773.html |archive-date=3 November 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 12
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|August|20}}
|| [[Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium]], [[Colombo]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|SRI}}}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|16}} || {{nts|42}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05158|5}}
|| {{nts|2.62}} || align=left |
* [[Kaushal Silva]]
* [[Kumar Sangakkara]]
* [[Lahiru Thirimanne]]
* [[Dhammika Prasad]]
* [[Dimuth Karunaratne]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/895775.html |title=2nd Test: Sri Lanka v India at Colombo (PSS), Aug 20–24, 2015 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024072053/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/895775.html |archive-date=24 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 13
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|November|5}}
|| [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|SA}}}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|24}} || {{nts|51}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05149|5}}
|| {{nts|2.12}} || align=left |
* [[Stiaan van Zyl]]
* [[Dean Elgar]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Dane Vilas]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903603.html |title=1st Test: India v South Africa at Mohali, Nov 5–7, 2015 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117165910/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903603.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 14
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|November|25}} {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}} 1
|| [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|SA}}}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|16.1}} || {{nts|32}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05168|5}}
|| {{nts|1.97}} || align=left |
* [[Stiaan van Zyl]]
* [[Dean Elgar]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Simon Harmer]]
* [[Morné Morkel]]
|| Won<ref name="4th10w">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903607.html |title=3rd Test: India v South Africa at Nagpur, Nov 25–27, 2015 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128034716/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903607.html |archive-date=28 November 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 15
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|November|25}} {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}} 2
|| [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|SA}}}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|29.5}} || {{nts|66}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|07134|7}}
|| {{nts|2.21}} || align=left |
* [[Stiaan van Zyl]]
* [[Dean Elgar]]
* [[AB de Villiers]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Dane Vilas]]
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]
* [[Morné Morkel]]
|| Won<ref name="4th10w"/>
|- align=center
|| 16
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|December|3}}
|| [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]], [[Delhi]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|SA}}}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|49.1}} || {{nts|61}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05139|5}}
|| {{nts|1.24}} || align=left |
* [[Dean Elgar]]
* [[Temba Bavuma]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[AB de Villiers]]
* [[Morné Morkel]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/engine/match/903609.html |title=4th Test: India v South Africa at Delhi, Dec 3–7, 2015 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207060100/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/engine/match/903609.html |archive-date=7 December 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 17
| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|July|21}} {{double-dagger}}
|| [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], [[Antigua]], [[Antigua and Barbuda]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|WIN}}}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|25}} || {{nts|83}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|07117|7}}
|| {{nts|3.32}} || align=left |
* [[Rajendra Chandrika]]
* [[Marlon Samuels]]
* [[Jermaine Blackwood]]
* [[Roston Chase]]
* [[Jason Holder]]
* [[Devendra Bishoo]]
* [[Shannon Gabriel]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1022593.html|title=India tour of West Indies, 1st Test: West Indies v India at North Sound, Jul 21–24, 2016|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725171408/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1022593.html|archive-date=25 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 18
| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|July|30}}
|| [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], [[Jamaica]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|WIN}}}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|16}} || {{nts|52}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05148|5}}
|| {{nts|3.25}} || align=left |
* [[Marlon Samuels]]
* [[Jermaine Blackwood]]
* [[Shane Dowrich]]
* [[Jason Holder]]
* [[Devendra Bishoo]]
|| Drawn<ref>{{cite web|title=India tour of West Indies and United States of America, 2nd Test: West Indies v India at Kingston, Jul 30 – Aug 3, 2016|work=Cricinfo |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/engine/match/1022595.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812003356/http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/engine/match/1022595.html|archive-date=12 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 19
| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|September|22}} {{dagger}}
|| [[Green Park Stadium]], [[Kanpur]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|NZ}}}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|35.3}} || {{nts|132}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06068|6}}
|| {{nts|3.71}} || align=left |
* [[Martin Guptill]]
* [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]]
* [[Kane Williamson]]
* [[Mitchell Santner]]
* [[Ish Sodhi]]
* [[Neil Wagner]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|title=New Zealand tour of India, 1st Test: India v New Zealand at Kanpur, Sep 22–26, 2016|work=Cricinfo |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-new-zealand-2016-17/engine/match/1030213.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925190509/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-new-zealand-2016-17/engine/match/1030213.html|archive-date=25 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 20
| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|October|8}} {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}} 1
|| [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|NZ}}}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|27.2}} || {{nts|81}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06119|6}}
|| {{nts|2.96}} || align=left |
* [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]]
* [[Kane Williamson]]
* [[Ross Taylor]]
* [[Luke Ronchi]]
* [[James Neesham]]
* [[Trent Boult]]
|| Won<ref name=Holkar>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-new-zealand-2016-17/engine/match/1030217.html|title=New Zealand tour of India, 3rd Test: India v New Zealand at Indore, Oct 8–12, 2016|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009070314/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-new-zealand-2016-17/engine/match/1030217.html|archive-date=9 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 21
| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|October|8}} {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}} 2
|| [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|NZ}}}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|13.5}} || {{nts|59}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|07141|7}}
|| {{nts|4.27}} || align=left |
* [[Kane Williamson]]
* [[Ross Taylor]]
* [[Luke Ronchi]]
* [[Mitchell Santner]]
* [[Jeetan Patel]]
* [[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]]
* [[Trent Boult]]
|| Won<ref name=Holkar />
|- align =center
|| 22
| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|November|19}}
|| [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|ENG}}}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|29.5}} || {{nts|67}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05133|5}}
|| {{nts|2.24}} || align=left |
* [[Ben Duckett]]
* [[Joe Root]]
* [[Ben Stokes]]
* [[Stuart Broad]]
* [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2016-17/engine/match/1034811.html|title=England tour of India, 2nd Test: India v England at Visakhapatnam, Nov 17–21, 2016|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117042507/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2016-17/engine/match/1034811.html|archive-date=17 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 23
| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|December|9}} {{dagger}}
|| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|ENG}}}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|44}} || {{nts|112}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06088|6}}
|| {{nts|2.54}} || align=left |
* [[Joe Root]]
* [[Moeen Ali]]
* [[Keaton Jennings]]
* [[Jonny Bairstow]]
* [[Ben Stokes]]
* [[Jake Ball (cricketer)|Jake Ball]]
|| Won<ref name=Wankhede>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2016-17/engine/match/1034815.html|title=England tour of India, 4th Test: India v England at Mumbai, Dec 8–12, 2016|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209142551/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2016-17/engine/match/1034815.html|archive-date=9 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 24
| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|December|9}} {{dagger}}
|| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|ENG}}}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|20.3}} || {{nts|55}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06145|6}}
|| {{nts|2.68}} || align=left |
* [[Ben Stokes]]
* [[Jake Ball (cricketer)|Jake Ball]]
* [[Jonny Bairstow]]
* [[Chris Woakes]]
* [[Adil Rashid]]
* [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]]
|| Won<ref name=Wankhede />
|- align =center
|| 25
| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|March|4}}
|| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|AUS}}}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|12.4}} || {{nts|41}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06159|6}}
|| {{nts|3.23}} || align=left |
* [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
* [[Mitchell Marsh]]
* [[Matthew Wade]]
* [[Mitchell Starc]]
* [[Peter Handscomb]]
* [[Nathan Lyon]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|title=Australia tour of India, 2nd Test: India v Australia at Bengaluru, Mar 4–8, 2017|work=Cricinfo |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-australia-2016-17/engine/match/1062574.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307071314/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-australia-2016-17/engine/match/1062574.html|archive-date=7 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 26
| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|August|2}}
|| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|SL}}}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|16.4}} || {{nts|69}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05131|5}}
|| {{nts|4.14}} || align=left |
* [[Upul Tharanga]]
* [[Dimuth Karunaratne]]
* [[Angelo Mathews]]
* [[Dilruwan Perera]]
* [[Nuwan Pradeep]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|title=India tour of Sri Lanka, 2nd Test: Sri Lanka v India at Colombo (SSC), Aug 2–6, 2017|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka-v-india-2017/engine/match/1109603.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 27
| {{dts|format=dmy|2019|October|2}}
|| [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Vishakhapatnam]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|RSA}}}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|46.2}} || {{nts|145}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|07055|7}}
|| {{nts|3.12}} || align=left |
* [[Aiden Markram]]
* [[Theunis de Bruyn]]
* [[Faf du Plessis]]
* [[Quinton de Kock]]
* [[Vernon Philander]]
* [[Keshav Maharaj]]
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Test, ICC World Test Championship at Visakhapatnam, Oct 2–6 2019|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19430/scorecard/1187007/india-vs-south-africa-1st-test-icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 28
| {{dts|format=dmy|2021|February|5}}
|| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|ENG}}}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|17.3}} || {{nts|61}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06139|6}}
|| {{nts|3.49}} || align=left |
* [[Rory Burns]]
* [[Dom Sibley]]
* [[Ben Stokes]]
* [[Dom Bess]]
* [[Jofra Archer]]
* [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]]
|| Lost<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Test, Chennai, Feb 5-9 2021, England tour of India|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2020-21-1243364/india-vs-england-1st-test-1243384/full-scorecard|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 29
| {{dts|format=dmy|2021|February|13}} {{double-dagger}}
|| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|ENG}}}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|23.5}} || {{nts|43}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05157|5}}
|| {{nts|1.80}} || align=left |
* [[Dom Sibley]]
* [[Dan Lawrence]]
* [[Ben Stokes]]
* [[Olly Stone]]
* [[Stuart Broad]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|title=2nd Test, Chennai, Feb 13-17 2021, England tour of India|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2020-21-1243364/india-vs-england-2nd-test-1243385/full-scorecard|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 30
| {{dts|format=dmy|2021|March|4}}
|| [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|ENG}}}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|22.5}} || {{nts|47}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05153|5}}
|| {{nts|2.06}} || align=left |
* [[Zak Crawley]]
* [[Jonny Bairstow]]
* [[Joe Root]]
* [[Jack Leach]]
* [[Dan Lawrence]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|title=4th Test, Ahmedabad, Mar 4-8 2021, England tour of India|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2020-21-1243364/india-vs-england-4th-test-1243387/full-scorecard|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 31
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|February|9}}
|| [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|AUS}}}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|12}} || {{nts|37}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05163|5}}
|| {{nts|3.08}} || align=left |
* [[Usman Khawaja]]
* [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
* [[Matt Renshaw]]
* [[Peter Handscomb]]
* [[Alex Carey]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Test, Nagpur, February 9-11, 2023, Australia tour of India|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-in-india-2022-23-1348637/india-vs-australia-1st-test-1348652/full-scorecard|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 32
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|March|9}}
|| [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|AUS}}}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|47.2}} || {{nts|91}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06109|6}}
|| {{nts|1.92}} || align=left |
* [[Travis Head]]
* [[Cameron Green]]
* [[Alex Carey]]
* [[Mitchell Starc]]
* [[Todd Murphy]]
* [[Nathan Lyon]]
|| Drawn<ref>{{cite web|title=4th Test, Ahmedabad, March 9-13, 2023, Australia tour of India|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-in-india-2022-23-1348637/india-vs-australia-4th-test-1348655/full-scorecard|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 33
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|July|12}} {{dagger}}
|| [[Windsor Park (Dominica)|Windsor Park]], [[Roseau]], [[Dominica]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|WIN}}}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|24.3}} || {{nts|60}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05140|5}}
|| {{nts|2.44}} || align=left |
* [[Tagenarine Chanderpaul]]
* [[Kraigg Brathwaite]]
* [[Alzarri Joseph]]
* [[Alick Athanaze]]
* [[Jomel Warrican]]
|| Won<ref name="win2023">{{cite web|title=1st Test, Roseau, July 12-14, 2023, India tour of West Indies|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-west-indies-2023-1381201/west-indies-vs-india-1st-test-1381212/full-scorecard|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 34
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|July|12}} {{dagger}}
|| [[Windsor Park (Dominica)|Windsor Park]], [[Roseau]], [[Dominica]] || {{nowrap|{{cr|WIN}}}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|21.3}} || {{nts|71}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|07129|7}}
|| {{nts|3.30}} || align=left |
* [[Kraigg Brathwaite]]
* [[Jermaine Blackwood]]
* [[Alick Athanaze]]
* [[Alzarri Joseph]]
* [[Rahkeem Cornwall]]
* [[Kemar Roach]]
* [[Jomel Warrican]]
|| Won<ref name="win2023"/>
|- align =center
|| 35
| {{dts|format=dmy|2024|February|23}}
|| [[JSCA International Stadium Complex]], [[Ranchi]], || {{nowrap|{{cr|ENG}}}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|15.5}} || {{nts|51}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05149|5}}
|| {{nts|3.20}} || align=left |
*[[Ben Duckett]]
*[[Ollie Pope]]
*[[Joe Root]]
*[[Ben Foakes]]
*[[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]]
|| Won<ref name=test2531>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-in-india-2023-24-1389386/india-vs-england-4th-test-1389402/full-scorecard|title=4th Test, Ranchi, February 23-26, 2024 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=25 February 2024}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 36
| {{dts|format=dmy|2024|March|9}}
|| [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Stadium]], [[Dharamsala]], || {{nowrap|{{cr|ENG}}}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|14}} || {{nts|77}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05123|5}}
|| {{nts|5.50}} || align=left |
*[[Ben Duckett]]
*[[Zak Crawley]]
*[[Ollie Pope]]
*[[Ben Stokes]]
*[[Ben Foakes]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1389403.html|title=5th Test, Dharamsala, March 7-9, 2024 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref>
|- align =center
|| 37
| {{dts|format=dmy|2024|September|19}}
|| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], || {{nowrap|{{cr|BAN}}}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|21}} || {{nts|88}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06123|6}}
|| {{nts|4.19}} || align=left |
*[[Shadman Islam]]
*[[Mominul Haque]]
*[[Mushfiqur Rahim]]
*[[Shakib Al Hasan]]
*[[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]]
*[[Taskin Ahmed]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439891.html|title=1st Test, Chennai, September 19 - 22, 2024|publisher=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{International cricket five-wicket hauls}}

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of International Cricket Five-Wicket Hauls By Ravichandran Ashwin}}
[[Category:India cricket-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of international cricket five-wicket hauls by player|Ravichandran Ashwin]]

K K University

2026-05-03T04:54:56Z

AndersonMcFarlan: started data

{{Short description|University in Nalanda, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = K. K. University
| other_name =
| motto = Knowledge, Skills and Wisdom
| established = 2017
| type = [[State Private University]]
| endowment =
| staff =
| chairperson =
| director =
| provost =
| rector =
| chancellor = Er. Ravi Chaudhary<ref>{{cite web |title=Founder & Chancellor's Message |url=http://kkuniversity.ac.in/chairmans-message |website=kkuniversity.ac.in |publisher=K.K. University |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Badiadka Narayana<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice-Chancellor's Message|url=http://kkuniversity.ac.in/vice-chancellor|website=kkuniversity.ac.in|publisher=K.K. University|access-date=5 September 2021}}</ref>
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = Beraunti, [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| campus =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| mascot =
| nickname =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| website = {{url|http://kkuniversity.ac.in}}
| image = [[File:K. K. University logo.png|190px]]
}}
[[File:Prof. Dr. Narayana Badiadka, Vice Chancellor, K K University, Nalanda, Bihar.jpg|thumb|Dr. Narayana, the Vice Chancellor]]
'''K. K. University''' ('''KKU''') is a [[Private university (India)| state private university]]<ref name=Private>{{cite web|title=State -wise List of Private Universities as on 19.09.2017|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Private%20University/Private%20University%20Consolidated%20List%20Private%20Universities%20as%20on%2019.09.2017.pdf|website=www.ugc.ac.in|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|accessdate=1 September 2017|date=19 September 2017}}</ref> located in [[Beraunti]], near [[Bihar Sharif]] in [[Nalanda district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. The university was established in 2017 by Samajik Kalyan Sanstha under the Bihar Private Universities Act, 2013,<ref>{{cite web|title=Bihar Private Universities Act, 2013|url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/bihar/2013/2013Bihar20.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714025403/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/bihar/2013/2013Bihar20.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 July 2015|date=1 November 2013|publisher=[[Government of Bihar]]|accessdate=28 September 2017|work=Bihar Gazette}}</ref> one of the two first private universities in Bihar.

Both universities were approved by the [[Bihar Government]] in May 2017<ref>{{cite news|last1=Raj|first1=Dev|title=Bihar clears pay bonanza|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170517/jsp/frontpage/story_152001.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000434/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170517/jsp/frontpage/story_152001.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2017|accessdate=28 September 2017|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=16 May 2017}}</ref> following the passing of Private Universities (Amendment) Bill, 2017 in March 2017 which relaxed the rules for establishment of private universities in Bihar.<ref name=":0" />

The 2017 law allowed a new private university to operate from a premises measuring 5,000 m² (down from 10,000 m² previously) for four years (up from two years previously) before shifting to the place designated in the project report.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Private varsity can open in 5,000 sq metre building for 4 years|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/private-varsity-can-open-in-5k-sq-metre-building-for-4-yrs/articleshow/57900425.cms|accessdate=28 September 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=[[Times News Network]]|date=20 March 2017}}</ref>

== Vice Chancellor ==
Prof. Dr. Badiadka Narayana - Feb 2024 - Currently

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://kkuniversity.ac.in}}
{{Universities in Bihar}}

[[Category:Education in Nalanda district]]
[[Category:Universities in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Private universities in India]]

{{Bihar-university-stub}}

Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T10:50:57Z

AndersonMcFarlan: started info

{{Distinguish|Kamalapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Kamalapuram Assembly constituency}}
{{For|similarly named places|Kamalapur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kamalapur
| abolished = 2008
| state = [[United Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
| type= SLA
}}

'''Kamalapur Assembly constituency''' is a former constituency of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[United Andhra Pradesh]]. In 2008, it was dissolved and merged with [[Huzurabad (Assembly constituency)|Huzurabad constituency]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=K. M.|first=Dayashankar|date=2 April 2014|title=Etela faces stiff competition|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/etela-faces-stiff-competition/article5859501.ece|url-status=live|access-date=12 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710061003/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/etela-faces-stiff-competition/article5859501.ece|archive-date=10 July 2014|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was a part of [[Karimnagar district]],<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> in present-day [[Telangana]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | K. V. Narayan Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | P. Janardhan Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="5" | [[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | [[Etela Rajender]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2008 elections in India#Andhra Pradesh|2008 By-election]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly By-election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 elections in India#Andhra Pradesh|2008 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/07to08/bye07_08.htm |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections [2007 - 2008] |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Etela Rajender]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 54,092 |percentage = 44.54% |change = {{decrease}}7.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]] |party = TD |votes = 31,808 |percentage = 26.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Paripati Ravindar Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,152 |percentage = 20.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Enugala Bheema Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,880 |percentage = 6.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lingampalli Srinivas Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,523 |percentage = 2.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,284 |percentage = 18.35% |change = {{increase}}3.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,455 |percentage = 64.70% |change = {{decrease}}6.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 121,455}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,708 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{decrease}}7.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 4 Mar 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304113812/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Etela Rajender]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 68,393 |percentage = 52.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 48,774 |percentage = 37.40% |change = {{decrease}}16.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Palkala Veera Raghava Reddy |party = Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes = 8,821 |percentage = 6.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Buchaiah Marapally |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,751 |percentage = 1.34% |change = {{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bobbala Raji Reddy |party = Janata Party |votes = 821 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,619 |percentage = 15.04% |change = {{increase}}0.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 130,415 |percentage = 71.02% |change = {{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 130,414}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.00% |change = {{decrease}}3.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,644 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 61,402 |percentage = 53.93% |change = {{decrease}}7.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arukala Veeresham |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,310 |percentage = 39.80% |change = {{increase}}4.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nerella Srinivas |party = Anna Telugu Desam Party |votes = 2,739 |percentage = 2.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bodiga Shobha |party = Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S.Srivastava) |votes = 2,444 |percentage = 2.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bakki Mogili |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 899 |percentage = 0.79% |change = {{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,092 |percentage = 14.13% |change = {{decrease}}11.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,683 |percentage = 71.66% |change = {{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,851}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,832 |percentage = 3.26% |change = {{increase}}1.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,213 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 65,889 |percentage = 60.96% |change = {{increase}}9.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kethiri Sai Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,572 |percentage = 35.69% |change = {{decrease}}9.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gattu Shankar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,914 |percentage = 1.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalakuntla Thirupathamma |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,181 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,317 |percentage = 25.27% |change = {{increase}}18.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,274 |percentage = 73.77% |change = {{increase}}3.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,090}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,184 |percentage = 1.98% |change = {{decrease}}2.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,478 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{increase}}9.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 49,698 |percentage = 51.28% |change = {{increase}}6.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veera Reddy Lingampalli |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,414 |percentage = 44.79% |change = {{increase}}18.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veera Raghavareddy Palakal;a |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,354 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mall A. Reddy Yedla |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,121 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madadi Ramachandra Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 900 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,284 |percentage = 6.48% |change = {{decrease}}12.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,834 |percentage = 69.97% |change = {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,923}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,911 |percentage = 4.82% |change = {{increase}}2.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,539 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{increase}}6.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 35,485 |percentage = 45.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madadi Ramachandra Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,367 |percentage = 25.92% |change = {{decrease}}16.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Veera Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,444 |percentage = 24.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tungutoori Mogilaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,138 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bingi Damodhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,002 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,118 |percentage = 19.24% |change = {{increase}}10.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,429 |percentage = 66.61% |change = {{increase}}1.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,564}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,865 |percentage = 2.32% |change = {{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,738 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,179 |percentage = 42.37% |change = {{increase}}15.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Janardhan Reddy |party = Lokdal |votes = 23,955 |percentage = 33.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Damodhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,693 |percentage = 23.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,224 |percentage = 8.74% |change = {{increase}}4.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,413 |percentage = 65.46% |change = {{decrease}}10.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,220}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,193 |percentage = 2.99% |change = {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,151 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}8.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. Janardhan Reddy |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,269 |percentage = 33.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madadi Ramachandra Reddy |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,128 |percentage = 29.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kethiri Sai Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,109 |percentage = 27.25% |change = {{decrease}}6.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bingi Damodhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,704 |percentage = 7.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotha Raji Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,245 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,141 |percentage = 4.06% |change = {{decrease}}28.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,021 |percentage = 75.62% |change = {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,455}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,566 |percentage = 3.21% |change = {{increase}}3.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,818 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}32.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. Janardhan Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 38,280 |percentage = 66.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Narayan Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,446 |percentage = 33.69% |change = {{decrease}}28.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,834 |percentage = 32.63% |change = {{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,679 |percentage = 72.92% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,726}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,845 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Narayan Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,626 |percentage = 62.20% |change = {{increase}}15.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Madadi |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,716 |percentage = 31.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. R. Tangeda |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,895 |percentage = 5.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,910 |percentage = 30.28% |change = {{increase}}25.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,092 |percentage = 73.05% |change = {{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,237}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,941 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}11.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Narayan Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,192 |percentage = 50.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Polsani Narsinga Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,651 |percentage = 46.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thokala Lakshma Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,063 |percentage = 2.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,541 |percentage = 4.29% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,318 |percentage = 64.95% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,906}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,459 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coords|18.18|79.53|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Kokkirala Premsagar Rao

2026-04-25T03:41:33Z

AndersonMcFarlan: started new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kokkirala Prem Sagar Rao
| office = Member of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| predecessor = [[Diwakar Rao Nadipelli]]
| constituency = [[Mancherial Assembly constituency|Mancherial]]
| office1 = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term1 = 2007 – 2013
| constituency1 = Adilabad Local Body
}}
'''Kokkirala Prem Sagar Rao''' is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. He is currently serving as member of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Mancherial Assembly constituency|Mancherial]]. He served as an MLC in the [[United Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mancherial Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Kokkirala Premsagar Rao wins Mancherial with 105945 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/mancherial-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470916-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=India Today |date=3 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[Mancherial Assembly constituency|Mancherial Assembly]] election in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kokkirala Premsagar Rao Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Telangana Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/kokkirala-premsagar-rao-54004-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204085349/https://www.ndtv.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/kokkirala-premsagar-rao-54004-2 |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidates Detail: Kokkirala Premsagar Rao |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/telangana-elections/kokkirala-premsagar-rao-candidate-32306 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Positions held ==

* [[Pradesh Congress Committee|PCC]] Member - 1999 to 2002
* PCC Secretary - 2002 to 2005
* [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] Board Member - 2004 to 2006
* [[Adilabad]] District [[District Cooperative Central Bank|DCCB]] Chairman - 2005 to 2007
* Adilabad District Local Bodies [[Legislative council|MLC]] - 2007 to 2013<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-17 |title=Boosted by Indravelli success, Premsagar birthday celebrated as big show by Congress |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/220921/boosted-by-indravelli-success-premsagar-birthday-celebrated-as-big-sh.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517112018/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/220921/boosted-by-indravelli-success-premsagar-birthday-celebrated-as-big-sh.html |archive-date=2022-05-17 }}</ref>
* [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] Member – From 2018 to present<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-17 |title=Single family, three posts |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/single-family-three-posts-523346 |access-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517111003/https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/single-family-three-posts-523346 |archive-date=2022-05-17 }}</ref>
* Member of Legislative Assembly - 3 December 2023 to present<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Mancherial">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Mancherial |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S294.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129164703/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S294.htm |archive-date=29 January 2025 |access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref>
* Chairman - Telangana State Civil Supplies Corporation Ltd (31 October 2025- Incumbent)<ref name="Premsagar Rao's Elevation to Change Political Equations in Adilabad">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Premsagar Rao's Elevation to Change Political Equations in Adilabad |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/premsagar-raos-elevation-to-change-political-equations-in-adilabad-1913945 |access-date=1 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=31 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]

Gurajala Jagan Mohan

2026-04-25T00:28:13Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Added A Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gurajala Jagan Mohan
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Arani Srinivasulu]]
| constituency = [[Chittoor Assembly constituency|Chittoor]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Gurajala Jagan Mohan''' (born 15 January 1983) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is also a realtor, businessman and a former film producer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-03 |title=Realtor and film producer Gurajala Jagan banks on TDP wave to win Chittoor assembly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/gurajala-jagan-realtor-and-film-producer-banking-on-tdp-wave-to-win-chittoor-assembly/articleshow/108180149.cms |access-date=2024-06-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is an MLA from [[Chittoor Assembly constituency]] in [[Chittoor district]]. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurajala Jagan Mohan (Gjm), TDP Candidate from Chittoor Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/gurajala-jagan-mohan-(gjm)-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a172e2024c002/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chittoor Assembly Election Results 2024: Chittoor Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-constituency-result-1172 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mohan was born in Gudipala mandal, Chittoor, in present-day Andhra Pradesh, into an agricultural family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurajala Jagan Mohan (Gjm)(TDP):Constituency- CHITTOOR(CHITTOOR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=34 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He is the son of Gurajala Chennakeshavulu Naidu.<ref>https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/</ref> He later moved to [[Bangalore]], where he was a realtor and developer. He also developed educational institutions.<ref name=":0" /> He also ventured into the film industry, establishing a production house named Unicraft Movies and produced the movie ''[[Manalo Okkadu]]'', directed by [[R. P. Patnaik]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-03 |title=Manalo Okadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/manalo-okadu/articleshow/55220564.cms |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mohan won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Chittoor Assembly constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS01172.htm</ref> He polled 88,066 votes and defeated his nearest rival, M.C Vijayananda Reddy of [[YSR Congress Party]], by a margin of 14, 604 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chittoor Constituency Election Results 2024: Chittoor Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/chittoor |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Results of Assembly elections in Andhra Pradesh, 2024 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/elections/assembly-election/andhra-pradesh/results/ |website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagan Mohan, Gurajala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Downtown Heroes FC

2026-04-22T10:14:34Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Added A Place

{{Short description|Indian association football club}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Sports|date=July 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Downtown Heroes
| image = Downtown Heroes FC.svg
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = Downtown Heroes Football Club
| nickname = The Heroes
| short name = DHFC
| founded = {{Start date and age|2020}}
| ground = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| capacity = 11,000
| chrtitle = Chairman
| chairman = Mushtaq Bashir<ref>https://www.the-aiff.com/club/14305</ref>
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Hilal Rasool Parray
| league = [[JKFA Professional League]]
| season =
| position =
| current =
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}}

'''Downtown Heroes Football Club''' is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It currently competes in the [[JKFA Professional League]]. It has also competed in the [[I-League 2]], the [[I-League 3]] and the [[Durand Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Amitabha Das |title=Durand Cup 2024: Mohun Bagan Super Giant beats Downtown Heroes FC in the opening match |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohun-bagan-vs-downtown-heroes-fc-highlights-durand-cup-2024-match-report-mbsg-v-dhfc-goals-result/article68453820.ece |website=Sportstar |access-date=4 August 2024 |language=en |date=27 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Downtown Heroes earn historic first IndianOil Durand Cup win |url=https://durandcup.in/downtown-heroes-earn-historic-first-indianoil-durand-cup-win/ |website=Durand Cup |access-date=4 August 2024 |date=2 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 July 2021 |title=JKFA Professional League |url=https://theawayend.co/jkfa-professional-league/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711213046/https://theawayend.co/jkfa-professional-league/ |archive-date=11 July 2021 |access-date=17 July 2021 |website=The Away End}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Downtown Heroes |title=Downtown Heroes |url=https://downtownheroesfc.com/ |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130162537/https://downtownheroesfc.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SMSala |title=Downtown Heroes FC and AG's XI ends with draw |url=http://risingkashmir.com/-00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Rising Kashmir }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=K. R. |date=2022-12-28 |title=Downtown Heroes FC management meets AIFF top brass |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2022/12/29/downtown-heroes-fc-management-meets-aiff-top-brass-2/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Kashmir Reader |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114080329/https://kashmirreader.com/2022/12/29/downtown-heroes-fc-management-meets-aiff-top-brass-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2022-06-07 |title=Downtown Heroes FC unveils kit for new season |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/downtown-heroes-fc-unveils-kit-for-new-season/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K |language=en-US |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114080330/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/downtown-heroes-fc-unveils-kit-for-new-season/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
The club was founded in 2020 by a group of young professionals with the aim of promoting sports culture and steering the youth away from [[drug]] [[addiction]]. The club's philosophy is to nurture football talent at the [[grassroots]] level, provide high quality training facilities and coaching. Their motto is "Players are bred, not born".<ref>{{cite web |title=Downtown Srinagar to Durand: Story of how football became antidote to drugs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/downtown-srinagar-to-durand-story-of-how-football-became-antidote-to-drugs-8847221/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=4 August 2024 |language=en |date=19 July 2023}}</ref> The club is named after the downtown area of Srinagar, where the founders started holding practices and scouting. The club participated in the [[2023 Durand Cup|2023]] and [[2024 Durand Cup|2024]] editions of the Durand Cup, where they finished at the group stage.<ref>{{cite web |title=India: This football club is changing the image of Srinagar's downtown. Here's how |url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/india-this-football-club-is-changing-the-image-of-srinagars-downtown-heres-how-638281 |website=WION |access-date=4 August 2024 |language=en-us |date=21 September 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Sport in Srinagar]]
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2020]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Star of the East (diamond)

2026-04-21T08:55:28Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Stub

{{Short description|Large diamond, probably from Ottoman Empire}}
{{Infobox gem
| name = Star of the East
| image = Evalyn Walsh McLean cph.3b20933.jpg
| caption = [[Evalyn Walsh McLean]] wearing the [[Hope Diamond]] (top) and the Star of the East (bottom)
| type_of_stone = Diamond
| weight = 94.78-carat
| color = D-color
| cut = Pear
| country = [[Turkey]] (presumed)
| mine = Unknown
| found = Unknown
| cutter = Unknown
| original_owner = The Star of the East Diamond was part of the collection of jewels belonging to the Ottoman Sultan, Abdul Hamid II, who ruled between 1876 and 1909. The exact circumstances under which the diamond came into the possession of the Sultan are not known. Even the origin of the name and at what point in its history it was named, remains a mystery. Owners include [[Evalyn Walsh McLean]] and [[Harry Winston]]
| owner = The Ottoman Sultan, Abdulhamid II
| value = Unknown
}}The '''"Star of the East"''' is a 94.78-[[Carat (mass)|carat]], pear-shaped, D-color stone of VS2 clarity grade.<ref name=internetstones>[http://www.internetstones.com/star-of-the-east-diamond-famous-jewelry.html Star of the East Diamond]. ''Internet Stones''.</ref> Its exact origin is unknown, but it likely originated from India.<ref name="internetstones" /> The Star of the East diamond was part of the collection of jewels belonging to the Ottoman Sultan, [[Abdul Hamid II]], who ruled between 1876 and 1909. The Star of the East was stolen from Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The exact circumstances under which the diamond came into the possession of the Sultan are not known. Even the origin of the name and at what point in its history it was named remain a mystery.<ref name=internetstones/> It was later acquired by [[Pierre C. Cartier|Pierre Cartier]], who sold it to [[Evalyn Walsh McLean]]. After McLean's death, [[Harry Winston]] purchased the diamond together with McLean's entire collection. The diamond's current whereabouts are unknown.

==History==
The Star of the East's exact origin is unknown, but it likely originated from one of the five groups of mines that were situated on the eastern side of the Deccan Plateau in Southern and Central India.<ref name="internetstones" /> The stone first surfaced in the collection of the Sultan Abdul Hamid. It was later acquired by [[Pierre C. Cartier]]. In 1908, Evelyn Walsh McLean purchased the stone for $120,000 from Cartier while on a honeymoon with her husband [[Edward Beale McLean]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Treasures of the World {{!}} Hope Diamond|url=https://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/hope_nav/main_hopfrm.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000303200547/http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/hope_nav/main_hopfrm.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 3, 2000|access-date=2022-02-09|website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> The Star of the East then remained in McLean's hands for about 40 years until her death. According to an article in the Southern Inspired Magazine, McLean died wearing the Star of the East and her more famous stone: the [[Hope Diamond]].<ref>Ploegman, C. [http://www.southerninspiredmagazine.com/uploads/Hope_Diamond.pdf The Hope Diamond]. ''Southern Inspired Magazine.'' page 12. {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315045531/http://www.southerninspiredmagazine.com/uploads/Hope_Diamond.pdf|date=2016-03-15}}</ref> After her death, the Star of the East and the Hope Diamond were sold to [[Harry Winston]], an American jeweler later known for donating the [[Hope Diamond]] to the [[Smithsonian Institution]].

Winston sold the Star of the East to King [[Farouk of Egypt]], but never received payment for it. Several years after King Farouk's overthrow in 1952, the Egyptian government recognized Winston's claim, and the stone was eventually returned to him. At a later time, the Star of the East was displayed at the [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York, at a reception marking the 50th anniversary of [[Harry Winston, Inc.]] The Star of the East's present whereabouts are unknown.<ref name="tripod">[http://famousdiamonds.tripod.com/staroftheeastdiamond.html The Star of the East Diamond]. ''Famous Diamonds''.</ref>

==Known changes over time==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!'''Date acquired'''
!'''Owner'''
!'''Change in setting'''
!'''Value when sold'''
!'''Notes'''
|-
|align="left"|Unknown
|align="left"|Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II|Abdul Hamid]]
|align="left"|Weighed 94.80 carats.
|align="left"|
|align="left"|It is disputed whether the Sultan owned it.
|-
|align="left"|19th Century
|align="left"|[[Pierre Cartier (jeweler)|Pierre Cartier]]
|align="left"|reset to appeal to Evalyn McLean.
|align="left"|$180,000; $200,000
|align="left"|Conflicting estimates of sales price.
|-
|align="left"|1908
|align="left"|[[Edward Beale McLean]] and [[Evalyn Walsh McLean]]
|align="left"|
|align="left"|$120,000
|align="left"| Entire McLean collection sold to Winston.<ref name=twsI34>{{cite news | author= Glenn Osten Anderson – Dr. Jeffrey Post (Smithsonian) |title= The Hope Diamond revealed: The Smithsonian Institution in Washington displays the Hope Diamond without a setting for the first time in history |work=The Guardian |quote= (video) |date= 2 October 2009 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/culture/video/2009/oct/02/hope-diamond-smithsonian-washington-setting |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130908040023/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/video/2009/oct/02/hope-diamond-smithsonian-washington-setting |url-status= dead |archive-date= 8 September 2013 |access-date= 2011-07-09 |location=London}}</ref><ref name=twsI35>{{cite news | author= AFP |title= Storied Hope Diamond gets a new necklace |publisher= France 24 |date= 20 November 2010 |url= http://www.france24.com/en/20101120-storied-hope-diamond-gets-new-necklace |access-date= 2011-07-09}}{{dead link|date=March 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|1947
|align="left"|[[Harry Winston]]
|align="left"|
|align="left"|$1,000,000
|align="left"|[[New York City]] jeweler; bought the [[Hope Diamond]] as well.<ref name=twsI34/>
|-
|align="left"|1951
|align="left"|[[King Farouk]] of [[Egypt]]
|align="left"|
|align="left"|Returned for failure to pay.
|align="left"|Winston never received payment.<ref name= Gem/>
|-
|align="left"|1952
|align="left"|[[Harry Winston]]
|align="left"|
|align="left"|Unknown
|align="left"|Winston claimed back the un-paid-for stone. Took a few years to actually get returned.
|-
|align="left"|1969
|align="left"|Unknown private collector
|align="left"|
|align="left"|Unknown
|align="left"|Was displayed in the Modern Museum of Modern Art in a celebration commemorating 50 years to Harry Winston Inc.
|-
|align="left"|1984
|align="left"|[[Harry Winston]]
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|align="left"|Whereabouts unknown since.<ref name=tripod/>
|}

== Confusion with the Ahmedabad diamond ==
An article about Harry Winston appeared in the 1983 Spring<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krashes|first=Laurence|date=Spring 1983|title=Harry Winston: A Story Told in Diamonds|url=https://www.gia.edu/doc/sp83.pdf|journal=Gems & Gemology Magazine|volume=XIX|pages=27–28}}</ref> issue of ''[[Gems & Gemology]]'' magazine. In the section about the Star of the East, the magazine Stated:

{{blockquote|The Star of the East is believed to have been originally the Ahmedabad, a 157.25-ct rough diamond purchased in India in the mid-17th century by Tavernier, the French gem merchant. He later had it cut to a 94.78-ct pear shape and reportedly disposed of it in Persia. It then resurfaced in the 19th century in the possession of Sultan Abdul Hamid II of Turkey, who also owned the Hope diamond. (Krashes, 1983<ref name= Gem>Krashes, L. S., (1983). [http://www.gia.edu/cs/Satellite?blobcol=gfile&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-Disposition&blobheadername2=MDT-Type&blobheadername3=Content-Type&blobheadervalue1=attachment%3B+filename%3DSP83.pdf&blobheadervalue2=abinary%3B+charset%3DUTF-8&blobheadervalue3=application%2Fpdf&blobkey=id&blobtable=GIA_DocumentFile&blobwhere=1355954813387&ssbinary=true Harry Winston: A Story Told In Diamonds.] ''Gems & Gemology'', 19, pages 27-28.</ref>).}}
Since the stones are both pear-shaped, D-color, believed to be of Indian origin, similar in weight, and have some unknown whereabouts, it is easy to understand why they were confused one for another. However, the confusion was resolved in November 1995 when the real Ahmedabad was offered for sale at [[Christie's]] in [[Geneva]], and later bought by [[Robert Mouawad Private Museum|Robert Mouawad]] for $4,324,554.<ref>[http://famousdiamonds.tripod.com/ahmadabaddiamond.html The Ahmadabad]. ''Famous Diamonds.''</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of diamonds]]

==Further reading==
* Shipley, Robert M. (1949–50) ''Gemological Digest: History given for Star of The East'', pp.  257-258 (PDF page 31–32) [[Gemological Institute of America]], USA, Vol. 6, No. 08 (Winter 1949–50)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Diamonds originating in India]]
[[Category:Individual diamonds]]

Lahori Ram

2026-04-19T23:43:22Z

AndersonMcFarlan: started stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[State of California|Economic Development Commissioner]]
| name = Lahori Ram
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| order =
| office =
| monarch =
| 1blankname =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| office2 = [[California Commission for Economic Development]]
| deputy2 =
| term_start2 = 2007
| term_end2 = 2009
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = May 10, 1944
| birth_place = [[Lalwan]], [[Hoshiarpur]], [[India]]
| death_date = January 11, 2009 (aged 64)
| death_place =
| occupation =
| signature =
| party =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| caption =
}}
'''Lahori Ram''' was the first Indo-American to be appointed to a statewide commission in [[California]]. He served as the Economic Development Commissioner of California.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us-house-pays-tribute-to-lahori-ram/articleshow/4049971.cms|title=US House pays tribute to Lahori Ram|newspaper=The Times of India |date=January 30, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nriinternet.com/NRIentrepreneurs/USA/A_Z/L/Lahori_Ram/Bio.htm | title=Lahori Ram is a self-made man }}</ref>

==Early life==
Ram was born in [[Ravidasia]] family in Lalwan, Punjab, India. He received his bachelor's degree in economics from Punjab and immigrated to the United States on a student visa in 1972 to pursue postgraduate studies in economics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/eastbaytimes/name/lahori-ram-obituary?id=23132325|title=Lahori Ram Obituary (2009) - Walnut Creek, CA - East Bay Times|website=Legacy.com}}</ref>

==Tribute in US House of Representatives==
His social and philanthropic services to society were recognised by the [[US House of Representatives]]. Congressman [[Jackie Speier]] delivered the obituary speech and was remembered by all political representatives in the US House of Representatives.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2009-pt2/html/CRECB-2009-pt2-Pg1988.htm|title=Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 155 (2009), Part 2 - IN RECOGNITION OF THE INSPIRATIONAL LIFE OF LAHORI RAM|website=www.govinfo.gov}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

== Socio-political life==
Before serving as the Economic Development Commissioner of California, he also served on the state's Technology, Trade, and Commerce Committee and the Transportation Commission.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2013/12/04/plans-to-change-name-of-a-pittsburg-street-to-honor-a-temple-founder-runs-into-opposition/|title=Plans to change name of a Pittsburg street to honor a temple founder runs into opposition|date=December 4, 2013}}</ref> He was co-founder of North America's first Sri Guru
[[Ravidas]] Temple in Pittsburg, California in 1984.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Lahori}}
[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:21st-century California politicians]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]

Trivandrum Engineering Science and Technology Research Park

2026-04-19T22:53:50Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Started

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = TrEST Research Park
| full_name = Trivandrum Engineering Science and Technology Research Park
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| logo = Trivandrum Engineering Science and Technology Research Park Logo.png
| logo_size = 200
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| pushpin_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| abbreviation = TrEST
| headquarters = [[Trivandrum]]
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[India]]
| address =
| coordinates =
| formation = 2015 <ref name="date">{{cite web|url=https://trestpark.org/financial-statements/|title='Financial Statements|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>
| closing_date =
| developer =
| construction_cost =
| manager =
| affiliations = [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]] and [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Government re-instates Trivandrum Engineering Science and Technology (TrEST) park project |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/aug/13/government-re-instates-trivandrum-engineering-science-and-technology-trest-park-project-1857102.html |access-date=4 August 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=12 August 2018}}</ref>
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]]<ref name="ne1">{{cite news |title=Research park sets a model in industry-academia tie-up |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/article61930915.ece |access-date=4 August 2022 |agency=The Hindu |date=4 March 2021}}</ref>
| architect =
| number_of_tenants =
| number_of_workers =
| image_size = 50 acres
| parking =
| website = [https://trestpark.org/ trestpark.org]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Trivandrum Engineering Science and Technology Research Park (TrEST)''', commonly known as '''TrEST Research Park''' is the first [[Science park|technology research science park]] in [[Kerala]] and is founded by the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref name="ne1"></ref> It is a concentration of collaborative research in microprocessor design, electric vehicle research, and other emerging technologies and has strong links with [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vision and Mission |url=http://www.dtekerala.gov.in/index.php/en/home/root/home-mainmenu-1/46-english-category/institutions-programmes/311-trest |website=Directorate of Technical Education Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> and [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]].<ref>{{cite news |title=KTU to offer free entrepreneurship training to engineering students |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/ktu-to-offer-free-entrepreneurship-training-to-engineering-students/articleshow/46260110.cms |access-date=4 August 2022 |agency=Times of India |date=16 February 2015}}</ref>

The science park is currently situated about 11 km to the north of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] city centre, in the [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum|College of Engineering Trivandrum (CET)]] campus.<ref>{{cite web |title=TREST Research Park |url=https://www.cet.ac.in/trest-research-park/ |website=College of Engineering Trivandrum College of Engineering Trivandrum |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> The park will be moved to a 50-acre campus at [[Vilappil|Vilappilsala]], adjacent to the [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] campus.{{Citeneeded|date=October 2022}}

==Project Overview==
The EV Industrial and Research Park is proposed to be established Trivandrum dedicated to the EV Park itself. The project follows a hub-and-spoke model to allow future expansion <ref>{{Cite web| title=Notice inviting request for proposal | url=https://trestpark.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/RFPDocument.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213165304/https://trestpark.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/RFPDocument.pdf | archive-date=2025-02-13}}</ref>

The park will host:

Research and development centers

Testing and prototyping facilities

Manufacturing units for batteries, motors, power electronics,b and all EV components

Common facilities accessible on a fee basis for startups and small enterprises<ref>{{Cite web| title=Notice inviting request for proposal | url=https://trestpark.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/RFPDocument.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213165304/https://trestpark.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/RFPDocument.pdf | archive-date=2025-02-13}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://trestpark.org/ Official website]

{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Thiruvananthapuram]]

Roopa Rao

2026-04-16T22:56:38Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Biography

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{notability|Bio|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Roopa Rao
| image =
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| education = Asian Academy of Film & Television
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Filmmaker
| years_active =
| era =
| known_for = ''[[The Other Love Story]]'' ''[[Gantumoote]]''
| awards =
| website = 
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Roopa Rao''' (born May 18) is an independent Indian film-maker from [[Bangalore]]. She is the writer and director of India's first [[Same-sex relationship|same-sex]] love story [[Web television|web series]], ''[[The Other Love Story]]'' (2016). Rao is also known for directing critically acclaimed award-winning Kannada film ''[[Gantumoote]]'' (2019).

==Early life==

Rao began writing at an early age. She had written the story of two young women falling in love while in college but did not pursue it further due to concerns about the reception of its story-line, as same-sex love between women was a taboo subject in India.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bengaluru-made-lesbian-web-series-gets-highest-nominations-at-NYC-Web-Fest/articleshow/54919419.cms|title=Bengaluru-made lesbian web series gets highest nominations at NYC Web Fest|website=Times of India|date=24 January 2017 |accessdate=2017-01-24}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rao completed a Masters in Commerce with Personnel Management as a specialization and discontinued Masters in Finance. She worked at Infosys for six years.<ref name="LI">{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/roopa-rao-a6414852/|website=LinkedIn|title=Roopa Rao}} {{better source needed|date=May 2019}}</ref> She later resigned her position to pursue a career in filmmaking. She completed a course in film direction and production from Asian Academy of Film and Television, Delhi. After this, she moved to London, UK to assist a documentary filmmaker.<ref name="theweek">{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/roopa-rao.html|website=theweek.in|title=Redefining love|accessdate=2016-12-25}}</ref>

Rao returned to India, where she created documentaries and short films. She co-directed ''[[Vishnuvardhana (film)|Vishnuvardhana]]'', a Kannada feature film, and ''Kurai Ondrum Illai'', an independent Tamil feature film.

In 2015, she began to work on her own project, ''[[The Other Love Story]],''<ref name="LI" /> building on her early writing. Since the central theme of the story is a taboo topic in India, she had difficulties finding producers for her project and turned to Wishberry, a crowd funding platform to raise an amount of Rs 4 lakh.

Rao has won "Best Director" award at NYC Web Fest 2016 and "Best Story" award at TO Web Fest 2017. ''[[The Other Love Story]]'' has a total of 3 wins and 7 nominations from various National and International Film Festivals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6260466/awards?ref_=tt_awd |title=Roopa Rao Awards |website=IMDb}} {{unreliable source?|date=May 2019}}</ref>

In 2017, Rao wrote and directed ''BFF (Breath Friend Forever),'' a short film where a 7-year-old, after learning about trees in class, tries to understand their importance. The film was an official selection in Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) and was screened at Ireland National Film Body's Kids' Section.

In 2018, ''Astu Studios'' released a travel short film, ''Love Leh'tter,'' starring Rao, written and directed by Surya Vasishta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.astustudios.com/love-lehtter/|title=Love Leh'tter|website=Astu Studios}}</ref> Rao co-founded an independent production house, Ameyukti Studios, with a friend in 2018.

In 2019, Rao's first feature film, ''[[Gantumoote]]'' had its world premiere at the New York Indian Film Festival (NYIFF), where it won the "Best Screenplay" award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Raghavendra Chitravani Awards Archives |url=https://www.cinisuddi.com/tag/raghavendra-chitravani-awards/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Cini Suddi |language=en-US}}</ref> The film is a coming of age, high school drama set in Bangalore in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete nominations list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-nominations-list-6295588/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=upmyb |title=SIIMA {{!}} South India International Movie Awards |url=https://siima.upmyb.com/index.php |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=siima.upmyb.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shethepeople.tv">{{cite web |title=The Silver Screen Always Seemed More Real To Me: Roopa Rao |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/director-gantumoote-roopa-rao-interview |accessdate=2019-04-29 |website=She the People}}</ref>

In 2024, ''Kenda'', the Kannada feature film, was released, produced by Rao's production house, Ameyukti Studios. The film was directed by her long-time associate Sahadev Kelvadi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M.V |first=Vivek |date=2024-07-20 |title=Roopa Rao on producing 'Kenda': The film is a lovely political satire and a relatable drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/roopa-rao-on-producing-kenda-the-film-is-a-lovely-political-satire-and-a-relatable-drama/article68417680.ece |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The movie was written and directed by Kelvadi, and it is Rao's third project as producer under Ameyukti Studios.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandraj |first=Shilpa |date=2024-05-21 |title=Roopa Rao on Sahadev Kelvadi winning the Dada Saheb Phalke Best Director Award for the Kannada film Kenda: 'I am thrilled about the win' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/roopa-rao-on-sahadev-kelvadi-winning-the-dada-saheb-phalke-best-director-award-for-the-kannada-film-kenda-i-am-thrilled-about-the-win/article68162690.ece |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2025, Rao announced a new featurette film, ''Asmin,'' was planned for release on her YouTube Channel in the last week of January.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpmSI9YAX4s | title=ASMIN Official Teaser | Teju Belawadi | Shweta Gupta | Roopa Rao | Ameyukti Studios | website=[[YouTube]] | date=29 December 2024 }}</ref> It premiered January 27th, 2025. The film won awards at the Indo French International Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roopa Rao's next explores complicated human emotions |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/roopa-raos-next-explores-complicated-human-emotions-1190097.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Writer
! Producer
! Language(s)
! Notes
|-
| 2009 ||''Let Live'' ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} || English- Hindi || Short Documentary; Also Editor
|-
|2011 ||''Hot Seat'' ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{no}} || Kannada || Short Film
|-
| 2014 ||''The Night of all Nights'' ||{{no}} ||{{no}} ||{{yes|Line Producer}} || German || Documentary Feature length
|-
| 2015 ||''The Century Of Women'' ||{{no}} ||{{no}} ||{{yes|Line Producer}} || German || Documentary Feature length
|-
| 2016 ||''[[The Other Love Story|The 'Other' Love Story]]'' ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} || English Hindi Kannada || Web series
|-
| 2017 ||''BFF (Breath Friend Forever)'' ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||English || Short Film
|-
| 2018 ||''Love Leh'tter'' ||{{no}} ||{{no}} ||{{no}} ||Kannada || Short Film; Actor
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Gantumoote]]''||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} || Kannada || Debut feature film
|-
| 2020 ||''Silent Passage (Pandemic Tales)'' ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{no}} ||English ||Short Film
|-
| 2020 ||''Year of Silence (for Arte TV)'' ||{{no}} ||{{no}} ||{{yes|Line Producer}} ||German English ||Television Series
|-
| 2021 ||''Naked (For Arte TV Series)'' ||{{no}} ||{{no}} ||{{yes|Line Producer}} ||German English ||Television Series
|-
| 2024 ||''[[Kenda (film)|Kenda]]'' ||{{no}} ||{{no}} ||{{yes}} ||Kannada || Feature Film
|-
| 2024 ||''Coromandel Coast (For Arte TV Series)'' ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||{{yes|Line Producer}} ||German English ||Television Series
|-
| 2025 ||''Asmin'' ||{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||{{yes}} ||Kannada English ||Mini-Feature Film
|}

; As Associated Director
* ''[[Vishnuvardhana (film)|Vishnuvardhana]]'' - 2011 Kannada
*''[[Kurai Ondrum Illai]]'' - 2013 Tamil<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patil |first=Rashmi |date=2019-06-26 |title=Why Kannada film Gantumoote should be on your must-watch list |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2019/Jun/26/ganutmoote-a-kannada-feature-film-is-going-places-and-winning-awards-on-the-international-platforms-6772.html |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=EdexLive |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==

* 2016: New York Web Fest Award for Best Direction: ''[[The Other Love Story]]'' (2016)
* 2017: TO Web Fest Award for Best LGBTQ Story: ''[[The Other Love Story]]'' (2016)
*2017: Boston LGBTQ Film Festival Award for Best International Web Series: ''[[The Other Love Story]]''(2016)
* 2016: New York Web Fest Nomination for Outstanding Writing: ''[[The Other Love Story]]'' (2016)
* 2016: New York Web Fest Nomination for Best Webseries: ''[[The Other Love Story]]'' (2016)
* 2017: Vancouver Web Festival Award for Best Drama: ''[[The Other Love Story]]'' (2016)
* 2016: Miami Short Film Festival Semi Finalist: ''[[The Other Love Story]]'' (2016)
* 2019: New York Indian Film Festival Award for Best Screenplay: ''[[Gantumoote]]'' (2019)
*2020: Critics Choice Film Awards Nomination for Best Director:''[[Gantumoote]]'' (2019)
*2020: Critics Choice Film Awards Nomination for Best Film:''[[Gantumoote]]'' (2019)
*2020: Critics Choice Film Awards Nomination for Best Writing:''[[Gantumoote]]'' (2019)
*2020: Critics Choice Film Awards Nomination for Best Director:''[[Gantumoote]]'' (2019)
*2020: Karnataka Film Critics Awards Nomination for Best Director:''[[Gantumoote]]'' (2019)
*2020: Karnataka Film Critics Awards Nomination for Best Writer:''[[Gantumoote]]'' (2019)
*2020: Karnataka Film Critics Awards Nomination for Best Film:''[[Gantumoote]]'' (2019)
*2020: Raghavendra Chitravani Award for Best Debudant Director:''[[Gantumoote]]'' (2019)
*2021: SIIMA Awards Nomination for Best Debudant Director:''[[Gantumoote]]''(2019)
*2023: Indo French International Film Festival for Best Indian Short Film:''[[Asmin]]''(2023)
*2023: Indo French International Film Festival for Best Director Critics Choice:''[[Asmin]]''(2023)

==See also==
* [[List of female film and television directors]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8593411}}
* {{YouTube|channel=UCADkG--NFvPK_rVEf9Xn-pw}}
* [https://pandolin.com/the-other-love-story-has-universal-appeal-roopa-rao/ Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042806/https://pandolin.com/the-other-love-story-has-universal-appeal-roopa-rao/ |date=1 December 2017 }} on pandolin.com
* [https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/director-gantumoote-roopa-rao-interview/ Interview] on shethepeople.tv

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Roopa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Web series directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women filmmakers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

Sundaram Krishnamurthy

2026-04-15T03:39:22Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Done

{{Short description|Indian physician, surgeon, and oncologist}}
{{Infobox medical person
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1919|09|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|7|2|1919|09|12|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[physician]], [[surgeon]], [[oncologist]]
| children = 2
| mother = [[Muthulakshmi Reddy]]
| father = Sundara Reddy
| education = [[University of Madras]]
| work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Ellis Fischel Cancer Center|Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, Missouri]]|Royal Cancer Hospital, London|[[Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital|Government General Hospital, Madras]]|[[Cancer Institute (WIA)|Adyar Cancer Institute, Chennai]]}}
| prizes = {{Awards|[[Padma Shri]]|1971|||}}
|specialism=[[Oncology]]}}
'''Sundaram Krishnamurthy''' (12 September 1919 – 2 July 2010) was an Indian [[physician]], [[surgeon]], and [[oncologist]]. In recognition of his efforts in cancer research & treatment, he was honoured with the [[Padma Shri]] in 1971.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards {{!}} Interactive Dashboard |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Field=Medicine&Award=Padma%20Shri&Place=Tamil%20Nadu&Year=1971-1971 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Krishnamurthy was born on 12 September 1919 in [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], to Dr. Sundara Reddy and Dr. [[Muthulakshmi Reddy]], figures in Indian medicine and social reform.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Late. Dr S.Krishnamurthi |url=https://cancerinstitutewia.in/doctor/late-dr-s-krishnamurthi/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Adyar Cancer Institute |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Harish |first=K. |date=2010-12-01 |title=S Krishnamurthy—Tribute to a Doyen in Oncology |journal=Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology |language=en |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=356–357 |doi=10.1007/s13193-011-0045-y |issn=0976-6952 |pmc=3244254 |pmid=22693392}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2010-07-02 |title=S. Krishnamurthi, doyen of oncology, passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/S.-Krishnamurthi-doyen-of-oncology-passes-away/article16182400.ece |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He completed his [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS) in 1942, followed by a [[Master of Science]] (M.Sc.) in 1946 from [[University of Madras]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== Medical career ==
In 1947, Krishnamurthy pursued advanced medical training abroad. He was a Fellow at the [[Ellis Fischel Cancer Center|Ellis Fischel Cancer Hospital]] in [[Columbia, Missouri]], [[United States]], and later found a job at the Royal Cancer Hospital, [[London]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Avvai Home |url=https://www.avvaihome.org/drsk.html |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=www.avvaihome.org}}</ref> When he informed his mother of his plans of moving to London, she sent a telegram claiming to be seriously ill. Rushing back to India, he found her in good health. She then reproached him, saying: ''“I sent you abroad to study so that you could come back and serve our people, not live comfortably in a foreign country”.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2010-07-06 |title=A doctor and an institution-builder |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/A-doctor-and-an-institution-builder/article16188291.ece |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Upon returning to India, Krishnamurthy joined the cancer unit at the [[Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital|General Hospital]], [[Madras]].<ref name=":2" /> During his tenure, he encountered administrative challenges, including allegations of corruption, which ultimately led to his departure.<ref name=":2" /> He later joined the [[Cancer Institute (WIA)|Cancer Institute]], [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], a non-profit organization established by his mother, where he continued his work in oncology, focusing on patient care and research.<ref name=":2" />

Krishnamurthy held several key positions at the Cancer Institute. He served as scientific director (1954–1959), director and scientific director (1959–1980), and vice-chairman from 1980 onward. At the time of his death, he was the adviser for research and planning at the institute.<ref name=":1" /> Additionally, he served as honorary surgeon to the [[president of India]] from 1987 to 1992.<ref name=":1" />

His memberships included <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothari |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Lc0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |title=Who is Who in Indian Science 1969 |date=1969-01-01 |publisher=Alexander Doweld |language=en}}</ref>
* [[British Institute of Radiology]]
* [[Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists|Association of Pathologists of India]]
* Association of Surgeons of India
* Indian Radiological Association
* [[Indian Medical Association]]
* [[Indian Science Congress Association]]
* [[Indian Cancer Society]]

== Contributions ==
In 1971, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], one of India's highest civilian honours, for his contributions to cancer research and treatment.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

He also held prominent roles in global health initiatives. From 1965 to 1982, he served on several committees of the [[World Health Organization]], providing expertise on cancer control and prevention.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> In 1983, he was appointed to the Advisory Committee on Cancer Control and Planning of the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

== Legacy ==
He died on 2 July 2010.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnamurthy, Sundaram}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]

Anu Ane Nenu

2026-04-05T22:47:50Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Created a pg

{{Short description|Indian Telugu language soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Drama]]
* family
}}
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* '''''Dialogues'''''
* Malathi Netaji
}}
| screenplay = I Ashokan
| director = Srinivas Charan
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Monisha Arshak]]
* Pranay
* [[Chaya Singh]]
}}
| narrated =
| composer = Raghunandan N R
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = "Andala Brundavanam" Sagar Narayana M (lyrics) '''''vocals''''' Sai Vignesh Manasi G kannan Aparna
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 381
| executive_producer = Sathisha M poojary
| producer = V Tamiladasan
| cinematography = Rudramani
| editor = Rajkumar Alagan Tamilmani Aravind Raju
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| company = Eastern Story Productions
| network = [[Gemini TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|03|06|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|05|25|df=y}}
}}

'''''Anu Ane Nenu''''' ({{Translation|I, Anu}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language]] [[soap opera]] premiered on 6 March 2023 airing on [[Gemini TV|GeminiTV]] and it is available for worldwide streaming on [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=Anu Ane Nenu Telugu Serial On Gemini TV Launching On 06 March At 09:00 PM |url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/anu-ane-nenu-telugu-serial-gemini/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Indian TV News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SunNetwork - Program Detail |url=https://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=JhqYNqhB7zE=&ShowType=banner |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=www.sunnetwork.in}}</ref> The show stars [[Monisha Arshak]] in titular role and Pranay, [[Chaya Singh]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |date=18 February 2023 |title=Anandam hero Jai Akash turns TV serial actor:Anu ane Nenu Up Coming New Serial |work=Cine josh |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news-in-telugu/4/65109/hero-aaksh-anu-ane-nenu.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Anandam fame Jai Akash to make his Telugu TV debut very soon; here's a look at some BTS pics from his daily soap |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/anandam-fame-jai-akash-to-make-his-telugu-tv-debut-very-soon-heres-a-look-at-some-bts-pics-from-his-daily-soap/articleshow/97434728.cms |access-date=2023-03-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desam |first=A. B. P. |title=బుల్లితెరపై ఇక ‘ఆనందం’ హీరో ఆకాశ్ సందడి - సీరియల్స్‌లోకి ఎంట్రీ? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/anandam-fame-jai-akash-to-make-his-telugu-tv-serial-debut-soon-76214 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=ABP Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Monisha Arshak]] as Anu
*[[Jai Akash]] / Pranay as Dr Venkatesh
*[[Chaya Singh]] as Akshara: Venkatesh's wife
*[[Prasad Babu]] as Gurumoorthy: Akshara's father
*Archana Ananth as Archana
*[[Yamuna Srinidhi]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kannada actress Yamuna Srinidhi forays into Telugu TV industry, set to make her debut with 'Anu Ane Nenu' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-actress-yamuna-srinidhi-forays-into-telugu-tv-industry-set-to-make-her-debut-with-anu-ane-nenu/articleshow/97715574.cms |access-date=2023-03-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Bhagyalakshmi: Vanitha and Kavitha's mother
*Srinivas as Vanitha and Kavitha's father
*Sneha Eswar as Renuka: Akshara's Aunt
*Padmini Narasimhan as Parvathamma: Venkatesh's mother
*Navyanarayan Gowda as Kavitha
*Bhavya Poojary as Vanitha
*Ankitha Gowda as Pooja
*Draksharamam Saroja as Mahalakshmi: Vanitha's grand mother
*Anusha as Neela: Akshara's assistant
*Baby Aaradhya as Shruthi: Venkatesh and Akshara's daughter
*Jabardast Sunny as Madhav: Venkatesh's assistant
*Haritha Erla as Dr Varsha

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Anu Ane Nenu'' అను అనే నేను
| 6 March 2023
| [[Gemini TV]]
| 25 May 2024
| Original
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Hridayam'' ഹൃദയം
| 20 November 2023
| [[Surya TV]]
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Savijani'' ಸಾವಿಜನಿ
| 22 December 2025
| [[Udaya TV]]
|rowspan="3"| Ongoing
| Remake
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Gemini original programming]]

E. M. Subramaniam (MLA)

2026-04-04T20:32:21Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Added New Article

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = E. M. Subramaniam
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|6|20|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 10 July 2016<ref>https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/15th_2016/15_01.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=December 2025}}</ref>
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Legislative Assembly-Tamil Nadu
| constituency1 = [[Tirukkoyilur Assembly constituency|Tirukkoyilur]]
| term_start1 = 1967
| term_end1 = 1971
| predecessor1 = Lakshiminarasimma Ammal
| successor1 = [[A. S. Kumarasamy]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Agriculturist
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''E. M. Subramaniam''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He hails from Eruvelipettai village in the [[Viluppuram district|Villupuram district]]. He received his school education at [[Maduranthakam|Madurantakam]] Hindu High School and subsequently completed his college education at [[Pachaiyappa's College|Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai.]] A member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party, he contested and won the election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the [[Tirukkoyilur Assembly constituency|Tirukkoyilur]] constituency in 1967, thereby becoming an MLA.<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly” Who's Who 1967. Madras-9: Madras Legislative Assembly Department. December 1968. p. 241.</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirukkoyilur<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=E. M. Subramaniam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,259 |percentage=51.25% |change=-0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Kumarasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,586 |percentage=48.75% |change=+21.82 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,673 |percentage=2.50% |change= -21.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,845 |percentage=81.47% |change= 17.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,190 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]

Pushkar Sharma (cricketer)

2026-04-01T23:43:59Z

AndersonMcFarlan:

{{Short description|Kenyan cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
|name=Pushkar Sharma
|image=Pushkar Sharma in training session, Nairobi, Kenya, 2022.jpeg
|caption= Sharma in 2022
|country = Kenya
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|10|12|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Jalgaon]], [[Maharashtra]], India
|batting=Left-handed
|bowling=Left-arm medium-fast
|role=[[All-rounder]]
|international=true
|T20Idebutdate=17 November
|T20Idebutyear=2022
|T20Idebutagainst=Saint Helena
|T20Icap=43
|lastT20Idate=02 October
|lastT20Iyear=2025
|lastT20Iagainst=Zimbabwe
|T20Idebutfor=Kenya
|T20Ishirt=12

|columns=2
|column1=[[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
|matches1=27
|runs1=373
|bat avg1=16.21
|top score1=43
|100s/50s1=0/0
|deliveries1=134
|wickets1=5
|bowl avg1=30.20
|fivefor1=0
|tenfor1=0
|best bowling1=1/3
|catches/stumpings1=2/–
|column2=[[List A cricket|List A]]
|matches2=10
|runs2=307
|bat avg2=34.11
|top score2=78
|100s/50s2=0/3
|deliveries2=150
|wickets2=6
|bowl avg2=25.50
|fivefor2=0
|tenfor2=0
|best bowling2=3/25
|catches/stumpings2=3/–

|source=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/pushkar-sharma-1342166 Cricinfo
|date = 31 August
|year = 2025
}}'''Pushkar Shivkumar Sharma''' (also known as Puoshkar Sharma)<ref>{{Cite web |last=kridanews |date=2025-06-13 |title=Cricketer Pushkar Sharma Changes Name to ‘Poushkar Sharma’ Following Numerology Advice - Krida News |url=https://kridanews.com/2025/06/cricketer-pushkar-sharma-changes-name-to-poushkar-sharma-following-numerology-advice/ |access-date=2025-06-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> is a [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenyan cricketer]] who plays for the [[Kenya national cricket team]]<ref>{{Cite web |agency=IANS |date=27 December 2022 |title=India-born Cricketer Pushkar Sharma Ready To Represent 'Adopted' Country Kenya |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/pushkar-sharma-india-born-cricketer-play-kenya |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>. Born in [[India]], he captained the [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai Under-16 cricket team.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Satyam |first=Ashish |date=7 February 2023 |title=Noida To Nairobi: Story Of Pushkar Sharma, Ex-Mumbai U-16 Captain Who Now Represents Kenya |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/noida-to-nairobi-story-of-pushkar-sharma-ex-mumbai-u-16-captain-who-now-represents-kenya-1580508 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MCA >>> Under 16 Team for the Year 2014 - 2015 |url=https://www.mumbaicricket.com/mca/Under_16_Team_2014_2015.php |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=mumbaicricket.com}}</ref> In 2019, He joined [[Ruaraka Sports Club Ground|Ruaraka Sports Club]] and played in the Nairobi County Cricket Association league, finishing as the top scorer with 841 runs in 14 innings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-24 |title=Pushkar Sharma tops the chart with highest runs in the NPCA super division League 2021 |url=https://cricketgraph.com/pushkar-sharma-tops-the-chart-with-highest-runs-in-the-npca-super-division-league-21/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=CricketGraph |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sharma made his T20I debut for Kenya in 2022 during the [[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC Men's T20 World Cup Africa Qualifiers]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2022 |title=India-born cricketer Pushkar Sharma to play for his adopted country Kenya |url=https://thesportsgrail.com/india-born-cricketer-pushkar-sharma-to-play-for-his-adopted-country-kenya/ |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=The SportsGrail |language=en}}</ref>, opening the batting alongside Collins Obuya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2022 |title=Collins Obuya is like Virat Kohli for us, I opened along with him in Africa T20WC qualifiers: India-Born Kenyan cricketer Pushkar Sharma |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/collins-obuya-like-virat-kohli-for-us-india-born-kenyan-cricketer-pushkar-sharma-15533501.htm |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Satyam |first=Ashish |date=7 February 2023 |title=Noida To Nairobi: Story Of Pushkar Sharma, Ex-Mumbai U-16 Captain Who Now Represents Kenya |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/noida-to-nairobi-story-of-pushkar-sharma-ex-mumbai-u-16-captain-who-now-represents-kenya-1580508 |access-date=26 June 2023 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He was part of Kenya’s record 10-wicket victory over Mali national cricket team, scoring 14* in a chase completed in just 15 balls, one of the most dominant wins in T20I history.

He has also played in the 2025 Pearl of Africa T20 Series,<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Arab Emirates beat Kenya by 7 wkts (37b rem) - Kenya vs United Arab Emirates, Pearl of Africa T20I Series 2025, 11th Match Match Summary, Report {{!}} ESPN.in |url=https://www.espn.in/cricket/series/1494081/game/1494110/kenya-vs-united-arab-emirates-11th-match-pearl-of-africa-t20i-series-2025 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> and represented Kenya in the ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League, scoring fifties against [[Denmark national cricket team|Denmark]] and [[Kuwait national cricket team|Kuwait]] and finishing among Kenya’s top run-scorers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Papua New Guinea Vs Kenya, List A, National Cricket Centre, Grainville {{!}} Scorecard, Live Score, Ball-By-Ball Commentary And Results {{!}} ICC CWC Challenge League A, 2024-26 |url=https://www.wisden.com/live-cricket-scores/papua-new-guinea-vs-kenya-match-list-a-pgke08272025264437-scorecard |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Wisden |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DEN vs KEN Live scorecard: Denmark vs Kenya Match 30 full scorecard |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/live-full-scorecard-id |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Sharma has received sponsorship from IndiaFirst Life Insurance Company Limited, [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Avinash |date=2023-11-29 |title=Pushkar Sharma: From an Employee to a World Cup Aspirant For Kenya! |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/indiafirst-life-sponsors-kenyan-cricketer-pushkar-sharma-gen-248373.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.mykhel.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Family ==
Sharma married Sita Mishra on 7 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2023 |title=Grand Celebration as Pushkar Sharma Ties the Knot with Sita Mishra in a Lavish Ceremony |work=Krida News |url=https://www.kridanews.com/2023/12/grand-celebration-as-pushkar-sharma-ties-the-knot-with-sita-mishra-in-a-lavish-ceremony/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> The couple had their first child in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2024 |title=Kenyan Cricketer Pushkar Sharma Blessed with First Daughter |work=Krida News |url=https://kridanews.com/2024/11/kenyan-cricketer-pushkar-sharma-blessed-with-first-daughter/ |access-date=17 November 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> He lives in [[Nairobi]] and works as a marketing manager.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kridanews |date=2025-05-12 |title=Pushkar Sharma Net Worth 2025: Rising Kenyan Cricket Star Builds a ₹70–80 Lakh Empire Through Sport, Sponsorships & Strategy - Krida News |url=https://kridanews.com/2025/05/pushkar-sharma-net-worth-2025-rising-kenyan-cricket-star-builds-70-80-lakh-empire/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Record ==
On 20 November 2022, [[Kenya national cricket team]] beat [[Mali national cricket team|Mali national cricket]] team by 10 wickets with 105 balls remaining in the [[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] Sub Regional Africa Qualifier Group A, chasing 31 in 15 balls—one of the most dominant [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] wins—with Pushkar Sharma (14*) and [[Collins Obuya]] (18*).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Scorecard of Kenya vs Mali, ICC Men's T20 World Cup Sub Regional Africa Qualifier Group A 2022, 10th Match - Score Report |url=https://www.espn.com/cricket/game/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cricinfo|id=1342166}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Pushkar}}
[[Category:Kenya Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Kenyan cricketers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Kenyan people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Kenya]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Kenya]]

Naanayam

2026-03-28T13:31:48Z

AndersonMcFarlan: creating some post added tags

{{About||the 1983 film|Naanayam (1983 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Naanayam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shakti Soundar Rajan]]
| writer = Shakti Soundar Rajan
| producer = [[S. P. Charan]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]]|[[Sibi Sathyaraj|Sibiraj]]|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]|[[Ramya Raj]]|Yasmin|}}
| cinematography = [[Om Prakash (cinematographer)|Om Prakash]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2010 |title=Yen for challenge |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article243282.ece |url-status=live |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428203518/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article243282.ece |archive-date=28 April 2012 |access-date=14 May 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]] [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| music = [[James Vasanthan]] Background score: [[S. Thaman]]
| studio = Capital Film Works
| distributor = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|1|14}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Naanayam''''' ({{Translation|Integrity / Currency}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[heist film|heist]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Shakti Soundar Rajan]] in his directorial debut. Produced by Atharsh Capital Film Works, the film stars [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Sibiraj]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Ramya Raj]], and debutante Yasmin. The film's songs were composed by [[James Vasanthan]], and the score was by [[Thaman]]. The film released on 14 January 2010. It marked the last Tamil film of Ramya Raj.

==Plot==
Ravi is an electronics engineer who aspires to become a businessman. He meets Viswanath, the CEO of Trust Bank, on a golf course when he fights to grab Viswanath's bag from a stranger. Ravi saves Viswanath and chases the stranger. He is unable to catch the man, but glimpses his face. Viswanath thanks Ravi, offers him a job at his bank, and assures him that he will provide a loan of Rs. 2 crores to start his own business. The bank promotes its new branch as the "world's safest bank" with the security locker designed by Ravi. Ravi works at Trust Bank for five years, but his loan approval gets rejected so many times despite Viswanath's attempts to get it approved.

Ravi meets a divorced news reporter Nandhini in a golf club. They become friends, and slowly, love blossoms between them. However, during his date with Nandhini, Ravi is attacked by Nandhini's ex-husband Raghu. Ravi counterattacks Raghu and goes home. At home, Ravi meets Fareed, who says that Ravi killed Raghu and there are evidences to prove it. Fareed also kidnaps Nandhini. Ravi is confident that he did not kill Raghu, but he has to obey the words of helping rob the bank to save himself and Nandhini.

Fareed says that he is an ex-employee of Trust Bank and was fired by Viswanath for fund mismanagement. As a result, he wants to take revenge on Viswanath by robbing Trust Bank (which will negatively impact its trustworthiness) and also wants Ravi to help him, as he is the one behind the safety system design. Ravi and Fareed plan to rob the bank, which has infrared lasers and a four-level lock system vault. Meanwhile, Ravi records the conversations and hands them to his assistant Devaki to save himself. Ravi demands Rs. 2 Crore, the photographic evidence of the murder from the robbers before the theft. Fareed initially gives it but takes it back and gives Ravi another bag similar to it.

Ravi discloses all the security systems to enter the vault, which Fareed and his men enter as per plan. However, Ravi did not inform them of a secret exit in the vault, and he plans to trap Fareed and his men. Ravi suddenly escapes through the secret exit, locks others inside the vault, and rushes to meet Viswanath, where he also sees Nandhini with him. Ravi is shocked seeing Nandhini with Viswanath and figures out the truth. The robbery is actually Viswanath's plan. He executed it to grab the bag, which has evidence of his illegal affair with Nandhini, who is actually named Eswari. The stranger took pictures of Viswanath and Eswari and blackmailed Viswanath for money. The stranger also safely placed the evidence in Trust Bank's locker. To steal the evidence, Viswanath planned a robbery with Fareed, Eswari's brother. The man whom Ravi was told to kill was actually a new employee in Fareed's gang. Viswanath apologizes to Ravi for the trouble he created and commits suicide. Fareed and Eswari are arrested, and all of Fareed's gang members die inside the vault due to a lack of oxygen.

Ravi destroys all evidence of Viswanath's illegal affair and finds Rs. 2 Crore in the back of his car, which he demanded from Fareed and uses to start his new business.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] as Ravi
* [[Sibiraj]] as Fareed
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Viswanath
* [[Ramya Raj]] as Eswari / Nandhini
* Yasmin as Devaki
* Vijaya as Mrs. Viswanath
* [[Jasper (actor)|Jasper]] as Logu
* Jayanth as Pandi
* Sundarapandian as Imran
* Magi as Inspector Venkat
* R. Senthil as Senthil
* Arunachalam as Rangarajan
* V. Viswanath as Murali
* Rathnavelu as Bhaskar
* Balaji as Chief Guest
* Taslima as Dancer
}}

==Production==
''Naanayam'' is the directorial debut of Shakti, and was completed by November 2009.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 November 2009 |title=New innings |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/11/13/stories/2009111350120400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604105426/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/11/13/stories/2009111350120400.htm |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=21 January 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Music==
The film score (BGM) was composed by [[Thaman]] and the songs were composed by [[James Vasanthan]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2009-11-25 |title=Naanayam's music is average |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/25/south-tamil-music-review-naanayam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129010751/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/25/south-tamil-music-review-naanayam.htm |archive-date=29 January 2010 |access-date=2012-11-08 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The title song was based on "[[Owner of a Lonely Heart]]" by [[Yes (band)|Yes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Tamil [Other Composers] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190522113005/https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29.06
| title1 = Naanayam
| note1 = Version 1
| lyrics1 = Dr. Krithaya
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length1 = 2:01
| title4 = Naan Pogiren
| lyrics4 = [[Thamarai]]
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 6:31
| title3 = Aasa Aasa
| lyrics3 = James Vasanthan
| extra3 = Kannan, [[Megha (singer)|Megha]], [[Ramya NSK]], Sheba & Chorus
| length3 = 5:43
| title2 = Ka Ka Ka
| lyrics2 = Kavivarman
| extra2 = [[Silambarasan]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length2 = 5:19
| title5 = Kooda Kooda
| lyrics5 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra5 = [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| length5 = 5:55
| title6 = Naanayam
| note6 = Version 2
| lyrics6 = Dr. Krithaya
| extra6 = Ranjith
| length6 = 3:37
}}

==Release and reception==
The film was released on 14 January 2010 on [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] alongside ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'', ''[[Kutty (2010 film)|Kutty]]'' and ''Porkkalam''.<ref name="One day to Pongal!">{{cite web |date=Jan 13, 2010 |title=One day to Pongal! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14927269&cid=2363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202141238/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14927269&cid=2363 |archive-date=2013-02-02 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' claimed that Prasanna is "sweet, savvy, intense and desperate as the situation demands" and that his diction "too is superb". She added that Sibiraj, who makes more of an impact, despite that "he apes his esteemed father often, especially in tone of voice and modulation" but "he seems to have had a blast doing it". Ramya Raj has "more than one role to play, and does justice to it" whilst Balasubrahmanyam plays his role with "élan".<ref>{{cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=2010-01-14 |title=Nanayam: Hollywood plot, desi treatment |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/14/south-tamil-movie-review-nanayam.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114195018/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/14/south-tamil-movie-review-nanayam.htm |archive-date=14 January 2010 |access-date=2013-06-12 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "It’s obvious that director Shakti Rajan has worked hard to provide a refreshing fare. Surely he could have toiled a little more and got the pace right".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2010-01-21 |title=Furious but not fast enough |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Furious-but-not-fast-enough/article16838834.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251206085913/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Furious-but-not-fast-enough/article16838834.ece |archive-date=2025-12-06 |access-date=2025-12-06 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>


==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Shakti Soundar Rajan}}

[[Category:2010 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010s heist films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by James Vasanthan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Indian Army ranks and insignia

2026-03-24T11:09:04Z

AndersonMcFarlan: put up new stub!

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
The [[Indian Army]] (IA), the land component of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], follows a certain hierarchy of rank designations and insignia derived from the erstwhile [[British Indian Army]] (BIA).

== History ==
[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|250px|right|thumb|The Indian Army Ensign.]]

=== 1947–1950 ===
Upon the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|establishment of India's independence in 1947]], the country became a [[Dominion of India|dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. Nevertheless, the armed forces, namely, the [[British Indian Army]] (BIA), the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) and the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] (RIAF) - under the helm of [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|King]] [[George VI]] as the Commander-in-Chief - retained their respective pre-independence ranks and corresponding insignia.<ref name="Mountbatten"/> In the Army's case, the service retained its pre-independence insignia, comprising the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]], called the ''pip''.

=== 1950–present ===
In May 1949, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], the inaugural [[Governor-General of India]], dispatched a note to [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], titled ''Names and Insignia of Indian Armed Forces'', containing a list of suggestions regarding the nomenclature of the armed forces that were to be enforced upon the dominion's conversion to a republic.<ref name="Changes">{{Cite web |url=https://optimizeias.com/how-india-adopted-its-military-flags-and-badges-based-on-lord-mountbattens-suggestions/ |title=How India adopted its military flags and badges based on Lord Mountbatten's suggestions |website=optimizeias.com |date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213163008/https://optimizeias.com/how-india-adopted-its-military-flags-and-badges-based-on-lord-mountbattens-suggestions/ |archive-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> In the note, Mountbatten proposed that the Tudor Crown, worn on the epaulettes of ranks of Majors and above should be replaced by the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] and that the ''pip'' should be replaced by the [[Star of India (flag)|Star of India]] or another form of star.<ref name="Changes"/>

In September 1949, Nehru forwarded the proposals to the country's [[Minister of Defence (India)|minister of defence]], [[Baldev Singh]], recommending Mountbatten's suggestions, which were consequently enforced upon [[Republic Day (India)|India's emergence as a republic]] on 26 January 1950.<ref name="Changes"/><ref name="insignia">{{cite web |title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services |url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf |website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="Mountbatten">{{cite news |last=Chhina |first=Man Aman Singh |date=2 September 2022 |title=Explained: How India adopted its military flags and badges based on Lord Mountbatten's suggestions |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-adopted-military-flags-badges-lord-mountbattens-suggestions-8125477/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206060026/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-adopted-military-flags-badges-lord-mountbattens-suggestions-8125477/ |archive-date=6 December 2024}}</ref> Simultaneously, the [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer|King's Commission]], which was granted to commissioned Indian officers of the BIA was also changed to '''Indian Commission''' on the same date; and at a subsequent date the King's Colours of the various armed regiments were laid to rest at the [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA), Dehradun.<ref name="Changes"/>

== Structure ==
Presently, the Army's rank hierarchy is divided into three broad categories:<ref name="Atharva Ranks"/> 
'''Group-A''': Commissioned officers (Officers) 
'''Group-B''': [[Junior commissioned officer]]s (JCO) 
'''Group-C''': [[Non-commissioned officer]]s (NCO) and enlisted, also referred to as Other Ranks (OR)
{{Equivalent ranks of Indian military}}

== Special ranks ==

{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- style="background-color:#CCCCCC; width: 100%"
! Rank group
!
|-
! [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| [[File:Rank insignia for India CDS.svg|50px]]
|}

== Commissioned Officers ==
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|}
The Army has ten commissioned officer (officer) ranks, which are designated as Group-A service ranks and are equivalent to the ''All India Services''.

The highest attainable rank in the Army's officer cadre is that of the Field Marshal, a ceremonial [[five-star rank]] immediately superior to full General.<ref name="Atharva Ranks"/> It is awarded exclusively to deemed recipients for recognition of exceptional service and leadership during wartime; however, it does not feature in the Army's organizational structure.<ref name="Atharva Ranks"/> In the Army's history, only two four-star officers have ever been promoted to the rank: Gen. [[Sam Manekshaw|S. H. F. J. Sam Manekshaw]] in 1973 and Gen. [[K. M. Cariappa]] in 1986. Recipients are considered to be serving officers until their death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Shreyashi |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/gaurav-aryas-claims-about-army-sam-manekshaws-pensions-are-fake-fact-check |title=Gaurav Arya's Claims About Army, Sam Manekshaw's Pensions Are Fake |website=www.thequint.com |date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522065142/https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/gaurav-aryas-claims-about-army-sam-manekshaws-pensions-are-fake-fact-check |archive-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

The highest operational rank is General, which is held exclusively by the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS). The first Indian to be promoted to the rank was then-Lt. Gen. K. M. Cariappa, following his appointment as the second Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the Army in January 1949.<ref>{{cite web |title=CARIAPPA TO BE FULL GENERAL |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1949-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1949-01-14_006.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |date=14 January 1949 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226204641/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1949-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1949-01-14_006.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024}}</ref>

The [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS), a rotational position deemed the highest uniformed designation-cum-professional head of the armed forces, is also held by four-star officer drawn from the Army or the Navy or the Air Force.<ref name="CDS">{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-now-get-chief-of-defence-staff-will-be-a-4-star-general/articleshow/72954105.cms |title=India to now get chief of defence staff, will be a 4-star general |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105023816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-now-get-chief-of-defence-staff-will-be-a-4-star-general/articleshow/72954105.cms |archive-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> However, CDS appointees do not wear the corresponding insignia of their respective service, but are rather allotted a unique insignia independent of that service's rank hierarchy: a crimson-colored epaulette, adorned with the tri-service emblem of the armed forces.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/a-sneak-peek-of-cds-uniform-insignia/about-the-shoulder-batch/slideshow/73055987.cms?from=mdr |title=A sneak peek of CDS uniform, insignia |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250921131857/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/a-sneak-peek-of-cds-uniform-insignia/when-will-the-cds-retire/slideshow/73055907.cms |archive-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> As of 2024, only two four-star officers from the Army have been appointed to the position.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-appoints-lt-general-anil-chauhan-chief-of-defence-staff-cds-2005908-2022-09-28 |title=Lt General Anil Chauhan (retd) is India's 2nd Chief of Defence Staff |date=28 September 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430220634/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-appoints-lt-general-anil-chauhan-chief-of-defence-staff-cds-2005908-2022-09-28 |archive-date=30 April 2025}}</ref>

== Junior commissioned officer and non-commissioned ranks ==
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Indian forces/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Cavalry ranks
| colspan=6| [[Risaldar Major]] {{lang|hi|रिसालदार मेजर}}
| colspan=2| [[Risaldar]] {{lang|hi|रिसालदार}}
| colspan=2| [[Junior commissioned officer|Naib Risaldar]] {{lang|hi|नायब रिसालदार}}
| colspan=12| [[Daffadar]] {{lang|hi|दफ़ादार}}
| colspan=4| [[Lance Daffadar]] {{lang|hi|लांस दफ़ादार}}
| colspan=2| [[Lance Daffadar|Acting Lance Daffadar]] {{lang|hi|एक्टिंग लांस दफ़ादार}}
| colspan=8| [[Sowar]] {{lang|hi|सवार}}
|}

* The title [[Risaldar]] replaces Subedar in ranks in cavalry, armored regiments, [[Remount Veterinary Corps]], and animal transport battalions of [[Indian Army Service Corps|Army Service Corps]].
* [[Naib Risaldar]] was called [[Jemadar]] until 1965.
* [[Daffadar]], [[Lance Daffadar]] and [[Lance Daffadar|Acting Lance Daffadar]] - these ranks replace the titles of [[Havildar]], [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] and [[Lance Naik]] in cavalry, armored regiments, Remount Veterinary Corps and animal transport battalions of Army Service Corps.
* [[Sowar]] replaces the rank Sepoy in cavalry, armored regiments, Remount Veterinary Corps, and animal transport battalions of the Army Service Corps.

== Former ranks ==
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|+ '''Former/Discontinued Ranks'''
|- align=center
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! ||colspan=1|Officers
! ||colspan=4|Non-commissioned officers
|- align=center
||'''Shoulder Insignia'''
|| [[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|50px]]
|| '''Arm'''
|| [[File:Regimental Havildar Major.gif|50px]]
|| [[File:Regimental Quartermaster Havildar.gif|50px]]
|| [[File:Company Havildar Major (CHM).svg|50px]]
|| [[File:Company Quartermaster Havildar.gif|50px]]
|- align=center
|- align=center
||'''Rank'''
|| [[Second Lieutenant|Second Lieutenant]]
||
|| [[Havildar|Regimental Havildar Major]]
|| [[Havildar|Regimental Quartermaster Havildar]]
|| [[Havildar|Company Havildar Major]]
|| [[Havildar|Company Quartermaster Havildar]]
|- align=center
|colspan=8|
|-
|colspan=5|
|}

The rank of [[Second Lieutenant]] is no longer in use; all new officers are commissioned as Lieutenants. Notable past holders include 2nd Lt. [[Arun Khetarpal]], 2nd Lt. [[Rama Raghoba Rane]], and other ranks, including CHM [[Piru Singh Shekhawat]] and CQMH [[Abdul Hamid (soldier)|Abdul Hamid]].

The appointments of [[Havildar|Regimental Quartermaster Havildar]] and [[Havildar|Regimental Havildar Major]] are no longer used in the [[Indian Army]] (except for the Regiment of Artillery and Army Air Defence) and those duties are now performed by JCOs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Personnel Services Directorate |title=Psdte311212 |url=http://www.indianarmy.gov.in/writereaddata/documents/psdte311212.pdf |access-date=4 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807190200/https://indianarmy.gov.in/writereaddata/documents/psdte311212.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DSR Volume I, Chapter IV—JCOs, WOs, OR AND NON-COMBATANTS (ENROLLED) |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/RTI/rti/DSR/DSR_VOLUME_1/CHAPTER_04/53.htm |date=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109212304/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/RTI/rti/DSR/DSR_VOLUME_1/CHAPTER_04/53.htm |archive-date=9 November 2014 |website=Indian Army |access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=M. K. Sunil |title=Rules of the Raj hindering havildars' promotion |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article283262.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905021829/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article283262.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2014 |date=16 May 2012 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref>

== Rank descriptions ==
*Indian Army Ranks can be classified into three categories.
**Commissioned Officers who are equivalent to All India Services & Group "A" Service officers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Navdeep |title=Clarification on the nature of 'Group-A' services |url=http://www.indianmilitary.info/2009/05/clarification-on-nature-of-group.html |website=India Military Info |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428063232/http://www.indianmilitary.info/2009/05/clarification-on-nature-of-group.html |archive-date=28 April 2025}}</ref>
**Junior Commissioned Officers who are equivalent to Group B Gazetted officers.<ref>{{cite news |title=JCOs are Gazetted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jcos-are-gazetted-officers-says-army/articleshow/61474391.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226120431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jcos-are-gazetted-officers-says-army/articleshow/61474391.cms |archive-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
**Other Ranks comprising non-commissioned officers and soldiers.

=== Officers ===
[[File:Equivalent-ranks-of-the-Indian-Armed-Forces.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|Equivalent ranks of [[Indian Armed Forces]] (click to enlarge)]]

Commissioned officers are the leaders of the army and command anywhere from a Platoon, a Company, a Battalion, a Brigade, a Division, a Corps, and the whole army. At the time of joining, all Indian Army officers are inducted as officer cadets. The rank of officer cadet is denoted by an officer's uniform with no insignia. Indian Army officers are continually put through different courses and assessed on merit throughout their career, for promotions and appointments. Substantive promotions up to Lieutenant Colonel or equivalent (subject to clearance of Part B and Part D exam for Major and Lieutenant Colonel)<ref>{{cite news |title=Army defers key annual promotion exam amid LoC tensions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-defers-key-annual-promotion-exam-amid-loc-tensions/story-J0Ub4DBggvuhUBOa3kR0rO.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=23 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223050712/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-defers-key-annual-promotion-exam-amid-loc-tensions/story-J0Ub4DBggvuhUBOa3kR0rO.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=USI |title=PROSPECTUS |url=http://usiofindia.org/Courses/Prospectus/ |website=USI |publisher=United Service Institute of India |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128174839/http://usiofindia.org/Courses/Prospectus/ |archive-date=28 January 2018}}</ref> and are based on time in service whereas those for Colonel and above are based on selection, with promotion to Colonel also based on time served.

Due to steep hierarchy and few vacancies, most of the officers retire at the rank of Colonel and only a few make it to the rank of Brigadier and above.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of India |title=MoD Letter No. 1/55/2008 D(Pay/Services)—Terms and Conditions of Service |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/PS010113.pdf |date=4 November 2008 |website=[[Indian Army]] |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Defence |access-date=4 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401014003/https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/PS010113.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tirkey |first1=Ajay |title=Ministry of Defence Resolution—Sixth Central Pay Commission |url=http://mod.gov.in/writereaddata/6thCPC/PAYSERVICES-notification.pdf |date=30 August 2008 |newspaper=[[The Gazette of India]] |access-date=4 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095821/http://mod.gov.in/writereaddata/6thCPC/PAYSERVICES-notification.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NCC Spl entry Scheme |url=http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/NotificationPDF/Noftn_NCC-39_Course.pdf |website=joinindianarmy.nic.In |publisher=Indian Army |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075237/http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/NotificationPDF/Noftn_NCC-39_Course.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Civilian equivalents are in accordance with government policies on functional allocation of duties in staff billets; otherwise, the rank structure of the armed forces is different from that of civilians about years of service and vacancies available. Indian Army officers undergo various courses, such as the Young Officers Course, Junior Command Course, Defence Services Staff College course at DSSC Wellington, Management Development Programme: Senior Defence Management Course, Higher Defence Management Course at the College of Defence Management (Secunderabad), Higher Command Courses, and NDC courses at various premier institutions of the Armed Forces for promotions. The same applies to officers other two services, namely [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=5%|Rank
! width=30%|Epaulette Insignia
! width=40%|Description
! width=30%|Appointments
! width=25%|Superannuation Age/Tenure
! width=25%|Rank flag
! width=15%|Pay level
|-
| [[Field Marshal (India)|Field marshal]] (FM)
| [[File:Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px|centre]]
| [[Five-star rank]] Awarded exclusively in recognition of exceptional service and leadership during wartime. Ceremonial, not included in the Army organizational hierarchy.
| Appointed by order of the [[Government of India]] * [[Sam Manekshaw|S. H. F. J. Manekshaw]] - Promoted in 1973 * [[K. M. Cariappa]] - Promoted in 1986
| Recipients are considered serving officers until the date of demise.<ref name="Atharva Ranks">{{Cite web |url=https://atharvafoundation.in/oneforall/Ranks.html |title=Rank for Indian Army |website=atharvafoundation.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216035411/https://atharvafoundation.in/oneforall/Ranks.html |archive-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>
| [[File:Flag of Field Marshal.jpg|55px]]
|{{NA}}
|-
| [[General (India)|General]] (Gen)
| [[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px|centre]]
| [[Military star ranking|Four-star rank]] Highest ranking [[general officer]] in Army organizational hierarchy.
| [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) (Only if appointee is an Army flag officer)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1597425 |title=Cabinet approves creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff in the rank of four star General |website=pib.gov.in |date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910081821/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1597425 |archive-date=10 September 2024}}</ref> [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS) 
| CDS: 65 (or) 3 years of service; whichever is earlier.<ref name="Atharva Ranks"/> COAS: 62 (or) 3 years of service; whichever is earlier.
| [[File:Flag COAS.svg|55px]] (COAS)
|18 (apex)
|-
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant general]] (Lt Gen)
| [[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px|centre]]
| [[Military star ranking|Three-star rank]] Second-highest general officer in Army organizational hierarchy.
| [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]] (CISC) (Only if appointee is an Army general officer) 
[[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]] (VCOAS) 
[[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]] (DCOAS) 
[[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]]s -
(GOC-in-C) of army commands e.g. [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] 
[[General Officer Commanding|GOC]]s of [[Field corps]] 
[[Staff (military)|General Staff]] 
Heads of other directorates.
Head of the [[Assam Rifles]].
| 60
| [[File:Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg|55px]] (VCOAS) [[File:Flag of Indian Lieutenant Generals, Army Headquarters.svg|55px]] (DCOAS)
|17/15
|-
| [[Major General (India)|Major general]] (Maj Gen)
| [[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px|centre]]
| [[Military star ranking|Two-star rank]] Third-highest general officer in Army organizational hierarchy.
| [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) of [[Division (military)|Division]]s 
Additional Director Generals
Commandants/Director Generals of various institutions/organizations and other appointments.
| 58
| [[Colours, standards and guidons|Guidon]] in red, with army crest at the hoist, two stars at the fly
|14
|-
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] (Brig)
| [[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px|centre]]
| [[Military star ranking|One-star rank]]
| [[Brigade Commander]] Brigadier General Staff (BGS) Deputy Director Generals of directorates [[Military attaché|Diplomatic military attaché]] and other appointments
| 56
| Triangular [[pennon]] in red, with army crest at the hoist, one star at the fly
|13A
|-
| [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] (Col)
| [[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px|centre]]
| (-)
| Colonel General Staff (Col GS) Directors and other appointments<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.centrefordefencecareers.co.in/structure-of-the-indian-army |title=Structure of Indian Army |website=Centre for Defence Careers |date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107141806/https://www.centrefordefencecareers.co.in/structure-of-the-indian-army/ |archive-date=7 November 2023}}</ref> [[Commanding officer|CO]] of battalion / regiment / equivalent unit (Infantry, Artillery, Armored), appointment varies by corps/regiments
| 54
| (-)
|13
|-
| [[Lieutenant colonel]] (Lt Col)
| [[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px|centre]]
| (-)
| Second in command of battalion / regiment / equivalent unit (Infantry, Artillery, Armored), appointment varies by corps/regiments
| NA
| (-)
|12A
|-
| [[Major (rank)|Major]] (Maj)
| [[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px|centre]]
| (-)
| [[Company (military unit)|Company]]/equivalent unit commander, appointment varies by corps/regiments
| NA
| (-)
|11
|-
| [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]] (Capt)
| [[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px|centre]]
| (-)
| Varies by corps/regiments
| NA
| (-)
|10B
|-
| [[Lieutenant]] (Lt)
| [[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px|centre]]
| (-)
| Varies by corps/regiments
|NA
| (-)
|10
|-
| [[Officer Cadet]] (GC/LC)
| [[National Defence Academy|NDA]], [[Indian Military Academy|IMA]] & [[Officers Training Academy|OTA]] tag
| Professional training at [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA), [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA), [[Officers Training Academy]] (OTA).<ref name="Cadet">{{Cite web |url=https://joinindianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/OTA_Channai.pdf |title=Joining Instructions Officers Training Academy, Chennai |website=joinindianarmy.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912031736/http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/OTA_Channai.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2017}}</ref>
| Gentleman Cadet (GC) Lady Cadet (LC)<ref name="Cadet"/>
|1 to 5 years
| (-)
|{{NA}}
|}

In the Indian Army, officer cadets are known as Gentlemen Cadets or Lady Cadets. Gentlemen Cadets (GCs) join the National Defence Academy (NDA), Indian Military Academy (IMA)/Officer's Training Academy (OTA) after going through the Service Selection Board (SSB) interview. Gentlemen Cadets undergo a pre-commission training programme at NDA, IMA/OTA, which is equally divided into terms.

=== Junior commissioned officers ===
[[Junior commissioned officer]]s are promoted from non-commissioned officers and are broadly equivalent to [[Warrant Officer|warrant officers]] in the [[British Army]]. Senior non-commissioned officers are promoted to JCO rank on the basis of merit and seniority, restricted to the number of vacancies. In between the Commissioned Officers and the NCOs lie the Junior Commissioned Officers. They are treated with great respect as they have a minimum of 28 years and above are referred to as ''Sahab'' by all ranks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kadyan |first=Raj |date=23 December 2018 |title=The indomitable Subedar Major |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/column/the-indomitable-subedar-major-702697 |work=[[The Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215102431/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/column/the-indomitable-subedar-major-702697 |archive-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>

The current living recipients of the [[Param Veer Chakra]] are all from JCO ranks, namely [[Bana Singh]] Retd, [[Sanjay Kumar (soldier)|Sanjay Kumar]], and [[Yogendra Singh Yadav]]. JCOs are entrusted with supervisory roles, and the three JCO ranks are Subedar Major, Subedar, and Naib Subedar. JCOs are equivalent in status to Group B (Gazetted) of the Government of India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhalla |first=Abhishek |date=3 November 2017 |title=Army corrects JCO status after 6 years |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-army-corrects-jco-status-after-6-years-2557368 |agency=DNA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805014001/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-army-corrects-jco-status-after-6-years-2557368 |archive-date=5 August 2018}}</ref> Junior commissioned officers are treated as a separate class and hold many additional privileges. In the army, they have a separate mess (the JCO's mess), get well-furnished family quarters, and are authorized to travel in AC II-tier on the railways.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saleem |first=Shaikh Zoaib |date=4 April 2019 |title=Benefits, and challenges military personnel and their families face. |url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/benefits-and-challenges-military-personnel-and-their-families-face-1554315886721.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130230016/https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/benefits-and-challenges-military-personnel-and-their-families-face-1554315886721.html |archive-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! width=20%; colspan=2|Ranks and abbreviations
! width=5%; rowspan=2|Insignia
! width=20%; rowspan=2|Description
! width=20%; rowspan=2|Retirement Age
! width=10%; rowspan=2|Pay level
|-
! width=20%;|Infantry and other arms
! width=20%;|Cavalry and Armour
|-
| [[Subedar Major]] (Sub Maj)
| [[Risaldar Major]] (Ris Maj)
|[[File:Subedar_Major_-_Risaldar_Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px|centre]]
| Golden national emblem with stripe
| After 34 years service or at the age of 54, whichever is sooner.<ref name="7th_pay">{{cite web |url=https://www.finmin.nic.in/sites/default/files/7cpc_report_eng.pdf?download=1 |title=Report of the Seventh Central Pay Commission |pages=397–398 |author= |date=November 2015 |website= |publisher=Government of India |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227080659/https://www.finmin.nic.in/sites/default/files/7cpc_report_eng.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2021}}</ref>
|8
|-
| [[Subedar]] (Sub)
| [[Risaldar]] (Ris)
|[[File:Subedar_-_Risaldar_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px|centre]]
| Two golden stars with stripe
| After 30 years service or at the age of 52, whichever is sooner.<ref name="7th_pay"/>
|7
|-
| [[Naib Subedar]] (Nb Sub)
| [[Naib Risaldar]] (Nb Ris)
|[[File:Naib_Subedar_-_Naib_Risaldar_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px|centre]]
| One golden star with stripe
| After 28 years service or at the age of 52, whichever is sooner.<ref name="7th_pay"/>
|6
|}

JCOs are currently enrolled as jawans, and a few of them get promoted to officers over a period of time-based on their performance and on their ability to clear promotion examinations. A few JCOs are directly enrolled as religious teachers and in certain technical arms such as the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]]. As of 2021, the Indian Army is discussing a proposal to directly enrol Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) in all arms of the service to address the shortage of commissioned officers. According to the proposal, the Indian Army will directly induct JCOs who have cleared the Services Selection Board (SSB) interview. The UPSC will conduct an entrance examination, which will be followed by an SSB interview and a medical examination. Selected candidates would then be trained for one and a half years before joining the units as JCOs. Subsequently, they would be promoted to officers up to the rank of Colonels based on their length of service and qualifications.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Army to recruit 14000 JCOs Soon |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/indian-army-recruitment-2021-eligibility-selection-criteria-1617602767-1 |agency=Jagran Prakashan Ltd |publisher=Jagran Prakashan Ltd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130224145/https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/indian-army-recruitment-2021-eligibility-selection-criteria-1617602767-1 |archive-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>

=== Other ranks ===
[[Other ranks (UK)|Other ranks]] in the Indian Army include Non-commissioned officers ("NCOs") and Soldiers ("sepoys" or "jawans")

==== Non-commissioned officers ====
NCOs are soldiers promoted to positions of responsibility and are equivalent to junior non-commissioned officers (sergeants and corporals) in Western armies.

{| class="wikitable"
! width=20%; colspan=2|Ranks and abbreviations
! width=5%; rowspan=2|Insignia
! width=20%; rowspan=2|Description
! width=20%; rowspan=2|Retirement Age
! width=10%; rowspan=2|Pay level
|-
! width=20%;|Infantry and other arms
! width=20%;|Cavalry and armour
|-
| [[Havildar]] (Hav)
| [[Daffadar]] (Dfr)
|[[File:India-Army-OR-6.svg|45px|centre]]
| Three [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron]]s
| After 26 years service or at the age of 49, whichever is sooner.<ref name="7th_pay"/>
|5
|-
| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] (Nk)
| [[Lance Daffadar]] (L/Dfr)
|[[File:India-Army-OR-4.svg|45px|centre]]
| Two [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron]]s
| After 23 years service or at the age of 49, whichever is sooner.<ref name="7th_pay"/>
|4
|-
| [[Lance Naik]] (L/Nk)
| [[Acting Lance Daffadar]] (ALD)
|[[File:India-Army-OR-3.svg|45px|centre]]
| One [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron]]
| After 19 years of service or at the age of 48, whichever is sooner.<ref name="7th_pay"/>
|3
|}

==== Soldiers ====
{| class="wikitable"
! width=25%; colspan=2|Ranks
! width=25%; rowspan=2|Insignia
! width=25%; rowspan=2|Retirement Age
|-
! width=25%;|Infantry and other arms
! width=25%;|Cavalry and armour
! width=25%;|Pay level
|-
| [[Sepoy]]
| [[Sowar]]
| No insignia
| After 15 years, 56 Days' service or at the age of 42, whichever is sooner.<ref name="7th_pay"/>
|3
|}

A sepoy or sowar is a rank equivalent to [[Private (rank)|Private]] in most [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] armies. Many regiments and corps use other distinctive and descriptive names instead of ''sepoys''. These distinctive equivalents for Sepoy include:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Corps !! Designation !! Abbreviation
|-
| [[Corps of Army Air Defence|Army Air Defence]] and [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] || [[Gunner (rank)|Gunner]] || Gnr
|-
| [[Rifle regiment#Indian Army|Rifle regiments]] || [[Rifleman]] || Rfn
|-
| [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] || [[Paratrooper]] || Ptr
|-
| [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]] || [[Grenadier]] || Gdr
|-
| [[Brigade of the Guards]] || [[Guardsman]] || Gdsmn
|-
| [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]] || [[Sapper]] || Spr
|-
| [[Indian Army Corps of EME|Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers]] || [[Military engineering|Craftsman]]|| Cfn
|-
| [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Corps of Signals]] || [[Signaller|Signalman]] || Sigmn
|}

== Honorary ranks ==
{{ anchor | H | Honorary | Honorary ranks }}

=== Brevet ===
Honorary ranks and honour, also called [[Brevet (military)|brevet]], are granted in the Indian Army, and its branches such as [[Territorial Army (India)|India Territorial Army]] (TA), for various reasons. These ranks may not entitle the rank holder to pay, pension, or perks (e.g. ranks given to celebrities).

==== Retiring Soldiers ====
Since the time of the British Raj,<ref name=reciprocal4/> exemplary soldiers who are about to retire are given honorary ranks, usually a few days before their retirement, although these ranks can be granted at any time. Examples include the grant of the rank of Field Marshal, which is rarely granted. Most frequently, honorary ranks that are granted are those of junior commissioned officers, which are granted 1 or 2 weeks before retirement.

==== Prominent citizens as brand ambassadors ====
In order to inspire Indian youths to join the Indian Army and to acknowledge contributions towards the nation, honorary ranks are awarded to the accomplished and eminent personalities who act as brand ambassadors for the defence forces. The following were awarded honorary titles:{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

* Indian Army's Territorial Army (TA)

** [[Kapil Dev]], 2008, Lieutenant Colonel, TA, ([[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]) cricketer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theemergingindia |title=Kapil-Dev-appointed-Lieutenant-Colonel-Indian-Army 2008 |url=https://www.theemergingindia.com/indian-cricket-players-government-jobs/kapil-dev-appointed-lieutenant-colonel-indian-army-2008-2/ |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=THE EMERGING INDIA |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130224251/https://www.theemergingindia.com/indian-cricket-players-government-jobs/kapil-dev-appointed-lieutenant-colonel-indian-army-2008-2/ |archive-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>
** [[Mohanlal|Mohanlal Viswanathan]], 2009, Lieutenant Colonel, TA, ([[Madras Regiment]]), [[Malayalam cinema|Mollywood]] actor and filmmaker<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2009 |title=Mohanlal inducted into Territorial Army |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mohanlal-inducted-into-territorial-army-397652 |website=[[NDTV]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130223530/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mohanlal-inducted-into-territorial-army-397652 |archive-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>
** [[MS Dhoni|Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], 2011, Lieutenant Colonel, TA, ([[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]), cricketer<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ms Dhoni, Abhinav Bindra and Dr Deepak Rao Granted Honorary Rank in Territorial Army |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=76949 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130135751/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=76949 |archive-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>
** [[Abhinav Bindra]], 2011, Lieutenant Colonel, TA, ([[Sikh Regiment]]), sports shooter and politician<ref name=":0" />
** [[Neeraj Chopra]], 2025, Lieutenant Colonel, ([[Rajputana Rifles]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympic medallist Neeraj Chopra conferred rank of Lieutenant Colonel|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/star-javelin-thrower-neeraj-chopra-conferred-rank-of-lieutenant-colonel/article70189396.ece|date=2025-10-22|access-date=2025-11-22|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
** [[Deepak Rao]], 2011, Major, TA, (Parachute Regiment), military trainer and author<ref name=":0" />
** [[Nana Patekar]], 1990–2013, Lieutenant Colonel, TA, ([[Maratha Light Infantry]]), [[Bollywood]] actor<ref>{{Cite web |title= When Nana Patekar left Bollywood and served in the Indian Army, did this for the country during Kargil War |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/when-nana-patekar-left-bollywood-and-served-in-the-indian-army-did-this-for-the-country-during-kargil-war-13886702.html |date=8 May 2025 |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=firstpost.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508121047/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/when-nana-patekar-left-bollywood-and-served-in-the-indian-army-did-this-for-the-country-during-kargil-war-13886702.html |archive-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>

==== Foreign trainees at India's military academies ====
{{anchor | FT | Foreign | Foreign trainees }}
{{see also | Foreign_relations_of_India#Strategic_partners | l1= Strategic partners of India }}

Trainees of foreign nations who are trained by the military academies of India, such as the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA) or the [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA), are sometimes awarded honorary ranks in the Indian Army. The trainees are usually from friendly armies, such as the [[Singapore Army]].

=== Reciprocal awarding of honorary ranks to other nations ===
{{ anchor | RR | rr | Rr | reciprocal rank | reciprocal ranks }}

==== Nepal ====
{{ anchor | RRN | RR Nepal | Reciprocal ranks Nepal }}

Since 1950, when former Indian Army Chief General [[K. M. Cariappa]] visited Nepal, awarding the highest reciprocal [[Brevet (military)|honorary rank]]s to the newly appointed serving chiefs of each other's armies is a practice followed by India and Nepal. For example, in 2009 the newly appointed [[Chief of Army Staff (Nepal)|Nepal Army Chief]] General [[Chhatra Man Singh Gurung]] was decorated with the honorary rank of General of the Indian army at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in New Delhi by the [[President of India]] who is also the [[Indian Armed Forces#Overview|Supreme Commander of Indian Army]]. Similarly, in 2010, the newly appointed [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Indian Army Chief]] General [[V. K. Singh]] was awarded the honorary rank of General of Nepal Army at [[Shital Niwas]] in Kathmandu by the [[President of Nepal]] who is also the [[Nepalese Armed Forces#SC|Supreme Commander of Nepal Army]].<ref name=reciprocal1>{{cite news |first=Utpal |last=Parashar |date=22 December 2010 |title=Army chief made honorary General of Nepal Army |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/army-chief-made-honorary-general-of-nepal-army/story-KC2V94SmrdtKR9WJ0vUC2L.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=28 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130224530/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/army-chief-made-honorary-general-of-nepal-army/story-KC2V94SmrdtKR9WJ0vUC2L.html |archive-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>

==== British Colonial era: Indian Army ranks to British Army ====
{{ anchor | BR | British raj }}

Some members of the ruling families of [[Princely state]]s were given ceremonial honorary ranks during the colonial era.<ref name=reciprocal4>{{cite book |first=Gautam |last=Sharma |date=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHAWlzQdxxcC&dq=retiring+soldiers+are+given+honorary+ranks+in+indian+army&pg=PA11 |title=Nationalisation of the Indian Army, 1885-1947 |page=11 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-555-2}}</ref> An 1832 journal reports that during the colonial [[British Raj]] era, the Commander-in-Chief of [[British Army]] ([[Ex officio member|ex officio]] role of the serving [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarch of Britain]]) promulgated an order directing that the Lieutenant Colonel of [[Her Majesty's Government (term)|H.M.]] (British Royal Army) cannot be superseded by the [[East India Company]]'s Indian Army's Lieutenant Colonel. Whenever an Indian Army Lieutenant Colonel was promoted to Colonel, all the British Army's Lieutenant Colonels who were deployed with the Indian Army and had the same date and rank as the newly appointed Colonel of the Indian Army were also mandatorily given the local Indian Army's honorary rank of Colonel from the date of their Lieutenant Colonelcy with the British Army. This unfair system preserved the fictional equivalency of British Army officers with Indian Army officers while denying the officers of the Indian Army their hard-earned honours and ranks within their peculiar service.

This was not a reciprocal system, i.e., Lieutenant Colonel of [[East India Company|East India Company (EIC)]] (Indian Army) were not promoted to Colonel's rank when a British Army Lieutenant Colonel of equal date and rank was promoted to Colonel's rank in the Indian Army. For example, when a ranked Lieutenant Colonel of [[Bengal Army]] was promoted to Colonel he was ranked 34th on the general list, he superseded 33 other Lieutenant Colonels of Indian Army, along with him all of the British Army's Lieutenant Colonel serving with the [[Bengal Presidency]] were also given the honorary rank of Colonel of Bengal Presidency and they superseded 33 Lieutenant Colonels of Indian Army who were their seniors. The army officers of the EIC appealed against this derogatory and non-reciprocal system in the EIC's Court of Directors. EIC directors had no authority to revoke or amend the order issued by the British monarch.<ref name=reciprocal2>May-Aug 1832, [https://books.google.com/books?id=E8RGAAAAcAAJ&dq=Indian+army+reciprocal+ranks&pg=PA66 The Asiatic journal and monthly register for British and foreign India, China, and Australasia], [[The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and its Dependencies]], Parbury, Allen and Company, vol III, pp 66.</ref>

== Retired officers: form of address ==
{{anchor|RA|Retiree address}}
On 21 July 2014, the Indian Army issued a circular for retired personnel informing them that the correct form of addressing a retired officer is "Rank ABC (Retd) and not Rank (Retd) ABC",<ref name=toi>{{cite news |last=Sura |first=Ajay |title=Rank never retires, officer does: Army |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rank-never-retires-officer-does-Army/articleshow/39538647.cms |date=3 August 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130223938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rank-never-retires-officer-does-Army/articleshow/39538647.cms |archive-date=30 November 2024}}</ref> a correct example is: "Brigadier [[Sant Singh]] (Retd)". The stated rationale of the army was, "Rank never retires, it is an officer who retires."<ref name=toi/> This form of address applies to both living and deceased officers.<ref name=toi/>

== See also ==
* [[Comparative military ranks]]
* [[Indian Army cap badges]]
* [[Indian Navy ranks and insignia]]
* [[Indian Air Force ranks and insignia]]
* [[Indian Coast Guard#Rank insignia|Coast Guard ranks and insignia of India]]
* [[Border Roads Organisation#Ranks|Border Roads Organisation ranks and insignia of India]]
* [[Paramilitary forces of India#Ranks and insignia|Paramilitary forces ranks and insignia of India]]
* [[Police ranks and insignia of India]]
* [[Uniforms of the Indian Armed Forces]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Military ranks by country}}
{{Indian Army}}
{{Military of India}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Army Ranks And Insignia Of India}}
[[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military insignia|India Army]]

Hubba (film)

2026-03-16T06:49:17Z

AndersonMcFarlan:

{{Short description|2024 Indian Bengali-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hubba
| image = File:Hubba film poster.jpg
| alt = Hubba Film Poster
| caption =
| director = [[Bratya Basu]]
| writer = Bratya Basu
| producer = [[Firdausul Hasan]] Probal Halder
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mosharraf Karim]]
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]]
}}
| cinematography = Soumik Haldar
| editing = Sanglap Bhowmik
| music = [[Prabuddha Banerjee]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|01|19|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| studio = Friends Communication
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]] Jaaz Multimedia
}}
'''''Hubba''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[Crime film|action crime film]] written and directed by [[Bratya Basu]]. Produced by Firdausul Hasan and Probal Halder under the banner of Friends Communication, It stars [[Mosharraf Karim]] in the [[Title character|titular role]], alongside [[Indraneil Sengupta]] in lead roles, while Loknath Dey, Anujoy Chatterjee, Zinnia Roy and Asmita Mukherjee play another pivotal roles, with [[Kanchan Mullick]] in a special appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-17 |title='Hubba' extends promotions, adorns Kolkata Metro Rail |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/hubba-extends-promotions-adorns-kolkata-metro-rail-3521426 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-23 |title=Mosharraf Karim's Hubba trailer released |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/mosharraf-karims-hubba-trailer-released-762654 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> It revolves around the evolution of Bimal Das alias Hubba who later becomes a notorious gangster of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]].

''Hubba'' is based on the life of the Hooghly based gangster [[Hubba Shyamal|Shyamal Das aka Hubba Shyamal]], while the character in the film was portrayed as Hubba Bimal and Hooghly respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-14 |title='Hubba' to release in Bangladesh on January 19 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/hubba-release-bangladesh-january-19-3518991 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography|Principal Photography]] commenced in September 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bratya Basu is ready with his gang-war film, Hubba, with Mosharraf Karim in lead |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bratya-basu-is-ready-with-his-gang-war-film-hubba-with-mosharraf-karim-in-lead/6874cbb73c510 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> with a sporadic in [[Kolkata]], Hooghly and [[Howrah]], while wrapped up in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Shooting of Mosharraf Karim starrer “Hubba” completed |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/shooting-mosharraf-karim-starrer-hubba-completed-3159606 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Music of the film is composed by Prabuddha Banerjee, while Soumik Halder handled its cinematography and Sanglap Bhowmik edited the film. It marks Basu's second collaboration with Karim.

''Hubba'' was released on 19 January 2024 simultaneously in [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]].

== Synopsis ==
Hubba revolves around the life of Hubba Bimal, a notorious gangster from [[Konnagar]], West Bengal who earned the moniker 'Dawood Ibrahim of Hooghly.' The film delves into Shyamal's multifaceted life, spanning criminal activities such as murder, brawls, drug smuggling, and even his brief foray into politics between 2004-2005.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Mosharraf Karim]] as Shyamal Das a.k.a. Hubba Shyamal
** Gambhira Bhattacharya as Young Shyamal
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Dibakar Sen, Police Officer
* Loknath Dey as Bokaro Bapi
* Anujoy Chatterjee as Umesh Mahato, Hubba's most trusted sidekick
* Zinnia Roy as Tapasi, Hubba's 1st wife
* Asmita Mukherjee as Mitali, Hubba's 2nd wife
* Sumit Kumar Roy as Sumon
* Raj Rakhal as Chandan Saha a.k.a. Chikuya
* Shantanu Ganguly as Joydeb
* Abhi Sengupta as Balai
* Atanu Sarkar as the security of Hubba's flat in Konnagar
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Special appearance
}}

== Release ==
''Hubba'' was released on 19 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-14 |title='Hubba' to release in Bangladesh on January 19 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/hubba-release-bangladesh-january-19-3518991 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> The film's trailer, released on 23 December 2023, has captured widespread attention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-23 |title=Mosharraf Karim's Hubba trailer released |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/mosharraf-karims-hubba-trailer-released-762654 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Critical reception===
''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The acting of [[Mosharraf Karim]] and [[Indraneil Sengupta]] is absolutely perfect. The background score, songs and raw action scenes keeps the audience tightly bound to their seats." He praised the director for successfully depicting the true stories, keeping the commercial tone intact.<ref>{{cite news |title=খুনের নৃশংসতায় মিশল যৌনতা, হুগলির 'ডন' 'হুব্বা শ্যামল'-এর স্মৃতি ফেরালেন মোশারফ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hubba-review-mosharraf-karim-starrer-director-bratya-basus-film-is-a-gangster-thriller-31705500790523.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124034650/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hubba-review-mosharraf-karim-starrer-director-bratya-basus-film-is-a-gangster-thriller-31705500790523.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2024|language=bn}}</ref> ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' wrote "Hubba is the ''desi'' story of a ''desi'' gangster. Although there is evident weakness in the acting of other characters and some loopholes in the story, the action scenes were worthy."<ref>{{cite news |title=বাংলার গ্যাংস্টার |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-bengali-movie-hubba-directed-by-bratya-basu/cid/1490579|language=bn}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and praised the performance of Mosharraf for bringing the character to live. He said "The screenplay, cinematography, ruthlessness and background score makes it worthy watch."<ref>{{cite news |title=Hubba Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/hubba/movie-review/106992797.cms}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bratya Basu]]
[[Category:Friends Communication films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Jaaz Multimedia]]

X Corps (India)

2026-03-15T08:57:09Z

AndersonMcFarlan: page edit

{{short description|Military field formation of the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = X Corps
| image = File:Chetak Corps, Indian army.svg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = X Corps Formation Sign
| dates = 1979 - present
| country = {{IND}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{army|IND}}
| role = Holding [[Corps]]
| command_structure = [[File:South Western Command, Indian Army.png|20px]] [[South Western Command (India)|South Western Command]]
| garrison = [[Bathinda]]
| nickname = ''Chetak Corps''
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| notable_commanders = {{plainlist|
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Lakshman Singh Rawat]]
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Pattiarimal Mohamadali Hariz|Pattiarimal M Hariz]]
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Dewan Rabindranath Soni]]
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Pattacheruvanda C. Thimayya|P C Thimayya]]
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Raj Shukla]]
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Ajai Singh (lieutenant general)|Ajai Singh]]
}}
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_2 = 
| current_commander = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] Shamsher Singh Virk, {{post nominals|country=IND|size=80%|AVSM|SM}}
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
}}
{{Military unit sidebar|title=Indian Army Corps (1915 - Present)|previous=[[IX Corps (India)|IX Corps]]|next=[[XI Corps (India)|XI Corps]]}}
'''X Corps''' is a [[corps]] of the [[Indian Army]]. It is based in [[Bathinda]] and is a part of the [[South Western Command (India)|South Western Command]].

The X (Chetak) Corps was raised at Bathinda on 1 July 1979 by Lieutenant General ML Tuli,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2019/jan16-19/h8.htm|title=Commands of the Indian Army, South Western (Sapta Shakti) Command: Forever Victorious|date=2019-01-16|access-date=2021-07-18}}</ref> to reduce the load of [[XI Corps (India)|XI Corps]]. The new corps took over south [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and north [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://forum.pakistanidefence.com/lofiversion/index.php/t7640.html |title=IPS Driver Error |access-date=21 September 2009 |archive-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220000836/http://forum.pakistanidefence.com/lofiversion/index.php/t7640.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Organisation==

The corps has two of the army's Reorganised Army Plains Infantry Divisions (RAPIDs).

It consists of:
*[[16th Infantry Division (India)|16 Infantry Division]] ''(Amogh Division)'' headquartered at [[Sri Ganganagar]], [[Rajasthan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/amogh-division-s-44th-raising-day-celebrated-107816|title=Amogh Division's 44th raising day celebrated|date=2015-07-16}}</ref>
*[[18th Infantry Division (India)|18 Infantry Division]] (RAPID) ''(Gandiv Division)'' at [[Kota, Rajasthan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/south-western-army-commander-visits-kota-military-station-116092900899_1.html|title=South Western Army Commander visits Kota military station|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=2016-09-29|access-date=2021-10-02|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
*[[24th Infantry Division (India)|24 Infantry Division]] (RAPID) ''(Ranbankura Division)'' at [[Bikaner]], Rajasthan. In 2001, 24th Artillery Brigade and 180th Armoured Brigade were at Bikaner, 25th Infantry Brigade was at [[Bathinda]], [[Punjab]] and 83rd Infantry Brigade was at [[Lalgarh Jattan]].<ref>Mandeep Bajwa and Ravi Rikhye, [http://orbat.com/site/toe/toe/india/rapids.html Indian Army RAPID Divisions] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128012736/http://orbat.com/site/toe/toe/india/rapids.html |date=28 November 2010 }}, 11 February 2001</ref>
*6 (Independent) Armoured Brigade (''Sand Viper Brigade)'' at [[Suratgarh]], Rajasthan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020730/region.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Regional Briefs}}</ref>
*615 (Independent) Air Defence Brigade (2 Regiments of [[ZSU-23-4 Shilka|Shilka]] and [[2K22 Tunguska|Tunguska]] ([[514 Air Defence Regiment (India)|514 AD Regm. (SP)]]) and 1 Regiment of [[2K12 Kub|SA-6]] and [[9K35 Strela-10|SA-13]]).

==Formation Sign==
At the time of re-raising, 10 corps adopted the present divisional formation sign. The formation sign was designed by its first General Officer Commanding (GOC) - Lieutenant General ML Tuli. The design consists of the 'red-white-red background' depicting a corps of the Indian Army and a horse with the torso of a man.

[[Chetak]], traditionally the horse ridden by [[Maharana Pratap]] at the [[Battle of Haldighati]] is associated with [[Rajput]] chivalry and is symbolic of mobility and manoeuvre. Th horse is poised in a bid to spring into action, which symbolises optimum readiness. The torso of a soldier is depicted in a power packed stance launching a spear at the enemy - which symbolises instant alertness for aggressive action to face any challenge.<ref name="IAwebsite">{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=z2Awf4fghq7pzUEwW5zLfQ==&ParentID=JhzJUg18GcQ3TnTfBv2+mg==&flag=gYd5TNvHJQf83il8an9ABA==|title=South Western Command|date=|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>

== List of Commanders ==
{{Incomplete list|date=June 2021}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Name
!Appointment Date
!Left office
!Unit of Commission
!References
|-
|rowspan="27" |[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|ML Tuli
|1 July 1979
|
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref name="IAwebsite"/>
|-
|Himmeth Singh
|
|April 1983
|[[Brigade of the Guards]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://salute.co.in/the-quirks-of-the-governor/|title=The quirks of the Governor|date=2014-07-14|access-date=2021-07-19}}</ref>
|-
|Mathew Thomas
|April 1983
|20 January 1985
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1=|date=1989 |title=IDR |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/ |journal=Indian Defence Review |volume= |issue= |pages= 6|doi= |access-date=2021-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gyanoday.org.in/team/general-thomas-matthew/|title=LT. GENERAL THOMAS MATTHEW|date=|access-date=2021-07-18|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718141331/https://gyanoday.org.in/team/general-thomas-matthew/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lakshman Singh Rawat]]
|June 1985
|June 1986
|[[11th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref name="GOC X Corps">{{cite web |title=LT GEN LS RAWAT TAKES COMMAND OF A CORPS |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1985-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1985-06-02_177.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in. |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[F. N. Billimoria|Faridoon Noshir Bilimoria]]
|October 1987
|1989
|[[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1987-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1987-10-21_117.pdf|title=Lt Gen F.N. Bilimoria takes over as Corps Commander|date=1987-10-21|access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref>
|-
|Chandra Shekhar
|November 1993
|
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Shekhar|first=Chandra|title=Gorkha Hat and Maroon Beret|publisher=Ambi Knowledge Resources Pvt.Ltd|date=2016|isbn=978-8190359160|page=}}</ref>
|-
|Gopal Krishan Duggal
|
|18 January 2001
|[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minervaacademy.com/lt-general-gopal-krishan-duggal-pvsm-avsm-vrc|title=Lt Gen Gopal Krishan Duggal|date=|access-date=2021-07-18|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718140357/https://www.minervaacademy.com/lt-general-gopal-krishan-duggal-pvsm-avsm-vrc|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000312/punjab.htm#10|title=Parasailing opens at Bathinda|date=2000-03-12|access-date=2021-07-18}}</ref>
|-
|Mohinder Puri
|19 January 2001
|11 March 2004
|[[3rd Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040313/cth1.htm|title=Nandrajog takes over as GOC|date=2004-03-13|access-date=2021-07-16}}</ref>
|-
|OP Nandrajog
|12 March 2004
|December 2005
|[[Brigade of the Guards]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/lt-gen-nandrajog-is-new-central-command-chief/story-sRn0gGmMoUEAoXsubiZtjL.html|title=Lt Gen Nandrajog is new Central Command chief|date=2006-01-03|access-date=2021-07-16}}</ref>
|-
|N S Brar
|1 April 2006
|2007
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/army-appoints-lieutenant-general-major-generals_274827.html|title=Army appoints Lieutenant General, Major Generals|date=2006-02-11|access-date=2021-07-19}}</ref>
|-
|R S Sujlana
|2007
|28 September 2008
|[[Sikh Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2008/aug15-08/h8.html|title=Charming Chetak|date=2008-08-15|access-date=2021-07-18}}</ref>
|-
|D S Chauhan
|29 September 2008
|
|[[Madras Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080929/bathinda.htm#3|title=Lt-Gen DS Chauhan takes over Chetak reins|date=2008-09-29|access-date=2021-07-18}}</ref>
|-
|Kongara Surendra Nath
|
|31 December 2010
|[[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hillpost.in/2010/12/lt-gen-k-surendra-nath-takes-charge-of-artrac/25482/|title=LT Gen K Surendra Nath Takes Charge Of ARTRAC|date=2010-12-31|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref>
|-
|Sanjiv Chachra
|January 2011
|January 2012
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/defence-ministry-rejects-army-nominee-for-military-secretary/story-KiGpRzfPa889Udzx92irsN.html|title=Defence ministry rejects Army nominee for military secretary|date=2012-01-02|access-date=2021-07-18}}</ref>
|-
|Sanjeev Anand
|January 2012
|2013
|[[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120108/bathinda.htm#2|title=Lt.Gen.Sanjeev Anand is GOC of Chetak Corps|date=2012-01-08|access-date=2021-07-18}}</ref>
|-
|NS Ghei
|2013
|June 2014
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/02/19/russia_and_india_seek_new_types_of_military_cooperation_33163|title=Russia and India seek new types of military cooperation|date=2014-02-19|access-date=2021-07-19}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pattiarimal Mohamadali Hariz]]
|June 2014
|17 June 2015
|[[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2014/may16-14/h13.htm|title=Raising Day|date=2014-05-14|access-date=2021-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2015/feb16-15/h8.htm|title=Silver Jubilee Celebrations|date=2015-02-15|access-date=2021-07-18}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dewan Rabindranath Soni]]
|18 June 2015
|16 September 2016
|[[Central India Horse]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/lt-gen-soni-makes-maiden-visit-to-army-war-college.html|title=lt Gen Soni makes maiden visit to Army War College|date=2016-10-09|access-date=2021-07-17|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717072251/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/lt-gen-soni-makes-maiden-visit-to-army-war-college.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ashwani Kumar (military officer)|Ashwani Kumar]]
|September 2016
|July 2017
|[[Corps of Army Air Defence]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/bathinda/lt-gen-ashwani-kumar-awarded-ati-vishisht-seva-medal-384846|title=Lt-Gen Ashwani Kumar awarded Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|date=2013-03-31|access-date=2021-07-19}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pattacheruvanda C. Thimayya|P C Thimayya]]
|5 July 2017
|5 July 2018
|[[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]
|<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Lt General PC Thimmaya moves to Mhow war college |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/bathinda/lt-general-pc-thimmaya-moves-to-mhow-war-college-623815 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Raj Shukla]]
|5 July 2018
|30 July 2019
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/>
|-
|[[Ajai Singh (lieutenant general)|Ajai Singh]]
|30 July 2019
|25 August 2020
|[[81st Armoured Regiment (India)|81 Armoured Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lt-gen-ajai-singh-takes-charge-of-chetak-corps-810661|title=Lt Gen Ajai Singh takes charge of Chetak Corps|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>
|-
|Manoj Kumar Mago
|26 August 2020
|28 October 2021
|[[Brigade of the Guards]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=manoj kumar |first1=mago |title=manoj kumar mago takes over chetak corps |url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1298606413636280326}}</ref>
|-
|JB Chaudhari
|29 October 2021
|6 November 2022
|[[Brigade of the Guards]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2021/10/29/des17-def-white-knight.html|title=Lt Gen Manjinder Singh takes over as GOC of White Knight Corps|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=2021-10-29|access-date=2021-10-29}}</ref>
|-
|Sanjiv Rai
|7 November 2022
|31 December 2023
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/lt-gen-rai-takes-over-command-of-chetak-corps-448709|title=Lt Gen Rai takes over command of Chetak Corps|date=2022-11-07|access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>
|-
|Nagendra Singh
|1 January 2024
|31 May 2025
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Panjab Regiment]]
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-general-nagendra-singh-takes-over-command-of-chetak-corps20240101164110/|title=Lt General Nagendra Singh takes over command of Chetak Corps|website=ANI News|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145959/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-general-nagendra-singh-takes-over-command-of-chetak-corps20240101164110/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Shamsher Singh Virk
|1 July 2025
|Incumbent
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Virk |first1=SS |title=Lt gen SS Virk takes over 10 corps |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/07/01/des35-pb-chetak-corps.html |website=The Week}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Active_corps_of_the_Indian_Army}}

[[Category:Corps of India|010]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1976]]

Richa Sharma (singer)

2026-03-13T08:07:03Z

AndersonMcFarlan:

{{short description|Indian film playback singer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2015}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Richa Sharma
| image = Richa Sharma at Bhopal.jpg
| caption = Sharma in 2016
| image_size =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Richa Sharma
| alias =
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|08|29}}
|origin= [[Faridabad]], Haryana, India
| death_date =
| instrument = Vocalist
| genre = [[Playback singing]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1990–present
| website =
}}

'''Richa Sharma''' (born 29 August 1974) is an Indian film playback singer as well as a devotional singer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=104393|title = City News, Indian City Headlines, Latest City News, Metro City News}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Richa Sharma's musical birthday |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/Richa-Sharma-s-musical-birthday/359289/ |date=12 September 2008 |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521122012/http://www.screenindia.com/news/Richa-Sharma-s-musical-birthday/359289 |archive-date=21 May 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2006, she sang [[Bollywood]]'s longest track, the ''bidaai'' song, in film ''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Richa Sharma sings Bollywood's longest track|author=Subhash K. Jha |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1174751/Richa+Sharma+sings+Bollywood%27s+longest+track |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115704/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1174751/Richa+Sharma+sings+Bollywood%27s+longest+track |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2014 |date=5 December 2006 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>

==Career==

Under the tutelage of Pandit Aaskaran Sharma, Richa went on to get proper training in Indian classical and light music. Richa added ghazals; film songs, Punjabi and Rajasthani folk songs to her repertoire, thus making her voice reach out to more and more people in a variety of sounds.
[[File:Richa Sharma Bhopal Lokrang 2016.JPG|thumb|left|Sharma performing at ''Lokrang 2016'' in [[Bhopal]]]]
While music was at its peak in Richa's life, academic education had to be sacrificed and without any backing with a dream to make it big in the music world, Richa landed in Mumbai in 1994. She sang cover versions and bhajans to ensure she had her bread and butter and simultaneously continued her struggle in Bollywood. She made her debut in Bollywood with [[Saawan Kumar Tak|Sawan Kumar]]'s ''Salma Pe Dil Aa Gaya'' in 1996 and followed it up by a number of films until the big hit came by in the form of ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'' where she sang for [[A.R. Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/richa-sharma-singing-for-the-supreme/article25632742.ece|title=Richa Sharma: Singing for the supreme|website=The Hindu|date=30 November 2018|access-date=25 March 2020|last1=Khan|first1=Atif}}</ref>

Thereafter a spate of hits followed, ''[[Zubeidaa]]'', ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]'' (A.R. Rahman); ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]'' ([[Anu Malik]]); ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]'' ([[Ram Sampath]]); ''[[Tarkieb]]'' (the song "Duppatte Ka Palu"), ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]'' ([[title song]] for [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]); ''[[Soch]]'' (the song "Nikal Chali Be" for [[Jatin–Lalit]]); [[Rudraksh (film)|''Rudraksh'']], ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (Sad version of the title track for [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]); ''[[Gangaajal]]'' ([[Sandesh Shandilya]]); ''[[Popcorn Khao! Mast Ho Jao]]'' ([[Vishal–Shekhar]]), ''[[Saawariya]]'' ([[Monty Sharma]]), and ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (Vishal–Shekhar) and the most popular song for ''[[Kaante]]'' ("Mahi Ve" for [[Anand Raaj Anand]]).

The versatile playback singer has also done quite a few albums to showcase her talent. Albums like ''Ni Main Yaar Nu Sajda Kardi'', ''Piya'' and ''Winds of Rajasthan'' (for [[Times Music]] released early 2004) have brought out the class and grace in Richa's voice and her versatility as a singer.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/its-a-bad-time-for-singers-in-bollywood-richa-sharma/|title= It's a bad time for singers in Bollywood: Richa Sharma|date= August 1, 2017|access-date= October 17, 2017|newspaper= Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiapost.com/fias-diwali-mela-features-richa-sharma/|title= FIA's Diwali Mela features Richa Sharma|date= September 21, 2017|access-date= October 17, 2017|newspaper= Indian Post}}</ref>

In March 2011, Richa Sharma and her family inaugurated the [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Saibaba]] Temple in [[Faridabad, Haryana]] and launched her first Saibaba devotional album ''Sai Ki Tasveer'' released by [[Saregama India]].

She also worked as a playback singer in the 2007 Indian [[Sindhi film]] ''[[Pyar Kare Dis]]''.

==Awards==
{{awards table}}
|-
| 2003
| "Mahi Ve" ''([[Kaante]])''
| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Playback Singer Female|Bollywood Movie Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[3rd Mirchi Music Awards|2010]]
| "Sajda" ''([[My Name is Khan]])''
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year]]
|{{nom}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|title=Nominees - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2010|date=2011-01-30|access-date=2018-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130070949/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|archive-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| "Sajda" ''(My Name is Khan)''
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Zee Cine Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{won}}
|}

==Television==
* She was the contestant on the [[NDTV Imagine]] singing reality show 'Dhoom Macha De'.
* She hosted [[Antakshari]] with [[Anu Kapoor]] on [[Zee TV]].
* She appeared on the singing reality show [[Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star]] as a guest judge.
* She also appeared on the singing reality show [[Indian Idol]] as a guest singer.
* She also appeared on the singing reality show [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar]] as a guest singer.
* She also appeared on Sai Baba: Maalik Ek Sue Anek 2011 aired on STAR One.
* She sang the title song for the [[STAR Plus]] show [[Sajda Tere Pyaar Mein]].
* She sang the title song for the [[Sahara One]] show [[Doli Saja Ke]].
* She sang the OST song for the HUM TV (PAKISTAN) Darama [https://www.hum.tv/dramas/yakeen-ka-safar/ Yakeen ka Safar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927164859/https://www.hum.tv/dramas/yakeen-ka-safar/ |date=27 September 2019 }} (Oh Mitti kay Parenday).
* On the Grand Finale from India's Got Talent season 4 she sang together with contestants Deepraj, Chanchal Bharti and Toshan.
* In 2014 Richa Sharma has sung a song with [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Palak Muchhal]] penned by [[Raghvendra Singh]] music direction of Navin Manish for Rajshri Production's TV show [[Mere Rang Mein Rangne Waali|Mere rang mein rangne waali]] on Life Ok.
* On 28 January 2017, she appeared on "[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]" as guest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyliv.com/details/episodes/5301077198001/Ep.-77---The-Kapil-Sharma-Show---Richa-Sharma-In-Kapil's-Show|title=Sony LIV|access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
* On 25 February 2017, Richa Sharma appeared on "[[Indian Idol]]" as guest.
* On 12 November 2018, Richa Sharma replaced [[Sona Mohapatra]] as the judge of Zee TV's [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2018]].
* She is currently one of the judges on the [[Zee Bangla]] singing reality show [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla 2022|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2022]].
* She also appeared on the singing reality show [[Indian Idol]] as a guest singer.

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! Year
! scope="col" width=21%| Film
! No
! scope="col" width=23%|Song
! scope="col" width=20%|Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17%|Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18%|Co-artist(s)
|-
| 1997
! scope="row"| ''Salma Pe Dil Aa Gaya''
| 1 || "Mohabbat Aisi Mehndi Hai" || [[Aadesh Shrivastava]] || [[Saawan Kumar Tak]] || Vipin Sachdeva
|-
| 1999
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
| rowspan="2" | 2 || "Ni Main Samajhh Gayi" || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Anand Bakshi]] || [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|-
|
|"Kahin Aag Lagaye"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Anand Bakshi]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2000
! scope="row"| ''[[Hari-Bhari]]''
| 3 || "Hi Daiyya Hamra Naseeb" || [[Vanraj Bhatia]] || Maya Govind ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Tarkieb]]''
| 4 || "Dupatte Ka Palloo" || Aadesh Shrivastava || [[Nida Fazli]] ||
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]''
| 5 || "Tun Tunak Tun" || rowspan="2"|[[Anu Malik]] || rowspan="2"|[[Sameer Anjaan]] || [[KK (singer)|K.K.]]
|-
| 6 || "Tun Tunak Tun" (Remix) ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2001
! scope="row"| ''[[Zubeidaa]]''
| 7 || "Chhodo More Baiyyan" || A. R. Rahman || [[Javed Akhtar]] ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Farz (2001 film)|Farz]]''
| 8 || "Saare Sheher Mein" || Aadesh Shrivastava || Sameer Anjaan || K.K., [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Rahul (film)|Rahul]]''
| 9 || "Piya Ki Jogan" || rowspan="2"|Anu Malik || Anand Bakshi || Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]''
| 10 || "Saajan Ke Ghar Jana Hai" || Sameer Anjaan || [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]''
| 11 || "Yeh Pyar" || [[Anand Raaj Anand]] || Anand Bakshi || Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Deewaanapan]]''
| 12 || "Kamli Kamli" || Aadesh Shrivastava || rowspan="3"|Sameer Anjaan || Sukhwinder Singh
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2002
! scope="row"| ''[[Ab Ke Baras]]''
| 13 || "Aaya Mahi" || Anu Malik || Sukhwinder Singh, Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Soch]]''
| 14 || "Tohe Leke" || [[Jatin–Lalit]] || Sonu Nigam
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''
| 15 || "Chhalka, Chhalka Re" || A. R. Rahman || [[Gulzar]] || [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Vaishali Samant]], Shoma
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Kaante]]''
| 16 || "Maahi Ve" || Anand Raaj Anand || Dev Kohli || Zubeen Garg, Sukhwinder Singh
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2003
! scope="row"| ''[[Haasil (film)|Haasil]]''
| 17 || "Police Case Na Ban Jaye" || Jatin–Lalit || Devmani Pandey ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]''
| 18 || "Ishq Jab" (Female Version) || [[Nadeem–Shravan]] || Sameer Anjaan ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Kuch Naa Kaho]]''
| 19 || "Kehti Hai Yeh Hawa" || [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] || Javed Akhtar || [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]''
| 20 || "O Dharti Tarse" || Aadesh Shrivastava || Sameer Anjaan ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
| 21 || "[[Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)|Kal Ho Naa Ho]]" ([[Pathos]]) || Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy || Javed Akhtar || Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Aanch]]''
| 22 || "Tapki Jaye" || [[Sanjeev–Darshan]] || Mithlesh Sinha ||
|-
| rowspan="16"| 2004
! scope="row"| ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]''
| 23 || "Mere Maula" || [[Ram Sampath]] || Sameer Anjaan || [[Kailash Kher]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Woh Tera Naam Tha]]''
| 24 || "Sajan Ghar Challi Re" || [[Roopkumar Rathod]] || || Alka Yagnik
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Rudraksh (film)|Rudraksh]]''
| 25 || "Kya Dard Hai" || Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy || Sameer Anjaan || Shankar Mahadevan
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Kismat (2004 film)|Kismat]]''
| 26 || "Dil Teri Deewangi Mein" || Anand Raaj Anand || Dev Kohli || Anand Raaj Anand
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Run (2004 film)|Run]]''
| 27 || "Nahi Hona Nahi Hona" || [[Himesh Reshammiya]] || rowspan="2"|Sameer Anjaan || [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Police Force: An Inside Story]]''
| 28 || "Chudiyaan" || [[Anand–Milind]] ||
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Chot- Aj Isko, Kal Tereko]]''
| 29 || "Gayi Re Bhains" || rowspan="2"|[[Raju Singh]] || || rowspan="2"|[[Amit Kumar]], Sunil Chhaila Bihari, javed Khan
|-
| 30 || "Gayi Re Bhains" (Radio Mix) ||
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Popcorn Khao! Mast Ho Jao]]''
| 31 || "Dooriyan" || rowspan="2"|[[Vishal–Shekhar]] || rowspan="2"|[[Vishal Dadlani]] ||
|-
| 32 || "Dooriyan" (Feel The Rhythm Mix) ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''Let's Enjoy''
| 33 || "Kesariya Balam" || [[MIDIval Punditz]] || Ankur Tewari ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Inteqam: The Perfect Game]]''
| 34 || "Tan Se Jo Chunri" || Anand–Milind || ||
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| ''[[Musafir (2004 film)|Musafir]]''
| 35 || "Rabba" (Kinky in Ibiza Mix) || rowspan="2"| Vishal–Shekhar || rowspan="2"|[[Kumaar]], Dev Kohli ||
|-
| 36 || "Rabba" (Farewell To Sadness Mix) ||
|-
| 37 || "Mahi Ve" (Sleep With Destiny Mix) || Anand Raaj Anand || Dev Kohli || Sukhwinder Singh
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Vanity Fair (2004 film)|Vanity Fair]]'' (English Movie)
| 38 || "[[Gori Re|Gori Re (O Fair One)]]" || Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy || Javed Akhtar || Shankar Mahadevan
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2005
! scope="row"| ''[[Sheesha (2005 film)|Sheesha]]''
| 39 || "Assi Ishq Da Dard" || Dilip Sen - Sameer Sen || Dev Kohli || Shehzad
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Kaal (2005 film)|Kaal]]''
| 40 || "Tauba Tauba" || [[Salim–Sulaiman]] || [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] || Sonu Nigam, Kunal Ganjawala, Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
! scope="row"| ''Nishaan: The Target''
| 41 || || || ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]''
| 42 || "Rasiya" || A. R. Rahman || Javed Akhtar || [[Bonnie Chakraborty]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''Vishwas: The Power of Faith''
| 43 || "Nikla Hai Chand Julfon Se" || [[Bappi Lahiri]] || || [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2006
! scope="row"| ''Manoranjan: The Entertainment''
| 44 || "Gore Badan Pe Laal Chunariya" || Nayab Raja || Zaheer Anwar ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Souten: The Other Woman]]''
| 45 || "Souten Souten" || Anand–Milind || Praveen Bhardwaj || Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Pyare Mohan]]''
| 46 || "Ek Rub Sach Hai" || Anu Malik || rowspan="3"|Sameer Anjaan || [[Krishna Beura]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Tom, Dick, and Harry (2006 film)|Tom, Dick, and Harry]]''
| 47 || "Yeu Kashi Kashi Mi" || Himesh Reshammiya || Sonu Nigam
|-
! scope="row"| ''Mera Dil Leke Dekho''
| 48 || "Dil Le Ja" || Jatin–Lalit || [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Javed Ali]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]], [[Shakti Singh (cricketer)|Shakti Singh]], Rahul Saxena
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)|Umrao Jaan]]''
| 49 || "Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Na Kijo" || Anu Malik || Javed Akhtar ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]''
| 50 || "Baabul Bidaai" || Aadesh Shrivastava || Sameer Anjaan ||
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2007
! scope="row"| ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]''
| 51 || "Sham Rang Bhar Do" || A. R. Rahman || Raqeeb Alam || Raqeeb Alam, Surjo Bhattacharya
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Manorama Six Feet Under]]''
| 52 || "Dhokha" || Raiomond Mirza || ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Saawariya]]''
| 53 || "Daras Bina Nahin Chain" || [[Monty Sharma]] || Sameer Anjaan || [[Shail Hada]], [[Parthiv Gohil]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| 54 || "Jag Soona Soona Lage" || Vishal–Shekhar || Kumaar || [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Goal (2007 Hindi film)|Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal]]''
| 55 || "Billo Rani" || rowspan="2"|[[Pritam]] || rowspan="2"|Javed Akhtar || rowspan="2"|Anand Raaj Anand
|-
| 56 || "Billo Rani" (Remix)
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Aaja Nachle]]''
| 57 || "Show Me Your Jalwa" || Salim–Sulaiman || [[Jaideep Sahni]] || Kailash Kher, [[Salim Merchant]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Mohabbataan Sachiyaan]]'' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi Movie]])
| 58 || "Keri Keri Shay Teri Ankh Tuon Lukawaan" || Wajahat Attre || ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2008
! scope="row"| ''[[Bhram]]''
| 59 || "Meri Akhiyaan" || Suhash Kulkarni || Kumaar ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''Pranali''
| 60 || "Sakhiyaan" || || Anil Pandey || [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Sunidhi Chauhan, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Jannat (2008 film)|Jannat]]''
| 61 || "Lambi Judai" || Pritam || [[Sayeed Quadri]] ||
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Chamku]]''
| 62 || "Kithe Jawan" || rowspan="2"|Monty Sharma || rowspan="2"|Sameer Anjaan ||
|-
| 63 || "Bin Daseyaa" ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Zindagi Tere Naam]]''
| 64 || "Kya Khata Ho Gayee" || [[Sajid–Wajid]] || [[Jalees Sherwani]] || Afzal Sabri
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2009
! scope="row"| ''Jugaad''
| 65 || "Tabahi Tabahi Tabahi" || [[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]] || Sameer Anjaan || [[Mika Singh]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''Suno Na - Ek Nanhi Aawaz''
| 66 || "Pal Aaya Suhana" || [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]] || [[Yogesh (lyricist)|Yogesh]] || Kunal Ganjawala
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh (film)|Dekh Re Dekh]]''
| 67 || "Ladi Re Ladi Nazaria" || Abuzar Rizvi & Nayab Raja || Sanjay Mishra || Vinod Gwaar
|-
| rowspan="9"| 2010
! scope="row"| ''[[My Name Is Khan]]''
| 68 || "Sajda" || Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy || [[Niranjan Iyengar]] || Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Shankar Mahadevan
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Sadiyaan]]''
| 69 || "Sona Lagda Ve Mahi Sona Lagda" || [[Adnan Sami]] || Sameer Anjaan ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Ek Second... Jo Zindagi Badal De?]]''
| 70 || "Dil Tukade Tukade Ho Gaya" || Arvinder Singh || Dr. Devendra Kafir || Arvinder Singh
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Mr. Singh Mrs. Mehta]]''
| 71 || "Fariyaad Hai" || [[Shujaat Khan]] || Amitabh Verma ||
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Hello Darling]]''
| 72 || "Tere Dar Pe Aaya Leke Band Baja" || rowspan="2"|Pritam || rowspan="2"|Ashish Pandit || rowspan="2"|Ritu Pathak, Rana Mazumder
|-
| 73 || "Tere Dar Pe Aaya Leke Band Baja" (Remix) - (DJ A-Myth)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Action Replayy]]''
| 74 || "Zor Ka Jhatka" || Salim–Sulaiman || rowspan="2"|Irshad Kamil || [[Daler Mehndi]]
|-
| 75 || "Zor Ka Jhatka" (Remix) || Pritam || [[Master Saleem]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Phas Gaye Re Obama]]''
| 76 || "Sara Pyaar Hai Bekaar" || Manish. J. Tipu || [[Shellee]] || Kailash Kher, [[Neha Dhupia]]
|-
| rowspan="9"| 2011
! scope="row"| ''[[Patiala House (film)|Patiala House]]''
| 77 || "Aval Allah" || Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy || [[Anvita Dutt]] ||
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Thank You (2011 film)|Thank You]]''
| 78 || "Full Volume" || rowspan="2"|Pritam || rowspan="2"|Kumaar || [[Neeraj Shridhar]], [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
|-
| 79 || "Full Volume" (Remix) || Neeraj Shridhar
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Singham]]''
| 80 || "Maula Maula" || rowspan="2"|[[Ajay–Atul]] || rowspan="2"|[[Swanand Kirkire]] || rowspan="2"|Kunal Ganjawala
|-
| 81 || "Maula Maula" (Remix)
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[U R My Jaan]]''
| 82 || "Bin Tere We Mahi" || Sanjeev–Darshan || Sameer Anjaan || Master Saleem
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Miley Naa Miley Hum]]''
| 83 || "Mahi Mahi" || Sajid–Wajid || Javed Akhtar || Wajid
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2|''[[Mummy Punjabi]]''
| 84 || "I Wanna Rock Like Mummy Ji"
| rowspan=2|Aadesh Shrivastava
| rowspan=2|[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
| Neha Bhasim
|-
| 85 || "Awaaz Do" || Shaan, Akriti Kakkar
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2012
! scope="row"| ''[[Shanghai (2012 film)|Shanghai]]''
| 86 || "Imported Kamariya" || Vishal–Shekhar || Anvita Dutt || Vishal Dadlani, [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013
! scope="row"| ''[[Ghanchakkar (film)|Ghanchakkar]]''
| 87 || "Lazy Lad" || [[Amit Trivedi]] || [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] ||
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''
| 88 || "Bombay Talkies" (Duet) || Amit Trivedi || Amitabh Bhattacharya || Kailash Kher
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2016
! scope="row"| ''[[Jai Gangaajal]]''
| 89 || "Najar Tori Raja" || Salim–Sulaiman || [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Prakash Jha]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2018
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| ''[[Padmaavat]]''
| 90 || "Holi" || rowspan="3"|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] || Traditional || Shail Hada
|-
| 91 || "Holi" (Tamil) || [[Madhan Karky]] || rowspan="2"|Arijit Singh
|-
| 92 || "Holi Aadaali" (Telugu) || Chaitanya Prasad
|-
| rowspan=2|2022
! scope="row"|''[[Shamshera]]''
| 93 || "Hunkara" || [[Mithoon]] || Piyush Mishra || [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Mithoon
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Dhaakad]]''
| 94 || "Babul" || Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy || Traditional ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Maidaan]]''
| 95 || "Mirza"
|rowspan=2|[[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Manoj Muntashir]] || [[Javed Ali]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|Amar Singh Chamkila]]''
| 96 || "Naram Kalija" || [[Irshad Kamil]] || [[Alka Yagnik]], Pooja Tiwari, Yashika Sikka
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
* [http://www.desimusic.com/songs/singer/1365/richa-sharma.html Richa Sharma Discography]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Richa Sharma (vocalist)|Richa Sharma}}
* {{IMDb name|0991162|Richa Sharma}}

{{ZeeCineAwardBestPlaybackFemale}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Richa}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:People from Faridabad]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:People from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sindhi-language playback singers]]

Wali Mohammad Itoo

2026-03-08T19:23:22Z

AndersonMcFarlan: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| image =
| office1 = Speaker of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 7 July 1983
| term_end1 = 31 July 1984
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date|1994|3|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| children = [[Sakina Itoo]]
}}
'''Wali Mohammad Itoo''' (died 18 March 1994) was a [[Kashmir]]i politician, the leader of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] and the former Speaker of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]. He was assassinated in 1994, and his daughter [[Sakina Itoo]] followed him into politics after his death.<ref name="Tampa"/>

Itoo, whose father was a landowner in Kashmir, went into politics as a member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]], eventually rising to become leader of the party and the state's revenue minister.<ref name="Tampa"/> He was also appointed the speaker of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly]] on 7 July 1983.<ref name="Malhotra"/> In the first month of his tenure, the twenty-three representatives from the opposition [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) party felt he was unduly partisan in his actions and began a [[dharna]] (peaceful demonstration) against him; Itoo decided to suspend the INC representatives.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/40-years-ago/july-24-1983-forty-years-ago-no-nuclear-plan-8856426/ |title=July 24, 1983, Forty Years Ago |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=24 July 2023 |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref> A year later, after the National Conference had been reduced to a minority after a split, Itoo was removed as speaker on 31 July 1984.<ref name="Malhotra">{{cite book |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ |pages=430–431 |date=2004 |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8-1200-0400-9}}</ref>

After the [[Kashmir insurgency]] began in the late 1980s, Itoo became a target because the National Conference was pro-India. His house in Kashmir was twice [[grenade]]d and so he moved his family, consisting of his wife Sitara and five daughters, back to [[Jammu]].<ref name="Tampa">{{cite news |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2002/10/02/the-family-business-could-kill-her/ |title=The family business could kill her |last=Gezari |first=Vanessa |date=2 October 2002 |access-date=5 January 2024 |publisher=[[Tampa Bay Times]]}}</ref> Itoo was one of few Conference politicians who were willing to actively work in public despite the threats to their lives: six legislators were assassinated between 1989 and 1992, while militants opened fire on crowds and bombed civilians in early 1994.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19940415-itoo-killing-squelches-chances-off-encashing-geneva-victory-in-kashmir-809013-1994-04-14 |title=Itoo's killing squelches chances off encashing Geneva victory in Kashmir |date=15 April 1994 |access-date=5 January 2024 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

On 18 March 1994, he was assassinated in the Talab Khatikan district after exiting a mosque which he had attended for [[Friday prayers]]. The assassins, with orders to assassinate all pro-India politicians, walked up to him in the crowded street and shot him at point-blank range. Five men were later arrested.<ref name="indiatoday"/><ref name="Early">{{cite news |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=311695 |title=NC pays tributes to Itoo but leaders lack guts to condemn terrorists |date=19 March 2021 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=earlytimes.in}}</ref> After a condolence meeting was held in Jammu, attended by internal security minister [[Rajesh Pilot]], his body was flown to [[Awantipora]] for a burial.<ref name="indiatoday"/>

Itoo's brother, who was also involved in politics, was subsequently killed in 2001. Itoo's second daughter [[Sakina Itoo|Sakina]], who was studying to become a doctor at the time of his death, became a politician and minister for the National Conference. She has survived over 20 assassination attempts.<ref name="Tampa"/><ref name="Early"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Itoo, Wali Mohammad}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1977–1983]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1983–1986]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1994]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1990s]]
[[Category:People from Kulgam district]]

Gajapati dynasty

2026-03-05T21:17:27Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Gajapati (title)#Gajapati dynasties]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

[[Category:Dynasties of Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian nobility]]

Bangalore torpedo

2026-03-04T20:20:55Z

AndersonMcFarlan: small fixed formatting for accuracy also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Explosive charge to clear obstacles}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Bangalore torpedo
| image = Bangalore-torpedo-batey-haosef.jpg
| image_size = 300
| origin = [[British Raj|British India]]
| type = Explosive charge
| is_UK = yes
| is_ranged =
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive = yes
| is_artillery =
| is_vehicle =
| is_missile = 
| service = 1914–present
| wars = {{Unbulleted list
|[[World War I]]
|[[World War II]]
|[[Korean War]]
|[[Vietnam War]]
|[[Yom Kippur War]]
|[[War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)|War in Afghanistan]] |[[Russian Invasion of Ukraine]]<ref name="Ukr"/>
}}
| designer = Captain R. L. McClintock
| design_date = 1912
| manufacturer =
| unit_cost =
| production_date = February 1943 – November 1944 (M1A1)
| number = Approximately 3,255,000 torpedo sections (M1A1)
| variants = M1 Bangalore Torpedo series, Advanced Performance Bangalore Torpedo (L26A1 Bangalore Torpedo Demolition Charge), Bangalore Blade, F60 Bangalore Torpedo
| spec_label =
| weight = {{cvt|13|lb|kg}} per torpedo section (M1A1)
| length = up to {{convert|15|m|ft||abbr=on}} in {{convert|1.5|m|ft||abbr=on}} sections (general), {{cvt|5|ft|m}} (M1A1)
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter = {{cvt|2.125|in|mm}} (M1A1)
| filling = [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]], 80–20 TNT and [[ammonium nitrate]] (M1A1), [[C-4 (explosive)|C4]] (modern production)
| filling_weight = {{cvt|9|lb|kg}} per torpedo section (M1A1)
| detonation = [[Detonator]]
| yield = 
| ref = ''Catalogue of Standard Ordnance Items'', Second Edition 1944, Volume III, p. 598
}}

A '''Bangalore torpedo''' is an [[explosive]] charge placed within one or several connected tubes. It is used by [[combat engineer]]s to clear obstacles that would otherwise require them to approach directly, possibly under fire. It is sometimes colloquially referred to as a "Bangalore mine", "banger" or simply "Bangalore" as well as a '''pole charge'''.


Per [[United States Army Field Manual]] 5-250 section 1–14, page 1–12 "b. Use. The primary use of the torpedo is clearing paths through wire obstacles and heavy undergrowth. It will clear a 3- to 4-metre wide path through wire obstacles."

== Overview ==
[[File:Madras Sappers com Torpedo de bangalore em 1916 - 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers and Miners]] with Bangalore torpedoes, 1916]]

The Bangalore torpedo was devised by Captain R. L. McClintock<ref>Note; later Lieutenant-Colonel R. L. McClintock, Dunmore, Carrigans. [[Order of St Michael and St George|C.M.G]]., [[Distinguished Service Order|D.S.O.]], R.E.</ref> of the [[Royal Engineers]] while attached to the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers and Miners]] unit of the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] at [[Bangalore]], India, in 1912. He invented it as a means of blowing up [[booby trap]]s and barricades left over from the [[Second Boer War]] and the [[Russo-Japanese War]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Duffy|first=Michael|title=Bangalore Torpedo|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/bangaloretorpedo.htm|work=firstworldwar.com|access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref> The Bangalore torpedo could be exploded over a [[land mine|mine]], without a [[sapper]] having to approach closer than about {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}.

Bangalore torpedoes were manufactured until 2017 by Mondial Defence Systems of [[Poole]], UK, for the UK and US armed forces.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=usurped |url=http://mondial-defence.com/Product.aspx?iCategoryID=26 |title=EXPLOSIVES & CHARGES |website=Mondial Defence Systems |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202032427/http://mondial-defence.com/Product.aspx?iCategoryID=26 |archive-date=2016-02-02}}</ref> An improved version called the Advanced Performance Bangalore Torpedo (APBT) was developed by Chemring Energetics UK, part of the [[Chemring Group]], in response to a British Ministry of Defence (MOD) requirement issued in 2008. The APBT was chosen by the MOD following competitive performance trials and is used by the militaries of Australia, the Netherlands, and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |author = Chemring Energetics UK |title = CEUK Demolition Stores Capability Brochure |year= 2018 |url= https://www.chemring.co.uk/~/media/Files/C/Chemring-V3/publications/CEUK%20Brochures/CEUK_Capabilities_A5_24pp_Iss2%20Feb%202018.pdf#page=11 |access-date= 20 January 2020|author-link = Chemring Group }}</ref> They were used during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan War]] for actions such as clearing mines or [[razor wire]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2009-11-16 |title=Troops hone artillery skills to cut Afghan deaths |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna33971978 |publisher=NBC News |agency=Associated Press |access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref>

== In World War I ==
In [[World War I]] the Bangalore torpedo was primarily used for clearing [[barbed wire]] before an attack. It could be used while under fire, from a protected position in a [[trench warfare|trench]]. The torpedo was standardized to consist of a number of externally identical {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} lengths of threaded pipe, one of which contained the explosive charge. The pipes would be screwed together using connecting sleeves to make a longer pipe of the required length, somewhat like a chimney brush or drain clearing rod.

A smooth nose cone was screwed on the end to prevent snagging on the ground. It was pushed forward from a protected position and detonated, to clear a {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} wide hole through barbed wire. During the [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|1917 Battle of Cambrai]], [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Corps of Royal Engineers|Royal Engineers]] used them as diversions to distract the enemy from where the real battle was to be fought.<ref>Wilfrid Miles, ''Official History of the Great War, Military operations, France and Belgium 1917'', Volume III, The Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books (1948), pp.96</ref>

== In World War II ==
[[File:Explosives and Demolitions Bangalore Torpedoes 1944.webm|thumb|''Explosives and Demolitions: Bangalore Torpedoes'' (1944) De-classified U.S. Army Bangalore high-explosives combat engineer training film reel.]]

The Bangalore torpedo was used in the British offensive on [[Bardia]] during the [[Western Desert Campaign]], [[Battle of Bardia|on 3 January 1941]].<ref>''History of the Second World War, the Mediterranean and Middle East''. Vol 1. HSMO. 1954.</ref>

The Bangalore torpedo was later adopted by the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] during [[World War II]], as the "M1A1 Bangalore torpedo". Bangalore torpedoes were packed in wooden crates that contained ten torpedo sections, ten connecting sleeves, and one nose sleeve. The total weight of a crate was {{convert|176|lb|kg}}. Each torpedo section was {{convert|5|ft|m}} long, {{convert|2.125|in|mm}} in diameter, and weighed {{convert|13|lb|kg}}.

[[File:Bangalore torpedo.jpg|thumb|Four pieces of an M1A1 Bangalore torpedo: two individual pieces, and two attached together.]]
Each end of the torpedo was filled with {{convert|4|in|mm}} of TNT booster, while the middle section contained an 80–20 [[amatol]] mixture. The explosive charge weighed about {{convert|9|lb|kg}}. Each end of the torpedo had a recess to accommodate a standard [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]] blasting cap. Torpedo sections could be attached together via spring-clip-equipped connecting sleeves. A blunt nose sleeve was provided so that the assembled torpedoes could be pushed through obstacles or across terrain without getting stuck.

Wehrmacht soldiers also used satchel charges as improvised solutions to destroy armored structures and vehicles.<ref name="m24explo">{{cite web |title=Alternative use of the Stielhandgranate 24: Geballte und gestreckte Ladung |url=https://www.bergflak.com/m24explo.html |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=bergflak.com}}</ref> They employed the {{lang|de|[[Stielhandgranate]]}} for the purpose, which was called the {{lang|de|gestreckte Ladung}} ({{Literal translation|Elongated Charge}}),

[[File:Stick grenade bangalore (white).png|thumb|Improvised Bangalore torpedo using the ''Stielhandgranate'' 24.]]

The ''Stielhandgranate'' have had their handles and fuses removed and replaced with detonators – mounted to a long stick or plank behind one another with a complete grenade at one end to initiate the explosion.<ref name="m24explo2">{{cite web |title=Alternative use of the Stielhandgranate 24: Geballte und gestreckte Ladung |url=https://www.bergflak.com/m24explo.html |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=bergflak.com}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

== Post–World War II development ==
[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 110223-A-3108M-001.jpg|thumb|right|[[82nd Airborne]] combat engineers, [[Fort Bragg]], 2011]]
[[File:B Company 2 Battalion the Parachute Regiment MOD 45167475.jpg|thumb|right|[[23 Engineer Regiment (Air Assault) (United Kingdom)|23 Engineer Regiment]] soldier preparing L26A1 Bangalore Torpedo Demolition Charge]]
[[File:48th IBCT XCTC 130909-Z-QM033-003.jpg|thumb|US soldier carrying a section]]

During the [[First Indochina War]], the [[Viet Minh]] produced Bangalore torpedoes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guns of the Viet Minh |url=http://indochine54.free.fr/vm/vmlogistics.html |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=indochine54.free.fr}}</ref> The U.S. Army and the [[People's Army of Vietnam]] used the Bangalore torpedo during the [[Vietnam War]];<ref>[https://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/Historical-Vignettes/Military-Construction-Combat/062-Viet-Cong-Tunnels/ Historical Vignette 062 - How Army Engineers Cleared Viet Cong Tunnels]</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=Alexander| first=Steven| title=An American Soldier in Vietnam| chapter=Chapter Twenty-Four| date=July 2013| publisher=Page| isbn=9781628380507| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4uPejM8oz8C&q=bangalore+torpedo+vietnam&pg=PT115}}</ref> and this war, [[Viet Cong]] locally made bangalore torpedo.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United States Marine Corps |title=Bangalore Torpedo, March 1966 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/60868061@N04/49715507353/ |date=2020-03-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Flickr |language=en}}</ref>

During the [[Yom Kippur War]] in 1973, Bangalore torpedoes were used by the [[Israel]]is to clear paths through [[Syria]]n minefields.<ref>Rabinovich, Abraham. ''The Yom Kippur War''. Schoken Books (2005), p. 309</ref>

Bangalore torpedoes continue to be used today in the little-changed M1A2 and M1A3<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dod.defense.gov/OIR/gallery/igphoto/2001934446/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418081054/https://dod.defense.gov/OIR/gallery/igphoto/2001934446/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2023 |title=Priming A Torpedo|date=15 June 2018|website=United States Department of Defense}}</ref> versions of the United States Armed Forces, and the modified Advanced Performance Bangalore Torpedo version of the British Armed Forces and Australian Defence Force, under the L26A1 designation which is also used by Chemring,<ref>{{cite web |author = Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) |title = DIN Digest October 2012 |year= 2012 |url= https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/49654/DINDIGEST_2012_October.pdf#page=5 |access-date= 12 August 2018|author-link = Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author = Royal Australian Engineers |title = Australian Sapper 2016 |year = 2016 |url = https://www.raevictoria.asn.au/resources/Australian%20Sapper%202016.pdf#page=17 |access-date = 20 January 2020 |author-link = Royal Australian Engineers |archive-date = 24 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200224190234/https://raevictoria.asn.au/resources/Australian%20Sapper%202016.pdf#page=17 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author = Chemring Energetics UK |title = Advanced Performance Bangalore Torpedo |year = 2011 |url = https://www.militarysystems-tech.com/files/militarysystems/supplier_docs/CEUK-AP-Bangalore-Torpedo.pdf |access-date = 20 January 2020 |author-link = Chemring Group |archive-date = 14 June 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200614192743/https://www.militarysystems-tech.com/files/militarysystems/supplier_docs/CEUK-AP-Bangalore-Torpedo.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref> primarily to breach wire obstacles.

Combat engineers have been known to construct similar field versions of the Bangalore by assembling segments of metal picket posts and filling the concave portion with [[plastic explosive]] (PE).{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} The PE is then primed with detonating cord and a detonator, and pickets are taped or wired together to make a long torpedo, producing [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragments]] (aka "[[Shrapnel shell|shrapnel]]") that cut the wire when detonated. This method produces results similar to the standard-issue Bangalore, and can be assembled to the desired length by adding picket segments.

Newer Bangalore variants include the Alford Technologies Bangalore Blade and the Chemring Advanced Performance Bangalore Torpedo (APBT), with both developed in the United Kingdom. The Bangalore Blade is made from lightweight aluminium and is configured as a linear explosively formed projectile (EFP) array capable of cutting wire obstacles, which earlier Bangalore variants were incapable of breaching effectively. The improvements introduced with the Bangalore Blade give the charge a cutting action as well as a blasting effect.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangalore Blade |url=https://www.explosives.net/bangalore-blade |publisher=Alford Technologies |access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref>

In a test detonation conducted on the [[television]] show ''[[Future Weapons]]'', the Bangalore Blade blasted a gap roughly five meters wide in [[concertina wire]], and created a trench deep enough to detonate most nearby anti-personnel mines. Alford Technologies' web page for the Bangalore Blade cites additional trial detonations involving two identical triple-razor wire entanglements erected between steel pickets. A Bangalore torpedo conforming to the original design cleared a three-metre path, while the Bangalore Blade cleared a ten-metre path.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangalore Blade |url=https://www.explosives.net/bangalore-blade |publisher=Alford Technologies |access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref>

The Advanced Performance Bangalore Torpedo uses an aluminium body and is filled with two kilograms of DPX1 high density pressed explosive. A unique and patented design feature is incorporated which, in combination with the DPX1 explosive, provides enhanced blast and fragmentation effects which provide an enhanced cutting capability against both simple and complex wire entanglements. The APBT is capable of cutting through up to six millimetres of steel plating.<ref>{{cite web |author = Chemring Energetics UK |title = AP Bangalore Torpedo |year= 2016 |url= https://www.chemring.co.uk/~/media/Files/C/Chemring-V3/documents/energetics/bangalore-torpedo-apbt-.pdf |access-date= 20 January 2020|author-link = Chemring Group }}</ref>

Up to eight APBTs can be combined with one another, with the resulting assembly capable of defeating obstacles that are up to eight metres in length. The quick-turn thread used for this purpose has been designed for ease of assembly when contaminated with sand, soil, or mud while being strong enough to ensure reliable deployment of connected charges without inadvertent decoupling.<ref>{{cite web |author = Chemring Energetics UK |title = AP Bangalore Torpedo |year= 2016 |url= https://www.chemring.co.uk/~/media/Files/C/Chemring-V3/documents/energetics/bangalore-torpedo-apbt-.pdf |access-date= 20 January 2020|author-link = Chemring Group }}</ref> The APBT has an improved [[Insensitive munition|Insensitive Munition]] signature compared to preceding in-service designs.<ref>{{cite web |author = Chemring Energetics UK |title = Bangalore Torpedo Replacement |year= 2010 |url= https://imemg.org/wp-content/uploads/IMEMTS%202010/presentations/im_systems_4_Young.pdf |access-date= 1 July 2020|author-link = Chemring Group }}</ref>

The U.S. [[Anti-Personnel Obstacle Breaching System]] (APOBS) is being brought into service as a replacement to the Bangalore for path-clearing due to its ease of use, effectiveness, and flexibility – it can clear a path several times longer than the Bangalore torpedo.{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}}

== Users ==

* {{Flag|Austria-Hungary}}
* {{Flag|Australia}}
* {{Flag|Canada}}
* {{Flag|China}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=H. G. |editor1-last=Thursfield |editor1-first=H. G. |title=Brassey's Annual: The Armed Forces Year-Book |date=1951 |publisher=William Clowes & Sons Limited |location=London and Beccles, UK |page=240 |edition=62nd |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6IjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA240 |chapter=Chapter XX: Korea—Some Tactical Lessons}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Finland}}
* {{Flag|German Empire}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gudmundsson |first1=Bruce I. |title=Stormtroop Tactics: Innovation in the German Army, 1914–1918 |date=1989 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9780275933289 |pages=172, 191}}</ref>
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Empire of Japan}} – Used by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] and [[Special Naval Landing Forces]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ness |first1=Leland |title=Rikugun: Guide to Japanese Ground Forces 1937–1945 |date=2015 |publisher=Helion & Company |location=Solihull, England |isbn=978-1-912174-58-4 |page=65 |volume=2: Weapons of the Imperial Japanese Army & Navy Ground Forces |edition=ePub}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Pakistan}}
* {{Flag|Philippines}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{URS}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Isby |first1=David C. |title=Weapons and tactics of the Soviet Army |date=1988 |publisher=[[Janes Information Services|Jane's]] |location=London and New York |isbn=978-0-7106-0352-4 |page=459 |edition=Fully revised |url=https://archive.org/details/weaponstacticsof0000isby/ |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}<ref name="Ukr">{{cite news |date=30 November 2023 |title=The Ukrainian Armed Forces received Bangalore demolition systems to help overcome mine and wire obstacles (photo) - SUNDRIES |url=https://sundries.ua/en/the-ukrainian-armed-forces-received-bangalore-demolition-systems-to-help-overcome-mine-and-wire-obstacles-photo/ |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=Sundries}}</ref>
* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{Flag|United States}}
* {{Flag|North Vietnam}}

== See also ==
* [[Satchel charge]]
* [[Canadian pipe mine]]
* [[Mine-clearing line charge]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006202620/http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=oiUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=119&query=Vol.+144 "Bangalore Torpedoes"]: ''[[Popular Science]]'' February 1944 World War II article
* [http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/7231-future-weapons-bangalore-blade-video.htm Future Weapons: Bangalore Blade] (video)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqQ6b6vihZQ Australian Defence Force | New F60 Bangalore Torpedo] (video)

[[Category:Anti-fortification weapons]]
[[Category:English inventions]]
[[Category:Explosive weapons]]
[[Category:Military history of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:History of the Madras Engineer Group]]
[[Category:Mine warfare countermeasures]]
[[Category:World War I British infantry weapons]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of the United States]]

Vivasayi

2026-03-04T05:11:47Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Stub

{{Short description|1967 film by M. A. Thirumugam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vivasayi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. A. Thirumugam]]
| story = [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
| producer = Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
*[[K. R. Vijaya]]
}}
| cinematography = N. S. Varma
| editing = M. A. Thirumugam M. G. Balu Rao
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = [[Devar Films]]
| distributor = Senthil Movies
| released = {{Film date|1967|11|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vivasayi''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɪ|v|ə|s|aɪ|.|i}} {{translation|Farmer}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[M. A. Thirumugam]] and produced by [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]], with [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[S. A. Ashokan]], [[Nagesh]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] in supporting roles. It was released on 1 November 1967, during [[Diwali]].

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=June 2022}}
Muthaiya, a young [[agronomist]] and a farmer, full of ingenuity, a high integrity, a worker and a pride of his parents, the rich big landowner, Pannaiyar Duraiswamy and of his wife, the devoted Sivagami, revolutionise the exploitation of his father, by applying new methods of sowing. He so hopes to multiply tenfold the yield for humanitarian purposes and not necessarily for profit. Because one day, he takes the defence of unfortunate farmers despoiled of their ground, by his neighbour, another big farmer, Pannaiyar Velupandhiyan, an unscrupulous man, Muthaiya incurs the wrath of this very vindictive character. The situation complicates when the attractive Vijaya falls in love with the beautiful Muthaiya. Indeed, she is to be the sister-in-law of Velupandhiyan. And that the latter desired her ardently under the nose of his wife, the devoted believer Kaveri. To see her taking off from between his fingers, makes him particularly dangerous and obnoxious with his wife, Kaveri. Now, Muthaiya is even more in danger, Velupandhiyan wants to kill him.

== Cast ==

* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Muthaiya
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Pannaiyar Velupandiyan
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Gurusamy
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Chokki's father, a pawnbroker
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Pannaiyar Duraisamy
* [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] as Madasamy
* [[Nagesh]] as Chokkan
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Vijaya
* [[C. R. Vijayakumari]] as Kaveri
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Chokki
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Sivagami
*[[Rangammal]] - uncredited role

== Production ==
After [[M. G. Ramachandran]] was shot in the throat by [[M. R. Radha]] on 12 January 1967, and was recovering in the hospital, [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] visited him there and paid the advance for ''Vivasayi''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சுவாமிநாதன் |first=ஸ்ரீதர் |date=2 March 2016 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் 100 {{!}} 12 - நட்புக்கு எம்.ஜி.ஆர் கொடுத்த மரியாதை! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/73029-100-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217050826/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/73029-100-12.html |archive-date=17 February 2021 |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The title song was filmed at the fields of the [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=31 August 2021 |title=Why MGR loved Coimbatore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/readers-of-ithayakkani-a-monthly-magazine-on-mgr-relive-the-icons-illustrious-journey/article36204741.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127130849/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/readers-of-ithayakkani-a-monthly-magazine-on-mgr-relive-the-icons-illustrious-journey/article36204741.ece |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=28 September 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivasayee (1967) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000768 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907004455/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000768 |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=20 February 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivasayi Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by MS Viswanathan |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/vivasayi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ms-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205234449/https://macsendisk.com/product/vivasayi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ms-viswanathan/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref> The song "Ippadithaan Irukka Venum" stipulates how women should behave through its lyrics like "uduppugalai iduppu theriya maatakoodadhu" and "udhattu melay sivapu saayam poosa koodadhu".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=18 December 2015 |title=What's the big deal with Simbu's 'Beep song'? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/we-who-take-offence-whats-the-big-deal-with-simbus-beep-song/article8004860.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108134306/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/we-who-take-offence-whats-the-big-deal-with-simbus-beep-song/article8004860.ece |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24.77
| title1 = Nalla Nalla Nilam Parthu
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]
| length1 = 3:39
| title2 = Ennama Singara
| extra2 = T. M. Soundararajan, [[P. Susheela]]
| lyrics2 = [[A. Maruthakasi]]
| length2 = 3:34
| title3 = Ippadithan Irukka Venum
| extra3 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
| lyrics3 = Udumalai Narayana Kavi
| length3 = 3:41
| title4 = Kadavul Ennum
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan
| lyrics4 = A. Maruthakasi
| length4 = 3:45
| title5 = Yevaradithum
| extra5 = P. Susheela
| lyrics5 = Udumalai Narayana Kavi
| length5 = 3:21
| title6 = Kadhal Enthan
| extra6 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
| lyrics6 = Udumalai Narayana Kavi
| length6 = 3:45
| title7 = Vivasayi
| extra7 = T. M. Soundararajan
| lyrics7 = A. Maruthakasi
| length7 = 4:22
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Vivasayi'' was released on 1 November 1967, [[Diwali]] day,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 1967 |title=Vivasaayee |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19671101&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Table: Chronological List of MGR's Movies released between 1960 and 1967 |url=https://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116190658/https://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> and distributed by Senthil Movies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 1967 |title=Vivasayi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19671026&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The film is conspicuous for its lack of living with reality—though pretending to be one."<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 1967 |title=Vivasayi—film with lots of MGR |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SYNlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=k54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C731312 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718152931/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SYNlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=k54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C731312 |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said there was nothing to say about the film's story or cast performances.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=19 November 1967 |title=விவசாயி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/nov/19-11-1967/p15.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220724144618/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/nov/19-11-1967/p15.jpg |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=27 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=15 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{M. A. Thirumugam}}
{{Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar}}
[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1967 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:Films about agriculture]]
[[Category:Films about farmers]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. A. Thirumugam]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]

Hum Bhi Insaan Hain (1989 film)

2026-03-03T23:48:51Z

AndersonMcFarlan: expand intro per sources and fixed typos per sources

{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Hum Bhi Insaan Hain
| image = Hum Bhi Insaan Hain 1989 poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Manivannan]]
| producer = Suresh Bokadia
| screenplay = Vinod Rattan Anirudh Tiwari
| story = [[P. Kalaimani]]
| based_on = ''[[Muthal Vasantham]]'' (1986)
| starring = [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Raj Babbar]] [[Jaya Prada ]] [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = A. Sabapathi
| editing = P. Venkateswara Rao
| studio = BMB Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1989|06|23}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Hum Bhi Insaan Hain''''' ({{translation|''We are humans too''}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[masala film]] directed by [[Manivannan]] and produced by [[Suresh Bokadia]]. It stars [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] and [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]]. It was given a superhit verdict at the box office. The film was a remake of the director's own Tamil film ''[[Muthal Vasantham]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=9788193848227 |pages=1142}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=September 2022}}
Dharampal presides over his palatial home and his family with dictatorial ruthlessness. His wife is terrified of him. His older daughter Radha would rather die than marry without his permission. Naturally, when his younger daughter, Rekha falls in love with a mere labourer, Bhola, this angers Dharampal to such an extent that he implicates Bhola for raping and abducting her, and forces her to testify against Bhola in court, and she does so. When Shankar and his wife attempt to help Bhola and Rekha, Dharampal has his men chop off both of Shankar's arms. The only one who could stand up to Dharampal is Kishanlal, his daughter's former lover, but how long will Dharampal tolerate him?

==Cast==
* [[Sanjay Dutt]]... Bhola
* [[Jackie Shroff]]... Kishanlal
* [[Jaya Prada]]... Radha
* [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]]... Rekha
* [[Raj Babbar]]... Shankar
* [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]]... Shankar's wife
* [[Kader Khan]]... Dharampal
* [[Asrani]]... Munimji

== Production ==
[[Sathyaraj]] had been offered to reprise his role from the Tamil original but declined, so Sanjay Dutt was cast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=28 July 2005 |title=He is still going strong |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/28/stories/2005072809580200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928131606/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/28/stories/2005072809580200.htm |archive-date=28 September 2016}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hum Bhi Insaan Hain |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/hum-bhi-insaan-hain/lZBw1CbWhnM_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616060930/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/hum-bhi-insaan-hain/lZBw1CbWhnM_ |archive-date=16 June 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=8 September 1988 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| "Yaar Tera Pyar Hai Meri"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Sun Le O Data"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| "Jab Ladka Sharmayega"
| [[Shabbir Kumar]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| "Baadal Hain Barsaate Hain"
| [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Alisha Chinai]]
|-
| "Yaar Tera Pyar Hai Meri (sad)"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0359442}}

{{Manivannan}}
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]

Sautela Bhai

2026-03-03T23:43:45Z

AndersonMcFarlan: enhance formatting for clarity and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|1996 Indian Hindi film directed by B. R. Ishara}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sautela Bhai
| image = Sautela Bhai.png
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[B. R. Ishara]]
| producer = [[Satish Khanna]]
| writer = [[B. R. Ishara]]
| starring = {{ubl
| [[Rajesh Khanna]]
| [[Raj Babbar]]
| [[Kumar Gaurav]]
| [[Farah (actress)|Farah]]
| [[Moon Moon Sen]]
| [[Deepti Naval]]
}}
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1996|06|21|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}

'''''Sautela Bhai''''' ({{Translation|Stepbrother}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[B. R. Ishara]], starring [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Kumar Gaurav]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sautela Bhai Vinyl LP Records|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/India-Bollywood-1988-Heer-Ranjha-Press-Book-Anil-Kapoor-Sridevi-Anupam-Kher-/321217307445?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item4aca0b2371|publisher=ebay|accessdate=2014-05-27}}{{dead link|date=March 2024}}</ref>{{Failed verification |date=March 2024}} The film was a delayed release in 1996 and a big flop.{{Citation needed |date=March 2024}} It is a remake of an old popular movie ''[[Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke (1969 film)|Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke]]''.

==Cast==
* [[Rajesh Khanna]] as Master Tulsiram
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Advocate Rajaram
* [[Kumar Gaurav]] as Shankar
* [[Farah (actress)|Farah]] as Bindiya
* [[Moon Moon Sen]] as Sheena
* [[Deepti Naval]] as Saraswati
* [[Ranjeet]] as Rehman
* [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Thakur Narayandas
* [[Raja Bundela]] as Gopal
* [[A. K. Hangal]] as Bindiya's Maternal Grandfather
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Advocate Surendranath

==Soundtrack==
All tracks were penned by Majrooh Sultanpuri.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Main Nahin Aati"
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Jeeyo Jeeyo"
| [[Amit Kumar]]
|-
| "Sajan Sajan"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Chahe Poochh Lo"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Babla Mehta]]
|-
|}

==References==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0813410|Sautela Bhai}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1996 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. R. Ishara]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1990s-romantic-drama-film-stub}}

Rustum (1984 film)

2026-03-03T20:16:24Z

AndersonMcFarlan: New

{{short description|1984 film by A. Kodandarami Reddy}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rustum
| image = Rustum poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Satyanand {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Girija Sri Bhagawan
| screenplay = A. Kodandarami Reddy
| producer = S. P. Venkanna Babu
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = [[Lok Singh]]
| editing = M. Vellaiswamy
| studio = Maheswari Movies
| released = {{Film date|1984|12|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 143 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rustum''''' is a 1984 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]. It stars [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] (in her [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film debut), with music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. The film was recorded as a "Hit" at the box office.

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where Ganga Rayudu, the village panchayat head, who judges a dispute between Musalayya and a rowdy Gangayya; Musalayya left the village under unknown circumstances and returned after fifteen years. He learns that Gangayya illegally acquired his house and farm, and he is unwilling to return the property to Musalayya hence they came to the Panchayat. Rayudu supports Gangayya and does injustice to Musalayya; having insufficient power to face Rayudu, he again leaves the village.

A newcomer, Hari enters the village, fights with Gangayya, owns his property, and does well to the village people. Village people start calling him ''Rustum''. Hari works for the village welfare. Rayudu sets a trap to kick Hari out of the village. As a part of his trap, Rayudu gives the village headpost to Hari. Parallelly, Hari and Padma, daughter of Rayudu, falls in love, and Hari also gets closer to Brahmaiah Naidu and Parvathi, a couple that is affected by Rayudu's injustice. Once Hari is suspected as the cause of a village girl's Lakshmi pregnancy and her suicide, hence Hari is asked to leave the village. Then, even Padma suspects Hari. In the trial to prove that he is not the cause of Lakshmi's suicide, he knows that Giri, the son of Rayudu, is the main reason. Rayudu fixes up Rudrayya, the younger brother of Brahmaiah Naidu, who was just released from prison, to kill Hari.

Meanwhile, Giri goes to the city and tracks down Musalayya to discover why Hari came to the village. Giri knows the whole loop that Hari is none other than Brahmaiah Naidu's son. When he was a child, he saw Rayudu murder someone. Musalayya, Brahmaiah Naidu's servant, protects Hari and takes him to the city. Searching for his son at the same time, Brahmaiah Naidu comes to the murder spot and, as per Rayudu's wishes, fixes up Rudrayya as the murderer, even Brahmaiah Naidu also believes that Rudrayya is the murderer and hence has him arrested. Musalayya, Rudrayya, and Hari plan to punish Rayudu and do good to the village. Per their plan, Rudrayya and Hari fight as if they are opponents. But when Rayudu learns the truth from Giri, he kidnaps Hari's entire family. Knowing the truth, Padma helps Hari to expose Rayudu. After the climax fight, Hari enters as a Police Inspector and arrests Rayudu.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Chiranjeevi]] as Hari
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Padma
*[[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Ganga Rayudu
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Rudrayya
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Lingam
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Brahmayya Naidu
*[[Giribabu]] as Giribabu
*[[Nutan Prasad]] as Chalapathi
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Paper Punna Rao
*[[Sai Kumar (Telugu actor)|Saikumar]]
*[[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]] as Chakali
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Panthulu
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Musalayya
*Bheemaraju as Ramudu
*Fight Master Raju as Pakir
*[[Hema Sundar]] as Master
*Kakarala as Dappu Eerigadu
*Mithai Chitti as Samba
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Gopayya
*Chidatala Appa Rao
*[[Chitti Babu Punyamurthula|Chitti Babu]]
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
*Jagga Rao as Gangayya
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Parvathi
*[[Rajyalakshmi]] as Lakshmi
*[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] as Gowri
*K. Vijaya
*[[Silk Smitha]] as [[item number]]
*[[Nirmalamma]] as Jaggamma
*[[Harish Kumar (actor)|Master Harish]] as Young Hari
{{colend}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rustum
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1984
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 22:30
| label =
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = [[Agni Gundam]]
| prev_year = 1984
| next_title = [[Chattamtho Poratam]]
| next_year = 1984
}}

Music was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics written by [[Veturi]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Yelaa Vunnadhamma"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|4:12
|-
|2
|"Nee Bugga"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam,P. Susheela
|4:32
|-
|3
|"Ramanna Ramudoi"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam,P. Susheela
|5:27
|-
|4
|"Paadyami Naati Raathri"
|P. Susheela
|3:52
|-
|5
|"Thotaa Kooraa"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam,P. Susheela
|4:27
|}

==Others==
* VCDs and DVDs on – SHALIMAR Video Company, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0246206|Rustum}}
{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}

[[Category:1984 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
[[Category:1984 action films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]

Rahat Indori

2026-02-27T22:40:29Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Done

{{Short description|Indian Bollywood lyricist and Urdu poet (1950–2020)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rahat Indori
| image = Rahat Saab At Ahmedabad.jpg
| caption = Indori at Rajvadu, Ahmedabad, Gujrat on 22 February 2020
| birth_name = Rahat Qureshi
| birth_date = {{birth date|1950|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Bharat]], [[Dominion of India|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|8|11|1950|01|01|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Lyricist|poet}}
| education = [[Master of Arts|MA]], [[PhD]] in [[Urdu literature]]
| alma_mater = Islamia Karimia College, Indore [[Bhopal University]], [[Bhopal]]
| period =
| genre = [[Ghazal]], [[Nazm]], [[Geet (song)|Geet]]
| subject =
| movement =
| spouse = {{marriage|Seema Rahat|1977}}
| partner = [[Anjum Rehbar]] (separated)
| children = 4
| relatives =
| awards =
| homepage =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Rahat Indori''', born as '''Rahat Qureshi''', (1 January 1950 – 11 August 2020) was an Indian [[Bollywood]] lyricist and [[Urdu]] poet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/mps-bollywood-connection-grows-behind-the-camera-29802-2008-09-12|title=MP's Bollywood connection grows behind the camera|date=12 September 2008|publisher=India Today}}</ref> He was also a former professor of [[Urdu language]] and a painter.<ref name="IT2019">{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Sopan |title=Urdu poetry's shape-shifter |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20190520-urdu-poetry-s-shape-shifter-1520684-2019-05-10 |access-date=24 July 2019 |work=India Today |date=20 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512141139/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20190520-urdu-poetry-s-shape-shifter-1520684-2019-05-10 |archive-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> Prior to this he was a [[pedagogist]] of [[Urdu literature]] at [[Devi Ahilya University, Indore|DAVV]].

==Biography==
Indori was born on 1 January 1950, in [[Indore]] to Rafatullah Qureshi (a cloth mill worker), and his wife Maqbool Un Nisa Begum. He was their fourth child. Rahat Indori did his schooling from Nutan School Indore from where he completed his Higher Secondary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/rahat-indori/profile|title=Rahat Indori - Profile & Biography|website=Rekhta}}</ref>
He completed his graduation from Islamia Karimia College, Indore<ref>{{cite web|title=I. K. College - About Us |url=http://www.ikcollegeindore.org/aboutus.html |access-date=3 October 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012080445/http://www.ikcollegeindore.org/aboutus.html |archive-date=12 October 2010 }}</ref> in 1973 and has passed his [[Master of Arts|MA]] in Urdu literature from [[Barkatullah University|Bhopal University]] (known as Barkatullah University now) with a gold medal.<ref>[http://www.bubhopal.nic.in/ Bhopal University Bhopal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006043632/http://www.bubhopal.nic.in/ |date=6 October 2006}}</ref> (Bhopal, [[Madhya Pradesh]]) in 1975. Rahat was awarded a PhD in [[Urdu literature]] from the Bhoj University of Madhya Pradesh in 1985 for his thesis titled ''Urdu Main Mushaira''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gabdig.com/14-exceptional-shayris-by-rahat-indori/|title=14 Exceptional Shayris By Rahat Indori That Are Full Of Wisdom|date=30 July 2016|language=en-US|access-date=31 July 2016}}</ref>

Indori performed in [[Mushaira]] and [[Kavi Sammelan]] for 40 – 45 years. He traveled widely internationally to recite poetry. He attended poetic symposiums in almost all the districts of India and has traveled multiple times to the US, UK, Australia, Canada, Singapore, Mauritius, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal etc.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/top-urdu-poets-are-arriving-in-dubai-for-a-poetic-evening-on-april-25-1.63526028 | title=Top Urdu poets are arriving in Dubai for a poetic evening on April 25| date=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/neither-will-nor-we-will-come-out-of-any-extinction-our-thorn-crop-will-come-out-of-guarantee/361856 | title=राहत इंदौरी जन्मदिन विशेष: हमारे पांव का कांटा हमीं से निकलेगा| date=January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Farooqui |first1=Mazhar |title=Top Urdu poets are arriving in Dubai for a poetic evening on April 25 |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/top-urdu-poets-are-arriving-in-dubai-for-a-poetic-evening-on-april-25-1.63526028 |access-date=16 August 2020 |publisher=gulfnews |date=24 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Media appearances==
Indori was invited as a guest in ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'' twice. First, on 1 July 2017 episode of Season 1 along with [[Kumar Vishwas]] and Shabinaji; and second time with [[Ashok Chakradhar]] on 21 July 2019 episode of Season 2.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Kriti |title=The Kapil Sharma Show: Chandan Prabhakar returns to TKSS with a Shayari Special Episode |url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/the-kapil-sharma-show-chandan-prabhakar-returns-to-tkss-with-a-shayari-special-episode-2287394/ |access-date=23 July 2019 |work=[[India.com]] |date=1 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=The Kapil Sharma Show: A poetic night with Rahat Indori and Ashok Chakradhar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-kapil-sharma-show-preview-a-poetic-night-with-rahat-indori-and-ashok-chakradhar-5840231/ |access-date=23 July 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=21 July 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Indori was also invited in the show ''[[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!]]'' on [[SAB TV]].

His couplet ''Bulati Hai Magar Jaane Ka Nahi''<ref>{{cite web |title=बुलाती है मगर जाने का नहीं// dr.rahat indori shayari _bulati hai Magar jaane ka nahi | date=6 June 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qEuY8NfyetI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/qEuY8NfyetI |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|publisher= shayari lover |access-date=6 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Indori |first1=Rahat |title=Dr. Rahat Indori - Bulaati hai magar jaane ka nai |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hpeiw3i-jQ |website=www.youtube.com |publisher=Dr. Rahat Indori |access-date=5 March 2020}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref> became viral and started trending on [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]] and [[Instagram]] during 2020 [[Valentine's Day|Valentines week]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Madhurima |title=Bulati Hai Magar Jane Ka Nahi |url=https://www.latestly.com/social-viral/bulati-hai-magar-jane-ka-nahi-funny-meme-origin-story-know-why-netizens-are-making-hilarious-jokes-and-reactions-ahead-of-valentines-day-1528272.html |access-date=5 March 2020 |agency=Latestly |date=10 February 2020}}</ref> People started using this phrase as a meme.<ref>{{cite web |title=बुलाती है मगर जाने का नहीं - राहत इंदौरी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/irshaad/rahat-indori-ghazal-bulati-hai-magar-jane-ka-nahin |website=www.amarujala.com |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> Another popular couplet, ''Kisi Ke Baap Ka Hindustan Thodi Hai'', became viral on social media.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=India com Viral News |title='Kisi Ke Baap Ka Hindostan Thodi Hai': 10 Inspiring Shayaris By Rahat Indori Which Will Be Remembered For Ages to Come |url=https://www.india.com/viral/kisi-ke-baap-ka-hindostan-thodi-hai-10-inspiring-shayaris-by-rahat-indori-which-will-be-remembered-for-ages-to-come-4108953/ |work=India.com |date=12 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, a book on Rahat Indori 'Mere Baad' was released at the Oxford Bookstore in Connaught Place, Delhi. This book is a compilation of his [[Ghazal]]s and [[Shayari]].<ref>{{cite news |title=राहत इंदौरी की नई किताब 'मेरे बाद' का लोकार्पण |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/literature/rahat-indori-new-book-launch-1626014 |work=NDTVIndia |publisher=NDTV |date=16 November 2016}}</ref>

On 1 January 2021, his 71st birthday, songdew.com unveiled a unique tribute titled Dr Rahat Indori - Ek Alag Pehchaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Rahat Indori- Ek Alag Pehchaan | url=https://www.songdew.com/ek-alag-pehchaan |access-date =1 January 2021}}</ref> As part of this unique tribute 9 famous artists of India and ( Indie musicians came together to compose 9 of the famous ghazals written by Dr Indori and create paintings inspired by his writing.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Film !! Song !! Music !! Singer
|-
| ||''Main Tera Aashiq''|| Mere Khayal|| Parvez Akhtar|| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| || rowspan="2" |''Aashiyan''||Tuta Hua Dil Tere Hawaale||Parvez Akhtar||[[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| ||Zindagi Naam Ko Humari Hai||Parvez Akhtar||[[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
|1993 ||''[[Sir (1993 film)|Sir]]''|| Aaj Humne Dil Ka Har Kissa||[[Anu Malik]]||[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|1993 ||''[[Jaanam]]''||Dil Jigar Ke Jaan Achchha Hai||Anu Malik||[[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
|-
|1994 || rowspan="4" |''[[Khuddar]]''||Tumsa Koi Pyaara Koi Masoom||Anu Malik||[[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
|1994 ||Hum apne gham ko ||Anu Malik ||[[Vinod Rathod]], [[Sadhna Sargam]]
|-
|1994 ||Khat Likhna Humein Khat Likhna||Anu Malik||[[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
|1994 ||Tum Mano Ya Na Mano||Anu Malik||[[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
|1994 ||Raat Kya Maange Ek Sitaara||Anu Malik||[[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|1994 ||[[Naaraaz|Naraaz]]||Tere Bin Main Kuch Bhi Nahin ||Anu Malik||[[Kumar Sanu]] & [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
|1995 || rowspan="2" |''[[Yaraana (1995 film)|Yaraana]]''|| Rabbi Re Ralli|| Anu Malik|| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
|1995 || Loye Loye|| Anu Malik|| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
|1996 ||''[[Ghatak: Lethal|Ghatak]]''||Koi jaye to le aye||Anu Malik||[[Alka Yagnik]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
|1996 ||rowspan="2" |''[[Himalay Putra]]''||"Ishq Hua Tujhse Janam": ||Anu Malik||[[Alka Yagnik]] & Udit Narayan
|-
|1996 ||"Tune Kaisa Jadoo Kiya": ||Anu Malik||[[Alka Yagnik]]& Udit Narayan
|-
|1997 || rowspan="2" |''[[Hameshaa]]''|| Hameshaa Hameshaa|| Anu Malik || [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|1997 || Neela Dupatta|| Anu Malik || [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|1997 || rowspan="2" |''[[Ishq (1997 film)|Ishq]]''||Dekho Dekho Jaanam Hum||Anu Malik||[[Alka Yagnik]], [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
|1997 ||Neend Churayee Meri||Anu Malik||[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
|1998 ||''[[Kareeb]]''||Chori Chori Jab Nazrein Mili||Anu Malik||[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sanjivani (singer)|Sanjeevani]]
|-
|2000 || rowspan="2" |''[[Mission Kashmir]]''||Bumbro||[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]||[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Jaspinder Narula]]
|-
|2000 ||Dhuan Dhuan||[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]||[[Vinod Rathod]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
|2003 || rowspan="3" |''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''||M Bole Toh (Munna Bhai MBBS)||Anu Malik||[[Vinod Rathod]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Prachi]] and Priya Mayekar
|-
|2003 ||Chan Chan|| Anu Malik|| Vinod Rathod, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|2003 ||Dekhle Aankhon Mein Aankhien Daal||Anu Malik||Sunidhi Chauhan, Anu Malik
|-
|2004 ||''[[Murder (2004 film)|Murder]]''||Dil Ko Hazaar Baar Roka||Anu Malik||[[Alisha Chinai]]
|-
|2004 ||''[[Meenaxi]]''||Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai||[[A. R. Rahman]]||[[Reena Bhardwaj]]
|-
|2017 ||''[[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|Begum Jaan]]''||Murshida||Anu Malik||[[Arijit Singh]]
|-
|}

==Works==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Book !! Ref.
|-
| Rut|||<ref name="IT2019"/>
|-
| Do Kadam or Sahi||<ref>{{cite news |title=I Want an India Where Peace and Love Prevails: Rahat Indori {{!}} NewsClick |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Rahat-Indori-india-peace-idea-of-india |access-date=16 August 2020 |date=30 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Mere baad||<ref>{{cite news |last1=जांगड़ा |first1=विकास |title=पुस्तक समीक्षाः राहत इंदौरी की 'रुत' |url=https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/book-review-of-rut-written-by-rahat-indori-published-by-vaani-publication |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| Dhoop Bahut Hai||<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Young writers, Urdu veterans dominate Hindi bestseller list |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/reviews-recommendations/young-writers-urdu-veterans-dominate-hindi-bestseller-list |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=National Herald |date=8 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Chand Pagal Hai||<ref>{{cite news |title=Collection of new Hindi books to be released at Swami Vivekananda Library |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/collection-of-new-hindi-books-to-be-released-at-swami-vivekananda-library.html |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=The Pioneer |date=19 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Maujood||<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=राहत इंदौरी की नई किताब 'मेरे बाद' का लोकार्पण |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/literature/rahat-indori-new-book-launch-1626014 |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=NDTVIndia |date=16 November 2016|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| Naraz||<ref>{{cite news |last1=शर्मा |first1=प्रियंका |title=बर्थडे विशेष- राहत इंदौरी, 'किसी के बाप का हिंदुस्तान थोड़ी है' |url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/education/story/rahat-indori-urdu-poet-birthday-lyricist-poet-tedu-1-974700.html |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=aajtak.intoday.in |date=2 January 2018 |language=hi}}</ref>
|}
==Death==
He tested positive for [[COVID-19]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] on 10 August 2020, and was admitted to [[Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences|Aurobindo Hospital]] in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Noted Urdu Poet Rahat Indori Tests Positive for Covid-19, Admitted to Hospital |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/noted-urdu-poet-rahat-indori-tests-positive-for-covid-19-admitted-to-hospital-2775901.html |access-date=11 August 2020 |agency=News18 |date=11 August 2011}}</ref> He died from [[cardiac arrest]] a day later on 11 August 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Tarun |title=Indore: Legendary poet Rahat Indori dies of COVID-19 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-legendary-poet-rahat-indori-dies-of-covid-19 |access-date=11 August 2020 |agency=Free Press Journal India |date=11 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Rahat Indori dies of cardiac arrest in Indore after testing coronavirus positive |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/rahat-indori-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-indore-after-testing-coronavirus-positive-1710109-2020-08-11 |access-date=11 August 2020 |agency=India Today |date=11 August 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://rahatindori.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|0408534}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|rahat-indori|Rahat Indori}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indori, Rahat}}
[[Category:Urdu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Indore]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Poets from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

3D film

2026-02-27T00:25:43Z

AndersonMcFarlan: general correct layout after review also and added references

{{short description|Film that gives an illusion of three-dimensional depth}}
{{about|motion pictures that give an illusion of depth|2D motion pictures created using [[3D modeling software]]|Computer-generated imagery|motion pictures created using stereophotogrammetry|Volumetric video}}
'''3D films''' are [[motion pictures]] made to give an illusion of [[Three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]] solidity, usually with the help of [[Stereoscopy#3D viewers|special glasses]] worn by viewers. 3D films were prominently featured in the 1950s in American cinema and later experienced a worldwide resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s driven by [[IMAX]] high-end theaters and [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]-themed venues. 3D films became increasingly successful throughout the 2000s, peaking with the success of 3D presentations of ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' in December 2009, after which 3D films again decreased in popularity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/3d-movies-are-dead-again/|title=3D Is Dead (Again)|first=Matt|last=Goldberg|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=April 6, 2018|access-date=April 16, 2020|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126111125/https://collider.com/3d-movies-are-dead-again/|url-status=live}}</ref> Certain directors have also taken more experimental approaches to 3D filmmaking, most notably celebrated [[auteur]] [[Jean-Luc Godard]] in his film ''[[Goodbye to Language]]''.

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2009}}

===Before film===
The basic components of 3D film were introduced separately between 1833 and 1839. Stroboscopic animation was developed by [[Joseph Plateau]] in 1832 and published in 1833 in the form of a stroboscopic disc,<ref>{{Cite web |title=animation {{!}} History, Movies, Television, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/animation |access-date=April 18, 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> which he later called the fantascope and became better known as the [[phenakistiscope|phénakisticope]]. Around the very same time (1832/1833), [[Charles Wheatstone]] developed the [[stereoscope]], but he did not really make it public before June 1838.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=180 years of 3D |url=https://royalsociety.org/blog/2018/08/180-years-of-3d/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Royal Society |first1=Virginia |last1=Mills |date= 13 August 2018 }}</ref> The first practical forms of [[photography]] were introduced in January 1839 by [[Louis Daguerre]] and [[Henry Fox Talbot]]. A combination of these elements into animated stereoscopic photography may have been conceived early on, but for decades it did not become possible to capture motion in real-time photographic recordings due to the long exposure times necessary for the light-sensitive emulsions that were used.

Charles Wheatstone got inventor [[Henry Fox Talbot]] to produce some [[calotype]] pairs for the stereoscope and received the first results in October 1840.<ref name=":1" /> Only a few more experimental stereoscopic photographs were made before [[David Brewster]] introduced his stereoscope with lenses in 1849. Wheatstone also approached Joseph Plateau with the suggestion to combine the stereoscope with the fantascope. In 1849, Plateau published about this concept in an article about several improvements made to his fantascope and suggested a [[stop motion|stop-motion]] technique that would involve a series of photographs of purpose-made plaster statuettes in different poses.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fZUAAAAcAAJ&q=%22persistance%20des%20impressions%20de%20la%20retine%E2%80%9D%20bulletin%20academie%20royale%22&pg=PA30|title=Bulletins de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique |date=1849|publisher=Hayez|language=fr}}</ref> The idea reached [[Jules Duboscq]], an instrument maker who already marketed Plateau's Fantascope as well as the stereoscopes of Wheatstone and Brewster. In November 1852, Duboscq added the concept of his "Stéréoscope-fantascope, ou Bïoscope" to his stereoscope patent. Production of images proved very difficult, since the photographic sequence had to be carefully constructed from separate still images. The bioscope was no success, and the only extant disc, without apparatus, is found in the Joseph Plateau collection of the University of Ghent. The disc contains 12 albumen image pairs of a machine in motion.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pellerin|first=Denis|date=October 13, 2017|title=The Quest for Stereoscopic Movement: Was the First Film ever in 3-D?|url=https://revistas.ulusofona.pt/index.php/stereo/article/view/6055|journal=International Journal on Stereo & Immersive Media|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|issn=2184-1241}}</ref>

Most of the other early attempts to create motion pictures also aimed to include the stereoscopic effect.

In November 1851, [[Antoine Claudet]] claimed to have created a stereoscope that showed people in motion.<ref>''La Lumière'' November 16, 1851</ref> The device initially only showed two phases, but during the next two years, Claudet worked on a camera that would record stereoscopic pairs for four different poses (patented in 1853).<ref>British patent 711</ref> Claudet found that the stereoscopic effect did not work properly in this device, but believed the illusion of motion was successful.<ref>''Le Cosmos'' October 3, 1852</ref>

In 1855, [[Johann Nepomuk Czermak]] published an article about his Stereophoroskop. His first idea to create 3D animation involved sticking pins in a stroboscopic disc to create a sequence that would show one pin moving further into the cardboard and back. He also designed a device that would feed the image pairs from two stroboscopic discs into one lenticular stereoscope and a vertical predecessor of the [[zoetrope]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/vlp/lit15017/index.meta&viewMode=auto&pn=1|last=Czermak|title=Das Stereophoroskop|year=1855|language=de}}</ref>

On February 27, 1860, [[Peter Hubert Desvignes]] received British patent no. 537 for 28 monocular and stereoscopic variations of cylindrical stroboscopic devices. This included a version that used an endless band of pictures running between two spools that was intermittently lit by an electric spark.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXTAAgAAQBAJ&q=peter+hubert+desvignes+patent&pg=PA31|title=Stereoscopic Cinema and the Origins of 3-D Film, 1838-1952|first=Ray|last=Zone|date=February 3, 2014|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-4589-1|via=Google Books}}</ref> Desvignes' ''Mimoscope'', received an Honourable Mention "for ingenuity of construction" at the [[1862 International Exhibition]] in London.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=April 10, 1862|title=Medals and Honourable Mentions Awarded by the International Juries: With a ...|url=https://archive.org/details/medalsandhonour00goog|url-status=live|publisher=Her Majesty's Commissioners|via=Internet Archive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724193416/https://archive.org/details/medalsandhonour00goog |archive-date=July 24, 2020 }}</ref> It could "exhibit drawings, models, single or stereoscopic photographs, so as to animate animal movements, or that of machinery, showing various other illusions."<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook to the industrial department of the International exhibition, 1862|last=Hunt|first=Robert|year=1862|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fUHAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA181}}</ref> Desvignes "employed models, insects and other objects, instead of pictures, with perfect success." The horizontal slits (like in Czermak's Stereophoroskop) allowed a much improved view, with both eyes, of the opposite pictures.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GFAAAAAYAAJ&q=mimoscope&pg=PA777 |page=777 |title=Zoetrope or Wheel Of Life|encyclopedia=Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People|date=April 10, 1868|publisher=W. and R. Chambers|via=Google Books}}</ref>

In 1861, American engineer [[Coleman Sellers II]] received US patent No. 35,317 for the [[kinematoscope]], a device that exhibited "stereoscopic pictures as to make them represent objects in motion". In his application he stated: "This has frequently been done with plane pictures but
has never been, with stereoscopic pictures". He used three sets of stereoscopic photographs in a sequence with some duplicates to regulate the flow of a simple repetitive motion, but also described a system for very large series of pictures of complicated motion.<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=31357|status=Patent|inventor=Coleman Sellers |title= EXHIBITING STEREOSCOPIC PICTURES OF MOVING OBJECTS |gdate=1861-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Homer Croy|url=http://archive.org/details/howmotionpictur00croygoog|title=How Motion Pictures are Made|date=1918|publisher=Harper|others=Harvard University|language=English}}</ref>

On August 11, 1877, the ''Daily Alta'' newspaper announced a project by [[Eadward Muybridge]] and [[Leland Stanford]] to produce sequences of photographs of a running horse with 12 stereoscopic cameras. Muybridge had much experience with stereo photography and had already made [[Snapshot (photography)|instantaneous]] pictures of Stanford's horse Occident running at full speed. He eventually managed to shoot the proposed sequences of running horses in June 1878 with stereoscopic cameras. The published result and animated versions for his [[zoopraxiscope]] were not stereoscopic, but in 1898 Muybridge claimed that he had (privately) viewed the pictures in two synchronized zoetropes with Wheatstone's reflecting stereoscope as a "very satisfactory reproduction of an apparently solid miniature horse trotting and of another galloping".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Muybridge|first=Eadweard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ETCAgAAQBAJ&q=muybridge+%22animals+in+motion%22&pg=PA14|title=Animals in Motion|date=September 24, 2012|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-12999-0|language=en}}</ref>

[[Thomas Edison]] demonstrated his [[phonograph]] on November 29, 1877, after previous announcements of the device for recording and replaying sound had been published earlier in the year. An article in ''Scientific American'' concluded, "It is already possible, by ingenious optical contrivances, to throw stereoscopic photographs of people on screens in full view of an audience. Add the talking phonograph to counterfeit their voices, and it would be difficult to carry the illusion of real presence much further". [[Wordsworth Donisthorpe]] announced in the January 24, 1878, edition of ''Nature'' that he would advance that conception: "By combining the phonograph with the kinesigraph, I will undertake not only to produce a talking picture of Mr. Gladstone, which, with motionless lips and unchanged expression, shall positively recite his latest anti-Turkish speech in his own voice and tone. Not only this, but the life size photograph itself shall move and gesticulate precisely as he did when making the speech, the words and gestures corresponding as in real life."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/nature17unkngoog | page=[https://archive.org/details/nature17unkngoog/page/n363 242] | chapter=kinesigraph. | title=Nature| publisher=Macmillan Journals Limited | last1=Lockyer| first1=Sir Norman| year=1878}}</ref> Dr. Phipson, a correspondent for British news in a French photography magazine, relayed the concept but renamed the device "Kinétiscope" to reflect the viewing purpose rather than the recording option. This was picked up in the United States and discussed in an interview with Edison later in the year.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgc_x5ph3sEC&q=kin%C3%A9tiscope&pg=PA33|title=Industry, Liberty, and a Vision: Wordsworth Donisthorpe's Kinesigraph|last=Herbert|first=Stephen|date=1998|publisher=The Projection Box|isbn=978-0-9523941-3-6|language=en}}</ref> Neither Donisthorpe's or Edison's later moving picture results were stereoscopic.

===Early patents and tests===
In the late 1890s, British film pioneer [[William Friese-Greene]] filed a [[patent]] for a 3D film process. In his patent, two films were projected side by side on screen. The viewer looked through a [[stereoscope]] to converge the two images. Because of the obtrusive mechanics behind this method, theatrical use was not practical.<ref name="limbacher">{{cite book |last=Limbacher |first=James L. |title=Four Aspects of the Film |year=1968}}</ref>

[[Frederic Eugene Ives]] patented his stereo camera rig in 1900. The camera had two lenses coupled together {{frac|1|3|4}} inches (4.45 centimeters) apart.<ref>{{cite book|last=Norlin |first=John A. |year=1953 |chapter=Basic Principles of 3D Photography and Projection |title=New Screen Techniques |editor-last=Quigley |editor-first=Martin Jr. |page=48 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newscreentechniq00mart/page/48/mode/2up}}</ref>

On June 10, 1915, [[Edwin S. Porter]] and William E. Waddell presented tests to an audience at the Astor Theater in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/11/22/3d.history/index.html|title='It Came from Outer Space' -- but is 3D here to stay?|first=Laura|last=Hodgson|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=August 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829170012/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/11/22/3d.history/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In red-green [[anaglyph image|anaglyph]], the audience was presented three reels of tests, which included rural scenes, test shots of [[Marie Doro]], a segment of [[John B. Mason|John Mason]] playing a number of passages from ''[[Jim the Penman (1915 film)|Jim the Penman]]'' (a film released by [[Famous Players–Lasky]] that year, but not in 3D), Oriental dancers, and a reel of footage of [[Niagara Falls]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Denig |first=Lynde |title=Stereoscopic Pictures Screened |journal=Moving Picture World |date=June 26, 1915 |page=2072}}</ref> However, according to [[Adolph Zukor]] in his 1953 autobiography ''The Public Is Never Wrong: My 50 Years in the Motion Picture Industry'', nothing was produced in this process after these tests.

===1909–1915: Alabastra and Kinoplastikon===
By 1909, the German film market suffered much from overproduction and too much competition. German film tycoon [[Oskar Messter]] had initially gained much financial success with the Tonbild synchronized [[sound film]]s of his Biophon system since 1903, but the films were losing money by the end of the decade and Messter would stop Tonbild production in 1913. Producers and exhibitors were looking into new film attractions and invested for instance in colorful imagery. The development of stereoscopic cinema seemed a logical step to lure visitors back into the movie theaters.

In 1909, German civil engineer August Engelsmann patented a process that projected filmed performances within a physical decor on an actual stage. Soon after, Messter obtained patents for a very similar process, probably by agreement with Engelsmann, and started marketing it as "Alabastra". Performers were brightly dressed and brightly lit while filmed against a black background, mostly miming their singing or musical skills or dancing to the circa four-minute pre-recorded phonographs. The film recordings would be projected from below, to appear as circa 30 inch figures on a glass pane in front of a small stage, in a setup very similar to the [[Pepper's ghost]] illusion that offered a popular stage trick technique since the 1860s. The glass pane was not visible to the audience and the projected figures seemed able to move around freely across the stage in their virtual tangible and lifelike appearance. The brightness of the figures was necessary to avoid see-through spots and made them resemble alabaster sculptures. To adapt to this appearance, several films featured Pierrot or other white clowns, while some films were probably hand-coloured. Although Alabastra was well received by the press, Messter produced few titles, hardly promoted them and abandoned it altogether a few years later. He believed the system to be uneconomical due to its need for special theatres instead of the widely available movie screens, and he did not like that it seemed only suitable for stage productions and not for "natural" films. Nonetheless, there were numerous imitators in Germany and Messter and Engelsmann still teamed with American businessman Frank Joseph Godsol (Goldsoll) set up a short-lived variant named "Fantomo" in 1914.<ref name="Loew">{{Cite journal|last=Loew|first=Katharina|title=Tangible Specters: 3-D cinema in the 1910s|url=https://www.academia.edu/5934387|journal=Film Criticism|date=January 2013|language=en}}</ref>

Rather in agreement with Messter or not, Karl Juhasz and Franz Haushofer opened a Kinoplastikon theatre in Vienna in 1911. Their patented system was very similar to Alabaster, but projected life-size figures from the wings of the stage. With much higher ticket prices than standard cinema, it was targeted at middle-class audiences to fill the gap between low-brow films and high-class theatre. Audiences reacted enthusiastically and by 1913 there reportedly were 250 theatres outside Austria, in France, Italy, United Kingdom, Russia and North America. However, the first Kinoplastikon in [[Paris]] started in January 1914 and the premiere in New York took place in the [[Hippodrome]] in March 1915. In 1913, [[Walter R. Booth]] directed 10 films for the U.K. Kinoplastikon, presumably in collaboration with [[Cecil Hepworth]]. Theodore Brown, the licensee in the U.K. also patented a variant with front and back projection and reflected decor, and Goldsoll applied for a very similar patent only 10 days later.<ref name="Loew"/> Further development and exploitation was probably haltered by World War I.

Alabastra and Kinoplastikon were often advertised as stereoscopic and screenless. Although in reality the effect was heavily dependent on glass screen projection and the films were not stereoscopic, the shows seemed truly three-dimensional as the figures were clearly separate from the background and virtually appeared inside the real, three-dimensional stage area without any visible screen.

Eventually, longer (multi-reel) films with story arcs proved to be the way out of the crisis in the movie market and supplanted the previously popular short films that mostly aimed to amuse people with tricks, gags or other brief variety and novelty attractions. Sound film, stereoscopic film and other novel techniques were relatively cumbersome to combine with multiple reels and were abandoned for a while.

===Early systems of stereoscopic filmmaking (pre-1952)===
[[File:Harry Fairall.jpg|thumb|Fairall in 1922]]
[[File:Stereoscopic camera.jpg|thumb|Fairall's 3D camera]]
[[Image:The National Archives UK - WORK 25-208.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Audience wearing special glasses watch a 3D "stereoscopic film" at the Telekinema on the South Bank in London during the [[Festival of Britain]] 1951.]]
The earliest confirmed 3D film shown to an out-of-house audience was ''[[The Power of Love (film)|The Power of Love]]'', which premiered at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] Theater in Los Angeles on September 27, 1922.<ref>{{IMDb title|tt0013506|The Power of Love (1922)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/P/PowerofLove1922.html |title=silentera.com |publisher=silentera.com |access-date=October 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231212431/http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/P/PowerofLove1922.html |archive-date=December 31, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The camera rig was a product of the film's producer, [[Harry K. Fairall]], and [[cinematographer]] Robert F. Elder.<ref name="limbacher"/> It was filmed dual-strip in black and white, and single strip color anaglyphic release prints were produced using a color film invented and patented by Harry K. Fairall. A single projector could be used to display the movie but anaglyph glasses were used for viewing. The camera system and special color release print film all received U.S Patent No. 1,784,515 on December 9, 1930.<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=US1784515A|title=Binocular nonstop-motion-picture camera|status=patent|gdate=1925-11-21|invent1=Harry|inventor1-first=Fairall|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1784515A/en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Symmes |first1=Daniel L. |title=3-D Power |url=http://www.3dmovingpictures.com/pol.html |website=3dmovingpictures.com |access-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-date=December 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230622/http://www.3dmovingpictures.com/pol.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After a preview for exhibitors and press in New York City, the film dropped out of sight, apparently not booked by exhibitors, and is now considered [[lost film|lost]].

Early in December 1922, William Van Doren Kelley, inventor of the [[Prizma]] color system, cashed in on the growing interest in 3D films started by Fairall's demonstration and shot footage with a camera system of his own design. Kelley then struck a deal with [[Samuel Roxy Rothafel|Samuel "Roxy" Rothafel]] to premiere the first in his series of "Plasticon" shorts entitled ''Movies of the Future'' at the Rivoli Theater in New York City.

Also in December 1922, [[Laurens Hammond]] (later inventor of the [[Hammond organ]]) premiered his [[Teleview]] system, which had been shown to the trade and press in October. Teleview was the first alternating-frame 3D system seen by the public. Using left-eye and right-eye [[release print|prints]] and two interlocked [[Movie projector|projectors]], left and right [[film frame|frames]] were alternately projected, each pair being shown three times to suppress flicker. Viewing devices attached to the armrests of the theater seats had rotary shutters that operated synchronously with the projector shutters, producing a clean and clear stereoscopic result. The only theater known to have installed Teleview was the Selwyn Theater in New York City, and only one show was ever presented with it: a group of short films, an exhibition of live 3D shadows, and ''[[The Man from M.A.R.S. (1922 film)|M.A.R.S.]]'', the only Teleview [[feature film|feature]]. The show ran for several weeks, apparently doing good business as a novelty (''M.A.R.S.'' itself got poor reviews), but Teleview was never seen again.<ref name="3dmovingpictures.com">{{cite web|title="The Chopper", article by Daniel L. Symmes|url=http://www.3dmovingpictures.com/chopper.html|url-status=live|access-date=June 3, 2020|publisher=3dmovingpictures.com|ref=3dmovingpictures.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130151307/http://www.3dmovingpictures.com:80/chopper.html |archive-date=November 30, 2006 }}</ref>

In 1922, [[Frederic Eugene Ives]] and Jacob Leventhal began releasing their first stereoscopic shorts made over a three-year period. The first film, entitled ''Plastigrams'', was distributed nationally by [[Educational Pictures]] in the red-and-blue anaglyph format. Ives and Leventhal then went on to produce the following stereoscopic shorts in the "Stereoscopiks Series" released by [[Pathé|Pathé Films]] in 1925: ''Zowie'' (April 10), ''Luna-cy!'' (May 18), ''The Run-Away Taxi'' (December 17) and ''Ouch'' (December 17).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinetecadelfriuli.org/gcm/previous_editions/edizione1999/redisc_tecn.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927034407/http://www.cinetecadelfriuli.org/gcm/previous_editions/edizione1999/redisc_tecn.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |title=SEZIONI99-REDISC-TECN |access-date=October 14, 2010}}</ref> On September 22, 1924, ''Luna-cy!'' was re-released in the [[Lee de Forest|De Forest]] [[Phonofilm]] sound-on-film system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/P/Plastigrams1922.html|title=Silent Era: Progressive Silent Film List|website=silentera.com|access-date=October 25, 2010|archive-date=March 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317101906/http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/P/Plastigrams1922.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The late 1920s to early 1930s saw little interest in stereoscopic pictures. In Paris, [[Louis Lumiere]] shot footage with his stereoscopic camera in September 1933. The following March he exhibited a remake of his 1895 short film ''L'Arrivée du Train'', this time in anaglyphic 3D, at a meeting of the French Academy of Science.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Zone|first=Ray|title=Stereoscopic cinema & the origins of 3-D film, 1838-1952|date=2007|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-7271-2|location=Lexington, Ky.|oclc=182523038}}</ref>

In 1936, Leventhal and John Norling were hired based on their test footage to film MGM's ''Audioscopiks'' series. The prints were by [[Technicolor]] in the red-and-green anaglyph format, and were narrated by [[Pete Smith (film producer)|Pete Smith]]. The first film, ''Audioscopiks'', premiered January 11, 1936, and ''The New Audioscopiks'' premiered January 15, 1938. ''Audioscopiks'' was nominated for the Academy Award in the category [[Academy Award, Best Short Subject, Novelty|Best Short Subject, Novelty]] in 1936.

With the success of the two Audioscopiks films, MGM produced one more short in anaglyph 3D, another Pete Smith Specialty called ''[[Third Dimensional Murder]]'' (1941). Unlike its predecessors, this short was shot with a studio-built camera rig. Prints were by Technicolor in red-and-blue anaglyph. The short is notable for being one of the few live-action appearances of the Frankenstein Monster as conceived by [[Jack Pierce (makeup artist)|Jack Pierce]] for [[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]] outside of their company.

While many of these films were printed by color systems, none of them was actually in color, and the use of the color printing was only to achieve an anaglyph effect.<ref>{{cite web|title=3D Wise|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BL8Tu1GrL7c| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526111240/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BL8Tu1GrL7c| archive-date=May 26, 2015 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=March 28, 2013}}</ref>

====Introduction of Polaroid====

While attending [[Harvard University]], [[Edwin H. Land]] conceived the idea of reducing [[glare (vision)|glare]] by [[polarization (waves)|polarizing light]]. He took a [[leave of absence]] from Harvard to set up a lab and by 1929 had invented and patented a polarizing sheet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1987/2/1987_2_60.shtml |title=Instant History |publisher=Americanheritage.com |access-date=October 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113155316/http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1987/2/1987_2_60.shtml |archive-date=January 13, 2010 }}</ref> In 1932, he introduced '''Polaroid J Sheet''' as a commercial product.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newton.mec.edu/bigelow/engineering_technology/examples/land/Land.htm |title=Edwin Herbert Land |access-date=July 29, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622200835/http://www.newton.mec.edu/Bigelow/engineering_technology/examples/land/Land.htm |archive-date=June 22, 2006 }}</ref> While his original intention was to create a filter for reducing glare from car headlights, Land did not underestimate the utility of his newly dubbed [[Polaroid (polarizer)|Polaroid filters]] in stereoscopic presentations.

In February 1936, Land gave the first public demonstration of Polaroid filters in conjunction with 3D photography at the [[Waldorf-Astoria Hotel]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zone|first=Ray|title=Stereoscopic cinema & the origins of 3-D film, 1838-1952|date=2007|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-7271-2|location=Lexington, Ky.|page=152|oclc=182523038}}</ref> The reaction was enthusiastic, and he followed it up with an installation at the New York Museum of Science.<ref name=":0" /> It is unknown what film was run for audiences at this exhibition.

Using Polaroid filters meant an entirely new form of projection, however. Two prints, each carrying either the right or left eye view, had to be synced up in projection using an external [[selsyn]] motor. Furthermore, polarized light would be largely depolarized by a matte white screen, and only a [[silver screen]] or screen made of other reflective material would correctly reflect the separate images.

Later that year, the feature, ''Nozze Vagabonde'' appeared in Italy, followed in Germany by ''Zum Greifen nah'' (''You Can Nearly Touch It''), and again in 1939 with Germany's ''Sechs Mädel rollen ins Wochenend'' (''Six Girls Drive Into the Weekend''). The Italian film was made with the Gualtierotti camera; the two German productions with the Zeiss camera and the Vierling shooting system. All of these films were the first exhibited using Polaroid filters. The [[Carl Zeiss AG|Zeiss Company]] in Germany manufactured glasses on a commercial basis commencing in 1936; they were also independently made around the same time in Germany by E. Käsemann and by J. Mahler.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weber |first=Frank A. |year=1953 |chapter=3-D in Europe |title=New Screen Techniques |editor-last=Quigley |editor-first=Martin Jr. |page=71 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newscreentechniq00mart/page/70/mode/2up}}</ref>

In 1939, John Norling shot ''In Tune With Tomorrow'', the first commercial 3D film using Polaroid in the US{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}. This short premiered at the [[1939 New York World's Fair]] and was created specifically for the Chrysler Motors Pavilion. In it, a full 1939 Chrysler Plymouth is magically put together, set to music. Originally in black and white, the film was so popular that it was re-shot in color for the following year at the fair, under the title ''New Dimensions''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} In 1953, it was reissued by RKO as ''Motor Rhythm''.

Another early short that utilized the Polaroid 3D process was 1940's ''[[Magic Movies: Thrills For You]]'' produced by the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] Co. for the [[Golden Gate International Exposition]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Produced by John Norling, it was filmed by Jacob Leventhal using his own rig. It consisted of shots of various views that could be seen from the Pennsylvania Railroad's trains.

In the 1940s, World War II prioritized military applications of stereoscopic photography and it once again went on the back burner in most producers' minds.

===The "golden era" (1952–1954)===

What aficionados consider the "golden era" of 3D began in late 1952 with the release of the first color stereoscopic feature, ''[[Bwana Devil]]'', produced, written and directed by [[Arch Oboler]]. The film was shot in "Natural Vision", a process that was co-created and controlled by M. L. Gunzberg. Gunzberg, who built the rig with his brother Julian, [[Friend Baker]] and [[Lothrop Worth]], shopped it without success to various studios before Oboler used it for this feature, which went into production with the title, ''The Lions of Gulu''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gunzberg |first=M.L. |year=1953 |chapter=What is Natural Vision? |title=New Screen Techniques |editor-last=Quigley |editor-first=Martin Jr. |pages= 55–59 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newscreentechniq00mart/page/54/mode/2up}}</ref> The critically panned film was nevertheless highly successful with audiences due to the novelty of 3D, which increased Hollywood interest in 3D during a period that had seen declining box-office admissions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zone|first=Ray|title=3-D revolution: the history of modern stereoscopic cinema|date=2012|isbn=978-0-8131-3612-7|pages=7–8|language=English|oclc=1035685181}}</ref>

As with practically all of the features made during this boom, ''Bwana Devil'' was projected dual-strip, with [[Polaroid (polarizer)|Polaroid filters]]. During the 1950s, the familiar disposable [[Anaglyph 3D|anaglyph]] glasses made of cardboard were mainly used for comic books, two shorts by exploitation specialist [[Dan Sonney]], and three shorts produced by [[Lippert Productions]]. However, even the Lippert shorts were available in the dual-strip format alternatively.

Because the features utilized two projectors, the capacity limit of film being loaded onto each projector (about {{convert|6000|ft|m}}, or an hour's worth of film) meant that an intermission was necessary for every feature-length film. Quite often, intermission points were written into the script at a major plot point.

During Christmas of 1952, producer [[Sol Lesser]] quickly premiered the dual-strip showcase called ''Stereo Techniques'' in Chicago.<ref>"Lesser Acquires Rights to British Tri-Opticon", ''BoxOffice'', October 25, 1952: 21.</ref> Lesser acquired the rights to five dual-strip shorts. Two of them, ''Now is the Time (to Put On Your Glasses)'' and ''Around is Around'', were directed by [[Norman McLaren]] in 1951 for the [[National Film Board of Canada]]. The other three films were produced in Britain for The [[Festival of Britain]] in 1951 by Raymond Spottiswoode. These were ''A Solid Explanation'', ''Royal River'', and ''The Black Swan''.

James Mage was also an early pioneer in the 3D craze. Using his 16 mm 3D Bolex system, he premiered his ''Triorama'' program on February 10, 1953, with his four shorts: ''Sunday In Stereo'', ''Indian Summer'', ''American Life'', and ''This is Bolex Stereo''.<ref>"Just Like 1927", ''BoxOffice'', February 7, 1953: 12.</ref> This show is considered lost.

Another early 3D film during the boom was the Lippert Productions short ''A Day in the Country'', narrated by [[Joe Besser]], which was composed mostly of test footage. Unlike all of the other Lippert shorts, which were available in both dual-strip and anaglyph, this production was released in anaglyph only.

April 1953 saw two groundbreaking features in 3D: [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]]'s ''[[Man in the Dark]]'' and [[Warner Bros.]]' ''[[House of Wax (1953 film)|House of Wax]]'', the first 3D feature with [[stereophonic sound]]. ''House of Wax'' was (outside of [[Cinerama]]) the first time many American audiences heard recorded stereophonic sound; it was also the film that typecast [[Vincent Price]] as a horror star as well as the "King of 3-D" after he became the actor to star in the most 3D features (the others were ''[[The Mad Magician]]'', ''[[Dangerous Mission]]'', and ''[[Son of Sinbad]]''). The success of these two films proved that major studios now had a method of getting filmgoers back into theaters and away from television sets, which were causing a steady decline in attendance.

[[Universal Pictures|Universal-International]] released its first 3D feature, ''[[It Came from Outer Space]]'', on May 27, 1953, with stereophonic sound. That was followed by Paramount's first 3D feature, ''[[Sangaree (film)|Sangaree]]'' with [[Fernando Lamas]] and [[Arlene Dahl]].

[[List of assets owned by The Walt Disney Company#Marvel Entertainment|The Walt Disney Studios]] entered 3D with its May 28, 1953, release of ''[[Melody (1953 film)|Melody]]'', which accompanied the first 3D western, Columbia's ''[[Fort Ti]]'' at its Los Angeles opening. It was later shown at [[Disneyland]]'s Fantasyland Theater in 1957 as part of a program with Disney's other short ''[[Working for Peanuts]]'', entitled, ''3-D Jamboree''. The show was hosted by the [[Mickey Mouse Club|Mousketeers]] and was in color.

Columbia released several 3D westerns produced by [[Sam Katzman]] and directed by [[William Castle]]. Castle would later specialize in various technical in-theater gimmicks for such Columbia and Allied Artists features as ''[[13 Ghosts]]'', ''[[House on Haunted Hill]]'', and ''[[The Tingler]]''. Columbia also produced the only slapstick comedies conceived for 3D. [[The Three Stooges]] starred in ''[[Spooks (1953 film)|Spooks]]'' and ''[[Pardon My Backfire]]''; dialect comic Harry Mimmo starred in ''Down the Hatch''. Producer [[Jules White]] was optimistic about the possibilities of 3D as applied to slapstick (with pies and other projectiles aimed at the audience), but only two of his stereoscopic shorts were shown in 3D. ''Down the Hatch'' was released as a conventional, "flat" motion picture. (Columbia has since printed ''Down the Hatch'' in 3D for film festivals.)

[[John Ireland (actor)|John Ireland]], [[Joanne Dru]] and [[Macdonald Carey]] starred in the [[Jack Broder]] color production ''[[Hannah Lee]]'', which premiered on June 19, 1953. The film was directed by Ireland, who sued Broder for his salary. Broder counter-sued, claiming that Ireland went over production costs with the film.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

Another famous entry in the golden era of 3D was the 3 Dimensional Pictures production of ''[[Robot Monster]]''. The film was allegedly scribed in an hour by screenwriter Wyott Ordung and filmed in a period of two weeks on a shoestring budget.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Despite these shortcomings and the fact that the crew had no previous experience with the newly built camera rig, luck was on the [[cinematographer]]'s side, as many find the 3D photography in the film is well shot and aligned. ''Robot Monster'' also has a notable score by then up-and-coming composer [[Elmer Bernstein]]. The film was released June 24, 1953, and went out with the short ''[[Stardust in Your Eyes]]'', which starred nightclub comedian, [[Slick Slavin]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

[[20th Century Fox]] produced its only 3D feature, ''[[Inferno (1953 film)|Inferno]]'', in 1953, starring [[Rhonda Fleming]]. Fleming, who also starred in ''[[Those Redheads From Seattle]]'', and ''[[Jivaro (film)|Jivaro]]'', shares the spot for being the actress to appear in the most 3D features with Patricia Medina, who starred in ''Sangaree'', ''Phantom of the Rue Morgue'' and ''[[Drums of Tahiti]]''. [[Darryl F. Zanuck]] expressed little interest in stereoscopic systems, and at that point was preparing to premiere the new widescreen film system, [[CinemaScope]].

The first decline in the theatrical 3D craze started in August and September 1953. The factors causing this decline were:

* Two prints had to be projected simultaneously.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
* The prints had to remain exactly alike after repair, or synchronization would be lost.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
* It sometimes required two projectionists to keep sync working properly.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
* When either prints or shutters became out of sync, even for a single frame, the picture became virtually unwatchable and accounted for headaches and eyestrain.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
* The necessary silver projection screen was very directional and caused sideline seating to be unusable with both 3D and regular films, due to the angular darkening of these screens. Later films that opened in wider-seated venues often premiered flat for that reason (such as ''[[Kiss Me Kate (film)|Kiss Me Kate]]'' at the [[Radio City Music Hall]]).{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
* A mandatory intermission was needed to properly prepare the theater's projectors for the showing of the second half of the film.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Because projection booth operators were at many times careless, even at preview screenings of 3D films, trade and newspaper critics claimed that certain films were "hard on the eyes."{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

Sol Lesser attempted to follow up ''Stereo Techniques'' with a new showcase, this time five shorts that he himself produced.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} The project was to be called ''[[The 3-D Follies]]'' and was to be distributed by RKO.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Unfortunately, because of financial difficulties and the general loss of interest in 3D, Lesser canceled the project during the summer of 1953, making it the first 3D film to be aborted in production.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Two of the three shorts were shot: ''Carmenesque'', a burlesque number starring exotic dancer [[Lili St. Cyr]], and ''Fun in the Sun'', a sports short directed by famed set designer/director [[William Cameron Menzies]], who also directed the 3D feature ''The Maze'' for Allied Artists.

Although it was more expensive to install, the major competing realism process was wide-screen, but two-dimensional, [[anamorphic]], first utilized by Fox with CinemaScope and its September premiere in ''[[The Robe (film)|The Robe]]''. Anamorphic films needed only a single print, so synchronization was not an issue. Cinerama was also a competitor from the start and had better quality control than 3D because it was owned by one company that focused on quality control. However, most of the 3D features past the summer of 1953 were released in the flat [[widescreen]] formats ranging from 1.66:1 to 1.85:1. In early studio advertisements and articles about widescreen and 3D formats, widescreen systems were referred to as "3D", causing some confusion among scholars.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

There was no single instance of combining CinemaScope with 3D until 1960, with a film called ''[[September Storm]]'', and even then, that was a blow-up from a non-anamorphic negative.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} ''September Storm'' also went out with the last dual-strip short, ''[[Space Attack]]'', which was actually shot in 1954 under the title ''The Adventures of Sam Space''.

In December 1953, 3D made a comeback with the release of several important 3D films, including MGM's musical ''[[Kiss Me Kate (film)|Kiss Me, Kate]]''. ''Kate'' was the hill over which 3D had to pass to survive. MGM tested it in six theaters: three in 3D and three-flat.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} According to trade ads of the time, the 3D version was so well-received that the film quickly went into a wide stereoscopic release.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} However, most publications, including [[Kenneth Macgowan]]'s classic film reference book ''Behind the Screen'', state that the film did much better as a "regular" release. The film, adapted from the popular [[Cole Porter]] [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical, starred the MGM songbird team of [[Howard Keel]] and [[Kathryn Grayson]] as the leads, supported by [[Ann Miller]], [[Keenan Wynn]], [[Bobby Van (actor)|Bobby Van]], [[James Whitmore]], Kurt Kasznar and [[Tommy Rall]]. The film also prominently promoted its use of stereophonic sound.

Several other features that helped put 3D back on the map that month were the John Wayne feature ''[[Hondo (film)|Hondo]]'' (distributed by Warner Bros.), Columbia's ''[[Miss Sadie Thompson]]'' with [[Rita Hayworth]], and Paramount's ''[[Money From Home]]'' with [[Dean Martin]] and [[Jerry Lewis]]. Paramount also released the cartoon shorts ''Boo Moon'' with [[Casper the Friendly Ghost|Casper, the Friendly Ghost]] and ''Popeye, Ace of Space'' with [[Popeye|Popeye the Sailor]]. [[Paramount Pictures]] released a 3D [[Korean War]] film ''[[Cease Fire (1953 film)|Cease Fire]]'' filmed on actual Korean locations in 1953.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3dfilmarchive.com/cease-fire|title=Cease Fire - 3dfilmarchive|website=3dfilmarchive.com|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808191024/http://www.3dfilmarchive.com/cease-fire}}</ref>

''[[Top Banana (film)|Top Banana]]'', based on the popular [[Top Banana (musical)|stage musical]] with [[Phil Silvers]], was brought to the screen with the original cast. Although it was merely a filmed stage production, the idea was that every audience member would feel they would have the best seat in the house through color photography and 3D.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Although the film was shot and edited in 3D, [[United Artists]], the distributor, felt the production was uneconomical in stereoscopic form and released the film flat on January 27, 1954.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} It remains one of two "Golden era" 3D features, along with another United Artists feature, ''[[Southwest Passage]]'' (with John Ireland and Joanne Dru), that are currently considered lost (although flat versions survive).

A string of successful films filmed in 3D followed the second wave, but many were widely or exclusively shown flat. Some highlights are:
* ''[[The French Line]]'', starring [[Jane Russell]] and [[Gilbert Roland]], a [[Howard Hughes]]/RKO production. The film became notorious for being released without an MPAA seal of approval after several suggestive lyrics were included, as well as one of Ms. Russell's particularly revealing costumes.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Playing up her sex appeal, one tagline for the film was, "It'll knock ''both'' of your eyes out!" The film was later cut and approved by the MPAA for a general flat release, despite having a wide and profitable 3D release.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
* ''[[Taza, Son of Cochise]]'', a sequel to 1950s ''[[Broken Arrow (1950 film)|Broken Arrow]]'', which starred [[Rock Hudson]] in the title role, Barbara Rush as the love interest, and [[Rex Reason]] (billed as Bart Roberts) as his renegade brother. Originally released flat through Universal-International. It was directed by the great stylist [[Douglas Sirk]], and his striking visual sense made the film a huge success when it was "re-premiered" in 3D in 2006 at the Second 3D Expo in Hollywood.
* Two ape films: ''[[Phantom of the Rue Morgue]]'', featuring [[Karl Malden]] and Patricia Medina, produced by Warner Bros. and based on [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s "[[The Murders in the Rue Morgue]]", and ''[[Gorilla at Large]]'', a Panoramic Production starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]], distributed flat and 3D through Fox.
* ''[[Creature from the Black Lagoon]]'', starring [[Richard Carlson (actor)|Richard Carlson]] and [[Julie Adams]], directed by [[Jack Arnold (director)|Jack Arnold]]. Although arguably the most famous 3D film, it was typically seen in 3D only in large urban theaters and shown flat in the many smaller neighborhood theaters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An In-Depth Look at Creature from the Black Lagoon |url=http://www.3dfilmarchive.com/an-in-depth-look-at-creature-from-the-black-lagoon-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402080856/http://www.3dfilmarchive.com/an-in-depth-look-at-creature-from-the-black-lagoon-1 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |website=www.3dfilmarchive.com |author1=Furmanek, Bob |author2=Kintz, Greg |date=2012 }}</ref> It was the only 3D feature that spawned a 3D sequel, ''[[Revenge of the Creature]]'', which was in turn followed by ''[[The Creature Walks Among Us]]'', shot flat.
* ''[[Dial M for Murder]]'', directed by [[Alfred Hitchcock]] and starring [[Ray Milland]], [[Robert Cummings]], and [[Grace Kelly]], is considered by aficionados of 3D to be one of the best examples of the process. Although available in 3D in 1954, there are no known playdates in 3D,{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} since Warner Bros. had just instated a simultaneous 3D/2D release policy. The film's screening in 3D in February 1980 at the York Theater in San Francisco did so well that Warner Bros. re-released the film in 3D in February 1982.
* ''[[Gog (film)|Gog]]'', the last episode in [[Ivan Tors]]' ''Office of Scientific Investigation (OSI)'' trilogy dealing with realistic science fiction (following ''[[The Magnetic Monster]]'' and ''[[Riders to the Stars]]''). Most theaters showed it flat.
* ''[[The Diamond (film)|The Diamond]]'' (released in the United States as ''The Diamond Wizard''), a 1954 British [[crime film]] starring [[Dennis O'Keefe]]. The only stereoscopic feature shot in Britain, released flat in both the UK and US.
* [[Irwin Allen]]'s ''[[Dangerous Mission]]'' released by RKO in 1954 featuring Allen's trademarks of an all-star cast facing a disaster (a forest fire). Bosley Crowther's ''New York Times'' review mentions that it was shown flat.
* ''[[Son of Sinbad]]'', another RKO/Howard Hughes production, starring [[Dale Robertson]], Lili St. Cyr, and Vincent Price. The film was shelved after Hughes ran into difficulty with ''The French Line'', and was not released until 1955, at which time it went out flat, converted to the SuperScope process.

3D's final decline was in the late spring of 1954, for the same reasons as the previous lull, as well as the further success of widescreen formats with theater operators. Even though [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]] had created a well-designed "Tell-Tale Filter Kit" for the purpose of recognizing and adjusting out of sync and phase 3D,<ref>Cohen, Stanley. "Proper Tools a 3-D 'Must'." International Projectionist, February 1954, 12.</ref> exhibitors still felt uncomfortable with the system and turned their focus instead to processes such as CinemaScope. The last 3D feature to be released in that format during the "Golden era" was ''[[Revenge of the Creature]]'', on February 23, 1955. Ironically, the film had a wide release in 3D and was well received at the box office.<ref name="Amazing104-105">{{Cite book|title=Amazing 3D Texte imprimé|date=1983|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|pages=104–105|oclc=1010208086}}</ref>

===Revival (1960–1984) in single strip format===

Stereoscopic films largely remained dormant for the first part of the 1960s, with those that were released usually being anaglyph exploitation films. One film of notoriety was the Beaver-Champion/Warner Bros. production, ''[[The Mask (1961 film)|The Mask]]'' (1961). The film was shot in 2-D, but to enhance the bizarre qualities of the dream-world that is induced when the main character puts on a cursed tribal mask, these scenes went to anaglyph 3D. These scenes were printed by Technicolor on their first run in red/green anaglyph.

Although 3D films appeared sparsely during the early 1960s, the true second wave of 3D cinema was set into motion by Arch Oboler, the producer who had started the craze of the 1950s. Using a new technology called ''Space-Vision 3D''. The origin of "Space-Vision 3D" goes back to Colonel Robert Vincent Bernier, a forgotten innovator in the history of stereoscopic motion pictures. His Trioptiscope Space-Vision lens was the gold standard for the production and exhibition of 3-D films for nearly 30 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.3dfilmarchive.com/home/The-Bubble|title=The Bubble - 3dfilmarchive|website=3dfilmarchive.com|access-date=March 14, 2015|archive-date=October 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018040744/http://www.3dfilmarchive.com/home/The-Bubble}}</ref> "Space-Vision 3D" stereoscopic films were printed with two images, one above the other, in a single academy ratio frame, on a single strip, and needed only one projector fitted with a special lens. This so-called "over and under" technique eliminated the need for dual projector set-ups, and produced widescreen, but darker, less vivid, polarized 3D images. Unlike earlier dual system, it could stay in perfect synchronization, unless improperly spliced in repair.

Arch Oboler once again had the vision for the system that no one else would touch, and put it to use on his film entitled ''[[The Bubble (1966 film)|The Bubble]]'', which starred [[Michael Cole (actor)|Michael Cole]], [[Deborah Walley]], and [[Johnny Desmond]]. As with ''Bwana Devil'', the critics panned ''The Bubble'', but audiences flocked to see it, and it became financially sound enough to promote the use of the system to other studios, particularly independents, who did not have the money for expensive dual-strip prints of their productions.

In 1970, [[Stereovision]], a new entity founded by director/inventor Allan Silliphant and optical designer [[Chris Condon]], developed a different 35 mm single-strip format, which printed two images squeezed side by side and used an anamorphic lens to widen the pictures through Polaroid filters. Louis K. Sher (Sherpix) and Stereovision released the softcore sex comedy ''[[The Stewardesses]]'' (self-rated X, but later re-rated R by the MPAA). The film cost US$100,000 to produce, and ran for months in several markets.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} eventually earning $27 million in North America, alone ($140 million in constant-2010 dollars) in fewer than 800 theaters, becoming the most profitable 3-Dimensional film to date, and in purely relative terms, one of the most profitable films ever. It was later released in 70 mm 3D. Some 36 films worldwide were made with Stereovision over 25 years, using either a widescreen (above-below), anamorphic (side by side) or 70 mm 3D formats.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} In 2009 ''The Stewardesses'' was remastered by Chris Condon and director Ed Meyer, releasing it in [[XpanD 3D]], [[RealD 3D]] and [[Dolby 3D]].

The quality of the 1970s 3D films was not much more inventive, as many were either softcore and even hardcore adult films, horror films, or a combination of both. Paul Morrisey's ''[[Andy Warhol's Frankenstein|Flesh For Frankenstein]]'' (aka ''Andy Warhol's Frankenstein'') was a superlative example of such a combination.

Between 1981 and 1983 there was a new Hollywood 3D craze started by the spaghetti western ''[[Comin' at Ya!]]''. When ''[[Parasite (1982 film)|Parasite]]'' was released it was billed as the first horror film to come out in 3D in over 20 years. Horror films and reissues of 1950s 3D classics (such as Hitchcock's ''[[Dial M for Murder]]'') dominated the 3D releases that followed. The second sequel in the ''[[Friday the 13th (franchise)|Friday the 13th]]'' series, ''[[Friday the 13th Part III]]'', was released very successfully. Apparently saying "part 3 in 3D" was considered too cumbersome so it was shortened in the titles of ''[[Jaws 3-D]]'' and ''[[Amityville 3-D]]'', which emphasized the screen effects to the point of being annoying at times, especially when flashlights were shone into the eyes of the audience.

The science fiction film ''[[Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone]]'' was the most expensive 3D film made up to that point with production costs about the same as ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' but not nearly the same box office success, causing the craze to fade quickly through spring 1983. Other sci-fi/fantasy films were released as well including ''[[Metalstorm: The Destruction of Jared-Syn]]'' and ''[[Treasure of the Four Crowns]]'', which was widely criticized for poor editing and plot holes, but did feature some truly spectacular closeups.

3D releases after the second craze included ''[[The Man Who Wasn't There (1983 film)|The Man Who Wasn't There]]'' (1983), ''Silent Madness'' and the 1985 animated film ''[[Starchaser: The Legend of Orin]]'', whose plot seemed to borrow heavily from ''Star Wars''.

Only ''Comin' At Ya!'', ''Parasite'', and ''Friday the 13th Part III'' have been officially released on VHS and/or DVD in 3D in the United States (although ''Amityville 3D'' has seen a 3D DVD release in the United Kingdom). Most of the 1980s 3D films and some of the classic 1950s films such as ''[[House of Wax (1953 film)|House of Wax]]'' were released on the now defunct Video Disc (VHD) format in Japan as part of a system that used shutter glasses. Most of these have been unofficially transferred to DVD and are available on the [[grey market]] through sites such as eBay.

Stereoscopic movies were also popular in other parts of the world, such as [[My Dear Kuttichathan]], a [[Malayalam]] film which was shot with stereoscopic 3D and released in 1984.

===Rebirth of 3D (1985–2003)===

In the mid-1980s, [[IMAX]] began producing non-fiction films for its nascent 3D business, starting with ''We Are Born of Stars'' ([[Roman Kroitor]], 1985). A key point was that this production, as with all subsequent IMAX productions, emphasized mathematical correctness of the 3D rendition and thus largely eliminated the eye fatigue and pain that resulted from the approximate geometries of previous 3D incarnations. In addition, and in contrast to previous 35mm-based 3D presentations, the very large field of view provided by IMAX allowed a much broader 3D "stage", arguably as important in 3D film as it is theatre.

[[The Walt Disney Company]] also began more prominent use of 3D films in special venues to impress audiences with [[Magic Journeys]] (1982) and ''[[Captain EO]]'' ([[Francis Ford Coppola]], 1986, starring [[Michael Jackson]]) being notable examples. In the same year, the [[National Film Board of Canada]] production ''[[Transitions (film)|Transitions]]'' ([[Colin Low (filmmaker)|Colin Low]]), created for [[Expo 86]] in Vancouver, was the first IMAX presentation using polarized glasses. ''Echoes of the Sun'' ([[Roman Kroitor]], 1990) was the first IMAX film to be presented using alternate-eye shutterglass technology, a development required because the dome screen precluded the use of polarized technology.

From 1990 onward, numerous films were produced by all three parties to satisfy the demands of their various high-profile special attractions and [[IMAX]]'s expanding 3D network. Films of special note during this period include the extremely successful ''Into the Deep'' ([[Graeme Ferguson (filmmaker)|Graeme Ferguson]], 1995) and the first IMAX 3D fiction film ''[[Wings of Courage]]'' (1996), by director [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]], about the pilot [[Henri Guillaumet]].

Other stereoscopic films produced in this period include:

*''The Last Buffalo'' ([[Stephen Low (filmmaker)|Stephen Low]], 1990)
*''[[Muppet*Vision 3D|Jim Henson's Muppet*Vision 3D]]'' ([[Jim Henson]], 1991)
*''Imagine'' (John Weiley, 1993)
*''[[Honey, I Shrunk the Audience]]'' (Daniel Rustuccio, 1994)
*''Into the Deep'' ([[Graeme Ferguson (filmmaker)|Graeme Ferguson]], 1995)
*''Across the Sea of Time'' ([[Stephen Low (filmmaker)|Stephen Low]], 1995)
*''[[Wings of Courage]]'' ([[Jean-Jacques Annaud]], 1996)
*''L5, First City in Space'' ([[Graeme Ferguson (filmmaker)|Graeme Ferguson]], 1996)
*''[[T2 3-D: Battle Across Time]]'' ([[James Cameron]], 1996)
*''Paint Misbehavin'' ([[Roman Kroitor]] and Peter Stephenson, 1997)
*''IMAX Nutcracker'' (1997)
*''The Hidden Dimension'' (1997)
*''[[T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous]]'' ([[Brett Leonard]], 1998)
*''Mark Twain's America'' ([[Stephen Low (filmmaker)|Stephen Low]], 1998)
*''Siegfried & Roy: The Magic Box'' ([[Brett Leonard]], 1999)
*''Galapagos'' (Al Giddings and David Clark, 1999)
*''Encounter in the Third Dimension'' ([[Ben Stassen]], 1999)
*''[[Alien Adventure]]'' ([[Ben Stassen]], 1999)
*''Ultimate G's'' (2000)
*''[[CyberWorld]]'' (Hugh Murray, 2000)
*''Cirque du Soleil: Journey of Man'' (Keith Melton, 2000)
*''[[Haunted Castle (2001 film)|Haunted Castle]]'' ([[Ben Stassen]], 2001)
*''Panda Vision'' ([[Ben Stassen]], 2001)
*''[[Space Station 3D]]'' ([[Toni Myers]], 2002)
*''SOS Planet'' ([[Ben Stassen]], 2002)
*''Ocean Wonderland'' (2003)
*''[[Falling in Love Again (2003 film)|Falling in Love Again]]'' (Munro Ferguson, 2003)
*''Misadventures in 3D'' ([[Ben Stassen]], 2003)

By 2004, 54% of IMAX theaters (133 of 248) were capable of showing 3D films.<ref>{{cite report |title=IMAX Corporation Annual Report, 2004 |page= 7 |url=https://stocklight.com/stocks/us/nyse-imax/imax/annual-reports/nyse-imax-2004-10K-041027342.pdf |date=September 13, 2004}}</ref>

Shortly thereafter, higher quality [[computer animation]], competition from DVDs and other media, digital projection, digital video capture, and the use of sophisticated IMAX 70mm film projectors, created an opportunity for another wave of 3D films.<ref name="npr.org"/><ref name="machinist"/>

===Mainstream resurgence (2003–2010)===
In 2003, ''[[Ghosts of the Abyss]]'' by [[James Cameron]] was released as the first full-length 3D IMAX feature filmed with the [[Reality Camera System]]. This camera system used the latest HD video cameras, not film, and was built for Cameron by Vince Pace, to his specifications. The same camera system was used to film ''[[Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over]]'' (2003), ''[[Aliens of the Deep]]'' IMAX (2005), and ''[[The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl|The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D]]'' (2005).

In 2004, Las Vegas Hilton released [[Star Trek: The Experience]] which included two films. One of the films, ''[[Borg Invasion 4-D]]'' (Ty Granoroli), was in 3D. In August of the same year, rap group [[Insane Clown Posse]] released their ninth studio album ''[[Hell's Pit]]''. One of two versions of the album contained a DVD featuring a 3D short film for the track "[[Bowling Balls]]", shot in high-definition video.<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Anderson |title=''3-D not an alien concept in Hollywood'' |url=https://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/movies/articles/2009/03/26/20090326danimation0326.html |newspaper=[[Newsday]] |date=March 26, 2009 |access-date=April 4, 2009 }}</ref>

[[File:Director of Photography for IMAX® 3D movie Hidden Universe, Malcolm Ludgate, with IMAX camera.jpg|thumb|Shooting of the film ''[[Hidden Universe 3D]]'' with [[IMAX]] camera.<ref>{{cite news|title=World Premiere of IMAX® 3D Film Hidden Universe|url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1329/|access-date=July 7, 2013|newspaper=ESO Press Release}}</ref>]]

In November 2004, ''[[The Polar Express (film)|The Polar Express]]'' was released as IMAX's first full-length, animated 3D feature. It was released in 3,584 theaters in 2D, and only 66 IMAX locations. The return from those few 3D theaters was about 25% of the total. The 3D version earned about 14 times as much per screen as the 2D version. This pattern continued and prompted a greatly intensified interest in 3D and 3D presentation of animated films.

In June 2005, the Mann's Chinese 6 theatre in Hollywood became the first commercial film theatre to be equipped with the Digital 3D format. Both ''[[Singin' in the Rain]]'' and ''The Polar Express'' were tested in the Digital 3D format over the course of several months. In November 2005, Walt Disney Pictures released ''[[Chicken Little (2005 film)|Chicken Little]]'' in Digital 3D format.

''[[The Butler's in Love]]'', a [[short film]] directed by [[David Arquette]] and starring [[Elizabeth Berkley]] and [[Thomas Jane]]<ref>{{IMDb title|tt1239428|The Butler's in Love (2008)}}</ref> was released on June 23, 2008. The film was shot at the former [[Industrial Light & Magic]] studios using [[KernerFX]]'s prototype Kernercam stereoscopic camera rig.

Ben Walters suggested in 2009 that both filmmakers and [[film exhibitor]]s regain interest in 3D film. There was more 3D exhibition equipment, and more dramatic films being shot in 3D format. One incentive is that the technology is more mature. Shooting in 3D format is less limited, and the result is more stable. Another incentive was the fact that while 2D ticket sales were in an overall state of decline, revenues from 3D tickets continued to grow at the time.<ref>Walters, Ben. "The Great Leap Forward". ''Sight & Sound'', 19.3. (2009) pp. 38–41.</ref>

Through the entire history of 3D presentations, techniques to [[2D to 3D conversion|convert]] existing 2D images for 3D presentation have existed. Few have been effective or survived. The combination of digital and digitized source material with relatively cost-effective [[digital post-processing]] has spawned a new wave of conversion products. In June 2006, [[IMAX]] and [[Warner Bros.]] released ''[[Superman Returns]]'' including 20 minutes of 3D images converted from the 2D original digital footage. [[George Lucas]] announced that he would re-release his ''[[Star Wars]]'' films in 3D based on a conversion process from the company In-Three. Later on in 2011, it was announced that Lucas was working with the company Prime Focus on this conversion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reelz.com/movie-news/9756/george-lucas-updates-star-wars-3-d-conversion/ |title=George Lucas Updates Star Wars 3D Conversion |access-date=January 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020192811/http://www.reelz.com/movie-news/9756/george-lucas-updates-star-wars-3-d-conversion/ |archive-date=October 20, 2011 }}</ref>

In late 2005, [[Steven Spielberg]] told the press he was involved in patenting a 3D cinema system that did not need glasses, based on plasma screens. A computer splits each film-frame, and then projects the two split images onto the screen at differing angles, to be picked up by tiny angled ridges on the screen.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

Animated films ''[[Open Season (2006 film)|Open Season]]'', and ''[[The Ant Bully (film)|The Ant Bully]]'', were released in analog 3D in 2006. ''[[Monster House (film)|Monster House]]'' and ''[[The Nightmare Before Christmas]]'' were released on [[XpanD 3D]], [[RealD 3D]] and [[Dolby 3D]] systems in 2006.

On May 19, 2007 ''[[Scar (film)|Scar3D]]'' opened at the Cannes Film Market. It was the first US-produced 3D full-length feature film to be completed in [[RealD 3D]]. It has been the #1 film at the [[box office]] in several countries around the world, including Russia where it opened in 3D on 295 screens.

On January 19, 2008, [[U2 3D]] was released; it was the first live-action digital 3D film. In the same year others 3D films included ''[[Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert]]'', ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 theatrical film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'', and ''[[Bolt (2008 film)|Bolt]]''.

On January 16, 2009, [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]] released ''[[My Bloody Valentine 3D]]'', the first horror film and first R-rated film to be projected in [[RealD 3D]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-ca-list-movies11-2009jan11,0,4953295.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202113749/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-ca-list-movies11-2009jan11%2C0%2C4953295.story |archive-date=February 2, 2009 |title=Movies |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 11, 2009 |access-date=January 21, 2009 }}</ref> It was released to 1,033 3D screens, the most ever for this format, and 1,501 regular screens. Another R-rated film, ''[[The Final Destination]]'', was released later that year in August on even more screens. It was the first of its [[Final Destination|series]] to be released in HD 3D.
Major 3D films in 2009 included ''[[Coraline (film)|Coraline]]'', ''[[Monsters vs. Aliens]]'', ''[[Up (2009 film)|Up]]'', ''[[X Games 3D: The Movie]]'', ''[[The Final Destination]]'', ''[[A Christmas Carol (2009 film)|Disney's A Christmas Carol]]'', and ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/19693 |title=Fact: Post-Conversion 3D Sucks... and So Does Prime Focus |publisher=Bloody-disgusting.com |date=April 5, 2010 |access-date=October 14, 2010}}</ref> ''Avatar'' has gone on to be one of the most expensive films of all time, with a budget at $237 million; it is also the highest-grossing film of all time. The main technologies used to exhibit these films, and many others released around the time and up to the present, are [[RealD 3D]], [[Dolby 3D]], [[XpanD 3D]], [[MasterImage 3D]], and [[IMAX 3D]]. The success of the film also led to electronics manufacturers releasing [[3D television]]s<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goss |first=Patrick |date=April 15, 2016 |title=Why Avatar's big screen success couldn't save 3D TV |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/television/why-avatar-s-big-screen-success-couldn-t-save-3d-tv-1319094 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720134733/http://www.techradar.com/news/television/why-avatar-s-big-screen-success-couldn-t-save-3d-tv-1319094 |archive-date=July 20, 2016 |access-date=May 11, 2020 |website=[[TechRadar]]}}</ref> and caused 3D films<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Matt |date=April 6, 2018 |title=3D Is Dead (Again) |url=https://collider.com/3d-movies-are-dead-again/ |access-date=April 7, 2018 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126111125/https://collider.com/3d-movies-are-dead-again/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to increase in popularity.

March and April 2010 saw three major 3D releases clustered together, with ''[[Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' hitting US theaters on March 5, 2010, ''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' on March 26, 2010, and ''[[Clash of the Titans (2010 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'' on April 2, 2010. On May 13 of the same year, China's first [[IMAX 3D]] film started shooting. The pre-production of the first 3D film shot in France, ''[[Derrière les murs]]'', began in May 2010 and was released in mid-2011.

On October 1, 2010 ''[[Scar (film)|Scar3D]]'' was the first-ever stereoscopic 3D [[Video on demand|Video-on-demand]] film released through major cable broadcasters for [[3D television]]s in the United States. Released in the United States on May 21, 2010, ''[[Shrek Forever After]]'' by [[DreamWorks Animation]] ([[Paramount Pictures]]) used the RealD 3D system, also released in IMAX 3D.

====World 3-D Expositions====
In September 2003, Sabucat Productions organized the first World 3-D Exposition, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the original craze. The Expo was held at [[Grauman's Egyptian Theatre]]. During the two-week festival, over 30 of the 50 "golden era" stereoscopic features (as well as shorts) were screened, many coming from the collection of film historian and archivist Robert Furmanek, who had spent the previous 15 years painstakingly tracking down and preserving each film to its original glory. In attendance were many stars from each film, respectively, and some were moved to tears by the sold-out seating with audiences of film buffs from all over the world who came to remember their previous glories.

In May 2006, the second World 3-D Exposition was announced for September of that year, presented by the [[3-D Film Preservation Fund]]. Along with the favorites of the previous exposition were newly discovered features and shorts, and like the previous Expo, guests from each film. Expo II was announced as being the locale for the world premiere of several films never before seen in 3D, including ''The Diamond Wizard'' and the Universal short, ''Hawaiian Nights'' with [[Mamie Van Doren]] and [[Pinky Lee]]. Other "re-premieres" of films not seen since their original release in stereoscopic form included ''Cease Fire!'', ''Taza, Son of Cochise'', ''Wings of the Hawk'', and ''Those Redheads From Seattle''. Also shown were the long-lost shorts ''Carmenesque'' and ''A Day in the Country'' (both 1953) and William Van Doren Kelley's two ''Plasticon'' shorts (1922 and 1923).

===Audience decline in theaters & 3D streaming (2011–present)===
In the wake of its initial popularity and corresponding increase in the number of screens, more films were being released in the 3D format, yet fewer people were choosing to see them in such a way. For instance, only 45% of the premiere weekend box office earnings of ''[[Kung Fu Panda 2]]'' in 2011 came from 3D screenings as opposed to 60% for ''[[Shrek Forever After]]'' in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/cgi/kung-fu-panda-2-stumbles-in-us-audiences-avoid-3-d-version.html |title=KFP 2" Stumbles in US, Audiences Avoid 3D Version |publisher=[[Cartoon Brew]] |access-date=May 31, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603153428/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/cgi/kung-fu-panda-2-stumbles-in-us-audiences-avoid-3-d-version.html |archive-date=June 3, 2011 }}</ref> In addition, the premiere of ''[[Cars 2]]'' opening weekend gross consisted of only 37% from 3D theatres.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-preview-can-transformers-205959|title=Box Office Preview: Can 'Transformers' Reverse 3D Decline? |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=June 27, 2011 |first=Pamela |last=McClintock |date=June 27, 2011}}</ref> ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' and ''[[Captain America: The First Avenger]]'' were major releases that achieved similar percentages: 43% and 40% respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://3d.about.com/od/3d-at-the-Movies/tp/3d-Ticket-Sales-By-Percentage.htm |title=About.com 3D: 3D Ticket Sales by Percentage |work=About.com Tech |publisher=[[About.com]] |access-date=August 28, 2012 |archive-date=November 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118155946/http://3d.about.com/od/3d-at-the-Movies/tp/3d-Ticket-Sales-By-Percentage.htm }}</ref> In view of this trend, there has been box office analysis concluding the implementation of 3D presentation is apparently backfiring by discouraging people from going to film theatres at all. As Brandon Gray of [[Box Office Mojo]] notes, "In each case, 3D's more-money-from-fewer-people approach has simply led to less money from even fewer people."<ref>{{cite web |last=Gray |first=Branddon |title=June Sees Box Office Dip |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3201&p=.htm |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=July 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710001443/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3201&p=.htm |archive-date=July 10, 2011| url-status=live}}</ref> Parallel, the number of televisions sold with support for [[3D television]] has dropped, let alone those sold with actual 3D goggles.

According to the Motion Picture Association of America, despite a record total of 47 3D films being released in 2011, the overall domestic box office receipts were down 18% to $1.8 billion from $2.2 billion in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studiobriefing.net/2012/03/3d-movies-decline-at-box-office/|title=3D Movies decline at Box Office|publisher=Studio Briefing|access-date=August 28, 2012|archive-date=September 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930094001/http://www.studiobriefing.net/2012/03/3d-movies-decline-at-box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref> Although revenues as a whole increased during 2012, the bulk has so far come from 2D presentations as exemplified by little over 50% of filmgoers opting to see the likes of ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' and 32% choosing ''[[Brave (2012 film)|Brave]]'' in their 3D versions. Conflicting reasons are respectively offered by studios and exhibitors: whereas the former blame more expensive 3D ticket prices, the latter argue that the quality of films in general is at fault. However, despite the perceived decline of 3D in the U.S. market, studio chiefs in 2012 were optimistic of better receipts internationally, where there still appeared to be a strong appetite for the format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/home-theater/led-by-families-interest-in-3d-is-plummeting-among-u-s-consumers/|title=Led by families, interest in 3D is plummeting among U.S. consumers|publisher=Digital Trends|access-date=August 28, 2012|date=July 14, 2012|archive-date=October 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011074532/https://www.digitaltrends.com/home-theater/led-by-families-interest-in-3d-is-plummeting-among-u-s-consumers/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-amazing-spider-man-avengers-347202 |title=Box Office Mid-Year Report: What's Worrying Hollywood |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=August 28, 2012 |first=Pamela |last=McClintock |date=July 11, 2012}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2023|reason=Speculation is over a decade old, follow up needed}}

Studios are also using 3D to generate additional income from films that are already commercially successful. Such re-releases usually involve a conversion from 2D. For example, Disney has reissued both ''[[The Lion King]]'' and ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'', with plans to add some of its other well-known titles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2011/10/04/disney-3d-releases/|title=Disney to Re-Release 4 Hit Animated Movies in 3D|date=October 5, 2011|publisher=Mashable Entertainment|access-date=August 30, 2012|archive-date=June 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613050604/http://mashable.com/2011/10/04/disney-3d-releases/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' has also been modified for 3D,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/titanic-3d-20120405|title=Titanic 3D review|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=August 30, 2012|date=April 5, 2012|archive-date=February 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073515/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/titanic-3d-20120405|url-status=live}}</ref> and there are also plans to similarly present all six ''[[Star Wars]]'' films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/star-wars-3d-ross-80599/|title=Star Wars Saga Getting Re-Release|date=September 29, 2010|publisher=ScreenRant|access-date=August 30, 2012}}</ref>

[[Jeffrey Katzenberg]], a producer of 3D films and one of the leading proponents of the format, blames oversaturation of the market with inferior films, especially ones photographed conventionally and then digitally processed in [[post-production]]. He claims that such films have led audiences to conclude that the format is not worth the often much higher ticket price.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.ca/movies/at-the-movies/a324805/poll-3d-movies-have-you-had-enough-of-them.html|title=Poll: 3D movies – Have you had enough of them?|publisher=Digital Spy|access-date=June 14, 2011|archive-date=May 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522030548/http://www.digitalspy.ca/movies/at-the-movies/a324805/poll-3d-movies-have-you-had-enough-of-them.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Daniel Engber, a columnist for ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', comes to a similar conclusion: "What happened to 3-D? It may have died from a case of acute [[Sepsis|septicemia]]—too much crap in the system."<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2011/09/who_killed_3d.single.html|title=Four theories on the death of 3-D. – Slate Magazine|journal=Slate|access-date=August 29, 2012|date=September 15, 2011}}</ref>

Film critic [[Mark Kermode]], a noted detractor of 3D, has surmised that there is an emerging policy of distributors to limit the availability of 2D versions, thus "railroading" the 3D format into cinemas whether the paying filmgoer likes it or not. This was especially prevalent during the release of ''[[Prometheus (2012 film)|Prometheus]]'' in 2012, where only 30% of prints for theatrical exhibition (at least in the UK) were in 2D.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fmarkkermode%2F2012%2F06%2Fprometheus_-_2d_v_3d.html |title=Prometheus: 2D v 3D|publisher=BBC Kermode Uncut|access-date=August 28, 2012}}</ref> His suspicions were later reinforced by a substantial number of complaints about ''[[Dredd]]'' from those who wished to see it in 2D but were denied the opportunity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fmarkkermode%2F2012%2F09%2F3d_-_alive_or_dead.html |title=3D: Alive or Dead? |publisher=Kermode Uncut |location=[[BBC]] |access-date=September 21, 2012 |archive-date=June 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623200708/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/markkermode/2012/09/3d_-_alive_or_dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2017, IMAX announced that they would begin to focus on screening more Hollywood tentpole movies in 2D (even if there's a 3D version) and have fewer 3D screenings of movies in North America, citing that moviegoers in North America prefer 2D films over 3D films.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vlessing|first=Etan|date=July 26, 2017|title=Imax to Screen More Hollywood Tentpoles in 2D, Citing "Clear Preference"|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/imax-screen-more-hollywood-tentpoles-2d-citing-clear-preference-1024590/|url-status=live|access-date=June 14, 2021|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519005730/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/imax-screen-more-hollywood-tentpoles-2d-citing-clear-preference-1024590/ |archive-date=May 19, 2021 }}</ref>

In 2024, 3D films in [[4K resolution|4K]] [[HDR10|HDR]] became available to home media for the first time, with the launch of the [[visionOS]] operating system offering two services to access movies in such formats: [[Apple TV app|Apple TV]] and [[Disney+]]. Some films were also offered in [[high frame rate]] (48fps), such as ''[[Avatar: The Way of Water]]''. Other 3D media shot in 8K with a 180-degree view was also made available under the moniker "Apple Immersive Video."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disney+ on Apple Vision Pro Ushers in a New Era of Storytelling Innovation and Immersive Entertainment |url=https://press.disneyplus.com/news/disney-plus-on-apple-vision-pro-ushers-in-a-new-era-of-storytelling-innovation-and-immersive-entertainment |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Disney Plus Press |language=en |archive-date=February 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208171028/https://press.disneyplus.com/news/disney-plus-on-apple-vision-pro-ushers-in-a-new-era-of-storytelling-innovation-and-immersive-entertainment |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Apple Immersive Video and 3D movies in the Apple TV app on Apple Vision Pro |url=https://support.apple.com/guide/apple-vision-pro/watch-apple-immersive-video-and-3d-movies-tanc09caabb3/visionos |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Apple Support |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, 3D films became available to [[Android XR]] devices via the [[Google TV (service)|Google TV]] service, starting with the [[Samsung Galaxy XR]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch HD, 4K UHD, HDR & 3D videos |url=https://support.google.com/googletv/answer/14282496 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Google TV Help}}</ref>

==Techniques==
{{Further|Stereoscopy}}

Stereoscopic motion pictures can be produced through a variety of different methods. Over the years the popularity of systems being widely employed in film theaters has waxed and waned. Though [[anaglyph image|anaglyph]] was sometimes used prior to 1948, during the early "Golden Era" of 3D cinematography of the 1950s the polarization system was used for every single feature-length film in the United States, and all but one short film.<ref name="Amazing165-168">Amazing 3D by and Dan Symmes Little, Brown & Company (Canada) Limited, pp. 165–168.</ref> In the 21st century, [[polarization (waves)|polarization]] 3D systems have continued to dominate the scene, though during the 1960s and 1970s some classic films which were converted to anaglyph for theaters not equipped for polarization, and were even shown in 3D on television.<ref name="Amazing163">Amazing 3D by Hal Morgan and Dan Symmes Little, Brown & Company (Canada) Limited, page 163</ref> In the years following the mid-1980s, some films were made with short segments in anaglyph 3D. The following are some of the technical details and methodologies employed in some of the more notable 3D film systems that have been developed.

===Producing 3D films===

====Live action====
{{Main|Stereo photography techniques}}

The standard for shooting live-action films in 3D involves using two cameras mounted so that their lenses are about as far apart from each other as the average pair of human eyes, recording two separate images for both the left eye and the right eye. In principle, two normal 2D cameras could be put side-to-side but this is problematic in many ways. The only real option is to invest in new stereoscopic cameras. Moreover, some cinematographic tricks that are simple with a 2D camera become impossible when filming in 3D. This means those otherwise cheap tricks need to be replaced by expensive CGI.<ref name=failagain>{{cite web | url=http://www.dr-lex.be/info-stuff/3dfail.html | title=Why 3D Will Fail... Again | date=June 9, 2012 | access-date=June 9, 2012 | archive-date=December 10, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210111329/https://www.dr-lex.be/info-stuff/3dfail.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2008, ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 theatrical film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'' became the first live-action feature film to be shot with the earliest [[Fusion Camera System]] released in Digital 3D and was later followed by several others. ''Avatar'' (2009) was shot in a 3D process that is based on how the human eye looks at an image. It was an improvement to the existing 3D camera system. Many 3D camera rigs still in use simply pair two cameras side by side, while newer rigs are paired with a [[beam splitter]] or both camera lenses built into one unit. While Digital Cinema cameras are not a requirement for 3D they are the predominant medium for most of what is photographed. Film options include IMAX 3D and [[Cine 160]].

====Animation====
In the 1930s and 1940s, the [[Fleischer Studios]] made several cartoons with extensive stereoscopic 3D backgrounds, including several ''[[Popeye the Sailor (film series)|Popeye the Sailor]]'', ''[[Betty Boop]]'', and ''[[Superman (1940s animated film series)|Superman]]'' cartoons.

In the early to mid-1950s, only half of the major Animation film studios operation experimented with creating traditional 3D animated short subjects. The [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Studio]] produced two traditionally animated shorts in stereoscopic 3D, for cinemas. ''[[Adventures in Music: Melody]]'' (1953), and the [[Donald Duck]] cartoon ''[[Working for Peanuts]]'' (1953). [[Warner Bros. Cartoons]] only produced a single cartoon in 3D: ''[[Lumber Jack-Rabbit]]'' (1953) starring [[Bugs Bunny]]. [[Famous Studios]] produced two cartoons in 3D, the [[Popeye]] cartoon ''[[Popeye, the Ace of Space]]'' (1953), and the [[Casper the Friendly Ghost]] cartoon ''[[Boo Moon]]'' (1954). [[Walter Lantz Productions]] produced the [[Woody Woodpecker]] cartoon ''[[Hypnotic Hick]]'' (1953), which was distributed by [[Universal Pictures|Universal]].

From the late 1950s until the mid-2000s almost no animation was produced for 3D display in theaters. Although several films used 3D backgrounds. One exception is ''[[Starchaser: The Legend of Orin]]''.

[[CGI animated]] films can be rendered as stereoscopic 3D version by using two virtual cameras. [[Stop-motion animated]] 3D films are photographed with two cameras similar to live action 3D films.

In 2004 ''[[The Polar Express (film)|The Polar Express]]'' was the first stereoscopic 3D CGI-animated feature film. The 3D version was solely released in IMAX theaters. In November 2005, Walt Disney Pictures released ''[[Chicken Little (2005 film)|Chicken Little]]'' in Digital 3D format, being Disney's first CGI-animated film in 3D. The film was converted from 2D into 3D in post-production. nWave Pictures' ''Fly Me to the Moon'' (2008) was actually the first animated film created for 3D and released exclusively in 3D in digital theaters around the world. No other animation films have released solely in 3D since. The first 3D feature by [[DreamWorks Animation]], ''[[Monsters vs. Aliens]]'', followed in 2009 and used a new digital rendering process called [[InTru3D]], which was developed by [[Intel]] to create more realistic animated 3D images. InTru3D is not used to exhibit 3D films in theaters; they are shown in either RealD 3D or IMAX 3D.

====2D to 3D conversion====
{{main|2D to 3D conversion}}

In the case of 2D CGI animated films that were generated from 3D models, it is possible to return to the models to generate a 3D version.

For all other 2D films, different techniques must be employed. For example, for the 3D re-release of the 1993 film ''[[The Nightmare Before Christmas]]'', Walt Disney Pictures scanned each original frame and manipulated them to produce left-eye and right-eye versions. Dozens of films have now been converted from 2D to 3D. There are several approaches used for [[2D to 3D conversion]], most notably depth-based methods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://effectscorner.blogspot.com/2011/08/2d-to-3d-conversions.html|title=Effects Corner: 2D to 3D Conversions|first=Scott|last=Squires|date=August 4, 2011}}</ref>

However, conversion to 3D has problems. Information is unavailable as 2D does not have information for a perspective view. Some TVs have a 3D engine to convert 2D content to 3D. Usually, on high frame rate content (and on some slower processors even normal frame rate) the processor is not fast enough and [[Latency (engineering)|lag]] is possible. This can lead to strange visual effects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dr-lex.be/info-stuff/3dfail.html|title=Why 3D Will Fail… Again|website=dr-lex.be|access-date=January 3, 2019|archive-date=December 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210111329/https://www.dr-lex.be/info-stuff/3dfail.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Displaying 3D films===
{{Further|3D television|3D display}}

====Anaglyph====
{{main|Anaglyph 3D}}

[[File:Anaglyph glasses.png|thumb|The traditional 3D glasses, with modern red and cyan color filters, similar to the red/green and red/blue lenses used to view early anaglyph films.]]

Anaglyph images were the earliest method of presenting theatrical 3D, and the one most commonly associated with [[stereoscopy]] by the public at large, mostly because of non-theatrical 3D media such as comic books and 3D television broadcasts, where polarization is not practical. They were made popular because of the ease of their production and exhibition. The first anaglyph film was invented in 1915 by [[Edwin S Porter]]. Though the earliest theatrical presentations were done with this system, most 3D films from the 1950s and 1980s were originally shown polarized.<ref name="Amazing">Amazing 3D by Hal Morgan and Dan Symmes Little, Broawn & Company (Canada) Limited, pp. 165–169.</ref>

In an anaglyph, the two images are [[superimposed]] in an [[additive color|additive light]] setting through two filters, one red and one cyan. In a [[subtractive color|subtractive light]] setting, the two images are printed in the same [[complementary color]]s on white paper. Glasses with colored filters in each eye separate the appropriate images by canceling the filter color out and rendering the complementary color black.

Anaglyph images are much easier to view than either parallel sighting or crossed eye [[Stereoscopy|stereograms]], although the latter types offer bright and accurate color rendering, particularly in the red component, which is muted, or desaturated with even the best color anaglyphs. A compensating technique, commonly known as Anachrome, uses a slightly more transparent cyan filter in the patented glasses associated with the technique. Process reconfigures the typical anaglyph image to have less [[parallax]].

An alternative to the usual red and cyan filter system of anaglyph is [[ColorCode 3-D]], a patented anaglyph system which was invented in order to present an anaglyph image in conjunction with the NTSC television standard, in which the red channel is often compromised. ColorCode uses the complementary colors of yellow and dark blue on-screen, and the colors of the glasses' lenses are amber and dark blue.

The polarization 3D system has been the standard for theatrical presentations since it was used for ''[[Bwana Devil]]'' in 1952,<ref name="Amazing"/> though early IMAX presentations were done using the eclipse system and in the 1960s and 1970s classic 3D films were sometimes converted to anaglyph for special presentations. The polarization system has better color fidelity and less ghosting than the anaglyph system. In the post-'50s era, anaglyph has been used instead of polarization in feature presentations where only part of the film is in 3D such as in the 3D segment of ''[[Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare]]'' and the 3D segments of ''[[Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over]]''.

Anaglyph is also used in printed materials and in 3D television broadcasts where polarization is not practical. 3D polarized televisions and other displays only became available from several manufacturers in 2008; these generate polarization on the receiving end.

====Polarization systems====
[[Image:Mann3dglasses.jpg|right|thumb|cardboard 3D linear polarized glasses from the 1980s similar to those used in the 1950s. Though some were plain white, they often had the name of the theatre and/or graphics from the film|225px]]
{{Main|Polarized 3D system}}

To present a stereoscopic motion pictures, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through different [[polarizing filter]]s. The viewer wears low-cost glasses which also contain a pair of polarizing filters oriented differently (clockwise/counterclockwise with circular polarization or at 90 degree angles, usually 45 and 135 degrees,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Make your own Stereo Pictures |first=Julius |last=Kaiser |url=http://www.digitalstereoscopy.com/kaiser/m270n271.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226041039/http://www.digitalstereoscopy.com/kaiser/m270n271.htm |archive-date=2011-02-26 |via=www.digitalstereoscopy.com|publisher=The Macmillan Company |year=1955|page= 271}}</ref> with linear polarization). As each filter passes only that light which is similarly polarized and blocks the light polarized differently, each eye sees a different image. This is used to produce a three-dimensional effect by projecting the same scene into both eyes, but depicted from slightly different perspectives. Since no head tracking is involved, the entire audience can view the stereoscopic images at the same time.
[[File:REALD.JPG|thumb|Resembling sunglasses, RealD circular polarized glasses are now the standard for theatrical releases and theme park attractions.]]

Circular polarization has an advantage over linear polarization, in that the viewer does not need to have their head upright and aligned with the screen for the polarization to work properly. With linear polarization, turning the glasses sideways causes the filters to go out of alignment with the screen filters causing the image to fade and for each eye to see the opposite frame more easily. For circular polarization, the polarizing effect works regardless of how the viewer's head is aligned with the screen such as tilted sideways, or even upside down. The left eye will still only see the image intended for it, and vice versa, without fading or crosstalk. Nonetheless, 3D cinema films are made to be viewed without head tilt, and any significant head tilt will result in incorrect parallax and prevent binocular fusion.

In the case of [[RealD 3D|RealD]] a [[circular polarization|circularly polarizing]] [[liquid crystal]] filter which can switch polarity 144 times per second is placed in front of the projector lens. Only one projector is needed, as the left and right eye images are displayed alternately. [[Sony]] features a new system called [[RealD 3D|RealD XLS]], which shows both circular polarized images simultaneously: A single [[digital cinema|4K]] projector (4096×2160 resolution) displays both [[digital cinema|2K]] images (2048×1080 resolution) on top of each other at the same time, a special lens attachment polarizes and projects the images.<ref>[https://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/mkt-digitalcinema/resource.demos.bbsccms-assets-mkt-digicinema-demos-digitalcinema3d.shtml Sony Digital Cinema 3D presentation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325221059/https://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/mkt-digitalcinema/resource.demos.bbsccms-assets-mkt-digicinema-demos-digitalcinema3d.shtml |date=March 25, 2010 }}</ref>

Optical attachments can be added to traditional 35 mm projectors to adapt them for projecting film in the "over-and-under" format, in which each pair of images is stacked within one frame of film. The two images are projected through different polarizers and superimposed on the screen. This is a very cost-effective way to convert a theater for 3D as all that is needed are the attachments and a non-depolarizing screen surface, rather than a conversion to digital 3D projection. Thomson Technicolor currently produces an adapter of this type.<ref name="technicolor3d">{{cite web |url=http://www.technicolor.com/GlobalEnglish/Deliver/Film/Technicolor-3D/Pages/home.aspx |title=Technicolor 3D |publisher=Technicolor.com |access-date=October 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327224057/http://www.technicolor.com/GLOBALENGLISH/DELIVER/FILM/TECHNICOLOR-3D/Pages/home.aspx |archive-date=March 27, 2010 }}</ref> A [[silver screen|metallic screen]] is necessary for these systems as reflection from non-metallic surfaces destroys the polarization of the light.

Polarized stereoscopic pictures have been around since 1936, when [[Edwin H. Land]] first applied it to motion pictures. The so-called "3-D movie craze" in the years 1952 through 1955 was almost entirely offered in theaters using linear polarizing projection and glasses. Only a minute amount of the total 3D films shown in the period used the [[anaglyph image|anaglyph color filter]] method. Linear polarization was likewise used with consumer level stereo projectors. Polarization was also used during the 3D revival of the 1980s.

In the 2000s, [[computer animation]], competition from DVDs and other media, digital projection, and the use of sophisticated IMAX 70 mm film projectors, have created an opportunity for a new wave of polarized 3D films.<ref name="npr.org">{{cite episode |series=All Things Considered |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122226393 |title=Movie Ticket Sales Surpass DVD Numbers |network=NPR |date=January 4, 2010 |access-date=October 14, 2010 |archive-date=June 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614185303/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122226393 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="machinist">{{Cite web |title=A look at Disney and Pixar's 3-D movie technology |first=Farhad |last=Manjoo |url=http://www.salon.com/technology/machinist/blog/2008/04/09/disney_3d |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806122205/http://www.salon.com/technology/machinist/blog/2008/04/09/disney_3d |archive-date=2011-08-06 |website=www.salon.com |language=en |date=2008-04-09}}</ref>

All types of polarization will result in a darkening of the displayed image and poorer contrast compared to non-3D images. Light from lamps is normally emitted as a random collection of polarizations, while a polarization filter only passes a fraction of the light. As a result, the screen image is darker. This darkening can be compensated by increasing the brightness of the projector light source. If the initial polarization filter is inserted between the lamp and the image generation element, the light intensity striking the image element is not any higher than normal without the polarizing filter, and overall image contrast transmitted to the screen is not affected.

====Active shutter====
[[File:Xpand LCD shutter glasses.jpg|thumb|A pair of LCD shutter glasses used to view [[XpanD 3D]] films. The thick frames conceal the electronics and batteries.]]
{{Main|Active shutter 3D system}}

In this technology, a mechanism is used to block light from each appropriate eye when the converse eye's image is projected on the screen.

The technology originated with the Eclipse Method, in which the projector alternates between left and right images, and opens and closes the shutters in the glasses or viewer in synchronization with the images on the screen.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} This was the basis of the [[Teleview]] system which was used briefly in 1922.<ref name="3dmovingpictures.com"/><ref name="Amazing15-16">{{cite book |title=Amazing 3D |author1=Hal Morgan |author2=Dan Symmes Little |publisher=Broawn & Company (Canada) Limited |pages=15–16}}</ref>

A newer implementation of the Eclipse Method came with [[LCD shutter glasses|liquid-crystal shutter glasses]]. Glasses containing [[liquid crystal]] that will let light through in synchronization with the images on the cinema, television or computer screen, using the concept of [[alternate-frame sequencing]]. This is the method used by nVidia, [[XpanD 3D]], and earlier [[IMAX]] systems. A drawback of this method is the need for each person viewing to wear expensive, electronic glasses that must be synchronized with the display system using a wireless signal or attached wire. The shutter-glasses are heavier than most polarized glasses, though lighter models are no heavier than some sunglasses or deluxe polarized glasses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samsung 3D |url=http://www.berezin.com/3d/samsung_3d.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511182208/http://www.berezin.com/3d/samsung_3d.htm |archive-date=2011-05-11 |website=www.berezin.com |quote=see specs, 1.27oz with batteries}}</ref> However these systems do not require a [[silver screen]] for projected images.

Liquid crystal light valves work by rotating light between two polarizing filters. Due to these internal polarizers, LCD shutter-glasses darken the display image of any LCD, plasma, or projector image source, which has the result that images appear dimmer and contrast is lower than for normal non-3D viewing. This is not necessarily a usage problem; for some types of displays which are already very bright with poor grayish [[black level]]s, LCD shutter glasses may actually improve the image quality.

====Interference filter technology====
{{Main|Anaglyph 3D#Interference filter systems}}

[[Dolby 3D]] uses specific wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the right eye, and different wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the left eye. Glasses which filter out the very specific wavelengths allow the wearer to see a 3D image. This technology eliminates the expensive silver screens required for polarized systems such as [[RealD]], which is the most common 3D display system in theaters. It does, however, require much more expensive glasses than the polarized systems. It is also known as '''spectral comb filtering''' or '''wavelength multiplex visualization'''

The recently introduced Omega 3D/[[Panavision 3D]] system also uses this technology, though with a wider spectrum and more "teeth" to the "comb" (5 for each eye in the Omega/Panavision system). The use of more spectral bands per eye eliminates the need to color process the image, required by the Dolby system. Evenly dividing the visible spectrum between the eyes gives the viewer a more relaxed "feel" as the light energy and color balance is nearly 50-50. Like the Dolby system, the Omega system can be used with white or silver screens. But it can be used with either film or digital projectors, unlike the Dolby filters that are only used on a digital system with a color correcting processor provided by Dolby. The Omega/Panavision system also claims that their glasses are cheaper to manufacture than those used by Dolby.<ref>"Seeing is believing""; Cinema Technology, Vol 24, No.1 March 2011</ref> In June 2012 the Omega 3D/[[Panavision 3D]] system was discontinued by DPVO Theatrical, who marketed it on behalf of Panavision, citing "challenging global economic and 3D market conditions".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpvotheatrical.com/Home_Page.html |title=Home Page |access-date=April 3, 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407125922/http://www.dpvotheatrical.com/Home_Page.html |archive-date=April 7, 2012 }}</ref>
Although DPVO dissolved its business operations, Omega Optical continues promoting and selling 3D systems to non-theatrical markets. Omega Optical's 3D system contains projection filters and 3D glasses. In addition to the passive stereoscopic 3D system, Omega Optical has produced enhanced anaglyph 3D glasses. The Omega's red/cyan anaglyph glasses use complex metal oxide thin film coatings and high quality annealed glass optics.

====Autostereoscopy====
{{main|Autostereoscopy}}

In this method, glasses are not necessary to see a 3D image. [[Lenticular lens]] and [[parallax barrier]] technologies involve imposing two (or more) images on the same sheet, in narrow, alternating strips, and using a screen that either blocks one of the two images' strips (in the case of parallax barriers) or uses equally narrow lenses to bend the strips of image and make it appear to fill the entire image (in the case of lenticular prints). To produce the 3D effect, the person must be positioned so that one eye sees one of the two images and the other sees the other.

Both images are projected onto a high-gain, corrugated screen that reflects light at acute angles. In order to see the stereoscopic image, the viewer must sit within a very narrow angle that is nearly perpendicular to the screen, limiting the size of the audience. Lenticular was used for theatrical presentation of numerous shorts in Russia from 1940 to 1948<ref name="Amazing163"/> and in 1946 for the feature-length film [[Robinson Crusoe (1947 film)|Robinson Crusoe]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theasc.com/blog/2010/03/15/ray-zone-and-the-%E2%80%9Ctyranny-of-flatness%E2%80%9D/ | title=The ASC: Ray Zone and the "Tyranny of Flatness" | first=John | last=Bailey | work=John’s Bailiwick | date=May 18, 2012 | access-date=May 18, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515064101/http://www.theasc.com/blog/2010/03/15/ray-zone-and-the-%E2%80%9Ctyranny-of-flatness%E2%80%9D/ | archive-date=May 15, 2012 | df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Though lenticular's use in theatrical presentations has been rather limited, it has been widely used for a variety of novelty items and has even been used in amateur 3D photography.<ref>{{cite book |title=Make Your own Stereo Pictures |author=Julius B. Kaiser |publisher=The Macmillan Company |year=1955 |pages=12–13}}</ref><ref name="Son">{{cite magazine |title=Son of Nimslo |author=John Dennis |magazine=Stereo World |date=May–June 1989 |pages= 34–36}}</ref> Recent use includes the [[Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D]] with an [[Autostereoscopy|autostereoscopic]] display that was released in 2009. Other examples for this technology include autostereoscopic [[liquid crystal display]]s on monitors, notebooks, TVs, mobile phones and gaming devices, such as the [[Nintendo 3DS]].

==Health effects==
{{main|Health effects of 3D}}

Some viewers have complained of headaches and eyestrain after watching 3D films.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/aug/11/3d-no-better-than-2d |title=3D no better than 2D and gives filmgoers headaches, claims study |work=The Guardian |date=August 11, 2011 |access-date=June 8, 2012 |location=London |first=Ben |last=Child |archive-date=February 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219051613/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/aug/11/3d-no-better-than-2d |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Motion sickness]], in addition to other health concerns,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcauthority.com.au/News/172370,sciences-health-concerns-over-3d-films.aspx |title=Science's health concerns over 3D films – Phone News |publisher=PC Authority |date=April 20, 2010 |access-date=October 14, 2010 |archive-date=December 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207045045/http://www.pcauthority.com.au/News/172370,sciences-health-concerns-over-3d-films.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> are more easily induced by 3D presentations. One published study shows that of those who watch 3D films, nearly 55% experience varying levels of headaches, nausea and disorientation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Are There Side Effects to Watching 3D Movies? A Prospective Crossover Observational Study on Visually Induced Motion Sickness|first=Angelo G.|last=Solimini|date=February 13, 2013|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=2|article-number=e56160|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0056160|pmid=23418530|pmc=3572028|bibcode = 2013PLoSO...856160S|doi-access=free}}</ref> Glasses designed to eliminate eyestrain by converting 3D images back into 2D have been developed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bettinger |first1=Brendan |title=2D Glasses: Watch 3D movies without the 3D |url=https://collider.com/2d-glasses-3d-movie/ |website=Collider |date=April 20, 2011 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref>

There are two primary effects of 3D film that are unnatural for human vision: crosstalk between the eyes, caused by imperfect image separation, and the mismatch between convergence and accommodation, caused by the difference between an object's perceived position in front of, or behind the screen and the real origin of that light on the screen.

It is believed that approximately 12% of people are unable to properly see 3D images, due to a variety of medical conditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eyecaretrust.org.uk/view.php?item_id=566 |title=Eyecare Trust |publisher=Eyecare Trust |access-date=March 29, 2012 |archive-date=March 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307065036/http://www.eyecaretrust.org.uk/view.php?item_id=566 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/7887422/Six-million-Britons-cant-see-3D-TV.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/7887422/Six-million-Britons-cant-see-3D-TV.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daily Telegraph Newspaper |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=March 29, 2012 |location=London |first=Claudine |last=Beaumont |date=July 13, 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to another experiment up to 30% of people have very weak stereoscopic vision preventing them from depth perception based on stereo disparity. This nullifies or greatly decreases immersion effects of digital stereo to them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://3droundabout.com/2011/12/5788/understanding-requirements-for-high-quality-3d-video-a-test-in-stereo-perception.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103164016/http://3droundabout.com/2011/12/5788/understanding-requirements-for-high-quality-3d-video-a-test-in-stereo-perception.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=January 3, 2012 |title=Understanding Requirements for High-Quality 3D Video: A Test in Stereo Perception |publisher=3droundabout.com |date=December 19, 2011 |access-date=March 29, 2012}}</ref>

The French National Research Agency (ANR) has sponsored multidisciplinary research in order to understand the effects of 3D film viewing, its grammar{{clarification needed|date=March 2024}}, and its acceptance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/Project-ANR-10-CORD-0022|title=Project 3D_COMFORT&ACCEPTANCE (3D Comfort and Acceptance) - ANR - Agence Nationale de la Recherche|website=agence-nationale-recherche.fr}}</ref>

==Criticism==
{{Rquote|right|After ''[[Toy Story]]'', there were 10 really bad CG movies because everybody thought the success of that film was CG and not great characters that were beautifully designed and heartwarming. Now, you've got people quickly converting movies from [[2D to 3D conversion|2D to 3D]], which is not what we did. They're expecting the same result, when in fact they will probably work against the adoption of 3D because they'll be putting out an inferior product.| ''Avatar'' director James Cameron<ref name="Deadline Hollywood"/>}}

Most of the cues required to provide humans with relative depth information are already present in traditional 2D films. For example, closer objects occlude further ones, distant objects are desaturated and hazy relative to near ones, and the brain subconsciously "knows" the distance of many objects when the height is known (e.g. a human figure subtending only a small amount of the screen is more likely to be 2 m tall and far away than 10 cm tall and close). In fact, only two of these depth cues are not already present in 2D films: [[stereopsis]] (or parallax) and the focus of the eyeball ([[accommodation (eye)|accommodation]]).

3D film-making addresses accurate presentation of stereopsis but not of accommodation, and therefore is insufficient in providing a complete 3D illusion. However, promising results from research aimed at overcoming this shortcoming were presented at the 2010 Stereoscopic Displays and Applications conference in San Jose, U.S.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXI (2010) |url=http://www.stereoscopic.org/2010/program.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009183527/http://www.stereoscopic.org/2010/program.html |archive-date=October 9, 2010 |access-date=October 14, 2010 |publisher=Stereoscopic.org}}</ref>

Film critic [[Mark Kermode]]<ref>{{Cite web |authorlink=Mark Kermode |first=Mark |last=Kermode |date=December 23, 2009 |title=Come in Number 3D, your time is up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fmarkkermode%2F2009%2F12%2Fcome_in_number_3d_your_time_is.html |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> argued that 3D adds "not that much" value to a film, and said that, while he liked ''Avatar'', the many impressive things he saw in the film had nothing to do with 3D. Kermode has been an outspoken critic of 3D film describing the effect as a "nonsense" and recommends using two right or left lenses from the 3D glasses to cut out the "pointy, pointy 3D stereoscopic vision", although this technique still does not improve the huge brightness loss from a 3D film.<ref>{{Cite web |authorlink=Mark Kermode |first=Mark |last=Kermode |date=January 15, 2010 |title=How to Enjoy a 3D Movie |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fmarkkermode%2F2010%2F01%2Fhow_to_enjoy_a_3d_movie.html |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Versions of these "2-D glasses" are being marketed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Browning |first=Skylar |date=June 16, 2011 |title=Two D's better than three |url=https://missoulanews.bigskypress.com/missoula/two-ds-better-than-three/Content?oid=1470342 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701144603/https://missoulanews.bigskypress.com/missoula/two-ds-better-than-three/Content?oid=1470342 |archive-date=2017-07-01 |work=Missoula News |page=8 |language=en |volume=22 |issue=24}}</ref>

Director [[Christopher Nolan]] has criticised the notion that traditional film does not allow depth perception, saying "I think it's a misnomer to call it 3D versus 2D. The whole point of cinematic imagery is it's three dimensional... You know 95% of our [[depth perception|depth cues]] come from occlusion, resolution, color and so forth, so the idea of calling a 2D movie a '2D movie' is a little misleading."<ref name="Playlist">{{Cite news |date=June 14, 2010 |title=Christopher Nolan Tested 3D Conversion For 'Inception,' Might Use Process For 'Batman 3' |url=https://theplaylist.blogspot.com/2010/06/christopher-nolan-tested-3d-conversion.html |access-date=January 22, 2011 |work=The Playlist |archive-date=May 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510064735/http://theplaylist.blogspot.com/2010/06/christopher-nolan-tested-3d-conversion.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nolan also criticised that shooting on the required [[digital video]] does not offer a high enough quality image<ref name="Weintraub">{{Cite news |last=Weintraub |first=Steve |date=March 25, 2010 |title=Christopher Nolan and Emma Thomas Interview |url=https://collider.com/director-christopher-nolan-and-producer-emma-thomas-interview-inception-they-talk-3d-what-kind-of-cameras-they-used-pre-viz-wb-and-a-lot-more/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327204348/http://www.collider.com/2010/03/25/director-christopher-nolan-and-producer-emma-thomas-interview-inception-they-talk-3d-what-kind-of-cameras-they-used-pre-viz-wb-and-a-lot-more/ |archive-date=March 27, 2010 |access-date=April 6, 2010 |work=Collider}}</ref> and that 3D cameras cannot be equipped with [[Prime Lens|prime (non-zoom) lenses]].<ref name="Playlist" />

Late film critic [[Roger Ebert]] repeatedly criticized 3D film as being "too dim", sometimes distracting or even nausea-inducing, and argued that it is an expensive technology that adds nothing of value to the film-going experience (since 2-D films already provide a sufficient illusion of 3D).<ref name="ebert">{{cite web |author=[[Roger Ebert]] |date=May 10, 2010 |title=Why I Hate 3-D (And You Should Too) |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2010/04/30/why-i-hate-3-d-and-you-should-too.html |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> While Ebert was "not opposed to 3-D as an option", he opposed it as a replacement for traditional film, and preferred 2-D technologies such as [[MaxiVision48]] that improve image area/resolution and [[frames per second]].<ref name=ebert/>

===Brightness concerns===
Most 3D systems will cut down the brightness of the picture considerably – the light loss can be as high as 88%. Some of this loss may be compensated by running the projector's bulb at higher power or using more powerful bulbs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3D light losses examined |url=http://www.harkness-screens.com/pdfs/publications/3d_light_losses_CinemaTechnology.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424172224/http://www.harkness-screens.com/pdfs/publications/3d_light_losses_CinemaTechnology.pdf |archive-date=April 24, 2014 |access-date=December 12, 2012}}</ref>

The 2D brightness cinema standard is 14 [[foot-lambert]]s (48 [[candela per square metre]]), as set by the [[Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers|SMPTE]] standard 196M. {{As of|2012}}, there is no official standard for 3D brightness. According to the industry de facto standard, however, the "acceptable brightness range" goes as low as 3.5 fL (12 cd/m2) – just 25% of the standard 2D brightness.<ref name="variety-3D">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=David S. |date=September 16, 2010 |title=3D requires the best and brightest |url=https://variety.com/2010/digital/features/3d-requires-the-best-and-brightest-1118024215/ |access-date=December 12, 2012 |work=Variety}}</ref>

Among others, Christopher Nolan has criticized the huge brightness loss: "You're not that aware of it because once you're 'in that world,' your eye compensates, but having struggled for years to get theaters up to the proper brightness, we're not sticking polarized filters in everything."<ref name="footlambert">{{Cite news |date=June 14, 2010 |title=Christopher Nolan, Not a Fan of 3D for Inception, Will Start Shooting Batman 3 Next Year |url=http://www.reelz.com/movie-news/6841/christopher-nolan-not-a-fan-of-3-d-for-inception-will-start-shooting-batman-3-next-year/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518210045/http://www.reelz.com/movie-news/6841/christopher-nolan-not-a-fan-of-3-d-for-inception-will-start-shooting-batman-3-next-year/ |archive-date=May 18, 2012 |access-date=November 6, 2011 |work=reelz.com}}</ref>

In September 2012, the [[Digital Cinema Initiatives|DCI]] standards body issued a "recommended practice" calling for a 3D projection brightness of 7 fL (24 cd/m2), with an acceptable range of 5–9 fL (17–31 cd/m2).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) - DIGITAL CINEMA SYSTEM SPECIFICATION |url=https://www.dcimovies.com/Recommended_Practice/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607122848/https://www.dcimovies.com/Recommended_Practice/ |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |website=www.dcimovies.com |language=en |access-date=September 4, 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is not known how many theaters actually achieve such light levels with current technology. Prototype laser projection systems have reached 14 fL (48 cd/m2) for 3D on a cinema screen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2012 |title=Christie to Screen Scorsese's Hugo in 3D Laser Projection at IBC |url=https://www.studiodaily.com/2012/08/christie-to-screen-scorseses-hugo-in-3d-laser-projection-at-ibc/ |website=Studio Daily |language=en}}</ref>

===Post-conversion===
{{main|2D to 3D conversion}}

Another major criticism is that many of the films in the 21st century to date were not filmed in 3D, but [[2D to 3D conversion|converted to 3D]] after filming. Filmmakers who have criticized the quality of this process include [[James Cameron]] (whose film ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' was created mostly in 3D from the ground up, with some portions of the film created in 2D,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Art of stereo conversion: 2D to 3D |url=https://www.fxguide.com/fxfeatured/art-of-stereo-conversion-2d-to-3d/ |website=fxguide.com |language=en-US |date=January 11, 2011}}</ref> and is largely credited with the revival of 3D) and [[Michael Bay]].<ref name="Deadline Hollywood">{{cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike |date=March 23, 2010 |title=Michael Bay And James Cameron Skeptical Of 3D Conversions: "The Jury Is Out" – |url=https://deadline.com/2010/03/michael-bay-james-cameron-skeptical-of-3d-conversions-the-jury-is-out-29283/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112212901/http://www.deadline.com/2010/03/michael-bay-james-cameron-skeptical-of-3d-conversions-the-jury-is-out/ |archive-date=November 12, 2010 |access-date=October 14, 2010 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> However, Cameron has said that quality 2D to 3D conversions can be done if they take the time they need and the director is involved.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 9, 2012 |title='Titanic 3D': How James Cameron Became a Convert to 3D Conversion |url=https://www.thewrap.com/titanic-3d-team-dishes-re-release-everything-makes-conversion-difficult-was-there-36855/ |access-date=April 20, 2017 |work=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref> Cameron's ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' was converted into 3D in 2012, taking 60 weeks and costing $18 million.

In contrast, computer-animated films for which the original computer models are still available can be rendered in 3D easily, as the depth information is still available and does not need to be inferred or approximated. This has been done with ''[[Toy Story]]'', among others.<ref name="Dimension">{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Mekado |date=October 1, 2009 |title=Buzz and Woody Add a Dimension |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/movies/04murp.html |access-date=February 18, 2010 |work=The New York Times |archive-date=January 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129012757/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/movies/04murp.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Film}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Cinematography]]
* [[Digital cinema]]
* [[List of 3D films (1914–2004)]]
* [[List of 3D films (2005–present)]]
* [[2D to 3D conversion]]
* [[Depth perception]]
* [[Stereoscopy]]
* [[Autostereoscopy]]
* [[3D display]]
* [[3D television]]
* [[4D film]]
* [[Volumetric display]]
* [[3-D Film Preservation Fund]]
* [[Motion capture]]
* [[Stereoscopic video game]]
* [[Surround sound]]
* [[Digital 3D]]
* [[Disney Digital 3-D]]
* [[RealD 3D]]
* [[Dolby 3D]]
* [[XpanD 3D]]
* [[MasterImage 3D]]
* [[IMAX 3D]]
* [[4DX]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.filmcomment.com/article/3-d-or-not-3-d/ 3-D or Not 3-D?] by Michael Kerbel
* [https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(23/Sep/2007)_-_Reach_out_and_touch Reach Out and Touch] by [[Christopher Goodwin]]
* [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3y0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA97#v=onepage&q&f=false How They Make Movies Leap at You] in ''[[Popular Science]]''
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41240714 Out of the Screen and into the Theater: 3-D Film as Demo] by Philip Sandifer

{{Stereoscopy|state=expanded}}
{{Film genres}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:3D film}}
[[Category:Audiovisual introductions in 1915]]
[[Category:3D films| ]]

[[Category:3D imaging|Film]]
[[Category:Motion picture film formats]]
[[Category:Special-venue films]]
[[Category:Stereoscopy]]
[[Category:1950s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Cinematography]]
[[Category:Filmmaking]]
[[Category:Film and video technology]]
[[Category:Film production]]

Pump organ

2026-02-20T02:28:24Z

AndersonMcFarlan: added references after review based on references

{{Short description|Free-reed organ musical instrument}}
{{redirect-several|dab=off|Harmonium (disambiguation)|Melodeon (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox instrument
| names = {{Flatlist|
*Reed organ
*Harmonium
}}
| image = John Church and Co. reed organ.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| image_capt = John Church and Co. pump organ
| background = keyboard
| classification = [[Aerophone]]
| hornbostel_sachs = 412.132
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[Free reed aerophone]]
| inventors = {{Ill|Gabriel-Joseph Grenié|fr|Gabriel-Joseph Grenié}}
| developed = 19th century
| range = Usually 10 [[octave]]s
| related = '''Hand-pumped:''' [[Regal (instrument)|Regal]], [[Indian harmonium]], [[accordion]]
'''Mouth-blown:''' [[Claviola]], [[melodica]], harmonica, Asian [[mouth organ]]s
| musicians = see [[List of harmonium players]]
| builders = see [[:Category:Pump organ manufacturers]]
| sound sample = {{Listen
| filename = César Franck-Harmonium-5e pièce en do.ogg
| title= César Franck-Harmonium
| description = [[César Franck]]: 5th part taken from "L'organiste", played on a Debain pump organ (1878)
| embed = yes
}}
}}
[[File:Lisa Alvarado Kongsberg Jazzfestival 2019 (194515).jpg|thumb|A hand-pumped [[Indian harmonium]], of the type used in South Asia, here used at a European jazz festival.]]
The '''pump organ''' or '''reed organ''' is a type of organ that uses [[free reed aerophone|free reeds]] to generate sound, with air passing over vibrating thin metal strips mounted in a frame. Types include the pressure-based harmonium, the suction reed organ (which employs a vacuum system), and the [[Indian harmonium]]. Historical examples include the ''Kunstharmonium'' and the [[#Suction_reed_organs|American reed organ]], while earlier forms include the [[physharmonica]] and the [[Seraphine (instrument)|seraphine]].<ref>Brahaspati, S.V. (2023). ''How to Play Harmonium,'' p. 4. Abhishek Publications.</ref>

More portable than [[pipe organ]]s, free-reed organs became widespread in smaller churches and private homes during the 19th century, although their volume and tonal range were limited. They generally featured one, or occasionally two, [[Manual (music)|manuals]], while [[pedal keyboard|pedal-boards]] were rare. Higher-end pump organs offered a broader range of tones, and models intended for churches or affluent households were often housed in finely crafted [[Cabinet (furniture)|cabinets]].

Between the 1850s and the 1920s, several million reed organs and [[Melodeon (disambiguation)|melodeons]] were manufactured in the United States and Canada, with some exported abroad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1899-09-01 |title=Carpenter Organ Company (1899) |pages=4 |work=Vermont Phoenix |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64159549/carpenter-organ-company-1899/ |access-date=2020-11-29}}</ref> Major manufacturers included the [[Cable Piano Company]], [[Estey Organ]], and [[Mason & Hamlin]].

In addition to the larger, furniture-sized instruments popular in the West, more compact designs also developed. The portable, hand-pumped Indian harmonium, adapted from Western designs such as the [[guide-chant]] in the 19th century, became a central instrument across the [[Indian Subcontinent|Indian subcontinent]]. Today, the Indian harmonium is widely employed by Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims for devotional music such as [[qawwali]], [[ghazal]], [[kirtan]], and [[bhajan]]. It is also commonly used in [[Indian classical music]] and within Western [[Western yoga|yoga]] and kirtan [[subculture]]s.

==History==
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| align = right
| image1 = Sheng MET DP216617.jpg
| width1 = 110
| alt1 = Chinese [[Sheng (instrument)|sheng]] mouth organ, using oriental free reeds.
| caption1 = Chinese [[Sheng (instrument)|sheng]] mouth organ.

| image2 = Melodeon MET 219840.jpg
| width2 = 123
| alt2 = Free reed tongue
| caption2 = [[Free reed aerophone|Free reed]] from an 1860s melodeon.
}}

During the first half of the 18th century, a [[Free reed aerophone|free-reed]] [[mouth organ]] called a ''sheng'' was brought to Russia.<ref name="sachs1">{{cite book |last=Sachs |first=Curt |title=The History of Musical Instruments |date=1940 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |place=New York |pages=184, 406–407}}</ref> The instrument attracted attention through its use by [[Johann Wilde]].<ref name=sachs1/> At the time, the free-reed mechanism was unknown in Europe, and the concept quickly spread westward from Russia.<ref name=sachs1/>

[[Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein]] (1723–1795), a professor of physiology at the [[University of Copenhagen]], is credited with the creation of the first free-reed instrument in the Western world, having won the annual prize in 1780 from the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg.<ref name="Kratzenstein">{{cite web |last=Missin |first=P. R. |title=Western Free Reed Instruments |url=http://www.patmissin.com/history/western.html |access-date=2010-08-06}}</ref>

The first free-reed organ was built by [[Abbé Georg Joseph Vogler]] in [[Darmstadt]] after a concept suggested by Kratzenstein.<ref name="sachs1" /> The design of the harmonium, employing free reeds, derives from the earlier [[Regal (instrument)|regal]]. A harmonium-like instrument was exhibited by Gabriel-Joseph Grenié (1756–1837) in 1810, which he named the ''orgue expressif'' ("expressive organ") due to its capability for greater expression, including [[crescendo]]s and [[Dynamics (music)#Gradual changes|diminuendo]]s.

[[Alexandre Debain]] improved Grenié's design and patented his version under the name harmonium in 1840.<ref name="nie">{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Harmonium|year=1905}}</ref> There was concurrent development of similar instruments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harmoniums.com/hist_en.htm |title=History of the reed organ |access-date=2010-08-06}}</ref> Jacob Alexandre and his son Édouard introduced the ''orgue mélodium'' in 1844. [[Hector Berlioz]] discussed it in his ''Grand traité d'instrumentation et d'orchestration modernes'', published in Paris in [1843?] or [1844?], and reprinted in 1856 (critical edition by Peter Bloom, 2003, Bärenreiter, Vol.24). Berlioz also wrote about it in later journals (Bloom, p.472, nn. 1 & 2) and incorporated it into ''L'enfance du Christ'', Part 1, Scene vi, where it was played off-stage. [[Franz Liszt]] performed the part during a concert conducted by Berlioz in Weimar on 21 February 1855 (Bloom, p.474, n.3).

A mechanic who had worked at Alexandre's factory emigrated to the United States and conceived the idea of a suction bellows, replacing the outward-blowing bellows. After 1885, the firm of [[Mason & Hamlin]] of [[Boston]] adopted the suction bellows, which soon became the standard construction technique in America.<ref name="nie" />

[[File:Beatty's Parlor Organ ad 1882.jpg|thumb|left|Beatty's Parlor Organ, 1882]]

The term ''melodeon'' came to be associated with concert saloons in Victorian-era America, named after the reed instrument. The word later became a general term for entertainment venues catering to men.<ref>Asbury, Herbert, ''The Barbary Coast'' (Alfred Knopf, 1933), p.105</ref>

Harmoniums reached the height of their popularity in the West during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were especially favoured in small churches and chapels where a [[pipe organ]] was impractical. In the funeral ''in absentia'' scene of [[Mark Twain]]'s ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'', Chapter XXVII, a "melodeum" (likely a satirical conflation of melodeon and harmonium) is mentioned.

Harmoniums, generally lighter and more resilient than similarly sized pianos, were ideal for export to colonies where transport infrastructure was limited. Moreover, the harmonium maintained its tuning stability despite heat and humidity, unlike the piano. Special models impregnated with chemicals to deter [[woodworm]] and tropical pests were manufactured for export markets.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

[[Image:Harmonium 20151009 (23914086965).jpg|thumb|right|Modern Indian harmonium with nine [[organ stop|air stop]] knobs (stops 2, 4, 6, 8 are drones).]]

At the peak of the instrument's popularity circa 1900, harmoniums ranged from simple models with minimal stops to elaborate ones featuring ornate cases, multiple stops, and faux pipe displays.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Some harmoniums were built with two manuals or even pedalboards, although these larger models required either an assistant to operate the bellows or electric blowers. Compact, folding reed organs were also made for missionaries and traveling evangelists.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DRAFT Folding Organ JJ|url=https://www.esteyorganmuseum.org/engine-room-tour/draft-folding-organ-jj/|website=Estey Organ Museum|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://emuseum.nmmusd.org/objects/13206/folding-reed-organ|website=emuseum.nmmusd.org|access-date=2025-11-28|title=Folding reed organ|publisher=National Music Museum|place=Brattleboro, Vermont, United States}}</ref>

The invention of the electronic organ in the 1930s marked the beginning of the harmonium's decline in the West, although its popularity as a household instrument had already waned in the 1920s.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} The [[Hammond organ]] offered greater tonal versatility, reduced maintenance, and compactness, making it an attractive successor. Additionally, harmoniums had become increasingly complex mechanically, with intricate networks of levers and rods owing to diverse patent-driven designs.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The [[Estey Piano Corp|Estey]] company was the last major North American manufacturer, ceasing production in the mid-1950s. A few Italian firms continued manufacturing into the 1970s. As harmoniums aged and spare parts became scarce, many were scrapped or modified, with electric blowers frequently retrofitted, often in an unsympathetic manner.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Today, most Western-style harmoniums are preserved by enthusiasts, while the Indian harmonium remains widely used across South Asia.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Modern [[electronic keyboard]]s are capable of emulating the sound of the traditional pump organ.

===Reed organ in Japan===
[[File:1887-Japanese-women-Western-Bustled-fashions.jpg|thumb|Painting from 1887, depicting that playing the pump organ was one of the western bustled fashions for Japanese women of the time]]
The '''foot pump organ''' (足踏みオルガン, ''ashibumi organ'') was first introduced to Japan during the early Meiji period, brought by foreign Christian missionaries as part of their evangelisation efforts. Initially used in churches and schools, the reed organ quickly became an important tool for music education, offering Japanese people their first widespread exposure to Western musical instruments.

The first domestically manufactured reed organs were produced by Nishikawa Organ Company in Yokohama. Shortly thereafter, Yamaha founder Torakusu Yamaha, originally a medical equipment repairman, began manufacturing reed organs in Hamamatsu following his successful repair of an imported American model. These efforts helped establish Hamamatsu as a major centre for musical instrument production in Japan.

Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, reed organs were installed in schools nationwide and became central to public singing education. Their affordability, durability, and relatively simple maintenance compared to pianos made them ideal for widespread use. By the early Shōwa period, reed organs were a familiar fixture in most Japanese elementary schools, contributing significantly to the spread of Western music literacy.

Domestically produced reed organs ranged from simple, affordable models with 39 or 49 keys to larger, more elaborate designs with multiple stops, swells, and even pedalboards, primarily intended for teacher training colleges and music schools.

Although the popularity of reed organs declined after the mid-20th century with the rise of more accessible pianos and electronic instruments, they remain fondly remembered by generations who grew up with them. Today, institutions such as the Hamamatsu Museum of Musical Instruments preserve and exhibit historical reed organs, celebrating their cultural and educational significance in Japan's modernisation and musical history.<ref>{{cite web
|title=音楽の街・静岡県浜松市にある「浜松市楽器博物館」で、リードオルガンについて学ぼう！
|url=https://www.meijimura.com/meiji-note/post/reed-organ-gakkihaku/
|website=メイジノオト
|publisher=博物館明治村
|language=ja
|access-date=2025-04-27
}}</ref>

In several Asian countries, particularly former Japanese colonies such as Taiwan and South Korea, the use of treadle-operated reed organs became widespread under Japanese influence.

===Reed organ in China===
[[File:Chinese Teacher Reed Organ.jpg|thumb|Chinese School teacher playing reed organ]]
In China, the reed organ was introduced around 1897. Following the Opium Wars, the spread of Christianity and the increasing presence of European expatriates contributed to the broader dissemination of Western music. Church schools, in particular, played a major role in introducing European musical forms, such as hymns, salon music, and elementary piano pieces.

In 1872, Christian missionary J. D. Collins published the ''Hymn Book'' through the American Presbyterian Mission Press in Shanghai, featuring over 360 religious hymns with musical notation, alongside an introduction to Western musical theory, all employing the five-line staff notation system. In 1883, British missionary Timothy Richard published the ''Supplement to Hymns'', which incorporated familiar Chinese folk melodies to facilitate religious outreach.

The activities of these missionaries contributed positively to the early development of Western music education in China.

It is beyond doubt that, at one point, the People's Republic of China was very likely the country where the pump organ was most widely used. Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China, treadle-operated reed organs gained renewed popularity as affordable tools for mass music education. Factories were established in various cities to produce reed organs, such as the "Danfeng" Organ Factory in Shanghai and the "Baihua" Organ Factory in Sichuan. It became common for primary school teachers, particularly female teachers, to be trained in reed organ playing to support classroom music education.

By the 1990s, however, reed organs were gradually supplanted by pianos in Chinese primary and secondary schools as the primary instrument for music instruction. Today, many treadle-operated reed organs in mainland China have been dismantled, although a small number of artisanal workshops continue to produce new instruments, primarily for enthusiasts who collect and perform with them.

===In the Indian subcontinent===
{{further|Indian harmonium}}
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2016}}
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| align = right
| image1 = Ustad Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan Saheb.jpg
| width1 = 120
| alt1 = Musician Ustad Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan Saheb with a harmonium
| caption1 =[[Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan]], a well-known harmonium player.

| image2 = Kathmandu-21.JPG
| width2 = 180
| alt2 = tabla and harmonium together
| caption2 = Musicians in Kathmandu, Nepal, playing the [[tabla]] and harmonium.
}}

The '''[[Indian harmonium]]''', also known as the hand harmonium or ''vaja'', is a small, portable, hand-pumped reed organ that gained popularity across the Indian subcontinent. It arrived in India during the mid-19th century, potentially introduced by missionaries or traders. Adapted by Indian craftsmen, the harmonium was modified to be played on the floor, in keeping with traditional Indian musical practices, and made more compact and portable.<ref name="Ghose">{{cite web |title=The Invention of Hand Harmonium |url=http://www.dwarkin.com/dwarkinaboutus.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409051040/http://dwarkin.com/dwarkinaboutus.htm |archive-date=2007-04-09 |access-date=2007-04-24 |publisher=Dwarkin & Sons (P) Ltd.}}</ref>

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the Indian harmonium became integral to Indian music, widely used in devotional genres such as [[qawwali]], [[ghazal]], [[kirtan]], and [[bhajan]]. Its lightweight design, portability, and ease of learning contributed to its widespread adoption among Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims for devotional purposes. Notably, it also gained popularity within the Western yoga subculture, thanks to figures such as Krishna Das and Jai Uttal.

During the 20th century, the harmonium faced controversy within Indian classical music due to technical limitations, such as the inability to produce [[Slur (music)|slurs]], [[Gamaka (music)|gamaka]], and [[meend]].<ref name="Kasliwal">{{cite web |title=Small encyclopedia with Indian instruments |url=https://www.india-instruments.com/encyclopedia-harmonium.html#:~:text=It%20is%20probably%20the%20most,spread%20all%20over%20the%20country |website=india-instruments.com |quote=excerpt of Suneera Kasliwal, Classical Musical Instruments, Delhi 2001}}</ref> Despite these challenges, it became the instrument of choice for North Indian classical vocal genres, supported by its ease of learning and suitability for group singing. The harmonium's fixed pitches and other limitations led to its ban from [[All India Radio]] from 1940 to 1971. Nevertheless, it remained favoured in the reformed classical music of the early 20th century.

The harmonium remains popular to the present day, serving as an important instrument across many genres of [[Music of India|Indian]], [[Music of Pakistan|Pakistani]], and [[Music of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi music]]. For example, it is a staple of North Indian classical vocal music and [[Sufism|Sufi Muslim]] [[qawwali]] performances.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=L. JaFran |date=1990 |title=Review of Sufi Music of India and Pakistan: Sound, Context and Meaning in Qawwali |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/834116 |journal=Asian Music |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=151-5 |doi=10.2307/834116 |issn=0044-9202 |jstor=834116|url-access=subscription }}</ref> From there, it even made its way to the [[ghazal]] sung among the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] of [[Johor]] on the tip of the [[Malay Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meddegoda |first1=Chintaka Prageeth |last2=Jähnuchen |first2=Gisa |chapter-url=https://www.google.com.my/books/edition/Hindustani_Traces_in_Malay_Ghazal/21gkDQAAQBAJ|title=Hindustan Traces in Malay Ghazal |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-9759-4 |pages=201-67 |chapter=Musical Instruments in the Malay Ghazal}}</ref>

==Acoustics==
[[Image:4ft+8ftReeds.JPG|thumb|Two reeds from a Mason & Hamlin reed organ.]]

The acoustical effects described below arise from the free-reed mechanism, and are therefore essentially identical for Western and Indian harmoniums as well as reed organs. In 1875, [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] published his seminal book, ''On the Sensations of Tone'', in which he used the harmonium extensively to study different tuning systems:<ref>Helmholtz, L. F., and Ellis, A., ''On the Sensations of Tone'', London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1875.</ref>
<blockquote>"Among musical instruments, the harmonium, on account of its uniformly sustained tone, the piercing character of its quality of tone, and its tolerably distinct [[Combination tone|combinational tones]], is particularly sensitive to inaccuracies of intonation. And as its vibrators also admit of a delicate and durable tuning, it appeared to me peculiarly suitable for experiments on a more perfect system of tones."<ref>Helmholtz, H. L. F., 1875, p. 492, Part III, Justly-Intoned Harmonium.</ref></blockquote>

Using two manuals and two differently tuned stop sets, Helmholtz was able to compare [[Pythagorean tuning|Pythagorean]], [[Just intonation|just]], and [[equal temperament]] tunings simultaneously, and observe the varying degrees of [[inharmonicity]] inherent in different [[Musical temperament|temperaments]]. He subdivided the octave into 28 tones, allowing modulation in just intonation across 12 minor and 17 major keys without encountering the harsh [[Consonance and dissonance|dissonances]] typically caused by standard octave divisions.<ref>Helmholtz, H. L. F., 1875, p. 634, Appendix XVII.</ref> This system, however, proved difficult to play.<ref>Helmholtz, H. L. F., 1875, p. 682, Appendix XIX.</ref> Additional modified instruments were constructed for experimental use, notably [[Robert Holford Macdowall Bosanquet|Bosanquet]]'s ''[[Generalised keyboard]]'' (1873) for a [[53 equal temperament|53-tone scale]], employing 84 keys for easier [[Fingering (music)|fingering]]. Another notable experimental reed organ was built by [[Henry Ward Poole|Poole]].<ref>Helmholtz, H. L. F., 1875, p. 677, Appendix XIX.</ref>

[[John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]] also used the harmonium to devise a method of indirectly measuring frequencies, using approximated equal temperament intervals and their [[overtone]] [[Beat (acoustics)|beats]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rayleigh |date=Jan 1879 |title=On the determination of absolute pitch by the common harmonium |journal=Nature |volume=19 |pages=275–276 |issue=482 |doi=10.1038/019275c0 |bibcode=1879Natur..19R.275. |doi-access=free}}</ref> The harmonium's clear overtones enabled reliable beat counting by two listeners, although Rayleigh acknowledged that maintaining constant pressure in the bellows was difficult and could cause pitch fluctuation.

[[File:Sunday School Organ in Barratt's Chapel Museum, Frederica, Delaware.jpg|thumb|right|Portable 19th-century reed organ with one rank of reeds.]]

In tone generation, a reed organ is similar to an [[accordion]] or [[concertina]], but differs in installation; while accordions are hand-held, reed organs are typically placed on the floor within a wooden casing (which may initially resemble a piano). Reed organs are operated using either pressure or suction bellows. Pressure bellows allow greater dynamic control through varying pedalling speed. In North America and Britain, pressure-bellows organs are termed harmoniums, while in continental Europe, any reed organ is generally referred to as a harmonium, regardless of its bellows type. Because pressure-bellows instruments were more complex and expensive to produce, most North American and British reed organs and melodeons employed suction bellows.

The frequencies produced by reed organs are influenced by the blowing pressure: the [[fundamental frequency]] slightly ''decreases'' under medium pressure compared to low pressure, but ''increases'' again at high pressures, particularly for bass notes.<ref>{{cite conference |author=Cottingham, J. P., Reed, C. H. & Busha, M. |date=Mar 1999 |url=http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/BERLIN2.PDF |title=Variation of frequency with blowing pressure for an air-driven free reed |conference=Forum Acusticum, Berlin |volume=105 |issue=2 |page=1001 |doi=10.1121/1.425800 |bibcode=1999ASAJ..105R1001C |access-date=2012-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326071056/http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/BERLIN2.PDF |archive-date=2012-03-26}}</ref> Measurements have shown sinusoidal oscillations of the reed with sharp transitions when it bends through its frame.<ref name="Cott07">{{cite journal |author=Cottingham, J. P. |date=Sep 2007 |url=http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/ICA2007%20Free%20Reed.pdf |title=Reed Vibration in Western Free-Reed Instruments |journal=Proceedings of the International Congress on Acoustics (ICA2007), Madrid |access-date=2012-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326071139/http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/ICA2007%20Free%20Reed.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-26}}</ref>

The fundamental frequency is close to the reed's [[mechanical resonance]] frequency.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Fletcher, N. H. |author2=Rossing, T. D. |name-list-style=amp |year=1998 |title=The Physics of Musical Instruments, 2nd ed. |page=414 |publisher=Springer Science+Media Inc.}}</ref> The overtones generated are primarily [[harmonics]] rather than inharmonics,<ref name="hilaire76">{{cite journal |author1=St. Hilaire |author2=A. O. |year=1976 |title=Analytical prediction of the non-linear response of a self-excited structure |journal=Journal of Sound and Vibration |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=185–205 |doi=10.1016/0022-460x(76)90717-3 |bibcode=1976JSV....47..185S}}</ref> although a weak inharmonic overtone at approximately 6.27''f'' has been observed.<ref name="Cott99">{{cite conference |author=Cottingham, J. P., Lilly, J. & Reed, C. H. |date=Mar 1999 |url=http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/BERLIN1.PDF |title=The Motion of Air-Driven Free Reeds |conference=Forum Acusticum, Berlin |volume=105 |issue=2 |page=940 |doi=10.1121/1.426334 |bibcode=1999ASAJ..105..940C |access-date=2012-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326071205/http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/BERLIN1.PDF |archive-date=2012-03-26}}</ref>

In addition to the main transverse vibration mode, weaker higher transverse and [[torsional]] modes have been measured.<ref name="Paquette">{{cite conference |author1=Paquette, A. |author2=Cottingham, J. P. |name-list-style=amp |date=Nov 2003 |url=http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/Ammon-2003.pdf |title=Modes of Vibration of Air-driven Free Reeds in Steady State and Transient Oscillation |conference=137th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Austin, Texas |doi=10.1121/1.4781137 |access-date=2012-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326071319/http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/Ammon-2003.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-26}}</ref> Torsional modes arise due to slight asymmetries in reed construction. During the attack phase, the fundamental and a secondary transverse or torsional mode are predominantly excited.<ref name="Paquette" />

To date, radiation patterns and coupling effects between the soundbox and the reeds have not been extensively studied.

The unusual vibration physics of the free reed directly impact the performance of the harmonium, restricting the dynamic range and requiring subtle control. The reed, riveted into a metal frame, vibrates in self-excited oscillation as air is pumped through the bellows and reservoir.<ref name="Cott07" /> This aerodynamic system is [[Nonlinear system|nonlinear]], with the reed's maximum displacement limited by damping forces, resulting in relatively stable sound pressure.<ref name="hilaire76" /> A threshold pumping pressure exists below which reed vibration remains minimal.<ref name="Cott99" /> Within these thresholds, reed amplitude exhibits [[exponential growth]] and [[exponential decay]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=St. Hilaire, A. O., Wilson, T. A. & Beavers, G. B. |year=1971 |title=Aerodynamic excitation of the harmonium reed |journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=803–816 |doi=10.1017/S0022112071002374 |bibcode=1971JFM....49..803H |s2cid=121955334}}</ref>

==Repertory==
[[image:Reykholt 09.jpg|thumb|upright|A Victorian-era pump organ]]
[[Image:Memmingen Unser Frauen Steinmeyer-Harmonium 2.jpg|thumb|upright|A smaller variety of pump organ]]
[[Image:The church of St Mary in East Walton - harmonium - geograph.org.uk - 1745270.jpg|thumb|A [[Mason and Hamlin|Mason & Hamlin]] pump organ]]
[[Image:Footpropelled organ.jpg|thumb|A pump organ]]

The harmonium was considered by [[Curt Sachs]] to be an important instrument for music of [[Romanticism#Music|Romanticism]] (1750s–1900), which "vibrated between two poles of expression" and "required the overwhelming power and strong accents of wind instruments".<ref name=sachs1/>

Harmonium compositions are available by European and American composers of classical music. It was also used often in the folk music of the Appalachians and South of the United States.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Harmoniums played a significant part in the new rise of Nordic folk music, especially in Finland. In the late 1970s, a harmonium could be found in most schools where the bands met, and it became natural for the bands to include a harmonium in their setup. A typical folk band then—particularly in Western Finland—consisted of violin(s), double bass and harmonium. There was a practical limitation that prevented playing harmonium and accordion in the same band: harmoniums were tuned to 438 Hz, while accordions were tuned to 442 Hz.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pelimanni.net/materiaali/harmooni.htm |title=Harmooni |access-date=2012-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724003133/http://www.pelimanni.net/materiaali/harmooni.htm |archive-date=2011-07-24 |language=fi}}</ref> Some key harmonium players in the new rise of Nordic folk have been [[Timo Alakotila]] and [[Milla Viljamaa]].

In the Netherlands, the introduction of the harmonium triggered a boom in religious house music. Its organ-like sound quality allowed Reformed families to sing psalms and hymns at home. Many new hymns were composed expressly for voice and harmonium, notably those by [[Johannes de Heer]].<ref>Jan Smelik, "Stichtelijke zang rond het harmonium" in: Louis Grijp c.s., ''Een muziekgeschiedenis der Nederlanden.'' Amsterdam University Press/Salome, Amsterdam, 2001: pp. 547–552.</ref>

===Western classical===
The harmonium repertoire includes many pieces written originally for the [[Organ (music)|church organ]], which may be played on a harmonium as well, because they have a small enough range and use fewer stops. For example, [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]]'s Fantasia in C major for organ BWV 570<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imslp.org/wiki/Fantasia_in_C_major,_BWV_570_%28Bach,_Johann_Sebastian%29 |title=Fantasia in C major, BWV 570 (Bach, Johann Sebastian) – IMSLP/Petrucci Music Library: Free Public Domain Sheet Music |publisher=Imslp.org |access-date=2012-07-08}}</ref> is suitable for a four-octave harmonium.

Other examples include:
*[[Alban Berg]]. ''[[Altenberg Lieder]]''
*[[William Bergsma]]. ''Dances from a New England Album, 1856'' for orchestra. It includes parts for [[Melodeon (organ)|melodeon]] (movements I–III) and harmonium (movement IV).
*[[William Bolcom]]. ''Songs of Innocence and of Experience'' for orchestra, choirs, and soloists, includes parts for [[Melodeon (organ)|melodeon]], harmonica, and harmonium.
*[[Anton Bruckner]]. ''[[Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)|Symphony no. 7]]'', an arrangement for chamber ensemble, prepared in 1921 by students and associates of [[Arnold Schoenberg]] for the Viennese [[Society for Private Musical Performances]], was scored for two violins, viola, cello, bass, clarinet, [[French horn|horn]], piano 4-hands, and harmonium. The Society folded before the arrangement could be performed, and it went without premiere for more than 60 years.
*[[Frederic Clay]]. ''[[Ages Ago]]'', an early work that features a harmonium part (libretto by [[W. S. Gilbert]]).
*[[Claude Debussy]]. ''[[Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune]]'', a chamber ensemble arrangement by [[Arnold Schoenberg]].
*[[Antonín Dvořák]]. ''Five Bagatelles'' for two violins, cello and harmonium, Op. 47 (B.79).
*[[Edward Elgar]]. ''Sospiri, Adagio for String Orchestra'', Op. 70 (scored for harp or piano and harmonium or organ). ''Vesper Preludes''.
*[[César Franck]]. The final collection of pieces popularly known as [[List of compositions by César Franck#Works for organ|L'Organiste]] (1889–1890) was actually written for harmonium, with some pieces with piano accompaniment.
* [[Alexandre Guilmant]], author of many duos for piano and harmonium, including:
** ''Symphonie tirée de la Symphonie-Cantate "Ariane"'' (Op. 53)
** ''Pastorale A-Dur'' (Op. 26)
** ''Finale alla Schumann sur un noël languedocien'' (Op. 83)
*[[Paul Hindemith]]. ''[[Hin und zurück]]'' (''There and Back''), an operatic sketch that uses a harmonium for its stage music.
*[[Sigfrid Karg-Elert]]. Various works for solo harmonium.
*[[Kronos Quartet]]. ''Early Music'', an album that has several pieces featuring harmonium.
*[[Henri Letocart]] (1866–1945). 25 pieces for harmonium, Premier cahier.
*[[Franz Liszt]]. ''Symphonie zu Dantes Divina Commedia, Movement II: Purgatorio''
*[[Gustav Mahler]]. ''[[Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)|Symphony No. 8]]''
*[[George Frederick McKay]]. ''Sonata for Clarinet and Harmonium'' (1929) (also adaptable to piano or violin)
*[[Martijn Padding]]. ''First Harmonium Concerto'' (2008) for harmonium and ensemble<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.martijnpadding.nl/compositions/uitgebreid.php?id=84 |title=Martijn Padding |publisher=Martijnpadding.nl |access-date=2012-07-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130222174919/http://www.martijnpadding.nl/compositions/uitgebreid.php?id=84 |archive-date=2013-02-22 }}</ref>
*[[Elise Rondonneau]] ( active 1827-1860s) composed many works specifically for harmonium<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Aaron I. |title=International Encyclopedia of Women Composers |date=1987 |publisher=Books & Music (USA) |isbn=978-0-9617485-0-0 |pages=599 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Gioachino Rossini]]. ''[[Petite messe solennelle]]'' is scored for twelve voices, two pianos and harmonium.
*[[Camille Saint-Saëns]]. The ''[[Barcarolle in F major (Saint-Saëns)|Barcarolle, Op. 108]]'' is scored for piano, harmonium, violin and cello.
*[[Arnold Schoenberg]]
**''Herzgewächse'', Op. 20, for high soprano, [[celesta]], harp and harmonium.
**''Weihnachtsmusik'', for two violins, cello, harmonium and piano.
*[[Franz Schreker]]
** ''[[Chamber Symphony (Schreker)|Chamber Symphony]]''
** ''Vom ewigen Leben''
*[[Richard Strauss]]. ''[[Ariadne auf Naxos]]'' an opera (libretto by [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]]) that employs a harmonium in the orchestration of each of its versions. It requires an instrument with many stops, which are specified in the score.
*[[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]. "[[Manfred Symphony]]", fourth movement
*[[Louis Vierne]]. 24 Pièces en style libre pour orgue ou harmonium, Op. 31 (1913)
*[[Anton Webern]]. ''Five Pieces for Orchestra op. 10''
*[[Alexander Zemlinsky]]
** ''Six Maeterlinck Songs''
** ''[[Lyric Symphony]]''

==Artists==
[[File:Mariana Sadovska - Borderland (1384).jpg|thumb|upright|Singer Mariana Sadovska using a hand-pumped organ, Cologne, Germany]]

*[[Ivor Cutler]], Scottish humorist and musician
*[[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]], American [[kirtan]] singer, composer and recording artist
*[[Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan]], Pakistani [[qawali]] performer, composer and recording artist
*[[Mariana Sadovska]], Ukrainian singer, composer and recording artist
*Radie Peat, singer and musician of [[Lankum]]
*[[Nico (German singer)|Nico]], German singer, songwriter, actress, model and recording artist

==Western popular music==

[[Image:KDBhaktiFestWest 20150913 (22155426016).jpg|thumb|right|[[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]] playing a harmonium at [[Bhakti Fest|Bhaktifest West]], 2015]]
Harmoniums have been used in western popular music since at least the 1960s. [[John Lennon]] played a Mannborg harmonium<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harmonycentral.com/articles/keyboards-of-the-beatles-era |first=Phil |last=O'Keefe|title=Keyboards of the Beatles Era|publisher=[[Harmony Central]]|date=7 February 2014|access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref> on [[the Beatles]]' hit single "[[We Can Work It Out]]", released in December 1965, and the band used the instrument on other songs recorded during the sessions for their ''[[Rubber Soul]]'' album.<ref>{{cite book| last=Everett| first=Walter| title=The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men through Rubber Soul| year=2001| publisher=Oxford University Press| location=New York, NY| isbn=0-19-514105-9| pages=[https://archive.org/details/beatlesasmusicia00ever/page/321 321–22]| url=https://archive.org/details/beatlesasmusicia00ever/page/321}}</ref> They also used the instrument on the famous "final chord" of "[[A Day in the Life]]", and on the song "[[Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!]]", both released on the 1967 album ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Here, There and Everywhere: My Life Recording the Music of the Beatles|last1=Emerick|first1=Geoff|last2=Massey|first2=Howard|publisher=Gotham Books|location=New York, New York|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0738537772|pages=162–167|isbn=978-1-592-40269-4}}</ref> The group's hit single "[[Hello, Goodbye]]" and the track "[[Your Mother Should Know]]" were both written using a harmonium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beatlesbible.com/songs/hello-goodbye/|title=Hello, Goodbye|date=15 March 2008 |access-date=December 24, 2015|publisher=The Beatles Bible}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Scapelliti|first=Christopher|date=2016|title=Music Icons – The Beatles: The Story Behind Every Album & Song|journal=Music Icons|location=New York, NY|publisher=Athlon Sports Communications, Inc.|page=84|issue=2}}</ref>

Many other artists soon employed the instrument in their music, including; [[Pink Floyd]] on the title song "[[Chapter 24 (song)|Chapter 24]]" of their first album ''[[The Piper at the Gates of Dawn]]'' in 1967{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}, [[Elton John]] on his 1973 album ''[[Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player]]'', 1976's ''[[Blue Moves]]'', the 1978 album ''[[A Single Man (album)|A Single Man]]'', and 1995's ''[[Made in England (Elton John album)|Made in England]]''{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}. German singer [[Nico (German singer)|Nico]] was closely associated with the harmonium, using it as her main instrument, during the late 60s and 70s, on albums such as ''[[The Marble Index]]'', ''[[Desertshore]]'' and ''[[The End...]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.allmusic.com/album/desertshore-mw0000110647 |title=Desertshore – Nico {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic |website= AllMusic |access-date= 2018-03-09}}</ref>

[[Donovan]] employed the harmonium on his 1968 album ''[[The Hurdy Gurdy Man]]'' where he played it in droning accompaniment on the song "Peregrine", and where it was also played on his song "Poor Cow" by [[John Cameron (musician)|John Cameron]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://donovan-unofficial.com/music/albums/the_hurdy_gurdy_man.html|title=The Hurdy Gurdy Man|date=2009|access-date=May 24, 2017|publisher=Donovan Unofficial}}</ref>

[[Robert Fripp]] of [[King Crimson]] played a pedal harmonium borrowed from lyricist [[Peter Sinfield]] on the title track of the progressive rock band's 1971 album ''[[Islands (King Crimson album)|Islands]]''.

More recently [[Roger Hodgson]] from [[Supertramp]] used his harmonium on many of the group's songs including "Two of Us" from ''[[Crisis? What Crisis?]]'', "Fool's Overture" from ''[[Even in the Quietest Moments...]]'', [[Breakfast in America (song)|the title track]] to their 1979 album ''[[Breakfast in America]]'' and "Lord Is It Mine". Hodgson also used a harmonium on "The Garden" from his 2000 solo album ''[[Open the Door (Roger Hodgson album)|Open the Door]]''.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} [[Greg Weeks]] and [[Tori Amos]] have both used the instrument on their recordings and live performances.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

[[The Damned (band)|The Damned]] singer [[Dave Vanian]] bought a harmonium for £49 and used it to compose "Curtain Call", the 17-minute closing track from their 1980 double LP ''[[The Black Album (The Damned album)|The Black Album]]''{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}. In 1990, [[Depeche Mode]] used a harmonium on a version of their song "[[Enjoy the Silence]]".{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} [[The Divine Comedy (band)|The Divine Comedy]] used a harmonium on "Neptune's Daughter" from their 1994 album ''[[Promenade (The Divine Comedy album)|Promenade]]''{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}. [[Sara Bareilles]] used the harmonium on her 2012 song "Once Upon Another Time".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNDtO5MRwgc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/GNDtO5MRwgc| archive-date=2021-11-07 | url-status=live|title=Sara Bareilles – Once Upon Another Time (Live at the El Rey – 5/14/2013)|last=Goosee9|date=15 May 2013|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Motion Picture Soundtrack]], the closing track to [[Radiohead]]'s 2000 album [[Kid A]], makes heavy use of a harmonium pedal organ in a stark contrast to many other tracks on the album that are almost entirely electronic.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.citizeninsane.eu/music/kida/mps.html#:~:text=Thom%20worked%20out,added%20by%20Jonny. | title=Motion Picture Soundtrack }}</ref>

During the 1990s the Hindu and Sikh-based devotional music known as [[kirtan]], a 7th–8th century Indian music, popularly emerged in the West.<ref name="YogaJournal">{{cite news|title=Sing the Soul Electric|url=http://www.yogajournal.com/article/yoga-trends/sing-soul-electric/|newspaper=Yoga Journal|author1=Shannon Sexton|author2=Anna Dubrovsky|date=December 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kirtans East and West|url=https://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2011/11/14/kirtans-east-and-west|newspaper=India Currents|last=Rockwell|first=Teed|date=November 14, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224103822/https://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2011/11/14/kirtans-east-and-west|archive-date=December 24, 2015}}</ref> The harmonium is often played as the lead instrument by kirtan artists; notably [[Jai Uttal]] who was nominated for a Grammy award for [[new-age music]] in 2004,<ref name="YogaJournal" /> [[Snatam Kaur]], and [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]] who was nominated for a Grammy award for new age music in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Krishna Das' "Live Ananda" Earns Grammy Nomination; Kirtan Grammy Would Be A First|url=http://thebhaktibeat.com/krishna-das-live-ananda-earns-grammy-nomination-kirtan-grammy-would-be-a-first-breaking-news/|newspaper=The Bhakti Beat|first=Brenda|last=Patoine|date=December 6, 2012}}</ref>

==Types==
{{Expand section|date=February 2015}}

In the view points of preservation of cultural properties, maintenance and restoration, the pump organs are often categorized into several types.<ref name="fudge">{{Cite web |last=Fudge |first=Rod |title=Twelve Different Types of Pump Organs (Types of Reed Organs) |url=http://www.pumporganrestorations.com/types_of_reed_organs.htm |website=PumpOrganRestorations.com}}</ref><ref name="estey">{{Cite web |title=How To Find Serial Numbers In Estey Reed Organs |url=http://www.esteyorganmuseum.org/organs/EsteySerialNumbers.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101202024/http://www.esteyorganmuseum.org/organs/EsteySerialNumbers.htm |archive-date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Estey Organ Museum}}</ref><ref name="MDLC2020">{{Cite book |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/content/download/277299/pdf_file/GUI_MH_HarmoniumsRepererProteger_20201006.pdf?version=1 |title=Guide – Harmoniums : Repérage et protection au titre des monuments historique |date=2020 |publisher=[[Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication|Ministère de la Culture]] |isbn=978-2-11-162589-1 |series=Direction générale des patrimoines [Directorate General of Heritage] |location=Paris, France |pages=21–26 |language=French |trans-title=Guide - Harmoniums : Identification and protection as historical monuments |chapter=6.Annexes. A.Typologie}}</ref>

===Historical instruments===
Historically the ''ancestor of pump organs'' began as the types of [[pipe organ]]s ([[positive organ|positive]], [[portative organ|portative]]) using the [[Acoustic resonance#Resonance of a tube of air|resonance-pipes]] powered by the [[bellows]] (''i.e.'' pumped pipe organs).

In the 17th century on the small reed-pipe organs called [[Regal (instrument)|regal]], these [[reed pipe|reed-pipe]]s were replaced by the beating-[[reed (instrument)|reed]]s, and its form is closer to the later [[rocking melodeon]], the early small pump organs or the early accordions.

In the early 19th century when the [[free reed]]s became factory-manufacturable, various [[free reed aerophone|free reed instrument]]s were invented one after another, including: early [[#Early instruments|pump organ]]s ({{circa|1810}}), [[accordion]]s ({{circa|1822/1829}}), and [[Symphonium]] ({{circa|1829}}) as an early harmonica.
<gallery>
File:横浜みなとみらいポジティフオルガン「スージー」全体.JPG|''cf. [[Positive organ]] (small [[pipe organ]] with [[bellows]])''
File:Portative.jpg|''cf. [[Portative organ]] (portable [[pipe organ]] with bellows)''
File:Bibelregal1988ME I.JPG|'''''[[Regal (instrument)|Regal]]''''' without pipes circa 1600 (beating [[reed (instrument)|reed]] organ, without pipes after the 17th century)
File:8 key accordion.JPG|''cf. [[Accordion]] circa 1830'' ([[Accordion#History|invented c.1822/1829]])
File:Mouth organ (or symphonium) (c.1830, London) by Charles Wheatstone, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.jpg|''cf. {{Ill|Symphonium|de}} circa 1830'' ([[w:de:Symphonium|invented c.1829]])
</gallery>

=== Early instruments===
{{See also|Physharmonica|fr:Poïkilorgue|Seraphine (instrument)|fr:Harmoniflûte|de:Aeoline (Musikinstrument)|fr:Piano-melodium|Melodeons and seraphines|#Melodeons and seraphines}}{{Anchor|Poïkilorgue}}{{Anchor|Seraphine}}{{Anchor|Harmoniflûte}}{{Anchor|Aeoline}}{{Anchor|Mélodium}}
'''Note''': the term "melodium" seems to be interchangeable with the terms "melodion" and "melodeon".<ref name=KohlerLambeck1892>{{Cite book |last1=Köhler |first1=Friedrich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhUtAAAAYAAJ |title=Dictionary of the English and German Languages |last2=Lambeck |first2=Hermann |date=1892 |publisher=P. Reclam jun. |editor-last=Lambeck |editor-first=Hermann |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhUtAAAAYAAJ&dq=Melodium+dictionary&pg=PA307 307]}} {{Smaller|1="'''''melodeon''' [me-lō'di-on] '''s.''' ♪ Ziehharmonica f. Melodion '''n''' (=melodium).  '''melodium''' [me-lō'di-um] '''s.''' Melodion '''n''' (=melodeon).''"}}</ref><ref name=CenturyDictionary1890>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7kCAAAAIAAJ |title=The Century Dictionary |date=1890 |publisher=Century Company |series=An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language |volume=13 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=a7kCAAAAIAAJ&dq=Melodium+Melodeon&pg=PA37%30%30 3700]}} {{Smaller|1="'''''melodeon''' (me-ˈlō'di-on). '''n'''. [Also ''melodium;'' < '''L'''. ''melodia'', < '''Gr'''. ''μελωδία'', a singing: see ''melody''. ''Cf''. ''melodion''.] A reed-organ or harmonium.  '''melodium''' (me-lō'di-um). '''n'''. See ''melodeon''.''"}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Musee des Ursulines de Quebec 010.jpg| {{Ill|Poïkilorgue|lt='''Orgue-expressif'''|fr}}<ref name=MDLC2020/> (invented in 1810 by {{Ill|Gabriel-Joseph Grenié|lt=Gabriel-Joseph Grenié |fr}}, Paris) or Mélodium
File:Reed Organ (Physharmonica) MET DP227017.jpg|Portable or folding:<ref name="fudge"/> '''[[Physharmonica]]'''<ref name=MDLC2020/> (invented in 1818 by [[Anton Haeckl]], Vienna)
File:Seraphine MET 225316.jpg|'''[[Seraphine (instrument)|Seraphine]]''' (invented in 1833 by John Green, London)
File:Harmoniflute, Technisches Museum Wien.jpg|Portable or folding:<ref name="fudge"/> {{Ill|Harmoniflûte|lt='''Harmoniflûte'''|fr}}<ref name=MDLC2020/><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zbl3wkvZL7U |title=Harmoniflûte de Mayermatrix [1850] |date=2018-03-18 |type=video |publisher=YouTube |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/Zbl3wkvZL7U |archive-date=2021-11-07 |url-status=live |people=Gilbert Hirsch}}{{Cbignore}} — an example of harmoniflûte play. The bellow on rear-side is pumped by a foot pedal located between a stand.</ref> (introduced in 1855)
</gallery>

===Harmonium===
{{Anchor|Player harmonium}}
{{See also|List of harmonium players}}

Harmoniums are pressure system free-reed organs.
<gallery>
File:Harmonium Debain - c.1865.jpg|Flattop harmonium ({{Circa|1865}}) by [[Alexandre Debain]], a French inventor of the harmonium (patented in 1842)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stichwort |title=[[Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart|Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart (MGG)]] |volume=5 |page=1708 |chapter=Harmonium}}</ref>
File:Orgue-Célesta.gif|{{Ill|Kunstharmonium|lt='''''Kunstharmonium'''''|de}} {{Resize|90%|(French: ''harmoniums d'art'')}} with [[Celesta]],<ref name="MDLC2020"/> by {{Ill|Auguste Victor Mustel|fr}}, Paris (1890)
File:Orgues-mélodium d'Alexandre père et fils.jpg|{{Ill|Piano-melodium|lt='''Piano-mélodium'''|fr}} and '''Orgue-mélodium''' (invented in mid-19th c. by {{Ill|Alexandre Père et Fils|fr}})<ref name="MDLC2020"/>
File:Lyon 8e - Rue du Général André - Classe-musée de la Plaine - Guide-chant.jpeg|[[Guide-chant]]
File:Harmonium (Varanasi, India. 19th century. Inv.2000.015) - MIM Brussels (2018-05-26 10.44.51 by Miguel Discart @Flickr 44507244450).jpg|[[Indian harmonium]],<ref name="MDLC2020"/> which remains influential in [[Music of India|Indian music]]
File:Organeum Harmonium.jpg|Chapel harmonium
File:Organeum, Weener - 15.JPG|Two manual with pedal harmonium<ref name="fudge"/> by {{Ill|Theodor Mannborg|de}} (1911)
File:MIM Orthotonophonium Schiedmayer.jpg|{{Resize|90%|[[Enharmonic keyboard|Enharmonic]] harmonium: }}'''[[Orthotonophonium]]''' (1870s/1914)
File:CIMA mg 8380.jpg|Player harmonium<ref name="fudge"/><ref name="MDLC2020"/> (1888–1903, disc-type)<ref name="Iakobachvili">{{Cite web |last=Давида ЯКОБАШВИЛИ [David Iakobachvili] |title=Harmonium "Reform-orgel" (1888–1903, Sweden, Karlstad) by J.P. Nyströms Orgel & Pianofabrik [Inv. 101/MMP] |url=https://mus-col.com/en/collection/mmp/wind-instruments/harmonium/24709/ |website=Музей "Собрание" [Muzey "Sobraniye" / Museum COLLECTION] |quote=Mechanical harmonium in piano shaped wooden case ... The inscription “I.P. Nyström” is on the left side, ‘Reform-Orgel Patent” – is in the center, “Karlstad” is on the right side. Framed text “Jnnehar sjutton (17) Patenter å egna Uppfinningar inom orgelbranchen” (17 patents for original inventions in the organ industry) is beneath the central inscription. ...}}</ref>
</gallery>

==={{Vanchor|Suction reed organs}}===
Suction reed organs are vacuum system free-reed organs.

====Melodeons and seraphines====
{{Anchor|Melodeon}}{{Anchor|Rocking melodeon}}{{Anchor|American reed organ}}{{Anchor|Seraphine}}
'''Note''': The term "melodeon" seems to be interchangeable with the terms "melodion" and "melodium".<ref name=KohlerLambeck1892/><ref name=CenturyDictionary1890/> &emsp;&emsp;&emsp;For the "melodeon" as a type of accordion, see {{Section link|Diatonic button accordion|Nomenclature}}.
<gallery>
File:Rocking Melodeon MET D3198 89.4.1194.jpg|{{Nowrap|''Rocking '''melodeon'''''}}<ref name="Waring2002p11">{{Cite book |last=Waring |first=Dennis G. |title=Manufacturing the Muse: Estey Organs and Consumer Culture in Victorian America |date=29 July 2002 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-6508-2 |publication-date=2002 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=60elWdTssmwC&dq=Rocking%20melodeon&pg=PR11 11]–12 |chapter=American Reed Organ Manufacture |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=60elWdTssmwC&q=Rocking%20melodeon&pg=PR11}}</ref><ref name="BushKassel2006p441">{{Cite book |last1=Bush |first1=Douglas Earl |title=The Organ: An Encyclopedia |last2=Kassel |first2=Richard |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780415941747 |series=Encyclopedia of keyboard instruments |volume=3 |publication-date=2006 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDJaeFFUPoC&dq=Rocking%20melodeon&pg=PA441 441] |chapter=Prescott, Abraham (1789–1858)}}</ref><ref name=MDLC2020/> or ''lap organ''<ref name=fudge/> {{Nowrap|(1825)}}<ref name="MET89.4.1194">{{Citation |last=Prescott |first=Abraham |title=Rocking Melodeon |date=1825 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/501765 |id={{Smaller|[[Metropolitan Museum of Art|MET]] Accession Number:}} 89.4.1194|quote='''Maker''':'' Abraham Prescott (American, Deerfield, New Hampshire 1789–1858 Concord, New Hampshire)''}}</ref><ref name="MET1989">{{Cite journal |last=Laurence Libin |date=Summer 1989 |title=Keyboard Instruments |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Keyboard_Instruments_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_Bulletin_v_47_no_1_Summer_1989 |format=PDF |journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |volume=47 |issue=1 |page=[http://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/Keyboard_Instruments_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_Bulletin_v_47_no_1_Summer_1989.pdf#page=54 52]}} (available as [http://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/Keyboard_Instruments_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_Bulletin_v_47_no_1_Summer_1989.pdf PDF])</ref>
File:Seraphine reed organ, by James A. Bazin, Canton MA, 1835, bird's eye maple, rosewood - Old Colony History Museum - Taunton, Massachusetts - DSC03905.jpg|'''Seraphine'''<ref name=MDLC2020/> of the United States (ca.1835 by James A. Bazin, MA)
File:Melodium (23986253000).jpg|''Portable '''melodeon'''''<ref name=estey/> or ''lyre-leg melodeon''<ref name=fudge/>
File:New Haven Melodeon, Mission Mill Museum.jpg|''Piano-style '''melodeon''''' <ref name=fudge/><ref name=estey/><ref name=MDLC2020/> (c.1867)<ref name=AntiquePianoShop.com_NewHavenMelodeon1865>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2017 |title=New Haven Melodeon (1865) |url=http://antiquepianoshop.com/product/new-haven-melodeon/ |website=AntiquePianoShop.com |quote={{Smaller|1=''This is a beautiful melodeon built by The New Haven Melodeon Company circa about 1865. These instruments are small reed organs that are operated by pumping the large iron right pedal…the left pedal is volume control and operates a swell shutter. During the mid 19th Century, these little melodeons were often the only form of musical entertainment in Rural America. This style of melodeon is known as a "Portable Melodeon" and its legs are designed to fold up under the instrument for easy transport. ...''}}}} See images: [http://antiquepianoshop.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/6744_-tmp-jpgnptcfy_884_9999_fill.jpg 1], [http://antiquepianoshop.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/6745_-tmp-jpgo54ub1_884_9999_fill.jpg 2], [http://antiquepianoshop.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/6746_-tmp-jpgcwefs6_884_9999_fill.jpg 3], [http://antiquepianoshop.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/6747_-tmp-jpgvwlm9z_884_9999_fill.jpg 4], [http://antiquepianoshop.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/6748_-tmp-jpgo1lstf_884_9999_fill.jpg 5], [http://antiquepianoshop.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/6750_-tmp-jpgot3nnx_884_9999_fill.jpg 6].</ref><ref name=AntiquePianoShop.com_NewHavenMelodeonCompany>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=New Haven Melodeon Company |url=http://www.antiquepianoshop.com/online-museum/new-haven-melodeon-company/ |website=AntiquePianoShop.com |quote={{Smaller|1=''The New Haven Melodeon Company was organized on April 10th, 1867 in New Haven, CT. John L. Treat of Treat & Linsley was listed as superintendent of the firm. The firm built several models of organs and melodeons and enjoyed a great deal of success. By 1872 the firm is listed as having operating capital in the amount of $40,000. By the late 1870s, the popularity of the melodeon began to wain in favor of the parlor organ. The firm reorganized as "The New Haven Organ Company" from 1881 to 1883, and there is no mention of the firm after about 1883.''}}}} See also: [http://antiquepianoshop.com/online-museum/treat-linsley/ Treat & Linsley].</ref>
</gallery>

===={{Vanchor|Reed organ}}s====
{{Anchor|Parlor organ}}{{Anchor|Player reed organ}}
<gallery>
File:Sunday School Organ in Barratt's Chapel Museum, Frederica, Delaware.jpg|Folding reed organ<ref name=estey/><ref name=MDLC2020/> (19th century)
File:Geo. Woods Melodeon.JPG|Flattop reed organ:<ref name=fudge/><ref name=estey/><ref name=MDLC2020/><ref name="harmoniumnet">{{Cite web |title=The Olthof Collection - Exhibited in 1981 |url=http://www.harmoniumnet.nl/musea-olthof-ENG.html |website=harmoniumnet.nl |quote=''17. Flat top reed organ by George Woods & Co. This firms is known for its high quality Melodeons (early type of reed organ, in fact the suction variety of the physharmonica)''}}</ref> ''melodeon'' or '''''American reed organ'''''
File:American Organ Odilienberg 1.jpg|Parlor organ:<ref name=fudge/><ref name=estey/><ref name=MDLC2020/> ''melodeon'' or '''''American reed organ''''' {{Smaller|by American Reed Organ Co., Rotterdam}}<ref name=MDLC2020/>
File:Harmonium in St Peter's Church, Normanby by Spittle (geography.org.uk 2622275 2ed0d039).jpg|Chapel organ<ref name=estey/><ref name=MDLC2020/>
File:Piano case reed organ, removed a front panel, preparing for Noise Boundary music ensemble.jpg|Piano case reed organ <ref name=fudge/><ref name=MDLC2020/>
File:Estey Phonorium. (front).jpg|Two manual with pedal reed organ<ref name=estey/><ref name=MDLC2020/> (pipe-top)
File:Alleyorgan.jpg|'''''[[enharmonic keyboard|Enharmonic]] reed organ''''' (1868/1871) by Joseph Alley
File:"Autophone" Organette MET MUS483A.jpg| ''cf.'' mechanical {{Nowrap|free-reed}} instrument, [[Organette]] in 1878<ref name="MET07.195">{{Citation |last=Autophone |title="Autophone" Organette |date=1878 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/504965 |others=Henry Bishop Horton (inventor) |id={{Smaller|[[Metropolitan Museum of Art|MET]] Accession Number:}} 07.195a, b|quote='''Manufacturer''': Autophone / '''Inventor''': Henry Bishop Horton (American, Winchester, Connecticut 1819–1885)}}</ref>
</gallery>

==={{Vanchor|Later instruments}} (electric-blower driven / electronic organs)===
{{Anchor|Electrically blown reed organ}}
<gallery>
File:Harmophon koestler 2.jpg|Electric-blower driven reed organ
File:Magnus electric chord organ (free stand, wood, 3oct, 6maj, 6min, 3stop, vib).jpg|Electric-blower driven reed [[chord organ]] (1960s)
File:Wurlitzer Model 44 Electrostatic Reed Organ.png|[[Electrostatic reed organ|Electrostatic-pickup reed organ]] (1930s–1960s)
File:Gulbransen Organ, Museum of Making Music.jpg|''cf. Electronic organ (1939–)''
</gallery>

==Related instruments==
* [[Harmonica]]
* [[Shruti box]]
* [[Pipe organ]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Pump organs}}
*[http://www.reedsoc.org The Reed Organ Society]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130618065956/http://eccs.onu.edu/~estell/organs/ The Reed Organ Home Page] of John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University
*[https://learnharmonium.com Top Harmonium Makers]
{{Reed aerophones}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reed Organ}}
[[Category:Keyboard instruments]]
[[Category:Organs (music)]]
[[Category:Sets of free reeds]]

List of bus depots in Karnataka

2026-02-18T17:43:30Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
[[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]], abbreviated and better known as [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] is a [[Government of Karnataka|state-owned]] public road transport company in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=|date=2020-09-02|title=Ganesha for all at Chitradurga bus depot|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ganesha-for-all-at-chitradurga-bus-depot/article32506168.ece|access-date=2021-08-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Bus Depot==
A bus depot is an operating base of a Transport corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bus Depots|url=https://ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/documents/toolkits/UrbanBusToolkit/assets/3/3.1/35(vii)b.html|access-date=2021-08-01|website=ppiaf.org}}</ref> It accommodates parking, servicing and maintenance facilities for vehicles, an administrative function and facilities for staff. [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] have facilities for servicing and maintenance work in-house at the depot.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2021-04-06|title=Karnataka bus strike: Exams postponed; auto, taxi fares fixed. 10 updates|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/karnataka-bus-strike-university-exams-postponed-govt-fixes-rate-to-avoid-extra-charges-by-auto-taxi-11617725596177.html|access-date=2021-08-01|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> The principal operational tasks to be carried out at a bus depot includes allocating and dispatching buses with crews according to schedule, processing cash paid in by conductors or drivers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kidiyoor|first=Suchith|date=2021-06-21|title=BMTC, KSRTC, Namma Metro resume services in Bengaluru, Karnataka|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bmtc-ksrtc-namma-metro-resume-services-in-bengaluru-karnataka/article34877967.ece|access-date=2021-08-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Facilities required for these purposes often includes a signing-on office where crews report for duty and a cash office where conductors or drivers pay in the cash collected during their duties and an office for managerial and supervisory staff. Chargeman, supervisors report to the depot manager, which is the highest designation on the management front.<ref>{{Cite web|title=After Savadi's SUV fills free fuel, notice slapped on KSRTC staffer|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/jan/10/after-savadis-suv-fills-free-fuelnotice-slapped-on-ksrtc-staffer-2248010.html|access-date=2021-08-01|website=The New Indian Express|date=10 January 2021 }}</ref>

Adequate and satisfactory storage will be required for operating, engineering, personnel and financial records as well as for equipment such as ticket machines and tickets and associated documents such as waybills.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-27|title=KSRTC buses to hit roads from tomorrow|url=https://starofmysore.com/ksrtc-buses-to-hit-roads-from-tomorrow/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] has its own-account maintenance workshops with specialist facilities catering Coach building (at [[Kengeri]], [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], [[Hubli]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=REGIONAL WORKSHOP HUBBALLI - NORTH WESTERN KARNATAKA ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/REGIONAL+WORKSHOP++HUBBALLI/en|access-date=2021-10-19|website=nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref> and [[Yadgir]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regional Workshop Yadgir - Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|url=https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Regional%20Workshop%20Yadgir/en|access-date=2021-10-19|website=kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>) and vehicle maintenance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-07|title=KSRTC employees' stir hits people in Kodagu|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/ksrtc-employees-stir-hits-people-in-kodagu-971640.html|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Minimum servicing and maintenance requirements at depots include facilities for vehicle fueling, washing and cleaning, inspection pits, tools and equipment for minor routine servicing and mechanical repairs, facilities for changing and maintaining tires, storage accommodation for spare parts and office accommodation for supervisory staff.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bureau|first=Karnataka|date=2020-12-12|title=Commuters stranded during strike by bus crew|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/commuters-stranded-during-strike-by-bus-crew/article33308743.ece|access-date=2021-08-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Many minor maintenance tasks are carried out while vehicles are waiting for their next trips. Another important function of a bus depot is the accommodation of buses which are not immediately required for operation or maintenance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-12|title=Stones pelted at six KSRTC buses in Hunsur, two held|url=https://starofmysore.com/stones-pelted-at-six-ksrtc-buses-in-hunsur-two-held/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref> There must be sufficient space for parking all buses based at the depot together with any others based elsewhere that require temporary accommodation and for safe maneuvering of vehicles in and out of the parking area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mangaluru: KSRTC employees' strike - Staff gradually reporting to work|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=822469|access-date=2021-08-01|website=www.daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref> In the case of urban bus operations usually there will be a normal requirement for the entire fleet to be parked overnight, unless a significant number of vehicles are required for all-night operation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka bus strike: KSRTC, BMTC call off protest; services in Bengaluru and rest parts of state to resume|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/karnataka-bus-strike-ksrtc-decides-to-continue-agitation-yediyurappa-assures-fulfilment-of-several-demands/694237|access-date=2021-08-01|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=14 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Environmental friendly initiative==
The environmental problems can be minimized with good design of the facilities, proper maintenance, good discipline and housekeeping.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biofuel, ethanol to drive Karnataka buses - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/biofuel-ethanol-to-drive-karnataka-buses/25885/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] is making efforts to increase fuel efficiency of its buses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KSRTC launches eco-friendly bio-diesel buses|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/ksrtc-launches-eco-friendly-bio-diesel-buses|access-date=2021-08-01|website=coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India|language=en}}</ref> This relies on drivers and maintenance staff at the bus depot.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka on eco-friendly drive, STCs to run 1,700 buses on biofuel|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/karnataka-eco-friendly-drive-stcs-run-700-buses-biofuel-20235|access-date=2021-08-01|website=www.autocarpro.in|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] also uses alternative bio fuel like [[ethanol fuel]], [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]], [[Millettia pinnata|Millettia pinnata seed Oil]] ([[Indian Beech|Indian Beech seed Oil]]) and procuring to plan electric buses so that it can reduce carbon emissions as an environmental friendly approach.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bharat A. Patel|date=Jan 2, 2015|title=Humps put brakes on KSRTC's mileage|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/ksrtc-bengaluru-mysuru-road-air-conditioned-buses-bns-reddy/articleshow/45721024.cms|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka to get 400 electric buses; 300 to ply in Bengaluru|url=https://www.eqmagpro.com/karnataka-to-get-400-electric-buses-300-to-ply-in-bengaluru/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=The Leading Solar Magazine In India|date=10 August 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2017–18, [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] managed to save more than 3 lakh litres of diesel compared to 99,373 litres in 2016–17.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Nolan Pinto |date=December 27, 2016 |title=Karnataka state transport's big Make in India push, inducts 25 biodiesel buses|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/ksrtc-make-in-india-bio-diesel-359816-2016-12-27|access-date=2021-08-01|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bennur|first=Shankar|date=2014-07-03|title=KSRTC buses may run onethanol-blended fuel again|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ksrtc-buses-may-run-onethanolblended-fuel-again/article6170779.ece|access-date=2021-08-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The increased mileage of [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] buses has also resulted in savings of Rs 59.73 lakh and Rs 1.68 crore in 2016-17 and 2017–18, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Christin Mathew Philip|date=Jun 14, 2018|title=Price hike prompts KSRTC to focus on fuel efficiency {{!}} Bengaluru News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/price-hike-prompts-ksrtc-to-focus-on-fuel-efficiency/articleshow/64580842.cms|access-date=2021-08-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2007-08-23|title=Karnataka buses to run on ethanol-blended fuel|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/karnataka-buses-to-run-on-ethanol-blended-fuel-107082301052_1.html|access-date=2021-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-03|title=KSRTC launches eco-friendly buses|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/504218/ksrtc-launches-eco-friendly-buses.html|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The depot in [[Mysore]] also contributed to the health sector by converting buses to [[Intensive care unit|ICU]]s during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-13|title=Sarige Suraksha, ICU-on-wheels by KSRTC|url=https://starofmysore.com/sarige-suraksha-icu-on-wheels-by-ksrtc/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref>

==List of existing Government Bus depots in Karnataka by Transport Corporation==

=== KSRTC ===

{{see also|Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Sl
!Depot Number
!Depot Name
!Division
!District
! Ref
|-
|1|| || Bagepalli || [[Chikballapur]] || [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/KSRTC-Landline_Nos_Eng.pdf|title=KSRTC Landline Nos}}</ref>
|-
|2|| || Chikballapur || Chikballapur || Chikkaballapura
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/CBP_DIVISION_4-1A_4-1B_Final.pdf|title=Chikballapur DIVISION}}</ref>
|-
|3|| || Shidlaghatta || Chikballapur || Chikkaballapura
|<ref name="ksrtc.in">{{Cite web|url=https://ksrtc.in/pages/rti-act.html|title = KSRTC Official Website for Online Bus Ticket Booking - KSRTC.in}}</ref>
|-
|4|| || Chintamani || Chikballapur || Chikkaballapura
|<ref name="ksrtc.in"/>
|-
|5|| || Gauribidanur || Chikballapur || Chikkaballapura
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|6|| || Doddaballapur || Chikballapur || [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|7|| 1 || Bangalore Mofussil-1 || Bangalore Central || [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/2020/20200320170402-RTI_41_A_1_B.pdf|title=RTI Bangalore Mofussil-1}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/2020/20200311170609-bcd_4_1_A.pdf|title=RTI Bangalore Mofussil-2}}</ref>
|-
|8|| 2|| Bangalore Mofussil-2 || Bangalore Central || Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
|-
|9|| 4|| Bangalore Mofussil-4 || Bangalore Central || Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
|-
|10|| 5|| Bangalore Mofussil-5 || Bangalore Central || Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
|-
|11|| 6|| Bangalore Mofussil-6 || Bangalore Central || Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
|-
|12|| || Nelamangala || Bangalore Central || Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
|-
|13|| || Anekal || Ramanagara || Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|14|| || Channapatna || [[Ramanagara]] || [[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]]
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|15|| || Harohalli || Ramanagara || Ramanagara
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|16|| || Kanakapura || Ramanagara || Ramanagara
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|17|| || Magadi || Ramanagara || Ramanagara
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|18|| || Ramanagara || Ramanagara || Ramanagara
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/RMN_4-1-A-2018.pdf|title=KSRTC Staff list Ramanagara Division}}</ref>
|-
|19|| || Chamarajanagar || [[Chamarajanagar]] || [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]]
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/Chamarajnagar_4-1A.pdf|title=KSRTC Staff list Chamarajanagar Division}}</ref>
|-
|20|| || Gundlupet || Chamarajanagar || Chamarajanagar
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|21|| || Kollegal || Chamarajanagar || Chamarajanagar
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|22|| 1|| Mysore Mofussil-1 || Mysore Rural || Mysore
|<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/2019/20191114123714-MYSR_4_1_A.pdf|title=KSRTC Staff list Mysore Rural Division}}</ref>
|-
|23|| 3|| Mysore Mofussil-3 || Mysore Rural || Mysore
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|24|| || Heggadadevanakote || Mysore Rural|| Mysore
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|25|| || Hunsur || Mysore Rural|| Mysore
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|26|| || Krishnarajanagara || Mysore Rural|| Mysore
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|27|| || Piriyapatna || Mysore Rural|| Mysore
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|28|| 2|| Kuvempunagar || Mysore City|| Mysore
|<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/Mysore%20ITS_0.pdf|title =Mysore Intelligent Transport System }}</ref><ref name=":43">{{Cite web|url=http://urbanmobilityindia.in/Upload/Conference/8f2ab956-7b80-4ed5-bba9-a74181436034.pdf|title=CITY BUS SERVICES OPERATIONS BY STATE TRANSPORT UNDERTAKINGS
}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/2020/20200213104624-mysu_4_1_A.pdf|title=KSRTC Mysore City Division}}</ref>
|-
|29|| 3|| Sathagalli || Mysore City || Mysore
|<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":43" /><ref name=":53" />
|-
|30|| 4|| Vijayanagara || Mysore City || Mysore
|<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":43" /><ref name=":53" />
|-
|31|| || Nanjangudu || Mysuru City || [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|32|| || Chikmagalur || [[Chikmagalur]] || [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]]
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/CKM_RTI4(1)A.pdf|title=KSRTC Chikmagalur Division RTI}}</ref>
|-
|33|| || Kadur || Chikmagalur || Chikmagalur
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|34|| || Mudigere || Chikmagalur || Chikmagalur
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|35|| || Arsikere || Chikmagalur || [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|36
|
|Belur
|Chikmagalur
|Hassan
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|37|| || Sakleshpur || Chikmagalur || Hassan
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|38|| || Arkalgud || Hassan || Hassan
|<ref name=":10" />
|-
|39|| || Channarayapatna || Hassan || Hassan
|<ref name=":10" />
|-
|40|| 1|| Hassan-1 || Hassan || Hassan
|<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/HSN.pdf|title=KSRTC Hassan Division}}</ref>
|-
|41|| 2|| Hassan-2 || Hassan || Hassan
|<ref name=":10" />
|-
|42|| || Holenarasipur || Hassan || Hassan
|<ref name=":10" />
|-
|43|| || Ramanathapura || Hassan || Hassan
|<ref name=":10" />
|-
|44|| || KGF || [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] || [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
|45|| || Kolar || Kolar || Kolar
|<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/kolar-DN_4-1A.pdf|title=KSRTC Kolar division}}</ref>
|-
|46|| || Malur || Kolar || Kolar
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
|47|| || Mulbagal || Kolar || Kolar
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
|48|| || Srinivasapura || Kolar || Kolar
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
|49|| || Krishnarajapet || [[Mandya]] || [[Mandya district|Mandya]]
|<ref name=":12" />
|-
|50|| || Maddur || Mandya || Mandya
|<ref name=":12" />
|-
|51|| || Malavalli || Mandya || Mandya
|<ref name=":12" />
|-
|52|| || Mandya || Mandya || Mandya
|<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/2019/RTI_MANDYA_A.pdf|title=KSRTC Mandya Division}}</ref>
|-
|53|| || Nagamangala || Mandya || Mandya
|<ref name=":12" />
|-
|54|| || Pandavapura || Mandya || Mandya
|<ref name=":12" />
|-
|55|| || Madikeri || Puttur || [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]
|<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" />
|-
|56|| || BC Road || Puttur || [[Dakshina Kannada]]
|<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" />
|-
|57|| || Puttur || Puttur || Dakshina Kannada
|<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|author=|date=2020-11-22|title=KSRTC's Puttur division too resumes services to Kerala|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/ksrtcs-puttur-division-too-resumes-services-to-kerala/article33151889.ece|access-date=2021-04-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|date=2011-06-17|title=KSRTC to carve out new division in Puttur|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/169389/ksrtc-carve-division-puttur.html|access-date=2021-04-25|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/2019/20190913155609-PTR_RTI_4_1_a_.pdf|title=KSRTC Puttur Division}}</ref>
|-
|58|| || Sullia || Puttur || Dakshina Kannada
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|59|| || Dharmasthala || Puttur || Dakshina Kannada
|<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" />
|-
|60|| 1|| Mangalore-1 || [[Mangalore]] || Dakshina Kannada
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/2020/20200210160240-MNG_4_1_A.pdf|title=KSRTC Mangalore Division}}</ref>
|-
|61|| 2|| Mangalore-2 || Mangalore || Dakshina Kannada
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|62|| 3|| Mangalore-3 || Mangalore || Dakshina Kannada
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|63|| || Kundapura || Mangalore || [[Udupi district|Udupi]]
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|64|| || Udupi || Mangalore || Udupi
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|65|| || Kunigal || Tumkur || [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
|<ref name=":16" />
|-
|66|| || Sira || Tumkur || Tumkur
|<ref name=":16" />
|-
|67|| || Tiptur || Tumkur || Tumkur
|<ref name=":16" />
|-
|68|| 1|| Tumkur-1 || Tumkur || Tumkur
|<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/Tumkur-Div_4-1A.pdf|title=KSRTC Tumakuru Division}}</ref>
|-
|69|| 2|| Tumkur-2 || Tumkur || Tumkur
|<ref name=":16" />
|-
|70|| || Turuvekere || Tumkur || Tumkur
|<ref name=":16" />
|-
|71
|
|Madhugiri
|Tumkur
|Tumkur
|<ref name=":16" />
|-
|72
|
|Pavagada
|Chitradurga
|Tumkur
|<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|73|| || Chitradurga || [[Chitradurga]] || [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|74
|
|Hiriyur
|Chitradurga
|Chitradurga
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|75
|
|Challakere
|Chitradurga
|Chitradurga
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|76
|
|Hosadurga
|Chitradurga
|Chitradurga
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|77
|1
|Davanagere-1
|[[Davanagere]]
|[[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|78|| 2|| Davanagere-2 || Davanagere || Davanagere
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://static.abhibus.com/ks/pdf/2020/20200901_DVG_SMG.pdf|title=KSRTC Davanagere and Shimoga Divisions}}</ref>
|-
|79|| || Harihara || Davanagere || Davanagere
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|-
|81|| || Channagiri || Davanagere || Davanagere
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|81|| || Sagar || [[Shimoga]] || [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|82|| || Shimoga || Shimoga || Shimoga
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|83
|
|Bhadravati
|Shimoga
|Shimoga
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|84
|
|Shikaripura
|Shimoga
|Shimoga
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|85
|
|Honnali
|Shimoga
|Davanagere
|<ref name=":3" />
|}

=== KKRTC ===

{{see also|KKRTC}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Sl
!Depot Number
!Depot Name
!Division
!District
! Ref
|-
|1|| || Harapanahalli || [[Hospet]] || [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]||<ref name=":17">{{cite web|url=http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Hosapete.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425180521/http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Hosapete.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2021|work=Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|title=NORTH EASTERN KARNATAKA ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION Land Line Numbers - Hosapete Division|access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=":57">{{Cite web|title=Hospete Division - Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|url=https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Hospete%20Division/en|access-date=2021-10-19|website=kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2|| || Hagari Bommanahalli || Hospet || Vijayanagara ||<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":57" />
|-
|3|| || Hospet || Hospet || Vijayanagara||<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":57" />
|-
|4|| || Huvina Hadagali || Hospet || Vijayanagara||<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":57" />
|-
|5
|
|Sandur
|Bellary
|[[Bellary district|Bellary]]
|<ref name=":57" />
|-
|6|| || Kudligi || Hospet || Vijayanagara||<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":57" />
|-
|7|| 1|| Bellary-1 || [[Bellary]] || [[Bellary district|Bellary]]||<ref name=":18">{{cite web|url=http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Ballari.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425180524/http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Ballari.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2021|work=Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|title=NORTH EASTERN KARNATAKA ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION Land Line Numbers - Ballari Division|access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|8|| 2|| Bellary-2 || Bellary || Bellary||<ref name=":18" />
|-
|9
|3
|Bellary-3
|Bellary
|[[Bellary district|Bellary]]
|<ref name=":18" />
|-
|10
|4
|Kurugodu
|Bellary
|[[Bellary district|Bellary]]
|<ref name=":18" />
|-
|11|| || Siraguppa || Bellary || Bellary||<ref name=":18" />
|-
|12|| || Aurad || [[Bidar]] || [[Bidar district|Bidar]]||<ref name=":19">{{cite web|url=http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Bidar.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425180523/http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Bidar.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2021|work=Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|title=NORTH EASTERN KARNATAKA ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION Land Line Numbers - Bidar Division|access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=":54">{{Cite web|title=Bidar Division - Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|url=https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Bidar%20Division/en|access-date=2021-10-18|website=kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|13|| || Basavkalyan || Bidar || Bidar||<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":54" />
|-
|14|| || Bhalki || Bidar || Bidar||<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":54" />
|-
|15|| 1|| Bidar-1 || Bidar || Bidar||<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":54" />
|-
|16|| 2|| Bidar-2 || Bidar || Bidar||<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":54" />
|-
|17|| || Humnabad || Bidar || Bidar||<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":54" />
|-
|18|| || Chincholi || Gulbarga-1 || [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]||<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":55">{{Cite web|title=Kalaburgi 1 Division - Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|url=https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Kalaburgi%201%20Division/en|access-date=2021-10-18|website=kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|19|| || Chittapur || Gulbarga-1 || Kalaburagi||<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":55" />
|-
|20|| 1|| Gulbarga-1 || Gulbarga-1 || Kalaburagi]||<ref name=":20">{{cite web|url=http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Kalaburagi-1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425180517/http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Kalaburagi-1.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2021|work=Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|title=NORTH EASTERN KARNATAKA ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION Land Line Numbers - Kalaburagi-1 Division|access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=":55" />
|-
|21|| 4|| Gulbarga-4 || Gulbarga-1 || Kalaburagi||<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":55" />
|-
|22|| || Kalagi || Gulbarga-1 || Kalaburagi||<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":55" />
|-
|23|| || Sedum || Gulbarga-1 || Kalaburagi||<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":55" />
|-
|24|| || Åland || Gulbarga-2 || Kalaburagi||<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":56">{{Cite web|title=Kalaburgi 2 {{as written|Div|sion [sic]}} - Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|url=https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Kalaburgi%202%20Divsion/en|access-date=2021-10-18|website=kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127083413/https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Kalaburgi%202%20Divsion/en |archive-date=27 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|25|| 2|| Gulbarga-2 || Gulbarga-2 || Kalaburagi||<ref name=":21">{{cite web|url=http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Kalaburagi-2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425180521/http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Kalaburagi-2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2021|work=Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|title=NORTH EASTERN KARNATAKA ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION Land Line Numbers - Kalaburagi-2 Division|access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=":56" />
|-
|26|| 3|| Gulbarga-3 || Gulbarga-2 || Kalaburagi||<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":56" />
|-
|27
|
|Jewargi
|Gulbarga-2
|Kalaburagi
|<ref name=":56" />
|-
|28
|
|Afzalpur
|Gulbarga-2
|Kalaburagi
|<ref name=":56" />
|-
|29|| || Gangavati || [[Koppal]] || [[Koppal district|Koppal]]||<ref name=":22">{{cite web|url=http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Koppal.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425180517/http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Koppal.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2021|work=Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|title=NORTH EASTERN KARNATAKA ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION Land Line Numbers - Koppal Division|access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=":58">{{Cite web|title=Koppal Division - Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|url=https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Koppal%20Division/en|access-date=2021-10-19|website=kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|30|| || Koppal || Koppal || Koppal ||<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":58" />
|-
|31|| || Kuknur || Koppal || Koppal||<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":58" />
|-
|32|| || Kustagi || Koppal || Koppal||<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":58" />
|-
|33|| || Yelburga || Koppal || Koppal||<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":58" />
|-
|34|| || Devadurga || Raichur || [[Raichur district|Raichur]]||<ref name=":23">{{cite web|url=http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Raichur.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425180526/http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Raichur.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2021|work=Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|title=NORTH EASTERN KARNATAKA ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION Land Line Numbers - Raichur Division|access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=":59">{{Cite web|title=Raichuru Division - Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|url=https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Raichuru%20Division/en|access-date=2021-10-19|website=kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|35|| || Lingasugur || Raichur || Raichur||<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":59" />
|-
|36|| || Manvi || Raichur || Raichur||<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":59" />
|-
|37|| || Maski || Raichur || Raichur||<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":59" />
|-
|38|| 1|| Raichur-1 || Raichur || Raichur||<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":59" />
|-
|39|| 2|| Raichur-2 || Raichur || Raichur||<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":59" />
|-
|40
|3
|Raichur-3
|Raichur
|Raichur
|<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":59" />
|-
|41|| || Sindhanur || Raichur || Raichur||<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":59" />
|-
|42|| || Gurmitkal || Yadgir || [[Yadgir district|Yadgir]]||<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|url=https://nekrtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Yadgir%20Division/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428150704/https://nekrtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Yadgir%20Division/en|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2021|work=Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|title=NORTH EASTERN KARNATAKA ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION Land Line Numbers - Yadgir Division|access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{cite web|url=http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Yadagir.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425180518/http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Yadagir.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2021|work=Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|title=NORTH EASTERN KARNATAKA ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION Land Line Numbers - Yadagir Division|access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=":60">{{Cite web|title=Yadgir Division - Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|url=https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Yadgir%20Division/en|access-date=2021-10-19|website=kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|43|| || Shahapur || Yadgir || Yadgir||<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":25" /><ref name=":60" />
|-
|44|| || Shorapur || Yadgir || Yadgir||<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":25" /><ref name=":60" />
|-
|45|| || Yadgir || Yadgir || Yadgir||<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":25" /><ref name=":60" />
|-
|46|| 1 || Bijapur-1 || [[Bijapur]] || [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]||<ref name=":26">{{cite web|url=http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Vijayapur.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425180520/http://nekrtc.org/Directory/English/Vijayapur.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2021|work=Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|title=NORTH EASTERN KARNATAKA ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION Land Line Numbers - Vijayapura Division|access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=":61">{{Cite web|title=Vijayapur Division - Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|url=https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Vijayapur%20Division/en|access-date=2021-10-19|website=kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|47
|2
|Bijapur-2
|Bijapur
|Bijapur
|<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":61" />
|-
|48
|
|Bijapur-3
|Bijapur
|Bijapur
|<ref name=":61" />
|-
|49
|
|Indi
|Bijapur
|Bijapur
|<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":61" />
|-
|50
|
|Muddebihal
|Bijapur
|Bijapur
|<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":61" />
|-
|51
|
|Sindgi
|Bijapur
|Bijapur
|<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":61" />
|-
|52
|
|Talikot
|Bijapur
|Bijapur
|<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":61" />
|-
|53
|
|Basavana Bagewadi
|Bijapur
|Bijapur
|<ref name=":61" />
|}

=== NWKRTC ===

{{see also|NWKRTC}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Sl
!Depot Number
!Depot Name
!Division
!District
! Ref
|-
|1
|
|Badami
|[[Bagalkot]]
|[[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
|<ref name=":27">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/BAGALAKOTE+DIVISION/en|title=BAGALAKOTE DIVISION en}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/BAGALAKOTE+DIVISION/kn|title=BAGALAKOTE DIVISION kn}}</ref>
|-
|2
|
|Bagalkot
|Bagalkot
|Bagalkot
|<ref name=":27" /><ref name=":28" />
|-
|3
|
|Bilagi
|Bagalkot
|Bagalkot
|<ref name=":27" /><ref name=":28" />
|-
|4
|
|Guledgudda
|Bagalkot
|Bagalkot
|<ref name=":27" /><ref name=":28" />
|-
|5
|
|Hungund
|Bagalkot
|Bagalkot
|<ref name=":27" /><ref name=":28" />
|-
|6
|
|Ilkal
|Bagalkot
|Bagalkot
|<ref name=":27" /><ref name=":28" />
|-
|7
|
|Jamakhandi
|Bagalkot
|Bagalkot
|<ref name=":27" /><ref name=":28" />
|-
|8
|
|Mudhol
|Bagalkot
|Bagalkot
|<ref name=":27" /><ref name=":28" />
|-
|9
|
|Bailhongal
|Belgaum
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/BELAGAVI+DIVISION/kn|title=BELAGAVI DIVISION kn}}</ref>
|-
|10
|1
|Belgaum-1
|Belgaum
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":29">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/BELAGAVI+DIVISION/en|title=BELAGAVI DIVISION en}}</ref><ref name=":30" />
|-
|11
|2
|Belgaum-2
|Belgaum
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />
|-
|12
|3
|Belgaum-3
|Belgaum
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />
|-
|13
|4
|Belgaum-4
|Belgaum
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />
|-
|14
|
|Khanapur
|Belgaum
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />
|-
|15
|
|Ramadurga
|DHARWAD RURAL
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />
|-
|16
|
|Athani
|Chikkodi
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />
|-
|17
|
|Chikkodi
|Chikkodi
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":31">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/CHIKKODI+DIVISION/en|title=CHIKKODI DIVISION EN}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/CHIKKODI+DIVISION/kn|title=CHIKKODI DIVISION KN}}</ref>
|-
|18
|
|Gokak
|Chikkodi
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":31" /><ref name=":32" />
|-
|19
|
|Hukkeri
|Chikkodi
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":31" /><ref name=":32" />
|-
|20
|
|Nippani
|Chikkodi
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":31" /><ref name=":32" />
|-
|21
|
|Raibag
|Chikkodi
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":31" /><ref name=":32" />
|-
|21
|
|Sankeshwar
|Chikkodi
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":31" /><ref name=":32" />
|-
|23
|
|Savadatti
|Dharwad Rural
|Belagavi
|<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":34" />
|-
|24
|
|Dandeli
|Dharwad Rural
|[[Uttara Kannada]]
|<ref name=":33">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/DHARWAD+RURAL+DIVISION/en|title=DHARWAD RURAL DIVISION EN}}</ref><ref name=":34" />
|-
|25
|
|Haliyal
|Dharwad Rural
|Uttara Kannada
|<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":34" />
|-
|26
|
|Dharwad Mofussil
|Dharwad Rural
|[[Dharwad district]]
|<ref name=":34">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/DHARWAD+RURAL+DIVISION/kn|title=DHARWAD RURAL DIVISION KN}}</ref>
|-
|27
|1
|Hubli City-1
|Hubli Dharwad City
|Dharwad
|<ref name=":35">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/HUBBALLI+DHARWAD+CITY+TRANSPORT+DIVISION/en|title=HUBBALLI DHARWAD CITY TRANSPORT DIVISION EN}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/HUBBALLI+DHARWAD+CITY+TRANSPORT+DIVISION/kn|title=HUBBALLI DHARWAD CITY TRANSPORT DIVISION EN}}</ref>
|-
|28
|2
|Hubli BRTS
|Hubli Dharwad City
|Dharwad
|<ref name=":35" /><ref name=":36" />
|-
|29
|3
|Dharwad BRTS
|Hubli Dharwad City
|Dharwad
|<ref name=":35" /><ref name=":36" />
|-
|30
|1
|Hubli Mofussil-1
|Hubli Rural
|Dharwad
|<ref name=":37">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/HUBBALLI+RURAL+DIVISION/en|title=HUBBALLI RURAL DIVISION EN}}</ref><ref name=":38">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/HUBBALLI+RURAL+DIVISION/kn|title=HUBBALLI RURAL DIVISION KN}}</ref>
|-
|31
|2
|Hubli Mofussil-2
|Hubli Rural
|Dharwad
|<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":38" />
|-
|32
|3
|Hubli Mofussil-3
|Hubli Rural
|Dharwad
|<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":38" />
|-
|33
|
|Navalgund
|Hubli Rural
|Dharwad
|<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":38" />
|-
|34
|
|Kalaghatagi
|Hubli Rural
|Dharwad
|<ref name=":37" /><ref name=":38" />
|-
|35
|
|Betageri
|[[Gadag]]
|[[Gadag district|Gadag]]
|<ref name=":39">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/GADAG+DIVISION/kn|title=GADAG DIVISION kn}}</ref><ref name=":40">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/GADAG+DIVISION/en|title=GADAG DIVISION En}}</ref>
|-
|36
|
|Gadag
|Gadag
|Gadag
|<ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" />
|-
|37
|
|Gajendragad
|Gadag
|Gadag
|<ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" />
|-
|38
|
|Laxmeshwar
|Gadag
|Gadag
|<ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" />
|-
|39
|
|Mundargi
|Gadag
|Gadag
|<ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" />
|-
|40
|
|Naragund
|Gadag
|Gadag
|<ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" />
|-
|41
|
|Ron
|Gadag
|Gadag
|<ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" />
|-
|42
|
|Byadgi
|Haveri
|[[Haveri district|Haveri]]
|<ref name=":41" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/HAVERI+DIVISION/en|title=HAVERI DIVISION en}}</ref>
|-
|43
|
|Hanagal
|Haveri
|Haveri
|<ref name=":41">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/HAVERI+DIVISION/kn|title=HAVERI DIVISION kn}}</ref><ref name=":42" />
|-
|44
|
|Haveri
|Haveri
|Haveri
|<ref name=":41" /><ref name=":42" />
|-
|45
|
|Hirekerur
|Haveri
|Haveri
|<ref name=":41" /><ref name=":42" />
|-
|46
|
|Ranebennur
|Haveri
|Haveri
|<ref name=":41" /><ref name=":42" />
|-
|47
|
|Savanur
|Haveri
|Haveri
|<ref name=":41" /><ref name=":42" />
|-
|48
|
|Sirsi
|Uttara Kannada (Sirsi)
|[[Uttara Kannada]]
|<ref name=":45">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/NORTH+KANNADA+DIVISION/en|title=Uttara Kannada Division EN}}</ref><ref name=":44">{{Cite web|url=https://nwkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/DIRECTORY/NORTH+KANNADA+DIVISION/kn|title=Uttara Kannada Division KN}}</ref>
|-
|49
|
|Karwar
|Uttara Kannada (Sirsi)
|Uttara Kannada
|<ref name=":45" /><ref name=":44" />
|-
|50
|
|Ankola
|Uttara Kannada (Sirsi)
|Uttara Kannada
|<ref name=":45" /><ref name=":44" />
|-
|51
|
|Bhatkal
|Uttara Kannada (Sirsi)
|Uttara Kannada
|<ref name=":45" /><ref name=":44" />
|-
|52
|
|Kumta
|Uttara Kannada (Sirsi)
|Uttara Kannada
|<ref name=":45" /><ref name=":44" />
|-
|53
|
|Yellapura
|Uttara Kannada (Sirsi)
|Uttara Kannada
|<ref name=":45" /><ref name=":44" />
|}

=== BMTC ===
[[File:BMTC bus depot, unit 33 (2024) 14.jpg|thumb|BMTC bus depot, sector 33]]
[[File:Kamakya Bus Depo (2), Bengaluru.jpg|thumb|Kamakya Bus Depo, Bengaluru]]
{{see also|Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Sl
!Depot Number
!Depot Name
!Division
!District
! Ref
|-
|1
|2
|Shanthinagar
|South
|[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
|<ref name=":46">{{Cite web|url=https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/Depots/en|title=BMTC Depot Landline Nos}}</ref><ref name=":47">{{Cite web|url=http://test.mybmtc.com/en/officer-list|title=BMTC Officers List Landline Nos KN}}</ref><ref name=":48">{{Cite web|url=https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/Officers+List/en|title=BMTC Officers List Landline Nos EN}}</ref><ref name=":49">{{Cite web|date=2018-04-09|title=Bengaluru BMTC Depots Map with contact numbers {{!}} {{!}} OpenCity.in|url=https://opencity.in/data/bengaluru-bmtc-depots-map|access-date=2021-04-25|website=Open City|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|2
|3
|Shanthinagar
|South
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|3
|4
|Jayanagar
|South
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|4
|6
|Indranagar
|East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|5
|7
|Subashnagar
|Central
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|6
|8
|Yeshwanthpura
|North
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|7
|9
|Peenya
|North-West
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|8
|10
|Hennur
|North-East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|9
|11
|Yelahanka
|North
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|10
|12
|Kengeri
|West
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|11
|13
|Katriguppe
|Central
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|12
|14
|R. T. Nagar
|North-East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|13
|15
|Kormangala
|East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|14
|16
|Deepanjalinagar
|West
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|15
|17
|Chandra Layout
|West
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|16
|18
|ITPL
|Central
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|17
|19
|Electronic city
|East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|18
|20
|Bhanshankari
|South
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|19
|21
|Rajarajeshwarinagar
|West
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|20
|22
|Peenya
|North-West
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|21
|23
|Kalyannagar
|North-East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|22
|24
|K. R. Puram
|North-East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|23
|25
|H. S. R. Layout
|Central
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|24
|26
|Yeshwanthpura
|North
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|25
|27
|Jigani
|South
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|26
|28
|Hebbal
|Central
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|27
|29
|K. R. Puram
|North-East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|28
|30
|Yelahanka
|North
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|29
|31
|Sumanahalli
|North-West
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|30
|32
|Surya city
|East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|31
|33
|Poornapragna Layout
|West
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|32
|34
|Kothanur dinne
|South
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|33
|35
|Kannahalli
|North-West
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|34
|36
|Bidadi
|West
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|35
|37
|Kengeri
|West
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|36
|38
|Chikkanagamangala
|East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|37
|39
|Hoskote
|North-East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|38
|40
|Nelamangala
|North-West
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|39
|41
|Gunjur
|East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|40
|42
|Kodathi
|East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|41
|43
|Shivanapura
|North-West
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|42
|44
|Anjanapura
|South
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|43
|45
|M. S. Palya
|North
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|44
|46
|Sadenahalli
|North
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|45
|47
|Mandur
|North-East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|46
|48
|Byrathi
|North-East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|47
|49
|Bidadi
|West
|Ramanagara
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|48
|50
|Devanahalli
|North
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|49
|51
|Sadaramangala
|East
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|50
|52
|Uttanahalli
|North
|Bangalore Urban
|<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":47" /><ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49" />
|-
|}

===List of upcoming Bus depots of KSRTC & BMTC===

{{see also|Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Upcoming Depots
|-
! Sl !! Depot Name !! Division !! District !! Transport corporation !! Ref
|-
| 1 || Gudibande || Chikballapur || Chikkaballapura || [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]]|| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2 || vijayapura || Chikballapur || [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]|| KSRTC|| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| 3 || Shankaranarayana || Mangalore || [[Udupi district|Udupi]]|| KSRTC|| <ref name=":2" />
|-
|4
|Jagalur
|Davanagere
|[[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
|KSRTC
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|5
|Sringeri
|Chikmagalur
|Chikmagalur
|KSRTC
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|6
|Chikkanayakanahalli
|[[Tumkur]]
|Tumkur
|KSRTC
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|7
|Byndoor
|Mangaluru
|[[Udupi district|Udupi]]
|KSRTC
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|8
|Molkalmuru
|Chitradurga
|[[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
|KSRTC
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|9
|Holalkere
|Chitradurga
|[[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
|KSRTC
|<ref name=":89">{{cite web |title=Holalkere KSRTC Depot location|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Holalkere+KSRTC+Depot/@14.0333405,76.1144577,1016m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3bba67006941af2f:0xcfe11ae07e765be3!8m2!3d14.0333405!4d76.1162129!16s%2Fg%2F11y32ln4sb?entry=ttu}}</ref>
|-
|10
|Gubbi
|Tumkur
|Tumkur
|KSRTC
|<ref name=":16" />
|-
|11
|Nagadasanahalli
|
|Bangalore Urban
|[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]]
|<ref name=":50">{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru to get 3 new bus depots this December|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/oct/18/bengaluru-to-get-3-new-bus-depots-this-december-2049365.html|access-date=2021-04-25|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 October 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|12
|Pillaganahalli
|
|Bangalore Urban
|BMTC
|<ref name=":50" />
|-
|13
|Mathahalli
|
|[[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]
|BMTC
|<ref name=":51">{{Cite web|url=http://test.mybmtc.com/en/depot-info|title=BMTC depot info}}</ref>
|-
|14
|Sathanur
|
|Bangalore Urban
|BMTC
|<ref name=":51" />
|-
|15
|Madapanahalli
|
|Bangalore Urban
|BMTC
|<ref name=":51" />
|-
|16
|Tavarekere
|
|Bangalore Urban
|BMTC
|
|-
|17
|Attibele
|
|Bangalore Urban
|BMTC
|
|-
|18
|Kushalnagar
|Puttur
|[[Kodagu]]
|KSRTC
|-
|19
|Chikka Bettahalli
|
|Bengaluru Urban
|BMTC
|}

==See also==
* [[List of bus stations in Karnataka]]
* [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC)
* [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] (BMTC)
* [[North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]] (NWKRTC)
* [[Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]] (KKRTC)
* [[Nrupatunga city bus service]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://ksrtc.in/ KSRTC Official Website]
* [https://ksrtc.in/pages/key-statistics.html]

{{State agencies of Karnataka}}
{{State owned road transport companies in India}}

[[Category:Bus garages|Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Bus transport in Karnataka]]

Blacksheep TV

2026-02-10T14:57:54Z

AndersonMcFarlan:

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language television channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Chithiram TV
| logo_size =
| logo = Chithiram tv logo.jpg
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|df=y|2010|6|3}}
| closed_date = {{End date and age|df=y|2022|12|13}}
| country = [[India]] [[Sri Lanka]]
| network = [[Kalaignar TV Private Limited]]
| owner = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]] (downscaled to [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| area = [[India]]
| sister_channels = [[Kalaignar TV]] [[Seithigal]] [[Murasu TV]] [[Isaiaruvi]] [[Sirippoli]]
| headquarters = [[Teynampet]], [[Kodambakkam]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].
| website = [http://kalaignartv.co.in Official Website]
| replaced_by = [[Blacksheep TV]]
}}

'''Chithiram TV''' (சித்திரம் தொலைக்காட்சி) was an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language kids television channel owned by [[Kalaignar TV Private Limited]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/art-culture/essays/2010/kailagnar-tv-chithiram-kids-channel-karunanidhi-bi.html?story=1|title=குட்டீஸ்களுக்கு இன்னொரு சேனல்..'கலைஞர் சித்திரம்'|work=tamil.oneindia.com|access-date=1 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/27114_kalaignar-tv-to-launch-a-kids-channel|title=Kalaignar TV to launch a kids' channel|work=www.afaqs.com|access-date=19 May 2010}}</ref> The [[target audience]] are children aged between 3 and 14. It was launched on 3 June 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zuperstar.com/chithiram-the-tamil-kids-channel-to-start-soon/|title=‘Chithiram’, the Tamil kids channel to start soon|work=zuperstar.com|access-date=8 June 2010}}</ref> The channel aired content focused on infotainment and edutainment exclusively for children. The channel was rebranded as Blacksheep TV on 14 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tamiltvinfo.in/2022/10/blacksheep-tamil-new-satellite-tv-channel.html|title=Blacksheep TV Tamil New Satellite TV Channel Launch (Chithiram Tv Revamp) Update in Tamil |work=www.tamiltvinfo.in|access-date= 12 December 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kalaignar TV]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://kalaignartv.co.in Official Website]

{{Tamil-language media}}

[[Category:Tamil-language television channels]]
[[Category:Children's television channels in India]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2010]]
[[Category:Television stations in Chennai]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2010]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2022]]

Rajnarayan Basu

2026-02-10T02:51:08Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Revised content for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian writer (1826–1899)}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajnarayan Basu
| image = Rajnarain Bose.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Rajnarayan Basu, {{Circa|1899}}
| birth_date = 7 September 1826
| birth_place = Boral, [[24 Parganas]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref
name="basu" >''Rajnarayan Basur Atmacharit'', Basu, Rajnarayan, Kuntaline Press, 1909, p. 1</ref>
| death_date = 18 September 1899
| death_place = [[Midnapore]], Bengal Presidency, British India
| education = Hare School
| occupation = Writer
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* Prasannamoyee Mitra
* Nistarani Dutta
}}
| children = 1
| father =
| other_names = Rishi Rajnarayan Basu
Rajnaryan Bose
| relatives = [[Sri Aurobindo]] (grandson)
}}

'''Rajnarayan Basu''' (1826–1899) was an Indian writer and intellectual of the [[Bengal Renaissance]]. He was born in Boral in [[24 Parganas]] and studied at the [[Hare School]] and [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Hindu College]], in [[Kolkata]], [[Bengal]]. A [[monotheist]] at heart, Basu converted to the [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmoism]] sect at the age of twenty.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |year=2012 |chapter=Basu, Rajnarayan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Basu,_Rajnarayan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:রাজনারায়ণ বসু |url=https://sobbanglay.com/sob/rajnarayan-basu/ |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=সববাংলায় |date=4 September 2022 |language=bn-BD}}</ref> After retiring, he was given the honorary title of ''Rishi'' or sage. He was one of the best known prose writers in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] in the nineteenth century, writing often for the ''[[Tattwabodhini Patrika]]'', a premier Brahmo journal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Devnath |first=Samaresh |year=2012 |chapter=Tattvabodhini Patrika |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tattvabodhini_Patrika |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Due to his defence of Brahmoism, he was given the title "Grandfather of Indian Nationalism".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kopf |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUcY_IRKDHQC&pg=PA315 |title=The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind |date=1979 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |isbn=978-0-691-03125-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Prakash Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuoHFioSmBoC&pg=PT1 |title=Prem Chand |date=1968 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0428-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==Birth and early life==
Basu was born on 7 September 1826, in a [[Bengali Kayastha]] family of the present-day [[South 24 Parganas]] district in [[West Bengal]]. The ancestral seat of the Basu family was [[Gobindapur, Kolkata|Garh Gobindopur]], [[Kolkata]].<ref name="basu"/> His father Nanda Kishore Basu was a disciple of a Raja [[Ram Mohan Roy]] and later one of his secretaries. A bright student since childhood, Rajnarayan was brought to [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) and was admitted to Hare School Society's School (later known as [[Hare School]]) and studied there till the age of 14.

He married Prasannamoyee Mitra in 1843. After the death of his first wife, he married Nistarini Dutta, daughter of Abhayacharan Dutta.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Career==
Rajnarayan Basu was a rival of [[Michael Madhusudan Dutta]], a prominent poet of the time, and the introducer of [[free verse]] in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. Both were responsible for introducing classical Western elements into Bengali literature.<ref name="Banglapedia"/> He briefly tutored [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and spent three years translating the [[Upanishads]] into English on the earnest request and co-operation of [[Devendranath Tagore]]. As a member of [[Young Bengal]], Rajnarayan Basu believed in "nation-building" at the grassroots level. To do his part, after teaching at [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar|Vidyasagar]]'s Sanskrit College as the second master of the English Department, he moved to [[Midnapore]] to teach in the ''mofussil'' district town.<ref name="Banglapedia"/> He served as the headmaster of Midnapore Zilla School (later known as [[Midnapore Collegiate School]]) which was also the forerunner of [[Midnapore College]].

== Work life in Midnapore ==
He had joined the school on 21 February 1851 preceded by Mr. Sinclare, during whose time the school lost its glory and was in a deplorable condition. Rajnarayan's first goal was to reestablish the school in the firmament of education. For that the following steps were taken:
# He had abolished corporal punishment and introduced a friendly and cooperative atmosphere among the teachers and students to make education more interesting to them.
# He had immense hatred against the well-practiced procedure of ''" committing to memory and vomiting to paper"''. He always followed the rule of teaching through interaction of both students and teachers. His eloquent speeches with humorous jokes gradually attracted even the heart of the most dull student in the class. He put stress on interrogative teaching, so that the fundamentals of the student becomes strong.
# He understood that the students also need place for physical exercise and sports so that there mental and physical power can be properly manifested, so he made a Lawn Tennis Court and a Gymnasium in the school premises.
# He wanted students to be educated in " Character Making Education", so he advised teachers to look after the moral development of the students, so that they can be ''" Man in a true sense."''
# He observed that students sitting in benches without back-support, cannot keep there back straight, so their attention span becomes shorter while studying. So he introduced sits with back-supports for the first time.
# Being an active leader of Young Bengal, he was moved by the 'Academic Association' of [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]]. So he also introduced Debate Associations and Mutual Improvement Association in school level.
He also established the first arch of women education in [[Midnapore]], the first girls school and a night school for educating the illiterates.
He established a public library that is still in use, although now it is known as the ''Rishi Rajnarayan Basu Smriti Pathagar'' (Rishi Rajnaraya Basu Memorial Library) which is the oldest public library in West Bengal. He was the first person to suggest using Bengali at meetings of the [[Vangiya Sahitya Parishad]] (Bengali literature society).<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Indrajit |year=2012 |chapter=Sahitya Parisad Patrika |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sahitya_Parisad_Patrika |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
The Parishad was established to promote Bengali language literature yet ironically conducted meetings in English until Basu's request.

As an intellectual, he founded the [[Brahmo Samaj]] house and inaugurated [[Nabagopal Mitra]]'s [[Hindu Mela]], an organisation created to spread nationalist feelings among Indians.<ref name="Banglapedia"/> He was a member of the Indian Association and a member of a political group called the ''[[Sanjibani Sabha]]''. He also lamented that there were no schools promoting the learning of Indian music among the middle-class<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Kobayashi |first1=Eriko |title=Hindustani classical music reform movement and the writing of history, 1900s to 1940s |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |date=2003 |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/707 |hdl=2152/707 |id={{ProQuest|305295764}} |isbn=978-0-496-63540-5}}</ref> and he himself started one in Midnapore. In 1868, he retired and moved to [[Deoghar]] where he spent the last years of his life. His grandson, eminent philosopher and freedom-fighter, [[Sri Aurobindo]] has inscribed his tribute to Rajnarayan in a beautiful sonnet.

{{Quote box
| title = My Grandfather—Rajnarayan Bose[1826–1899]
| quote = <poem>Not in annihilation lost, nor given.
To darkness art thou fled from us and light,
O strong and sentient spirit; no more heaven
of ancient joys, no silence eremite
received thee; but the omnipresent thought
of which thou was a part and earthly hour,
took back its gift. Into that splendour caught
thou hast no lost thy special brightness.Power
remains with thee and old genial force
unseen for blinding light; not darkly larks;
as when a sacred river in its course
dives into ocean, there its strength abides
Not less because with because with vastness wed and works
unnoticed in the grandeur of the tides.</poem>
| source = [[Sri Aurobindo]]
}}

==Select bibliography==

===In Bengali===
* ''Brahmo Sadhon'' (Serving Brahmoism)(1865)
* ''Dharmatatvo Dipika'' (The Light of Religious Theory) (1866–67)
* ''Hindudhormer srestotto'' (The superiority of Hinduism)(1873)
* ''Sekal aar eikaal'' (Then and now) (1873)
* ''Hindu othoba Presidency College-er itibritto'' (A history of the Hindu or Presidency College) (1876)
* ''Bibidho probondho'' (Various essays) (1882)
* ''Rajnarayan Basur Attocharit'' (Autobiography) (1909)

===In English===
* ''A defence of Brahmoism and the Brahmo Samaj'' (1863)
* ''Brahmic Advice, Caution, and Help'' (1869)
* ''The Adi Brahmo Samaj, its views and principles'' (1870)
* ''The Adi Brahmo Samaj as a Church'' (1873)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.midnapore.in/people/rishi_rajnarayan_basu.html Chronology of Life-events]
* [https://bn.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95:%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81 Rajnarayan Basu at Bengali wikisource]

{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Rajnarayan}}
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Bangiya Sahitya Parishat]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:Hare School alumni]]
[[Category:1826 births|Basu Rajnarayan]]
[[Category:1899 deaths|Basu Rajnarayan]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Midnapore]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian theologians]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:People from South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian journalists]]

K. N. Shankara

2026-02-07T23:11:44Z

AndersonMcFarlan: enhance details for accuracy and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian scientist (1945–2017)}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = K. N. Shankara
|image = KN_Shankara.jpg
|caption = Dr. Koodli Nanjunda Ghanapathi Shankar
|birth_date = {{birth date|1945|05|07|df=y}}
|death_date = 17 July 2017
|death_place = Bangalore
|field =[[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]] and Satellite Technology
|work_institution = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
|alma_mater = Ph.D. (Electrical Communication Engineering), [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Indian Space Program]]
|prizes = [[Padma Shri]] (2004)
|footnotes =
}}
'''Koodli Nanjunda Ghanapathi Shankara''' was a [[Space science|space scientist]] from [[India]]. He was the Director of [[ISRO]]'s [[Space Applications Centre]] (SAC),<ref>http://www.sac.gov.in/asac-leaders.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131064831/http://sac.gov.in/asac-leaders.html |date=31 January 2009 }} SAC Directors</ref> [[Ahmedabad]] and [[ISRO Satellite Centre]] (ISAC), [[Bangalore]]. He was the Director of Satellite Communications Program Office and Program Director, [[INSAT]], and was looking after overall planning and direction of communication satellite program. His work in the field of transponder design and development led to a boost in India's communication satellite technology.

For his contribution in the field of satellite technology, Shankara was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the government of India in 2004.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India]] |date=2015 |access-date=2015-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-15 }}</ref> He is said to be the person who conceptualized [[Chandrayaan-1|Chandrayaan]], India's first venture to Moon.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

== Early life ==
Shankara was born on 7 May 1945. He did his post-graduation in Physics and received his Doctorate in Electrical Communication Engineering from Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore in 1972. He died on 17 July 2017, at the age of 72.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

== Career ==
Shankara joined Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad in 1971 to work on the design and development of communication payloads. As Associate Project Director of INSAT- 2A and INSAT - 2B, he was responsible for the development transponders for these satellites. As Group Director at SAC until 1996, he contributed extensively to organise the work in the area of microwave technology and spacecraft electronics.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

He has also served as Honorary Professor at the [[Gujarat University]] and has large number of publications in national and international journals.

Shankara moved to ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore in 1996 as deputy director, Electronics Systems Area, to direct technical activities on spacecraft electronics like, spacecraft power systems, telemetry, telecommand and data handling, communication systems, assembly, integration and checkout of spacecraft. In 2001, he took over as Director, Satellite Communications Programme and Programme Director, INSAT at ISRO Headquarters, Bangalore, in which capacity, he was involved in the overall planning and direction of the communication satellite programme of ISRO.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

In 2002, he became the Director of Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad and remained at that post till 2005. He then became the Director of ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) and remained at the post since May 2008.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

== Awards ==
Shankara received the IETE-IRS (83) award for 1995-96 and was also awarded “Om Prakash Bhasin” award for “Space and Aerospace” for 1998 and “Ramlal Wadwa Gold Medal” for “Outstanding contribution in Electronics” during 2000 by the IETE. He received Astronautical Society of India award for “Space System Management” in 2000<ref>http://www.asindia.org/shankara.aspx Astronautical Society of India's site</ref> and “VASVIK award” in 2001 for contribution in “Electrical & Electronics and Science & Technology”. He was also awarded Appreciation Award from National Biomedical Engineering Society of India.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

In 2004 he was awarded Padma Shri for his contribution in the field of Space Technology.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.sac.gov.in/asac-leaders-knsankara.html K. N. Knsankara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202122202/http://sac.gov.in/asac-leaders-knsankara.html |date=2 February 2009 }} at [[Space Applications Centre]]

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Indian space programme}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankara, Koodli Nanjunda Ghanapaathi}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Engineers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:Indian lunar exploration programme]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Indian aerospace engineers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Dina Nath Walli

2026-02-07T18:48:56Z

AndersonMcFarlan: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian water colour artist and poet}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox artist
| image= DNWALLI.jpg
| caption = Watercolor Artist
| name = Dina Nath Walli
| birth_date = 1908
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|2006|1908}}
| death_place = [[Karnal]], Haryana, India
| spouse =
| field = Painting and poetry
| training =
| movement = [[Modern art]]
| education = [[Amar Singh College|Amar Singh Technical Institute]] [[University of Calcutta]]
| works =
| patrons =
| influenced by =
| influenced =
| awards = Maharaja Gold Medal (1939), Highly commended medal, Academy of Fine Arts Calcutta (1940), AIFACS Veteran Artist Award (1996), [[Saraswati Samman]] (2004)
| elected =
| website =
| bgcolour =
}}

'''Dina Nath Walli ''' (1908–2006), also known by his pen name '''Almast Kashmiri''', was an Indian [[watercolorist|water colour artist]] and poet from [[Srinagar]] city in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. He was the part of the [[modern art]] movement in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and was known for painting everyday scenes of Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |title=Modern art in Kashmir reflects contemporary realities|url=http://www.sify.com/news/modern-art-in-kashmir-reflects-contemporary-realities-news-national-lbirugdbbde.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129212521/http://www.sify.com/news/modern-art-in-kashmir-reflects-contemporary-realities-news-national-lbirugdbbde.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2014 |date=8 January 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name=Datta139>[[#Da|Datta, p. 139]]</ref>

==Early life and education==

Dina Nath Walli was born in 1906 in the Badyar Bala neighborhood of [[Srinagar]], in the [[Kashmir Valley]] of the then [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], within [[British India]], into a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family. His father died when Dina Nath was very young.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} He had his early education in Srinagar, then he continued his three years course at Amar Singh Technical Institute, Srinagar and then he moved from Kashmir to Calcutta in [[Bengal Presidency]] in 1930 for his further training, where he learned various forms of art under the guidance of [[Percy Brown (scholar)|Percy Brown]], principal of the [[Government College of Art & Craft]] at the [[University of Calcutta]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Career==
In 1936, he returned to Srinagar, where he concentrated on [[landscape painting]] in water colours.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} He was also awarded gold medals by the government of Kashmir in 1939 and in 1940 he was awarded a highly commended medal from the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Calcutta]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} He had also produced an album of 12 paintings.<ref>[http://www.koausa.org/Paintings/Walli/index.html Dina Nath Walli] Kashmiri Overseas Association.</ref>

Under his pen name of Almast Kashmiri, his "accent on realistic art or people's poetry", is best seen in his two collections of his poetry, ''Bala Yapair'' (This side of Mountains, 1955) and ''Sahaavukh Posh'' (Desert Flowers, 1981).<ref name=Datta139/><ref>{{cite book |title=Dina Nath Nadim (Makers of Indian Literature)|author= Trilokinath Raina|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1998|isbn=812600441X |page= 14}}</ref>

==Works==

* ''Kashmir Water Colour Paintings'', by Dinanath Walli. Walli, 1970.
* ''Sahraavuky posh: desert flowers'', by Dinanath Walli. Metropolitan Book Co., 1978.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Vol. 1|author= Amaresh Datta|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year= 2006|isbn=8126018038 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA139 |ref=Da }}
* [http://www.koausa.org/Paintings/Walli/index.html Paintings - Walli], KOA USA
* [http://www.shehjar.com/list/127/1520/1.html Shehjar.com]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walli, Dina Nath}}
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Indian watercolourists]]
[[Category:Kashmiri poets]]
[[Category:Government College of Art & Craft alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Impressionist painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Painters from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

2025 Professional Golf Tour of India

2026-02-06T15:20:04Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Created new stub

{{short description|Golf tour season}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox golf season
| year = 2025
| tour = Professional Golf Tour of India
| regular_season = {{Start date|2025|2|11|df=y}} – {{end date|2025|12|28|df=y}}
| no_of_events = 28
| most_wins = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuvraj Sandhu]] (7)
| honor1 = Order of Merit
| honoree1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuvraj Sandhu]]
| honor2 =
| honoree2 =
| honor3 =
| honoree3 =
| honor4 =
| honoree4 =
| prevseason = [[2024 Professional Golf Tour of India|2024]]
| nextseason = [[2026 Professional Golf Tour of India|2026]]
}}
The '''2025 Professional Golf Tour of India''' was the 18th season of the [[Professional Golf Tour of India]], the main [[professional golf tour]] in India since it was formed in 2006.

==Schedule==
The following table lists official events during the 2025 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pgtofindia.com/tournaments/0I |title=2025 Tournament schedule |publisher=Professional Golf Tour of India |access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pgtofindia.com/news/2667 |title=PGTI announces lucrative and action-packed first half of 2025 Season |publisher=Professional Golf Tour of India |date=13 January 2025 |access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pgtofindia.com/news/2764 |title=PGTI Tees Up Transformative Second Half of 2025 Season with Strategic Partnerships |publisher=Professional Golf Tour of India |date=26 July 2025 |access-date=3 August 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
!Date !! Tournament !! Location !! Purse ([[Indian rupee|₹]]) !! Winner{{efn|The number in brackets after each winner's name is the number of Professional Golf Tour of India events they had won up to and including that tournament.}} !! [[Official World Golf Ranking|OWGR]] points !! Other tours{{efn|CHA − [[Challenge Tour]]; EUR − [[European Tour]].}}
|-
| 14 Feb || Tata Steel PGTI Players Championship (Tollygunge) || West Bengal || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuvraj Sandhu]] (7) || align=center|1.31 ||
|-
| 21 Feb || Gujarat Open Golf Championship || Gujarat || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuvraj Sandhu]] (8) || align=center|1.27 ||
|-
| 28 Feb || SECL Chhattisgarh Open Golf Championship || Chhattisgarh || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shaurya Bhattacharya]] (2) || align=center|1.05 ||
|-
| 7 Mar || Ahmedabad Open Golf Championship || Gujarat || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|LKA}} [[Nadaraja Thangaraja]] (5) || align=center|1.06 ||
|-
| 16 Mar || [[Kolkata Challenge]] || West Bengal || align=right|US$300,000 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Joshua Berry]] (n/a) || align=center|8.40 || [[2025 Challenge Tour|CHA]]
|-
| 23 Mar || [[Delhi Challenge]] || Gujarat || align=right|US$300,000 || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Quim Vidal]] (n/a) || align=center|8.12 || [[2025 Challenge Tour|CHA]]
|-
| 30 Mar || [[Hero Indian Open]] || Haryana || align=right|US$2,250,000 || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Eugenio Chacarra]] (n/a) || align=center|15.91 || [[2025 European Tour|EUR]]
|-
| 4 Apr || Adani Invitational || Uttar Pradesh || align=right|15,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saptak Talwar]] (1) || align=center|1.47 ||
|-
| 12 Apr || Indorama Ventures Open Golf Championship || Gujarat || align=right|20,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sachin Baisoya]] (4) || align=center|1.42 ||
|-
| 18 Apr || Calance Open || Delhi || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tapendra Ghai]] (1) || align=center|1.31 ||
|-
| 24 Apr || PGTI Players Championship (Classic) || Haryana || align=right|6,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Viraj Madappa]] (3) || align=center|0.33 ||
|-
| 26 Apr || Kapil Dev - Grant Thornton Invitational || Karnataka || align=right|20,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Angad Cheema]] (3) || align=center|1.35 ||
|-
| 8 Aug || Coal India Open || Ahmedabad || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Angad Cheema]] (4) || align=center|1.12 ||
|-
| 15 Aug || Mysuru Open || Mysuru || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuvraj Sandhu]] (9) || align=center|1.35 ||
|-
| 22 Aug || PGTI Players Championship (Clover Greens) || Tamilnadu || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuvraj Sandhu]] (10) || align=center|1.12 ||
|-
| 29 Aug || Kolar Open || Karnataka || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kshitij Naveed Kaul]] (5) || align=center|0.94 ||
|-
| 19 Sep || Chennai Open || Chennai || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|LKA}} [[Nadaraja Thangaraja]] (5) || align=center|0.89 ||
|-
| 26 Sep || Telangana Golconda Masters || Hyderabad|| align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Jamal Hossain]] (3) || align=center|0.91 ||
|-
| 3 Oct || Tamil Nadu Open || Coimbatore || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Prasad]] (1) || align=center|0.68 ||
|-
| 10 Oct || Bengaluru Open || Karnataka || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|LKA}} [[Nadaraja Thangaraja]] (6) || align=center|1.07 ||
|-
| 19 Oct || [[DP World India Championship]] || Delhi || align=right|US$4,000,000 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tommy Fleetwood]] (n/a) || align=center|25.51 || [[2025 European Tour|EUR]]
|-
| 31 Oct || Poona Club Open || Maharashtra || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shaurya Bhattacharya]] (3) || align=center|0.98 ||
|-
| 14 Nov || Trident Open || Haryana || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manu Gandas]] (9) || align=center|1.01 ||
|-
| 21 Nov || IndianOil Servo Masters || Assam || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuvraj Sandhu]] (11) || align=center|1.05 ||
|-
| 5 Dec || Jaipur Open || Rajasthan || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Veer Ahlawat]] (5) || align=center|1.17 ||
|-
| 12 Dec || Vishwa Samudra Open || Delhi || align=right|20,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuvraj Sandhu]] (12) || align=center|1.22 ||
|-
| 19 Dec || CIDCO Open || Maharashtra || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Veer Ahlawat]] (6) || align=center|1.00 ||
|-
| 28 Dec || Tata Open || Jharkhand || align=right|20,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuvraj Sandhu]] (13) || align=center|1.39 ||
|}

==Order of Merit==
The [[Professional Golf Tour of India#Order of Merit winners|Order of Merit]] was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in [[Indian rupee]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pgtofindia.com/stat/season/0I |title=2025 Order of Merit |publisher=Professional Golf Tour of India |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref> The leading player on the Order of Merit earned status to play on the [[2026 European Tour]] (DP World Tour).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pgtofindia.com/news/2863 |title=Yuvraj Sandhu makes it a record seven titles in 2025 after thrilling one-shot triumph at Tata Open |publisher=Professional Golf Tour of India |date=28 December 2025 |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/recordbreaking-yuvraj-sandhu-confident-to-acing-european-tour-101766940996000-amp.html |title=Record-breaking Yuvraj Sandhu confident to acing European Tour |newspaper=Hindustan Times |first=Shantanu |last=Srivastava |date=28 December 2025 |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable
! Position !! Player !! Prize money ([[Indian rupee|₹]]) !! Status earned
|-style="background:#D0F0C0;"
| align=center|1 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuvraj Sandhu]] || align=center|19,167,100 || Promoted to European Tour
|-
| align=center|2 || {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Nadaraja Thangaraja]] || align=center|11,821,821 ||
|-
| align=center|3 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shaurya Bhattacharya]] || align=center|10,778,775 ||
|-
| align=center|4 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Prasad]] || align=center|9,487,799 ||
|-
| align=center|5 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manu Gandas]] || align=center|8,888,296 ||
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://www.pgtofindia.com/}}

{{PGTI seasons}}

[[Category:Professional Golf Tour of India seasons]]
[[Category:2025 in golf|India, Professional Golf Tour of]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian sport|Professional Golf Tour of India]]

List of programmes broadcast by MTV (India)

2026-02-05T04:34:19Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
This is a list of television programmes broadcast by [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]].

==Currently broadcast==
{{div col}}
* ''[[Brave Combat Federation]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/mtv-mercury-sports-sign-multi-year-deal-to-bring-brave-fights-reality-show-on-tv/articleshow/67157002.cms|title=MTV, Mercury Sports sign multi-year deal to bring Brave fights, reality show on TV|newspaper=The Economic Times|accessdate=19 December 2018|last1=Laghate|first1=Gaurav|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042314/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/mtv-mercury-sports-sign-multi-year-deal-to-bring-brave-fights-reality-show-on-tv/articleshow/67157002.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2018–)
* ''[[La Liga]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viacom18 enters into a strategic partnership with LaLiga; MTV India will now be the exclusive home of the legendary football league|url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/viacom18-enters-into-a-strategic-partnership-with-laliga-mtv-india-will-now-be-the-exclusive-home-of-the-legendary-football-league|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Página web oficial de LaLiga {{!}} LaLiga|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705095313/https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/viacom18-enters-into-a-strategic-partnership-with-laliga-mtv-india-will-now-be-the-exclusive-home-of-the-legendary-football-league|url-status=live}}</ref> (2021–)
*''[[MTV Hustle]]'' (2019–)
* ''[[MTV Roadies]]'' (2003–)
*''[[MTV Splitsvilla]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/splitsvilla-12-contestant-priyamvada-kant-i-have-participated-in-the-show-to-get-married/articleshow/70739255.cms|title=Splitsvilla 12 contestant Priyamvada Kant, 'I have participated in the show to get married' – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 August 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820014705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/splitsvilla-12-contestant-priyamvada-kant-i-have-participated-in-the-show-to-get-married/articleshow/70739255.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2008–)
{{div col end}}

==Formerly broadcast==
===Anthology===
{{div col}}
*''[[MTV Big F]]'' (2015–2017)
*''MTV Fully Faltoo Films''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mtv-announces-fully-faltoo-film-festival-1189033|title=MTV announces 'Fully Faltoo Film Festival'|date=10 September 2008|accessdate=6 February 2019|archive-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319192758/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mtv-announces-fully-faltoo-film-festival-1189033|url-status=live}}</ref> (2008)
* ''MTV Love on the Run''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2017/12/mtv-celebrates-passion-of-young-love-with-love-on-the-run/|title=MTV celebrates passion of young love with Love On The Run|date=15 December 2017|accessdate=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042442/https://bestmediainfo.com/2017/12/mtv-celebrates-passion-of-young-love-with-love-on-the-run/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2017–2018)
* ''MTV Luv Reel''<ref name=Reel>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/MTV-launches-Luv-Reels/articleshow/6105812.cms|title=MTV launches Luv Reels!|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 June 2010|accessdate=10 May 2017|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807100425/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/MTV-launches-Luv-Reels/articleshow/6105812.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2010)
* ''[[MTV Webbed]]'' (2013–2014)
* ''Road to Love''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2012/08/yamaha-mtv-road-to-love-all-set-to-hit-the-road/|title=Yamaha MTV 'Road To Love' all set to hit the road|date=17 August 2012|accessdate=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041615/https://bestmediainfo.com/2012/08/yamaha-mtv-road-to-love-all-set-to-hit-the-road/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2012)
{{div col end}}

===Comedy===
{{div col}}
* ''CY vs CY''<ref name=CY>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/nov/nov246.htm|title=MTV to launch more humour shows|date=26 November 2004|accessdate=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041846/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/nov/nov246.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2004–2005)
* ''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan]]'' (2014–2015)
* ''MTV Bajao d''<ref name=CY/> (2004–2005)
* ''MTV Bakra''<ref name=CY/><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19990913-mtv-stages-kidnapping-for-their-show-mtv-bakra-mumbai-police-fumes-824230-1999-09-13|title=MTV stages kidnapping for their show MTV Bakra, Mumbai Police fumes|author=Anna M. M. Vetticad|date=September 13, 1999|magazine=India Today|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=28 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828002204/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19990913-mtv-stages-kidnapping-for-their-show-mtv-bakra-mumbai-police-fumes-824230-1999-09-13|url-status=live}}</ref> (1999–2005)
* ''MTV Heavy Metal''<ref name=CY/> (2004–2005)
* ''MTV Kahani Mein Twist''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvindia.com/kahanimeintwist/|title=MTV Kahani Mein Twist|accessdate=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042448/http://www.mtvindia.com/kahanimeintwist/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2013–2014)
* ''Pyaar Vyaar and All That''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k5/nov/novmam31.htm|title=MTV's 'Pyaar Vyaar and all that' funda on mobisodes|date=5 October 2005|accessdate=27 September 2017|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030343/https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k5/nov/novmam31.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2005–2006)
* ''[[MTV Reality Stars]]'' (2013)
*''Zubaan Pe Lagaam''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/21716_MTV-Center-Fresh-promise-to-seal-celebrities-big-mouths|title=MTV, Center Fresh promise to seal celebrities' big mouths|date=22 July 2008|accessdate=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041842/https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/21716_MTV-Center-Fresh-promise-to-seal-celebrities-big-mouths|url-status=live}}</ref> (2008)
{{div col end}}

===Drama===
{{div col}}
* ''[[Bring On the Night (TV series)|Bring on the Night]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-serial-scan-bring-on-the-night-1754183|title=Serial scan: 'Bring On The Night'|first=Samata|last=Joshi|date=19 October 2012|website=DNA India|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407191144/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-serial-scan-bring-on-the-night-1754183|url-status=live}}</ref> (2012)
* ''Haunted Weekends with Sunny Leone''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/sunny-leone-hosts-a-horror-show/|title=Sunny Leone hosts a horror show|date=14 March 2014|access-date=27 November 2022|archive-date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127094304/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/sunny-leone-hosts-a-horror-show/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2014)
* ''[[Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi]]'' (2004–2005)
* ''[[MTV Fanaah]]'' (2014–2015)
* ''[[MTV Girls on Top]]'' (2016)
* ''[[MTV Nishedh]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/speak-up-452141|title=MTV Nishedh Season 2 on it way|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service|access-date=27 November 2022|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127150754/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/speak-up-452141|url-status=live}}</ref> (2020–2022)
* ''[[MTV EXIT#Traffic: An MTV EXIT Special|Traffic: An MTV EXIT Special]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/reality/mtv-and-mtv-exit-presents-traffic|title=MTV and MTV EXIT, presents "Traffic" by Anurag Kashyap|date=27 February 2014|accessdate=1 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/traffic-will-show-true-human-trafficking-114022501247_1.html|title="Traffic" will show true human trafficking|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=25 February 2014|accessdate=2 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042516/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/traffic-will-show-true-human-trafficking-114022501247_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2014)
* ''Warrior High''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2015/02/mtv-further-strengthens-bond-with-the-youth-with-mtv-warrior-high/|title=MTV further strengthens bond with the youth with 'MTV Warrior High'|website=www.bestmediaifo.com|access-date=12 August 2019|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812104345/https://bestmediainfo.com/2015/02/mtv-further-strengthens-bond-with-the-youth-with-mtv-warrior-high/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2015)
{{div col end}}

===Sports/MMA===
{{Div col}}
*''Box Cricket League'' (2018–2019)
*''[[EFL Cup]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.co/mtv-broadcast-carabao-cup-final-india-324022018/|title=MTV to broadcast Carabao Cup final in India – InsideSport.co|first=Gaurav|last=Bhardwaj|date=24 February 2018|publisher=|access-date=18 May 2019|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518012137/https://www.insidesport.co/mtv-broadcast-carabao-cup-final-india-324022018/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2018)
* ''International Premier Kabaddi League''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rapidtvnews.com/2019041055736/dsport-mtv-dd-win-tv-rights-for-indo-international-premier-kabaddi-league.html#axzz5pFHneZ3N|title=DSport, MTV, DD win TV rights for Indo International Premier Kabaddi League – Deals – News – Rapid TV News|website=www.rapidtvnews.com|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412134551/https://www.rapidtvnews.com/2019041055736/dsport-mtv-dd-win-tv-rights-for-indo-international-premier-kabaddi-league.html#axzz5pFHneZ3N|url-status=live}}</ref> (2019)
* ''[[Super Fight League]]'' (2014–2017)
{{Div col end}}

===Reality/unscripted===
{{div col}}
* ''The Anti Social Network''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-anti-social-network-hosts-cyrus-sahukar-jose-covaco-5565006/|title=The Anti Social Network hosts Cyrus Sahukar and Jose Covaco: It was fun working together|accessdate=5 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020056/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-anti-social-network-hosts-cyrus-sahukar-jose-covaco-5565006/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2019)
* ''Bacardi Music CDs Legacy Competition''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/bacardí-music-cd-s-presents-india-s-first-bartending-reality-show-204040250.html|title=GRAND FINALE Of The 2015 BACARDÍ Music CDs Legacy Competition is here!!|date=22 May 2015|accessdate=1 February 2019}}</ref> (2015)
* ''Captain Shack''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/mtv-partners-with-diageo-s-captain-morgan-all-set-to-launch-the-unique-format-mtv-captain-s-shack-49308.html|title=MTV partners with Diageo's Captain Morgan; All set to launch the unique format 'MTV Captain's Shack'|date=17 February 2012|accessdate=4 August 2017|archive-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805111349/https://www.adgully.com/mtv-partners-with-diageo-s-captain-morgan-all-set-to-launch-the-unique-format-mtv-captain-s-shack-49308.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2012)
* ''[[Coke Studio (Indian TV program)|Coke Studio @ MTV]]'' (2011–2015)
* ''[[The Dewarists]]'' (2011–2013)
* ''Drive with MTV''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/40856_Third-edition-of-Nano-Drive-with-MTV-launched|title=Third edition of Nano Drive with MTV launched|date=16 May 2014|accessdate=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042059/https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/40856_Third-edition-of-Nano-Drive-with-MTV-launched|url-status=live}}</ref> (2014)
* ''Elovator Pitch''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/exclusive-mtv-india-new-speed-dating-show-elevator-pitch-28503|title=MTV India to launch a new speed dating show 'Elovator Pitch'|date=22 September 2018 |accessdate=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042009/https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/exclusive-mtv-india-new-speed-dating-show-elevator-pitch-28503|url-status=live}}</ref> (2019)
* ''[[Fame Gurukul|Fame Gurukul @ MTV]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k5/july/julymam17.htm|title=Sony, MTV in together '@ Fame Gurukul '|date=5 October 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=13 March 2020|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126061616/http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k5/july/julymam17.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2005)
* ''[[India's Next Top Model]]'' (2015–2018)
* ''The Junkyard Project''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/46895_MTV-and-Parle-create-junkyard-art|title=MTV and Parle create junkyard art|date=20 January 2016|accessdate=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202095234/https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/46895_MTV-and-Parle-create-junkyard-art|url-status=live}}</ref> (2016)
* ''Match India Poker League''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.co/mtv-official-broadcaster-for-kundras-indian-poker-league-0113092017/|title=MTV official broadcaster for Kundra's Indian Poker League|date=13 September 2017|accessdate=1 February 2019|archive-date=21 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121105815/https://www.insidesport.co/mtv-official-broadcaster-for-kundras-indian-poker-league-0113092017/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2017–2019)
* ''Miss Teen India''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/mar/mar71.php|title=MTV to air reality show Miss Teen India 2008|date=6 March 2008|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=7 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007045645/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/mar/mar71.php|url-status=live}}</ref> (2008)
* ''[[MTV Ace of Space]]'' (2018–2019)
*'' MTV Ace of Quarantine''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/this-unlock-ace-the-quarantine-varun-sood-divya-agarwal-mtv-know-how-631311|title=This unlock, 'Ace the Quarantine' with Varun Sood and Divya Agarwal. Know how|first=Shriya|last=Bhasin|date=July 3, 2020|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=27 April 2022|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813031606/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/this-unlock-ace-the-quarantine-varun-sood-divya-agarwal-mtv-know-how-631311|url-status=live}}</ref> (2020)
* ''MTV Angels of Rock''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2016/07/mtvs-angels-of-rock-is-a-show-by-the-women-of-the-women-but-for-everyone/|title=MTV's 'Angels of Rock' is a show by the women, of the women, but for everyone|date=14 July 2016|accessdate=1 August 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802044826/http://bestmediainfo.com/2016/07/mtvs-angels-of-rock-is-a-show-by-the-women-of-the-women-but-for-everyone/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2016)
* ''MTV Anything For Love''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/comedian-varun-thakur-on-what-he-would-do-for-love/cid/1846412|title=Comedian Varun Thakur on what he would do for love|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=15 January 2022|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115021658/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/comedian-varun-thakur-on-what-he-would-do-for-love/cid/1846412|url-status=live}}</ref> (2021–2022)
* ''MTV Aquanoon party''<ref name="AquanoonParty">{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-22/bangalore/31813811_1_pool-party-party-animals-anusha-dandekar | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411051712/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-22/bangalore/31813811_1_pool-party-party-animals-anusha-dandekar | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 April 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Teacher's and MTV Aquanoon party | accessdate=8 February 2013}}</ref> (2013)
* ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|MTV Bigg Boss- Extra Dose]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/music-and-youth/mtv-hd-to-air-bigg-boss-extra-dose-for-youth-on-weekdays-from-9-oct-171006|title=MTV, HD+ to air 'Bigg Boss Extra Dose' for youth on weekdays from 9 Oct|date=6 October 2017|accessdate=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041859/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/music-and-youth/mtv-hd-to-air-bigg-boss-extra-dose-for-youth-on-weekdays-from-9-oct-171006|url-status=live}}</ref> (2017–2018)
* ''MTV Chase the Monsoon''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rannvijay-begins-to-shoot-for-Chase-the-Monsoon-Season-4/articleshow/53740675.cms|title=Rannvijay begins to shoot for Chase the Monsoon Season 4|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 August 2017|accessdate=1 February 2018|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202054535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rannvijay-begins-to-shoot-for-Chase-the-Monsoon-Season-4/articleshow/53740675.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2013–2017)
* ''[[MTV Campus Diaries]]'' (2013–2016)
* ''MTV Connected''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/MTV-launches-game-show-on-twins/articleshow/4670707.cms|title=MTV launches game show on twins!|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 June 2009|accessdate=23 September 2017|archive-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112001838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/MTV-launches-game-show-on-twins/articleshow/4670707.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2009)
* ''MTV Date to Remember''<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/divya-agarwal-recalls-her-date-to-remember-with-priyank-sharma-bigg-boss-11-5028179/ | title=Divya Aggarwal recalls her date to remember with ex-boyfriend Priyank Sharma | work=[[The Indian Express]] | first=A. | last=Kameshwari | date=18 January 2018 | accessdate=1 February 2019 | archive-date=31 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031095722/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/divya-agarwal-recalls-her-date-to-remember-with-priyank-sharma-bigg-boss-11-5028179/ | url-status=live }}</ref> (2018)
*''[[MTV Dark Scroll]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Dark Scroll Muqabla Anjaan Se: Amit Sadh To Host India's Only Paranormal Reality Show; Check Release Date |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/dark-scroll-muqabla-anjaan-se-amit-sadh-to-host-indias-only-paranormal-reality-show-check-release-date-10180707 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> (2024)
* ''MTV Dating in the Dark''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/transgender-beauty-queen-nitasha-biswas-to-appear-on-mtv-dating-in-the-dark-1283376-2018-07-12|title=Transgender beauty queen Nitasha Biswas to appear on MTV Dating in the Dark|date=12 July 2018 |accessdate=12 July 2018|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712061936/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/transgender-beauty-queen-nitasha-biswas-to-appear-on-mtv-dating-in-the-dark-1283376-2018-07-12|url-status=live}}</ref> (2018)
* ''MTV Dropout Pvt Ltd.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/drop-out-to-realise-your-entrepreneurial-dreams/articleshow/59806037.cms|title=Drop out to realise your entrepreneurial dreams|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 July 2017 |accessdate=29 July 2017|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729183114/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/drop-out-to-realise-your-entrepreneurial-dreams/articleshow/59806037.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2017)
*''[[MTV Ex or Next]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/mtv-ex-or-next-krissane-barretto-and-salman-zaidi-to-give-their-relationship-another-chance-details-inside-2486428.html|title=MTV Ex or Next: Krissane Barretto-Salman Zaidi to hit it off again? Read on|website=Zee News|access-date=17 August 2022|archive-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817235125/https://zeenews.india.com/television/mtv-ex-or-next-krissane-barretto-and-salman-zaidi-to-give-their-relationship-another-chance-details-inside-2486428.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2022)
* ''MTV Fabulous Lives''<ref name=G7/> (2008–2009)
* ''MTV Fame Istaan''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mtv-fame-istan-mentor-mohit-suri-feels-art-of-filmmaking-needs-one-to-exercise-freedom-of-expression-4802193/|title=MTV Fame-istan mentor Mohit Suri feels, art of filmmaking needs one to exercise freedom of expression|date=18 August 2017|accessdate=2 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202212627/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mtv-fame-istan-mentor-mohit-suri-feels-art-of-filmmaking-needs-one-to-exercise-freedom-of-expression-4802193/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2017)
* ''MTV Fanta Fantastic Five''<ref name=G7>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k8/dec/decrel30.php|title=MTV Launches 7 new shows|date=12 December 2008|accessdate=2 February 2019|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030531/http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k8/dec/decrel30.php|url-status=live}}</ref> (2008–2009)
* ''[[MTV Force India The Fast and The Gorgeous]]'' (2009)
* ''MTV GTalk''<ref name=G7/> (2008–2009)
* ''MTV GateCrash''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2012/11/crash-into-the-best-gigs-with-mtv-gatecrash/|title=Crash into the best gigs with MTV Gatecrash!|date=15 November 2012|accessdate=5 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072307/https://bestmediainfo.com/2012/11/crash-into-the-best-gigs-with-mtv-gatecrash/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2012)
* ''MTV Girls Night Out''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=47133_A+Miditech+production+-+MTV+Girls+Night+Out+prepares+for+the+grand+finale|title=A Miditech production – MTV Girls Night Out prepares for the grand finale|date=10 December 2010|accessdate=10 February 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011717/https://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=47133_A+Miditech+production+-+MTV+Girls+Night+Out+prepares+for+the+grand+finale|url-status=live}}</ref> (2010)
* ''MTV Gyaando''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvindia.com/videos/all-videos/show/gyaando-teasers-all-characters-7491.html|title=Gyaando Teasers All Characters|accessdate=5 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020410/http://www.mtvindia.com/videos/all-videos/show/gyaando-teasers-all-characters-7491.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2014)
* ''MTV Jhand Hogi Sab Ki''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Koi-nahi-bachega-MTV-announces-MTV-Jhand-Hogi-Sabki/articleshow/35387324.cms|title=Koi nahi bachega – MTV announces Jhand Hogi Sabki|date=21 May 2014|accessdate=5 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Koi-nahi-bachega-MTV-announces-MTV-Jhand-Hogi-Sabki/articleshow/35387324.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2014)
* ''MTV Junk Yard Project''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/46895_MTV-and-Parle-create-junkyard-art|title=MTV and Parle create junkyard art|date=20 January 2016|accessdate=5 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202095234/https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/46895_MTV-and-Parle-create-junkyard-art|url-status=live}}</ref> (2016)
* ''MTV Loveline''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99may02/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=11 December 2022|archive-date=11 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211023538/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99may02/sunday/filmtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (1999)
* ''[[MTV Love School]]'' (2015–2019)
* ''MTV Making The Cut''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-model-who-was-the-top-five-finalists-in-MTV-Making-The-Cut-has-got-an-offer-from-the-same-channel-to-audition-for-a-VJ-I-will-be-going-to-Mumbai-in-the-first-week-of-November-for-the-same-he-says-/articleshow/6729013.cms|title=The model, who was the top five finalists in MTV Making The Cut, has got an offer from the same channel to audition for a VJ "I will be going to Mumbai in the first week of November for the same|date=10 October 2010|accessdate=6 February 2019}}</ref> (2010)
* ''[[MTV Pantaloons Style Super Stars]]'' (2019–2020)
* ''MTV Rann VJ Run''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2013/10/mtv-launches-new-show-rann-vj-run/|title=MTV launches new show Rann VJ Run|date=23 October 2013|accessdate=6 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015238/https://bestmediainfo.com/2013/10/mtv-launches-new-show-rann-vj-run/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2013)
* ''[[MTV Rock On]]'' (2009–2010)
* ''[[MTV Sound Trippin]]'' (2012)
* ''[[MTV Stuntmania]]'' (2009–2010)
*''[[MTV Supermodel of the Year]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/supermodel-year-finale-malaika-arora-loses-her-cool-contestant-netizens-call-her-biased-815098|title=Supermodel of the Year finale: Malaika Arora loses her cool at contestant, netizens call her biased|first=Shefali|last=Jha|date=14 March 2020|website=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=15 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315183610/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/supermodel-year-finale-malaika-arora-loses-her-cool-contestant-netizens-call-her-biased-815098|url-status=live}}</ref> (2019–2021)
* ''MTV Trackstar''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/auto/watch-jk-tyre-mtv-trackstar-1198295.html|title=Watch: JK Tyre MTV Trackstar|date=2 February 2016|accessdate=10 February 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011402/https://www.news18.com/videos/auto/watch-jk-tyre-mtv-trackstar-1198295.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2016)
* ''MTV Troll Police''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/01/mtv-takes-on-internet-trolls-with-troll-police/|title=MTV takes on internet trolls with 'Troll Police'|accessdate=11 January 2018|archive-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111073258/http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/01/mtv-takes-on-internet-trolls-with-troll-police/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2018)
* ''MTV True Life''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/true-life/779402/|title=True Life|date=22 April 2011|accessdate=10 February 2019|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519051251/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/true-life/779402|url-status=live}}</ref> (2011)
* ''[[MTV Unplugged (Indian TV program)|MTV Unplugged]]'' (2011–2019)
* ''[[MTV VJ Hunt]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Indiatimes-MTV-prowl-off-on-VJ-hunt/articleshow/5899984.cms|title=Indiatimes, MTV prowl off on VJ hunt|date=5 April 2002|accessdate=23 February 2019|archive-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224212737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Indiatimes-MTV-prowl-off-on-VJ-hunt/articleshow/5899984.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2002)
* '' MTV’s Video Ga Ga'' in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030720/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=10 December 2022|archive-date=10 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210142936/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030720/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2003)
* '' Nokia Music Theatre''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/nokia-expands-music-portfolio-with-nokia-music-theatre/articleshow/12164006.cms|title=Nokia expands music portfolio with Nokia Music Theatre|date=6 March 2012|accessdate=23 February 2019|archive-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224064115/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/nokia-expands-music-portfolio-with-nokia-music-theatre/articleshow/12164006.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2012)
* ''Quikr Chronicles''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VgdlD93CdAM|title=MTV Quikr Chronicles|website=[[YouTube]]|date=12 September 2014|accessdate=23 February 2019|archive-date=8 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808103629/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VgdlD93CdAM&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> (2014)
* ''Time Out With Imam''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Imam-returns-to-TV-with-Time-Out-with-Imam-Siddique/articleshow/21000672.cms|title=Imam returns to TV with Time Out with Imam Siddique|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 July 2013|accessdate=30 July 2017|archive-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812050643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Imam-returns-to-TV-with-Time-Out-with-Imam-Siddique/articleshow/21000672.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2013)
* ''U Cypher''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/01/u-sports-invests-rs-25-crorein-the-first-season-of-u-cypher/|title=U Sports invests Rs 25 crore in the first season of U Cypher|accessdate=18 January 2018|archive-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120182139/http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/01/u-sports-invests-rs-25-crorein-the-first-season-of-u-cypher/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2018)
* ''Ultimate Fitness Fan''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvindia.com/ultimatefitnessfan/|title=MTV Fitness Fan on MTV|accessdate=23 February 2019|archive-date=6 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206195623/http://www.mtvindia.com/ultimatefitnessfan/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2014)
* ''VJ Chronicles''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvindia.com/videos/episodes/dating/vj-chronicles-dinner-date-100208476.html|title=MTV VJ Chronicles|date=26 March 2015|accessdate=23 February 2019|archive-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062515/http://www.mtvindia.com/videos/episodes/dating/vj-chronicles-dinner-date-100208476.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2015)
{{div col end}}

===Variety shows===
{{div col}}
* ''Club MTV''<ref name=Club>{{cite web |title=New VJs on the Block |url=http://www.screenindia.com/jun06/music.htm |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326075110/http://www.screenindia.com/jun06/music.htm |archive-date=26 March 2006}}</ref> (1997)
* ''MTV 123''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan24/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929230002/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan24/sunday/filmtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (1998–1999)
*''MTV Chill out''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan10/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126045018/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan10/sunday/filmtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (1998–1999)
* ''MTV Grind''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19970228-mtv-to-launch-three-new-shows-830176-1997-02-27|title=MTV to launch three new shows|website=India Today|date=28 February 1997 |access-date=11 December 2022|archive-date=11 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211034542/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19970228-mtv-to-launch-three-new-shows-830176-1997-02-27|url-status=live}}</ref> (1996–1998)
* ''MTV Gone in 60 Seconds''<ref name="afaqs.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/24760_MTV-adds-flavour-to-its-programming|title=MTV adds flavour to its programming|date=23 August 2009|website=www.afaqs.com}}</ref> (2009)
* ''MTV Land''<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19970811-cyrus-broacha-meet-the-mtv-veejay-with-the-coolest-show-in-town-831866-1997-08-10|title=Cyrus Broacha: Meet the MTV veejay with the coolest show in town|website=India Today|date=11 August 1997 |access-date=11 December 2022|archive-date=11 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211033533/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19970811-cyrus-broacha-meet-the-mtv-veejay-with-the-coolest-show-in-town-831866-1997-08-10|url-status=live}}</ref> (1996–1998)
* ''MTV Made in India''<ref name="auto1"/>(1996–1998)
* ''MTV Most Wanted''<ref name="auto"/> (1998–1999)
* ''MTV Mute''<ref name="afaqs.com"/> (2009)
* ''MTV Recycled''<ref name="auto1"/>(1997–1998)
* ''MTV School of Grooming''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/mtvindia/status/911634948251041794?lang=en|title=A different look everytime. How? Havells School Of Grooming Powered By MTV. Coming soon #schoolofgrooming.@havellsindiapic.twitter.com/jMzkM3jK1x|first=M. T. V.|last=India|date=23 September 2017|publisher=}}</ref> (2017)
* ''MTV Samachar''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvindia.com/videos/promo/play/mtv-samachaar-8-100211994.html|title=MTV Samachar on MTV India|accessdate=23 February 2019|archive-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062512/http://www.mtvindia.com/videos/promo/play/mtv-samachaar-8-100211994.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2009)
* ''MTV Stripped''<ref name="afaqs.com"/> (2009)
* ''MTV Style Check''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20020916-anusha-dandekar-takes-over-from-mom-to-be-malaika-arora-as-host-of-mtv-style-check-796318-2002-09-16|title=Anusha Dandekar takes over from mom-to-be Malaika Arora as host of MTV Style Check|date=16 September 2002|accessdate=23 February 2019|archive-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062638/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20020916-anusha-dandekar-takes-over-from-mom-to-be-malaika-arora-as-host-of-mtv-style-check-796318-2002-09-16|url-status=live}}</ref> (2002)
* ''MTV U''<ref name="auto1"/>(1997–1998)
* ''MTV Wassup – Voice of Youngistaan''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/reasons-we-love-ayushmann-khurrana/photostory/48942681.cms|title=Reasons we love Ayushmann Khurrana|accessdate=23 February 2019|archive-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319192651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/reasons-we-love-ayushmann-khurrana/photostory/48942681.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2008–2010)
* ''[[MTV What the Hack!]]'' (2009–2010)
*''MTV'S Hipshakers''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan17/sunday/filmtv.htm | title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv | access-date=23 August 2022 | archive-date=2 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902183615/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan17/sunday/filmtv.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> (1999)
* ''Silly Point''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFfYCIwyFrM|title=Cadbury 5 Star presents MTV Silly Point with Khatru Khabri|website=[[YouTube]]|date=23 April 2012|accessdate=23 February 2019|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105063324/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFfYCIwyFrM|url-status=live}}</ref> (2012)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian television series|MTV]]
[[Category:Lists of television series by network|MTV]]
[[Category:MTV|India]]

Tikamgarh district

2026-01-19T20:16:39Z

AndersonMcFarlan:

{{Short description|District of Madhya Pradesh in India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Tikamgarh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tikamgarh district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 280
|photo1a = Kundeshwar temple.jpg
|photo2b = PaporaTemples.jpg
|photo2a = 0122121 9th-century Sun temple, Madkhera Tikamgarh, Madhya Pradesh 059.jpg
|photo3a = Chhipri Shiv Mandir, Tikamgarh.png
}}
| image_caption = Left: Kundeshwar Right: Paporaji Bottom: Sun Temple, Madkhera, Shiv Statue, Chhipri
| image_map = MP Tikamgarh district map.svg
| map_caption = Location of Tikamgarh district in Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|24|44|24|N|78|49|48|E|region:IN-MP_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Tikamgarh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sagar Division|Sagar]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Tikamgarh]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1. [[Tikamgarh]], 2. [[Jatara]], 3. [[Baldeogarh]], 4. [[Palera]], 5. [[Lidhorakhas]], 6. [[Khargapur]], 7. [[Badagaon]] 8. [[Mohangarh]]
| area_total_km2 = 3,878
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 10,40,359
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 901
| leader_title = [[District Magistrate]]
| leader_name = Vivek Shrotiya [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Tikamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = 1. [[Tikamgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh]], 2. [[Jatara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jatara]] 3. [[Khargapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khargapur]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = MP 36
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 12A (India)|NH 12A]], [[SH 10]]
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://tikamgarh.nic.in}}
}}
'''Tikamgarh district''' ({{IPA|hi|ʈiːkəmgəɽʱ}}) is one of the 55 [[districts of Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. [[Tikamgarh]] town is the district headquarters. The district is part of [[Sagar Division]].

It is bounded on the east and southeast by [[Chhatarpur District]] of Madhya Pradesh, and by the [[Uttar Pradesh]] districts of [[Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh|Lalitpur]] on the west and [[Niwari District]] on the north.

==Etymology==
The district was named after its headquarters, Tikamgarh. The original name of the town was Tihri. In 1783, the ruler of [[Orchha]] Vikramajit (1776–1817) shifted his capital from Orchha to Tihri and renamed it Tikamgarh (Tikam is one of the names of Krishna).

==History==
The area covered by the district was part of the [[Princely State]] of [[Orchha]] till its merger with the [[India]]n Union. The Orchha state was founded by [[Rudra Pratap Singh]] in 1501. After merger, it became one of the eight districts of [[Vindhya Pradesh]] state in 1948. Following the reorganization of states on 1 November 1956 it became a district of the newly carved [[Madhya Pradesh]].

Orchha was founded some times after 1501 AD,<ref>[http://tikamgarh.nic.in/tour.htm#orcha Orchha] Tikamgarh district Official website.</ref> by the [[Bundela]] chief, Rudra Pratap Singh, who became the first King of Orchha, (r. 1501–1531) and also built the Fort of Orchha.<ref>[http://.co.uk/personalisation/PHO000430S21U00011000 Mausoleum of Raja Rudra Pratap British Library.]</ref> He died in an attempt to save a cow from a lion. The ''Chaturbhuj Temple'' was built, during the time of [[Akbar]], by the Queen of Orchha,<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000050S2U00134000 Orchha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207053923/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000050S2U00134000 |date=2009-02-07 }} British Library.</ref> while ''Raj Mandir'' was built by 'Madhukar Shah' during his reign, 1554 to 1591.<ref>[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/o/orchha.html Genealogy of Orchha]</ref><ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S4U00056000 Raj Mandir] [[British Library]].</ref>

During the rule of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Jahangir]], his ally [[Vir Singh Deo]] (r. 1605–1627) reigned here, and it was during this period that Orchha reached its height, and many extant palaces are a reminder of its architectural glory, including [[Jahangir Mahal, Orchha|Jahangir Mahal]] (born c. 1605) and Sawan Bhadon Mahal.<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S4U00055000 Swan Bhadon Palace, Orcha] [[British Library]].</ref>

In the early 17th century, Raja [[Jhujhar Singh]] rebelled against the Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]], whose armies devastated the state and occupied Orchha from 1635 to 1641. Orchha and Datia were the only Bundela states not subjugated by the [[Maratha]]s in the 18th century. The town of Tehri, now Tikamgarh, about {{convert|52|mi|km}} south of Orchha, became the capital of Orchha state in 1783, and is now the district town; Tehri was the site of the fort of Tikamgarh, and the town eventually took the name of the fort.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_247.gif Orchha state] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 19, p. 241.</ref>

Hamir Singh, who ruled from 1848 to 1874, was elevated to the style of Maharaja in 1865. Maharaja Pratap Singh (born 1854, died 1930), who succeeded to the throne in 1874, devoted himself entirely to the development of his state, himself designing most of the engineering and irrigation works that were executed during his reign.

In 1901, the state had an area of {{convert|2000|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}, and population of 52,634. It was the oldest and highest in rank of all the Bundela states, with a 17-gun salute, and its Maharajas bore the hereditary title of First of the Prince of [[Bundelkhand]]. Vir Singh, Pratap Singh's successor, merged his state with the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] on January 1, 1950. The district became part of [[Vindhya Pradesh]] state, which was merged into [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in 1956.

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Tikamgarh one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 24 districts in Madhya Pradesh receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=September 8, 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=September 27, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref> The economy of this area mainly based on agriculture and allied activities.

Tikamgarh is a major player in producing pyrophyllite. There are various pyrophyllite mining sites where high-quality pyrophyllite stone is getting mined. The pyrophyllite of Tikamgarh is getting exported to all over India.

==Demographics==
Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh has a total population of 1,445,166 as per the Census 2011, out of which 760,355 are males while 684,811 are females. In 2011 there were a total of 296,116 families residing in Tikamgarh district. The average sex ratio of Tikamgarh district is 901.

As per Census 2011 out of the total population, 17.3% of people live in urban areas while 82.7% live in rural areas. The average literacy rate in urban areas is 74.7% while that in the rural areas is 58.6%. Also, the sex ratio of urban areas in Tikamgarh district is 909 while that of rural areas is 899. The population of children aged 0–6 years in Tikamgarh district is 227,564 which is 16% of the total population. There are 120,303 male children and 107,261 female children between the ages of 0–6 years. Thus as per the Census 2011, the child sex ratio of Tikamgarh is 892 which is less than the average sex ratio (901) of Tikamgarh district. The total literacy rate of Tikamgarh district is 61.43%. The male literacy rate is 60.41% and the female literacy rate is 42.14% in Tikamgarh district.

The bifurcated district had a population of 1,040,359, of which 170,655 (16.40%) lived in urban areas. Tikamgarh had a sex ratio of 901 females per 1000 males. Schedule Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 262,163 (25.20%) and 49,613 (4.77%) of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Tikamgarh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/764/download/2706/DH_2011_2307_PART_A_DCHB_TIKAMGARH.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Tikamgarh district (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|94.88}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|3.64}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Bundelkhand|Jains]]|brown|1.34}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.14}}
}}
Hindus are 987,048 (94.88%) of the population while Muslims are 37,864 (3.64%) of the population. Jains are 13,953 (1.34%) of the population.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11381/download/14494/DDW23C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Tikamgarh district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]] |value1 = 84.94 |color1 = tomato
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 14.61 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.45 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 84.94% of the population spoke [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]] and 14.61% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10211/download/13323/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2300.XLSX |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Madhya Pradesh |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Festivals==
The '''Moniya Dance''' in [[Bundelkhand]] is performed every year during the festival of light [[Diwali]] at the end of October or the first week of November according to the lunar calendar. In this connection, the epic story goes that “in Gokul” when Lord Krishna raised Govardhan Mountain on his finger to save his associates (milkmen), they danced in joy.

==Hospital facilities==

*Rajendra Prasad District Hospital
*Ayush Wing – District Hospital

==Education==
===Schools===
*Government Excellence Higher Secondary School, Tikamgarh
*Government Excellence Higher Secondary School, Jatara
*Government Excellence Higher Secondary School, Palera
*Government Higher Secondary School, Tikamgarh, No-2
*Jawahar Navodaya Vidhyalaya Tikamgarh
*Kendriya Vidyalaya Tikamgarh
*Model Higher Secondary School, Tikamgarh
*Pushpa High School Tikamgarh
*Saroj Convent Higher Secondary School Tikamgarh

===Colleges / universities===
*College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh
*District Institute of Education and Training, Kundeshwar
*Govt Law College Tikamgarh
*Govt P G College Tikamgarh
*Govt College, Lidhoura
*Govt College, Mohangarh
*Govt College, Lidhoura
*Govt Virangana Avanti Bai Girls College, Tikamgarh
*ITI-Tikamgarh, District – Tikamgarh
*ITI-Baldeogarh, District – Tikamgarh
*Polytechnic College, Tikamgarh
*Polytechnic College, Jatara

==Transportation==
Tikamgarh has the biggest bus stand in Madhya Pradesh.

[[File:GAURI DADA0867.jpg|right|thumb|Welcome gate at Jhansi Road In TKG]]

===Roads===
There are daily services of buses for every part of the state.
Highways Passing from Tikamgarh are NH-12A, SH-10.

Apart from it, buses for [[Delhi]], [[Nagpur]], [[Kanpur]] are also there.

===Railways===
Tikamgarh railway station is in the North Central Railway Zone. Its railway code is TKMG.
The construction of the railway line to Tikamgarh has been completed in 2012. On 26 April 2013 was connected with railway services. The rail services began from Lalitpur(Uttar Pradesh) to Tikamgarh and were started under the Lalitpur-Singrauli Rail Project. The first train to travel between the two stations was Tikamgarh-Jhansi(Uttar Pradesh) passenger train. The train was sanctioned between the two stations in the Rail Budget of 2012–13. The railway line between Tikamgarh and Lalitpur rail routes is 40 kilometers long. Union Minister Pradeep Jain flagged-off the train at Lalitpur station.

===Airways===
[[Khajuraho]] is the nearest (114 km) airport from where there is a daily flight for [[Delhi]] & [[Varanasi]]. which comes under [[Chhatarpur]] District.

==Notable tourist spots==
There are various places to visit in Tikamgarh. Some places are of historical importance.
[[File:Lakshmi Temple, Orchha.jpg|right|thumb|Lakshmi Temple, Orchha.]]
*[[Kundeshwar]]:- An important village situated 5 km. south of Tikamgarh town on the bank of the Jamdar river. It is famous for its Kundadev Mahadev temple. It is believed that Shiv Linga emerged from Kunda.
*[[Paporaji]]:- an old village about 5 km southeast of Tikamgarh town. It is a famous Jain pilgrimage centre which attracts a large number of Jain devotees. The village contains about 80 old Jain temples. The famous Jain temples of twenty-four Tirthakars is the main attraction of devotees. An important Jain fair, attended by 10,000 persons, is held in the month of Kartika sudi Purnima.
*[[Aharji]]:- A village of Baldeogarh tehsil, Aharji lies on the Tikamgarh-Chhattarpur road at a distance of 25 km. from the district headquarters of the district. Regular buses are available to reach Aharji. It is evidently an old village said to have been populated by Jamalpur Ahars, which was once an important Jain centre. Several ruins, Old images and temples are located here. The village contains three old Jain temples one of these temples has an image of Shantinath 20 feet tall.
*[[Madkhera]]:- A small village situated on the northwest of Tikamgarh town at a distance of about 20 km. The importance of this place lies in its famous SUN Temple. Its entrance is from the east. SUN idol is placed here. The other main object of interest of the village is a temple of Vindhya Vasani Devi on the top of the hill.<ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/chhatarpur/news/mp-news-this-is-the-sun-temple-of-mankheda-the-destruction-of-the-statues-of-the-statues-being-ignored-by-the-department-of-archeology-093005-4941771.html यह है मरखेड़ा का सूर्य मंदिर,पुरातत्व विभाग की अनदेखी से प्रतिमाएं हो रहीं दुर्दशा का शिकार], Dainik Bhaskar, accessed 30 aug 2021.</ref>
*[[Badagaon]]:- famous Jain temple, Hanuman temple, Shiva temple and Dhasan river.

*Umri :- This temple seems to belong to the Pratihara period in the 9th century A.D. It is an east facing temple consisting of Garbhgriha, Antral and Mukhmandapa. The elevation is in Pancharathi scheme and consist of Plinth, Jangha, Varandika and Shikhar. The pillers of Mukhmanapa are decorated. A sculpture of Lord Surya is installed on the flank wall.

==Geography==
===Rivers and lakes===
The [[Betwa River]] flows along the northwestern boundary of the district and [[Dhasan River]] on the bank of Badagaon, one of its tributaries flows along the eastern boundary of the district. Both of these rivers flow towards the northeast. The tributaries of the Betwa flowing through this district are [[Jamni]], Bagri and [[Barua]]. A New District Named Niwari is Proposed to create consisting of 3 Tehsils [[Orchha]], [[Prithvipur]] & [[Niwari, Madhya Pradesh|Niwari]] Itself.

==Divisions==
Tikamgarh district is divided into three sub-divisions, which are further divided into seven tehsils. The district consists four development blocks, namely [[Tikamgarh]], [[Baldeogarh]], [[Jatara]] and [[Palera]].

There are 3 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in this district: [[Tikamgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh]], [[Jatara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jatara]] and [[Khargapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khargapur]]. All of these are part of [[Tikamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Civic administration==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="2" bgcolour="#C2D6E5" style="text-align:left;"| '''Tikamgarh City'''
|-
| style="width:50%;"| '''Member of Parliament'''
| Veerendra Kumar Khatik<ref name="nocorruption.in">[https://nocorruption.in/state/madhya-pradesh/ List of MPs and MLAs from Madhya Pradesh State]</ref>
|-
| '''Collector & DM'''
|Shri Vivek Shrotriya IAS <ref name="Who's Who">{{cite news|url=https://tikamgarh.nic.in/en/about-district/whos-who/|title= Who's Who}}</ref>
|-
| '''Superintendent Of Police'''
| Shri Manohar Singh Mandloi IPS<ref name="Who's Who"/>
|-
| '''Members of Legislative Assembly'''
|
# [[Jatara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jatara]] – Mr. Harishankar Khatik<ref name="nocorruption.in"/>
# [[Tikamgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh]] – Mr. Yadvendra Singh Bundela<ref name="nocorruption.in"/>
# [[Khargapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khargapur]] – Mr. Rahul Singh Lodhi
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://tikamgarh.nic.in/ Tikamgarh District website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100724215157/http://www.bundelkhanddarshan.com/ Bundelkhand Website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Tikamgarh district
|North = [[Jhansi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Northeast =
|East =
|Southeast = [[Chhatarpur district]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Lalitpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|West =
|Northwest =
}}

{{Districts of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Sagar Division}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tikamgarh district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Madhya Pradesh]]

United Chirang Duar FC

2026-01-19T07:07:56Z

AndersonMcFarlan:

{{Short description|Indian association football club}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = United Chirang Duar
| image = United Chirang Duar FC.svg
| upright = 1
| fullname = United Chirang Duar Football Club
| short name = UCDFC
| nickname = Chirang Duar FC
| founded = {{start date and age|2021}}
| stadium = [[SAI Stadium (Kokrajhar)|SAI Stadium]]
| capacity =
| owner = Shanti Puspa Basumatary<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Chirang Duar FC |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/15760 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=www.the-aiff.com |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122034524/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/15760 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Bakul Boro
| league = [[Assam State Premier League]]
| season =
| position =
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'''United Chirang Duar Football Club''' is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in Runikhata, [[Chirang district]], [[Bodoland]], [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=TNJ |first=Team |date=2022-12-02 |title=United Chirang Duar FC all set to play I-League |url=https://thenortheastjournal.com/united-chirang-duar-fc-all-set-to-play-i-league/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=The Northeast Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114075651/https://thenortheastjournal.com/united-chirang-duar-fc-all-set-to-play-i-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the first professional club from Bodoland to participate in [[I-League 2]] qualifiers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Redirect Notice |url=https://thehillstimes.in/sports/local-sports/united-chirang-duar-fc-lift-trophy |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www.google.com |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923055233/https://thehillstimes.in/sports/local-sports/united-chirang-duar-fc-lift-trophy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=The Meghalayan |date=2022-03-27 |title=Shillong Lajong face United Chirang Duar FC on Monday |url=https://themeghalayan.com/shillong-lajong-face-united-chirang-duar-fc-on-monday/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=The Meghalayan |language=en-US |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114075651/https://themeghalayan.com/shillong-lajong-face-united-chirang-duar-fc-on-monday/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The club was qualified to play in the tournament after beating Elevenstar Club in the qualifying round organised by [[Assam Football Association]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Four teams will play the Hero 2nd Division League 2022-23 Qualifiers in Kokrajhar {{!}} Hero I-League |url=https://i-league.org/six-team-will-play-the-hero-2nd-division-league-2022-23-qualifiers-in-kokrajhar/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122035513/https://i-league.org/six-team-will-play-the-hero-2nd-division-league-2022-23-qualifiers-in-kokrajhar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It currently competes in [[I-League 3]] and the [[Assam State Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-11-indian-football-i-league-3rd-division-fixtures-results|title=I-League 3rd Division 2023-24 : Fixtures, Format, Results and more|website=khelnow.com|access-date=10 November 2023}}</ref>

==History==
United Chirang Duar FC is established in 2021 in Runikhata village of [[Chirang district|Chirang]] in Bodoland Territorial Region in Indian state of Assam.

United Chirang Duar has won many trophies in and out of Assam since its formation. It is the first club from Bodoland region to participate in I-League 2 qualifiers after they defeated Elevenstar Club in the qualifying round organized by Assam Football Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Chirang Duar FC |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/15760 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=www.the-aiff.com |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122034524/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/15760 |url-status=live }}</ref> The club later went on to participate in [[I-League 3]], in its [[2023–24 I-League 3|inaugural edition]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Major AIFF Decisions: 15 Clubs Nominated In 3rd Division; Youth Quota In I League Teams |url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/19829-major-aiff-decisions-15-clubs-nominated-in-3rd-division-youth-quota-in-i-league-teams |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=thefangarage.com |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918105857/https://thefangarage.com/articles/19829-major-aiff-decisions-15-clubs-nominated-in-3rd-division-youth-quota-in-i-league-teams }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=AIFF League Committee: Youth quota for I-League, State FAs nominate 3rd Division League clubs |url=https://theawayend.co/2023/08/22/aiff-league-committee-youth-quota-i-league-state-fas-nominate-3rd-division-league-clubs/ |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=The Away End |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108050756/https://theawayend.co/2023/08/22/aiff-league-committee-youth-quota-i-league-state-fas-nominate-3rd-division-league-clubs/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first1=Flavio |last1=Lopes |date=25 September 2023 |agency=TNN |location=Panaji |title=THIRD DIVISION: Dempo to play at home, Sporting away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/third-division-dempo-to-play-at-home-sporting-away/articleshow/103913923.cms |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928075342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/third-division-dempo-to-play-at-home-sporting-away/articleshow/103913923.cms }}</ref>

==Current squad==
===First-team squad===
{{updated|13 November 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/22430|title=I League 3 2023-24, Sports Odisha v United Chirang Duar FC|website=the-aiff.com|access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=22447|title=I League 3 2023-24, United Chirang Duar FC v Baroda Football Academy|website=i-league.org|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Khwmdwn Brahma}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Danswrang Basumatary}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Didwm Hazowary|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Jigyas Deka}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Diner Narzinari}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Musukha Narzary}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Irakdau Khakhlari}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Timothi Narzary}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Nicodim Narzary}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Birkhang Daimary}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Rakesh Pradhan}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ajanta Rabha}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Gagandeep Mewa Singh}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Arjun Mardi}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Megraj Basumatary}}
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Juwel Ahmed Mazumder]]}}
{{Fs player|no=39|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Suvo Biswas}}
{{Fs player|no=45|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Ringkhang Daimary}}
{{Fs player|no=46|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Chiranjeet Gogoi}}
{{Fs player|no=55|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Maneshwar Mushahary}}
{{Fs player|no=99|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Situ Basumatary}}

{{Fs end}}

==Honours==

===League===
*'''[[Assam State Premier League]]'''
**Runners-up (1): 2023–24

===Cup===
*'''[[Bordoloi Trophy]]'''
** Runners-up (1): 2023
*'''[[ATPA Shield]]'''
** Champions (1): 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/jorhat/united-chirang-duar-fc-become-champion-at-atpa-shield-football-in-jorhat/assam20230413211220515515336|title=ATPA Shield Football: এ টি পি এ শ্বিল্ড ফুটবল টুৰ্নামেণ্টত খিতাপ দখল ইউনাইটেড চিৰাং দুৱাৰ এফ চিৰ|language=Assamese|website=etvbharat.com|access-date=23 April 2023|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423025903/https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/jorhat/united-chirang-duar-fc-become-champion-at-atpa-shield-football-in-jorhat/assam20230413211220515515336|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''[[Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup]]'''
** Champions (1): 2022<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chirang Duar FC lift trophy |url=https://thehillstimes.in/sports/local-sports/united-chirang-duar-fc-lift-trophy |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923055233/https://thehillstimes.in/sports/local-sports/united-chirang-duar-fc-lift-trophy |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''Daoharu Mungkhlong Football Trophy'''
** Champions (1): 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narzary |first=Hanthigiri |title=United Chirang Duar FC Lifts Daoharu Mungkhlong Football Trophy|url=https://speednewstoday.com/united-chirang-duar-fc-lifts-daoharu-mungkhlong-football-trophy/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122034301/https://speednewstoday.com/united-chirang-duar-fc-lifts-daoharu-mungkhlong-football-trophy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of football clubs in India#Assam|List of football clubs in Assam]]
* [[Assam State Premier League]]
* [[Assam Football Association]]
* [[Bodoland FC]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/theucdfc?mibextid=ZbWKwL United Chirang Duar FC] on [[Facebook]]
* [https://www.flashscore.com/team/united-chirang-duar/ET9vyIMp/ United Chirang Duar FC] at Flashscore
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/united-chirang-duar-fc/60471/ United Chirang Duar FC] at Global Sports Archive
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/club/15760 United Chirang Duar FC] at [[All India Football Federation|the-aiff.com]]

[[Category:Football clubs in Assam]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2021]]
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:I-League 3 clubs]]

Bhartṛhari

2025-12-17T16:52:49Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Created a pg

{{Short description|Indian linguist, philosopher, and poet}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|name=
|birth_place=[[Ujjain]]
|image=Hindi_Manuscript_884_Wellcome_L0024558.jpg
|caption=An image of Bhartrhari from an early 18th century Hindi-language manuscript
|native_name={{lang|cls|भर्तृहरि}}
|era=5th century CE
|region=[[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
|main_interests=[[Grammar]], [[linguistics]]
|notable_works=[[Vākyapadīya]]
|notable_ideas=[[Sphota]]
|language=[[Sanskrit]]
}}
{{For-text|the folk hero|[[Bharthari (king)]]|other uses|[[Bharthari (disambiguation)|Bharthari]]}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
'''Bhartṛhari''' ([[Devanagari]]: {{lang|sa|भर्तृहरि}}; '''Bhartrihari'''; [[floruit|fl]]. c. 5th century CE), was an Indian-[[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Vyākaraṇa|linguistic]] philosopher<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cornille |first=Catherine |url= |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Inter-Religious Dialogue |date=2020-06-08 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-57259-6 |pages=199 |language=en}}</ref> and poet, known for his contributions to the fields of linguistics, grammar, and philosophy. He is believed to have been born in the 5th century in [[Ujjain]], Malwa, India. He decided to live a monastic life and find a higher meaning but was unable to detach from worldly life. He lived as a yogi in Ujjain until his death.

He is best known for his works, the ''[[Trikāṇḍī|Vākyapadīya]]'' (a treatise on sentences and words), ''Mahābhāṣyatikā'' (a commentary on Patanjali's ''Mahabhashya''), ''Vākyapadīyavṛtti'' (a commentary on ''Vākyapadīya kāṇḍas'' 1 and 2), ''Śabdadhātusamīkṣā'', and the 300-verse collection ''Śatakatraya''.

Bhartrhari's philosophy is marked by the concept of "Shabda-Brahman", that the ultimate reality is expressed through words. He posited that language and cognition are linked and that by understanding grammar one can attain spiritual liberation.

Bhartrhari's works have been studied in various Indian philosophical traditions, including [[Vedanta]] and [[Mīmāṃsā|Mimamsa]]. Islamic and Western scholars have also shown interest through various translations and commentaries. In the field of Indian poetics, Bhartrhari's ''Śatakatraya'' continues to be revered and studied and has been translated into many languages, affording access to a global audience.

== Life and background ==
Bhartrhari is believed to have been born in [[Ujjain]], [[Malwa]], India and lived in the 5th century.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bhartrihari {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/bhartrihari/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bhartrihari {{!}} Indian Poet, Sanskrit Scholar {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bhartrihari |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-07310-3 |editor-last=Craig |editor-first=Edward |location=London; New York |editor-last2=Routledge (Firm)}}</ref> Details of his personal life are not known, but it is assumed, and accepted by scholars, that he lived between 485 and 540 CE.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies |date=1977 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-07281-4 |editor-last=Potter |editor-first=Karl H. |location=Princeton, N.J}}</ref> He was associated with the court of Valabhi (modern Vala, [[Gujarat]]) but decided to follow the path of Indian sages and renounced a sensual life to find higher meaning.<ref name=":0" /> He attempted to live a monastic life but was unable to successfully detach from worldly pleasures. After some time, he lived a life as a yogi in Ujjain till his death.<ref name=":0" />

Siṃhasūrigaṇi, a 6th-century [[Jainism|Jain]] writer, states that Bhartrhari studied under a grammarian named Vasurāta.<ref name=":3" /> Bhartrhari credits some of his theories to Vasurāta in his work the [[Vakyapadiya]].<ref name=":1" />

The Chinese traveller [[Yijing (monk)|Yi-Jing]] (635-713 CE) mentions Bhartrhari in his travel notes. He claims that Bhartrhari was a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and wrote the works ''Vakyapadiya'', ''Peina'', and a commentary on [[Patanjali]]'s [[Mahabhashya]]. Researchers have found some of the details given by Yi-Jing to be erroneous, specifically the time period that he was alive and that he was a Buddhist.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Srimannarayana Murti |first=M. |title=Bhartṛhari, the grammarian |date=1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |others=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0308-2 |series=Makers of Indian literature |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Bhartrhari's philosophical position is widely held to be an offshoot of the [[Vyākaraṇa]] or grammarian school, closely allied to the [[Philosophical realism|realism]] of the [[Nyaya]]s and distinctly opposed to Buddhist positions such as those of [[Dignaga]], who was closer to [[phenomenalism]].<ref name="watw">
{{cite book |author=Bimal Krishna Matilal |title=The Word and the World: India's contribution to the study of language |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1990}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author1=N. V. Isaeva |title=From early Vedanta to Kashmir Shaivism: Gaudapada, Bhartrhari, and Abhinavagupta |page=75 |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdfIqQdgr1QC&dq=poet+Buddhist&pg=PA75 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-2450-6}}Bhartrihari may have been "within the fold of Vedānta".</ref>

== Philosophical contributions ==
Bhartrhari is known for his work in the [[philosophy of language]], particularly his theories articulated in the ''Vākyapadīya'' ("Treatise on Sentences and Words"). This text is a comprehensive study of grammar and its metaphysical foundations. Bhartrhari's philosophy is marked by the concept of "Shabda-Brahman", which holds that the ultimate reality is expressed through words. He posited that language and cognition are linked and that by understanding grammar one can attain spiritual liberation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Herzberger |first=Radhika |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-009-4666-8 |title=Bhartṛhari and the Buddhists |date=1986 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-010-8574-8 |location=Dordrecht |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-4666-8}}</ref>

In the ''Vākyapadīya,'' Bhartṛhari writes regarding ''[[Svasaṃvedana|svasamvedana]]'', arguing that a cognition cannot be the content of another cognition. In verse 3.1.106 he explains why a cognition cannot be objectified using an example of light: "as a source of light is never illuminated by another one, likewise a cognition is never cognised by another one." He also writes that a cognition is always perceived at the same time of the cognition of its content. This explanation avoids infinite regress caused if a second order cognition was needed for the first cognition.<ref name="Ferrante-2017" />

== Works ==
Bhartrhari is best known for his work in the philosophy of language. He wrote four books on grammar (vyākaraṇa): [[Vākyapadīya]], Mahābhāṣyatikā (an early sub-commentary on Patanjali's [[Vyākaraṇa-Mahābhāṣya]]), Vākyapadīyavṛtti (commentary on ''Vākyapadīya kāṇḍas'' 1 and 2), and Śabdadhātusamīkṣā.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>Extensively used by later grammarians such as Kaiyaṭa, the text is only preserved in fragments. An edition based on an incomplete manuscript was published by Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune (1985-1991), in six fascicles (fascicle 6 in two parts).</ref> As a poet, he also wrote the ''Śatakatraya'', or ''Śataka'', a three-part collection of 300 verses.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Vākyapadīya ===
{{main|Trikāṇḍī|}}

The ''Vākyapadīya'', also known as ''[[Trikāṇḍī]]'' (three books), is an Indian linguistic treatise on the philosophy of language, grammar, and semantics. It is divided into 3 main sections (or kāṇḍa): ''Brahma-kāṇḍa'' (Book of Brahman), ''Vākya-kāṇḍa'' (Book of Sentences), and ''Pada-kāṇḍa'' (Book of Words), and contains about 635 verses. The ''Brahma-kāṇḍa'' treats the metaphysical aspects of language. The ''Vākya-kāṇḍa'' deals with sentence structure and the relationship between its components. The ''Pada-kāṇḍa'' focuses on the meaning of words, phonetics, morphology, and semantics.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Coward |first=Harold G. |title=The philosophy of the grammarians |last2=Kunjunni Raja |first2=Kumarapuram |date=1990 |publisher=Princeton university press |isbn=978-0-691-07331-6 |series=Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies |location=Princeton (N.J.)}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

Bhartrhari's philosophy is centred around the concept of "''[[sphoṭa]]''". He believed that ''sphoṭa'' carries the meaning of the word(s) and is revealed to the listener upon hearing the word(s).<ref name=":6" /> Unlike Patanjali, Bhatrihari applies the term [[sphota|''sphoṭa'']] to each element of the utterance, ''varṇa'' (''varṇasphoṭa;'' the letter or syllable), ''pada'' (''padasphoṭa;'' the word), and ''vākya'' (''vākyasphoṭa;'' the sentence).<ref name=":6" />

=== Mahābhāṣyatikā ===
The ''Mahābhāṣyatikā'', also known as ''Tripadi'' or ''Mahabhashyadipika'', is a commentary on [[Patanjali|Patanjali's]] ''[[Mahabhashya]]'', which itself is a commentary on [[Pāṇini|Pāṇini's]] ''[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]''. Bhartrhari analyses grammatical rules and explores the metaphysical and epistemological aspects of language. Within this text, Bhartrhari also discusses the connection between words and their meanings, which is further elaborated in the ''Vākyapadīya.'' This text is studied by Sanskrit grammarians and philosophers.<ref name=":6" />

=== Śatakatraya ===
{{main|Śatakatraya}}

The ''Śatakatraya'' ("Three Centuries": ''śataka,'' "century"; ''traya,'' "three") consists of three collections of 100 verses each. The collections are ''Niti Śataka'' (Ethics, which details principles of righteous living)'', [[Sringara|Śringara]] Śataka'' (Love, which details the complexities of love and relationships), ''and [[Vairagya]] Śataka'' (Detachment, a reflection of Bhartrhari's renunciation)''.'' The date of composition is unknown but it is believed to have been written over the course of Bhartrhari's life. Bhartrhari uses various poetic devices including metaphors, similes, and paradoxes to convey complex ideas.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" />

== Influence and legacy ==
Bhartrhari's works have been studied in various Indian philosophical traditions, including [[Vedanta]] and [[Mīmāṃsā|Mimamsa]]. Islamic and Western scholars have also shown interest through various translations and commentaries.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" />

In the field of Indian poetics, Bhartrhari's ''Śatakatraya'' continues to be revered and studied.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Wortham |first=Biscoe Hale |title=The Śatakas of Bhartr̥ihari |last2=Wortham |first2=Biscoe Hale |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-24510-4 |edition=Reprint |series=India : language and literature, in 14 volumes |location=London}}</ref> The ''Śatakatraya'' has been translated into many languages, affording access to a global audience.<ref name=":2" />

==Further reading==
*[[Bimal Krishna Matilal|B. K. Matilal]], 1990, ''The Word and the World: India's Contribution to the Study of Language''. Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 129-130.
*Hemanta Kumar Ganguli, "Theory of Logical Construction and Solution of some Logical Paradoxes", appendix to ''Philosophy of Logical Construction: An Examination of Logical Atomism and Logical Positivism in the light of the Philosophies of Bhartrhari, Dharmakirti and Prajnakaragupta'', Calcutta, 1963.
*Jan E.M. Houben, ''The Sambandha-samuddeśa (chapter on relation) and Bhartrhari's philosophy of language'', Gonda Indological Series, 2. Groningen: Egbert Forsten, 1995, pp. 213–219.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.iep.utm.edu/bhartrihari/ Bhartrihari (c. 450—510 C.E.) in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
* [https://www.historyoflogic.com/biblio/bhartrhari.htm Bibliography on Bhartṛhari, Grammarian and Philosopher]
* {{Librivox author |id=6042}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025095040/http://www.cgjungpage.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=916&Itemid=1 "Tracking the Hermit's Soul: A Jungian Reading Of Bhartrihari's Satakatraya" by Mathew V. Spano]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhartrhari}}
[[Category:Sanskrit grammarians]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Ancient Sanskrit grammarians]]
[[Category:5th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:5th-century Hindus]]

Gambhirnath

2025-12-06T11:48:20Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Added A Entry

{{Short description|Hindu saint (?-1917)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Gambhirnath
| honorific-suffix =
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| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| denomination = [[Guru Gorakhnath]] tradition
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| order = [[Nath]]
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| known_for = Contributions to [[Yoga]] and knowledge
| education =
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| nationality = Indian
| flourished =
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| birth_place = [[Kashmir region]], India
| death_date = March 21, 1917
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| title = Peethadhishwar of [[Gorakhnath Math]]
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| successor = [[Digvijay Nath]]
| reason =
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| teacher = Mahant Baba Gopaldas
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}}
'''Baba Gambhirnath''' (died 1917) was an Indian [[Hindu sant|Hindu saint]] of the [[Guru Gorakhnath]] tradition, who was known for his contributions to [[Yoga]] and knowledge.<ref name=Gambhirnath/><ref name=Yogiraj/> He served as the [[mahant|Peethadhishwar]] (head) of [[Gorakhnath Math]], a temple of the [[Nath]] monastic order within the Nath tradition. He was revered as a great Siddhapurush (perfect man) of the 20th century within the [[Nath |Nath sect]]. He was the guru of [[Digvijay Nath]].<ref name=ward5>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Sanjay |title=UP Nikay Chunav 2023: कौन हैं हकीकुन निशा? जो योगी के दादा गुरु बाबा गंभीरनाथ के नाम से बने वार्ड से जीतीं चुनाव |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/up-nikay-chunav-2023-know-about-hakikun-nisha-who-won-from-gorakhpur-ward-named-guru-baba-gambhirnath-ann-2409321 |publisher=[[ABP News]] |date=May 16, 2023 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Life ==
Gambhirnath was born in a village in the [[Kashmir]] region, into a wealthy family.<ref name=Yogiraj/>

It is believed that he attained perfection in all three forms of [[yoga]]. In his youth, Gambhirnath started his spiritual journey, seeking guidance from [[Gorakhnath Math]]. There, he studied under the guidance of Mahant Baba Gopaldas, who taught him yoga. He wholeheartedly dedicated himself to yoga and meditation, spending time along the banks of the Ganges in [[Varanasi]].<ref name=Yogiraj/>

He meditated for a period of three years in a cave in [[Jhusi]], [[Prayagraj]]. He did penance while staying in [[Amarkantak]]. He did spiritual practice for a long time in Kapildhara and [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]]. He conducted in-depth studies of various Hindu religious texts. He undertook a pilgrimage to [[Kailash Mansarovar]], where he had the opportunity to meet and seek inspiration from numerous yogis. He revived the yoga principle of the Nath Sampradaya.<ref name=Gambhirnath>{{cite news |title=सिद्ध योगी थे बाबा गंभीरनाथ |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-13821421.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=April 5, 2016 |language=Hindi}}</ref> He spent a third of his time in [[Bengal]] and made a large number of disciples.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pokhriyal |first1=Sanjay |title=योगी आदित्यनाथ के बंगाल दौरे के बहाने नाथ पंथ की परंपराओं पर एक नजर.. |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-bengal-chunav-the-disciple-tradition-of-nath-cult-is-long-in-bengal-jagran-special-21424072.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=March 3, 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

Gambhirnath died on March 21, 1917. His [[Samadhi]] temple is built within the premises of [[Gorakhnath temple|Gorakhnath Temple]] in [[Gorakhpur]].<ref name=Yogiraj>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Richa |title=कौन थे योगीराज बाबा गंभीरनाथ, जिनके लिए गोरखपुर जा रहे आदित्‍यनाथ? |url=https://www.aajtak.in/religion/story/who-is-nath-community-old-guru-yogiraj-baba-gambhirnath-440829-2017-03-25 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=March 25, 2017|language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The postal department of the Indian government issued a special cover in April 2016 to commemorate the centenary year of the death anniversary of Gambhirnath.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collectorbazar.com/item/india-special-cover-2016-yogiraj-baba-gambhirnath-temple-hinduism-fc1856-144874 |title=India Special Cover 2016 - Yogiraj Baba Gambhirnath Temple - Hinduism |publisher=CollectorBazar |date=April 5, 2016}}</ref> Ward number 5 of [[Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation]] is officially named after Baba Gambhirnath.<ref name=ward5/>

The Government of Uttar Pradesh, under the leadership of Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]], has established an auditorium and cultural center in the [[Gorakhpur district]]. This cultural center is named after Gambhirnath, known as the Yogiraj Baba Gambhirnath Auditorium and Cultural Centre, which is under the management of the state's Department of Culture. It features two auditoriums, providing a platform for various cultural activities and events.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhawan |first1=Bulbul |title=A long-standing demand: Yogiraj Baba Gambhirnath Auditorium inaugurated in Gorakhpur |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/a-long-standing-demand-yogiraj-baba-gambhirnath-auditorium-inaugurated-in-gorakhpur/2221565/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=March 27, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Ajay|title=Under-construction Prechhagrih will be called as Yogiraj Baba Gambhirnath, now will be ready by March month|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-under-constructed-prechhagrih-will-called-as-yogiraj-baba-gambhirnath-now-will-be-ready-march-month-3810872.html|publisher=Live Hindustan|date=24 January 2021}}</ref>

A biography titled ''Aadarsh Yogi: Shri Shri Yogiraj Baba Gambhirnath'' was written in the [[Bengali language]] by Akshay Banerjee. It was launched in April 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title='अविरल गंगा, निर्मल गंगा के लिए शक्ति मांगने आई हूं' |url=https://www.inextlive.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/uma-bharti-said-in-gorakhpur-came-to-take-power-for-neat-and-clean-ganga-113814 |publisher=[[Inext]] |date=April 6, 2016 |language=Hindi}}</ref> The Hindi textbook for the 7th standard in the [[Uttar Pradesh State Board of High School and Intermediate Education]] includes a chapter that covers Gambhirnath.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Students in UP to learn about Yogi Adityanath's guru in schools |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/students-in-up-to-learn-about-yogi-adityanath-s-guru-in-schools-1263286-2018-06-18|date=June 18, 2018 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindu gurus and sants]]
* [[Yogi Adityanath]]
* [[Mahant Avaidyanath]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/navbharatgold/spirituality/who-was-yogiraj-baba-gambhirnath/story/101284097.cms गंभीरनाथ के क्रोध से जब बादल भी डर गए] (Story of Gambhirnath on ''[[Navbharat Times]]'')
* [https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/navbharatgold/spirituality/yogiraj-baba-gambhirnath/story/102428362.cms ध्यान में बैठे योगी के सामने नतमस्तक हुआ सांप]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gambhirnathnath}}
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu ascetics]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu yogis]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]

Yuvraj Thakur

2025-11-29T09:07:51Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Stub

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yuvraj Thakur
| image = Yuvraj Thakur.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Humse Hai Liife]]''|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''|''[[Girls on Top (2016 TV series)|Girls on Top]]''}}
| occupation = Actor, Model
| height = 173 cm <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lifenlesson.com/yuvraj-thakur/amp/ |title=Yuvraj Thakur (Actor) Height, Weight, Age, Affairs, Bio & More - Life 'N' Lesson |access-date=3 February 2018 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925180437/https://lifenlesson.com/yuvraj-thakur/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| years_active = 2011–present|
}}
'''Yuvraj Thakur''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] television actor, model and writer. He is best known for portraying the role of Arjun Thakur in ''[[Humse Hai Liife]]'' and as Sammy on ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''. He has also appeared in shows like ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]'', ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'', and ''[[MTV Fanaah]]''. He was last seen playing the role of ''Azhar Khan'' in the MTV show ''[[Girls on Top (2016 TV series)|Girls on Top]]''.

==Acting and modeling career==
Thakur stepped into the modeling world by starting off as a commercial ad actor by working with an ad of [[Tata DoCoMo]] which turned out to be a big break for him.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} After starting with Tata Docomo, he appeared in several commercials such as Hero Maestro bikes, [[Horlicks]], Vaseline Men's face wash with [[Shahid Kapoor]], Vicco Shaving Cream and Renault cars.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Thakur started his acting career in 2011 by playing the role of Arjun Thakur in ''[[Humse Hai Liife]]''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} He has also acted in the teen drama ''[[Best Friends Forever?]]'' on [[Channel V India]] and ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony]] Entertainment Television India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Harshith-Arora-in-Bade-Achhe-Lagte-Hain/articleshow/22598096.cms|title=Harshith Arora in Bade Achhe Lagte Hain|date=15 September 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Stuti|last=Agarwal|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> He has also worked in the MTV Show ''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan]]'' as Madhyam Singania aka Maddy.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/you-wont-believe-whos-replaced-parth-samthaan-on-kaisi-yeh-yaariyan-261009-2015-09-03 Yuvraj Thakur replaces Parth Samthaan in Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan Season 2]</ref> In 2016, he bagged a lead role of Azhar Khan on MTV Show ''[[Girls on Top (2016 TV series)|Girls on Top]]''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Followed by appearing in an episode of [[MTV Big F]] as Zeeshan.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} In 2019, he was cast in a short film opposite Anupriya Goenka.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Personal life==
Thakur is a fitness freak who spends most of his time at the gym.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}he is such a good person

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!! Show !! Role!! Notes!!
|-
| 2011–2012 ||''[[Humse Hai Liife]]'' || Arjun Thakur
|Lead Role||[[Channel V]]
|-
| 2012–2013 ||''[[Best Friends Forever?]]'' || Varun Mittal
|Lead Role ||[[Channel V]]
|-
| 2013–2014 ||''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' || Samar Vikram Shergill a.k.a. Sammy
|Lead Role||[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 2012 ||''[[Gumrah End Of Innocence]]'' || Pranjal
|Lead Role||[[Channel V]]
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' - Season 1 (Episode 1: Tasveer) || Tushar
|Lead Role||[[Bindass]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'' || Amar and Shikhar
|Lead Role ||[[Zing (TV channel)]]
|-
| 2014–2015 || ''[[MTV Fanaah]]'' || Anshuman/Sarthak
|Lead Role||[[MTV India]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan]]'' || Madhyam Singania a.k.a. Maddy
|Pivotal Role||[[MTV India]]
|-
| ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui|Sun Yaar Try Maar]]'' || Samar
|Episodic Role||[[Bindass]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2016 || ''[[Girls on Top (2016 TV series)|Girls On Top]]''|| Azhar Khan
|Lead Role||[[MTV India]]
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'' || Trilok
|Lead Role||[[Zing (TV channel)|Zing]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[MTV Big F]]'' || Zeeshan || Episodic role || [[MTV India]]
|-
| 2019 || ''Untitled Film'' || || Short film || Hamara Movies
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7787085}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Yuvraj}}
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Delhi International Arts Festival

2025-11-25T05:51:53Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Added New Data

{{Short description|International arts festival}}
The '''Delhi International Arts Festival''' is an annual arts festival which takes place in [[Delhi, India]]. It presents artistic performances from around the world.

==History==
The Delhi International Arts Festival was founded in 2007 as a private-public partnership venture in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. Delhi International Arts Festival is India's famous & visible festival of arts. It was founded in 2007 by Founder Festival Director [[Pratibha Prahlad|Prathibha Prahlad]]. The experts who supported the idea of an International Arts Festival in Delhi were late [[Ram Niwas Mirdha|Ram Nivas Mirdha]] of [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], Sri Pavan Varma of [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations|ICCR]], Sri Parvez Dewan of [[India Tourism Development Corporation|ITDC]] and others. [[Forum For Art Beyond Borders]] was registered as a trust to organise Delhi International Arts Festival annually. [[Aruna Vasudev]], Shanta Serbjeetsingh SINGH, SK Aggrawal, Kusum Sahni & Prathibha Prahlad are the trustees. DIAF has presented over 100,000 artists from all over the world in the last 11 years.

In 2015 the festival was held at the [[Purana Qila|Purana Quila]] and directed by Prathibha Prahlad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi International Arts Festival begins |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-international-arts-festival-begins/article7771995.ece |accessdate=6 February 2016 |issue=17 Oct 2015 |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref> The focus that year was Indo-African fusion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Musicians perform at the Delhi International Arts Festival, presented by the Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Musicians-perform-at-the-Delhi-International-Arts-Festival-presented-by-the-Times-of-India/articleshow/49553149.cms |accessdate=6 February 2016 |publisher=Times of India Entertainment |date=20 Oct 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{cite news |title=Purana Quila to host the Delhi International Arts Festival |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/purana-quila-to-host-the-delhi-international-arts-festival-268131-2015-10-14 |access-date=5 February 2016 |publisher=Indiatoday |date=14 Oct 2015}}
* {{cite news |title=7th Delhi International Arts Festival |url=http://www.whatshot.in/delhi-ncr/7th-delhi-international-arts-festival-e-334798 |accessdate=6 February 2016 |publisher=whats hot in delhi}}
* {{cite news |title=8th Delhi International Arts Festival |url=http://iccr.gov.in/content/8th-delhi-international-arts-festival |accessdate=6 February 2016 |date=28 Oct 2014 |publisher=Indian council for cultural relation}}
* {{cite news |title=Delhi International arts festival to begin on Friday |url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-international-arts-festival-to-begins-on-friday-1231599 |publisher=NDTV |date=13 Oct 2015}}
* {{cite news |title=A Performing Art Pass {{!}} The 8th Delhi International Arts Festival |url=https://lbb.in/delhi/a-performing-arts-pass-the-8th-delhi-international-arts-festival-culture-theatre-music/ |accessdate=6 February 2016 |issue=31 Oct 2014}}
* {{cite news |title=The 8th Delhi International Arts Festival begins in New Delhi |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/the-8th-delhi-international-arts-festival-begins-in-new-delhi-114102801493_1.html |publisher=Business standard}} Press release
* {{cite news |title=Delhi-International-Arts-festival |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/topic/Delhi-International-Arts-festival?source=toitopic |accessdate=6 February 2016 |publisher=Times of India}}

[[Category:Arts festivals in India]]

INSAT-3C

2025-11-23T10:52:25Z

AndersonMcFarlan:

{{Short description|Indian telecommunications satellite}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = INSAT 3C
| image = Insat3c.gif
| image_caption =

| mission_type = [[Communications satellite|Communications]] [[Weather satellite|Weather]]
| operator = [[INSAT]]
| website = [http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-3c.aspx INSAT 3C]
| COSPAR_ID = 2002-002A
| SATCAT = 27298
| mission_duration =

| spacecraft_bus = [[I-2K]]
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| dry_mass = {{convert|1210|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| launch_mass = {{convert|2750|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| power = 2.765 kilowatts

| launch_date = {{start-date|23 January 2002, 23:46:57|timezone=yes}} UTC
| launch_rocket = [[Ariane 4|Ariane-42L H10-3]]
| launch_site = [[Guiana Space Centre|Kourou]] [[ELA-3]]
| launch_contractor = [[Arianespace]]
| entered_service =

| disposal_type =
| deactivated = 

| orbit_epoch =
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geostationary orbit|Geostationary]]
| orbit_periapsis =
| orbit_apoapsis =
| orbit_inclination = 4 degrees
| orbit_period = 24 hours
| orbit_longitude = 74° East ({{coord|0|+74|display=inline,title}})
| orbit_slot =
| apsis = gee

| trans_band =
| trans_frequency =
| trans_bandwidth =
| trans_capacity =
| trans_coverage =
| trans_TWTA =
| trans_EIRP =
| trans_HPBW =
| programme = [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| previous_mission = [[INSAT-3B]]
| next_mission = [[INSAT-3D]]
}}
'''INSAT-3C''' is a multipurpose [[satellite]] built by [[ISRO]] and launched by [[Arianespace]] in Jan 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-3c.aspx |title=Welcome to ISRO :: Satellites :: Geo-Stationary Satellite :: INSAT-3C |access-date=2010-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016023425/http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-3c.aspx |archive-date=2014-10-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> INSAT-3C is the second satellite of the [[INSAT]]-3 series. All the transponders provide coverage over India. Insat-3C is controlled from the [[Master Control Facility]] at [[Hassan, India|Hassan]] in [[Karnataka]]. It will provide voice, video and digital data services to India and neighboring countries.

== Launch ==
INSAT 3C was launched by the [[Ariane 4]] launch vehicle of [[Arianespace]] at 5:17 am IST from [[Kourou]], [[French Guiana]] in [[South America]]. INSAT-3C was placed into a Geo-synchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO), 21 minutes after the lift-off, in a 3-axis stabilised mode, with a perigee of 570 km and an apogee of 35,920 km and an inclination of 4° with respect to the equator. After 4 maneuvers INSAT-3C has been put in its final three axis stabilised mode on February 1, 2002. The orbit rising maneuvers were carried out in phases by firing the 440 Newton [[Apogee kick motor|Liquid Apogee Motor(LAM)]]. The satellite carried about 1.5 tonne of propellant ([[Monomethylhydrazine|MMH (MonoMethylHydrazine)]] and [[Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen|MON-3 (Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen)]]) for orbit raising operations as well as for station keeping and in-orbit attitude control.INSAT-3C like all of its predecessors in the [[INSAT]] series has a 3-axis body stabilized spacecraft using momentum/reaction wheels Earth sensors, [[Sun sensor]]s, inertial reference unit and [[Magnetorquer|magnetic torquers]]. It is equipped with unified bi-propellant thrusters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Insat 3|url=http://www.astronautix.com/i/insat3.html|publisher=Astronautix.com|access-date=December 3, 2022}}</ref>

== Payload ==
INSAT-3C, carrying Fixed Satellite Services (FSS) transponders, Broadcast Satellite Services (BSS) transponders & Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) transponders is intended to continue the service of INSAT-2DT and INSAT-2C which were nearing their end to life besides enhancing and augmenting the INSAT system capacity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krebs|first=Gunter D. “|title=Insat 3C"|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=December 3, 2022|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/insat-3c.htm}}</ref>
* 24 Normal [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]] transponders providing an EIRP of 37 dBW
* 6 Extended C-band transponders with EIRP of 37 dBW
* 2 [[S-band]] transponders to provide BSS services with 42 dBW EIRP
* 1 MSS transponder operating in S-band up-link and C-band downlink

The satellite was designed for operations near 74 deg Longitude.<ref>{{cite web|title=INSAT-3C|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/INSAT_3C.html|access-date=December 3, 2022|publisher=ISRO}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lyngsat.com/in3c.html |title=LyngSat Insat 3C at 74.0°E |website=www.lyngsat.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040507021541/http://www.lyngsat.com/in3c.html |archive-date=2004-05-07}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [https://www.isro.gov.in/ ISRO website]
* [https://www.antrix.co.in/ Commercial arm of ISRO]
* [https://www.isro.gov.in/DOS&ISROHQ.html Dept. of Space Under Dept. of Science & Technology, Government Of India]

{{INSAT Satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2002}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2002]]
[[Category:Communications satellites in geostationary orbit]]
[[Category:Satellite television]]
[[Category:INSAT satellites]]
[[Category:2002 in India]]

Bipin Chandran

2025-10-25T02:19:15Z

AndersonMcFarlan:

{{BLP sources|date=October 2025}}
{{short description|Indian script writer}}
{{hatnote|In this [[Indian name]], the name ''Chandran'' is a [[patronymic]], not a [[family name]], and the person should be referred to by the [[given name]], ''Bipin''.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bipin Chandran
| image = Bipinchandran.jpg
| birth_name =
| other names = Bindran{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}
| education = [[St. Berchmans College]] Changanacherry, Maharajas College, Eranakulam
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ponkunnam, Kottayam, Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Writer]], [[Screenwriter]], [[Actor]]
| notable works = [[1983 (film)|1983]] and [[Paavada]]
| yearsactive = 2009-present
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Article on Cinema]]
}}
'''Bipin Chandran''' is and Indian writer, screenwriter, and actor. His first movie as a screenwriter was ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|Daddy Cool]]''.

==Personal life==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2025}}
Chandran was born in [[Ponkunnam, Kerala]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} He attended [[St. Berchmans College]] in Changanacherry,{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} where he met [[Martin Prakkat]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} He later pursued higher studies at [[Maharaja's College, Kochi|Maharaja's College]], Ernakulam, where he participated in cultural activities and served as the College Arts Club Secretary during the 1990s.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==Career==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2025}}
As an author, Chandran has written books including ''"Mammootty: Kazhchayum Vayanayum"'', an anthology of memoirs, interviews, and essays about the cinematic journey of the actor [[Mammootty]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} His other books includes ''"Kriyaathmaka Jeevithathilekku Pathu Chuvadukal",'' (translation of Windy Dryden's "10 Steps to Creative Living"), ''"Best Actor Screenplay"'', ''"Maayude Kathukal''", ''"Ormayundo ee mukham",'' ''"Kappithante Barya''", "''Irattachanku", "Chithrajivithangal", "Mahanadan", "Armadachandran"'' and ''"Chandrahasam."''{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

Bipin Chandran also penned the columns in online magazines.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

He has acted in minor roles in few Malayalam films. In 2019, he received [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Article on Cinema]] for his articles ''"Komali Melkkai Nedunna Kaalam"'' and ''"Madambilliyile Manorogi".''{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==As screenwriter==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year!! Film !! Director !! Notes
|-
|2009||''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|Daddy Cool]]'' || [[Aashiq Abu]] || Dialogues only
|-
|2010||''[[Best Actor (film)|Best Actor]] '' || [[Martin Prakkat]] || Debut film as writer
|-
|2013||''[[Buddy (2013 film)|Buddy]]'' || [[Raj Prabavathy Menon]]|| Dialogues
|-
|2013||''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD]]'' ||[[Martin Prakkat]] || Creative contribution
|-
|2014||''[[1983 (film)|1983]]'' || [[Abrid Shine]] || Screenplay
|-
|2014||''[[Samsaaram Aarogyathinu Haanikaram]]''|| [[Balaji Mohan]] || Dialogues
|-
|2016|| ''[[Paavada]]'' || [[G. Marthandan]] || Story & Screenplay
|-
|2016||''[[King Liar]]''|| [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] || Dialogues only
|-
|2017||''[[C/O Saira Banu]]''|| [[Antony Sony]]|| Screenplay
|-
|2020||''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'' ||[[R. Ajay Gnanamuthu]]||Malayalam Dialogues
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |title=പ്രിയപ്പെട്ടവരുടെ ഉയിരിന്റെ കനൽ കെട്ടു കുമിഞ്ഞു കിടക്കുന്ന 2020 |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/script-writer-bipin-chandran-remembering-anil-nedumangadu-446859/ |access-date=2021-08-20 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml-IN}}
* {{Cite web |title=Father's Day: അർമ്മാദചന്ദ്രൻ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/news/features/bipin-chandran-chandrapaksham-armmadachandran-401401/ |access-date=2021-08-20 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml-IN}}
* {{Cite web |title=അലകുസാർ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/news/features/bipin-chandran-chandrapaksham-memories-alakusir-398966/ |access-date=2021-08-20 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml-IN}}
* {{Cite web |title=കലാപക്കാതലൻ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/news/features/popular-appeal-of-tamil-movie-songs-bipin-chandran-column-chandrapaksham-396830/ |access-date=2021-08-20 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml-IN}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3350549}}
* {{Cite web |title=ഈ പുസ്തകവീട്ടിലേക്കാണ് 2019ലെ ഒരു സംസ്ഥാന ചലച്ചിത്ര പുരസ്കാരമെത്തിയത് - Bipin Chandran - Interview |website = [[YouTube]]| date=2 November 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1D1p2m-TNtE |access-date=2021-08-20 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=All you want to know about BipinChandran |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/bipin-chandran.html |access-date=2021-08-20 |website=FilmiBeat |language=en}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandran, Bipin}}
[[Category:Writers from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Independent Olympic Athletes at the 2013 Asian Youth Games

2025-10-22T17:00:33Z

AndersonMcFarlan:

{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = AOI
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| oldcode =
| year = 2013
| date =
| games = Asian Youth Games
| location = [[Nanjing]]
| competitors =
| sports =
| flagbearer =
| officials =
| gold = 3
| silver = 4
| bronze = 7
| rank = 10
| appearances = auto
| seealso =
| website =
}}

'''India''' is the team of [[India at the Asian Games|Indian]] athletes who are competing at the '''[[2013 Asian Youth Games]]''' in [[Nanjing]], China, from 16 to 24 August 2013.

==Background==
Indian athletes participated in the Games under the [[Olympic flag]] due to the suspension of the country's [[National Olympic Committee]] (NOC). [[Indian Olympic Association]] was suspended by the [[International Olympic Committee]] due to government interference in the autonomy of the country’s NOC.

==Over-aged athletes==
The organising committee of the Games, Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee, barred participation of some Indian athletes who were supposed to compete in the athletics and weightlifting events "because they were above the stipulated age of 17".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/business/18568685/india-fielded-over-age-athletes-at-youth-games/ | title=17 Indians found over-age at Youth Games | date=August 20, 2013 | agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] | accessdate=20 August 2013 | publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/three-more-indian-athletes-disqualified-from-asian-youth-games/415821-5-23.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130820150551/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/three-more-indian-athletes-disqualified-from-asian-youth-games/415821-5-23.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=August 20, 2013 | title=Three more Indian athletes disqualified from Asian Youth Games | date=August 20, 2013 | agency=[[Press Trust of India]] | accessdate=20 August 2013 | location=[[New Delhi]] | publisher=[[CNN IBN]] }}</ref> The incident attracted widespread media coverage and prompted government action. The [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] "ordered an inquiry to fix responsibility on the officials for the fiasco which had brought embarrassment to the country".<ref name="Inquiry">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Ministry-orders-inquiry-into-Asian-Youth-Games-fiasco/articleshow/21918474.cms | title=Ministry orders inquiry into Asian Youth Games fiasco | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=19 August 2013 | agency=[[Press Trust of India]] | accessdate=20 August 2013}}</ref>

==Athletics==
{{Main|Athletics at the 2013 Asian Youth Games}}
;Boys'
;Track events
{|class=wikitable width="75%" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heats
!colspan="2"|Semifinals
!colspan="2"|Final
|-
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-
|Ajay Kumar
|1500 metres
|align="center" colspan= 4 bgcolor="wheat"|N/A
|align=center|4:05.76
|align=center|{{bronze03}}<ref name="Boy's1500m">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/AT/ATM015101_C73G_1.0.PDF | title=Boys' 1500m – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Abhishek Pal
|3000 metres
|align="center" colspan= 4 bgcolor="wheat"|N/A
|align=center|8:45.72
|align=center|{{bronze03}}<ref name="Boy's3000m">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/AT/ATM030101_C73G_1.0.PDF | title=Boys' 1500m – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|}

;Girls'
;Track events
{|class=wikitable width="75%" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heats
!colspan="2"|Semifinals
!colspan="2"|Final
|-
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-
|Anjana Thamake
|800 metres
|align=center |2:13.21
|align=center |1 '''{{abbr|Q|Qualified}}'''
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat"|N/A
|align=center |2:11.47 '''{{abbr|PB|Personal best}}'''<ref name="Girl's800m">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/AT/ATW008101_C73G_1.0.PDF | title=Girls' 800m Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |{{gold01}}
|-
|Ankita Gosavi
|100 metres hurdles
|align="center" |14.60<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/AT/ATW011900_C73B_1.0.PDF | title=Girls' 100m Hurdles Round 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref>
|align=center | 2 '''{{abbr|Q|Qualified}}'''
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat"|N/A
|align=center colspan=2|'''{{abbr|DQ|Disqualified}}'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/AT/ATW011101_C73A_1.0.PDF | title=Girls' 100m Hurdles Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref>
|}

;Field
{|class=wikitable width="75%" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Events
!colspan="2"|Heat
!colspan="2"|Final
|-
!Distance
!Rank
!Distance
!Rank
|-
|Akshaya Veluchamy
|align=center |Long jump
|align=center |5.45<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/AT/ATW061901_C73O_1.0.PDF | title=Girls' Long Jump – Qualifications – Group A | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 5 '''{{abbr|Q|Qualified}}'''
|align=center |5.48 '''{{abbr|PB|Personal best}}'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/AT/ATW061101_C73P_1.0.PDF | title=Girls' Long Jump – Final | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |8
|-
|Rochelle MacFarlane
|align=center |Triple jump
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat"|N/A
|align=center |12.38 m '''{{abbr|PB|Personal best}}'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/AT/ATW062101_C73P_1.0.PDF | title=Girls' Triple Jump – Final | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | {{silver02}}
|-
|Meghana Devanga
|align=center |Shot put
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat"|N/A
|align=center |14.51 m<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/AT/ATW051101_C73S_1.0.PDF | title=Girls' Shot Put – Final | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 4
|-
|Laxay Sharma
|align=center |Hammer throw
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat"|N/A
|align=center |43.81 m<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/AT/ATW051101_C73S_1.0.PDF | title=Girls' Hammer Throw – Final | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 6
|-
|Pushpa Jakhar
|align=center |Javelin throw
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat"|N/A
|align=center |45.64 m '''{{abbr|PB|Personal best}}'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/AT/ATW053101_C73S_1.0.PDF | title=Girls' Javelin Throw – Final | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 4
|}

==Judo==
{{Main|Judo at the 2013 Asian Youth Games}}

;Boys'
{| class="wikitable" width="90%" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Preliminary
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2 | Final
|-
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|Vikas Kharb
|align=center | Boys' −55 kg
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Soukphaxay Sithisane|LAO|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 000-100
|align=center colspan=5 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/JU/JUM055000_C75A_8.0.pdf | title=Judo – Boys −55kg – Draw Sheet | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=28 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Vijay Kumar Yadav
|align=center | Boys' −66 kg
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Ko Jae-Kyoung|KOR|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 000-002
|align=center colspan=5 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/JU/JUM066000_C75A_6.1.pdf | title=Judo – Boys −66kg – Draw Sheet | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=28 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Vinay Kumar
|align=center | Boys' −81 kg
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Renzo Cazenas|PHI|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 020-000
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Lain Htone|MYA|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 000-100
|align=center colspan=4 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/JU/JUM081000_C75A_6.0.pdf | title=Judo – Boys −81kg – Draw Sheet | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=28 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|}

;Girls'
{| class="wikitable" width="90%" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Preliminary
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2 | Final
|-
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|Mongjam Kabita Devi
|align=center | Girls' −44 kg
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Roaa Shawkara|YEM|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' [[walkover|WO]]
|align=center bgcolor="wheat" | {{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Kim Eun-Ji|KOR|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 000-000 ([[Golden score|GS]])
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Lin Wan-chu|TPE|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 001-020
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Aida Karchayeva|KAZ|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 100-000
|align=center | {{bronze03}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/JU/JUW044000_C75A_5.0.pdf | title=Judo – Girls −44kg – Draw Sheet | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=28 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Pinky Balhara
|align=center | Girls' −52 kg
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Tseregbaataryn Khulan|MGL|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 000-000
|align=center colspan=5 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/JU/JUW052000_C75A_6.1.pdf | title=Judo – Girls −52kg – Draw Sheet | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=28 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Mitlesh
|align=center | Girls' −63 kg
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Tursunpasha Nurmetova|UZB|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 000-100
|align=center colspan=5 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/JU/JUW063000_C75A_5.0.pdf | title=Judo – Girls −63kg – Draw Sheet | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=28 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|}

==Golf==
{{Main|Golf at the 2013 Asian Youth Games}}

{|class=wikitable width="76%" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan="2" width="20%"|Athlete
!rowspan="2" width="18%"|Event
!colspan="3" width="18%"|Rounds
!colspan="3" width="20%"|Final
|-
!width="6%"|1
!width="6%"|2
!width="6%"|3
!width="8%"|Total
!width="7%"|To [[Par (score)|par]]
!width="5%"|Rank
|-
|[[Manu Gandas]]
|align=center | Men's individual strokeplay
|align=center | 70
|align=center | 67
|align=center | 68
|align=center | 205
|align=center | −11
|align=center | {{silver02}}<ref name="Men's Individual Golf">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/GO/GOM001101_C74A_1.0.pdf | title=Golf – Men's Individual Stroke Play – Result Summary | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Viraaj Madappa
|align=center | Men's individual strokeplay
|align=center | 74
|align=center | 79
|align=center | 68
|align=center | 221
|align=center | +5
|align=center | 9<ref name="Men's Individual Golf" />
|-
|Aditi Ashok
|align=center | Women's individual strokeplay
|align=center | 74
|align=center | 75
|align=center | 70
|align=center | 219
|align=center | +3
|align=center | 10<ref name="Women's Individual Golf">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/GO/GOW001101_C74A_1.0.pdf | title=Golf – Women's Individual Stroke Play – Result Summary | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Ridhima Dilawari
|align=center | Women's individual strokeplay
|align=center | 72
|align=center | 74
|align=center | 79
|align=center | 225
|align=center | +9
|align=center | 14<ref name="Women's Individual Golf" />
|}

==Shooting==
;Men
{| class="wikitable" width="80%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2" width="20%"|Athlete
!rowspan="2" width="18%"|Event
!colspan="2"|Qualification
!colspan="2"|Final
|-
!width="11%"|Score
!width="5%"|Rank
!width="11%"|Score
!width="5%"|Rank
|-
|Virbhadra Salokhe
|align=center | 10 m air rifle men
|align=center | 612.1
|align=center | 11<ref name="10m Air Rifle Men">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SH/SHM101000_C74I_1.0.pdf | title=Shooting – 10m Air Rifle Men – Event Summary | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=28 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|Pratik Borse
|align=center | 10 m air rifle men
|align=center | 609.6
|align=center | 15<ref name="10m Air Rifle Men" />
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|Shainki Nagar
|align=center | 10 m air pistol men
|align=center | 565
|align=center | 6 '''{{abbr|Q|Qualified}}'''
|align=center | 195.3
|align=center | {{silver02}}<ref name="10m Air Pistol Men">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SH/SHM203000_C74I_1.0.pdf | title=Shooting – 10m Air Pistol Men – Event Summary | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=28 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Samarjit Singh
|align=center | 10 m air pistol men
|align=center | 561
|align=center | 8 '''{{abbr|Q|Qualified}}'''
|align=center | 134.0
|align=center | 5<ref name="10m Air Pistol Men" />
|-
|[[Anantjeet Singh Naruka]]
|align=center | Skeet men
|align=center | 106
|align=center | 7<ref name="Skeet Men">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SH/SHM403000_C74I_1.0.pdf | title=Shooting – Skeet Men – Event Summary | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=28 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|Hamza Sheikh
|align=center | Skeet men
|align=center | 101
|align=center | 9<ref name="Skeet Men" />
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|Akash Saharan
|align=center | Trap men
|align=center | 103
|align=center | 7<ref name="Trap Men">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SH/SHM401000_C74I_1.0.pdf | title=Shooting – Trap Men – Event Summary | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=28 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|Abhay Singh Rathore
|align=center | Trap men
|align=center | 101
|align=center | 9<ref name="Trap Men" />
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|}

;Women
{| class="wikitable" width="80%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2" width="20%"|Athlete
!rowspan="2" width="18%"|Event
!colspan="2"|Qualification
!colspan="2"|Final
|-
!width="11%"|Score
!width="5%"|Rank
!width="11%"|Score
!width="5%"|Rank
|-
|Mampi Das
|align=center | 10 m air rifle women
|align=center | 412.3
|align=center | 3 '''{{abbr|Q|Qualified}}'''
|align=center | 122.3
|align=center | 6<ref name="10m Air Rifle Women">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SH/SHW101000_C74I_1.0.pdf | title=Shooting – 10m Air Rifle Women – Event Summary | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=28 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Anuradha Khude
|align=center | 10 m air rifle women
|align=center | 404.0
|align=center | 15<ref name="10m Air Rifle Women" />
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|Malaika Goel
|align=center | 10 m air pistol women
|align=center | 375
|align=center | 4 '''{{abbr|Q|Qualified}}'''
|align=center | 135.7
|align=center | 5<ref name="10m Air Pistol Women">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SH/SHW203000_C74I_1.0.pdf | title=Shooting – 10m Air Pistol Women – Event Summary | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=28 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Yashaswini Deswal
|align=center | 10 m air pistol women
|align=center | 373
|align=center | 6 '''{{abbr|Q|Qualified}}'''
|align=center | 92.8
|align=center | 7<ref name="10m Air Pistol Women" />
|-
|[[Maheshwari Chauhan]]
|align=center | Skeet women
|align=center | 44
|align=center | 6 '''{{abbr|Q|Qualified}}'''
|align=center | 7
|align=center | 5<ref name="Skeet Women">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SH/SHW403000_C74I_1.0.pdf | title=Shooting – Skeet Women – Event Summary | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=28 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|}

==Swimming==
{{Main|Swimming at the 2013 Asian Youth Games}}
;Boys'
{|class=wikitable width="84%" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2" width="20%"|Athlete
!rowspan="2" width="18%"|Events
!colspan="2" width="16%"|Heat
!colspan="2" width="16%"|Semifinal
!colspan="2" width="16"%|Final
|-
!width="11%"|Time
!width="5%"|Rank
!width="11%"|Time
!width="5%"|Rank
!width="11%"|Time
!width="5%"|Rank
|-
|rowspan=3 | [[Neil Contractor]]
|align=center |50 m freestyle
|align=center |25.07<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM010902_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 50m Freestyle – Heat 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |5
|align=center |24.91<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM010202_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 50m Freestyle – Semifinal 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |8
|align=center bgcolor=#ffcccc colspan="2" | Did not advance<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM010101_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 50m Freestyle – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|align=center |100 m freestyle
|align=center |55.00<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM011904_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 100m Freestyle – Heat 4 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |5
|align=center |54.25<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM011201_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 100m Freestyle – Semifinal 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |8
|align=center bgcolor=#ffcccc colspan="2" | Did not advance<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM011101_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 100m Freestyle – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|align=center | 100 m breaststroke
|align=center colspan=2 |'''{{abbr|DNS|Did not start}}'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM031904_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 100m Breaststroke – Heat 4 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center colspan=4 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
| rowspan=3 | Rohit Imoliya
|align=center | 50 m backstroke
|align=center | 28.02<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM040901_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 50m Backstroke – Heat 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |2
|align=center | 27.92<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM040201_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 50m Backstroke – Semifinal 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |4
|align=center | 27.93<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM040101_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 50m Backstroke – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 7
|-
|align=center | 100 m backstroke
|align=center | 1:01.44<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM041902_C73A1_1.1.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 100m Backstroke – Heat 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |4
|align=center | 1:00.54<ref name="Boys' 100m backstroke semifinal">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM041202_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 100m Backstroke – Semifinal 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |7
|align=center bgcolor=#ffcccc colspan="2" | Did not advance<ref name="Boys' 100m backstroke final">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM041101_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 100m Backstroke – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|align=center | 200 m backstroke
|align=center | 2:16.95<ref name="Boys' 200m backstroke Heat">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM042903_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 200m Backstroke – Heat 3 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |4
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat"| {{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|align=center bgcolor=#ffcccc colspan="2" | Did not advance<ref name="Boys' 200m backstroke final">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM042101_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 200m Backstroke – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | Arvind Mani
|align=center | 100 m backstroke
|align=center | 1:00.25<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM041902_C73A1_1.1.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 100m Backstroke – Heat 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |4
|align=center | 59.51<ref name="Boys' 100m backstroke semifinal" />
|align=center |4
|align=center | 59.99<ref name="Boys' 100m backstroke final" />
|align=center |6
|-
|align=center | 200 m backstroke
|align=center | 2:12.35<ref name="Boys' 200m backstroke Heat" />
|align=center | 2
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat"| {{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|align=center | 2:10.11<ref name="Boys' 200m backstroke final" />
|align=center | 5
|-
|align=center | 200 m individual medley
|align=center | 2:14.27<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM052902_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 200m Individual Medley – Heat 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 4
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat"| {{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc| Did not advance<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM052101_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 200m Individual Medley – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | Likith S. P.
|align=center | 50 m breaststroke
|align=center | 31.78<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM030902_C73A1_1.1.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 50m Breaststroke – Heat 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 6
|align=center colspan=4 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|align=center | 100 m breaststroke
|align=center | 1:09.47<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM031902_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 100m Breaststroke – Heat 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 4
|align=center | 1:08.62<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM031202_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 100m Breaststroke – Semifinal 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 8
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM031101_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 100m Breaststroke – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|align=center | 200 m breaststroke
|align=center | 2:31.07<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM032901_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 200m Breaststroke – Heat 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 5
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat" | {{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM032101_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 200m Breaststroke – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 | Rakshith U. Shetty
|align=center |50 m butterfly
|align=center | 26.29<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM020902_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 50m Butterfly – Heat 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 3
|align=center | 26.15<ref name="Boys' 50m butterfly semifinal">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM020201_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 50m Butterfly – Semifinal 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 4
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref name="Boys' 50m Butterfly Final">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM020101_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 50m Butterfly – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|align=center |100 m butterfly
|align=center | 57.97<ref name="Boys' 100m Butterfly Heat">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM021904_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 100m Butterfly – Heat 4 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 4
|align=center | 57.85<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM021201_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 100m Butterfly – Semifinal 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 6
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref name="Boys' 100m Butterfly Final">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM021101_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 100m Butterfly – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3 | Supriya Mondal
|align=center |50 m butterfly
|align=center | 26.57<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM020904_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 50m Butterfly – Heat 4 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 5
|align=center | 26.30<ref name="Boys' 50m butterfly semifinal" />
|align=center | 6
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref name="Boys' 50m Butterfly Final" />
|-
|align=center |100 m butterfly
|align=center colspan=2| '''{{abbr|DNS|Did not start}}'''<ref name="Boys' 100m Butterfly Heat" />
|align=center colspan=4 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|align=center |200 m butterfly
|align=center | 2:07.97<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM022903_C73A1_1.1.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 200m Butterfly – Heat 3 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 3
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat"| {{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|align=center | 2:06.24<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM022101_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 200m Butterfly – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 6
|-
|Arvind Mani Likith S. P. Supriya Mondal Rakshith U. Shetty
|align=center| 4 × 100 m freestyle relay
|align=center |4:04.89<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM411902_C73B1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay – Heat 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |8
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat"| {{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM411101_C73B1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Arvind Mani Likith S. P. Supriya Mondal Neil Contractor
|align=center| 4 × 100 m medley relay
|align=center |4:10.45<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM451902_C73B1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 4 x 100m Medley Relay – Heat 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |5
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat"| {{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWM451101_C73B1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Boys' 4 x 100m Medley Relay – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|}

;Girls'
{|class=wikitable width="84%" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2" width="20%"|Athlete
!rowspan="2" width="18%"|Events
!colspan="2" width="16%"|Heat
!colspan="2" width="16%"|Semifinal
!colspan="2" width="16"%|Final
|-
!width="11%"|Time
!width="5%"|Rank
!width="11%"|Time
!width="5%"|Rank
!width="11%"|Time
!width="5%"|Rank
|-
|rowspan=3 | Avantika Chavan
|align=center | 50 m freestyle
|align=center |27.77<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW010902_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 50m Freestyle – Heat 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 3
|align=center | 27.93<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW010201_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 50m Freestyle – Semifinal 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 6
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|align=center |50 m backstroke
|align=center | 32.22<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW040902_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 50m Backstroke – Heat 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 5
|align=center | 31.86<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW040201_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 50m Backstroke – Semifinal 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 8
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|align=center | 50 m butterfly
|align=center | 30.21<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW020904_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 50m Butterfly – Heat 4 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 6
|align=center | 29.73<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW020201_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 50m Butterfly – Semifinal 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 7
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|rowspan=3 | Shivani Kataria
|align=center | 50 m freestyle
|align=center | 27.65<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW010904_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 50m Freestyle – Heat 4 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 5
|align=center | 27.52<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW010202_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 50m Freestyle – Semifinal 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 6
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|align=center | 100 m freestyle
|align=center | 59.63<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW011904_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 100m Freestyle – Heat 4 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 2
|align=center | 59.53<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW011201_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 100m Freestyle – Semifinal 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 5
|align=center | 59.30<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW011101_C73A1_2.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 100m Freestyle – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 7
|-
|align=center | 200 m freestyle
|align=center | 2:09.84<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW012902_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 200m Freestyle – Heat 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 3
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat" | {{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|align=center | 2:08.32<ref name="Girls' 200m Freestyle Final">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW012101_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 200m Freestyle – Final – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 6
|-
|rowspan=3 | Monique Gandhi
|align=center | 200 m freestyle
|align=center | 2:10.79<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW012903_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 200m Freestyle – Heat 3 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 2
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat" | {{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|align=center | 2:10.10<ref name="Girls' 200m Freestyle Final" />
|align=center | 7
|-
|align=center | 100 m breaststroke
|align=center | 1:19.63<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW031901_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 100m Breaststroke – Heat 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 5
|align=center | 1:19.15<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW031201_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 100m Breaststroke – Semifinal 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 7
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|align=center | 200 m breaststroke
|align=center | 2:57.97<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW032901_C73A1_2.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 200m Breaststroke – Heat 3 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 6
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat" | {{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|rowspan=4 | Jayaveena A. V.
|align=center |50 m breaststroke
|align=center |36.72<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW030901_C73A1_1.1.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 50m Breaststroke – Heat 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |5
|align=center |36.90<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW030202_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 50m Breaststroke – Semifinal 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center |8
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|align=center | 100 m breaststroke
|align=center | 1:20.64<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW031902_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 100m Breaststroke – Heat 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 6
|align=center colspan=4 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|align=center | 200 m breaststroke
|align=center | 2:58.26<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW032902_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 200m Breaststroke – Heat 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 5
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat" | {{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|align=center | 200 m individual medley
|align=center | 2:29.68<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW052901_C73A1_1.0.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 200m Individual Medley – Heat 1 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 6
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat" | {{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|-
|Monique Gandhi Avantika Chavan Jayaveena A. V. Shivani Kataria
|align=center | 4 × 100 m freestyle relay
|align=center | 4:08.73<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SW/SWW411902_C73B1_1.1.pdf | title=Swimming – Girls' 4 x 100m Freestyle Relay – Heat 2 – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center | 5
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat" | N/A
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|}

==Squash==
;Individual
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!First Round
!Second Round
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan="2"|Final
|-
!style="line-height:1em"|Opposition Result
!style="line-height:1em"|Opposition Result
!style="line-height:1em"|Opposition Result
!style="line-height:1em"|Opposition Result
!style="line-height:1em"|Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|Kush Kumar
|align=center | Men's individual
|align=center | '''Bye'''
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Hamza Alzubaidi|JOR|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 3-0
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Cheuk Hin Chris Lo|HKG|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 3-1
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Eain Yow Ng|MAS|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 3-1
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Mohammad Syafiq Mohd Kamal|MAS|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 3-1
|align=center | {{gold01}}<ref name="SquashMen'sIndividual">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SQ/SQM001000_C75A_5.0.pdf | title=Squash – Men's Individual – Results Bracket | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Vijay Meena
|align=center | Men's individual
|align=center | '''Bye'''
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Ryunosuke Tsukue|JPN|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 3-0
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Tsun Hei Yuen|HKG|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 2-3
|align=center colspan=3 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref name="SquashMen'sIndividual" />
|-
|[[Tanvi Khanna]]
|align=center | Women's individual
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Momoka Nakahira|JPN|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 3-0
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Vanessa Raj Ghanasigamani|MAS|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 0-3
|align=center colspan=4 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref name="SquashWomen'sIndividual">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SQ/SQW001000_C75A_4.0.pdf | title=Squash – Women's Individual – Results Bracket | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Harshit Jawanda
|align=center | Women's individual
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Libo Zhou|CHN|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 3-0
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Pansy Pui Hei Chan|HKG|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 1-3
|align=center colspan=4 bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance<ref name="SquashWomen'sIndividual" />
|}

;Team
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athletes
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Preliminaries Group Stage
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|Kush Kumar Vijay Meena Madhav Dhingra
|Men's team
|align=center | {{flagIOC2team|PAK|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 2-1
|align=center | {{flagIOC2team|JOR|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 3-0
|align=center | {{flagIOC2team|KOR|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 3-0
|align=center | {{flagIOC2team|CHN|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 3-0
|align=center | {{flagIOC2team|HKG|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 2-1
|align=center | {{flagIOC2team|MAS|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 1-2
|align=center | {{silver02}}<ref name="SquashMen'sTeam">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SQ/SQM400000_C75B_3.0.pdf | title=Squash – Men's Team – Results Bracket | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="SquashMen'sTeamMedallists">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SQ/SQM400000_C92B_2.0.pdf | title=Squash – Men's Team – Medallists | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Adya Advani Harshit Jawanda [[Tanvi Khanna]]
|Women's team
|align=center | {{flagIOC2team|HKG|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 0-3
|align=center | {{flagIOC2team|INA|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 3-0
|align=center colspan=2 bgcolor="wheat" | N/A
|align=center | {{flagIOC2team|MAS|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 0-2
|align=center bgcolor=#ffcccc | Did not advance
|align=center | {{bronze03}}<ref name="SquashWomen'sTeam">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SQ/SQW400000_C75B_3.0.pdf | title=Squash – Women's Team – Results Bracket | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="SquashWomen'sTeamMedallists">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/SQ/SQW400000_C92B_2.0.pdf | title=Squash – Women's Team – Medallists | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|}

==Table tennis==
{{Main|Tennis at the 2013 Asian Youth Games}}
{|class=wikitable width="90%" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2" width="15%" | Athlete
!rowspan="2" width="15%" | Event
!width="16%" | First Round
!width="16%" | Quarterfinals
!width="16%" | Semifinals
!width="16%" colspan="2" | Final
|-
!style="line-height:1em"|Opposition Result
!style="line-height:1em"|Opposition Result
!style="line-height:1em"|Opposition Result
!style="line-height:1em"|Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|Abhishek Yadav
|align=center |Men's singles
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Soroosh Amiri Nia|IRI|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 4–2
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Dunley Foo|MAS|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 4–1
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|[[Zhendong Fan]]|CHN|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 2–4
|align=center bgcolor=#ffcccc | '''Did not advance'''
|align=center | {{bronze03}}<ref name="TableTennisMen's">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/TT/TTM001000_C75A_7.0.pdf | title=Table Tennis – Men's Singles – Bracket | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sutirtha Mukherjee]]
|align=center |Women's singles
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Seul Lee|KOR|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 0–4<ref name="TableTennisWomen's">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/TT/TTW001000_C75A_7.0.pdf | title=Table Tennis – Women's Singles – Bracket | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=27 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|align=center colspan=4 bgcolor=#ffcccc | '''Did not advance'''
|}

==Tennis==
{{Main|Tennis at the 2013 Asian Youth Games}}
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!First Round
!Second Round
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan="2"|Final
|-
!style="line-height:1em"|Opposition Result
!style="line-height:1em"|Opposition Result
!style="line-height:1em"|Opposition Result
!style="line-height:1em"|Opposition Result
!style="line-height:1em"|Opposition Result
!Rank
|-
|[[Aman Agarwal]]
|align=center | Boys' singles
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Sharmal Dissanayake|SRI|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 6–2, 3–6, 6–3
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Dmitriy Popko|KAZ|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 4–6, 3–6
|align=center colspan=4 bgcolor=#ffcccc|'''Did not advance'''<ref name="TennisMen'sSingles">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/TE/TEM001000_C75_25.0.pdf | title=Tennis – Men's Singles | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|[[Garvit Batra]]
|align=center | Boys' singles
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Abdulla Ahli|UAE|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 6–0, 6–0
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Qiu Zhuoyang|CHN|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 1–6, 6–2, 7–5
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Roman Khassanov|KAZ|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 6–1, 6–1
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Jurence Mendoza|PHI|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 4–6, 7–6, 0–6
|align=center bgcolor=#ffcccc | '''Did not advance'''
|align=center | {{bronze03}}<ref name="TennisMen'sSingles" />
|-
|[[Rutuja Bhosale]]
|align=center | Girls' singles
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|[[Olla Mourad]]|QAT|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 6–0, 6–0q
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|[[Hsu Ching-wen]]|TPE|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''W''' 6–2, 2–6, 6–4
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Wang Yan|CHN|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 1–6, 1–6
|align=center colspan=3 bgcolor=#ffcccc|'''Did not advance'''<ref name="TennisWomen'sSingles">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/TE/TEW001000_C75_13.0.pdf | title=Tennis – Women's Singles | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|[[Simran Kaur Sethi]]
|align=center | Girls' singles
|align=center | '''Bye'''
|align=center | {{flagIOC2athlete|Anastassiya Yepisheva|KAZ|2013 Asian Youth Games}} '''L''' 4–6, 0–6
|align=center colspan=4 bgcolor=#ffcccc|'''Did not advance'''<ref name="TennisWomen'sSingles" />
|-
|Garvit Batra, Simran Kaur Sethi
|align=center | Mixed doubles
|align=center | '''Bye'''
|align=center | {{flagicon|MGL}} Batjargalyn Magnai, Enkhbayaryn Bolor([[Mongolia at the 2013 Asian Youth Games|MGL]]) '''W''' 6–1, 6–0
|align=center | {{flagicon|THA}} Teeradon Tortrakul, Kamonwan Buayam([[Thailand at the 2013 Asian Youth Games|THA]]) '''L''' 3–6, 2–6
|align=center colspan=3 bgcolor=#ffcccc|'''Did not advance'''<ref name="TennisMixedDoubles">{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/TE/TEX002000_C75_12.0.pdf | title=Tennis – Mixed Doubles | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=25 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Aman Agarwal, [[Rutuja Bhosale]]
|align=center | Mixed doubles
|align=center | '''Bye'''
|align=center | {{flagicon|TPE}} Batjargalyn Magnai, Enkhbayaryn Bolor([[Mongolia at the 2013 Asian Youth Games|MGL]]) '''L''' 4–6, 4–6
|align=center colspan=4 bgcolor=#ffcccc|'''Did not advance'''<ref name="TennisMixedDoubles" />
|}

==Weightlifting==
{{Main|Weightlifting at the 2013 Asian Youth Games}}
;Men's
{|class = "wikitable" width="86%" style="font-size:90%"
! width="18%" | Athlete
! width="12%" | Event
! width="12%" | Body weight (kg)
! width="12%" | Snatch (kg)
! width="12%" | Clean & Jerk (kg)
! width="15%" | Total (kg)
! width="5%" | Rank
|-
|T. Lalchhanhima
|align=center | 56 kg
|align=center | 55.60
|align=center | 100
|align=center | 128
|align=center | 228
|align=center | {{bronze03}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/WL/WLM056001_C73_1.0.pdf | title=Weightlifting – 56 kg – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=26 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|Sambo Lapung
|align=center | 69 kg
|align=center | 68.68
|align=center | 119
|align=center | 150
|align=center | 269
|align=center | 4<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/WL/WLM069001_C73_1.0.pdf | title=Weightlifting – 69 kg – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=26 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ragala Venkat Rahul]]
|align=center | 77 kg
|align=center | 76.95
|align=center | 142
|align=center | 168
|align=center | 310
|align=center | {{gold01}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/WL/WLM077001_C73_1.0.pdf | title=Weightlifting – 77 kg – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=26 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|}

;Women's
{|class = "wikitable" width="86%" style="font-size:90%"
! width="18%" | Athlete
! width="12%" | Event
! width="12%" | Body weight (kg)
! width="12%" | Snatch (kg)
! width="12%" | Clean & Jerk (kg)
! width="15%" | Total (kg)
! width="5%" | Rank
|-
|Sagolsem Thasana Chanu
|align=center | 58 kg
|align=center | 57.91
|align=center | 73
|align=center | 96
|align=center | 169
|align=center | 5<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nanjing2013.org/PDF/WL/WLW058001_C73_1.0.pdf | title=Weightlifting – 58 kg – Results | publisher=Nanjing2013.org. Nanjing Asian Youth Games Organising Committee | accessdate=26 August 2013 | format=PDF}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nanjing2013.org/en Official website of the Games]

{{Nations at the 2013 Asian Youth Games}}

[[Category:Nations at the 2013 Asian Youth Games]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:Independent athletes]]

P. N. V. Kurup

2025-10-16T02:40:32Z

AndersonMcFarlan: Stub

{{Short description|Indian physician and researcher (1925–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. N. V. Kurup
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1925
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = 27 April 2018 (aged 92–93)
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Ayurvedic]] practitioner
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Paneenazhikath Narayana Vasudeva Kurup''' (1925 – 27 April 2018) was an Indian [[Ayurvedic]] practitioner, researcher, writer and the founder director of the ''Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy'' (CCRIMH).<ref name="Who is Who">{{cite web | url=http://aiccrhpwa.weebly.com/who-is-who.html | title=Who is Who | publisher=AICCRHPWA | date=2015 | access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref> He is a former vice chancellor of the [[Gujarat Ayurved University]], Jamnagar and a former advisor of the Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy (ISM&H) of the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]. He has published several articles<ref name="Ayurveda - A Potential Global Medical System">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo0VPGr0RF4C&q=P.+N.+V.+Kurup&pg=PP22 | title=Ayurveda - A Potential Global Medical System | publisher=CRC Press | date=2003 | isbn=9780203498583 | access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref> and a book, ''A Handbook on Indian Medicinal Plants'',<ref name="A Handbook on Indian Medicinal Plants">{{cite book | title=A Handbook on Indian Medicinal Plants | publisher=Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha |author1=P N V Kurup |author2=V N K Ramadas |author3=Prapajati Joshi | year=1979 | pages=286 | oclc=12106357}}</ref> on the traditional Indian medicine system,<ref name="Amazon page">{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&page=1&rh=n%3A283155%2Cp_27%3AP.%20N.%20Vasudeva%20Kurup | title=Amazon page | publisher=Amazon | date=2015 | access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2005, for his contributions to Indian medicine.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born in 1925, in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]], Kurup joined the [[Gujarat Ayurved University]], [[Jamnagar]] and worked as the Professor and Head of [[Panchakarma]] Institute of the university.<ref name="Who is Who" /> Later, he moved to the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] and headed the Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy (ISM&H), the precursor of the Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), as its founder director in 1969.<ref name="Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy Pensioners Welfare Association">{{cite web | url=http://aiccrhpwa.weebly.com/ | title=Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy Pensioners Welfare Association | publisher=Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy Pensioners Welfare Association | date=2015 | access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref> He presided over the division of the department into four autonomous entities, the Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha (CCRAS), the Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), the Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM) and the Central Council for Research in Yoga & Naturopathy (CCRYN), in 1978.<ref name="Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy Pensioners Welfare Association" /> He has served as the vice chancellor of the [[Gujarat Ayurved University]] and has contributed to the establishment of the Indian Institute of Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Sciences, an institute under the university, offering education on Ayurvedic pharmaceutical studies, in 1999.<ref name="Pharmaceutical Training and Placement Cell">{{cite web | url=http://www.iaps.ac.in/ptpcell.html | title=Pharmaceutical Training and Placement Cell | publisher=Indian Institute of Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Sciences | date=2015 | access-date=28 November 2015 | archive-date=19 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019234619/http://iaps.ac.in/ptpcell.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Kurup was an honorary physician to the [[President of India]] and served as the director of the Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha (CCRAS). He also served as the government nominated member Secretary of the council, as well as the Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH).<ref name="Who is Who" /> He published several articles on the topic of Ayurveda,<ref name="Ayurveda is not merely a traditional but scientific medicine">{{cite web | url=http://iaf-ngo.org/pdf/ARTICLE%20BY%20DR.%20PNV%20KURUP%20-%20AYURVEDA%20IS%20NOT%20MERELY%20A%20TRADITIONAL%20BUT%20SCIENTIFIC%20MEDICINE%20(No.%208).pdf | title=Ayurveda is not merely a traditional but scientific medicine | publisher=IAF | date=2015 | access-date=28 November 2015 | archive-date=3 March 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303094441/http://iaf-ngo.org/pdf/ARTICLE%20BY%20DR.%20PNV%20KURUP%20-%20AYURVEDA%20IS%20NOT%20MERELY%20A%20TRADITIONAL%20BUT%20SCIENTIFIC%20MEDICINE%20(No.%208).pdf | url-status=usurped }}</ref> contributed to chapters to Ayurvedic texts<ref name="Ayurveda - A Potential Global Medical System" /> and wrote a book, ''A Handbook of Medicinal Plants'', a reference text on Indian medicinal plants.<ref name="A Handbook on Indian Medicinal Plants" /> He was a founder member of the Central Council of Indian Medicine when the council was established in 1971 by the [[Ministry of AYUSH]].<ref name="List of Founder Members">{{cite web | url=http://www.ccimindia.org/members_si_ayurveda_delhi.php | title=List of Founder Members | publisher=Central Council of Indian Medicine | date=2015 | access-date=28 November 2015 | archive-date=3 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603051028/https://www.ccimindia.org/members_si_ayurveda_delhi.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also associated with the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) as a consultant.<ref name="Who is Who" /><ref name="WHO Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VO8K9h9GvaoC&q=P.+N.+V.+Kurup&pg=PA82 | title=WHO Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine | publisher=World Health Organization | year=2005 | pages=314 | isbn=9789241562867}}</ref> The Government of India honoured him with the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2005.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> He died on 27 April 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iastam Newsletter, May 2018 |url=http://www.iastamindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/iastamnewslettermay2018.pdf |website=Iastam India |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Who |url=https://aiccrhpwa.weebly.com/who-is-who.html |website=AICCRHPWA |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Institute of Indigenous Medicine]]
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurup, P. N. V.}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas from Kerala]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:World Health Organization officials]]

Sir Gurudas Banerjee Halt railway station

2025-08-28T11:55:07Z

AndersonMcFarlan:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|Sir Gurudas Banerjee Halt}}
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| type = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
| image = Sir Gurudas Banerjee Halt Stn.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = [[Narkeldanga]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Indianrailinfo|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/departures/sir-gurudas-banerjee-halt-sgba/9044#referrer=https://www.google.com}}</ref> [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.574171|88.385046|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|5|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| line = 
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| other = {{ric|Kolkata Metro|green}} [[Phoolbagan metro station|Phoolbagan]]
| accessible = Not available
| bicycle = Not available
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Not available
| structure = At grade
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SGBA
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = [[Sealdah railway division|Sealdah]]
}}
| status = Functioning
| closed =
| former =
| opened = {{start date and age|1995}}
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{start date and age|1995}}
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|left= Park Circus|right= Bidhannagar Road|line=Circular }}
| services_collapsible = yes
| route_map = {{Kolkata Circular Railway routemap}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Sir Gurudas Banerjee Halt railway station''' is a [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station in [[Narkeldanga]], [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Gurudas Banerjee Halt|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/departures/sir-gurudas-banerjee-halt-sgba/9044#referrer=https://www.google.com}}</ref> It serves the local areas of [[Narkeldanga]] and [[Phoolbagan]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. A few trains run through this station and halt here. The station has two platforms. Its code is '''SGBA'''.

==Station complex==
Earlier on the platform was not well sheltered. The station lacked many public facilities including water and sanitation.

However, in 2017, there have been many improvements to this station, wherein shelters and seats were added for passengers, water dispensers were placed, and floodlights have been positioned to ensure safety at night. The platform too, was considerably elongated to accommodate longer trains.

In the recent past, there has also been a surge in the number of passengers utilizing the station.

== Connections ==
=== Auto ===
Phoolbagan to Sealdah auto route connects the station to [[Sealdah railway station]].

=== Bus ===
Bus route number 12C/2, 44, 45, 217B, 221, 223, 235, 253, DN17, S122 (Mini), S138 (Mini), S165 (Mini), S173 (Mini), AC49A, D11A serve the station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transport.wb.gov.in/transport-services/bus-services/|title = Bus Services}}</ref>

=== Metro ===
{{Rail-interchange|kolkata|ewm}}[[Phoolbagan metro station|Phoolbagan]] of [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] is within 500m.

=== Air ===

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Northern fringes}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Sir Gurudas Banerjee Halt railway station}}

{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Circular}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1995]]
[[Category:Sealdah railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Kolkata Circular Railway]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}