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Baksa Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T05:05:35Z

Ananyareddy: creating basic info with sources

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baksa
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 42
| map_image = Baksa Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Baksa district|Baksa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| established = 2023
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
| reservation = ST
}}

'''Baksa Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Baksa}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Maneswar Brahma|party=Bodoland People's Front|votes=88820 |percentage=55.06 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rakesh Brahma|party=UPPL|votes=39770|percentage=24.65 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jagadish Madahi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10623 |percentage=6.59 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above (India) |votes= 2937|percentage=1.82 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=49050 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 161321|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bodoland People's Front|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Baksa district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Baksa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Rohingya refugees in India

2026-05-05T10:51:03Z

Ananyareddy: created post - done

{{Short description|Displaced people from Myanmar in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Rohingya people
| native_name = 𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝
| native_name_lang = rhg
| image = Displaced Rohingya people in Rakhine State (8280610831) (cropped).jpg
| population = 40,000 (documented)<ref name="Al Jazeera detains">{{Cite news |author1=Aakash Hassan |author2=Zafar Aafaq |title='Repeat of what happened in Myanmar': India detains 160 Rohingya |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/8/repeat-of-what-happened-in-myanmar-india-detains-160-rohingya}}</ref>
| regions = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jammu]]
* [[Hyderabad]]
* [[Delhi]]
* [[Nuh district|Nuh]]
}}
| languages = [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]
| religions = Predominantly [[Muslims]];{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} minorities of [[Hinduism|Hindus]]<ref name="dhakatribune.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/2017/09/19/rohingya-hindu-horror-myanmar-military/ |title=Rohingya Hindu women share horror tales |website=Dhaka Tribune |date=19 September 2017 |access-date=16 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628185737/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/2017/09/19/rohingya-hindu-horror-myanmar-military|archive-date=28 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Rohingya Hindus now face uncertaint">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/rohingya-hindus-face-uncertainty-myanmar-170921093116573.html |title=Rohingya Hindus now face uncertainty in Myanmar |date=21 September 2017 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=16 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206214702/https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2017/9/21/rohingya-hindus-now-face-uncertainty-in-myanmar|archive-date=6 December 2022}}</ref> and [[Christianity|Christians]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fortifyrights.org/bgd-inv-2020-03-06/ |title=Bangladesh: Investigate Abductions, Protect Ethnic-Rohingya Christians |date=6 March 2020 |publisher=Fortify Rights|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004234110/https://www.fortifyrights.org/bgd-inv-2020-03-06/|archive-date=4 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/02/13/christians-abducted-attacked-bangladesh-refugee-camp |title=Christians Abducted, Attacked in Bangladesh Refugee Camp |date=13 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224202441/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/02/13/christians-abducted-attacked-bangladesh-refugee-camp|archive-date=24 February 2024}}</ref>
}}

Around 40,000 [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] live in slums and detention camps across the [[Republic of India]], including [[Jammu]], Hyderabad, Nuh, and [[Delhi]], the majority of whom are undocumented.<ref name="Al Jazeera detains" /><ref>{{cite web |title=The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 |url=https://prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Citizenship%20%28A%29%20Bill%2C%202019%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf |website=PRS India |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031143237/https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Citizenship%20%28A%29%20Bill%2C%202019%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016 |url=https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016-4348 |website=PRS India - Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=17 August 2019|date=19 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2016? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/what-is-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016-1372701-2018-10-22 |website=India Today |date=22 October 2018 |access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What is the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016/article23999348.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=26 January 2019|date=26 May 2018 |last1=Purkayastha |first1=Debasree }}</ref> According to Indian law, illegal immigrants are not refugees. Since India is not a [[Signature|signatory]] to the [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees|1951 Refugee Convention]],<ref name=LegalMigrantsOnly1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/06/23/tibetan-refugees-india-passports-not-property|title=Tibetan Refugees in India Get Passports, Not Property|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=4 March 2019|date=23 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/lankan-refugees-in-dilemma-over-return/articleshow/57565017.cms|title=Sri Lankan refugees in dilemma over return - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> the United Nations principle of [[non-refoulement]] and [[impediment to expulsion]] does not apply in India. Illegal immigrants are denied impediment to expulsion if they do not fall within the host country's legal definition of a lawful refugee.<ref>[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#%7B%22appno%22:%5B%2225498%2F94%22%5D%7D Search results on "Impediment to expulsion"] in the European Court of Human Rights archive.</ref> On 9 August 2012, during a Supreme Court hearing about a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] petition for deportation of illegal migrants, it was told that the policy of the government of India does not support any kind of illegal migration either into its territory or illegal immigration of its citizens and the government is committed to deporting illegal migrants, but only lawfully.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3747019.ece|title=Committed to deporting illegal migrants, but only lawfully: Centre|date=10 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Venkatesan|first1=J.}}</ref> In August 2017, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led Union Government asked state governments to initiate the process of deportation for all illegal immigrants including Rohingyas.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Miglani|first=Krishna N. Das, Sanjeev|date=2017-08-14|title=India says to deport all Rohingya regardless of U.N. registration|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-india-idUSKCN1AU0UC|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref> This was challenged before the [[Supreme Court of India]] by three Rohingya refugees, wherein the [[Government of India]] submitted an [[affidavit]] claiming that there were over 40,000 "illegal [Rohingya] immigrants", mostly spread across Assam, West Bengal and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and that they were a [[National security#India|threat to the security of state]].<ref name="threat2">{{cite news|title=Rohingya presence poses national security threat: Centre to SC|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-rohingya-muslims-myanmar-rajnath-singh-4849051/|access-date=6 October 2017|date=18 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Rohingya Deportation: Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India|url=https://www.scobserver.in/court-case/rohingya-deportation-case|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Supreme Court Observer}}</ref>

Rohingyas add economic pressure on Indian populace; due to their perceived militant activities, they pose a security threat, especially in sensitive areas such as Jammu and West Bengal.<ref name="threat1">{{Cite web |url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/rohingya-deportation-case-day-3-arguments/ |title=ROHINGYA DEPORTATION CASE: DAY 3 ARGUMENTS - Supreme Court Observer |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219151621/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/rohingya-deportation-case-day-3-arguments/ |archive-date=19 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="threat2" /> In 2017, the Central Government filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court stating that "Some Rohingyas sympathizing with many militant group's ideologies may be active in Jammu, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Mewat and can be a potential threat to [[National Security Strategy (India)|internal security]]."<ref name="threat2">{{cite news|title=Rohingya presence poses national security threat: Centre to SC|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-rohingya-muslims-myanmar-rajnath-singh-4849051/|access-date=6 October 2017|date=18 September 2017}}</ref> In 2025, Supreme Court of India pulled up the government of Assam state over delay in deportation of illegal foreigners including Rohingyas and ordered the immediate action.<ref name=SCA1>[https://maktoobmedia.com/india/supreme-court-pulls-up-assam-govt-over-delayed-deportation-of-foreigners-directs-immediate-action/ Supreme Court pulls up Assam govt over delayed deportation of ‘foreigners,’ directs immediate action], maktoobmedia.com, 4 Feb 2025.</ref>

==Legal status==

Under the Indian law Rohingyas are [[Refugees_in_India#Illegal_migrants|illegal immigrants]],<ref>[https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4210/1/Citizenship_Act_1955.pdf Citizenship Act, 1955], indiacode.nic.in, 2004.</ref> not refugees.<ref name=LegalMigrantsOnly1/> Illegal immigrants are subjected to [[The Foreigners Act, 1946|The Foreigners Act]] (1946), which defines a foreigner as a person who is not a citizen of India.<ref name="please" /> Where the nationality of a person is not evident, the onus of proving whether a person is a foreigner or not lie upon the person himself.<ref name=please/> Anyone who believes that a foreigner has entered India, or who is the owner or managers of the property where a foreigner resides illegally, must inform the nearest police station within 24 hours of the presence of such foreigner.<ref name="please">{{Cite web |title=The Foreigners Act, 1946 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/27376/ |website=Indian Kanoon.}}</ref> The Foreigners Act allows the government to detain a foreigner until he is deported back to his own country.<ref name=foreigner2>{{citation |title=In Strident Campaign, Jammu Politicians Target Rohingya Muslim Refugees |url=https://thewire.in/106280/jammu-rohingya-muslim-myanmar-refugee |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=7 February 2017 }}</ref>

India is not a signatory to the [[1951 UN Refugee Convention]] or its [[Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees|1967 Protocol]] and lacks a domestic asylum law, leading to the absence of a formal refugee protection regime. As a result, Indian immigration law does not distinguish between general foreigners and refugees or asylum-seekers, and there is no guaranteed right to seek asylum under Indian law.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dutt Tiwari |first1=Anubhav |last2=Johar |first2=Ali |last3=Field |first3=Jessica |date=2024-11-25 |title=The illegalisation of Rohingya refugees in India: a (non)citizenship crisis promoted by law and policy |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2376414 |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |volume=50 |issue=19 |pages=4905–4923 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2024.2376414 |issn=1369-183X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, the principle of non-refoulment, which prohibits returning refugees to a country where they may face persecution, is recognised as binding under [[customary international law]] and applies globally. In 2017, the Indian Supreme Court acknowledged that Rohingya refugees in India fall under this principle. Although India is not a party to the Refugee Convention, it is bound by other international instruments such as the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (1948), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), which outline rights for detainees, including women and children.

However, in April 2021, the Supreme Court declined to intervene in a plea concerning the deportation of Rohingyas. Then Chief Justice [[Sharad Bobde]] stated: “Possibly, that is the fear that if they go back to Myanmar, they will be slaughtered… But we cannot control all that… we are not called upon to condemn or condone genocide”.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last1=Naik |first1=Mubashir |last2=Firdous |first2=Mehran |date=2023-08-25 |title=Rohingya Children Grow Up Without Education, Family Life, As India Holds Parents Indefinitely In Detention Centres |url=https://article-14.com/post/rohingya-children-grow-up-without-education-family-life-as-india-holds-parents-indefinitely-in-detention-centres--64e81a8901595 |url-status= |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=article-14.com}}</ref>

In 2024, in response to a plea to treat Rohingyas similarly to refugees from Tibet and Sri Lanka, the union government submitted to the Supreme Court that such recognition is a matter of "pure policy decision", not judicial declaration. Thus, equality rights under Article 14 of the Constitution are not available to Rohingyas, unlike other refugee groups from Tibet, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan, who had historically been accommodated through policy decisions and are provided with refugee certificates or long-term visas.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-20 |title=Illegal Rohingyas have no fundamental right to reside in India, asserts govt in SC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/illegal-rohingyas-have-no-fundamental-right-to-reside-in-india-asserts-govt-in-sc/articleshow/108634878.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105034314/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/illegal-rohingyas-have-no-fundamental-right-to-reside-in-india-asserts-govt-in-sc/articleshow/108634878.cms |archive-date=2025-01-05 |access-date=2025-09-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-16 |title=A Lifetime in Detention: Rohingya Refugees in India |url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/a-lifetime-in-detention-rohingya-refugees-in-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805042730/https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/a-lifetime-in-detention-rohingya-refugees-in-india/ |archive-date=2025-08-05 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Refugees International |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[UNHCR Representation in India|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)]] in India recognizes Rohingyas as refugees and has registered over 22,500 individuals in India.<ref name="VOA">
{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=Rohingya Refugees Seeking Protection from UNHCR Detained |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_rohingya-refugees-seeking-protection-unhcr-detained/6203252.html |website=Voice of America}}
</ref><ref name=":6" /> Those registered are provided with identity cards, intended to protect them from arbitrary arrests and deportations. However, the Indian government does not officially recognize the UNHCR refugee cards, and they not offer protection from detention.<ref name=":5" /> The cards only serve to provide access to some services. At best, they protect from punitive action.<ref name="Scroll">
Shreehari Paliath, Indiaspend.com, [https://scroll.in/article/1022150/detention-and-deportation-add-to-the-chaos-of-rohingya-lives-in-india Detention and deportation add to the chaos of Rohingya lives in India], Scroll.in, 20 April 2022.
</ref>

From 2012 to 2017, some Rohingya refugees were issued Long Term Visas (LTVs) by the Indian government based on UNHCR cards, enabling access to limited services, documentation, and school enrollment. However, an August 2017 executive order reversed this approach by instructing states to identify and deport all Rohingyas, classifying them as illegal immigrants.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

In addition to lack of documentation and protection within India, some Rohingyas who have secured third-country resettlement offers through the UNHCR have been denied exit permits by Indian authorities. These denials are often justified on national security grounds and the assertion that individuals classified as illegal migrants have no right to leave voluntarily. As a result, Rohingyas who get a chance to resettle in third countries, remain unable to depart.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-05-18 |title=Rohingya refugees in arbitrary detention, denied exit permissions by India: Report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rohingya-refugees-in-arbitrary-detention-denied-exit-permissions-by-india-report/article66867255.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106184544/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rohingya-refugees-in-arbitrary-detention-denied-exit-permissions-by-india-report/article66867255.ece |archive-date=2025-01-06 |access-date=2025-09-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=Shadow of Refuge: Rohingya Refugees in India |url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/shadow-of-refuge-rohingya-refugees-in-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805042821/https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/shadow-of-refuge-rohingya-refugees-in-india/ |archive-date=2025-08-05 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Refugees International |language=en-US}}</ref>

== National security threat==
{{See also | Kha Maung Seik massacre | l1= Massacre of Hindus by Rohingyas in Kha Maung Seik | Two-nation theory | Partition of India | Bangladesh genocide | List of massacres in Bangladesh}}

The Indian government has the evidence linking Rohingyas in India with terrorist organisation that are national security threat to India. Indian government submitted an affidavit to the supreme court affirming, "[The] Rohingya presence in the country has serious national security ramifications. There is [a] serious possibility of eruption of violence against Buddhists who are Indian citizens and who stay on Indian soil by radicalized Rohingyas".<ref name="Benar">[https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/Rohingya-al-Qaeda-04122018150555.html India Accuses British Rohingya Man as Al-Qaeda Terror Group Operative], benarnews.org, 2018.04.12</ref>

In 2018, India's [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) started court prosecution against a Rohingya man Samiun Rahman for being in-charge of building and expanding the [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorist group in the Indian sub-continent. He fought for al-Qaeda in Syria, then travelled to Bangladesh and India to recruit people to establish "an al-Qaeda base in the Indian sub-continent". He told NIA that India, Bangladesh, United States and Israel are al-Qaeda’s prime targets for terrorism.<ref name="Benar"/>

In 2017, the Muslim [[Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army]] (ARSA) was responsible for the massacre of 99 Hindus in 2017 in [[Kha_Maung_Seik_massacre|Kha Maung Seik]].<ref name="AmnestyInt">{{cite web|title=Myanmar: New evidence reveals Rohingya armed group massacred scores in Rakhine State|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/myanmar-new-evidence-reveals-rohingya-armed-group-massacred-scores-in-rakhine-state/|website=www.amnesty.org|date=22 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/amnesty-rohingya-fighters-killed-scores-hindus-myanmar-180522182832333.html|title=Rohingya fighters 'killed scores of Hindu villagers'}}</ref>

==Jammu detentions==
Following a military crackdown of the Rohingyas' in Myanmar in 2017, approximately 5,000 Rohingyas sought refuge in Jammu. In 2021, authorities in Jammu detained more than 160 refugees, with the purpose of deporting them to Myanmar. By July 2023, 271 Rohingyas — including 74 women and 70 children — were reported to be detained at Hiranagar Jail in [[Kathua district|Kathua]], Jammu, which is used as a "holding centre" for the refugees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=Clashes break out between Rohingya, police at 'holding centre' in J&K's Hiranagar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jammu/clashes-rohingya-police-holding-centre-hiranagar-8846684/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723103412/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jammu/clashes-rohingya-police-holding-centre-hiranagar-8846684/ |archive-date=2023-07-23 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Families of these refugees have raised concerns about the perilous conditions in Myanmar, particularly following the [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état]].<ref name="Al Jazeera detains" />

After the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] came to power in 2014, anti-Rohingya sentiment grew in India, with its leaders urging the removal of Rohingyas from the country.<ref name="VOA"/> The Rohingyas have protested against their detention in Jammu by going on hunger strikes and demonstrations. In July 2023, a clash occurred between the detainees — on a hunger strike since April — and the police, with the latter resolving to using tear gas to control what they called an unruly mob. A few days after the incident, a five-month old baby died after failing to receive treatment after inhaling the gas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Kaamil |date=2023-07-25 |title=Baby dies after teargas fired at Rohingya trying to escape Indian detention centre |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/jul/25/baby-dies-after-teargas-fired-rohingya-refugees--try-escape-indian-detention-jammu-kashmir |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727130525/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/jul/25/baby-dies-after-teargas-fired-rohingya-refugees--try-escape-indian-detention-jammu-kashmir |archive-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Leaders of the BJP have initiated campaigns calling for the expulsion of all Rohingya.<ref name="Guradian deportation">
{{cite news |last1=Hassan |first1=Aakash |title=Deportation of Rohingya woman from India sparks fear of renewed crackdown |work=the Guardian |date=14 April 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/apr/14/deportation-rohingya-woman-india-myanmar-fear-crackdown}}
</ref>

== Access to education ==
The [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009|Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009]] applies to all children aged 6 to 14 years within Indian territory, irrespective of citizenship. Article 21A of the Indian Constitution and India’s ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) further reinforce this right. However, Rohingya children are effectively denied access to education due to several barriers. Most Rohingya families lack official documents such as Aadhaar cards, birth certificates, or transfer certificates which are often treated as prerequisites for school admission, despite not being mandated by the RTE Act. Additionally, UNHCR issued refugee cards are not consistently recognised across states, further restricting access to education.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Tomar |first1=Jyoti |last2=Singh |first2=Abhinandan |date=2025-05-18 |title=A 'refuge' from learning: India's longstanding dilemma on Rohingya education |url=https://theleaflet.in/education/a-refuge-from-learning-indias-longstanding-dilemma-on-rohingya-education |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526082130/https://theleaflet.in/education/a-refuge-from-learning-indias-longstanding-dilemma-on-rohingya-education |archive-date=2025-05-26 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=The Leaflet |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2024, the then Chief Minister of Delhi, [[Atishi Marlena|Atishi]], announced a directive explicitly instructing government schools not to admit Rohingya children.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jafri |first1=Alishan |last2=Rehbar |first2=Quratulain |date=2025-02-04 |title='Criminalised for politics': Rohingya caught in Delhi election crossfire |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/4/criminalised-for-politics-rohingya-caught-in-delhi-election-crossfire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205035402/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/4/criminalised-for-politics-rohingya-caught-in-delhi-election-crossfire |archive-date=2025-02-05 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref>

While hearing a plea regarding school access for Rohingya children in February 2025, the Supreme Court stated that matters of national security cannot be used as blanket justification for denying fundamental rights, including education and that “no child will be discriminated against in education”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-05 |title=School offers Rohingya children in Delhi a fresh start |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/school-offers-rohingya-children-in-delhi-a-fresh-start-101743789697618.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405034748/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/school-offers-rohingya-children-in-delhi-a-fresh-start-101743789697618.html |archive-date=2025-04-05 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

==Allegations of Deportation at Sea==
On 7th May 2025, several reports alleged that 38 [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] refugees in India were deported by Indian authorities and left stranded in international waters near the Myanmar coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Alarmed by reports of Rohingya cast into the sea from Indian navy vessels, UN expert launches inquiry of "unconscionable, unacceptable acts" |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/alarmed-reports-rohingya-cast-sea-indian-navy-vessels-un-expert-launches |access-date= |website=Office of the U.N. High Comm’r for Human Rights (OHCHR) |language=en}}</ref> Media reports stated that the refugees holding [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] identity cards were detained in Delhi, one day prior to their deportation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-19 |title=Stop unlawful deportations and protect Rohingya refugees in India |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/06/india-stop-unlawful-deportations-and-protect-rohingya-refugees/ |access-date= |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]] confirmed that they were transferred to a naval vessel and forced into the sea wearing life jackets.<ref name=":0" /> The [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] has reported a similar incident occurring in May, where 427 Rohingya refugees died in international waters.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=UNHCR fears extreme desperation led to deaths of 427 Rohingya at sea |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/press-releases/unhcr-fears-extreme-desperation-led-deaths-427-rohingya-sea |access-date= |website=UNHCR |language=en}}</ref> They were fleeing from areas including [[Cox's Bazar|Cox Bazar, Bangladesh]] and [[Rakhine State|Rakhine State in Myanmar.]]<ref name=":2" /> While yet to be confirmed, out of approximately 514 Rohingya, 66 survived on 9th May and 21 survived on 10th May.<ref name=":2" /> [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] is requesting countries nearby Myanmar to uphold humanitarian obligations towards the surviving refugees under [[International law|international law.]]<ref name=":2" /> The alleged deportations violate the principle of [[Non-refoulement|non-refoulment]] which prohibits returning refugees to countries where they face a real risk of persecution.<ref name=":0" />

On 8th May 2025, the [[Supreme Court of India]] heard the case argued by ''“Senior Advocate Colin Gonsalves and Advocate Prashant Bhushan appearing for the petitioners, and Solicitor General Tushar Mehta appearing for the Union.”''<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Vora |first=Advay |date=2025-05-09 |title=Rohingya Deportation {{!}} Day 11: State constitutionally obligated to protect refugees of genocide, petitioners argue |url=https://www.scobserver.in/reports/rohingya-deportation-day-11-state-constitutionally-obligated-to-protect-refugees-of-genocide-petitioners-argue/ |access-date= |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> The Supreme Court dismissed the allegations of mistreatment and illegal deportation against the Indian government for lack of prima facie evidence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arvind |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-17 |title=SC calls Rohingya refugees plea a 'beautifully crafted story' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-calls-rohingya-refugees-plea-a-beautifully-crafted-story-101747421762303.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The Union claims that India is not a signatory to the [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees|1951 Refugee Convention]], and therefore domestic laws hold precedence over principles of international law.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-09 |title=If Rohingya refugees are 'foreigners' under the Foreigners Act, they will be dealt with as per the law: SC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/if-rohingya-refugees-are-foreigners-under-the-foreigners-act-they-will-be-dealt-with-as-per-the-law-sc/article69554086.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The Court held that the right to reside under Article 19(1)(e) only protects citizens of India, and thus, Rohingya do not have any legal right to [[permanent residency]], resulting in deportation subjected to due process. The case is still pending in Court.<ref name=":12" />

The UHRI condemns India for criminalising the Rohingya by classifying them as a security threat. The Committee has recommended India to conform to international law and consider ratifying the [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees|1951 Refugee Convention]] to better protect refugees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=Concluding observations on the fourth periodic report of India |url=https://uhri.ohchr.org/en/Document/File/4bd6285d-bb87-4025-b5de-32363b3eb905/BD137884-132B-4955-9CDE-5E05682D7DB1 |access-date= |website=uhri.ohchr.org}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Rohingya refugees in Nepal]]
* [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh]]
* [[Kha Maung Seik massacre|Kha Maung Seik massacre of Hindus by Rohingyas]]
* [[Terrorism in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Demographics of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Immigration to India]]
[[Category:Refugees in India]]
[[Category:Rohingya diaspora]]
[[Category:Stateless nationalism in Asia]]

Nasrullahpora

2026-05-03T14:57:37Z

Ananyareddy: adding info...

{{Short description|Village in Budgam district, Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{use dmy|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nasrullahpora
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory
| subdivision_name1 = Jammu and Kashmir
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Budgam
| population_total = 3793
| population_as_of = 2011
| coordinates = {{coord|34.0|N|74.7|E|display=it}}
| postal_code = 191111
}}
'''Nasrullahpora''' is a village in the Budgam district of the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It falls under the Budgam tehsil and is administered by a local Gram Panchayat. The village postal PIN code is 191111.

== History ==
Nasrullahpora is believed to be named after Baba Nasr, a spiritual figure associated with the region.<ref name="auto">Budgam District Gazetteer, Government of Jammu and Kashmir.</ref>

On 13 July 1992, an incident resulting in the deaths of ten civilians occurred in the Budgam area following a militant attack on an Indian Army unit in the vicinity. According to police records, a case was registered as FIR No. 61/1992 at Police Station Budgam under Section 302 of the Ranbir Penal Code (RPC) along with provisions of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) and the Indian Arms Act.<ref>{{cite web |title=RTI Reply enclosing FIR No. 61/1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/fr-1165-r-202580026-1754914133 |publisher=Office of the Deputy Superintendent of Police (HQ), Budgam |via=Internet Archive |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref>
== Geography ==
Nasrullahpora is situated in the central part of the Kashmir Valley. It is connected to [[Budgam]] town and nearby villages through local road networks.

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Census of India, Nasrullahpora has a rural population comprising 3793 residents. Kashmiri is the primary spoken language, and the majority of the population practices Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasirullah Pora Population – Budgam, Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/653-nasirullah-pora-jammu-and-kashmir.html |website=Census2011.co.in |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=PCA TV: Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Jammu and Kashmir| publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | date=1 March 2026 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/E8ztj | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6193|archive-date=1 March 2026|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref>

== Education ==
The village has the following government educational institutions:
* Government Boys High School
* Government Girls High School
* Government Primary School

== Healthcare ==
Nasrullahpora is served by a Primary Health Centre (PHC), which provides basic healthcare services.

== Administration ==
Nasrullahpora is governed by an elected Gram Panchayat. The village has two Panchayat Ghars (A and B), used for administrative work and community meetings.

== Transport ==
Nasrullahpora is connected to Budgam town and nearby areas through local road networks. Public transport and private vehicles are commonly used for travel to nearby towns including Budgam and Srinagar.<ref>District Budgam Official Website, Government of Jammu and Kashmir.</ref>

== Notable places ==
* Shrine of Baba Naseeb-ud-Din Ghazi<ref name="auto"/>
* Jamia Masjid Nasrullahpora<ref name="auto"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title=District Budgam Official Website |url=https://budgam.nic.in/ |website=Government of Jammu and Kashmir |access-date=15 January 2026}}
* {{Cite web |title=Health – District Budgam |url=https://budgam.nic.in/service/health/ |website=Government of Jammu and Kashmir |access-date=15 January 2026}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Budgam district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

K. V. Narayana

2026-05-01T04:27:13Z

Ananyareddy: started post

{{Short description|Indian Kannada writer (born 1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2022}}{{Distinguish|text=politicians [[K. V. Narayana Swamy]] and [[K. R. Narayanan]], or musician [[K. V. Narayanaswamy]]}}{{Infobox writer 
|name = K V Narayana
|image = K V Narayana.jpg{{!}}border
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1948|10|20}}
|birth_place = Kampalapura, Periyapattana Taluk, [[Mysore District]], [[Karnataka]], India
|occupation = Professor of Kannada Language and Literature, Linguist, Chairman-''ಕುವೆಂಪು ಭಾಷಾ ಭಾರತಿ ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರ''
|nationality = Indian
|alma_mater = Mysore University, Bangalore University
|awards ={{Nowrap|[[Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award]] (Honorary) [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]}}
| nickname = KVN
}}

'''Kampalapura Veeranna Narayana''' (born 20 October 1948), also known as KVN, is an Indian linguist, professor of [[Kannada]] language and literature, and a literary critic. He is currently the Chairman of the Kuvempu Bhasha Bharathi Pradikara,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kuvempubhashabharathi.org/kannada/content/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81 |title=ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರು ಮತ್ತು ಸದಸ್ಯರು | ಕುವೆಂಪು ಭಾಷಾ ಭಾರತಿ ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರ |access-date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081426/http://www.kuvempubhashabharathi.org/kannada/content/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Government of [[Karnataka]]. He hails from [[Periyapatna|Piriyapattana]] in [[Mysore district]]. During his time as a professor in [[Bangalore University]], he initiated investigations into Kannada language and culture from the root level. He served as the registrar of Hampi [[Kannada University]]. His major areas of interest are Kannada language, literature, teaching and science.

He received the Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Honorary Award<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kushtagi-kv-narayana-get-state-sahitya-academy-award/article1954355.ece|title = Kushtagi, K.V. Narayana get State sahitya academy award|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date = 24 November 2007}}</ref> for a lifetime's contribution to Kannada language and literature. He initiated a series of workshops on Kannada, what he calls ''Karnataka Odu'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/igniting-kannada-minds/articleshow/21320432.cms|title=Igniting Kannada minds|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> a special knowledge zone on Kannada.

==Early life and education==
KVN received his primary education in his birthplace, Kampalapura. He pursued his pre-university education in Science at the National College, Bengaluru. Though he had an opportunity to study engineering he decided against it; instead he pursued a Bachelor of Science in Yuvaraja college, Mysore. Subsequently, he completed his B.Ed and became a teacher in a high school. He was introduced to linguistics at a summer school in Mysore during 1972. Later, he moved to Bengaluru to further his education. It is during this he began to make his mark as a writer. He chose literature for his further studies. He then received his M.A. (Kannada Literature) from Central College, Bangalore University. This is where he met Shrimathi, his future wife, who was a well-known feminist. He began teaching at Bangalore's National college. He joined the Kannada Adhyana Kendra, which was headed by GS Shivarudrappa (GSS), under whose guidance he studied "Anandavardana's Dwanyaloka" and acquired his Ph.D.

== Career ==
KVN taught literature, literary criticism, and linguistics. Scientific temperament formed the basis of his growth as a literary critic, linguist and cultural thinker of Kannada. He was a visiting professor at [[Stony Brook University]] in 1984. He was a senior fellow for two years at the [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]], Mysore. In 1993, he joined Hampi [[Kannada University]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kannadauniversity.org/EN/administration.html |title=-:: Kannada University, Hampi :: |access-date=26 November 2015 |archive-date=26 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126122345/http://www.kannadauniversity.org/EN/administration.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> as a Kannada professor. Later, he went on to become the registrar of this university. He also took up the roles of the Dean and acting Vice-Chancellor many times. During his tenure, he played a prominent role in building the Kannada Vishwavidyala through his diligent administration and studies. After 15 years of service, he retired from the university in 2007.

He is currently the president of the Kuvempu Bhasha Bharathi Pradikara,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kuvempubhashabharathi.karnataka.gov.in/|title=ಮುಖಪುಟ - ಕುವೆಂಪು ಭಾಷಾಭಾರತಿ ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರ|website=Kuvempubhashabharathi.karnataka.gov.in|access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> Government of Karnataka.

== Books ==
* ''Beru, Kanda, Chiguru'' (1997)
* ''Bhasheya Sutthamuttha''
* ''Matthe Bhasheya Sutthamuttha'' (1998)
* ''Anke Tappida Artharo Uyi''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://justbooksclc.com/titles/303605-anke-thappida-athartharo-uyi |title=Anke thappida Athartharo uyi : K V Narayana : NOISBN : Read @ JustBooksclc |access-date=26 November 2015 |archive-date=26 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126112910/http://justbooksclc.com/titles/303605-anke-thappida-athartharo-uyi |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Kannada Jagattu Ardhashatamaana''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.sapnaonline.com/books/kannada-jagattu-ardhashatamaana-kv-narayana-1234567108414|title=Kannada Jagattu Ardhashatamaana|access-date=21 February 2022|website=Sapnaonline.com}}</ref>
* ''Nammodane Namma Nudi''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://w.marymartin.com/web/selectedIndex?mEntry=70851 |title=Mary Martin Booksellers- Nammodane namma nudi - Narayana, K.V. (8187731680) |access-date=26 November 2015 |archive-date=26 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126112301/http://w.marymartin.com/web/selectedIndex?mEntry=70851 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Sahitya Tatva - Bendre Dristi''
* ''Kannadada Ulikantegalu: Kannada Adunudiya Sollarime - 1''
* ''Stalanamagalu - Parivatane Mattu Prabhava''
* ''ShailiShastra - Sahitya Paribhashika Male''
* ''Bhaashe'' (Kannada Vishvakosha)
* ''Dhvanyalokada Oodu''
* ''Tondumevu'' (in 9 volumes)
* ''Dhvanyaloka: Ondu Adhyayana'' (1988)
* ''Vyaktinamagalu: Swarupa Mattu Visleshane'' (2000)

Co-authored:
* ''Krushipada Kosha''
* ''Gowrava'' (2001)
* ''Kavyartha Padakosha''
* ''Preethisuvudendare''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://justbooksclc.com/titles/303591-preethisuvudendare |title=Preethisuvudendare : K V Narayana : NOISBN : Read @ JustBooksclc |access-date=26 November 2015 |archive-date=26 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126111511/http://justbooksclc.com/titles/303591-preethisuvudendare |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Kannada Manasu - Engineering Prathama Padavi''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sapnaonline.com/books/kannada-manasu-engineering-prathama-padavi-4855909 |title=Kannada Manasu - Engineering Prathama Padavi book : Hj Lakkappa Gowda, KV Narayana, Lingadevaru Halemane, 4567135954, 1234567135954 - SapnaOnline.com India |access-date=26 November 2015 |archive-date=26 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126111013/https://www.sapnaonline.com/books/kannada-manasu-engineering-prathama-padavi-4855909 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Plays ==
* ''Huttava Badidare''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rv-mane.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-progressive-literary-and-cultural.html|title=rv-mane ಆರ್ ವಿ ಮನೆ: The Progressive Literary and Cultural Movements in Karnataka since 1936 · Dr. Vittal Bhandari · Shivananda S, · Vasantharaja N K|website=Rv-mane.blogspot.com|date=3 July 2013|access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award (Honorary) (2007)
* GSS Award for Literary Criticism (2007)
* Karnataka Rajyotsava Award(Literature) (2010)
* L Basavaraju Award (2003)

==See also==
{{portal|Linguistics}}
* [[Kannada]]
* [[Kannada literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/need-to-include-kannada-dialects-in-textbooks-stressed/article2673061.ece|title=Need to include Kannada dialects in textbooks stressed|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 February 2022}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.newskarnataka.com/mangalore/english-kannada-konkani-tri-lingual-dictionary-released|title=English Kannada Konkani Tri=Lingual Dictionary Released|website=Newskarnataka.com| date=20 March 2015 |access-date=21 February 2022}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/more-kannada-speakers-than-french-in-20-years/articleshow/21735699.cms|title=More Kannada speakers than French in 20 years |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=21 February 2022}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.kuvempubhashabharathi.org/kannada/sites/default/files/prabandha/Limitations_posed_by_the_multilingual_environment_and_three-language_formula_on_Kannada_as_a_medium_of_instruction.pdf|title=Limitations posed by the multilingual environment and three-language formula on Kannada as a medium of instruction |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126104001/http://www.kuvempubhashabharathi.org/kannada/sites/default/files/prabandha/Limitations_posed_by_the_multilingual_environment_and_three-language_formula_on_Kannada_as_a_medium_of_instruction.pdf|access-date=21 February 2022|archive-date=26 November 2015}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/first-kannada-newspaper-was-brought-out-by-a-german/article7727593.ece|title=First Kannada Newspaper was Brough Out by a German|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 October 2015 |access-date=21 February 2022|last1=S |first1=Bageshree }}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JbbjAAAAQBAJ&dq=k+v+narayana+kannada&pg=RA1-PT370|title=Steel Nibs Are Sprouting|first=K.|last=Satyanarayana|date=10 April 2013|publisher=Harper|isbn=9789350295427|accessdate=21 February 2022|via=Google Books}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayana, K V}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mysore district]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Kannada language]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2010]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada]]

World Vaisnava Association

2026-04-28T02:43:25Z

Ananyareddy: creating some entry nd citations

{{short description|International Hindu organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = World Vaisnava Association — Visva Vaisnava Raj Sabha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| abbreviation = WVA–VVRS
| image =
| caption =
| predecessor =
| established = {{start date and age|1994|11|18|df=yes|p=y}}<ref name="JonesRyan" /><ref name="UIA" />
| founders = 28 sannyasis and members of 19 missions<ref name="JonesRyan" /><ref name="UIA" />
| founding_location = {{nowrap|[[Vrindavan]], India}}
| type = [[Religious organization]]
| status =
| purpose = {{hlist|[[Mediation]]|[[Educational]]
|[[Missionary]]|[[Religious studies]]|[[Spirituality]]}}
| headquarters = Vrindavan, India<ref name="JonesRyan" />
| coordinates =
| location =
| region_served = Worldwide
| languages = [[English language|English]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Srila Bhakti B. Tirtha Maharaj<ref name="WVA1" />
| main_organ = {{hlist|Council|Managing Committee
|Council Supervisors}}
| affiliations = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
| num_members =
| website = {{url|wva-vvrs.org/index.htm}}
}}__NOTOC__
{{Vaishnavism}}
The '''World Vaisnava Association''', officially, '''World Vaisnava Association — Visva Vaisnava Raj Sabha (WVA–VVRS)''', is an international [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] religious organization, which had been established in 1994 by some Gaudiya leaders for coordination the global mission for glorification the Supreme Lord [[Krishna]].<ref name="JonesRyan">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=World Vaishnavite Association |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |pages=504–505 |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2007 |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402211115/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PR17 |archive-date=2020-04-02 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Brzezinski">{{cite book|surname=Brzezinski |given=Jan |chapter=Charismatic Renewal and Institutionalization in the History of Gaudiya Vashnavism and the Gaudiya Math |editor-surname1=Bryant |editor-given1=Edwin F. |editor-surname2=Ekstrand |editor-given2=Maria L. |editor-link1=Edwin F. Bryant |title=The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant |place=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2004 |page=90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC&pg=PA90 |url= {{Google books|mBMxPdgrBhoC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=0-231-12256-X}}</ref> The name of organization refers to the Visva Vaisnava Raj Sabha ("Royal World Vaisnava Association") formed in 1885 by [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]] and to [[Vaishnavism]] in whole. Howsoever, ''de facto'', the WVA was founded and includes only Gaudiya Vaishnavas, and barely from splinted branches of the revivalist reformist order of the first half of the 20th century, [[Gaudiya Math]].<ref name="JonesRyan" /><ref name="Brzezinski" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=Gaudiya Math |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |page=165 |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2007 |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402211115/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PR17 |archive-date=2020-04-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Srila puri mj1.jpg|thumb|250px|Bhakti Pramod Puri Goswami (1898–1999), the first president of the WVA–VVRS, founder-acharya of the Sri Gopinatha Gaudiya Math.]]

Already in February 1994 the leaders published initial copy of the periodical ''World Vaisnava Association Newsletter''. In November 1994 a founding meeting joined 120 participants.<ref name="JonesRyan" /> Among the WVA prominent founding members were the 97-year-old {{ill|Bhakti Pramod Puri Goswami|ru|Бхакти Прамод Пури Госвами}} (who became the WVA first president),<ref name="JonesRyan" /> [[Bhakti Ballabh Tirtha]] (a vice-president), {{ill|Paramadvaiti Swami|es|Paramadvaiti Swami}} (a former secretary)<ref name="VINA2021">{{cite news |url=https://www.vina.cc/2021/06/27/former-paramadvaiti-swami-dismissed-as-leader-of-the-wva/# |title=Former Paramadvaiti Swami dismissed as leader of the WVA |publisher=VINA Vaishnava Internet News Agency |date=27 June 2021 |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref> and Tripurari Swami.<ref name="Paramadvaiti">{{cite book |surname=Paramadvaiti |given=Swami B. A. |title=Our Family — the Gaudiya Math. A study of the expansion of Gaudiya Vaisnavism and the many branches developing around the Gaudiya Math |url=https://vrindavan.org/English/Books/GM/GMI.html |year=1999 |publisher=VRINDA The Vrindavan Institute for Vaisnava Culture and Studies |isbn=3-927745-90-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413004753/http://www.vrindavan.org/English/Books/GM/GMI.html |archive-date=2019-04-13 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Association united most of the named branches. At the same time, such well-known successors of the Gaudiya Math as the [[Gaudiya Mission]] and [[ISKCON]] are not its members. ISKCON participates only by some figures, such as [[Bhaktisvarupa Damodar Swami]].{{sfn|Paramadvaiti|1999|loc=Part 2}}

The WVA recognizes solely traditional denominations,{{Disputed inline|for=No members of the traditional Gaudiya Vaishnava lineages (parivars) are members of the WVA|date=January 2025}} those perceive extraordinal role of the Gaudiya Math,{{Clarify|date=January 2025|reason=What does this mean?}}{{sfn|Paramadvaiti|1999|loc=Part 1}} and are not promoting any particular teachings (as example of rejected novation,{{Clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Should this be "innovation"?}} the ideas of the [[ISKCON Revival Movement|''ritvik'' movement]]).{{sfn|Paramadvaiti|1999|loc=Part 3}}

The main structure of the WVA comprises a Council, a Managing Committee and a Council Supervisors.<ref name="UIA">{{cite encyclopedia |title=World Vaisnava Association (WVA) |encyclopedia=[[Yearbook of International Organizations]] Online |year=2008 |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100046541 |publisher=UIA [[Union of International Associations]] |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref> Since 2002, the president of WVA is the acharya of the Sri Chaitanya Gaudiya Math, Srila Bhakti B. Tirtha Maharaj.<ref name="WVA1">{{cite web |url=http://www.wva-vvrs.org/pbook/pkb16.htm |title=Srila Bhakti B. Tirtha Maharaj |publisher=World Vaisnava Association |website=wva-vvrs.org |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref> And the main forums are twice a year organizational meetings.{{sfn|Paramadvaiti|1999|loc=Part 1}} Thou, as notes in 2004 the scholar Jan Brzezinski, there is little real cooperation among these branches, and the World Vaisnava Association has not "met with much success."<ref name="Brzezinski" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|wva-vvrs.org/index.htm|World Vaisnava Association}} official website
* {{Facebook|id=wva.vvrs|name=World Vaishnava Association}}

{{Chaitanya sampradaya}}
{{Modern Gaudiya Vaishnavas}}
{{Vaishnava philosophy}}

[[Category:Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Hindu organizations]]
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:International Hindu organizations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1994]]
[[Category:Vrindavan]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in India]]

List of Odia films of 2014

2026-04-25T20:21:40Z

Ananyareddy: adding stub...

{{short description|None}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Update|date=June 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

{{Ollywood films}}
This article lists of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry and released in theaters in the year 2014. Premiere shows and film festival screenings are not considered as releases for this list.<ref name="UFO">{{cite web | url=http://www.ufomoviez.com/LibraryMoviez.aspx?Language_ID=16 | title=Oriya Movies Library | publisher=[[UFO Moviez]] | accessdate=12 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odia Film Calendar 2014 |url=http://odialive.com/odia-film-calender-2014/ |publisher=OdiaLive |accessdate=12 April 2014}}</ref>

== Oriya Films ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="3%" | #
! width="10%" |Release
! width="20%" |Title
! Director
! Producer
! Cast
! [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]]

|-
| align="center" |1
|1 January
|[[Akhire Akhire]]
|[[Susant Mani]]
|Sitaram Agarwal
|[[Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Jhilik Bhattacharjee]], [[Sidhant Mohapatra]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Aparajita Mohanty]]
|U/A
|-
| align="center" | 2 || 10 January || ''[[Tu Au Mu]]''|| Nishikanta Dalabehera || Soumya Ranjan Patnaik || Bijendra, Vandana, Kuna Tripathy, Aparajita, Mihir Das, Salil, Leena || U
|-
| align="center" | 3 || 10 January || ''[[To Bata Cahichi Rati Sara]]''|| Sanjay Nayak || Sanjay Nayak || Chandan Kar, Priya, Debu Bose, Anita Das || U/A
|-
| align="center" | 4 || 4 February || ''[[Puni Dekha Haba Ara Janamare]]''|| Ashok Kumar Mohanty || Ashok Kumar Mohanty || Bobby Mishra, Rali Nanda, Priyanka, Mihir Das, Aparajita, [[Pintu Nanda]]|| U
|-
| align="center" | 5 || 27 February || ''[[Khaas Tumari Paain]]''|| Sushanta Kumar Ratha || Sushanta Kumar Ratha || Dushmant, Devjani, Pinki Priyadarshini, Debu Bose || U/A
|-
| align="center" | 6 || 13 March || ''[[Smile Please (2014 film)|Smile Please]]''|| S.K. Murlidharan || Rabin Kumar Nanda, Rajesh Padhi || [[Sabyasachi Mishra]], [[Archita Sahu]]|| U
|-
| align="center" | 7 || 4 April || ''[[Jai Hind (2014 film)|Jai Hind]]''|| Ranjan Mishra || Pravati Mohapatra || Dipan, Ijji, Minaketan, Saroj Das || U
|-
| align="center" | 8 || 14 April || ''[[Daddy: The Living God]]''|| Appu Kanungo || Chittaranjan Mishra || [[Arindam Roy|Arindam]], Mihir Das, Aparajita, Lipi || U
|-
| align="center" | 9 || 1 May || ''[[Hari Bola Nuha Tanka Bola]]''|| Krishna Prasad || Srinibash Padhiari || Chunga, Kalpana, Jayee, Braja || U/A
|-
| align="center" | 10 || 9 May || ''[[Sahitya Didi]]''|| Manoranjan Pal || Manoranjan Pal || Ronak Das, Adit Dikhit, Jyoti Mohapatra, Pintu Nanda || A
|-
| align="center" | 11 || 23 May || ''[[Omm (2014 film)|Omm: I Am Not God]]''|| Sudhakar Vasanth || Sudhakar Vasanth, Samaresh Routray || Sambit, [[Prakruti Mishra]], Samaresh || U/A
|-
| align="center" | 12 || 13 June || ''[[Golapi Golapi]]''|| Susant Mani || Sitaram Agrawal || [[Amlan Das]], [[Riya Dey]], [[Sidhant Mohapatra]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Aparajita Mohanty]]|| U/A
|-
| align="center" | 13 || 14 June || ''[[Something Something 2]]''|| Sudhakar Vasanth || Anuprash Mohanty || [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Barsha Priyadarshini]], Dhirendra Nath || U
|-
| align="center" | 14 || 14 June || ''[[Sangam (2014 film)|Sangam]]''|| Jatin Kumar Agarwal || Divyajyoti Amman || [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], Budhaditya, Akash, Jyoti Pani || U/A
|-
| align="center" | 15 || 11 July || ''[[2014 Fear of the Year]]''|| Tapas Jena, Pradeep Das || A. Pradeep Kumar || Sambit, Dushmant, Elli || A
|-
| align="center" | 16 || 9 August || ''[[Kidnap (2014 film)|Kidnap]]''|| Srimanchala Nayak || Lokanath Das || Mina Ketan, Puspa Panda, Runu Mahapatra ||
|-
| align="center" | 17 || 29 August || ''[[Lekhu Lekhu Lekhi Deli]]''|| [[Susant Mani]]|| Sitaram Agrawalla || [[Babushaan|Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Jhilik Bhattacharjee]], [[Aparajita Mohanty]], [[Mahasweta Ray]]|| U
|-
| align="center" | 18 || 29 August || ''[[Ame Ta Toka Sandha Marka]]''|| R. Bhagat Singh || Sangita Satpathy || Papu Pompom, Koeal, Mihir Das || A
|-
| align="center" | 19 || Oct || ''[[Pagala Karichu Tu]]'' || ||Sitaram Agrawalla || Amlan, Riyaa || U/A
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{2014 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|2014]]
[[Category:Lists of 2014 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:2010s in Odisha]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian cinema|Ollywood]]

Nadukuditi Eswara Rao

2026-04-24T13:29:17Z

Ananyareddy: adding new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nadukuditi Eswara Rao
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Gorle Kiran Kumar]]
| constituency = [[Etcherla Assembly constituency|Etcherla]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| birth_date = 7 July
}}
'''Nadukuditi Eswara Rao''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news | date=2023-09-09 |title=Top priority to highlight Central government schemes: BJP Vizianagaram district new president |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/top-priority-to-highlight-central-government-schemes-bjp-vizianagaram-district-new-president/article67287820.ece |access-date=2024-06-06 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]]. He has been elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Etcherla Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Etcherla, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Eswara Rao Nadukuditi with 112770 defeats YSRCP's Kiran Kumar Gorle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/etcherla-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548189-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Etcherla Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/herla-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916851.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | date=2024-06-04 |title=BJP opens its account in Srikakulam district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bjp-opens-its-account-in-srikakulam-district/article68250817.ece |access-date=2024-06-06 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
He is an illustrious alumnus of [[IIM Kolkata]]. The NER School of Excellence was founded by him in Nadukuditi Palem, Bantupalli(P), [[Ranastalam]] Mandal, [[Srikakulam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], with a vision to provide quality education to all.<ref>https://saras.cbse.gov.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=130709 |title=Details OF SCHOOL AFFILIATED TO
Central Board of Secondary Education NER School of Excellence</ref><ref>https://nerschool.com/chairman | title = Chairman of NER School of Excellence</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Nadukuditi Eswara}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Srikakulam district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Uday Umesh Lalit

2026-04-22T01:27:48Z

Ananyareddy: creating new bio needs work

{{short description|49th Chief Justice of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Uday Umesh Lalit
| image = Uday Umesh Lalit.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Uday Lalit in 2024
| office = 49th [[Chief Justice of India]]
| term_start = 27 August 2022
| term_end = 8 November 2022
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| successor = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| office1 = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start1 = 13 August 2014
| term_end1 = 26 August 2022
| nominator1 = [[Rajendra Mal Lodha]]
| appointer1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1957|11|9}}
| birth_place = [[Solapur]], [[Bombay State]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]]), India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Mumbai]], ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| spouse = Amita Lalit
| parents = U.R. Lalit (father)
}}
'''Uday Umesh Lalit''' (born 9 November 1957) is an Indian lawyer and former [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] judge, who served as the 49th [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=2022-08-27|title=CJI Lalit has big plans lined up during his short tenure|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-uu-lalit-sworn-in-as-cji/article65817445.ece|access-date=2022-09-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-10 |title=Justice U.U. Lalit appointed 49th Chief Justice of India |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-uu-lalit-appointed-49th-cji/article65753938.ece |access-date=2022-08-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Prior to his elevation as a judge of the Supreme Court, he practised as a [[senior advocate]] at the Supreme Court.<ref name=IT-appointment>{{cite news|title=SC judge appointment: Who is UU Lalit?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/uu-lalit-name-cleared-by-supreme-court-collegium-for-being-a-judge-200051-2014-07-11|access-date=11 July 2014|work=India Today|date=11 July 2014}}</ref> Justice Lalit is one of the eleven [[senior counsel]]s who have been directly elevated to the Supreme Court.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-senior-advocate-uday-lalit-did-not-represent-bjp-leader-amit-shah-in-sohrabuddin-fake-encounter-case-2001957|title=Senior advocate Uday Lalit did not represent BJP leader Amit Shah in Sohrabuddin fake encounter case |date=14 July 2014|work=[[Daily News & Analysis]]|access-date=8 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="49CJI">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/7-next-cji-s/|title=7 Next CJIs|date=23 November 2021|publisher=Supreme Court Observer|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228123417/https://www.scobserver.in/journal/7-next-cji-s/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/justice-uu-lalit-likely-chief-justice-india-74-days-list-indias-probable-cjs-2022-justice-bodbe-longest-tenure/|title=Justice UU Lalit likely to be the Chief Justice of India for 74 Days; List of India's probable CJs up to 2022, Justice Bobde has the longest tenure|date=19 August 2014|work=Live Law|access-date=8 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> He is currently ‘Distinguished Visiting Professor’ at Ashank Desai Centre for Policy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay and Distinguished Visiting Professor at [[West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cps.iitb.ac.in/people/honble-retd-chief-justice-shri-uday-umesh-lalit/ | title=Hon'ble Retd. Chief Justice Shri Uday Umesh Lalit – Ashank Desai Centre for Policy Studies, IIT Bombay }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nujs.edu/faculty/honble-mr-justice-uday-umesh-lalit/ | title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Uday Umesh Lalit }}</ref>

==Family and education==
Lalit was born in [[Solapur]] to the family of U. R. Lalit, a former additional judge of the [[Bombay High Court]] Nagpur bench and a [[senior counsel|senior advocate]] practising at the Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/all-in-the-family/297828|title=All In The Family|work=Outlook India|date=19 September 2016|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref> His family hails from [[Konkan]] but moved to Solapur when his grandfather, Ranganath Lalit, began practicing law.<ref name="Lokmat Times"/> Ranganath Lalit chaired two separate civic receptions when [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited Solapur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2022-08-06 |title=U.U. Lalit {{!}} A firm hand of rule of law |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uu-lalit-a-firm-hand-of-rule-of-law/article65735558.ece |access-date=2022-08-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is married to Amita Lalit.<ref>{{Cite AV media |date=2020-01-13 |title=Shri Justice Uday Umesh Lalit, Judge, Supreme Court of India along with his wife Smt. Amita Uday Lalit meeting with the President of India, Shri Ram Nath Kovind, at Rashtrapati Bhavan on January 11, 2020. |url=http://164.100.166.38:80//handle/123456789/8067}}</ref>

Lalit attended [[Haribhai Deokaran High School]] in Solapur and is a law graduate from the [[Government Law College, Mumbai]].<ref name="Lokmat Times">{{cite news |title=Solapur Maharashtra's Uday Umesh Lalit likely to be 49th Chief Justice of India |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/solapur-maharashtras-uday-umesh-lalit-likely-to-be-49th-chief-justice-of-india-a494/ |access-date=4 September 2022 |work=[[Lokmat Times]] |date=5 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Lalit enrolled with the [[Bar Council of Maharashtra and Goa]] as an advocate in June 1983. He started his practice with advocate M.A. Rane, who was considered a proponent of the radical humanist school of thought who believed that social work was as important as building a solid legal practice.<ref name=":0" /> He shifted his practice to [[Delhi]] in 1985 and joined the [[Barristers' chambers|chamber]] of senior advocate [[Pravin H. Parekh]]. From 1986 to 1992, Lalit worked with former [[Attorney General for India]], [[Soli Sorabjee]].<ref name="Hindu SC App">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/collegium-clears-uday-lalit-for-sc/article6198907.ece|title=Collegium clears Uday Lalit for SC|last1=J.|first1=Venkatesan|date=11 July 2014|access-date=24 August 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref> On 3 May 1992, Lalit qualified and was registered as an [[Advocate-on-Record]] at the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Advocates-on-Record, Supreme Court of India |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/pdf/other/aor_list_14062022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711033642/https://main.sci.gov.in/pdf/other/aor_list_14062022.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=Supreme Court of India |url-status=live |publication-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> On 29 April 2004, Lalit was designated as a senior advocate of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2022 |title=List of Senior Advocates designated by Supreme Court of India (as on 07.07.2022) |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/pdf/seniorAdvocatesDesig/11122021_201328.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221181614/https://main.sci.gov.in/pdf/seniorAdvocatesDesig/11122021_201328.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022 |url-status=live |website=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>

In 2011, a Supreme Court bench of Justices [[G. S. Singhvi]] and [[Asok Kumar Ganguly]] appointed Lalit as the [[public prosecutor|special public prosecutor]] for the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) in the [[2G spectrum case]]s, stating that "in the interest of a fair prosecution of the case, appointment of UU Lalit is eminently suitable".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2g-scam-sc-orders-lalit-be-made-prosecutor/articleshow/7954508.cms|title=2G scam: SC orders Lalit be made prosecutor|last=Singh|first=Sanjay K.|date=2011-04-12|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-03-08}}</ref> His professional strengths are described as 'thoroughness with the case, patience in explaining legal questions and the sober demeanour in presenting the case before the bench.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-uday-lalit-among-four-new-judges-to-assume-charge-in-supreme-court-2010395|title=Uday Lalit among four new judges to assume charge in Supreme Court|date=13 August 2014|work=dna|access-date=23 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== As a Supreme Court judge ===
In July 2014, the Supreme court [[Collegium system|collegium]] headed by then Chief Justice of India [[Rajendra Mal Lodha]] recommended his elevation to the Supreme Court as a judge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SC judge appointment: Who is UU Lalit? |date=11 July 2014 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sc-judge-appointment-who-is-uu-lalit-200073-2014-07-11}}</ref> He was appointed as a judge on 13 August 2014 and became only the sixth lawyer to be directly elevated to the Supreme Court.<ref name=":0" />

In 2017, he was part of the five-judge bench in the case against the unconstitutional nature of [[Triple talaq in India|triple talaq]], then being practiced by Indian Muslim men to divorce their wives by uttering the word "talaq" (divorce) three times. Along with Lalit, [[Jagdish Singh Khehar|J S Khehar]], [[Kurian Joseph]], [[Rohinton Fali Nariman|R F Nariman]], and [[Syed Abdul Nazeer|Abdul Nazeer]] delivered the verdict banning the practice.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/meet-uday-umesh-lalit-49th-chief-justice-of-india-11660143127460.html | title=Meet Uday Umesh Lalit, 49th Chief Justice of India | publisher=Live Mint | date=10 August 2022 | access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref>

On 10 January 2019, Justice Lalit recused himself from a five-judge bench constituted to hear the [[Ayodhya dispute]] case. His appearance for the erstwhile Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh [[Kalyan Singh]] in a 'connected case' was brought to the notice of the court by [[Rajeev Dhavan]], and the court in its order noted the 'disinclination' of Justice Lalit to participate in the matter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ayodhya-case-sc-to-constitute-fresh-five-judge-bench-justice-u-u-lalit-recuses-119011000850_1.html|title=Ayodhya case: SC to constitute fresh five-judge bench, Justice U U Lalit recuses.{{!}}|date=10 January 2019|work=Business Standard|access-date=10 January 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> He has also recused himself from multiple other high-profile cases.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/u-u-lalit/|title=U.U. Lalit|publisher=Supreme Court Observer|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>

In May 2021, he was part of a bench which denied bail to [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]] accused activist [[Gautam Navlakha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SC Rejects Activist Gautam Navlakha's Bail Plea in Bhima Koregaon Case |url=https://thewire.in/law/sc-rejects-activist-gautam-navlakhas-bail-plea-in-bhima-koregaon-case |access-date=2022-08-27 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=2021-05-12}}</ref>

He was part of the two-judge bench, along with [[Indu Malhotra]], that upheld the [[Travancore royal family]]'s right to administer the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] on 13 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Padmanabhaswamy Temple verdict: Supreme Court upholds shebaitship of Travancore royal family – Explained|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/padmanabhaswamy-temple-verdict-supreme-court-upholds-shebaitship-of-travancore-royal-family-explained/620619|access-date=2020-08-18|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=13 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="49CJI" /><ref name=":0" />

=== As Chief Justice of India ===
On 10 August 2022, the [[President of India]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] appointed him the [[List of chief justices of India|49th]] [[Chief Justice of India]]. He took oath as the chief justice on 27 August 2022 in the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]. He is the second direct appointee from the [[Bar Council of India|Bar]] to be appointed as the Chief Justice of India.
[[File:Justice UU Lalit Taking Oath as 49th Chief Justice of India.jpg|thumb|Justice UU Lalit Taking Oath as the Chief Justice of India]]
Chief Justice Lalit's tenure despite being short had brought major administrative changes to the court, a frantic pace of work with each bench of judges having to deal with 60-70 cases per day. Over the years Supreme Court's number of [[Constitution bench (India)|constitution bench]] judgements fell dramatically from an average of 134 in the 1960s to just 2 in 2021, this has led to 53 such critical constitutional cases being left unheard and pending. To reverse this trend Chief Justice U. U Lalit announced that a constitution bench would hear 25 constitutional cases on his first day of office,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial Team |date=2022-08-29 |title=Bench strength: A decisive move by Justice Lalit |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/bench-strength-a-decisive-move-by-justice-lalit-122082901286_1.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref> and under his tenure at least one constitutional bench functioned every day. The cases heard include the legality of the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]], validity of [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation]], setting up of regional benches of the supreme court, the declaring of Muslims as a socially and educationally backward community in [[Andhra Pradesh]], right to a dignified death, protection of [[jallikattu]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wahal |first=Kumar Kartikeya & Kamya |date=2022-09-22 |title=Can CJI Lalit Change The Way Constitutional Benches Work? |url=https://www.livelaw.in/columns/chief-justice-of-india-uu-lalit-constitutional-bench-supreme-court-constitution-of-india-209976 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> There had also been a decline in the pendency of cases from 70,301 on September 1 to 69,461 on October 1.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2022-10-08 |title=CJI Lalit sets a frenetic pace in Supreme Court |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cji-lalit-sets-a-frenetic-pace-in-sc/article65985910.ece |access-date=2022-10-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The supreme court began live streaming constitutional bench proceedings under his tenure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=Livestreaming Supreme Court proceedings: A step closer to a stronger democracy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/livestreaming-supreme-court-proceedings-a-step-closer-to-a-stronger-democracy-8188265/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> By the end of his tenure, the supreme court disposed of 10,000 cases while 8,700 cases were freshly filed which had resulted in a slight decrease in the pendency of cases and the court had set up 6 constitution benches.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Awstika |date=2022-11-07 |title="Have Been Able to Fulfil My Promises", Says CJI Lalit; 10,000 Matters Disposed, 6 Constitution Benches Formed in 74-Day Tenure |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/have-been-able-to-fulfil-my-promises-says-cji-lalit-10000-matters-disposed-6-constitution-benches-formed-in-74-day-tenure-213509 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

Chief Justice Lalit could only recommend one new judge to the Supreme Court, thus his proposal to recommend four more judges to the court, to fill the vacancies in the court, failed to get approval of the collegium over procedural differences arising out of the proposal being sent by circulation instead of being presented in a face to face meeting, as the meeting scheduled on September 30 couldn't take place as one of its members Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]] was busy hearing cases until 9:10 PM.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Split on method to name new Supreme Court judges, CJI sends second note to Collegium |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/split-on-method-to-name-new-supreme-court-judges-cji-sends-2nd-note-to-collegium-8190272/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As per procedure the [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Union Law Minister]] [[Kiren Rijiju]] wrote to the Chief Justice on October 7 almost a month before his retirement, asking for his recommendations for the appointment of his successor, by convention once this letter is sent the collegium freezes and no new decisions like induction of new judges will be taken until the appointment of next Chief Justice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-07 |title=Name your successor, Law Minister writes to CJI; window for Collegium he heads closing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-asks-cji-lalit-to-name-successor-sources-8194758/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Unfinished Work...": Selection Of Supreme Court Judges Comes To A Halt. Here's Why |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/selection-process-for-supreme-court-judges-comes-to-halt-fter-chief-justice-asked-to-name-successor-3417539 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

He was part of the dissenting opinion in the plea against the 103rd constitutional amendment which created 10% [[Reservation in India|reservation]] for those designated to be part of the [[Economically Weaker Section|economically weaker section]] (EWS), the dissenting judges were of the view that the exclusion of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SCs/STs]], and [[Other Backward Class|OBCs]] from the quota was violation of equality and discriminatory, and that the judgement would act as a gateway to further infractions of the [[Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India|50% ceiling]] set by the supreme court on reservation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Neha |title=Excluding SC/ ST, OBC from EWS reservation amounts to heaping fresh injustice on them: Justice S Ravindra Bhat in dissenting verdict |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/excluding-sc-st-obc-from-ews-reservation-amounts-to-heaping-fresh-injustice-on-them-justice-s-ravindra-bhat-in-dissenting-verdict |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |date=7 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The supreme court under his tenure gave pro-civil liberties judgements like giving bail to activist [[Teesta Setalvad]] and the journalist [[Sidheeq Kappan]]. However his role in the unprecedented urgent Saturday morning hearing of the appeal against the acquittal of [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|UAPA]] accused [[G. N. Saibaba]] by the [[Bombay High Court]] came into question, as the chief justice being the "master of the roster" has the power to decide when cases are listed and which bench of judges hears them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saran |first=Mekhala |date=2022-11-08 |title=Chief Justice UU Lalit: 74 Days of Maximum Efficiency, But Some Questions Linger |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/law/chief-justice-of-india-uu-lalit-retirement-74-days-of-maximum-efficiency-but-some-questions-linger |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chief Justices of India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalit, Uday Umesh}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]
[[Category:Indian Senior Counsel]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:People from Solapur]]

Ranjit Singh Talwandi

2026-04-20T09:44:09Z

Ananyareddy: created a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician (1956–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ranjit Singh Talwandi
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1956|7|3}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2023|12|5|1956|7|3}}
| death_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| image = Ranjit Singh Talwandi 2021.jpg
| caption = Talwandi in 2021
| office = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| constituency = [[Raikot Assembly Constituency|Raikot]]
| term = 2002–2007
| office2 = Secretary General of [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)]]
| term_start2 = 26 September 2021
| predecessor2 = ''Post established''
| office3 = Chairman of Punjab Small Scale Industries and Exports Corporation (PSIEC)
| term3 = 1997–2002
| party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)]]
| other_party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (till 2020)
| children = 1 son and 1 daughter
| father = [[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]]
| mother = Mohinder Kaur
| website = {{Facebook|RSTalwandi}}
| spouse = Sartaj Kaur
| native_name = ਰਣਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਤਲਵੰਡੀ
}}

'''Ranjit Singh Talwandi''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਰਣਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਤਲਵੰਡੀ; 3 July 1956 – 5 December 2023) was an Indian politician who was the Secretary General of [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jathedar Ranjit Singh Talwandi becomes Secretary General SAD Sanyukat|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/344901-Jathedar-Ranjit-Singh-Talwandi-becomes-Secretary-General-SAD-Sanyukat|access-date=2021-12-11|website=5 Dariya News|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=26 September 2021|title=Ranjit Singh Talwandi appointed as SAD (S) Secretary General|url=http://www.uniindia.com/punjab-ranjit-singh-talwandi-appointed-as-sad-s-secretary-general/north/news/2517021.html|access-date=11 December 2021|website=uniindia.com}}</ref> He served as [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]] from [[Raikot Assembly Constituency|Raikot]] (2002–2007).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raikot Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/raikot-punjab-assembly-constituency#2002|access-date=2021-12-11|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He was son of [[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]], former president of [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Punjab CM mourns passing away of Jathedar Jagdev Singh Talwandi's wife Mohinder Kaur|url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/punjab-cm-mourns-passing-away-of-jathedar-jagdev-singh-talwandis-wife-mohinder-kaur-144112|access-date=2021-12-11|website=www.punjabnewsexpress.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Talwandi was born on 3 July 1956, to father [[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]] and mother Mohinder Kaur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ranjit Singh Talwandi(SAD):Constituency- KHANNA(LUDHIANA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/pb2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=106|access-date=2021-12-15|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He had three siblings, including [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]] member Jagjit Singh Talwandi and [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)|Shiromai Akali Dal (Sanyukt)]] Women's Wing President Harjit Kaur Talwandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=SAD (Sanyukt) expands set-up |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/sad-sanyukt-expands-set-up-273066 |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409182604/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/sad-sanyukt-expands-set-up-273066 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> His son Jagteshwar Singh died in a car accident in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-13|title=Former SAD MLA Talwandi's son, another youth killed in accident|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/former-sad-mla-talwandis-son-another-youth-killed-in-accident/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Ranjit Singh Talwandi died on 5 December 2023 at the [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] (PGIMER) in [[Chandigarh]], where he had been being treated for a prolonged illness. He was 67.<ref>[https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2023/12/05/des62-pb-talwandi.html Former SAD MLA Ranjit Singh Talwandi passes away]</ref>

== Political career ==
Talwandi contested his first election in 1997 from [[Raikot Assembly Constituency|Raikot]], and was elected in 2002 from same constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raikot Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/raikot.html|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Elections in India}}</ref> He also served as Chairman of Punjab Small Industries and Exports Corporation (PSIEC). In 2017, during campaigning for assembly elections, former Deputy Minister of Punjab [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]] promised ministry to Talwandi at a rally in [[Khanna, Ludhiana|Khanna]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Dy CM promises minister rank to Talwandi|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/dy-cm-promises-minister-rank-to-talwandi-355947|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> In July 2020, he joined [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)]], which later merged into [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)]]. In September 2021, he was appointed secretary general of the party.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=Ex-SAD chief Talwandi's son joins Dhindsa, says Sukhbir lacks vision|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ex-sad-chief-talwandi-s-son-joins-dhindsa-says-sukhbir-lacks-vision/story-TLtJdVR82To1t6oJ5VbnxK.html|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In October 2021, Talwandi was detained by UP Police, who left for [[Lakhimpur Kheri violence|Lakhimpur Kheri]].<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Oct 8, 2021|title=Lakhimpur Kheri: SAD (Sanyukt) delegation detained in Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Chandigarh News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/lakhimpur-kheri-up-police-detains-sad-sanyukt-delegation/articleshow/86851521.cms|access-date=2021-12-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
=== 2002 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Legislative Assembly Election, 2002]]: Raikot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Ranjit Singh Talwandi
|votes = 44388
|percentage = 49.14%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Harmohinder Singh Pardhan
|votes = 37989
|percentage = 42.06%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Bhalai Party
|candidate = Avtar Singh Mullanpuri
|votes = 3087
|percentage = 3.42%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=90323|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]]
* [[Raikot]]
* [[Khanna, Ludhiana|Khanna]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|RSTalwandi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talwandi, Ranjit Singh}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:People from Raikot]]
[[Category:Sikh politics]]
[[Category:Former members of Shiromani Akali Dal]]

2001 Bangladesh–India border skirmishes

2026-04-16T19:18:29Z

Ananyareddy: creating new stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Series of armed skirmishes between Bangladesh and India}}
{{pp-dispute|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2001 Bangladesh–India border skirmishes
| date = 16–20 April 2001 ({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=4|month2=4|day1=16|day2=20}})
| place = [[Bangladesh–India border]] ([[Gowainghat Upazila|Gowainghat, Sylhet]]/[[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya]], [[Kurigram District|Boraibari, Kurigram]])
| result = Inconclusive (''See [[#Aftermath|Aftermath]] section'')
| territory = ''[[Status quo ante bellum]]''
| combatant1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|India}}
| units1 = {{flagicon image|বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg}} [[Bangladesh Rifles]]
| units2 = {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Border Security Force]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg}} [[A. L. M. Fazlur Rahman]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Gurbachan Jagat|Gurbachan Singh Jagat]]
| strength1 = {{flagicon image|বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg}} 700–1,000 troops <ref name="frl">{{cite magazine |last=Gokhale |first=Nitin |date=30 April 2001 |title=A Tale Of Two Blunders |magazine=Outlook |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-tale-of-two-blunders/211448 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201917/http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=362173 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="withdrawls" /><ref name="fline" /><ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |last2= |date=24 April 2001 |title=Bangladesh accused of border buildup |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/04/24/india.bangladesh.border/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |language=en |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
| strength2 = {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} 300+ troops
| casualties1 = {{flagicon image|বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg}} {{ubl|3 killed|5 wounded<ref name="frontline" />}}
| casualties2 = {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} {{ubl|16 killed<ref name="bbc1" /><ref name="guardian">{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/23/bangladesh |title=Army defiant as Bangladesh election looms |first=Luke |last=Harding |date=23 April 2001 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145527/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/23/bangladesh |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="assamtribune">{{cite news |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec1012/at05 |title=Area where 16 BSF men were killed to go to Bangladesh |first=Dutta |last=Choudhury |date=10 Dec 2012 |work=[[Assam Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901153801/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec1012%2Fat05 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |access-date=3 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=wsws /><ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |last2= |date=18 April 2001 |title=India, Bangladesh clash along border |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/04/18/india.bangladesh.clash/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |language=en |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-56776141|title=|last=Hosen|first=Akbar|date=18 April 2021|publication-place=[[Dhaka]]|language=bn-BD|script-title=bn:বড়াইবাড়ী যুদ্ধ: কুড়িগ্রামে কুড়ি বছর আগের যে সংঘাতে ১৬ জন ভারতীয় রক্ষী নিহত হয়|access-date=12 September 2024|work=[[BBC Bangla]]}}</ref>|2 wounded<ref name="India-Bangladesh border battle">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1283068.stm|title=India-Bangladesh border battle|date=18 April 2001|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>|2 captured<ref name="India-Bangladesh border battle" />}}
| casualties3 = 24 civilians injured<ref name="schendel">{{cite book |last=van Schendel |first=Willem |year=2007 |chapter=The Wagah Syndrome: Territorial Roots of Contemporary violence in South Asia |editor1-last=Basu |editor1-first=Amrita |editor2-last=Roy |editor2-first=Srirupa |title=Violence and Democracy in India |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |location=[[Calcutta]] |pages=55–57}}</ref> 10,000 civilians temporarily displaced<ref name="schendel"/>
| image = India Bangladesh Locator.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Map showing the locations of India and Bangladesh (highlighted in green and orange, respectively)
}}

The '''2001 Bangladesh–India border skirmishes''' were a series of armed clashes between [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] in April 2001. The clashes took place between troops of the [[Border Guards Bangladesh|Bangladesh Rifles]] (BDR) and the Indian [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) on the poorly-marked [[Bangladesh–India border|international border between the two countries]].

The clashes began on 16 April 2001,<ref name="Analysis" /> when a force of around 800 to a 1000 Bangladeshi Paramilitary soldiers attacked and captured Padua/Pyrdiwah village, breaking the status quo and forcing the civilians there to flee.<ref name="withdrawls" /><ref name="fline" /> Bangladesh claimed that the village had been illegally occupied by India since [[Bangladesh war of Independence|Bangladesh's War of Independence]] in 1971.<ref name="Tension">{{cite news |title=Tension along the border |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1283703.stm |access-date=1 May 2012 |archive-date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112073332/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1283703.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbc1">{{cite news |date=18 April 2001 |title=India-Bangladesh border battle |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1283068.stm |access-date=16 October 2014 |archive-date=20 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020102522/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1283068.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian Border Security Force (BSF) post in Padua/Pyrdiwah village was encircled, trapping 31 BSF troops within. However, both sides held their [[battle|fire]] and began [[negotiations]]. Over the course of the following days, about three BSF [[Company (military unit)|companies]] proceeded to reinforce the outpost.<ref name="itoday">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/20010507-barbaric-killing-of-bsf-jawans-puts-india-bangladesh-relations-under-severe-strain-776193-2001-05-06 |title=Barbaric killing of BSF jawans puts India-Bangladesh relations under severe strain |date=7 May 2001 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=3 July 2014}}</ref> This incident was [[Dispute resolution|resolved]] later without any bloodshed.

Following this standoff, [[Border Security Force|Indian BSF]] [[Indian Paramilitary|paramilitary]] troops along the [[Bangladesh–India border]] were put on high alert and ordered to begin intensive patrolling. A few days later, a small contingent of 300 BSF troops entered [[Kurigram|Bangladeshi territory]] near the village of Boraibari, more than 200 km to the west of Padua/Pyrdiwah, The intrusion was deemed as a "[[Counterattack|counter-attack]]" by India to retaliate after the earlier incident in Padua.

Immediately upon entering [[Bangladesh|Bangladeshi]] territory, the BSF paramilitary company was [[Ambush|ambushed]] by Bangladeshi border guards and the attack on BDR outposts in Boraibari was repulsed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranjan |first=Amit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sJ1DwAAQBAJ |title=India–Bangladesh Border Disputes History and Post-LBA Dynamics |series=South Asia Economic and Policy Studies |date=30 October 2018|publisher=[[Springer Nature Singapore]] |isbn=9789811083846 |page=107 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-8384-6 |eissn=2522-5510 |issn=2522-5502}}</ref><ref name="frontline" /> Following their capture, the bodies of the Indian soldiers were returned to India on 20 April.<ref name="wsws" />

The clashes finally ended on 21 April 2001, after both sides agreed to a [[ceasefire]]. The clashes left a total of 21 people dead, including 16 Indian soldiers and three Bangladeshi border guards.

== Background ==
{{Main|Partition of Bengal (1947)}}
The [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal in 1947]] left a poorly demarcated international border between the states of [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] (erstwhile [[East Pakistan]]). Ownership of several villages on both sides of the ''[[de facto]]'' border were disputed and claimed by both countries. The dispute over the demarcation of the India–Bangladesh border worsened due to the existence of over [[India–Bangladesh enclaves|190 enclaves]].

== Cause ==
One of the disputed areas was a small sliver of land near the village of Padua (also known as Pyrdiwah), on the border between [[Bangladesh]] and the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Meghalaya]],<ref name="Analysis" /> which was used by [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian security forces]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Bangladesh War]] to train ethnic [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]], who were fighting the [[Pakistan Army]] and pro-Pakistan loyalist militias. Following its independence, Bangladesh staked its claim to the area which [[India]]'s [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) had established a post in since 1971.<ref name="fline">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090220.htm |title=Disturbed Border |last=Chaudhuri |first=Kalyan |date=28 April 2001 |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828014225/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090220.htm |archive-date=28 August 2017 |access-date=3 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Analysis" /> The village is one of the Indian [[Enclave and exclave|exclaves]] on the border between Bangladesh and Meghalaya.<ref name="Hillary">{{cite book |last=Kobayashi-Hillary |first=Mark |year=2004 |title=Outsourcing to India: The Offshore Advantage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcEwts3f26wC&pg=PA61 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |pages=61– |isbn=978-3-540-20855-6}}</ref><ref name="Taylor">{{cite book |title=The Europa World Year Book 2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLvU9lroRuUC&pg=PA662 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |pages=662– |isbn=978-1-85743-227-5}}</ref> There are 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladeshi-claimed territory and 50 Bangladeshi enclaves in Indian-claimed territory. Padua village is an [[adverse possession]]—a village inhabited by [[Indian people|Indians]] that is legally owned by Bangladesh (until the border agreement is ratified and the [[Population transfer|populations exchanged]]).<ref name="itoday"/><ref name="nautilus">{{cite web |url=http://www.nautilus.org/archives/sand/Updates2001/V2N17.html |title=South Asia Nuclear Dialogue |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203131236/http://www.nautilus.org/archives/sand/Updates2001/V2N17.html |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="schendel"/> The people of this village are ethnic [[Khasi people|Khasis]].<ref name="fline" />

In an interview published much later, the then-director of the [[Border Guards Bangladesh|Bangladesh Rifles]] (BDR), [[Major general|Major-General]] [[A. L. M. Fazlur Rahman|Fazlur Rahman]], who was later dismissed from service by the rival government following an election, claimed that the [[Border Security Force|Indian BSF]] had begun to construct a linking road between their camp in Padua and another camp {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} away through [[no man's land]] and Bangladeshi territory.<ref name="frontline" /><ref name="newagebd">{{cite news |url=http://newagebd.com/supliment.php?sid=313&id=2142 |title=A country should have strength to implement its political plans |date=20 Dec 2013 |work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134313/http://newagebd.com/supliment.php?sid=313&id=2142 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=3 July 2014}}</ref>

== Conflict ==
[[File:Battle of Boraibari 2001, Bangladesh 3.jpg|thumb|Bullet marks of the BSF at the Boraibari camp in Bangladesh]]
The fighting that took place during these clashes was the worst since [[Bangladesh]]'s war with [[Pakistan]] in 1971. It took place around the village of Padua in the Indian state of [[Meghalaya]]<ref name="Analysis" /> which adjoins the [[Tamabil, Sylhet|Tamabil]] area of the Bangladeshi border in the [[Sylhet District|Sylhet district]]. Although an effective ''[[status quo]]'' had been maintained in this area, around {{Convert|6.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} of the border had been disputed for the past 30 years.

On 16 April 2001, a force of around 1000 Bangladeshi paramilitaries attacked and captured Padua village, breaking the status quo and forcing the civilians there to flee. Bangladesh claimed that the village had been illegally occupied by [[India]] since [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh's War of independence in 1971]].<ref name="Analysis">{{cite news |title=Analysis: Surprising outbreak of hostilities |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1285576.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=1 May 2012 |archive-date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112073337/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1285576.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) post in Padua village was surrounded, trapping several BSF troops within. However, both sides held their fire and began negotiations. Over the course of the following days, about three BSF [[Company (military unit)|companies]] proceeded to reinforce the outpost. This incident was resolved later without any bloodshed.

Following this standoff, BSF troops along the [[Bangladesh–India border|Indian–Bangladeshi border]] were put on high alert and ordered to begin intensive patrolling. A few days later, a small contingent of [[Border Security Force|BSF]] troops entered Bangladeshi territory near the village of Boraibari, more than {{Convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the west of Padua. Unlike the latter village, which is an [[adverse possession]], Boroibari is an area lying across a fence well inside Bangladesh. The intrusion was used as a "''counter-attack''" by India to retaliate after the earlier incident in Padua. According to Bangladeshi sources, Indian forces launched an early-morning attack on their posts in the frontier district of [[Kurigram District|Kurigram]], which lies on the border with the Indian state of [[Assam]].

Immediately upon entering Bangladeshi territory, 16 Indian [[Paramilitary forces of India|paramilitary]] personnel were ambushed and killed by Bangladeshi border guards, who were assisted by hundreds of villagers. Around midnight, the [[Foreign Secretary of India]], [[Chokila Iyer]], received a call from her [[Foreign Secretary (Bangladesh)|Bangladeshi counterpart]], [[Syed Muazzem Ali]], saying that orders had been issued to restore the status quo as well as for an immediate Bangladeshi withdrawal from Padua. The [[Border Guards Bangladesh|Bangladesh Rifles]] (BDR) withdrew from Padua by the night of 19 April.

In the confrontation, 16 Indian border guards were killed while two suffered injuries. The attack also left three Bangladeshi border guards dead and another five wounded. About 10,000 civilians fled the area after some 24 were wounded in the cross-border clashes.

After the Boroibari intrusion on 18 April, India alleged that the BDR started firing 3-inch and 8-inch [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] shells on [[Mankachar]] village, which is another disputed Indian [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]].

== Aftermath ==
After [[Bangladesh–India relations|both governments]] intervened in the situation, the Bangladeshis and Indians returned to their original positions and restored the previous ''[[status quo]]''.<ref name="withdrawls">{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010420/main1.htm |title=A Guns fall silent on border; BSF men's bodies to be returned today |date=19 April 2001 |work=The Tribune |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513093930/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010420/main1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Fresh clashes erupted along the [[Bangladesh–India border|India–Bangladesh border]] just hours after both sides voiced regret and concern over the recent killings, but by midnight on 20 April, cross-border firing had stopped. An article reported that 6,000 Indian civilians had fled the region, and [[Government of India|Indian government]] officials were attempting to convince the displaced villagers to return to their homes.<ref name="nautilus" /> Bangladesh later agreed to return the bodies of 16 Indian soldiers the next day.<ref name="withdrawls" /> Upon examining the bodies of the dead personnel, [[India]] accused [[Bangladesh Armed Forces|Bangladesh Forces]] of subjecting the [[Prisoner of war|captives]] to severe torture before they were shot dead.<ref>{{cite web |title='Criminal adventurism' must not go unpunished: Jaswant |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2001/apr/23ls1.htm |work=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604015218/http://in.rediff.com/news/2001/apr/23ls1.htm |archive-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="bn">{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010422/main1.htm |title=BSF men tortured, then shot dead |work=The Tribune |access-date=16 October 2014 |archive-date=26 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326070457/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010422/main1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> On the other hand, three Bangladeshi soldiers were also killed; two during combat and another who died of wounds that were sustained during cross-border operations.

Observers have termed the incident as a political ploy to rouse [[Bangladeshi nationalism|nationalistic passions]] before the Bangladeshi elections (which were 2 months away at the time of the incident) and as malicious adventurism by the [[Border Guards Bangladesh|Bangladesh Rifles]] (BDR).<ref name="itoday" /><ref name="Analysis" /> The [[Government of Bangladesh]] denied allegations that it had supported the BDR's initialization of hostilities with India and termed the incident as the "adventurism of its local commanders".<ref name="withdrawls" />

The [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] [[Sheikh Hasina]] and [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] engaged in telephonic discussions and subsequently agreed to order a high-level investigation into the incident.<ref name="frontline">{{Cite web|date=22 February 2014|title=A brush with Bangladesh|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1810/18100280.htm|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222215106/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1810/18100280.htm|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="wsws">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2001/05/bang-m21.html |title=India-Bangladesh border still tense after worst clash in 30 years |author=Nishanthi Priyangika |date=21 May 2012 |website=World Socialist Web site |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120133200/http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/may2001/bang-m21.shtml |archive-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2009}}</ref> [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Foreign Ministry]] spokesman [[Raminder Jassal|Raminder Singh Jassal]] reported that both [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] would improve bilateral diplomatic channels and promised to exercise restraint in the future.<ref name="nautilus" /> India and Bangladesh initiated talks to resolve their border disputes in March 2002. By July 2002, the two sides established joint-working groups to agree on and establish the non-demarcated sections of the border.<ref name=Taylor />

Bangladesh ordered no [[Court-martial|courts-martial]], suspensions, or transfers of any local military commanders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/articles-in-indian-media.htm?dtl/18607/Bangladesh+used+us+as+a+punching+bag |title='Bangladesh used us as a punching bag |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |publisher= |access-date=16 October 2014 |archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330005510/http://www.mea.gov.in/articles-in-indian-media.htm?dtl/18607/Bangladesh+used+us+as+a+punching+bag |url-status=live}}</ref> This was the first armed engagement between India and Bangladesh, two neighbouring states that had otherwise maintained friendly relations since [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh's independence]] from [[Pakistan]] in 1971.<ref name="cnn1">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/04/26/india.police/ |title=India accuses Bangladesh of war crimes |date=27 April 2001 |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-date=29 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929114032/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/04/26/india.police/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The end of the brief conflict saw an upsurge of [[nationalism]] in Bangladesh. In parliamentary elections, the four-party right-wing alliance led by the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] and [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh]] won the majority.

Both sides desisted from any further hostilities and began border talks to discuss disputes along their {{convert|4000|km|mi|abbr=on}} border.<ref name="border_talks">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh and India begin border talks |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1889458.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=19 October 2006 |archive-date=23 February 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030223172557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1889458.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The two states experienced a thaw in [[Bangladesh–India relations|their diplomatic relations]] shortly afterwards.
India has since completed the construction of a [[Bangladesh–India_border#Barrier|barrier along the entire length of its international border]] with Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/1643-km-indo-myanmar-border-to-be-fenced-a-patrol-track-to-be-built-amit-shah-101707231177832.html|title=1643 km Indo-Myanmar border to be fenced, a patrol track to be built: Amit Shah|date=6 February 2024|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="border_fence">{{cite news |title=Livelihoods on line at Indian border |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4622317.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=19 October 2006 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828014225/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4622317.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article589627.ece |title=India fences off Bangladesh to keep out Muslim terror |location=London |work=The Times |date=13 November 2005 |first1=Dean |last1=Nelson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220120456/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article589627.ece |archive-date=20 February 2007 |access-date=11 July 2007}}</ref> Bangladesh has protested the construction of the barrier, claiming that the construction of a fence within 150 yards of the international border was a gross violation of the [[Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace|Indo-Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace]].<ref name="people">{{cite news |title=3 killed in Bangladesh-Indian border guards cross fire |url=http://english.people.com.cn/200504/17/eng20050417_181457.html |work=People's Daily |date=17 April 2005 |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512205046/http://english.people.com.cn/200504/17/eng20050417_181457.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bangladeshi Government|Bangladeshi government]] also protested the alleged frequent Indian [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) incursions into Bangladesh, and cross-border firing that has resulted in the deaths of [[Bangladeshis]] inside Bangladeshi territory.<ref name="star">{{cite news |title=Border tension flares as BSF kills 2 more |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2005/04/24/d5042401022.htm |work=The Daily Star |date=24 April 2005 |access-date=19 April 2007 |archive-date=17 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617114059/http://www.thedailystar.net/2005/04/24/d5042401022.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> In a news conference in August 2008, it was stated that 97 people had been killed (69 Bangladeshis, 28 Indians; rest unidentified) while trying to cross the border illegally in the prior six months.<ref name="bsf killing">{{cite news |title=India says 59 killed over last six months on Bangladesh border |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-35156020080824 |work=Reuters |date=24 August 2008 |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026110404/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-35156020080824 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dstar11-16-08">{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=63748 |title=Three Bangladeshis killed in 'drunk shooting' by BSF man |work=The Daily Star |date=17 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212191647/http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=63748 |archive-date=12 February 2009}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Battle of Boraibari 2001, Bangladesh 5.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial in remembrance of the Bangladeshi soldiers killed]]

A memorial was made in Boraibari to preserve the history in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=ঐতিহ্যবাহী বড়াইবাড়ী দিবস আজ |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/country/rangpur/199267/ঐতিহ্যবাহী-বড়াইবাড়ী-দিবস-আজ |website=Bangla Tribune |language=bn |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border]]
* [[Bangladesh–India relations]]
* [[Bangladesh–India border]]
* [[2019 Bangladesh-Indian border clash]]
* [[1979 Bangladesh-Indian skirmishes]]
* [[Border Guard Bangladesh]]
* [[Border Security Force]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Gautam Das (2007)."Chapter 17—Operation Gone Sour: Pyrdiwah and Boroibari, 2001". [https://books.google.com/books?id=CsEGZDgHTCcC ''Unlearned Lessons: An Appraisal of India's Military Mishaps'']. Har Anand Publications. {{ISBN|9788124112571|}}

{{Military of Bangladesh}}
{{Bangladesh-India relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2001 Indian-Bangladeshi Border Conflict}}
[[Category:2001 in India|Indian-Bangladeshi Border Conflict, 2001]]
[[Category:2001 in Bangladesh|Indian-Bangladeshi Border Conflict, 2001]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India border]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of India]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Battles in 2001]]
[[Category:Border Guard Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Border incidents]]

Chenari Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:18Z

Ananyareddy: put up

{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Chenari Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 207-Chenari constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Murari Prasad Gautam]]
|party ={{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} 
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|207]]
|established = 1962 
| electors = 312,311
|abolished = 
}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

'''Chenari Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It comes under [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]] Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/sasaram.html | title=Sasaram Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref>

==Overview==
Chenari comprises [[Community development block in India|community blocks]] of Nauhatta, [[Rohtas block|Rohtas]] & [[Chenari, India|Chenari]]; [[Gram Panchayat]]s Alampur, Raipurchor, Karup, Konki, Kumahu, Mohammadpur, Nad, Sikraur, [[Sheosagar]], Sonahar & Uloh of Sheosagar CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2017-12-31 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Chenari Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/chenari.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Shri Gobind Ram
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=3 |
|rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="2" |Chhathu Ram
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|rowspan="2" |Ram Bachan Paswan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Hindustani Shoshit Dal}}" |
|Hindustani Shoshit Dal
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Dudnath Paswan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Chhedi Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan="2" |Jawahar Paswan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" rowspan=2 |
|rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Chhedi Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Lalan Paswan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}" rowspan=2 |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|2009^
|[[Murari Prasad Gautam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Shyam Bihari Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Lalan Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Samta Party}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Murari Prasad Gautam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|}
^by-election

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chenari<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Chenari">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Chenari |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04207.htm |accessdate=4 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204173445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04207.htm |archivedate=4 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Murari Prasad Gautam
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|votes = {{formatnum:95579}}
|percentage = 46.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mangal Ram
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:73591}}
|percentage = 35.76
|change = -5.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Neha Kumari
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:9404}}
|percentage = 4.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Amit Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:7536}}
|percentage = 3.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sukhari Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:4266}}
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sweta Devi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3511}}
|percentage = 1.71
|change = -5.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hare Ram Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2006}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2328}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change = -0.85
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21988}}
|percentage = 10.68
|change = +0.32
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:205793}}
|percentage = 65.89
|change = +8.64
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Chenari<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Murari Prasad Gautam]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:71701}}
|percentage = 41.25
|change = +2.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Lalan Paswan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:53698}}
|percentage = 30.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Chandra Shekhar Paswan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:18074}}
|percentage = 10.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shyam Bihari Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:12864}}
|percentage = 7.4
|change = +3.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manish Kumar Rajak
|votes = {{formatnum:3068}}
|percentage = 1.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Adhar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2549}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3450}}
|percentage = 1.98
|change = -3.9
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18003}}
|percentage = 10.36
|change = +3.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173823}}
|percentage = 57.25
|change = +2.82
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chenari<ref name="Chenari Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Chenari Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/chenari |accessdate=4 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204173441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/chenari |archivedate=4 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Lalan Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:68148}}
|percentage = 45.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mangal Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:58367}}
|percentage = 38.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramendra Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:5455}}
|percentage = 3.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Aman Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2589}}
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ravi Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1752}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahendra Baitha
|votes = {{formatnum:1369}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:8876}}
|percentage = 5.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9781}}
|percentage = 6.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:151067}}
|percentage = 54.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Bihar]]

Anirudh Singh (politician)

2026-04-07T14:07:44Z

Ananyareddy: creating basic biography with sources

{{Short description|Indian politician from Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Anirudh Singh
| image = Anirudh Singh.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|01|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shimla district|Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| office = [[Sukhu ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Ministers - Government of Himachal Pradesh, India |url=https://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/council-of-ministers.html |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=himachal.nic.in}}</ref>
| predecessor =
| successor =
| governor = [[Rajendra Arlekar]] {{small|(2022–2023)}} [[Shiv Pratap Shukla]] {{small|(2023–2026)}} [[Kavinder Gupta]] {{small|(2026–present)}}<ref>{{cite news |last=BN |first=UNI |date=6 March 2026 |url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/north/himachal-new-governor/3763730.html |title=Kavinder Gupta to take over as Himachal Pradesh Governor |work=United News of India |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Sukhu ministry]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = * Rural Development
* Panchayati Raj
| term_start = 8 January 2023
| office1 = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 20 December 2012
| constituency1 = [[Kasumpati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasumpti]]
| predecessor1 = Sohan Lal
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Chetna Singh
| father = Trivikram Singh
| children = 2 (One son & One daughter)
| alma_mater = [[St. Edward's School, Shimla]]
}}
'''Anirudh Singh''' (born 27 January 1977) is the present Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) from [[Kasumpati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasumpti]], [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] since 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jolt to Himachal CM Virbhadra Singh as close relatives switch over to BJP|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jolt-to-himachal-cm-virbhadra-singh-as-close-relatives-switch-over-to-bjp/story-3xIOS9WfV9pWNgRRAyIYrM.html|newspaper=Hindustan Times|first=Saurabh|last=Chauhan|date=12 October 2017|accessdate=23 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Five Year Report Card Mla Kasumpti|url=http://www.amarujala.com/shimla/five-years-report-card-of-kasumpti-mla-anirudh-singh|publisher=Amar Ujala}}</ref> He is also serving as Cabinet Minister of the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]] since January 2023.

== Early life and family ==
Born on 27 January 1977 in Shimla, Anirudh Singh is the son of Late Shri Trivikram Singh. He is a graduate and received his education at St. Edward's School in Shimla. Anirudh is married to Smt. Chetna Singh, and the couple is blessed with one son and one daughter. He is actively involved in agriculture, business, and is known for his contributions as a political and social worker.

== Political journey ==
Anirudh Singh has been an active member of the Congress Party since 1998. His political journey includes various leadership roles such as Vice-President of the Youth Congress in Shimla City (2003-2005), Vice-President of the State Youth Congress, State General Secretary of the Indian Youth Congress, Vice-President of the State and Shimla Lok Sabha Constituency PYC, and National Coordinator for the IYC.

He has also served as a Member of the Zila Parishad in Chamyana Ward No-22, Distt. Shimla, twice in 2005 and 2010. Anirudh held the position of Chairman of Zila Parishad, Shimla, from 27 January 2011 to January 2013. In 2021, he became the Secretary of AICC and Co-Incharge of AICC, Assam Congress Committee.

== Legislative career ==
Anirudh Singh was first elected to the State Legislative Assembly in December 2012 and was re-elected in December 2017. During his terms, he served on various committees, including Public Undertakings, Subordinate Legislation, Rules, Public Accounts, and Estimates Committees.

Elected for the third consecutive term in December 2022, Anirudh Singh was inducted into the Council of Ministers as the Rural Development & Panchayati Raj Minister on 8 January 2023.

==Controversy==
Anirudh Singh was accused of assaulting Achal Jindal, Manager (Technical) and Yogesh, Site Engineer of [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) Shimla on 30 June 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nhai-engineer-alleges-assault-by-hp-minister/articleshow/122168211.cms |title=NHAI engineer alleges assault by HP minister |work=Times of India |date=1 July 2025}}</ref> They both were assaulted in presence of Manjeet Sharma, SDM Shimla Rural near [[Bhattakufer]]. The [[Engineering Services Examination|Central Engineering Service (Roads)]] Officers' Association and NHAI Engineer's Association also condemned this incident.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rana Anirudh}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Youth Congress]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{HimachalPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Kelapur Assembly constituency

2026-03-31T03:03:36Z

Ananyareddy: started new data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kelapur
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1957
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 177,304
| mla = Dhurve Sandip Prabhakar
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Kelapur Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Deshmukh Trimbak Dattatraya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Tryambak Dattatraya Deshmukh
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. D. Parvekar
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Abasaheb P Deshmukh
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Masram Lakhuji Marotrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=2 | [[Shivajirao Moghe]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Gedam Deorao Jaituji || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=2 | [[Shivajirao Moghe]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Sandip Prabhakar Dhurve]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''2008 onwards : See [[Arni Assembly constituency]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Shivajirao Moghe]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Raju Narayan Todsam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Sandip Prabhakar Dhurve]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Raju Narayan Todsam]]

|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kelapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sandip Prabhakar Dhurve]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,427 |percentage = 40.27% |change={{increase}}18.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shivajirao Moghe]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,897 |percentage = 36.65% |change={{decrease}}8.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Niranjanbhau Masram |party=Independent politician |votes = 15,560 |percentage = 12.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashiesh Deoraoji Gedam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,797 |percentage = 6.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madavi Neeta Anandrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,134 |percentage = 2.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krushnarao Tulashiramji Narnaware |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,416 |percentage = 1.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,530 |percentage = 3.62% |change= {{decrease}}19.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,25,294 |percentage = 70.67% |change= {{increase}}4.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,25,231}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,77,304|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kelapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shivajirao Moghe]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,549 |percentage = 44.90% |change={{increase}}13.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kotnake Manohar Deorao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,239 |percentage = 21.41% |change={{increase}}5.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Parchake Vitthal Punjaram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 18,621 |percentage = 18.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Masaram Pradeep Gangaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,595 |percentage = 7.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babarao Parchake (Guruji) |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,778 |percentage = 5.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gedam Gulabrao Hiraman |party=Independent politician |votes = 816 |percentage = 0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Marape Ganpat Kisan |party=Independent politician |votes = 622 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,310 |percentage = 23.49% |change= {{increase}}9.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,04,763 |percentage = 70.14% |change= {{decrease}}14.22 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,220}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,49,373|ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kelapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shivajirao Moghe]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 56,192 |percentage = 45.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gedam Deorao Jaituji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,901 |percentage = 31.23% |change={{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yerame Uddhaorao Champatrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,269 |percentage = 15.47% |change={{increase}}10.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chintalwar Gangadhar Ramchandra |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 6,556 |percentage = 5.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Meshram Niranjan Sitaram Alias Shioram |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,096 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganpat Kisan Marape |party=Independent politician |votes = 938 |percentage = 0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,291 |percentage = 13.88% |change= {{decrease}}17.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,27,499 |percentage = 82.56% |change= {{increase}}13.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,24,543}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,431|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}17.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kelapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Deorao Jaituji Gedam |party=Janata Dal |votes = 57,874 |percentage = 62.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shivajirao Moghe]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,598 |percentage = 30.75% |change={{decrease}}41.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Uddaorao Champatrao Yerame |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,569 |percentage = 4.91% |change={{decrease}}22.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vimalbai Anantrao Yedshikar |party=Independent politician |votes = 785 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,276 |percentage = 31.48% |change= {{decrease}}12.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,276 |percentage = 68.54% |change= {{increase}}11.37 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,013}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,37,542|ref = |change= {{increase}}27.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kelapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shivajirao Moghe]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 43,885 |percentage = 72.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yerame Uddhaorao Champatrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 16,946 |percentage = 27.86% |change={{increase}}18.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,939 |percentage = 44.28% |change= {{decrease}}27.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,782 |percentage = 57.14% |change= {{increase}}5.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,831}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,130|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}9.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kelapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shivajirao Moghe]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 41,048 |percentage = 81.80% |change={{increase}}14.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kotnake Gangaram Sambhaji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,864 |percentage = 9.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Sambhaji Masram |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 2,421 |percentage = 4.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keram Jangaji Godraji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,073 |percentage = 2.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Murkhe (Guruji) Haribhau Ramaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 772 |percentage = 1.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,184 |percentage = 72.11% |change= {{increase}}27.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,069 |percentage = 51.46% |change= {{decrease}}22.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,178}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,243|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}14.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kelapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Masram Lakhuji Marotrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 44,846 |percentage = 67.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wagh Purushottam Vithalrao |party=Janata Party |votes = 14,916 |percentage = 22.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madavi Guruji Dadarao Limbaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 6,471 |percentage = 9.69% |change={{decrease}}53.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhadikar Hanumantrao Govindrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 564 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,930 |percentage = 44.81% |change= {{increase}}15.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,569 |percentage = 74.59% |change= {{decrease}}2.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,797}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,922|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kelapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Abasaheb P Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 42,105 |percentage = 62.96% |change={{increase}}10.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kongharekar B G Sing |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes = 22,612 |percentage = 33.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nagrale Kawadu Janba |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 1,884 |percentage = 2.82% |change={{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,493 |percentage = 29.15% |change= {{increase}}12.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,887 |percentage = 77.32% |change= {{increase}}2.14 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,880}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,092|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kelapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=A. D. Parvekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,113 |percentage = 52.91% |change={{decrease}}2.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. G. Kongarekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 21,534 |percentage = 36.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. C. Muneshwar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,176 |percentage = 3.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. D. Thakre |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,119 |percentage = 3.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. G. Nimsarkar |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 1,865 |percentage = 3.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,579 |percentage = 16.29% |change= {{decrease}}3.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,638 |percentage = 78.92% |change= {{increase}}2.75 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,807}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,636|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kelapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Tryambak Dattatraya Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,324 |percentage = 55.70% |change={{decrease}}21.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prayagrao Bajirao Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes = 16,479 |percentage = 36.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagannath Laxmanrao Gedam |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,828 |percentage = 6.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vyankatrao Purshottam Yadagirwar |party=Independent politician |votes = 572 |percentage = 1.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,845 |percentage = 19.45% |change= {{decrease}}38.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,008 |percentage = 75.65% |change= {{increase}}7.30 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,467}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,783|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}21.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kelapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Trimbak Dattatraya |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,141 |percentage = 76.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadgirwar Vyankat Purushottam |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,863 |percentage = 18.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaiswal Bajaranglal Sitalprasad |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,621 |percentage = 4.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,278 |percentage = 58.10% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,625 |percentage = 62.88% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,625}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,247|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Saajan Chale Sasural

2026-03-29T06:27:57Z

Ananyareddy: added references

{{short description|1996 Indian film by David Dhawan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saajan Chale Sasural
| image = Saajan Chale Sasural.JPG
| caption = Poster
| director = [[David Dhawan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Allari Mogudu]]''|[[K. Raghavendra Rao]]}}
| producer = Mansoor Siddiqui
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Rumi Jaffery]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] [[Karisma Kapoor]] [[Satish Kaushik]]
| music = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| cinematography = Rajan Kinagi
| editing =
| distributor =
| studio = Anas Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1996|04|12}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{Estimation}} {{INR|4.5 crore}}<ref name="boi">{{cite web |title=Saajan Chale Sasural – Movie |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2807 |website=[[Box Office India]] |accessdate=8 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021070741/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2807 |archivedate=21 October 2018}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|23.55 crore}}<ref name="boi" />
}}

'''''Saajan Chale Sasural''''' ({{Translation|Lover Goes to His In-laws}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film starring [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Kader Khan]], and [[Satish Kaushik]]. It was directed by [[David Dhawan]]. It is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Allari Mogudu]]'' (1992).<ref>{{cite web |last=Patwa |first=Smriddhi |date=21 December 2024 |title=7 Movies by Govinda That Are South Indian Remakes |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/7-movies-by-govinda-that-are-south-indian-remakes-58023.html |website=[[Filmfare.com]] |access-date=4 June 2025 }}</ref> It was a major commercial success and listed second among the top five "super-hits" of 1996 by the ''[[Indian Express]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=1996: Blood and bore |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961227/36250032.html |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=8 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970423000025/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961227/36250032.html |archivedate=23 April 1997 |date=27 December 1996}}</ref>

==Plot==
Shyamsunder is a naive villager who has a great interest in music. He travels to the city, making friends with Muthuswami, a South Indian [[tabla]] player. The president of the [[Tips Industries|TIPS]] cassette company, Khurana, is impressed with his musical abilities and promotes him to a high position. As he returns to repay his debts in the village, he receives the tragic news of the death of his wife Pooja, who died in a [[flood]]. He then marries Khurana's daughter Divya. When Khurana has a heart attack, Shyamsunder finds his "presumed dead" wife Pooja in the hospital. He then has to fool his two wives, even if it includes leading a double life to make sure Pooja and Divya don't discover he has married both of them.

==Cast==
{{castlist|
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Shyamsundar Gupta
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Divya Khurana
* [[Karishma Kapoor]] as Pooja Daschandani
* [[Kader Khan]] as Dhirendra Khurana
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Singer / Musician
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as Muranchand "Mutthu" Swami
* [[Satish Shah]] as Rampyare Rastogi / Company manager
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Nana
* [[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Hemalata Gupta
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] as Fake Hemalata Gupta
* Arun Bakshi as Madhav
* [[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Arjun]] as Nahar Singh, Thakur's son
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Travel Agent
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Hotel servant Kaushik Singhania
* [[Bharat Kapoor]] as Thakur Gopal Singh
* [[Raju Shrestha]] as Shyamsunder's friend
}}
==Trivia==
1.In a Recent podcast Raju Shrestha said that During the premier of khuddar it was announced That Govinda is going to do the remake of Allari Mogudu with Talat Jaani as director & Raju Shrestha going to play the Mutthu role ,but govinda had a fight with director Talat Jani so producer changed the director & bring David Dhawan who later given the role of Mutthu to Satish Kaushik which won him Filmfare Award for best comedian it almost broke the heart of Raju Shrestha who was preparing the role for almost 2 years.
2.After the blockbuster success the pair Govinda-Karishma-Tabbu was seen in 2000 Crime Thriller Shikari film again.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Saajan Chale Sasural
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = Apr 12, 1996
| recorded = 1995
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 36.07
| label = [[Tips Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music for this movie was composed by [[Nadeem-Shravan]]. The singers include [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]], [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]] & Satyanarayan Mishra lent their voice for the album. According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 2,500,000 units sold the soundtrack became the fifth highest-grossing album of the year.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
!#
! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
|1
| "Dil Jaane Jigar Tujh Pe Nisaar"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|2
| "Ram Narayan Baaja Bajata"
| [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
|3
| "Chahat Se Hai Begani"
| Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
|-
|4
| "Tum Toh Dhokebaaz Ho"
| Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
|-
|5
| "Doob Ke Dariya Mein Kar Lungi Khudkhushi"
| Udit Narayan, [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]]
|-
|6
| "Main Hoon Number Ek Gawaiyya"
| [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], Satyanarayan Mishra
|-
|7
| "Bye Bye Miss Goodnight"
| Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0246905|Saajan Chale Sasural}}

{{David Dhawan}}

[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]
[[Category:Films directed by David Dhawan]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Fiction about polygamy]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1996 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]

Saaksshi

2026-03-25T10:36:37Z

Ananyareddy: created a stub

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Saaksshilogo.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = Promotional logo
| genre = [[Crime]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = Anuradha Tiwari
| director = Rakesh Sarang
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Saaksshi#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 48
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 24 minutes
| company = [[Cinevistaas Limited]]
| channel = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2004|4|10}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}

'''''Saaksshi''''' is an Indian crime television series based on the story of an undercover cop Saaksshi Singh in an anti-terrorist squad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/31/stories/2004053102720200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041001092913/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/31/stories/2004053102720200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2004|title=Saaksshi's success|first=Sreedhar|last=Pillai|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 May 2005}}</ref> The series premiered on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]] on 10 April 2004, and starring [[Mouli Ganguly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/apr/apr69.htm|title=Sony's 'Saaksshi' poised to lure women eye balls on weekends|work=Indiantelevision.com|date=7 April 2004}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Mouli Ganguly]] as Saaksshi Singh
* [[Samir Soni]] as Shekhar Gupta
* [[Amit Sadh]] as Deepak
* [[Hrishikesh Pandey]]

==Plot==
Saaksshi is the story of an Indian middle-class girl who lives with her family of a brother, sister and her parents. Saaksshi's brother is an Army officer who has been missing since his last mission in [[Kashmir]]. Saaksshi's mother, deeply affected by his absence, has been awaiting his arrival. Saaksshi, a courageous activist, tries to bond her family in the best possible way.

A chance encounter with a terrorist and an anti terrorism squad changes Saaksshi's life. ASTRA - the anti terrorism squad headed by Shekhar ([[Sameer Soni]]) asks Saaksshi to join their mission as they feel she can make a difference to society. Saaksshi initially rejects the offer but later accepts and chooses to keep this a secret from her family. Saaksshi starts work and is part of several cases related to terrorism, putting her own life in danger.

Saaksshi is surprised to learn that her own boss Shekhar is actually a spy and an informer looking for a data CD to sell information to other spies. Saaksshi is wounded while trying to stop him and is framed and declared a spy herself. After a heated chase, Saaksshi manages to expose Shekhar and kills him. After the incident, Saaksshi quits ASTRA. Saaksshi now plans for a normal family life. When she is about to marry, Saaksshi's fiancée is killed on the wedding day and Saaksshi is framed once again. The murder is executed by Shekhar's brother ([[Deepraj Rana]]) who has arrived to take revenge. Saaksshi manages to find out about him and breaks out from jail to settle scores.

The show abruptly ended when Saaksshi is shown to have been killed by Shekhar's brother when the truck she is travelling crashes.

==References==
<references />

{{SET Shows}}

[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:2004 Indian television series debuts]]

United States Department of Defense

2026-03-23T22:50:18Z

Ananyareddy: cleanup

{{Short description|Executive department of the US federal government}}
{{Redirect|DoD|3=DOD (disambiguation) {{!}} DOD}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}


{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = United States Department of Defense
| native_name =
| seal = {{Switcher
|[[File:Seal of the United States Department of War (2025).svg|175px|Alternate seal of the United States Department of Defense, depicting an American Eagle holding three arrows, superimposed by the shield adorned with the design of the American flag. Below is the green wreath. Rind reads "DEPARTMENT OF WAR" and "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA".]]
|Department of War|default=1
|[[File:Seal of the United States Department of Defense.svg|175px|alt=Seal of the United States Department of Defense, depicting an American Eagle holding three arrows, superimposed by the shield adorned with the design of the American flag. Below is the green wreath. Rind reads "DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE" and "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA".]]
|Department of Defense
}}
| seal_width = 175
| seal_caption = Seal of the Department of Defense{{efn|name=exec-order-14347|In September 2025, [[Executive Order 14347]] authorized the usage of "Department of War" as a secondary name, which is now preferred by the department.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 September 2025 |title=Restoring the United States Department of War |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/09/10/2025-17508/restoring-the-united-states-department-of-war |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Federal Register }}</ref> "Department of Defense" remains the statutory name. The secretary of defense may institute a new seal with the approval of the president, without Congress's approval.<ref>{{usc|10|112}}</ref>}}
| logo = {{Switcher
|[[File:United States Department of War Logo (2025, Small Use).svg|250px]]
|Department of War|default=1
|[[File:United States Department of Defense Logo (2021) Simple.svg|250px]]
|Department of Defense
}}
| logo_width = 250
| logo_caption = Logo of the Department of Defense{{efn|name=exec-order-14347}}
| picture = An aerial view of the Pentagon, Washington, D.C., May 15, 2023.jpg
| picture_caption = An aerial view of the Pentagon
| formed = {{start date and age|1947|9|18|df=y}} (as National Military Establishment)
| preceding1 = [[United States Department of War|Department of War]]
| preceding2 = [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]]
| agency_type = [[United States Federal Executive Departments|Executive department]]
| jurisdiction = [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]]
| headquarters = [[The Pentagon]] [[Arlington County, Virginia]], U.S.
| coordinates = {{coord|38|52|16|N|77|3|21|W|type:landmark_region:US-VA|display=inline,title}}
| employees = {{ubl|789,594 (civilian)<ref name="workforce">{{cite web |title=DoD Personnel, Workforce Reports & Publications|url=https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports |date=30 June 2024 |publisher=Defense Manpower Data Center |access-date=20 January 2025 |archive-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103152017/https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports |url-status=live }}</ref>|1,294,191 (active duty military)|761,601 (National Guard and reserve)|
2,845,386 total (30 June 2024)}}
| budget = $842 billion FY2024
| chief1_name = [[Pete Hegseth]]
| chief1_position = [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary]]
| chief2_name = [[Steve Feinberg]]
| chief2_position = [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense|Deputy Secretary]]
| chief3_name = [[Dan Caine]]
| chief3_position = [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]]
| chief4_name = [[Christopher J. Mahoney|Christopher Mahoney]]
| chief4_position = [[Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]]
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| child1_agency = [[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]]
| child2_agency = [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]]
| child3_agency = [[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]]
| child4_agency = [[National Security Agency]]
| child5_agency = [[Defense Intelligence Agency]]
| child6_agency = [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]
| child7_agency = [[National Reconnaissance Office]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
{{United States Armed Forces sidebar}}

The '''United States Department of Defense''' ('''DOD'''),<ref>{{cite web |title=Manual for Written Material |url=http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/dodd/corres/pdf/51104m_030204/p51104m.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040829163034/http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/dodd/corres/pdf/51104m_030204/p51104m.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2004 |access-date=10 December 2014 |publisher=Department of Defense |page=9 }}</ref> also referred to as the '''Department of War''' ('''DOW'''),{{efn|name=exec-order-14347}} is an [[United States federal executive departments|executive department]] of the [[federal government of the United States|United States federal government]] charged with coordinating and supervising the [[United States Armed Forces]]—the [[United States Army|Army]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], [[United States Space Force|Space Force]], and, for some purposes, the [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]]—and related functions and agencies. Headquartered at [[the Pentagon]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], just outside [[Washington, D.C.]], the stated mission of the Department of Defense is "to provide the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gov/our-story/ |title=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE > Our Story |website=United States Department of Defense |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223518/https://www.defense.gov/our-story/ |archive-date=7 October 2018 |access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/pentagon-mission/ |title=Trump's Pentagon Quietly Made a Change to the Stated Mission It's Had for Two Decades |last=Szoldra |first=Paul |date=29 June 2018 |work=Task & Purpose |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630143357/https://taskandpurpose.com/pentagon-mission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Department of Defense is headed by the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]], a [[United States Cabinet|cabinet]]-level official who reports directly to the [[president of the United States]]. The president is [[Powers of the president of the United States#Commander-in-chief|commander-in-chief]] of the U.S. Armed Forces. Within the Department of Defense are three subordinate military departments: the [[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]], the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]], and the [[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]]. In addition, four [[United States Intelligence Community|national intelligence services]] are part of the Department of Defense: the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], [[National Security Agency]] (NSA), [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]], and [[National Reconnaissance Office]].

Other [[List of Department of Defense agencies|agencies in the Department of Defense]] include the [[DARPA|Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA), [[Defense Logistics Agency]], [[Missile Defense Agency]], [[Defense Health Agency]], [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]], [[Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency]], [[Space Development Agency]] and [[Pentagon Force Protection Agency]]. Additionally, the [[Defense Contract Management Agency]] is responsible for administering contracts for the Department of Defense. Military operations are managed by eleven regional or functional [[unified combatant command]]s. The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools, including the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy|Eisenhower School]] and the [[National War College]].

{{As of|2022|11|post=,}} the department has over 1.4 million active-duty uniformed personnel in the six armed services,<ref>{{cite web |date=11 November 2022 |title=The World's Biggest Employers |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/3585/the-worlds-biggest-employers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408133455/https://www.statista.com/chart/3585/the-worlds-biggest-employers/ |archive-date=8 April 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=Statista}}</ref> and over 747,000 civilian employees. It also supervises over 778,000 [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]] and reservist personnel.<ref name="workforce" />

== Name ==
By the [[National Security Act of 1947]], the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]] and the [[United States Department of War|Department of War]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Establishment of the Department of War |publisher=US House of Representatives |website=History, Art & Archives |url=http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35480 |access-date=16 December 2016 }}</ref> had a new single Secretary imposed over the top of their two previously independent Cabinet secretaries. The War Department also changed its name to the [[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]] and split off the [[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]]. The new Cabinet-level department was initially designated the National Military Establishment (NME). On 10 August 1949, the National Security Act of 1947 was amended; the amendment renamed the NME the Department of Defense. The renaming is alleged to be due to the NME's pronunciation as "enemy".<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Defense. (09/18/1947 - ) |url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10455766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113131311/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10455766 |archive-date=13 November 2022 |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=National Archives NextGen Catalog}}</ref>

Four people told the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' that [[Anduril Industries]] co-founder [[Palmer Luckey]] suggested to president-elect [[Donald Trump]], before his [[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|second inauguration]], that he change the name to the "Department of War".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Frenkel |first=Sheera |last2=Metz |first2=Cade |date=February 2, 2026 |title=The Pentagon's Favorite Tech Guy Is This Hawaiian Shirt-Wearing Founder |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/02/technology/pentagon-anduril-palmer-luckey.html |access-date=February 2, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> On 5 September 2025, Trump signed [[Executive Order 14347|an executive order]] authorizing "Department of War" and "secretary of war" as secondary titles to the main titles of "Department of Defense" and "secretary of defense". The terms must be accommodated by [[United States federal agencies|federal agencies]] and are permitted in executive branch communications, ceremonial settings, and non-statutory documents. However, only an [[act of Congress]] can legally and formally change the department's name and secretary's title, so "Department of Defense" and "secretary of defense" remain legally official.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 September 2025 |title=Trump to sign executive order renaming Defense to Department of War |publisher=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-war-defense/ |access-date=4 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 September 2025 |title=Trump order will rebrand Defense Department as Department of War |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-executive-order-rebranding-defense-department-war-department-rcna229217 |access-date=5 September 2025 |publisher=NBC News }}</ref> Trump described his rebranding as an effort to project a stronger and more bellicose name and said the "defense" names were "[[woke]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Egwuonwu |first=Nnamdi |date=5 September 2025 |title=Trump signs executive order rebranding Defense Department as Department of War |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/trump-executive-order-rebrands-defense-department-war-department-rcna229461 |access-date=6 September 2025 }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Further|Military history of the United States}}
{{See also|National Security Act of 1947}}

Faced with rising tensions between the [[Thirteen Colonies]] and the [[Parliament of Great Britain|British government]], one of the first actions taken by the [[First Continental Congress]] in September 1774 was to recommend that the colonies begin defensive military preparations. In mid-June 1775, after the outbreak of the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], the [[Second Continental Congress]], recognizing the necessity of having a national army that could move about and fight beyond the boundaries of any particular colony, organized the [[Continental Army]] on 14 June 1775.<ref>{{cite book |title=For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States from 1607 to 2012 |last1=Millett |first1=Allan R. |last2=Maslowski |first2=Peter |last3=Feis |first3=William B. |edition=3rd |year=2012 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=978-1451623536 |publisher=The Free Press (a division of Simon & Schuster) |chapter=The American Revolution, 1763–1783}}</ref><ref name="June 14">{{cite web|url=https://history.army.mil/html/faq/birth.html |title=June 14th: The Birthday of the U.S. Army |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |date=14 June 2012 |access-date=19 June 2014 |author=Maass, John R. |archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001214256/https://history.army.mil/html/faq/birth.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Later that year, Congress would charter the [[Continental Navy]] on 13 October,<ref name="Navy Birthday">{{cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/birthday.htm |title=Navy Birthday Information – October 13, 1775 |access-date=19 June 2014 |author=Naval History and Heritage Command |archive-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101222021/http://www.history.navy.mil/birthday.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Continental Marines]] on 10 November.

=== War Department and Navy Department ===
{{Main|United States Department of War|United States Department of the Navy}}

Upon the seating of the [[1st United States Congress|1st U.S. Congress]] on 4 March 1789, legislation to create a military defense force stagnated as they focused on other concerns relevant to setting up the new government. President [[George Washington]] went to Congress to remind them of their duty to establish a military twice during this time. Finally, on the last day of the session, 29 September 1789, Congress created the [[United States War Department|War Department]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/revolut/jb_revolut_army_1.html |title=Congress Officially Created the U.S. Military: September 29, 1789 |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=20 June 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003123444/http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/revolut/jb_revolut_army_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://legisworks.org/sal/1/stats/STATUTE-1-Pg95b.pdf |title=Statutes at Large, Session I, Charter XXV |editor=Joe Carmel |date=n.d. |orig-year=Original Statute 1789 |website=Legisworks |access-date=28 January 2018 |quote=An Act to recognize and adapt to the Constitution of the United States the establishment of the Troops raised under the Resolves of the United States in Congress assembled, and for other purposes therein mentioned.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525180057/http://legisworks.org/sal/1/stats/STATUTE-1-Pg95b.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> The War Department handled naval affairs until Congress created the [[United States Department of the Navy|Navy Department]] in 1798. The secretaries of each department reported directly to the president as cabinet-level advisors until 1949, when all military departments became subordinate to the Secretary of Defense.

=== National Military Establishment ===
[[File:US Department of Defense seal.svg|thumb|Seal of the Department of Defense with its statutory name]]
[[File:Photograph of President Truman at his desk in the Oval Office, signing the National Security Act Amendments of 1949... - NARA - 200168.jpg|thumb|[[Harry Truman|President Truman]] signs the National Security Act Amendment of 1949.]]

After the end of [[World War II]], President [[Harry Truman]] proposed the creation of a unified department of national defense. In a special message to the [[United States Congress|Congress]] on 19 December 1945, the president cited wasteful military spending and interdepartmental conflicts. Deliberations in Congress went on for months focusing heavily on the role of the military in society and the threat of granting too much military power to the executive.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hogan |first=Michael J. |title=A cross of iron: Harry S. Truman and the origins of the national security state, 1945–1954 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-79537-1 |pages=37–38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd4C3cY7Y7IC&pg=PA37}}</ref> On 26 July 1947, Truman signed the [[National Security Act of 1947]], which established the National Military Establishment (NME) and created the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]], [[National Security Resources Board]], [[United States Air Force]], and the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. The NME was placed under the control of the new post of [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]].{{sfn|Polmar|2005|page=17}}<ref name="nibley">{{cite web|url=https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571293/james-v-forrestal/ |title=James V. Forrestal, Harry S. Truman Administration |website=Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense |publisher=Office of the Secretary of Defense |access-date=25 July 2017 |archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814095106/http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571293/james-v-forrestal/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Bolton, M. Kent |title=U.S. national security and foreign policymaking after 9/11: present at the re-creation |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2008|isbn=978-0-7425-5900-4|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IETboc9ajpQC&pg=PA3}}</ref>

The National Military Establishment formally began operations on 18 September, the day after the [[United States Senate|Senate]] confirmed [[James V. Forrestal]] as the first secretary of defense.<ref name="nibley" /> The National Military Establishment was renamed the "Department of Defense" on 10 August 1949, and absorbed the three cabinet-level military departments, in an amendment to the original 1947 law.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Rearden, Steven L. |chapter=Department of Defense |editor=DeConde, Alexander |title=Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, Volume 1 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-684-80657-0|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7dG-pVarDAC&pg=PA439|display-editors=etal|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam03deco}}</ref>

Under the [[Department of Defense Reorganization Act]] of 1958 ({{USPL|85|599}}), channels of authority within the department were streamlined while still maintaining the ordinary jurisdiction of the Military Departments to organize, train, and equip their associated forces. The Act clarified the overall decision-making authority of the secretary of defense concerning these subordinate military departments. It more clearly defined the operational [[Command hierarchy|chain of command]] over U.S. military forces (created by the military departments) as running from the president to the secretary of defense, the service chief of the unified combatant commanders, and then to the unified combatant commanders.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 January 2022 |title=The Unified Combatant Command System|url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/Expeditions-with-MCUP-digital-journal/The-Unified-Combatant-Command-System/ |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=USMCU.edu }}</ref> Also provided in this legislation was a centralized research authority, the [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]], eventually known as [[DARPA]]. The act was written and promoted by the Eisenhower administration and was signed into law on 6 August 1958.

== Organizational structure ==
{{Main|Organizational structure of the United States Department of Defense}}

{{See also|List of Department of Defense agencies}}
[[File:Organization of U.S. Space Force.png|thumb|Organization of the Department of Defense following the creation of the United States Space Force]]
[[File:DoD Organization December 2013.jpg|thumb|A December 2013 Department of Defense organizational chart]]
The [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]], appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the [[United States Senate|Senate]], is by federal law ({{UnitedStatesCode|10|113}}) the head of the Department of Defense, "the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to Department of Defense", and has "authority, direction, and control over the Department of Defense". Because the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]] vests all military authority in [[United States Congress|Congress]] and the president, the statutory authority of the secretary of defense is derived from their constitutional authority. Since it is impractical for either Congress or the president to participate in every piece of Department of Defense affairs, the secretary of defense and the secretary's subordinate officials generally exercise military authority.

The Department of Defense is composed of the [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]], [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] and [[Joint Staff]], [[Department of Defense Office of Inspector General|Office of the Inspector General]], [[Unified Combatant Command|Combatant Commands]], Military Departments ([[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]], [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]] and [[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]]), [[List of Department of Defense agencies|Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities]], [[National Guard Bureau]], and such other offices, agencies, activities, organizations, and commands established or designated by law, or by the president or by the secretary of defense. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the organizational relationships within the department and is the foundational issuance for delineating the major functions of the department. The latest version, signed by then–secretary of defense [[Robert Gates]] in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://odam.defense.gov/omp/Functions/Organizational_Portfolios/Evolution%20of%205100.1.html |title=Organizational and Management Planning |publisher=United States Department of Defense |access-date=15 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507124537/http://odam.defense.gov/omp/Functions/Organizational_Portfolios/Evolution%20of%205100.1.html |archive-date=7 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/510001p.pdf |title=Directives Division |website=www.dtic.mil |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525175933/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/510001p.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Office of the Secretary of Defense ===
{{Main|Office of the Secretary of Defense}}

[[File:DoD Structure Jan2008.png|thumb|right|A 2008 Office of the Secretary of Defense organizational chart]]
The [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]] ('''OSD''') is the secretary and their deputies, including predominantly civilian staff. OSD is the principal staff element of the Secretary of Defense in the exercise of policy development, planning, resource management, fiscal and program evaluation and oversight, and interface and exchange with other [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] departments and agencies, foreign governments, and international organizations, through formal and informal processes. OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies, Department of Defense Field Activities, and specialized [[Secretary of Defense-Empowered Cross-Functional Teams|Cross Functional Teams]].

==== Defense agencies ====
{{see also|Combat support agency}}
OSD is a parent agency of the following defense agencies:
{{Columns-list|
*[[Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute]]
*[[Department of Defense Education Activity]]
*[[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]]
*[[Defense Commissary Agency]]
*[[Defense Contract Audit Agency]]
*[[Defense Contract Management Agency]]
*[[Defense Finance and Accounting Service]]
*[[Defense Health Agency]]
*[[Defense Information Systems Agency]]
*[[Defense Legal Services Agency]]
*[[Defense Logistics Agency]]
*[[Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency]]
*[[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]]
*[[Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency]]
*[[Defense Technical Information Center]]
*[[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]]
*[[Space Development Agency]]
}}

==== National intelligence agencies ====
Several defense agencies are members of the [[United States Intelligence Community]]. These are national-level intelligence services that operate under the Department of Defense jurisdiction but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the [[Director of National Intelligence|Office of the Director of National Intelligence]]. They fulfill the requirements of national policymakers and war planners, serve as [[Combat support agency|Combat Support Agencies]], and also assist and deploy alongside non-Department of Defense intelligence or law enforcement services such as the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]. The military services each have their intelligence elements that are distinct from but subject to coordination by national intelligence agencies under the Department of Defense. Department of Defense manages the nation's coordinating authorities and assets in disciplines of [[signals intelligence]], [[geospatial intelligence]], and [[measurement and signature intelligence]], and also builds, launches, and operates the Intelligence Community's satellite assets. Department of Defense also has its own [[Human intelligence (intelligence collection)|human intelligence]] [[Defense Clandestine Service|service]], which contributes to the CIA's human intelligence efforts while also focusing on military human intelligence priorities. These agencies are directly overseen by the [[Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security|under secretary of defense for intelligence and security]].

<gallery class="center" caption="National Intelligence Agencies under the Department of Defense">
File:US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) seal (vector).svg|[[Defense Intelligence Agency]]
File:US-NationalGeospatialIntelligenceAgency-2008Seal.svg|[[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]
File:US-NationalReconnaissanceOffice-Seal.svg|[[National Reconnaissance Office]]
File:National Security Agency.svg|[[National Security Agency]]
</gallery>

=== Joint Chiefs of Staff ===
{{Main|Joint Chiefs of Staff}}

[[File:The Joint Staff Org Chart.jpg|thumb|[[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] and Joint Staff organizational chart]]
The [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the Department of Defense who advise the secretary of defense, the [[United States Homeland Security Council|Homeland Security Council]], the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] and the president on military matters. The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is defined by statute and consists of the [[chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], [[Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], senior enlisted advisor to the chairman, the Military Service chiefs from the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army]], [[Commandant of the United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[Chief of Naval Operations|Navy]], [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force|Air Force]], and [[United States Space Force|Space Force]], in addition to the chief of [[National Guard Bureau]], all appointed by the president following [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] confirmation.<ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/151-] 10 USC 151. Joint Chiefs of Staff: composition; functions</ref> Each of the individual military service chiefs, outside their Joint Chiefs of Staff obligations, works directly for the secretary of the military department concerned: the [[secretary of the Army]], [[secretary of the Navy]], and [[secretary of the Air Force]].<ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C305.txt § 3033] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222246/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C305.txt |date=12 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C505.txt § 5033] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222228/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C505.txt |date=12 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C506.txt § 5043] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222221/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C506.txt |date=12 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C805.txt § 8033] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222221/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C805.txt |date=12 March 2013 }}</ref>

Following the [[Goldwater–Nichols Act]] in 1986, the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] no longer maintained operational command authority individually or collectively. The act designated the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) as the "principal military adviser to the president, the National Security Council, the Homeland Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense".<ref>{{cite web |title=10 U.S. Code § 151(b)(1) – Joint Chiefs of Staff: composition; functions|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/151 |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute }}</ref> The remaining Joint Chiefs of Staff may only have their advice relayed to the president, National Security Council, the [[United States Homeland Security Council|Homeland Security Council]], or the secretary of defense after submitting it to the CJCS. By law, the chairman has to present that advice whenever he is presenting his own.<ref>{{cite web |title=10 U.S. Code § 151 – Joint Chiefs of Staff: composition; functions|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/151 |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute }}</ref> The chain of command goes from the [[President of the United States|president]] to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] to the [[Unified Combatant Command|commanders of the Combatant Commands]].<ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C6.txt § 162(b)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529014041/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C6.txt |date=29 May 2013}}</ref> Goldwater–Nichols also created the office of vice-chairman, and the chairman is now designated as the ''principal military adviser'' to the secretary of defense, the Homeland Security Council, the National Security Council and to the president.<ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C5.txt § 151(b)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222255/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C5.txt|date=12 March 2013}}</ref>

The Joint Staff is a headquarters staff at the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] made up of personnel from all five services that assist the chairman and vice chairman in discharging their duties. It is managed by the [[director of the Joint Staff]] who is a [[lieutenant general (United States)|lieutenant general]] or [[vice admiral (United States)|vice admiral]].<ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C5.txt § 155] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222255/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C5.txt|date=12 March 2013}}</ref>

=== Military departments and services ===
There are three military departments within the Department of Defense:
# the [[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]], within which the [[United States Army]] is organized.
# the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]], within which the [[United States Navy]] and the [[United States Marine Corps]] are organized.
# the [[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]], within which the [[United States Air Force]] and [[United States Space Force]] are organized.

The military departments are each headed by their secretary (i.e., [[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary of the Army]], [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]] and [[United States Secretary of the Air Force|Secretary of the Air Force]]), appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. They have the legal authority under [[Title 10 of the United States Code]] to conduct all the affairs of their respective departments within which the military services are organized.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|10|3013}}, {{UnitedStatesCode|10|5013}} and {{UnitedStatesCode|10|8013}}</ref> The secretaries of the military departments are (by law) subordinate to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] and (by SecDef delegation) to the [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense|deputy secretary of defense]].

Secretaries of military departments, in turn, normally exercise authority over their forces by delegation through their respective service chiefs (i.e., [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff of the Army]], [[Commandant of the United States Marine Corps|Commandant of the Marine Corps]], [[Chief of Naval Operations]], [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force|Chief of Staff of the Air Force]], and [[Chief of Space Operations]]) over forces not assigned to a [[Unified Combatant Command|Combatant Command]].{{sfn|Polmar|2005|page=20}}

Military departments are tasked solely with "the training, provision of equipment, and administration of troops".{{sfn|Polmar|2005|page=20}} The [[Defense Reorganization Act of 1958]] removed the power of command over troops from secretaries of military departments and service chiefs.
<gallery class="center" caption="Military departments of the Department of Defense">
File:United States Department of the Army Seal.svg|[[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]]
File:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg|[[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]]
File:Seal of the US Air Force.svg|[[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]]
</gallery>

<gallery class="center" caption="Military services of the Department of Defense">
File:Mark of the United States Army.svg|[[United States Army|U.S. Army]]
File:Emblem of the United States Marine Corps.svg|[[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]]
File:Emblem of the United States Navy.svg|[[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]
File:Military service mark of the United States Air Force.svg|[[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]]
File:Seal of the United States Space Force.svg|[[United States Space Force|U.S. Space Force]]
</gallery>

=== Unified Combatant Commands ===
{{Main|Unified combatant command}}

A [[unified combatant command]] is a military command composed of personnel/equipment from at least two Military Departments, which has a broad, continuing mission.{{sfn|Whitley|2009|page=44}} They are responsible for the operational command of forces. Almost all operational U.S. forces are under the authority of a Unified Command.{{sfn|Polmar|2005|page=20}} The DoD [[Unified Command Plan]] lays out combatant commands' missions, geographical/functional responsibilities, and force structure.{{sfn|Whitley|2009|page=44}}

During military operations, the chain of command runs from the president to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] to the [[combatant commander]]s of the Combatant Commands.{{sfn|Polmar|2005|page=20}}

{{As of|2019}}, the United States has eleven Combatant Commands, organized either on a geographical basis (known as "[[area of responsibility]]", AOR) or on a global, functional basis:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gov/About/Combatant-Commands/ |title=Combatant Commands |website=US Department of Defense |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117001237/https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/Combatant-Commands/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[U.S. Northern Command]] (USNORTHCOM)
*[[U.S. Southern Command]] (USSOUTHCOM)
*[[U.S. Central Command]] (USCENTCOM)
*[[U.S. European Command]] (USEUCOM)
*[[U.S. Indo-Pacific Command]] (USINDOPACOM)
*[[U.S. Africa Command]] (USAFRICOM)
*[[U.S. Strategic Command]] (USSTRATCOM)
*[[U.S. Special Operations Command]] (USSOCOM)
*[[U.S. Transportation Command]] (USTRANSCOM)
*[[U.S. Cyber Command]] (USCYBERCOM)
*[[U.S. Space Command]] (USSPACECOM)

== Budget ==
{{Main|Military budget of the United States}}

[[File:Defense Spending as a Percent of GDP.png|thumb|Defense spending as a percent of [[gross domestic product]] from 1792 to 2017]]
[[File:United States Defense Outlays.png|thumb|Total United States Defense outlays from 1962 to 2024 in $millions (2019 to 2024 are estimated)]]
Department of Defense spending in 2017 was 3.15% of GDP and accounted for about 38% of the budgeted [[List of countries by military expenditures|global military spending]] – more than the next seven largest militaries combined.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ), Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security. |website=[[World Bank]] |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-date=25 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425022456/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2019, the 27th secretary of defense had begun a line-by-line review of the defense budget; in 2020 the secretary identified items amounting to $5.7 billion, out of a $106 billion subtotal (the so-called "fourth estate" agencies such as missile defense, and defense intelligence, amounting to 16% of the defense budget),<ref name= mcleary2020 /><ref name= eaglen >{{cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/is-army-richest-service-navy-air-force-aeis-eaglen-peels-back-budget-onion/ |title=Mackenzie Eaglen (05 February 2020) Is Army Richest Service? Navy? Air Force? AEI's Eaglen Peels Back Budget Onion |date=5 February 2020 |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206092123/https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/is-army-richest-service-navy-air-force-aeis-eaglen-peels-back-budget-onion/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He will re-deploy to the modernization of hypersonics, artificial intelligence, and missile defense.<ref name= mcleary2020 >{{cite web |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/secdefs-review-is-in-and-hes-willing-to-shut-down-entire-offices/ |title=Paul McLeary (5 February 2020) SecDef Eyeing Moving Billions By Eliminating Offices, Legacy Systems |date=6 February 2020 |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206092009/https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/secdefs-review-is-in-and-hes-willing-to-shut-down-entire-offices/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Beyond 2021 the 27th secretary of defense is projecting the need for yearly budget increases of 3 to 5 percent to modernize.<ref name="Chogath Kog'sante">{{cite web |url= https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2020-09/56526-FYDP.pdf |title= Long-Term Implications of the 2021 Future Years Defense Program |author= David Arthur and F. Matthew Woodward |date= March 2020 |publisher= Congressional Budget Office |access-date=9 January 2026 |url-status=live
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250330205740/https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2020-09/56526-FYDP.pdf |archive-date=30 March 2025 }}</ref>

The Department of Defense accounts for the majority of federal discretionary spending. In FY2017 ([[U.S. fiscal year]] 2017), the Department of Defense budgeted spending accounted for 15% of the U.S. federal budget, and 49% of federal [[discretionary spending]], which represents funds not accounted for by pre-existing obligations. However, this does not include many military-related expenses that fall outside the Department of Defense budget, such as [[nuclear weapon]]s research, maintenance, cleanup, and production, which are covered in the Department of Energy budget; Veterans Affairs expenses; payments from the Treasury Department for military retirees, widows, and their families; interest on debts incurred from past wars; or State Department financing for foreign arms sales and military-related development assistance. Additionally, it does not account for defense spending outside of military operations, including expenditures by the [[[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]], counter-terrorism funding by the FBI, and intelligence-gathering spending by the NSA.

In the [[2010 United States federal budget]], the Department of Defense was allocated a base budget of $533.7 billion, with a further $75.5 billion adjustment in respect of 2009, and $130 billion for overseas contingencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy10/pdf/fy10-newera.pdf |title=United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 (''vid.'' p.53) |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|Government Printing Office]] |access-date=9 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205005029/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy10/pdf/fy10-newera.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> The subsequent 2010 Department of Defense Financial Report shows the total budgetary resources for FY2010 were $1.2 trillion.<ref name="DoD FR 25">{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf |title=FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report (''vid.'' p.25) |publisher=US Department of Defense |access-date=7 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214071610/http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010}}</ref> Of these resources, $1.1 trillion were obligated and $994 billion were disbursed, with the remaining resources relating to multi-year modernization projects requiring additional time to procure.<ref name="DoD FR 25" /> After over a decade of [[US military expenditure#GAO audits|non-compliance]], as part of the [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010]], [[United States Congress|Congress]] established a deadline of FY2017 for the Department of Defense to achieve [[Audit#Accounting|audit readiness]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/documents/fiar/FIAR_Plan_May_2011.pdf |title=Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness (FIAR) Plan Status Report |publisher=[[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Comptroller, Department of Defense]] |access-date=6 September 2016 |archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429225208/https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/documents/fiar/FIAR_Plan_May_2011.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> although this did not end up occurring.

In 2015 the allocation for the Department of Defense was $585 billion,<ref>{{cite web |title=Current & Future Defense Capabilities of the U.S. |url=http://online.utep.edu/resources/webinars-and-infographics/current-future-defense-capabilities-of-the-u-s/ |website=UTEP |access-date=18 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802225421/http://online.utep.edu/resources/webinars-and-infographics/current-future-defense-capabilities-of-the-u-s/ |archive-date=2 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[Military budget of the United States|highest level of budgetary resources]] among all federal agencies, and this amounts to more than one-half of the annual federal expenditures in the United States federal budget [[Discretionary spending|discretionary budget]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal Spending: Where Does the Money Go|url=https://www.nationalpriorities.org/budget-basics/federal-budget-101/spending/ |website=National Priorities Project |access-date=18 August 2015 |archive-date=14 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814004718/https://www.nationalpriorities.org/budget-basics/federal-budget-101/spending/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 September 2018, President [[Donald Trump]] signed the Department of Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019, and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2019 (H.R.6157) into law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/6157/titles |title=Titles – H.R.6157 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): Department of Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019 and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2019 |last=Granger |first=Kay |date=28 September 2018 |website=www.congress.gov |access-date=16 February 2019|archive-date=17 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217030233/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/6157/titles |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 September 2018, the FY2018 Budget expired and the FY2019 budget came into effect.

=== FY2019 ===
The FY2019 Budget for the Department of Defense is approximately $686,074,048,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://comptroller.defense.gov/portals/45/documents/defbudget/fy2019/fy19_green_book.pdf |title=FY 2019 PB Green Book |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-date=13 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213083455/https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2019/FY19_Green_Book.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> (including Base + Overseas Contingency Operations + Emergency Funds) in discretionary spending and $8,992,000,000 in mandatory spending totaling $695,066,000,000.

[[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Undersecretary of Defense (Comptroller)]] [[David Norquist|David L. Norquist]] said in a hearing regarding the FY 2019 budget: "The overall number you often hear is $716 billion. That is the amount of funding for national defense, the accounting code is 050 and includes more than simply the Department of Defense. It includes, for example, the Department of Energy and others. That large a number, if you back out the $30 billion for non-defense agencies, you get to $686 billion. That is the funding for the Department of Defense, split between $617 billion in base and $69 billion in [[Overseas Contingency Operation|overseas contingency]]".<ref name= fy2019GreenBook >DoD Comptroller [https://comptroller.defense.gov/portals/45/documents/defbudget/fy2019/fy19_green_book.pdf (2019) Overview – National Defense Budget Estimates for Fiscal Year (FY) 2019 ] FY 2019 PB Green Book</ref>

The Department of Defense budget encompasses the majority of the National Defense Budget of approximately $716.0 billion in discretionary spending and $10.8 billion in mandatory spending for a $726.8 billion total. Of the total, $708.1 billion falls under the jurisdiction of the [[United States House Committee on Armed Services|House Committee on Armed Services]] and [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Senate Armed Services Committee]] and is subject to authorization by the annual [[National Defense Authorization Act]] (NDAA). The remaining $7.9 billion falls under the jurisdiction of other congressional committees.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/IF10887.pdf |title=The FY2019 Defense Budget Request: An Overview |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411214142/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/IF10887.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Department of Defense is unique because it is one of the few federal entities where the majority of its funding falls into the discretionary category. The majority of the entire federal budget is mandatory, and much of the discretionary funding in the budget consists of DoD dollars.

==== Budget overview ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right"
|+DoD base + OCO + Emergency budget by appropriation title<ref>{{cite web |url=https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2019/FY2019_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf |title=FY2019 Budget Request Overview Book.pdf |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030111707/https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2018_07/20180709_180710-pr2018-91-en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| FY 2019 ($ in thousands)*
|-
!scope="row"| Military personnel
| $152,883,052
|-
!scope="row"| Operation and maintenance
| $283,544,068
|-
!scope="row"| Procurement
| $144,340,905
|-
!scope="row"| RDT&E
| $92,364,681
|-
!scope="row"| Revolving and management funds
| $1,557,305
|-style="font-weight:bold;"
!scope="row"| '''Defense bill'''
| $674,690,011
|-
!scope="row"| Military construction
| $9,801,405
|-
!scope="row"| Family housing
| $1,582,632
|-style="font-weight:bold;"
!scope="row"| '''Military construction bill'''
| $11,384,037
|-style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:solid underline"
!scope="row"| '''Total'''
| $686,074,048
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Numbers may not add due to rounding

=== FY2024 ===
{{As of|2023|03|10}} the FY2024 presidential budget request was $842{{nbsp}}billion.{{efn|name="FY2024Agreement" |The Senate agreed to the debt ceiling arrangement for 2023–2025 on 2 June 2023.<ref name="ppbe24">Ashley Roque [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/white-house-requests-842-billion-to-fund-pentagon-in-2024/ (10 March 2023) White House requests $842 billion to fund Pentagon in 2024] PPBE "request to Congress includes $6{{nbsp}}billion to support Ukraine, NATO, and other European partner states, and $9.1{{nbsp}}billion for DoD's Pacific Deterrence Initiative".</ref><ref name="debtCeilingFix2Year">Nicola Slawson [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jun/02/first-thing-us-debt-ceiling-deal-passes-senate-averting-catastrophic-federal-default (2 Jun 2023) First Thing: US debt ceiling deal passes Senate, averting catastrophic federal default ]</ref> }} In January 2023, Treasury Secretary [[Janet Yellen]] announced that the U.S. government would hit its $31.4{{nbsp}}trillion [[debt ceiling]] on 19 January 2023;<ref name="31teraUSD">{{cite news |last1=Morgan |first1=David |last2=Lawder |first2=David |date=20 January 2023 |title=U.S. hits debt ceiling as partisan standoff sparks economic worries |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-govt-touches-debt-limit-amid-standoff-between-republicans-democrats-2023-01-19/ |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref> the date on which the U.S. government would no longer be able to use [[United States debt ceiling#Extraordinary measures|extraordinary measures]] such as issuance of [[Treasury securities]] is estimated to be in June 2023.<ref name="yellen">Victor Reklaitis [https://www.marketwatch.com/story/u-s-to-hit-debt-limit-thursday-heres-what-it-means-11673983940 (17 January 2023) U.S. to hit debt limit Thursday: Here's what that means]
*Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget [https://www.crfb.org/papers/qa-everything-you-should-know-about-debt-ceiling (28 Oct 2022) Q&A: Everything You Should Know About the Debt Ceiling]
*Stephen Collinson [https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/18/politics/biden-ukraine-new-tipping-point/index.html (18 Jan 2023) Russia's war in Ukraine reaches a critical moment] in [[power projection]] in light of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]</ref> On 3 June 2023, the debt ceiling was suspended until 2025.<ref name="dorn">{{cite web |last=Dorn |first=Sara |title=Biden Signs Debt Ceiling Bill Into Law—Lifts Borrowing Limit Until 2025 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2023/06/03/biden-signs-debt-ceiling-bill-into-law-lifts-borrowing-limit-until-2025/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=Forbes }} [[Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023]]</ref> The $886{{nbsp}}billion [[2024 NDAA|National Defense Authorization Act]] is facing reconciliation of the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] and [[United States Senate|Senate]] bills after passing both houses 27 July 2023; the conferees have to be chosen, next.<ref name="facingReconcil2023">{{cite web |last=Katz |first=Justin |date=28 July 2023 |title=Ducking the culture wars, Senate passes NDAA 86–11 |url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2023/07/ducking-the-culture-wars-senate-passes-ndaa-86-11/ |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=Breaking Defense }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref name="ndaa2023">{{cite web |last1=O'Brien |first1=Connor |last2=Gould |first2=Joe |date=2 July 2023 |title=The Pentagon policy bill's next big stumbling block: Kevin McCarthy |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/07/02/pentagon-policy-ndaa-kevin-mccarthy-00104466 |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=[[Politico]] }}</ref><ref name="harris2023">{{cite web |last=Harris |first=Bryant |date=23 June 2023 |title=Senate defense bill pushes for spending over debt ceiling cap |url=https://www.defensenews.com/congress/budget/2023/06/23/senate-defense-bill-pushes-for-spending-over-debt-ceiling-cap/ |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=Defense News |url-status=live |archive-url= https://archive.today/20250518034509/https://www.defensenews.com/congress/budget/2023/06/23/senate-defense-bill-pushes-for-spending-over-debt-ceiling-cap/ |archive-date= 18 May 2025 }}</ref> As of September 2023, a [[continuing resolution]] was needed to prevent a [[Government shutdowns in the United States|government shutdown]].<ref name= 2023ShutdownThreat >{{cite web |last=Harris |first=Bryant |date=13 September 2023 |title=Freedom Caucus derails Pentagon spending bill, foreshadowing shutdown |url=https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2023/09/13/freedom-caucus-derails-pentagon-spending-bill-foreshadowing-shutdown/ |website=Defense News |url-status=live |archive-url= https://archive.today/20250518022354/https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2023/09/13/freedom-caucus-derails-pentagon-spending-bill-foreshadowing-shutdown/ |archive-date= 18 May 2025 }}
*{{cite web |date=18 September 2023 |title=Far-right Republicans drafted a short-term funding bill with GOP centrists. It's now at risk of collapse. |first1=Sahil |last1=Kapur |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/house-republicans-government-funding-bill-risk-collapse-rcna105706 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927020338/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/house-republicans-government-funding-bill-risk-collapse-rcna105706 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=NBC News }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="demRepCoalitionLikely">{{cite news |title=Shutdown looms as US House Republicans again block own spending bill |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-house-republicans-look-restart-spending-agenda-with-defense-vote-2023-09-21/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501221141/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-house-republicans-look-restart-spending-agenda-with-defense-vote-2023-09-21/ |archive-date=1 May 2024 |url-status=live |date=21 September 2023 |first1=David |last1=Morgan |first2=Richard |last2=Cowan |work=Reuters |access-date=11 May 2024 }}</ref> A shutdown was avoided on 30 September for 45 days (until 17 November 2023),<ref name= houseCr23 >Alexandra Hutzler and Nadine El-Bawab [https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/live-updates/government-shutdown-live-updates/?id=103597144 (30 Sep 2023) Government shutdown live updates: House passes 45-day stopgap spending bill]</ref><ref name= senatCr23 >Clare Foran, Haley Talbot, Morgan Rimmer, Annie Grayer, Lauren Fox and Melanie Zanona, CNN [https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/30/politics/us-government-shutdown-latest/index.html (30 Sep 2023) Congress passes stopgap bill to avert shutdown ahead of midnight deadline]</ref><ref name= 2Crs >Rebecca Kheel [https://www.military.com/daily-news/2023/11/15/congress-has-plan-avert-shutdown-its-about-make-pentagon-budgeting-even-more-complicated.html (15 Nov 2023) Congress Has Plan to Avert Shutdown, But It's About to Make Pentagon Budgeting Even More Complicated]</ref><ref name="defenseAuthExpected">Leo Shane III [https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2023/12/04/defense-authorization-deal-expected-this-week/ (3 Dec 2023) Defense authorization deal expected this week]</ref> with passage of the NDAA on 14 December 2023.<ref name= zengerle23 >Patricia Zengerle [https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-lawmakers-introduce-sweeping-defense-bill-drop-most-culture-war-issues-2023-12-07/ (7 Dec 2023) US lawmakers introduce sweeping defense bill, drop most 'culture war' issues]; Patricia Zengerle [https://www.reuters.com/world/us/majority-us-senate-backs-mammoth-defense-policy-bill-voting-continues-2023-12-14/ (13 Dec 2023) US Senate passes mammoth defense policy bill, next up vote in House] Bill is nearly 3100 pages, for $886 billion NDAA passed Senate 87–13; Bryant Harris [https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2023/12/14/congress-passed-the-fy24-defense-policy-bill-heres-whats-inside/ (14 Dec 2023) Congress passed the FY24 defense policy bill: Here's what's inside] passed House 310–118.</ref> The Senate will next undertake negotiations on supplemental spending for 2024.<ref name= supplementalUpNext >BURGESS EVERETT, ANTHONY ADRAGNA and JENNIFER HABERKORN [https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/14/schumer-sinema-ukraine-border-deal-00131838 (14 Dec 2024) Sinema 'can see the deal' on Ukraine-border as Schumer cuts recess]</ref><ref name= 8Jan24status >Sumanti Sen [https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/us-government-shutdown-congressional-leaders-sign-1-66-trillion-government-funding-deal-101704687727129.html (8 Jan 2024) US government shutdown: Congressional leaders sign $1.66 trillion government funding deal] $1,659 billion= $886.3 billion for defense, $772.7 billion for non-defense</ref> A government shutdown was averted on 23 March 2024 with the signing of a $1.2 trillion bill to cover FY2024.<ref name= trillionBudgetIn2024 >Clare Foran [https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/23/politics/biden-government-funding-bill-congress/index.html (23 Mar 2024) Biden signs government funding bill]</ref><ref name= stopgapUntil8Mar24 >Carl Hulse [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/18/us/politics/senate-spending-bill.html (18 Jan 2024) Congress Clears Stopgap Spending Bill for Biden, Moving to Avert Shutdown]</ref>

=== Criticism of finances ===
{{See also|Government Accountability Office investigations of the Department of Defense}}

A 2013 ''Reuters'' investigation concluded that [[Defense Finance and Accounting Service]], the primary financial management arm of the Department of Defense, implements monthly "unsubstantiated change actions"—illegal, inaccurate "plugs"—that forcibly make DoD's books match Treasury's books.<ref>{{cite news |last=Paltrow |first=Scot J. |author-link=Scot J. Paltrow |date=18 November 2013 |title=Special Report: The Pentagon's doctored ledgers conceal epic waste |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-pentagon-waste-specialreport-idUSBRE9AH0LQ20131118 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204112723/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-pentagon-waste-specialreport-idUSBRE9AH0LQ20131118 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=Reuters }}</ref> [[Reuters]] reported that [[the Pentagon]] was the only federal agency that had not released annual audits as required by a 1992 law. According to Reuters, the Pentagon "annually reports to Congress that its books are in such disarray that an audit is impossible".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paltrow |first1=Scot J. |author1-link=Scot J. Paltrow |last2=Carr |first2=Kelly |date=2 July 2013 |title=Reuters Investigates – Unaccountable: The Pentagon's bad bookkeeping |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/pentagon/#article/part1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106192706/https://www.reuters.com/investigates/pentagon/#article/part1 |archive-date=6 January 2020 |access-date=24 December 2019 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Paltrow |first=Scot J. |author-link=Scot J. Paltrow |date=18 November 2013 |title=Special Report: The Pentagon's doctored ledgers conceal epic waste |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-pentagon-waste-specialreport-idUSBRE9AH0LQ20131118 |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204112723/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-pentagon-waste-specialreport-idUSBRE9AH0LQ20131118 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, a Pentagon consulting firm performed an audit on the department's budget. It found that there was $125 billion in wasteful spending that could be saved over the next five years without layoffs or reduction in military personnel. In 2016, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' uncovered that rather than taking the advice of the auditing firm, senior defense officials suppressed and hid the report from the public to avoid political scrutiny.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/pentagon-buries-evidence-of-125-billion-in-bureaucratic-waste/2016/12/05/e0668c76-9af6-11e6-a0ed-ab0774c1eaa5_story.html |title=Pentagon buries evidence of $125 billion in bureaucratic waste |last1=Whitlock |first1=Craig |author1-link=Craig Whitlock |date=5 December 2016 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=18 December 2017 |last2=Woodward |first2=Bob |author2-link=Bob Woodward |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218070634/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/pentagon-buries-evidence-of-125-billion-in-bureaucratic-waste/2016/12/05/e0668c76-9af6-11e6-a0ed-ab0774c1eaa5_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2016, the [[Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Defense|Office of the Inspector General]] released a report stating that the Army made $6.5 trillion in wrongful adjustments to its accounting entries in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paltrow |first1=Scot J. |author1-link=Scot J. Paltrow |date=19 August 2016 |title=U.S. Army fudged its accounts by trillions of dollars, auditor finds |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-audit-army/u-s-army-fudged-its-accounts-by-trillions-of-dollars-auditor-finds-idUSKCN10U1IG |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221045604/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-audit-army/u-s-army-fudged-its-accounts-by-trillions-of-dollars-auditor-finds-idUSKCN10U1IG |archive-date=21 December 2017 |access-date=18 December 2017 |work=Reuters}}</ref> The Department of Defense failed its fifth audit in 2022, and could not account for more than 60% of its $3.5 trillion in assets.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Ellen |date=17 November 2022 |title=Defense Department fails another audit, but makes progress|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/3740921-defense-department-fails-another-audit-but-makes-progress/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |location= |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119050754/https://thehill.com/policy/defense/3740921-defense-department-fails-another-audit-but-makes-progress/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the latest [[Center for Effective Government]] analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] requests, published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available), the DoD earned 61 out of a possible 100 points, a D− grade. While it had improved from a failing grade in 2013, it still had low scores in processing requests (55%) and disclosure rules (42%).<ref>[http://www.foreffectivegov.org/access-to-information-scorecard-2015/ Making the Grade: Access to Information Scorecard 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811044220/https://www.foreffectivegov.org/access-to-information-scorecard-2015 |date=11 August 2019 }} March 2015, 80 pages, [[Center for Effective Government]], retrieved 21 March 2016</ref>

== Related legislation ==
The organization and functions of the Department of Defense are in [[Title 10 of the United States Code]].

Other significant legislation related to the Department of Defense includes:
*1947: [[National Security Act of 1947]]
*1958: Department of Defense Reorganization Act, {{USPL|85|599}}
*1963: [[Department of Defense Appropriations Act]], {{USPL|88|149}}
*1963: Military Construction Authorization Act, {{USPL|88|174}}
*1967: [[Supplemental Defense Appropriations Act]], {{USPL|90|8}}
*1984: Department of Defense Authorization Act, {{USPL|98|525}}
*1986: [[Goldwater–Nichols Act|Goldwater–Nichols Act of 1986]] (Department of Defense Reorganization Act), {{USPL|99|433}}
*1996: [[Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act]], {{USPL|104|132}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|United States|Politics}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{annotated link|Arms industry}}
* [[Energy usage of the United States military]]
* {{annotated link|Global Command and Control System}}
* {{annotated link|JADE (planning system)}}
* [[List of United States defense contractors]]
* [[List of United States military bases]]
* {{annotated link|Military–industrial complex}}
* {{annotated link|Private military company}}
* {{annotated link|Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations}}
* [[United States Department of Justice]]
* [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]]
* {{annotated link|Warrior Games}}
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |last=Polmar |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Polmar |title=The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. Fleet |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2005|isbn=978-1-59114-685-8|url=https://archive.org/details/navalinstitutegu0018polm/page/20}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Whitley |editor-first=Joe D. |title=Homeland security: legal and policy issues |chapter=Unified Combatant Commands and USNORTHCOM |publisher=American Bar Association |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60442-462-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJI54yr1ymQC&pg=PA44|display-editors=etal}}

==Further reading==
* Grossman, Mark, ed. ''Encyclopedia of the United States Cabinet: 1789-2010'' (Grey House, 2010) in-depth history of the department and its leaders, as well as former War and Navy departments . [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofun0000gros online]

== External links ==
{{Commons category multi|United States Department of Defense|The Pentagon}}
{{Library resources box}}
*{{Official website}}
*[https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-defense Department of Defense] on [[USAspending.gov]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/defense-department Department of Defense] in the [[Federal Register]]
*[https://comptroller.defense.gov/ Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)] Budget and Financial Management Policy
*[http://www.wallstats.com/deathandtaxes/resource/ Death and Taxes: 2009]—A visual guide and infographic of the 2009 United States federal budget, including the Department of Defense with data provided by the Comptrollers office.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110906012808/http://iac.dtic.mil/iatac/ia_policychart.html Department of Defense IA Policy Chart]
*{{Gutenberg author |id=United+States.+Department+of+Defense}}
*{{Internet Archive author |search=("Department of Defense" OR "DOD")}}
*{{IA|defense-dept|Department of Defense Collection}}

{{United States Department of Defense}}
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[[Category:United States Department of Defense| ]]
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Gitanjali Aiyar

2026-03-13T18:18:37Z

Ananyareddy: stub

{{Short description|Indian television journalist (1952 – 2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gitanjali Aiyar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1947|01|29|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|06|07|1947|01|29|df=yes}}
| education = [[Loreto College, Kolkata|Loreto College]] [[Bachelor of Arts|(B.A.)]]
| occupation = [[News Anchor]]
| years_active = (1971–2023)
| television = Khandaan (1985)
| spouse = [[Swaminathan Aiyar]]
| children = 2
| awards = Indira Gandhi Priyadarshini Award (1989)
}}
'''Gitanjali Aiyar''' (née Ambegaonkar,<ref name="marriages">{{cite web |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/name-family-forever-ever-nirmala-khadpekar |title=The Name as Family - Forever and Ever |access-date=2023-06-30 |last=Khadpekar|first=Nirmala|date=29 July 2020|work=LinkedIn Pulse}}</ref> 29 January 1947{{spaced ndash}}7 June 2023) was India's female news presenter on [[Doordarshan]]. She collapsed and died after a morning walk in New Delhi due to [[brain haemorrhage]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Gitanjali Aiyar, popular Doordarshan news anchor, passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tv-presenter-gitanjali-aiyar-passes-away-101686148470523.html |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Gitanjali Aiyar, Doordarshan’s legendary voice in English news, dies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/doordarshan-news-anchor-gitanjali-aiyar-passes-away-condolences-pour-in-8651263/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She was suffering from [[Parkinson's disease]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-08 |title=Award winning Doordarshan anchor Gitanjali Aiyar no more |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/award-winning-doordarshan-anchor-gitanjali-aiyar-no-more/articleshow/100835212.cms |access-date=2023-12-31 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and was 76.

== Early life and education ==
Aiyar attended [[Loreto College, Kolkata|Loreto College]] in Kolkata.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Gitanjali Aiyar, Award-Winning Doordarshan Anchor, Dies |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gitanjali-aiyar-award-winning-doordarshan-anchor-dies-4103306 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> She also studied for a diploma at the [[National School of Drama]]. She featured in many advertisements and also acted in [[Khandaan (TV series)|Khandaan]], a popular tele-serial on DD in the mid-1980s. She had a daughter, journalist [[Pallavi Aiyar]]<ref name=":3" /> and a son, Shekhar Aiyar<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Gitanjali Aiyar passes away: 10 things to know about the legendary news anchor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/gitanjali-aiyar-passes-away-10-things-to-know-about-the-legendary-news-anchor-1225835.html |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> from her ex-husband [[Swaminathan Aiyar]].<ref name="Gitanjali">{{cite web|url=https://en.janbharattimes.com/india-news/gitanjali-aiyar-cause-of-death|title=Gitanjali Aiyar's Cause of Death: Award-Winning Doordarshan Anchor dies at 71|access-date=2023-06-30|date=8 June 2023|work=Janbharat Times|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629210524/https://en.janbharattimes.com/india-news/gitanjali-aiyar-cause-of-death|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
Aiyar joined All India Radio after her graduation and then Doordarshan in 1976<ref name=":2" /> and soon became a popular voice in the country. For more than a decade she was regular at the 9pm prime time DD news bulletin. She worked at DD for over 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prominent TV presenter Gitanjali Aiyar passes away |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tv-presenter-gitanjali-aiyar-passes-away-2390080-2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She was a contemporary of Neethi Ravindran, Shammi Narang<ref name=":1" /> and Rini Simon. She hosted 'A Date With You', a popular show taking request for English songs on All India Radio on Friday nights.<ref name=":0" /> After leaving DD, she worked in the corporate communication department of Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) before joining the non-profit World Wildlife Fund for Nature.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2023-06-07 |title=Gitanjali Aiyar, popular Doordarshan news anchor, passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gitanjali-aiyar-popular-tv-news-anchor-passes-away/article66943748.ece |access-date=2023-12-31 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Aiyar won the Best Anchor award four times. She also won the Indira Gandhi Priyadarshini Award for Outstanding Woman in 1989.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aiyar, Gitanjali}}
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Doordarshan journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women journalists]]

Mangana Kaiyalli Manikya

2026-03-05T18:45:16Z

Ananyareddy: adding stub...

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|Indian comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mangana Kaiyalli Manikya
| image = Mangana Kaiyalli Manikya.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Rajendra Karanth
| writer = Rajendra Karanth
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Sandesh Nagaraju
| starring = [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[Rangayana Raghu]] [[Ravishankar Gowda]] [[Harshika Poonacha]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = J. G. Krishna
| editing = S K Nagendra Urs
| music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| studio = Sandesh Combines
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|7|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mangana Kaiyalli Manikya''''' ({{Translation|Ruby in monkey's hand}}) is a 2013 Indian Kannada-language [[comedy film]] directed by Rajendra Karanth in his directorial debut and starring [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Ravishankar Gowda]] and [[Harshika Poonacha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rameshs-laughter-riot-mkm-to-hit-screens-soon/articleshow/21188503.cms|title=Ramesh's laughter riot MKM to hit screens soon?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2013|last=Boruah|first=Maitreyee}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Ramesh Aravind]] as Manohar a.k.a. Manu
*[[Rangayana Raghu]] as Prabhu
*[[Ravishankar Gowda]] as Ranganna
*[[Harshika Poonacha]] as Manohar's fiancé
*[[Sonia Gowda]] as Roopa
*[[Saurav Lokesh]]

== Production ==
Rajendra Karanth, worked on the directorial team of [[Ramesh Aravind]]'s directorial ventures such as ''[[Nammanna Don]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramesh-aravinds-kicked-about-his-next-film/articleshow/17936718.cms|title=Ramesh Aravind's kicked about his next film|date=10 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was initially titled ''Rasagulla''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.webdunia.com/article/kannada-cinema-news/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE-%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A8-%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF-112111000033_1.htm|title=ಮುಸ್ಸಂಜೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅನು ಪ್ರಭಾಕರ್ - ರಮೇಶ್ 'ತುಂತುರು'|trans-title=Not in our Ramesh's hands, ruby in monkey's hands!|work=Webdunia|date=10 December 2012|author=ರಾಜೇಶ್ ಪಾಟೀಲ್|access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref> The film was shot in Bidadi, Bangalore and Mysore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-first-look-ramesh-arvinds-mangana-kaili-manikya/20130125.htm|title=First Look: Ramesh Arvind's Mangana Kaili Manikya|last=Srinivasa|first=Srikanth|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film was initially scheduled to release in March of 2013,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mangana-kaiyalli-manikya-gets-a-u/a-certificate/articleshow/18515739.cms|title=Mangana Kaiyalli Manikya gets a U/A certificate|date=16 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but it was delayed to July of 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mangana-kaiyalli-manikya-to-release-on-july-26/articleshow/21051465.cms|title=Mangana Kaiyalli Manikya to release on July 26|date=13 July 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Lokesh|first=Vinay}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{fraction|3|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "The neat comedy subject with laughter every moment is for the entire family. The climax could have been better".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mangana-kaili-manikya/movie-review/21401647.cms|title=MANGANA KAILI MANIKYA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 July 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3086022}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]

Rishi Moolam

2026-03-03T05:23:27Z

Ananyareddy: typo fix

{{short description|1980 film by S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rishi Moolam
| image = Rishi Moolam.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| writer = [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Rishi Moolam'' (play)|Mahendran}}
| producer = S. S. Karuppasamy S. S. K. Sannasi S. S. K. Sakaralingam S. S. K. Ganesan S. S. K. Murugan
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[K. R. Vijaya]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Babu
| editing = R. Vittal
| studio = S. S. K. Films
| released = {{Film date|1980|01|26|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Rishi Moolam''''' ({{translation|The Origins of a Sage}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]] and written by [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]]. It is based on Mahendran's play of the same name. The film was released on 26 January 1980.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=344}}

== Plot ==
[[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Santhosh [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] has a past life. He hides that from his wife Gokila. Gokila loves her husband Santhosh and her son Ashok but at the same time she has a policy that she will forgive anything but not the liar.

At one point, upon learning that her husband Santhosh was a petty thief, she confronts him and leaves him and their son. She moves into her father's home, who is a Justice and applies for divorce in court but the judgement is given in favor of Santhosh.

Though Santhosh wins the case but he still feels guilty and resigns from his SP job. Also he talk to Gokila and tell her that he will give her the divorce and leaves her with his son.

He finds a new job as a tea estate supervisor. He meets Thangam and request her to be the caretaker for his son. When he realises that the caretaker fall in love on him, Santhosh talked to her and get her married to a labor in his tea estate.

Meanwhile Gokila realises her mistake through her childhood teacher and in search of her husband and her son.

Time flies by and his son Ashok grows and become a champion in Tennis. Ashok has another name Amarnath and become a famous Tennis player. While hearing this Gokila and her father feels very happy. Kokila's father goes to meet Amarnath. Gokila too wishes to meet them. But the situations were not allowing her to meet him.

In the end, while observing that Amarnath aka Ashok hates her mother, now Santhosh and his friends play a drama and finally the entire family reunited.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as SP Santhosh IPS
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Kokila
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] Kokila's father and Lawyer
*[[Suruli Rajan]] as Neelakandam
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] Younger brother of Lawyer
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]]
*Chakravarthy as Ashok/Amarnath
*[[Reena (actress)|Reena]] in guest appearance
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] Neelakandan's wife
*Leela
*[[K. Vijayan]]
*[[V. S. Raghavan]] in guest appearance
*[[Peeli Sivam]] a bad police officer
*Krishnan
*Manavalan
*Vairam Krishnamoorthy
*[[Saradha Preetha|Baby Preetha]] (debut) Baby Ashok
{{div col end}}

==Production==
''Rishimoolam'' was based on the stage play of the same name. Mahendran who wrote the script of the play also wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=108}} The film was originally titled ''Dhisaigal Thirumbum''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 1979 |title=சிவாஜி கணேசன் நடிக்கும் திசைகள் திரும்பும் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_129/3.jp2/full/1000,1405/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524120853/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_129/3.jp2/full/1000,1405/0/default.jpg |archive-date=24 May 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> It was Muthuraman's third collaboration with Ganesan. The song "Aimbadhilum Aasai Varum" was shot in Kallikottai, Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்.பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=28 October 2015 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 32: ரஜினி சொன்ன பதில்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/213845-32.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311160218/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/213845-32.html |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 1979 |title=Rishimoolam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/rishimoolam/tLC-utXiLW8_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215060509/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/rishimoolam/tLC-utXiLW8_ |archive-date=15 December 2021 |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishimoolam Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/rishimoolam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019054615/https://macsendisk.com/product/rishimoolam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref> The song "Neramithu" was composed at a hotel in [[Mamallapuram]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=N. |date=29 May 2019 |title=Ilaiyaraaja opens up about his spat with SPB |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraaja-on-his-spat-with-sp-balasubrahmanyam/article27288083.ece |url-status=live |access-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215060526/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraaja-on-his-spat-with-sp-balasubrahmanyam/article27288083.ece |archive-date=15 December 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Neramithu" || [[P. Susheela]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 04:34
|-
| "Vaada En" || [[S. P. Sailaja]] || 04:20
|-
| "Mazhai Varuvathu" || [[S. Janaki]] || 04:39
|-
| "Aymbathilum" || T. M. Soundararajan || 04:37
|-
| "Nenjil Ulla" || [[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]] || 04:21
|-
| "Maamanukku" || S. Janaki
|04:36
|}

==Reception==
P. S. M. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that, rather than delving deep about the weak plot, the film can be watched for the performances of Ganesan and Vijaya.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி.எஸ்.எம். |date=10 February 1980 |title=ரிஷி மூலம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-02-10/page/n51/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240411103727/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-02-10/page/n51/mode/2up |archive-date=11 April 2024 |access-date=11 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=51 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Mahendran |title=சினிமாவும் நானும் |publisher=Karpagam Publications |year=2013 |language=ta |trans-title=Cinema and I |oclc=54777094 |author-link=Mahendran (filmmaker) |orig-date=2004}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. P. Muthuraman}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Mahendran (filmmaker)]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{improve categories|date=January 2024}}

Vikasa Soudha

2026-03-02T13:38:11Z

Ananyareddy: creating initial stub w/ refs

{{notability|1=Places|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Vikasa Soudha
| image = Vikasa Souda - June 2019.jpg
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9783|77.5893|region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| owner = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| cost = ₹ 150 Crores
| architectural_style = [[Architecture of Karnataka#Neo Dravidian architecture|Neo-Dravidian Architecture]]
| grounds_area = 8 acres
}}
The '''Vikasa Soudha''' is the seat of various government and legislative offices of the [[Government of Karnataka]]. It is situated on the Dr. Ambedkar Road of [[Seshadripuram]], on the north western end of [[Cubbon Park]] and South of the Vidhana Soudha. It is popularly known as the ‘Sister of Vidhana Soudha’ due to its strong resemblance to the [[Vidhana Soudha]].<ref name = "BT">{{Cite web |title=Vikasa Soudha Bangalore Timings, Entry Ticket Cost; Vikasa Soudha Bengaluru Phone Number, Price, Fee - Bangalore Tourism |url=https://bangaloretourism.in/vikasa-soudha-bangalore |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=bangaloretourism.in}}</ref> Construction of the building started during the tenure of [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]] [[S. M. Krishna]] and it was inaugurated on February 2005, with the purpose of serving as an annexe building, housing some ministries and legislative offices..<ref>{{cite news|date=30 November 2017|title=13-yr-old Vikasa Soudha gets into 'heritage list'|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/13-yr-old-vikasa-soudha-gets-into-heritage-list/articleshow/61855518.cms|access-date=4 February 2022|work=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=15 years on, netas still see Vikasa as the lesser Soudha, insist on Vidhana office|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/15/15-yrs-on-netas-still-see-vikasa-as-the-lesser-soudha-insist-on-vidhana-office-2103607.html|access-date=4 February 2022|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
==Description==
[[File:VikasaSoudha.JPG|thumb|150px|left|Vikasa Soudha at night]]
It was constructed in [[Architecture of Karnataka#Neo Dravidian architecture|Neo-Dravidian Architecture]].<ref name="BT"/> The building has eight floors, with fifteen conference halls and 360 rooms. The main hall has a colourful map of the State of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikasa Soudha |url=https://www.electronic-city.in/travel/bengaluru/vikasa-soudha.php |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.electronic-city.in}}</ref> In 2009, a large mural was installed by the [[Second Yediyurappa ministry|Yediyurappa administration]]. It was created by artist J. Shivakumar, it depicts the history of Karnataka, its present and future. It was created using [[copper]], [[bronze]] and [[fiberglass]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mural to adorn Vikas Soudha |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/7993/mural-adorn-vikas-soudha.html |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunish |first=Lina Vincent |date=2009-09-14 |title=Karnataka’s history captured in murals |url=https://citizenmatters.in/1354-shivakumar-murals-unveiled-vikas-soudha-bengaluru/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Citizen Matters |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government buildings in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bengaluru]]

2016 Indian Super League

2026-02-07T02:42:26Z

Ananyareddy:

{{Short description|3rd season of the Indian Super League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{infobox football league season
| competition = [[Indian Super League]]
| season = [[2016–17 in Indian football|2016]]
| winners = [[Atletico de Kolkata]] (2nd title)
| continentalcup1 =
| continentalcup1 qualifiers =
| continentalcup2 =
| continentalcup2 qualifiers =
| matches = 61
| total goals = 145
| league topscorer = [[Marcelo Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]] (10 goals)
| best goalkeeper = [[Amrinder Singh]] (180 mins per goal)
| biggest home win = {{nobreak|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] 5–0 [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}} (19 November)
| biggest away win = {{nobreak|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] 1–3 [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]}} (6 October)
| highest scoring = {{nobreak|[[FC Goa|Goa]] 5–4 [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]}} (1 December)
| longest wins = [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]] (3 matches)
| longest unbeaten = [[Atlético de Kolkata]] (6 matches)
| longest winless = [[FC Pune City|Pune City]] [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] (5 matches)
| longest losses = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] (4 matches)
| highest attendance = 82,224 {{nobreak|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] 1–1 [[ATK (football club)|Atlètico de Kolkata]]}} (18 December)
| lowest attendance = 6,147 {{nobreak|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] 1–0 [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]}} (7 October)
|attendance=1,260,207| average attendance = 21,003
| prevseason = [[2015 Indian Super League|2015]]
| nextseason = [[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]
| updated =
| dates = 1 October – 18 December
}}

The '''2016 Indian Super League season''' was the third season of the [[Indian Super League]], the [[association football|football]] league, since its establishment in 2013. The season featured eight teams again, each playing 14 matches during the regular season before the finals. The regular season began on 1 October and ended on 4 December. The finals began on 10 December and concluded with the final on 18 December.<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 ISL Fixtures and Results|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/isl-2016/schedules-fixtures|website=Indian Super League|access-date=1 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109234315/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/isl-2016/schedules-fixtures|archive-date=9 November 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The defending champions coming into the season were [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]].

At the end of the season, [[Atlético de Kolkata]] were crowned champions after defeating the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] in a penalty shootout, 4–3, during the [[2016 Indian Super League final|final]]. The match had ended 1–1 after ninety minutes and extra time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Atletico de Kolkata crowned champions again in a final devoid of individual brilliance|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2016-atletico-de-kolkata-crowned-champions-again-in-a-final-devoid-of-individual-brilliance-3162864.html|access-date=19 December 2016|work=FirstPost|date=19 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221041043/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2016-atletico-de-kolkata-crowned-champions-again-in-a-final-devoid-of-individual-brilliance-3162864.html|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Teams==
{{location map+ |India
|float=right
|width=350
|alt=Locations of the ISL Teams
|caption=Locations of the ISL Teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972 |label_size=100|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Atlético de Kolkata]]}}</div>|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=13.08389 |long=80.27000 |label_size=100|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=15.49300 |long=73.81800 |label_size=100|label= {{nobreak|[[FC Goa|Goa]]}}|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 |long=72.82583 |label_size=100|label= {{nobreak|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]}}|position=top}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.47361 |long=73.79778 |label_size=100|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.11|long=91.44|label_size=100|label= {{nobreak|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]}}|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.3636|long=77.1348|label_size=100|label= {{nobreak|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]}}|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=9.97|long=76.28|label_size=100|label= {{nobreak|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}|position=right}}
}}

===Stadiums and locations===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! City/State
! Stadium
! Capacity
|-
| [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
| [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|12,750}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/atletico-de-kolkata/venue|title=Rabindra Sarobar Stadium|publisher=ISL|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007045221/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/atletico-de-kolkata/venue|archive-date=7 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|26,976}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/chennaiyin-fc/venue|title=Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|publisher=ISL|access-date=21 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229110806/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/chennaiyin-fc/venue|archive-date=29 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|34,230}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/delhi-dynamos-fc/venue|title=Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|publisher=ISL|access-date=21 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214318/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/delhi-dynamos-fc/venue|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| [[Fatorda Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|19,088}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-goa/venue|title=Fatorda Stadium|publisher=ISL|access-date=21 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529113410/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-goa/venue|archive-date=29 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|61,148}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/kerala-blasters-fc/venue|title=Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|publisher=ISL|access-date=21 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627031446/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/kerala-blasters-fc/venue|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Mumbai Football Arena]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|7,690}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Football Arena|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/mumbai-city-fc/venue|website=Indian Super League|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602220202/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/mumbai-city-fc/venue|archive-date=2 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
| [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|25,549}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/northeast-united-fc/venue|title=Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium|publisher=ISL|access-date=21 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627062409/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/northeast-united-fc/venue|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
| [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| Balewadi Stadium
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|9,110}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-pune-city/venue|title=Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|publisher=ISL|access-date=21 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613222109/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-pune-city/venue|archive-date=13 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Personnel and kits===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; font-size:95%"
|-
! Team
! Head coach
! Kit manufacturer
! Shirt sponsor
|-
|Atlético de Kolkata
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[José Francisco Molina]]
|[[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]
|[[Birla Tyres]]
|-
|Chennaiyin
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Marco Materazzi]]
|[[Puma SE|Puma]]
|TVS Tyres
|-
|Delhi Dynamos
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gianluca Zambrotta]]
|[[Dryworld]]
|GMS Leadership
|-
|Goa
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Zico (footballer)|Zico]]
|[[Umbro]]
|Deltin
|-
|Kerala Blasters
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steve Coppell]]
|—
|[[Muthoot Pappachan Group|Muthoot]]
|-
|Mumbai City
|{{flagicon|CRC}} [[Alexandre Guimarães]]
|[[Puma SE|Puma]]
|Ace Group
|-
|NorthEast United
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Nelo Vingada]]
|Performax
|[[HTC]]
|-
|Pune City
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Antonio López Habas]]
|[[Adidas]]
|DHFL
|}

===Managerial changes===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team
!Outgoing manager
!Manner of departure
!Date of vacancy
!Position in table
!Incoming manager
!Date of appointment
|-
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| {{sort|Anelka, Nicolas|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nicolas Anelka]]}}
| Contract finished
| 20 December 2015
| rowspan="7" align="center" | ''Pre-season''
| {{flagicon|CRC}} [[Alexandre Guimarães]]
| 19 April 2016<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai City|url=https://twitter.com/MumbaiCityFC/status/722310254185345025|access-date=19 April 2016|work=Mumbai City (Twitter)|date=19 April 2016|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706120138/https://twitter.com/MumbaiCityFC/status/722310254185345025|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
| {{sort|Platt, David|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Platt (footballer)|David Platt]]}}
| Contract finished
| 20 December 2015
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Antonio López Habas]]
| 25 April 2016<ref>{{cite news|title=Pune City|url=https://twitter.com/FCPuneCity/status/724493359310462977|access-date=25 April 2016|work=FC Pune City (Twitter)|date=25 April 2016|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706120126/https://twitter.com/FCPuneCity/status/724493359310462977|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
| {{sort|Habas, Antonio López|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Antonio López Habas]]}}
| Contract finished
| 20 December 2015
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[José Francisco Molina]]
| 5 May 2016<ref>{{cite news|title=Atletico de Kolkata|url=https://twitter.com/atletidekolkata/status/728076257213059082|access-date=5 May 2016|work=Atletico de Kolkata (Twitter)|date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725091359/https://twitter.com/atletidekolkata/status/728076257213059082|archive-date=25 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| {{sort|Farías, César|{{flagicon|VEN}} [[César Farías]]}}
| Contract finished
| 20 December 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=New Coach NEUFC|url=https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/730742797842546689|website=NorthEast United FC (Twitter)|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706120126/https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/730742797842546689|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sérgio Farias]]
| 13 May 2016<ref>{{cite news|title=Sergio Farias to NorthEast United|url=https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/731047930237321216|access-date=14 May 2016|work=NorthEast United FC (Twitter)|date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613051110/https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/731047930237321216|archive-date=13 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{flagicon|IRE}} [[Terry Phelan]]
|Contract finished
|20 December 2015
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steve Coppell]]
|21 June 2016<ref>{{cite web|title=Steve Coppell|url=https://twitter.com/KBFCOfficial/status/745249528836587520|website=Kerala Blasters FC (Twitter)|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706120128/https://twitter.com/KeralaBlasters/status/745249528836587520|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| {{sort|Carlos, Roberto|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Roberto Carlos]]}}
| Contract finished
| 20 December 2015<ref name="Roberto Carlos">{{cite news|last1=Masavda|first1=Mihir|title=Roberto Carlos will not return, Zico likely to follow suit|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/isl-roberto-carlos-will-not-return-zico-likely-to-follow-suit/|access-date=2 January 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=11 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113173930/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/isl-roberto-carlos-will-not-return-zico-likely-to-follow-suit/|archive-date=13 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gianluca Zambrotta]]
| 5 July 2016<ref>{{cite web|title=Zambrotta signs|url=https://twitter.com/DelhiDynamos/status/750280858733457408|website=Delhi Dynamos (Twitter)|access-date=5 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609032247/https://twitter.com/DelhiDynamos/status/750280858733457408|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| {{sort|Farias, Sergio|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sérgio Farias]]}}
| Moved to [[Suphanburi F.C.|Suphanburi]]
| 9 July 2016<ref>{{cite news|title=NorthEast United's Sergio Farias joins Suphanburi FC|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/222/transfer-zone/2016/07/09/25460312/official-northeast-uniteds-sergio-farias-joins-suphanburi-fc|access-date=9 July 2016|work=Goal.com|date=9 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712053152/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/222/transfer-zone/2016/07/09/25460312/official-northeast-uniteds-sergio-farias-joins-suphanburi-fc|archive-date=12 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Nelo Vingada]]
| 16 July 2016<ref>{{cite web|title=Nelo Vingada|url=https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/754173352265256960|website=NorthEast United FC (Twitter)|access-date=16 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611223029/https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/754173352265256960|archive-date=11 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Roster changes===
{{Main article|List of 2016 Indian Super League season roster changes}}

===Marquee players===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Team
! Marquee
|-
| {{nobreak|[[Atlético de Kolkata]]}}
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Hélder Postiga]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Helder Postiga retained|url=https://twitter.com/atletidekolkata/status/764018755378610177|website=Atletico de Kolkata (Twitter)|access-date=12 August 2016|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706120129/https://twitter.com/atkmohunbaganfc/status/764018755378610177|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{nobreak|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]}}
| {{flagicon|NOR}} [[John Arne Riise]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennaiyin FC sign John Arne Riise|url=http://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-john-arne-riise-marquee-player/|access-date=25 August 2016|work=Chennaiyin Football Club|date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818125518/http://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-john-arne-riise-marquee-player/|archive-date=18 August 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{nobreak|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]}}
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Florent Malouda]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi Dynamos FC’s Florent Malouda returns as the Marquee player|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/3919-delhi-dynamos-f-c-s-florent-malouda-returns-as-the-marquee-player|access-date=3 September 2016|work=Indian Super League|date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902223835/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/3919-delhi-dynamos-f-c-s-florent-malouda-returns-as-the-marquee-player|archive-date=2 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{nobreak|[[FC Goa|Goa]]}}
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Lúcio]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Lucio returns to FC Goa|url=https://twitter.com/FCGoaOfficial/status/771653472437448704|website=FC Goa (Twitter)|access-date=3 September 2016|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706120129/https://twitter.com/FCGoaOfficial/status/771653472437448704|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{nobreak|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}
| {{flagicon|NIR}} [[Aaron Hughes]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Aaron Hughes joins Kerala Blasters as marquee player|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10515475/aaron-hughes-joins-kerala-blasters-as-marquee-player|first=Andy|last=Charles|publisher=[[Sky Sports]]|date=28 July 2016|access-date=3 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801092306/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10515475/aaron-hughes-joins-kerala-blasters-as-marquee-player|archive-date=1 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{nobreak|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]}}
| {{flagicon|URU}} [[Diego Forlán]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Diego Forlan signs for Mumbai City|url=https://twitter.com/MumbaiCityFC/status/764467550113632256|website=Mumbai City FC (Twitter)|access-date=14 August 2016|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706120130/https://abs.twimg.com/responsive-web/client-web/ondemand.Dropdown.cdde1bb5.js|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{nobreak|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]}}
| {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Didier Zokora]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Didier Zokora marquee NorthEast United|url=https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/769884364914225152|website=NorthEast United FC (Twitter)|access-date=28 August 2016|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706120129/https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/769884364914225152|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{nobreak|[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]}}
| {{flagicon|MLI}} [[Mohamed Sissoko]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Momo Sissoko signs as marquee|url=https://twitter.com/FCPuneCity/status/782209157126623232|website=FC Pune City (Twitter)|access-date=1 October 2016|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706120131/https://twitter.com/FCPuneCity/status/782209157126623232|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Foreign players==
Besides the marquee player, each Indian Super League side must sign at least eight foreign players with the maximum capped at 10.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=ISL sets Rs. 20 crore salary cap for 2015|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/isl-sets-rs-20-crore-salary-cap-for-2015/article6975168.ece|access-date=7 August 2015|work=The Hindu|date=9 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227170116/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/isl-sets-rs-20-crore-salary-cap-for-2015/article6975168.ece|archive-date=27 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:170px;"| Atlético de Kolkata (10)
! style="width:170px;"| Chennaiyin (10)
! style="width:170px;"| Delhi Dynamos (10)
! style="width:170px;"| Goa (9)
|-
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]] {{flagicon|BOT}} [[Ofentse Nato]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Sameehg Doutie]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]] {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Pearson]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Mallo]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javi Lara]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Borja Fernández (footballer, born 1981)|Borja Fernández]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Juan Belencoso]] {{flagicon|POR}} [[Henrique Sereno]]
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bernard Mendy]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Raphael Augusto]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Éder Monteiro Fernandes|Éder]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Manuele Blasi]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Hans Mulder]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Davide Succi]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Maurizio Peluso]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Eli Sabiá]] {{flagicon|JAM}} [[Duwayne Kerr]] {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Toni Doblas]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Pelissari]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcos Tébar]] {{flagicon|GHA}} [[David Addy]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rubén González Rocha|Rubén]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Memo (footballer)|Memo]] {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Richard Gadze]] {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Ibrahima Niasse]] {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Badara Badji]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jofre Mateu]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Reinaldo da Cruz Oliveira|Reinaldo]] {{flagicon|MTQ|snake}} [[Grégory Arnolin]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luciano Sabrosa]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Coelho]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Dumas]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Matheus Goncalves]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Richarlyson]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Júlio César da Silva e Souza|Júlio César]]
|-
! style="width:170px;"| Kerala Blasters (10)
! style="width:170px;"| Mumbai City (10)
! style="width:170px;"| NorthEast United (10)
! style="width:170px;"| Pune City (10)
|-
| {{flagicon|GRD}} [[Antonio German]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Josué Currais Prieto|Josu]] {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Graham Stack (footballer)|Graham Stack]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Michael Chopra]] {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Elhadji Ndoye]] {{flagicon|HAI}} [[Kervens Belfort]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Cédric Hengbart]] {{flagicon|CHA}} [[Azrack Mahamat]] {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Didier Kadio]] {{flagicon|HAI}} [[Duckens Nazon]]
| {{flagicon|HAI}} [[Sony Norde]] {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Matías Defederico]] {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Krisztián Vadócz]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gerson Vieira]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Léo Costa (footballer, born 1986)|Léo Costa]] {{flagicon|ROM}} [[Lucian Goian]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Roberto Volpato]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Otacilio Brito Alves|Cafu]] {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Facundo Cardozo]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Thiago Cunha]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Katsumi Yusa]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Maílson Alves]] {{flagicon|URU}} [[Sasha Aneff]] {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nicolás Vélez]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gustavo Lazzaretti]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Wellington Priori]] {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Romaric (footballer)|Romaric]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Wellington de Lima Gomes]] {{flagicon|URU}} [[Emiliano Alfaro]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Robert Cullen (footballer)|Robert Cullen]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pitu (footballer)|Pitu]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Jonatan Lucca]] {{flagicon|EQG}} [[Eduardo Ferreira]] {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Momar Ndoye]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Bruno Herrero Arias|Bruno]] {{flagicon|ARM}} [[Apoula Edel]] {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Aníbal Zurdo]] {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Gustavo Oberman]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jesús Tato]] {{flagicon|MLI}} [[Dramane Traoré]]
|}

==Regular season==
===League table===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[http://www.indiansuperleague.com/standings Indian Super League]
|teamwidth = 200


|team1=MUM|team2=KB |team3=DD |team4=ATK |team5=NEU |team6=PUN|team7=CFC |team8=FCG
|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=KO |result4=KO



|win_ATK =4 |draw_ATK =8 |loss_ATK =2 |gf_ATK =16 |ga_ATK =14 
|win_CFC =3 |draw_CFC =6 |loss_CFC =5 |gf_CFC =20 |ga_CFC =25
|win_DD =5 |draw_DD =6 |loss_DD =3 |gf_DD =27 |ga_DD =17 
|win_FCG =4 |draw_FCG =2 |loss_FCG =8 |gf_FCG =15 |ga_FCG =25 
|win_KB =6 |draw_KB =4 |loss_KB =4 |gf_KB =12 |ga_KB =14 
|win_MUM=6 |draw_MUM=5 |loss_MUM=3 |gf_MUM=16 |ga_MUM=8 
|win_NEU =5 |draw_NEU =3 |loss_NEU =6 |gf_NEU =14 |ga_NEU =14 
|win_PUN=4 |draw_PUN=4 |loss_PUN=6 |gf_PUN=13 |ga_PUN=16 
|status_ATK = C


|name_ATK=[[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|name_CFC=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|name_DD=[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|name_FCG=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|name_KB=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|name_MUM=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_PUN=[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) play-off match


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[2016 Indian Super League playoffs#Semi-finals|ISL Play-offs]]
}}</onlyinclude>

===Results table===
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|matches_style=FBR|solid_cell=grey
|team1=ATK|team2=CHE|team3=DEL|team4=GOA|team5=KER
|team6=MUM|team7=NEU|team8=PUN

|name_ATK=[[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|match_ATK_CHE=2–2
|match_ATK_DEL=1–0
|match_ATK_GOA=1–1
|match_ATK_KER=1–1
|match_ATK_MUM=0–1
|match_ATK_NEU=1–1
|match_ATK_PUN=0–0

|name_CHE=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|match_CHE_ATK=1–1
|match_CHE_DEL=1–3
|match_CHE_GOA=2–0
|match_CHE_KER=0–0
|match_CHE_MUM=1–1
|match_CHE_NEU=3–3
|match_CHE_PUN=2–0

|name_DEL=[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|match_DEL_ATK=2–2
|match_DEL_CHE=4–1
|match_DEL_GOA=5–1
|match_DEL_KER=2–0
|match_DEL_MUM=3–3
|match_DEL_NEU=1–1
|match_DEL_PUN=1–1

|name_GOA=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|match_GOA_ATK=1–2
|match_GOA_CHE=5–4
|match_GOA_DEL=0–2
|match_GOA_KER=1–2
|match_GOA_MUM=0–0
|match_GOA_NEU=2–1
|match_GOA_PUN=1–2

|name_KER=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|match_KER_ATK=0–1
|match_KER_CHE=3–1
|match_KER_DEL=0–0
|match_KER_GOA=2–1
|match_KER_MUM=1–0
|match_KER_NEU=1–0
|match_KER_PUN=2–1

|name_MUM=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|match_MUM_ATK=1–1
|match_MUM_CHE=2–0
|match_MUM_DEL=0–0
|match_MUM_GOA=0–1
|match_MUM_KER=5–0
|match_MUM_NEU=1–0
|match_MUM_PUN=0–1

|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|match_NEU_ATK=1–2
|match_NEU_CHE=0–1
|match_NEU_DEL=2–1
|match_NEU_GOA=2–0
|match_NEU_KER=1–0
|match_NEU_MUM=0–1
|match_NEU_PUN=1–0

|name_PUN=[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|match_PUN_ATK=2–1
|match_PUN_CHE=1–1
|match_PUN_DEL=4–3
|match_PUN_GOA=0–1
|match_PUN_KER=1–1
|match_PUN_MUM=0–1
|match_PUN_NEU=0–1

|source=[http://www.indiansuperleague.com/isl-2016/schedules-fixtures Indian Super League]
|update=4 December 2016
}}

==Playoffs==
{{main|2016 Indian Super League playoffs}}
{{trim|{{4TeamBracket|legs=2/1|aggregate=score|nowrap=y
| RD1=Semi-Finals
| RD2=Final

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| RD1-score1-1= 2
| RD1-score1-2= 0
| RD1-score1-agg= 2
| RD1-seed2 = 4
| RD1-team2 = '''[[Atlético de Kolkata]]'''
| RD1-score2-1= 3
| RD1-score2-2= 0
| RD1-score2-agg= '''3'''

| RD1-seed3 = 2
| RD1-team3 = '''[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]'''
| RD1-score3-1= 1
| RD1-score3-2= 1
| RD1-score3-agg= '''2 (3)'''
| RD1-seed4 = 3
| RD1-team4 = [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| RD1-score4-1= 0
| RD1-score4-2= 2
| RD1-score4-agg= 2 (0)

| RD2-seed1 = 4
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Atlético de Kolkata]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''1 (4)'''
| RD2-seed2 = 2
| RD2-team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| RD2-score2 = 1 (3)
}}}}

==Season statistics==
{{See also|Indian Super League records and statistics}}

===Scoring===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
====Top scorers====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1"|1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|rowspan="1"|10
|-
|rowspan="1"|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]]
|align="left"|Atlético de Kolkata
|rowspan="1"|7
|-
|rowspan="7"|3
|align="left"|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Emiliano Alfaro]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|rowspan="7"|5
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[C.K. Vineeth]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Diego Forlán]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Aníbal Zurdo]]
|align="left"|Pune City
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Richard Gadze]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Coelho]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|-
|rowspan="1"|10
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kean Lewis]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|rowspan="1"|4
|}
{{col-2}}
====Top Indian scorers====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1"|1
|align="left"|[[C.K. Vineeth]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|rowspan="1"|5
|-
|rowspan="1"|2
|align="left"|[[Kean Lewis]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|rowspan="1"|4
|-
|rowspan="1"|3
|align="left"|[[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|rowspan="1"|3
|-
|rowspan="4"|4
|align="left"|[[Milan Singh]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|rowspan="4"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|-
|align="left"|[[Seityasen Singh]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|-
|align="left"|[[Sahil Tavora]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|rowspan="13"|8
|align="left"|[[Jayesh Rane]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|rowspan="13"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Arata Izumi]]
|align="left"|Pune City
|-
|align="left"|[[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|-
|align="left"|[[Jackichand Singh]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|-
|align="left"|[[Eugeneson Lyngdoh]]
|align="left"|Pune City
|-
|align="left"|[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|align="left"|[[Romeo Fernandes]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|align="left"|[[Malsawmzuala]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|-
|align="left"|[[Mandar Rao Desai]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|align="left"|[[Shouvik Ghosh]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|-
|align="left"|[[Fulganco Cardozo]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|align="left"|[[Jerry Lalrinzuala]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|-
|align="left"|[[Lalrindika Ralte]]
|align="left"|Atlético de Kolkata
|}
{{col-end}}

====Hat-tricks====
{{see also|List of Indian Super League hat-tricks}}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Player !! For !! Against !! style="text-align:center"| Result !! Date !! Ref
|-
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Diego Forlán]] || [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] || [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] || style="text-align:center;"| 5–0 || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|11|19}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/11811-mumbai-city-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-fc|title=Mumbai City 5-0 Kerala Blasters|date=19 November 2016|work=Indian Super League|access-date=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120010907/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/11811-mumbai-city-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-fc|archive-date=20 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]] || [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] || [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] || style="text-align:center;"| 3–3 || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|11|26}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5175-ghosh-scores-late-to-dampen-chennai-s-semis-hopes|title=Chennaiyin FC 3-3 NorthEast United|date=26 November 2016|work=Indian Super League|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127025041/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5175-ghosh-scores-late-to-dampen-chennai-s-semis-hopes|archive-date=27 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]] || [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]] || [[FC Goa|Goa]] || style="text-align:center;"| 5–1 || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|11|27}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5186-marcelinho-stars-in-delhi-s-5-1-rout-of-goa|title=Delhi Dynamos FC 5-1 Goa|date=27 November 2016|work=Indian Super League|access-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128195917/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5186-marcelinho-stars-in-delhi-s-5-1-rout-of-goa|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Assists===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Assists
!Ref
|-
| 1
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Sameehg Doutie]]
| [[ATK (football club)|Atlético de Kolkata]]
| align=center| 12
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Hero ISL 2016: Season Awards|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/photos/hero-isl--season-awards|access-date=25 March 2021|website= Indian Super League|date=18 December 2016}}</ref>
|}

===Clean sheets===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean sheets
|-
|rowspan="1"|1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrinder Singh]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|rowspan="1"|5
|-
|rowspan="3"|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Karanjit Singh]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|rowspan="3"|4
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subrata Pal]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandip Nandy]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|-
|rowspan="2"|5
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Toni Doblas]]
|align="left"|Delhi Dynamos
|rowspan="2"|3
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Debjit Majumder]]
|align="left"|Atlético de Kolkata
|-
|rowspan="3"|7
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Roberto Volpato]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|rowspan="3"|2
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Albino Gomes]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Laxmikant Kattimani]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|rowspan="5"|10
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury]]
|align="left"|Goa
|rowspan="5"|1
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Apoula Edel]]
|align="left"|Pune City
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Mallo]]
|align="left"|Atlético de Kolkata
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
|align="left"|Pune City
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Graham Stack (footballer)|Graham Stack]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|}

==Attendance==
{{See also|Indian Super League attendance}}

===Average home attendances===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width=160|Team
!{{Tooltip|GP|Home games played}}
!width=45|{{Tooltip|Cumulative|Cumulative total of all home games attendance}}
!width=45|{{Tooltip|High|Highest season attendance}}
!width=45|{{Tooltip|Low|Lowest season attendance}}
!width=45|{{Tooltip|Mean|Statistical mean season attendance}}
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]||align=center |9||align=center|444,087||align=center bgcolor="#98FB98" |82,224||align=center bgcolor="#98FB98" |54,574||align=center bgcolor="#98FB98" |60,256
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]||align=center |7||align=center|187,104||align=center|32,844||align=center|18,673||align=center|26,729
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]||align=center |7||align=center|154,976||align=center|25,163||align=center|18,213||align=center|22,139
|-
|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]||align=center |7||align=center|135,499||align=center|27,463||align=center|15,111||align=center|19,357
|-
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]||align=center |7||align=center|123,627||align=center|19,003||align=center|14,717||align=center|17,661
|-
|[[Atlético de Kolkata]]||align=center |8||align=center|93,627||align=center|12,575||align=center|10,589||align=center|11,703
|-
|[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]||align=center |7||align=center|60,117||align=center|9,035||align=center|7,911||align=center|8,588
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]||align=center |8||align=center|59,171||align=center|7,690||align=center|6,147||align=center|7,396
|-
!Total||align=center |60||align=center|1,260,207||align=center|54,913||align=center|6,147||align=center|21,003
|}

=== Highest attendances ===
'''Regular season'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank
! Home team
! Score
! Away team
! Attendance
! Date
! Stadium
|-
| align="center" |1 ||[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]||align="center"|1-1||[[Atlético de Kolkata]]||align="center"|82,224||{{start date|df=yes|2016|12|18}}||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|-
| align="center" |2 ||[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]||align="center"|0–1||[[Atlético de Kolkata]]||align="center"|54,900||{{start date|df=yes|2016|10|5}}||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|-
| align="center" |3 ||[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]||align="center"|1–0||[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]||align="center"|53,767||{{start date|df=yes|2016|12|4}}||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|-
| align="center" |4 ||[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]||align="center"|3–1||[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]||align="center"|53,152||{{start date|df=yes|2016|11|12}}||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|-
| align="center" |5 ||[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]||align="center"|2–1||[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]||align="center"|51,341||{{start date|df=yes|2016|11|25}}||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|-
| align="center" |6 ||[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]||align="center"|1–0||[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]||align="center"|40,013||{{start date|df=yes|2016|10|14}}||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|-
| align="center" |7 ||[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]||align="center"|2–1||[[FC Goa|Goa]]||align="center"|34,196||{{start date|df=yes|2016|11|8}}||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|-
| align="center" |8 ||[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]||align="center"|0–1||[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]||align="center"|32,844||{{start date|df=yes|2016|10|20}}||[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|-
| align="center" |9 ||[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]||align="center"|1–2||[[Atlético de Kolkata]]||align="center"|30,033||{{start date|df=yes|2016|10|28}}||[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|-
| align="center" |10 ||[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]||align="center"|0–1||[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]||align="center"|29,989||{{start date|df=yes|2016|11|5}}||[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|}

==Awards==
*Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161014221359/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/isl-2016/awards Indian Super League website]


===Hero of the Match===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Hero of the Match
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Hero of the Match
|-
! Player
! Club
! Player
! Club
|-
| Match 1
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Katsumi Yusa]]
|NorthEast United
| Match 31
|{{flagicon|ROM}} [[Lucian Goian]]
|Mumbai City
|-
| Match 2
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]]
|Chennaiyin
| Match 32
|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Aníbal Zurdo]]
|Pune City
|-
| Match 3
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Matías Defederico]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 33
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Hossain]]
|Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 4
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Emiliano Alfaro]]
|NorthEast United
| Match 34
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Florent Malouda]]
|Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 5
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javi Lara]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
| Match 35
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Eugeneson Lyngdoh]]
|Pune City
|-
| Match 6
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]]
|Delhi Dynamos
| Match 36
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Laxmikant Kattimani]]
|Goa
|-
| Match 7
|{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Krisztián Vadócz]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 37
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[C.K. Vineeth]]
|Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 8
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Jonatan Lucca]]
|Pune City
| Match 38
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Milan Singh]]
|Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 9
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]]
|Kerala Blasters
| Match 39
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Raphael Augusto]]
|Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 10
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javi Lara]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
| Match 40
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Coelho]]
|Goa
|-
| Match 11
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Emiliano Alfaro]]
|NorthEast United
| Match 41
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nicolás Vélez]]
|NorthEast United
|-
| Match 12
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Hans Mulder]]
|Chennaiyin
| Match 42
|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Aníbal Zurdo]]
|Pune City
|-
| Match 13
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Michael Chopra]]
|Kerala Blasters
| Match 43
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Diego Forlán]]
|Mumbai City
|-
| Match 14
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Emiliano Alfaro]]
|NorthEast United
| Match 44
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Davide Succi]]
|Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 15
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Sameehg Doutie]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
| Match 45
|{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Romaric (footballer)|Romaric]]
|NorthEast United
|-
| Match 16
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Cédric Hengbart]]
|Kerala Blasters
| Match 46
|{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Krisztián Vadócz]]
|Mumbai City
|-
| Match 17
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Richard Gadze]]
|Delhi Dynamos
| Match 47
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mandar Rao Desai]]
|Goa
|-
| Match 18
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bernard Mendy]]
|Chennaiyin
| Match 48
|{{flagicon|NIR}} [[Aaron Hughes]]
|Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 19
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Richarlyson]]
|Goa
| Match 49
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]]
|Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 20
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
| Match 50
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]]
|Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 21
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
|Chennaiyin
| Match 51
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Stephen Pearson]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
|-
| Match 22
|{{flagicon|HAI}} [[Kervens Belfort]]
|Kerala Blasters
| Match 52
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Seityasen Singh]]
|NorthEast United
|-
| Match 23
|{{flagicon|ROM}} [[Lucian Goian]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 53
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Coelho]]
|Goa
|-
| Match 24
|{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Apoula Edel]]
|Pune City
| Match 54
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prabir Das]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
|-
| Match 25
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Hélder Postiga]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
| Match 55
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Gerson Vieira]]
|Mumbai City
|-
| Match 26
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Cédric Hengbart]]
|Kerala Blasters
| Match 56
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[C.K. Vineeth]]
|Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 27
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anas Edathodika]]
|Delhi Dynamos
| Match 57
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
|-
| Match 28
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
|Chennaiyin
| Match 58
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Cédric Hengbart]]
|Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 29
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Richarlyson]]
|Goa
| Match 59
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javi Lara]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
|-
| Match 30
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anas Edathodika]]
|Delhi Dynamos
| Match 60
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rubén González Rocha|Rubén Rocha]]
|Delhi Dynamos
|-
|colspan=3|
| Match 61
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Henrique Sereno]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
|}

{{clear}}

===ISL Emerging Player of the Match===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Emerging Player of the Match
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Emerging Player of the Match
|-
! Player
! Club
! Player
! Club
|-
| Match 1
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Holicharan Narzary]]
|NorthEast United
| Match 31
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jackichand Singh]]
|Mumbai City
|-
| Match 2
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jayesh Rane]]
|Chennaiyin
| Match 32
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]]
|Pune City
|-
| Match 3
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalhmangaihsanga]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 33
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pratik Chowdhary]]
|Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 4
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Robin Gurung]]
|NorthEast United
| Match 34
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kean Lewis]]
|Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 5
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pratik Chowdhary]]
|Kerala Blasters
| Match 35
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Bheke]]
|Pune City
|-
| Match 6
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kean Lewis]]
|Delhi Dynamos
| Match 36
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Seityasen Singh]]
|NorthEast United
|-
| Match 7
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sehnaj Singh]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 37
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jayesh Rane]]
|Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 8
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arata Izumi]]
|Pune City
| Match 38
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalchhawnkima]]
|Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 9
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]
|Kerala Blasters
| Match 39
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jerry Lalrinzuala]]
|Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 10
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Boithang Haokip]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 40
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Romeo Fernandes]]
|Goa
|-
| Match 11
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Francis Fernandes]]
|[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
| Match 41
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Seityasen Singh]]
|NorthEast United
|-
| Match 12
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jerry Lalrinzuala]]
|Chennaiyin
| Match 42
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kean Lewis]]
|Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 13
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aiborlang Khongjee]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 43
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sehnaj Singh]]
|Mumbai City
|-
| Match 14
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kean Lewis]]
|Delhi Dynamos
| Match 44
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Zakeer Mundampara]]
|Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 15
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhinas Ruidas]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
| Match 45
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lenny Rodrigues]]
|Pune City
|-
| Match 16
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dharmaraj Ravanan]]
|Pune City
| Match 46
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sena Ralte]]
|Mumbai City
|-
| Match 17
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]]
|Delhi Dynamos
| Match 47
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhinas Ruidas]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
|-
| Match 18
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Siam Hanghal]]
|Chennaiyin
| Match 48
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]]
|Kerala Blasters
|-
| Match 19
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Raju Gaikwad]]
|Goa
| Match 49
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Siam Hanghal]]
|Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 20
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prabir Das]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
| Match 50
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahil Tavora]]
|Goa
|-
| Match 21
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]]
|Pune City
| Match 51
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhinas Ruidas]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
|-
| Match 22
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Keenan Almeida]]
|Goa
| Match 52
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Robin Gurung]]
|NorthEast United
|-
| Match 23
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalhmangaihsanga|Sena Ralte]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 53
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jerry Lalrinzuala]]
|Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 24
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Milan Singh]]
|Delhi Dynamos
| Match 54
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bidyananda Singh]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
|-
| Match 25
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
| Match 55
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Udanta Singh]]
|Mumbai City
|-
| Match 26
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jerry Lalrinzuala]]
|Chennaiyin
| Match 56
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Seityasen Singh]]
|NorthEast United
|-
| Match 27
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]]
|Delhi Dynamos
| Match 57
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
|-
| Match 28
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalhmangaihsanga]]
|Mumbai City
| Match 58
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Souvik Chakraborty]]
|Delhi Dynamos
|-
| Match 29
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Bheke]]
|Pune City
| Match 59
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pritam Kotal]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
|-
| Match 30
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Souvik Chakraborty]]
|Delhi Dynamos
| Match 60
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalchhawnkima]]
|Delhi Dynamos
|-
|colspan=3|
| Match 61
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]]
|Atlético de Kolkata
|}

===ISL ''Player of the Week'' award===

''Awarded weekly to the player that was chosen by fan voting on google.co.in''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:130px;"| Week
! style="width:200px;"| Player
! style="width:150px;"| Club
! style="width:130px;"| Votes
|-
| 1
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subrata Pal]]
|align=left|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| 28.16%<ref name="ISL Week 1 player award">{{cite news |url=https://scontent-atl3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/14563302_664992390343354_1845792266410437008_n.jpg?oh=14cf8b0663071fde7648867aec0bf872&oe=58A65A07 |title=Subrata Pal is ISL Week 1 Player of the Week |publisher=Indian Super League |date=29 October 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 2
|align=left|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Michael Chopra]]
|align=left|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| 45.09%<ref name="ISL Week 2 player award">{{cite news |url=https://scontent-atl3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/14713554_668479843327942_3746431507660308906_n.jpg?oh=96fd2c46fd2e925c2ddac58d31cfa877&oe=58920088 |title=Michael Chopra is ISL Week 2 Player of the Week |publisher=Indian Super League |date=29 October 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 3
|align=left|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Cédric Hengbart]]
|align=left|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| 82.04%<ref name="ISL Week 3 player award">{{cite news |url=https://scontent-ord1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/14666288_672827952893131_1380717788481982484_n.jpg?oh=f81a699e9d1c468a4eb6ba89e01f5ca4&oe=5887F33B |title=Cédric Hengbart is ISL Week 3 Player of the Week |publisher=Indian Super League |date=29 October 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 4
|align=left|{{flagicon|HAI}} [[Kervens Belfort]]
|align=left|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| 86.95%<ref name="ISL Week 4 player award">{{cite news |url=https://scontent-ord1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/14938289_677694382406488_70684080342415566_n.jpg?oh=e5baefc5a6f2a1592cbd59a0d94d1447&oe=58902A3B |title=Kervens Belfort is ISL Week 4 Player of the Week |publisher=Indian Super League |date=1 November 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 5
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anas Edathodika]]
|align=left|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| 59.63%<ref name="ISL Week 5 player award">{{cite news |url=https://scontent-atl3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/14947770_681788725330387_7609357850231793904_n.jpg?oh=51855ad5cc9ee8691badd70b90c15a4f&oe=58874EE5 |title=Anas Edathodika is ISL Week 5 Player of the Week |publisher=Indian Super League |date=10 November 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 6
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Hossain]]
|align=left|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| 82.87%<ref name="ISL Week 6 player award">{{cite news |url=https://scontent-atl3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/15078992_685772091598717_2828847238079982029_n.jpg?oh=76f46968fb31339b80f3a1391d0c77cd&oe=58CE9CC5 |title=Mehtab Hossain is ISL Week 6 Player of the Week |publisher=Indian Super League |date=18 November 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 7
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[C.K. Vineeth]]
|align=left|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| 81.40%<ref name="ISL Week 7 player award">{{cite news |url=https://scontent.fewr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/15181222_690243514484908_7235981712895454917_n.jpg?oh=b2fe5b683503113ca1d75dc40889081a&oe=58C9528B |title=C.K. Vineeth is ISL Week 7 Player of the Week |publisher=Indian Super League |date=23 November 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 8
|align=left|{{flagicon|NIR}} [[Aaron Hughes]]
|align=left|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| 89.20%<ref name="ISL Week 8 player award">{{cite news |url=https://scontent-atl3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/15181282_694520157390577_5153792881764999605_n.jpg?oh=a5c336d0f69819003a1dc54ca47a76c5&oe=58AFC448 |title=Aaron Hughes is ISL Week 8 Player of the Week |publisher=Indian Super League |date=28 November 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 9
|align=left|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]]
|align=left|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| 40.86%<ref name="ISL Week 9 player award">{{cite news |url=https://scontent.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/15420960_701213903387869_3587991913584409381_n.jpg?oh=2a0d4c9e7c72b0bdcce589a6098fbd42&oe=58F60FAD |title=Marcelinho is ISL Week 9 Player of the Week |publisher=Indian Super League |date=14 December 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|}

===ISL Team of the Season===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:20px;"| Position
! style="width:200px;"| Player
! style="width:150px;"| Club<ref>{{cite web|title=Hero ISL 2016 Team of the Season|url=https://scontent.flhr4-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/15492091_1281850265191887_4701456732993642832_n.jpg?oh=e29abf51ec3e6e16575efe13e1a1c0ee&oe=58ED8F00|website=Indian Super League (Facebook)}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| GK
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subrata Pal]]
|align=left|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|-
| RB
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Souvik Chakraborty]]
|align=left|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|-
| CB
|align=left|{{flagicon|ROM}} [[Lucian Goian]]
|align=left|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|-
| CB
|align=left|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Cédric Hengbart]]
|align=left|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|-
| LB
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sena Ralte]]
|align=left|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|-
| LM
|align=left|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Florent Malouda]]
|align=left|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|-
| CM
|align=left|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javi Lara]]
|align=left|[[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|-
| RM
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[C.K. Vineeth]]
|align=left|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|-
| LW
|align=left|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]]
|align=left|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|-
| RW
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kean Lewis]]
|align=left|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|-
| ST
|align=left|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]]
|align=left|[[Atlético de Kolkata]]
|}

===End-of-season awards===
{| class="wikitable"
!Award
!Player
!Club
|-
|-
|Hero of the League
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Florent Malouda]]
|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|-
|Emerging Player of the League
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jerry Lalrinzuala]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|-
|Golden Glove
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrinder Singh]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|-
|Winning Pass Award
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Sameehg Doutie]]
|[[Atletico de Kolkata]]
|-
|Swift Golden Boot
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]]
|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|-
|Fittest Player of the League
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Borja Fernández (footballer, born 1981)|Borja Fernández]]
|[[Atletico de Kolkata]]
|-
|Fair Play Award
|colspan="2"|{{center|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]}}
|-
|Best Pitch of the Season
|colspan="2"|{{center|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.indiansuperleague.com/}}

{{Indian Super League}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2016 in Asian football (AFC)}}

{{2016–17 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2016 Indian Super League season}}
[[Category:2016 Indian Super League season| ]]
[[Category:Indian Super League seasons]]
[[Category:2016–17 in Indian football leagues|1]]
[[Category:2016 in Asian men's top-tier association football leagues|India]]

Abasaheb Garware

2026-01-27T08:05:11Z

Ananyareddy:

{{Short description|Industrialist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Citation style|date=January 2010}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name= Abasaheb Garware
|image=Abasaheb Garware 2004 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size = 200px
|caption =Garware on a 2004 stamp of India
|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1903|12|21}}
|birth_place= Tasgaon, [[British India]]
|birth_name = Bhalchandra Digambar Garware
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1990|11|2|1903|12|21}}
|death_place=[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| nationality= British Indian {{small|(1903 - 1947)}} Indian {{small|(1947 - 1990)}}
|occupation = Entrepreneur, businessman
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1971)
| office1 = [[Sheriff of Bombay]]
| term1 = 1959 - 1960
| predecessor1 = J.C. Jain
| successor1 = Y. A. Fazalbhoy
|children = 5 <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92F7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85|title=INDIA'S NEW CAPITALISTS: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation|author=Harish Damodaran|date=25 November 2018|publisher=Hachette UK|access-date=25 November 2018|page=85|isbn=9789351952800}}</ref>
}}

'''Bhalchandra Digamber Garware''' (21 December 1903 - 2 November 1990) also known as '''Abasaheb Garware''' was an [[India]]n pioneering [[industrialist]] from the state of [[Maharashtra]]. He was the Founding Chairman of the Garware Group of Industries.{{Sfn|McDaniel|1990|p=38}} He was also appointed as the [[Sheriff of Bombay]] from 1959 to 1960. For his overall contribution in Business and Industries he was awarded [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian award in India, in 1971.

== Early life ==
Abasaheb Garware was born in [[Tasgaon]] in [[Satara district]] of [[Bombay Presidency]] on 21 December 1903. He faced [[poverty]] since his father wasted away all the family wealth and incurred large amount of [[debt]]s. Due to the financial position at home he was forced to leave [[education]] after passing the then 6th Standard High School exam.

== Struggle and rise in second-hand car market ==
After initial struggle in [[Mumbai]] he started an [[automobile]] business for his livelihood which made some decent earnings for him. During this time since he was in automobile business he got an idea of the potential for a [[second-hand]] car market. He then started working as an agent for selling second-hand cars. Eventually with his [[entrepreneurship]] and hard work he established his "Deccan Motor Agency" in [[Girgaon]], in south Mumbai (then Bombay) and earned repute as a reliable dealer in cars. He also got into the business of selling spares, accessories, [[Tyre (wheel)|tyres]], etc.

In 1933, Abasaheb decided to go to [[England]] since second-hand cars were cheap in England then. In [[London]] he not only dealt with second hand cars but he also purchased firms from businessmen taking advantage of recession. This move brought him good profits. His move of buying cars in England helped him to get a good grip on the second-hand car business.

== Entry into plastic industry ==
He showed his business acumen once again when he entered the [[Plastic]] Industry. He identified Plastic Industry as an upcoming industry and hence he entered it. He started manufacturing Plastic buttons for the Navy during the [[World War II|2nd World War]].

Eventually he got into a number of ventures related to Plastic industry like [[Nylon]] Yarn, Nylon Bristles, [[fishing net]]s, [[Polyester]] Films, Synthetic [[Rope]]s, Plastic [[injection molding]] and [[blow molding]], etc. He had a good success due to his keenness of quality.

== Contributions to social cause ==
Abasaheb was an entrepreneur who put into practice [[Gandhi]]ji’s precepts of trusteeship for the good of workers. He attributed his success to his team. He decided to pay back his earnings to Society to distribute his profit towards social causes like [[health]], education etc. He also made numerous donations for [[school]]s and [[college]]s, [[Laboratory|laboratories]], [[Library|libraries]], gymnasia, etc. Annual Scholarships and awards were also instituted by him to promote academic excellence among students.

He founded about seventy five Trusts for pursuing various charitable objectives.

His contributions in the field of education has also been invaluable. Due to his efforts a number of Educational Institutions were set up such as the [[University of Bombay]]’s Garware Institute of Career Education and Development and Smt. Mathubai Garware College for women at [[Sangli]]. His charitable donations to the Maharashtra Education Society, Pune led to that organization renaming its colleges and a school as the [[Abasaheb Garware College]], the Abasaheb Garware college of Commerce and Smt. Vimlabai Garware High school respectively.

== Awards and honours ==
He was appointed as [[Sheriff of Mumbai]] in 1959. He was also chosen to lead institutions like the [[State Bank of India]], Maharashtra State Financial Corporation and many delegations to foreign countries.{{Sfn|McDaniel|1990|p=39}} The Government of India bestowed on him the [[Padma Bhushan]] award in 1971.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> He was also awarded the Udyog Ratna by the Institute of Economic Studies in 1989. He received an honorary D.Litt. Degree from the [[University of Pune]] in 1989. The [[Indian Postal Service|Department of Posts]] of India honored Abasaheb Garware with a commemorative [[postage stamp]] in 2004.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|title=The Absorption of Hydrocarbon Gases by Non-aqueous Liquids|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq1mAAAAMAAJ|first=Alonzo Simpson|last=McDaniel|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison|year=1990}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garware, Abasaheb}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Sangli district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Mumbai]]

Sree Vasudevapuram Mahavishnu Temple

2026-01-24T03:31:59Z

Ananyareddy: creating some place from scratch - done

[[File:9020733f3 967621106967235 8840942775814848512 n.jpg|thumb| '''Temple Premises''' ]]
{{short description|Hindu Temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sree Vasudevapuram Mahavishnu Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Sree Vasudevapuram Mahavishnu Temple, [[Kunnukara]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.162087|N|76.325864|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| location = [[Kunnukara]]
| elevation_m = 32.43
| deity = [[Mahavishnu]], [[Ashtalakshmi]]
| festivals = Ashwina Pournami Mahalakshmi Pooja
| architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Sree Vasudevapuram Mahavishnu Temple''' is an Indian temple located about 9 Kilometers westward of Cochin International Airport in [[Kunnukara]] panchayath in the suburbs of aluva (District Ernakulam) in the state of Kerala. It is believed to be consecrated by [[Parashurama|Maharshi Parashuraman]]. The presence of [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] is felt along with [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1500|title=Mahavishnu Temple : Mahavishnu Temple Details {{!}} Mahavishnu- Aduvacheri-Vasudevapuram {{!}} Tamilnadu Temple {{!}} மகாவிஷ்ணு|website=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infokerala.in/Ernakulam_Temples.html|title=Ernakulam Temples{{!}}Temples in Ernakulam{{!}} Temples in Cochin{{!}}Chottanikkara Temple|website=www.infokerala.in|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref>

== Legend ==
Maharshi Parasurama consecrated the idol of Mahavishnu in such a concept that the Lord is embracing Goddess Mahalakshmi. After the consecration the Maharshi entrusted the temple responsibilities to some local Brahmins. These Brahmins became prosperous of wealth by the blessings of Goddess Mahalakshmi. But later they became indifferent to the activities of the temple which brought about their downfall. The temple also lost its wealth and glory in the course of time.

After a long period Vilwamangalam Swamikal, a great disciple of [[Guruvayurappan|Lord Guruvayoorappan]] visited the temple. He had the vision of Mahalakshmi engaged in the service of Lord Mahavishnu.

The Swamikal was surprised to see the poor condition of the temple where there was physical presence of the Lord and the Goddess. He asked Devi, the cause of the loss of prosperity of the temple and the poverty of the people living in that area even though her presence was there. She replied that the officials of the temple and the people were not taking care of the temple rituals and so she was busy serving the Lord. As a result, she did not have time to attend to the prayers of the people.

Vilwamangalam Swamikal then told Devi that if the prayers of the devotees are not answered, they will stop visiting the temple and turn into atheists. He requested Devi to provide some time to hear the prayers of the devotees visiting the temple. On hearing the request of Swamikal, Devi promised him that she'll give Darshan to devotees once a year.

But Swamikal was not satisfied with that. He again requested Mahalakshmi that as different people needs different blessings like fame, health, knowledge, success in job, good and prolonged married life etc. in addition to wealth. Up on the sincere request from Samikal, Devi replied that her presence will be felt in the temple and shall shower up the blessings on her devotees for the 8 days starting with [[Akshaya Tritiya]] in the month of Vaisakha (April / May) in 8 different forms as [[Ashta Lakshmi|Ashtalakshmi]] i.e. Veeralakshmi, [[Gajalakshmi]], Santhanalakshmi, [[Vijayalakshmi]], Dhanyalakshmi, Adilakshmi, Dhanalakshmi and Mahalakshmi respectively .

Henceforth the ritual of Tambula Samarpanam became an important offering in this temple during these 8 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pedia.desibantu.com/vasudevapuram-sree-mahavishnu-temple/|title=Vasudevapuram Sree Mahavishnu Temple (വാസുദേവപുരം ശ്രീ മഹാവിഷ്ണു കോവില്‍) Vasudevapuram|date=2011-12-01|website=✍pedia|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref>

== Rituals ==

=== Tambula Samarpanam ===
Tambula Samarpanam is a very holy and important ritual which can only be performed on these 8 days starting from Akashya Tritiya. This is an offering in which 3 betel leaves, arecanut and money according to the devotees ability is placed before Lord Vishnu and Mahalakshmi with dedication and a request of prayer. This offering is done with a sense of deep devotion and reverence and it is reputed to bring fulfilment of genuine desires. It is believed that couples who visit the temple on these days will be blessed with a prosperous and happy family life.

== Offerings ==

=== Rice and turmeric Para ===
This is a very divine and unique offering of Sreevasudevapuram Mahavishnu Temple which can only be performed during the 8 days of Thamboola Samarpanam. The devotee performing this offer has to fill in two measuring pots (Para) with Rice and Turmeric chanting divine mantras. A purohit (priest) will advise the mantras. It is believed that the person performing this offering becomes the maid (servant) of Goddess Mahalakshmi. The maid prepares turmeric as cosmetic for the goddess and rice as food for the Lord. In turn she prayers for prolonged happy married life, betterment of children, health and wealth for her family. The meaning of the Mantras chanted is also the same. No male devotes are allowed to perform this offering.

=== Tirumadhuram ===
The offering includes ‘Kadali’ bananas, ‘Palpayasam’ and Appam for the fulfilment of the desires of devotees.

=== Moonnu Uruli Nivedyam ===
This is another unique offering of Sreevasudevapuram Mahavishnu temple which can be performed on any day throughout the year. Tirumadhuram, Palpayasam and Appam are served in three different Uruli's (Pots) made of Gold, Silver and Bronze respectively. Devotees perform this offering for the fulfilment of genuine desires like good Job, Marriage, blessing for children, success in business etc. This offering can only be performed with advance booking.

=== Muzhukkappu ===
‘Muzhukkappu’ is another important offering which many people conduct for becoming prosperous. The idol of Lord is decorated with pure sandalwood.

== Other festival of the temple ==

=== Ashwina Powrnami Mahalakshmi Pooja ===
This is held on the full moon day (Pournami) in the month of ‘Aswina’. Various Archanas are performed by chanting divine mantras like Lakshmi Sahsranamam, Kanakadhara Stotram and Mahalakshmi Ashtakam. People believe that the performance of these Archanas and recitation of mantras will bring prosperity and good luck.

== Important days ==
*Astami – Rohini,
*Thiru Onam
*Poumami in the month of Aswina
*[[Akshaya Tritiya]] and following 7 days.

== Distance to the temple ==
From

# [[Cochin International Airport]] – 9 km
# [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam Junction Railway Station]] – 30 km
# [[Ernakulam Town railway station|Ernakulam Town Railway Station]] – 28 km
# [[Angamaly|Angamaly Town]] – 11 km
# [[Aluva|Aluva Town]] – 12 km

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]

Hero MotoCorp

2026-01-20T20:34:30Z

Ananyareddy:

{{Distinguish|Hero Motors Company}}
{{short description|Indian two-wheeler manufacturing company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Hero MotoCorp Limited
| logo = Hero MotoCorp.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| image =
| former_name = Hero Honda
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|500182}}|{{NSE|HEROMOTOCO}}}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE158A01026}}
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1984|01|19|df=y}}
| founder = [[Brijmohan Lall Munjal]]
| location = [[New Delhi]], India
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|[[Pawan Munjal]] {{small|([[executive chairman]])}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.heromotocorp.com/en-in/about-us/profile-of-directors.html |title=Board of Directors - Hero MotoCorp Ltd. |publisher=Hero MotoCorp |access-date=19 January 2014 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717034205/https://www.heromotocorp.com/en-in/about-us/profile-of-directors.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
| products = {{ubl|[[Motorcycle]]s|[[Scooter (motorcycle)|Scooters]]}}
| production = {{increase}} 7,587,130 units (2018)
| revenue = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|41967|c}}
| revenue_year = FY2025
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|6095|c}}
| income_year = FY2025
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|4375|c}}
| net_income_year = FY2025
| assets = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|28390|c}}
| assets_year = FY2025
| equity = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|19404|c}}
| equity_year = FY2025
| num_employees = 8,599 (2020)
| subsid = Vida EV
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref name=finance>{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/9dbdaf9c-7bb0-4a20-b584-08378354c7ee.pdf|title= Hero Motocorp Profit & Loss account, Hero Motocorp Financial Statement & Accounts|publisher= MoneyControl|access-date= 20 October 2020|archive-date= 15 May 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230515080759/https://www.heromotocorp.com/content/dam/hero-aem-website/in/investors/financial-results/quarterly-results/Financial-Results-31-03-2023.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref>
| homepage = {{official URL}}
}}

'''Hero MotoCorp Limited''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[motorcycle]] and [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]] manufacturer headquartered in [[Delhi]]. It has a market share of about 30% in the Indian two-wheeler industry.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Shubhangi |title=Hero MotoCorp confident of gaining market share this year; to set up new unit in Brazil - ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/two-wheelers/hero-motocorp-confident-of-gaining-market-share-this-year-to-set-up-new-unit-in-brazil/109950255 |access-date=28 November 2024 |work=ETAuto.com |agency=The Economic Times |date=9 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Pawan Munjal|Munjal]] family, with its 34.75% stake, is the biggest shareholder in the company as of 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement showing shareholding pattern of the Promoter and Promoter Group |url=https://www.bseindia.com/corporates/shpPromoterNGroup.aspx?scripcd=500182&qtrid=123.00&QtrName=September%202024 |publisher=BSE |access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref>

==History==
Hero Honda started its operations in 1984 as a joint venture between [[Hero Cycles]] of India and [[Honda]] of Japan.<ref name="milestone">{{cite web |url=https://www.heromotocorp.com/en-in/about-us/milestones.html |title=Milestones |publisher=Hero MotoCorp |access-date=15 January 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704758904576187842700072676 |title=Honda to Sell Hero Stake at Half Market Price |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=9 March 2011 |access-date=15 January 2014 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314060132/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704758904576187842700072676 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-03-09/news/28672602_1_lathe-investment-private-limited-bc-india-private-investors-hero-honda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116121638/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-03-09/news/28672602_1_lathe-investment-private-limited-bc-india-private-investors-hero-honda |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2014 |title=Hero gets Honda stake at big discount | work=[[The Economic Times]] | access-date=15 January 2014 |date=9 March 2011}}</ref> "Hero" is the brand name used by the Munjal brothers for their flagship company, Hero Cycles Ltd. A joint venture between the Hero Group and Honda Motor Company was established in 1984 as the Hero Honda Motors Limited at [[Dharuhera]], India.<ref name="www.ndtv.com 2023 y538">{{cite web | title=Hero MotoCorp: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of Hero MotoCorp | website=www.ndtv.com | date=30 October 2023 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/hero-motocorp-ltd_heromotoco/reports | access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref> Munjal family and the Honda group both owned a 26% stake in the company.<ref name="The Economic Times 2010 n416">{{cite web | title=Hero Honda announces realignment of Munjal family stake in the company | website=The Economic Times | date=19 July 2010 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/hero-honda-announces-realignment-of-munjal-family-stake-in-the-company/articleshow/6188702.cms | access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref>

During the 1980s, the company introduced low cost motorcycles in India. It was noted for its advertising campaign based on the slogan 'Fill it – Shut it – Forget it', emphasizing fuel efficiency. In 2001, the company became the largest two-wheeler manufacturing company in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saran |first1=Rohit |title=Riding on a motorcycle boom, Hero Honda becomes India's largest two-wheeler maker |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/20010910-riding-on-a-motorcycle-boom-hero-honda-becomes-indias-largest-two-wheeler-maker-774172-2001-09-09 |access-date=28 November 2024 |work=India Today |date=10 September 2001 |language=en}}</ref>

===Termination of Honda joint venture and the renaming===
[[File:Hero honda 2006 03.JPG|thumb|[[Hero Honda Splendor]], first model]]
[[File:Hero Honda Passion motorcycle.jpg|thumb|[[Hero Honda Passion]]]]
[[File:Hero Honda CBZs.jpg|thumb|[[Hero Honda CBZ]]]]
[[File:Ambition 135 2004 Facelifted Model (CBZ Front Fairing Model).jpg|thumb|[[Hero Honda Ambition]] 135 2004]]
[[File:Hero Honda Pleasure (side view).jpg|thumb|[[Hero Honda Pleasure]] First scooter launched under partnership by Hero Honda]]
[[File:Hero_Honda_Karizma_R_in_a_rare_blue_shade.jpg|thumb|alt=Hero Honda Karizma R in blue colour|[[Hero Honda Karizma R]]]]

By December 2010, the board of directors of the Hero Honda Group had decided to terminate the joint venture between Hero Group of India and Honda of Japan in a phased manner. The Hero Group would buy out the 26% stake of the Honda in JV Hero Honda.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=18 December 2010|title=Hero to buy out Honda's stake|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Hero-to-buy-out-Honda-s-stake-in-26-year-old-JV/725937|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Under the joint venture, Hero Group could not export to international markets (except Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka) and the termination would mean that Hero Group could now export.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/two-wheelers/Munjal-family--Honda-Motor-to-discuss-Hero-Honda-split-today/articleshow/7108838.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Munjal family & Honda Motor to discuss Hero Honda split today | date=16 December 2010}}</ref>

Honda exited the joint venture through a series of off-market transactions by giving the Munjal family, which held a 26% stake in the company. Honda, wanting to focus only on its independent fully owned two-wheeler subsidiary, Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India (HMSI), exited Hero Honda at a discount and get over {{INRConvert|6400|c|lk=|year=2010}} for its stake. The discount was between 30% and 50% to the current value of Honda's stake as per the price of the stock after the market closed on 16 December 2010.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Hero-Honda-split-terms-finalized/articleshow/7109297.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Hero, Honda split terms finalized – The Times of India}}</ref>

The differences between the two partners had become apparent for a few years before the split over a variety of issues, ranging from Honda's reluctance to fully and freely share technology with Hero (despite a 10-year technology tie-up that expired in 2014) as well as Indian partner's uneasiness over high royalty payouts to the Japanese company. Another major irritant for Honda was the refusal of Munjal family to merge the Hero Honda's spare parts business with Honda's new fully owned subsidiary, HMSI.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" />

As per the arrangement, it was a two-leg deal: In the first part, the Munjal family, led by Brijmohan Lal Munjal group, formed an overseas-incorporated special purpose vehicle (SPV) to buy out Honda's entire stake, which was backed by bridge loans. This SPV was eventually opened for private equity participation, and those included [[Warburg Pincus]], [[Kohlberg Kravis Roberts]] (KKR), [[TPG Inc.|TPG]], [[Bain Capital]] and [[The Carlyle Group]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Hero-approves-Hondas-exit-from-Hero-Honda-report/5021461137|title=Hero approves Honda's exit from Hero Honda|publisher=India Infoline news service|access-date=25 November 2012|archive-date=21 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921011716/http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Hero-approves-Hondas-exit-from-Hero-Honda-report/5021461137|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2012, Hero MotoCorp approved a proposal to merge the investment arm of its parent Hero Investment Pvt. Ltd. with the automaker. This decision came 18 months after its split from Hero Honda.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/article3490461.ece | title=Investment arm to merge with Hero MotoCorp |date=5 June 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref>

===Formation of the new company===
The name of the company was changed from Hero Honda Motors Limited to Hero MotoCorp Limited on 29 July 2011.<ref name=AR2012-13/> The new brand identity and logo of Hero MotoCorp were developed by the global design firm [[Wolff Olins]].<ref name="livemint1">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/25191352/Hero-goes-global-to-unveil-ne.html|title=Hero goes global; to unveil new brand identity in London – Corporate News |publisher=livemint.com |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011}}</ref> The logo was revealed on 9 August 2011 in London, to coincide with a cricket match between England and India.<ref name="livemint1"/>

Hero MotoCorp can now export to Latin America, Africa, and West Asia.<ref name="livemint1"/> Hero is free to use any vendor for its components instead of just Honda-approved vendors.<ref name="livemint1"/>

On 21 April 2014, Hero MotoCorp announced its plan on a {{INRConvert|254|c|lk=|year=2014}} joint venture with Bangladesh's [[Nitol Niloy Group|Nitol-Niloy Group]] in the next five years to set up a manufacturing plant in Bangladesh. The plant started production in 2017 under the name "HMCL Niloy Bangladesh Limited". Hero MotoCorp owns 55% of the manufacturing company and the rest 45% is owned by Niloy Motors (a subsidiary of [[Nitol Niloy Group]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/hero-forms-jv-in-bangladesh-to-set-up-manufacturing-plant/1/205403.html|title=Hero MotoCorp forms JV in Bangladesh; to set up manufacturing plant|date=21 April 2014|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-date=3 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703074219/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/hero-forms-jv-in-bangladesh-to-set-up-manufacturing-plant/1/205403.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hero also updated its 100cc engine range in 2014 for 110cc bikes except for Hero Dawn.<ref name="Mathai 2019 v675">{{cite web | last=Mathai | first=Lijo | title=Hero 100-110cc motorcycles that could have been gamechangers: Passion Pro TR, Splendor Classic and more | website=Financialexpress | date=7 November 2019 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/bike-news/hero-100-110cc-motorcycles-passion-pro-tr-splendor-classic-hf-deluxe-eco-cd-dawn/1757031/ | access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref>

==Equity investments==

In July 2016, HMC acquired 49.2%<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-01/news/40308107_1_erik-buell-racing-hmcl-hero-motocorp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705015407/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-01/news/40308107_1_erik-buell-racing-hmcl-hero-motocorp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2013|title=Hero MotoCorp picks up 49.2% stake in US-based Erik Buell Racing for $25 million| newspaper=The Economic Times |date=1 July 2013 |access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> shareholding in [[Erik Buell Racing]], a [[motorcycle sport]] company which produced street and racing motorcycles based in [[East Troy, Wisconsin]], United States. EBR filed for bankruptcy in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cycleworld.com/2015/04/15/erik-buell-racing-files-for-bankruptcy-protection-and-ceases-operations/|title = Erik Buell Racing Closes Down}}</ref> and Hero MotoCorp proceed to acquire certain assets for {{INRConvert|18.2|c|lk=|year=2013}}.,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-28/auto/64957907_1_hero-motocorp-ltd-settlement-agreement-erik-buell-racing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018085440/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-28/auto/64957907_1_hero-motocorp-ltd-settlement-agreement-erik-buell-racing|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2015|title = Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News}}</ref>

HMC invested {{INR}}205 crores (US$30.5 million) as a Series B round of funding in October 2016 and gained a 32.31% stake in [[Ather Energy]], a start-up company manufacturing electric scooters. It invested a further {{INR}}130 crores (US$19 million) in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol |title=Hero Motocorp Share Price, Hero Motocorp Stock Price, Hero Motocorp Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Hero Motocorp Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Hero Motocorp Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/auto-23-wheelers/heromotocorp/HHM|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref> HMC's share in Ather Energy has grown up to 34.58% since 2016.{{when|date=July 2025}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Hero MotoCorp To Invest Up To ₹ 205 Crore In Ather Energy|url=http://carandbike.com/news/hero-motocorp-to-invest-rs-205-crore-in-ather-energy-1520809|publisher=NDTV Auto}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vccircle.com/hero-motocorp-to-refuel-ather-energy-with-19-mn/|title=Hero MotoCorp to refuel Ather Energy with $19 mn|date=25 July 2018|work=VCCircle|access-date=30 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730110827/https://www.vccircle.com/hero-motocorp-to-refuel-ather-energy-with-19-mn/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Operations==
Hero MotoCorp has five manufacturing facilities based at [[Dharuhera]], [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], [[Neemrana]], [[Haridwar]] and [[Halol]]. A new manufacturing facility is in the process of being{{when?|date=July 2025}} set up in [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].{{needs update|date=July 2025}} Spread over 600 acres, the company has invested 1600 crores in setting up this greenfield facility.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/two-wheelers-three-wheelers/her0-motocorp-starts-work-on-new-plant-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/63430283.cms|title=Hero MotoCorp starts new work in Andhra Pradesh|date=23 March 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> These plants together have a production capacity of over 7.6 million two-wheelers per year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/two-wheelers/hero-motocorp-plans-6th-plant-scouts-for-site-in-south-india/articleshow/36715367.cms?intenttarget=no|title=Hero MotoCorp plans 6th plant, scouts for the site in South India|date=17 June 2014|work=The Economic Times|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> Hero MotoCorp has a sales <ref>{{cite news |title=Hero MotoCorp August sales up 7%, TVS down 1% — Bajaj Auto numbers awaited |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/auto/news/august-month-bikes-and-scooters-sales-number-of-hero-motocorp-bajaj-and-tvs/articleshow/77872298.cms |work=Business Insider}}</ref> and service network with over 6,000 dealerships and service points across India. It has had a customer loyalty program since 2000, called the Hero Honda Passport Program which is now known as Hero GoodLife Program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://goodlife.heromotocorp.com/|title=Hero MotoCorp New Two Wheelers, Motorcycles, Two Wheelers in India|website=goodlife.heromotocorp.com|access-date=17 July 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> As of 31 March 2020, the company has an annual capacity of 9.1 million units in its eight manufacturing facilities. Apart from these manufacturing facilities the company also has two R&D facilities, in Germany and Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report, 2019-20|url=https://www.heromotocorp.com/en-in/uploads/Annual_Reports/pdf/20200717171801-pdf-207.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

It is reported that Hero MotoCorp has five joint ventures or associate companies, Munjal Showa, AG Industries, [[Sunbeam Motor Car Company|Sunbeam Auto]], [[Rockman Industries]], and Satyam Auto Components, that supply a majority of its components.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/hero-honda-split-honda-restrategizing-its-vendor-policy/articleshow/7668358.cms |title=Hero-Honda split: Honda restrategizing its vendor policy |author=Nandini Sen Gupta |date=10 March 2011 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Its most popular bike, the [[Splendor (motorcycle)|Hero Splendor]] sold more than one million units per year.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Every Village, Every Home |periodical=Forbes | volume=183 |issue=12 |page= 80 |date=June 2008 |issn=0015-6914}}</ref>

Hero MotoCorp launched XPulse 200 adventure motorcycle in India on 1 May 2019, along with the XPulse 200T touring motorcycle.<ref name="Mitra 2019 f561">{{cite web | last=Mitra | first=Anirban | title=Hero Xpulse 200T: Hero launches XPulse 200, XPulse 200T and Xtreme 200S, starting Rs 94,000 | website=The Times of India | date=1 May 2019 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/hero-launches-xpulse-200-xpulse-200t-and-xtreme-200s-starting-rs-94000/articleshow/69128212.cms | access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref>

In January 2021, Hero MotoCorp's production exceeded 100 million.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=ഹീറോ: നിർമാണത്തിൽ 10 കോടി പിന്നിട്ട ഏക ഇന്ത്യൻ ഓട്ടോമൊബൈൽ ബ്രാൻഡ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/auto/news/hero-motorcorp-surpasses-100-million-production-1.5376035 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}</ref> As of 2021, Hero is the only Indian vehicle brand to exceed 100 million in production.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

Hero MotoCorp launched an online virtual showroom in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Swati |title=Hero MotoCorp Launches Virtual Showroom To Sell Vehicles |url=https://www.motorgyan.com/hero-motocorp-launches-virtual-showroom-to-sell-vehicles/ |work=motorgyan.com |date=13 May 2021}}</ref>

==Products==
===Motorcycle===
'''1. Hero Splendor Series:'''
* Hero Splendor Plus (100cc)
* Hero Splendor Plus Xtec (100cc)
* Hero Splendor Plus Xtec 2.0 (100cc)
*Hero Super Splendor Xtec (125cc)
'''2. Hero HF Series:'''
* Hero HF 100 (100cc)
* Hero HF Deluxe (100cc)
* Hero HF Deluxe Pro (100cc)
'''3. Hero Passion Series:'''
* Hero Passion Plus (100cc)
'''4. Hero Glamour Series:'''
* Hero Glamour (125cc)
* Hero Glamour Xtec (125cc)
* Hero Glamour X 125 (125cc)
'''5. Hero Xpulse Series:'''
* Hero XPulse 200 4v (200cc)
* Hero XPulse 210 (210cc)
'''6. Hero Xtreme Series:'''
* Hero Xtreme 160R (160cc)
* Hero Xtreme 160R 4V (160cc)
* Hero Xtreme 125R (125cc)
* Hero Xtreme 250R (250cc)
'''7. Hero Karizma Series:'''
* [[Hero Karizma XMR]] (210cc)

===Scooter===
'''1. Hero Destini Series:'''
* Hero Destini 125 (125cc)
* Hero Destini Prime (125cc)
* Hero Destini 110 (110cc)
* Hero Destini 125 Xtec (125cc)
'''2. Hero Xoom Series:'''
* Hero Xoom 110 (110cc)
* Hero Xoom 125 (125cc)
* Hero Xoom 160 (160cc)
'''3. Hero Pleasure Series:'''
* Hero Pleasure Plus 110 (110cc)
* Hero Pleasure Plus Xtec (110cc)

===Discontinued===

*Hero Passion Xpro
*Hero Passion Pro 110 (BS6)
*Hero Passion Xtec
*Hero HF Dawn
*Hero HF Deluxe Eco
*Hero Duet
*[[Hero Maestro]]
*Hero Maestro Edge 110
*Hero Maestro Edge 125
*Hero Ignitor
*Hero Xtreme 150
*Hero Xtreme Sports
*Hero Xtreme 200R
*Hero Xtreme 200S
*Hero Impulse
*Hero Xpulse 200T
*[[Hero Super Splendor]]
*[[Hero Honda Achiever Series]] and Achiever 150
*[[Hero Honda Passion]] and Passion Pro (100cc)
*Hero Honda Hunk
*[[Hero Honda Ambition]]
*[[Hero Honda CBZ]]
*Hero Honda CBZ Xtreme
*Hero Honda Sleek
*Hero Honda Street
*Hero Honda CD100
*Hero Honda CD100SS
*Hero Honda CD Dawn
*Hero Honda Joy
*Hero Honda CD Deluxe
*[[Hero Honda Splendor]] (100cc)
*Hero Splendor NXG (100cc)
*Hero Splendor Pro (100cc)
*Hero Splendor Pro Classic
*Hero Splendor iSmart (100cc and 110cc)
*[[Hero Honda Karizma]] (223cc)
*[[Hero Honda Karizma R]] (223cc)
*[[Hero Honda Karizma ZMR]] (223cc)
*Hero Mavrick 440 (440cc)
Hero also manufactures the '''Vida V1''', '''Vida V2''' and '''Vida VX2''' brand of electric scooters as its parent company VIDA is held as a subsidiary of Hero MotoCorp.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.vidaworld.com/about-us.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.vidaworld.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Listings and shareholding==
The equity shares of Hero MotoCorp are listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/hero-motocorp-ltd/hero-motocorp/500182/ |title=Hero MotoCorp Ltd. |publisher=BSEindia.com |access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref> and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=HEROMOTOCO |title=Hero MotoCorp Limited |publisher=NSE India |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-date=16 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416152207/http://www.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=HEROMOTOCO |url-status=dead }}</ref> where it is a constituent of the [[NIFTY 50]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nseindia.com/content/indices/ind_niftylist.csv |title=Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (.csv) |publisher=NSE India |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013143407/http://www.nseindia.com/content/indices/ind_niftylist.csv |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As on 31 December 2013, the promoters Munjal Family held around 40% equity shares in Hero MotoCorp. Over 601,000 individual shareholders hold approx. 7.44% of its shares.<ref name="Shareholding">{{cite web|title=Shareholding Pattern - March 2020|url=https://www.heromotocorp.com/en-in/shareholding-pattern-charts.html|url-status=dead|access-date=27 May 2021|publisher=Hero Motor Corp|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527082738/https://www.heromotocorp.com/en-in/shareholding-pattern-charts.html}}</ref> Foreign Institutional Investors hold approx. 30% shares in the company.<ref name=Shareholding/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Shareholders of Hero MotorCorp, as of 31 March 2020
|-
! scope="col" | Shareholder
! scope="col" | Percent ownership<ref name=Shareholding/>
|-
! scope="row" | Promoter Group
| 34.6%
|-
! scope="row" | Foreign institutional investors (FII)
| 34.3%
|-
! scope="row" | Non-resident Indians (NRIs)
| 0.4%
|-
! scope="row" | Indian public
| 8.3%
|-
! scope="row" | Insurance companies
| 8.3%
|-
! scope="row" | Mutual funds / UTI
| 8.2%
|-
! scope="row" | Bodies corporate
| 1.40%
|-
! scope="row" | Financial institutions / banks
| 2.0%
|-
! scope="row" | Others
| 2.5%
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: bold" | Total
! style="text-align: left" | 100%
|}

==Employees==
As of May 2017, the company had 8,069 employees, of whom 185 were women (2.3%). It also had 16,114 temporary employees.<ref name="AR2012-13">{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/AnnualReport/500182/5001820317.pdf|title=Annual Report 2016-17 (Page 103)|date=3 April 2018|publisher=Hero MotoCorp|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717034201/https://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/AnnualReport/500182/5001820317.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* The 2006 ''Forbes'' list of the 200 World's Most Respected Companies ranked Hero Honda Motors at No. 108.<ref>{{cite news |title=The World's Most Reputable Companies |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/11/20/leadership-companies-reputation-lead-managing-cx_hc_1120rep_list.html |date=21 November 2006|access-date=15 January 2014 |work=Forbes}}</ref>
* The Brand Trust Report published by Trust Research Advisory has ranked Hero Honda in the 7th position among the most trusted brands in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html |title=India's Most Trusted Brands 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html |archive-date=2 May 2015 }}</ref>

==Other initiatives==
In 1992, the company started Raman Kant Munjal Foundation (RKMF), which oversees the [[Raman Munjal Vidya Mandir]] and [[BML Munjal University]].{{cn|date=November 2024}}

==Sponsorship==
Hero has been the sponsor of the [[Caribbean Premier League]], a [[Short form cricket|twenty-20 cricket]] [[Franchising|franchise]], since 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HERO MOTOCORP EXTENDS TITLE SPONSORSHIP OF CARIBBEAN PREMIER LEAGUE FOR THREE YEARS CPL T20 |url=https://www.cplt20.com/magazine-match-news-team-news/hero-motocorp-extends-title-sponsorship-caribbean-premier-league-three |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=www.cplt20.com}}</ref> Since 2014, Hero has sponsored the [[Hero World Challenge]] [[golf]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hero World Challenge Sponsors |url=https://heroworldchallenge.com/our-sponsors/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Hero World Challenge |language=en-US}}</ref> Hero also sponsors two British events on the Golf European Tour: English Open (known as the Hero Open) and the Betfred British Masters. Hero is also a partner of Spanish club [[Atlético Madrid]].<ref name="Challenge Tour 2020 n921">{{cite web | title=Hero MotoCorp announced as the Title Partner of Hero Open | website=Challenge Tour | date=14 July 2020 | url=https://www.europeantour.com/challenge-tour/news/articles/detail/hero-motocorp-announced-as-the-title-partner-of-hero-open/ | access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref>

Hero were also the title sponsors of the first ever senior [[International Hockey Federation|FIH]] World Hockey5s in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-03 |title=Hero named title sponsor of FIH Hockey5s Lausanne 2022 |url=https://www.fih.hockey/fih-hockey5s-lausanne-2022-m/news/hero-named-title-sponsor-of-fih-hockey5s-lausanne-2022 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref>

===Football===
Hero sponsored India's football leagues, the [[Indian Super League]], [[I-League]], [[I-League 2|I-League Qualifiers]], [[Futsal Club Championship]], [[Indian Women's League]], [[Santosh Trophy|Senior NFC for Santosh Trophy]], [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]], [[Youth League (India)|Youth League]] and previously [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]. They were also the principal sponsors of all India national and developmental football team kits. They pulled out from all the sponsorships in 2023 due to internal issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Rutvij |title=Hero MotoCorp pulls out of ISL & Indian football sponsorship |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-09-indian-football-hero-motocorp-pull-out-sponsorship |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Khel Now |language=English}}</ref>

== Allegations of tax evasion ==
In March 2022, the [[Income Tax Department|Income tax department]] conducted raids on offices and several other locations of Hero MotoCorp. Following this, the department stated in a report that the two-wheeler giant had made bogus claims of expenses to the tune of Rs 1000 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rs 1,000 crore bogus expenses detected in I-T raid on Hero Motocorp; stock slides 7% |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/i-t-dept-detects-rs-1000-crore-bogus-expense-claims-by-hero-motocorp-report-8290971.html |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Moneycontrol |date=29 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also ==
* [[Ather Energy]]
* [[Bajaj Auto]]
* [[Okinawa Autotech]]
* [[Ola Electric]]
* [[TVS Motor Company]]
* [[List of companies of India]]
{{Portalbar|Companies}}

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

{{Motorcycles}}
{{Two wheelers in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}

[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Motorcycle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Hero Group]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Hero Honda motorcycles|*]]

Areca nut production in India

2026-01-16T22:42:15Z

Ananyareddy: creating the post v1

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:Palm I IMG 2108.jpg|right|thumb|Supari Palm or Betelnut (''Areca catechu''). Kolkata, West Bengal.]]
[[File: A close up of Areca nut.JPG|210px|right|thumb|Dried [[areca nut]] or betel nut]]
'''[[Betel nut tree|Areca]] nut production in India''' is dominant in the coastal region within {{Convert|400| km}} from the coast line, and also in some other non-coastal states of India. [[Areca nut]] (''Areca catechu''), a tropical crop, is popularly known as '''betel nut''', as its common usage in the country is for mastication with [[betel]] leaves. It is a palm tree species under the family of [[Arecaceae]]. It has commercial and economic importance not only in India but also in China and Southeast Asia.{{Sfn|Pramank|2004|p=44}}<ref name=Over>{{Cite web|url=http://crnindia.com/commodity/arecanut.html|title=Commodity: Areca Nut|access-date=31 May 2016|publisher=crnindia.com|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214205213/http://crnindia.com/commodity/arecanut.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Areca nut production in India is the largest in the world, as per [[Food and Agriculture Organization|the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] (FAO) statistics for 2017, accounting for 54.07% of its world output,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E|title=Production / Crops:Areca nuts|access-date=30 November 2019|publisher=FAO|archive-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122053717/http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is exported to many countries.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=84}} Within India, as of 2013–14, [[Karnataka]] produces 62.69% of the crop followed by [[Kerala]] and [[Assam]]; all three states together account for 88.59% of its production.<ref name=Stat/> In the other states of [[Meghalaya]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[West Bengal]], where it is also consumed, the crop is grown in a very small area. In Karnataka, in the [[Uttara Kannada District]] and [[Shivamogga District]] the crop is grown extensively<ref name=Over/>

==History==
[[File:10. Arecanut Palm at the Plantation.jpg|thumb|right|Arecanut plantation in [[Karnataka]]]]
Areca nut is not a native crop of India. It is generally believed to be native to Malaysia or Philippines where it is grown in many varieties. It is a tropical crop which grows from West Indies to the East Coast of Africa, and in Bangladesh, China, Sri Lanka and Malaya.{{Sfn|Pramank|2004|p=44}}<ref name=Over/> The practice of chewing the areca nuts is attributed to Vietnam and Malaysia. It was from Southeast Asia that the crop spread to Asia and India where it is cultivated as a cash crop. It is conjectured that ancient Indian literature provide information on betel nut and its mastication. The Indian [[Ayurveda]] texts also refer to the areca nuts as a traditional medicine.<ref name=Over/>

Its use in India is also noted from the pre-vedic period and was described by the word ''taamboola'' in ancient [[History of India|Indian civilization]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} It is extensively used in [[Hindu]] religious rites of birth, marriage, nuptial and is also offered to guests as a mark of hospitality. It is offered to gods in veneration in the form of ''taamboola'', which consists of one areca nut placed over two betel leaves.{{Sfn|Pramank|2004|p=44}}

Areca nut is extensively used as a masticator in south and southeast Asian countries, chewed with or without betel leaves. However, in India it has a special ethno-religious importance.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=86}}

==Varieties==
In India there are two varieties of areca nut, also called ''[[supari]]'' in [[Hindi language]]. One is the white variety and the other is the red variety. The white areca nut is produced by harvesting the fully ripe nuts and then subjecting it to sun drying for about 2 months. In the red variety the green areca nut is harvested, boiled and then its exterior husk is removed. Sometimes Arecanut is even grounded in the soil for fermentation purpose to enhance the taste preferably called as "Mojha Tamul" in Assam.<ref name=Over/>

==Production==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.4em 1em"
|+ Top 10 Areca nut Producing States in India (2019–20)
|-
!Rank
!State
!Area ('000 ha)
!Production ('000 tonnes)
|-
| 1 || [[Karnataka]] || 218.01 ||457.56
|-
| 2 || [[Kerala]] || 100.01 || 100.02
|-
| 3 || [[Assam]] || 68.04 || 89.00
|-
| 4 || [[Meghalaya]] || 17.11 || 24.68
|-
| 5 || [[West Bengal]] || 11.39|| 21.16
|-
| 6 || [[Mizoram]] || 10.14|| 6.05
|-
| 7 || [[Tamil Nadu]] || 6.7 || 8.62
|-
| 8 || [[Tripura]] || 4.7|| 9.92
|-
| 9 || [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]] || 4.23|| 5.88
|-
| 10 || [[Maharashtra]] || 2.2|| 3.58
|-
|- style="background:#ccc;"
|-
|colspan=5 | ''Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160215173323/http://dasd.gov.in/images/kerala/pdf_files/ARECANUT_-_AREA_PRODUCTION_AND_PRODUCITIVTY_IN_INDIA.pdf]''
|}

[[File:Mysore Areca Nut മൈസൂർ അടയ്ക്ക പഴുത്ത് തുടങ്ങിയത്.JPG|right|thumb|Areca Nut in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]].]]
[[File:Areca-nut-top.JPG|right|thumb|Areca nut stem, sheaths and fruit bunches]]
[[File:Palm Fruit I IMG 2100.jpg|right|thumb|The areca nut fruit]]
In 1990–91 the area under areca nut plantation was {{Convert|208400| ha}} and production was 249,300 tonnes.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=84}} During 2013–14 its production was 729,810 tonnes from an area of {{Convert|445000| ha}}. In Karnataka, which leads the country in its production its production was 4,57,560 tonnes from an area of {{Convert|218010| ha}}. The details of state wise area and production are given in the Table for ten states.<ref name=Stat>{{Cite web|url=http://dasd.gov.in/index.php/statistics.html|title=Arecanut Area, production and productivity in India|access-date=31 May 2016|publisher=Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development}}</ref>

Areca nut, as a maritime species, is grown in areas of up to {{Convert|400| km}} inland from the coast of India at an elevation below {{Convert|1000| m}}. But its yield at higher elevations is not economical. Extreme climatic conditions, particularity of temperature, are not suitable for its growth; it thrives in areas with temperature range of {{Convert|14|-|36|C}}. It also grows in areas in Kerala and West Bengal where the temperature varies from a minimum of {{Convert|4| C}} to a maximum of {{Convert|40| C}}. Good rainfall conditions are essential for its growth, say a well distributed annual rainfall of more than {{Convert|2250| mm}}.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=83}} In well drained soils it can with stand rainfall of {{Convert|4000| mm}} for its growth. Where the rainfall is less, as in the case of Tamil Nadu with incidence of rainfall of about {{Convert|750| mm}}, irrigation facilities are mandatory. During the process of drying of the whole fruits or processed nuts sunshine requirement varies from 7 to 45 days.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=84}}

The plant grows in well drained, deep clay loamy soil; laterite, red loam and alluvial soils are considered most suitable. Areca nut farming, to achieve good yield, needs large application of organic manures and chemical fertilizers.{{Sfn|Giriappa|1994|p=13}}

The gestation period for the areca nut tree to yield fruits varies from four to eight years. Its life span is up to 60 years and in some cases even 100 years. [[Pollination]] takes place due to the effect of wind. The tree bears small creamy white flowers which have a strong scent. The fruit grows to a ripening stage in about 8 months. The tree bears bunches of fruits which are plucked manually.<ref name=Over/>

The type of diseases affecting the areca nut plant are: bud-rot, ''mahali'' (fruit-rot), yellow leaf disease, which need to be tackled by chemical spraying.{{Sfn|Giriappa|1994|p=13}}

Irrigation is an essential requirement (once a week) along with the land drainage throughout the year. Irrigation water is drawn from rivers or wells using pump sets.{{Sfn|Giriappa|1994|p=31}}<ref name=Over/>

The chemical composition of areca nut comprises 14 to 15% of fat, [[polyphenol]]s, [[tannin]]s, [[alkaloids]], [[polysaccharide]]s, a small amount of [[protein]], and [[vitamin B6]] and [[vitamin C]]. The fat, which is extracted by using organic solvents, is made up of mastic acid and its byproducts. The fat is mixed in a certain proportion with [[cocoa butter]] or [[coconut oil]], which is then used to make confectioneries and duplicate dairy products.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=84}}

The polyphenol (tannins) content varies from 38 to 47% in tender nuts and 15 to 22% in ripe nuts. Tannin, which is extracted from the nut, is used in foods as natural colouring agent, and also in the leather industry. Other minor constituents in the areca nut alkaloids, in terms of the total weight of the nut, is about 1.6%, which are comprise [[arecoline]], [[arecolodine]], [[arecaidine]], [[guvacine]], [[isoguvacine]], and [[govacolidine]]; the pharmacological and other uses of these alkaloids are as "antihelminithic, ophthalmic, antibacterial, antidiabetic."{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=89}}

Areca nut husk is used to make many industrial products such as [[hardboard]], [[insulation wool]], cushions, paper, paper board and [[activated carbon]]. The chemical composition of the areca husk consists of 18.75% [[furfural|furaldehyde]] which when distilled produces 5.5% [[furfural]]; it also yields [[xylitol]].{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=89}}

Areca leaf sheaths are used to make ply-boards. Other miscellaneous uses of leaf sheath are to make caps, eating bowls, vessels to keep [[palm wine]], and artifacts.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=89}}

In the past, plantation farmers practiced inter-cropping to make themselves safe economically, as the gestation period of the areca nut plant before it started yielding nuts was very long. It was also subject to plant diseases and pests. Natural disasters and inaccessible locations also added to the problem. However, with improvements in management practices, with better marketing facilities and good infrastructure and cooperatives, inter cropping is less practiced.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=89}}

Areca nut cultivation is carried out according to farm management practices after studying different cost concepts. Costs include the value of hired human labour and hired and owned animal labour. As the nut is harvested five to six times in a year labour costs are high.{{Sfn|Giriappa|1994|p=31}}

The areca nut tree grows as a single stem, and has generally a height of about {{Convert|30|m}}. The fruit, which bears the nut, is orange coloured and is in the shape of an egg or oval shape; it holds a hard single seed.<ref name=Over/>

==Uses==
Areca nut and the plant as a whole is used widely in India and South Asia as: a masticator for chewing purposes, vegetable, medicine, stimulant, timber, fuel wood, clothing, wrapping, lubricant, tannin and so forth. The nut is chewed with the betel leaf as it has a stimulating effect.<ref name=Over/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last= Giriappa |first=S. |title=Arecanut Production and Marketing in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWUApdcHnwsC|date=1 January 1994|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-85880-45-7}}
* {{cite book|last= Pramank |first=A. K. |title=Accounting and Management : In Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7S1dbrbfwUC&pg=PA45|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-476-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Tejwani|first=K G |title=Agro Forestry In India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Vvv6rLcjs8C|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-918-6}}

{{Nuts}}
{{Non-timber forest products}}
{{Agriculture in India}}

[[Category:Crops]]
[[Category:Agricultural production in India by commodity]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal stimulants]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]

Dnyaneshwar Mauli

2026-01-10T23:34:23Z

Ananyareddy: new.

{{Short description|Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| country = India
| company =
| composer = [[Bela Shende]]
| genre = [[Spirituality]]
| producer = [[Chinmay Mandlekar]]
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|06|18|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|09|27|df=y}}
| image = Dnyaneshwar Mauli.jpg
| language = Marathi
| screenplay =
| writer =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| story =
| network = [[Sony Marathi]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| num_episodes = 566
| director = [[Digpal Lanjekar]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
}}

'''''Dnyaneshwar Mauli''''' is a [[Marathi-language]] television series which is airing on [[Sony Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='ज्ञानेश्वर माऊली' मालिकेने गाठला ५०० भागांचा टप्पा; प्रेक्षक भक्तिरसात तल्लीन|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/dnyaneshwar-mauli-marathi-serial-entertainment-latest-update-1165752/amp|access-date=2023-05-03|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref> The show premiered from 27 September 2021 hy replacing ''Tu Saubhagyawati Ho''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Upcoming TV show Dnyaneshwar Mauli's promo beautifully narrates Sant Dnyaneshwar's miracles - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/upcoming-tv-show-dnyaneshwar-maulis-promo-beautifully-narrates-sant-dnyaneshwars-miracles/articleshow/86253819.cms|access-date=2023-05-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Varun Bhagwat played the lead role of Saint [[Dnyaneshwar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Marathi TV show Dnyaneshwar Mauli to launch soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-marathi-tv-show-dnyaneshwar-mauli-to-launch-soon/articleshow/86134654.cms|access-date=2023-05-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The show is the depiction of Saint [[Dnyaneshwar]]'s life and teachings. From his early childhood to his ‘Samadhi’ which he took at the age of only 21 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=बेला शेंडेनं गायलेलं 'ज्ञानेश्वर माऊली'चं शीर्षकगीत यासाठी आहे खास, पाहा व्हिडिओ|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/sony-marathi-new-serial-dnyaneshwar-mauli-titlel-song-making-prosses-sp-607589.html|access-date=2023-05-03|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Varun Bhagwat as Sant [[Dnyaneshwar]]
* Utkarsh Shinde<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 fame Utkarsh Shinde is all set to play Saint 'Chokhamela' in Dnyaneshwar Mauli - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-fame-utkarsh-shinde-is-all-set-to-play-saint-chokhamela-in-dnyaneshwar-mauli/articleshow/93854410.cms|access-date=2023-05-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Nandesh Umap<ref>{{Cite web|title=Singer Nandesh Umap to play saint Sena Maharaj in TV show 'Dnyaneshwar Mauli' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/singer-nandesh-umap-to-play-saint-sena-maharaj-in-tv-show-dnyaneshwar-mauli/articleshow/98629756.cms|access-date=2023-05-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Titeeksha Tawde<ref>{{Cite web|title=Titeeksha Tawde to play saint Kanhopatra's role in TV show 'Dnyaneshwar Mauli' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/titeeksha-tawde-to-play-saint-kanhopatras-role-in-tv-show-dnyaneshwar-mauli/articleshow/92568354.cms|access-date=2023-05-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Avadhoot Gandhi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Avadhoot Gandhi to play saint Namdev in 'Dnyaneshwar Mauli' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actor-avadhoot-gandhi-to-play-saint-namdev-in-dnyaneshwar-mauli/articleshow/94740539.cms|access-date=2023-05-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Ajay Purkar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sher Shivraj actor Ajay Purkar is back in 'Dnyaneshwar Mauli' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sher-shivraj-actor-ajay-purkar-is-back-in-dnyaneshwar-mauli/articleshow/91285820.cms|access-date=2023-05-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Akshay Waghmare<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 fame Akshay Waghmare to play Lord Krishna in 'Dnyaneshwar Mauli' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-fame-akshay-waghmare-to-play-lord-krishna-in-dnyaneshwar-mauli/articleshow/90350644.cms|access-date=2023-05-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Vikram Gaikwad
* Smita Shewale
* Sachin Deshpande
* Anuya Kalaskar
* Purnanand Vandhekar
* Rahul More
* Sahil Dharmadhikari
* Suraj Kalyankar
* Nidhi Rasme

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/dnyaneshwar-mauli-1700000796 ''Dnyaneshwar Mauli''] at [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:Sony Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

1980 Moradabad riots

2025-12-14T07:24:11Z

Ananyareddy: enhance article per standard format further and corrected details

{{Short description|Religious clashes in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{protection padlock|dispute|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 1980 Moradabad riots
| partof = [[Religious violence in India]]
| image = Moradabad district.svg
| caption = Location of the Moradabad district in Uttar Pradesh
| date = August–November 1980
| place = [[Moradabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[India]]
| coordinates =
| causes =
| goals =
| methods = Killing, Arson and Looting
| status =
| result =
| side1 = Police, [[Hindu]]s
| side2 = [[Muslim]]s
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
}}
The '''1980 Moradabad riots''' happened in the Indian city of [[Moradabad]] during August–November 1980. When a pig entered the local [[Eidgah|Idgah]] during the [[Muslim holidays|Eid]] festival prayer on 13 August, local Muslims asked the police to remove the pig, but the police refused to do so. This led to a confrontation between the police and the Muslims.<ref name="SteveWilkinson2006"/><ref name="Shashi1997"/> The police responded with indiscriminate firing, which led to many deaths. This was followed by a series of violent incidents which became religious in nature, and led to arson, looting and murders.<ref name="Asghar1991">{{cite book |author=Satish Saberwal, Mushirul Hasan |title=Communal riots in post-independence India |publisher=Universities Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-81-7370-102-3 |editor=Asgharali Engineer |pages=209–227 |chapter=14. Moradabad Riots, 1980: Causes and Meanings |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yB5NM0o3I9QC&pg=PA209}}</ref><ref name="Krishna_1980"/>

The violent incidents continued until November 1980. The total death tally is uncertain: Justice MP Saxena Committee's Report found 83 deaths in communal rioting.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2023-08-09 |title=1980 Moradabad riots: Judicial inquiry report clearing RSS, BJP tabled in Uttar Pradesh Assembly |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1054030/1980-moradabad-riots-judicial-inquiry-report-clearing-rss-bjp-tabled-in-uttar-pradesh-assembly |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> However unofficial reports claim the death toll to be in several hundreds, as high as 2500.<ref name="Asghar1991"/> The riots greatly affected the city's noted [[brass]]ware industry, which saw a sharp decline in the production and export figures.<ref name="Uddin1989">{{cite book | author=Sami Uddin | title=Entrepreneurship Development in India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzQlpskiOKsC&pg=PA254|year=1989| publisher=Mittal Publications | isbn=978-81-7099-115-1 |page=254}}</ref>

== Background ==

Moradabad has a history of Hindu-Muslim riots; the first such riot occurred in 1848, followed by another one in 1872.<ref name="Asghar1991"/> In the 1880s, there were more Hindu voters in the city. However, the Muslim secretary of the Municipality always [[gerrymandering|drew the electoral ward boundaries]] in such a way that Hindus were concentrated in one ward, while the Muslims had the majority in the remaining five wards.<ref name="Robinson2007">{{cite book | author=Francis Robinson | title=Separatism Among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the United Provinces' Muslims, 1860-1923 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QS7FmiBwt-QC&pg=PA80|year=2007| publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-04826-2 | pages=80–81}}</ref> As a result, the Muslims always had the majority in the municipal body. Following protests by the Hindus, the ward boundaries were re-drawn and the Hindus gained majority in the municipality. Both the communities used their administrative power to assert their religious interests, leading to communal animosity.<ref name="Asghar1991"/>

In the 1930s, the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], which demanded a [[Two-nation theory|separate country for Muslims]], gained popularity in Moradabad. The local leader and lawyer Qazi Taslim Husain turned the Islamic Musafir Khana near the [[Moradabad railway station]] into a center for separatist politics in the city. The Hindu organizations [[Arya Samaj]] and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) organized ''[[akhara]]''s in the city, campaigning against the Muslims. Following the [[partition of India]], widespread riots broke out in the city in January 1948.<ref name="Asghar1991"/> Again in 1978, Hindu-Muslim violence broke out in [[Sambhal]] (then part of the [[Moradabad district]]).

== The trigger ==

The tensions between Hindus and Muslims had been running high since the kidnap of a [[Dalit]] girl by some Muslims in March 1980. The Dalits and Muslims used to live in separate ''basti''s (colonies) near an Idgah. The girl was later rescued, and her kidnapper was arrested. In July, on the day of her marriage to a Dalit boy, some Muslims obstructed the [[baraat|marriage procession]] complaining about loud music near the mosque. The argument soon escalated into a violent clash between the two communities, followed by looting of several houses.<ref name="Shashi1997"/>

On 13 August 1980, a domesticated pig from the Dalit colony strayed into the Idgah during the [[Eid prayers|Id prayer]]. Around 50,000 Muslims were attending [[Eid prayers|Eid]] prayers at the location. The Muslims, who considered the pigs as [[haraam]], believed that the pig had been deliberately released by the Hindu Dalits.<ref name="SteveWilkinson2006">{{cite book | author=Steven I. Wilkinson | title=Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLpRFbLSxvAC&pg=PA37|year=2006| publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-53605-9 |page=37}}</ref> They asked an on-duty policeman to chase the pig away, but he refused to do so, leading to a heated argument. The violence broke out when some Muslims pelted stones at the policemen.<ref name="Shashi1997">{{cite book | author=Shashi B Sahai | title=India: Twilight at Midday : Untold Story of a Sick Society | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vq-_8V1GKGQC&pg=PA123|year=1997| publisher=Gyan Books | isbn=978-81-212-0532-0 | pages=123–124}}</ref> The [[Senior superintendent of police|Senior Superintendent of Police]] (SSP) collapsed when a stone hit his forehead, and the [[Additional district magistrate (India)|Additional District Magistrate]] (ADM) DP Singh was dragged away by some people; he was found dead later. The policemen then started firing indiscriminately into the crowd. The police force was reinforced by the [[State Armed Police Forces#Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary|Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (PAC) troops that arrived in trucks along with the [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]].<ref name="Krishna_1980">{{cite journal | title = Anatomy of the Moradabad Riots | author = Krishna Gandhi | journal = [[Economic and Political Weekly]] | volume = 15 | issue = 36 | date = 6 September 1980 | pages = 1505–1507 | jstor = 4369047 }}</ref> Several Muslims were killed in the firing; about 50 more died in a [[stampede]] that followed the firing. The Muslim leader [[Syed Shahabuddin]] later compared the firing to the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]].<ref name="Asghar1991"/>

== The riots ==

The surviving Muslim crowd at the Idgah soon turned into a mob, and indulged in mass looting and arson of the Dalit [[slum]]s. The Muslim mobs beat up the policemen in different localities of the city. They burnt a PAC constable to death.<ref name="Shashi1997"/> In the evening, a Muslim mob attacked the Galshaheed police ''chowki'' (outpost), setting it on fire, killing two policemen and looting the arms. This was followed by violent reprisals by the police.<ref name="Asghar1991"/>

On the next day, 14 August, the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind|Jamaat-e-Islami]] organized a gathering of the Muslim leaders from the various political parties, and issued a statement condemning the riots.<ref name="SKGhosh1987">{{cite book | author=S. K. Ghosh | title=Muslim Politics in India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSn5xuF_ARkC&pg=PA33|year=1987| publisher=APH Publishing | isbn=978-81-7024-070-9 |page=33}}</ref> Subsequently, the violence acquired a religious nature and spread to the rural areas of the [[Moradabad district]]. The violence also spread to the neighbouring city of [[Aligarh]].<ref name="Paul2011">{{cite book | author=Paul R. Brass | title=The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XGZ0kKmJx0C&pg=PT122|year=2011| publisher=University of Washington Press | isbn=978-0-295-80060-8 | pages=102–104}}</ref> The army troops were posted in the region to control the violence. By 2 September, the situation in Moradabad was brought under control, and the army started withdrawing.

The violence continued on a smaller scale until November 1980. A major incidence of violence occurred in September, on the day of the Hindu festival [[Raksha Bandhan]]. At the end of October, a series of stabbings and killings resulted in at least 14 deaths.<ref name="Shashi1997"/>

== Aftermath ==

The riots happened when [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[V. P. Singh]] was the chief minister. The Union Minister [[Yogendra Makwana]] blamed the violence on the RSS, [[Jan Sangh]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). The Prime Minister Indira Gandhi suggested that "foreign forces" (referring to [[Pakistan]]) and "communal parties" were behind the violence. The [[Times of India]] editor [[Girilal Jain]] stated that the "anti-social elements" among the Muslims were partly responsible for the violence, and criticized the Muslim leaders for not admitting to the facts and instead blaming the RSS. He also gave credence to Indira Gandhi's "foreign hand" theory, and published an article listing the number of Pakistani visitors to Uttar Pradesh. The BJP leader [[Lal Krishna Advani]] blamed the Muslim organizations for the violence.<ref name="Paul2011"/> The government appointed Justice Saxena of the [[Allahabad High Court]] to investigate the riots. The Justice Saxena report, submitted in May 1983, indicted Muslim leaders and V. P. Singh for the violence.<ref name="IndiaToday1997">{{cite journal |author=Subash Mishra |title=Moradabad riots: No action taken even after 17 years |journal=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19970616-moradabad-riots-no-action-taken-even-after-17-years-831595-1997-06-16 |access-date=11 May 2020 |date=16 June 1997 |publisher=Thomson Living Media India Limited |page=46}}</ref>

Journalist and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] [[M. J. Akbar|MJ Akbar]] wrote in his book ''Riot after Riot'' that the incident "was not a Hindu-Muslim riot but a calculated cold-blooded massacre of Muslims by a rabidly communal police force which tried to cover up its genocide by making it out to be a Hindu-Muslim riot.”<ref>{{Cite book|last=Akbar|first=M. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e79OAAAAMAAJ|title=Riot After Riot: Reports on Cast and Communal Violence in India|date=1988|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-011026-5|pages=33|language=en}}</ref> [[Economic and Political Weekly|EPW]] correspondent Krishna Gandhi claimed that the "group of criminals supported by {{abbr|ML|Muslim League}} leaders" were responsible for the massacres. According to him, the firing occurred after Muslims beat up policemen, and the excesses committed by the police were, according to him, a reaction to Muslim attacks.

=== Judicial Commission Report ===
A judicial commission was constituted led by retired Allahabad High Court Judge Justice Mathura Prasad Saxena to investigate the clashes. The commission submitted its report in November 1983. However the Report was not made public by the successive governments. The 496- page report was tabled in Uttar Pradesh Assembly after 40 years of the riots. The Report held IUML leader Dr. Shamim Ahmed Khan and his supporters responsible for the riots. The report justified Police firing in self defense, Shamin Khan deliberately spread rumors that pigs have been let loose at Eidgah on Eid Day, it enraged the Muslim community and they launched attacks on Police stations and other communities.

The commission also denied any role of RSS, BJP or Dalit Organizations in the riots.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-09 |title=2 Muslim League leaders plotted 1980 Moradabad riots that killed 83: Judicial panel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/2-muslim-league-leaders-plotted-1980-moradabad-riots-that-killed-83-judicial-panel/articleshow/102547355.cms |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=1980 Moradabad riots: Judicial commission report presented in UP Assembly, gives clean chit to BJP, RSS |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/1980-moradabad-riots-judicial-commission-report-presented-in-up-assembly-gives-clean-chit-to-bjp-rss-2640218 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Riots in India}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moradabad riots, 1980}}
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim riots in India]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Moradabad district]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh (1947–present)]]
[[Category:1980 riots]]
[[Category:August 1980 in India]]
[[Category:September 1980 in India]]
[[Category:October 1980 in India]]
[[Category:November 1980 in India]]
[[Category:1980 murders in India]]
[[Category:1980 in Islam]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 1980]]
[[Category:1980s fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1980]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in India]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:Dalit history]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on police stations in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on police stations in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Mass stabbings in India]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks in 1980]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1980]]

Zorawar Singh of Bikaner

2025-11-28T01:29:49Z

Ananyareddy: creating basic bio added tags

{{Short description|Maharaja of Bikaner from 1735 to 1746}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Zorawar Singh
| image =
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]
| reign = 16 December 1735 – 15 May 1746
| predecessor = Sujan Singh
| successor = [[Gaj Singh of Bikaner|Gaj Singh]]
| birth_date = 14 January 1713
| birth_place = Junagarh Fort, Bikaner
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1746|05|15|1713|01|14|df=y}}
| death_place = Anoopura Bikaner
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|
| Kachwahiji (Shekhawatji) Udai Kanwarji of [[Khandela]] in [[Jaipur]]
| Bhatiyaniji (Derawarji) Abhai Kanwarji of [[Derawar]] in [[Jaisalmer]]
| Tanwarji Umaid Kanwarji of [[Lakhasar]] in [[Bikaner]]
}}
| house = Bikawat-Rathore
| father = Sujan Singh
| mother = Bhatiyaniji (Derawarji) Fateh Kanwarji granddaughter of Rawal Ramchandra of [[Jaisalmer]]
}}
'''Maharaja Zorawar Singh''' (14 January 1713 – 15 May 1746) was the ruler of the Kingdom of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] between 1735 and 1746. During this period, the Kingdom was a vassal state of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] empire.

==Biography==
Zorawar Singh was born in 1712. He was the son of his predecessor Sujan Singh.{{sfn|Powlett|1874|pp=44}}

===As crown prince===
In 1733, when the forces of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]] invaded Bikaner, Yuvraj Zorawar Singhji was stationed at [[Nohar]] with about 22,000 men. He marched with his men in defense of the capital, and fought with the invading forces at Talao Najasar. The Marwar army, about 15,000 strong and led by Kunwar [[Bakht Singh of Marwar|Bakht Singh]], was defeated.{{sfn|Powlett|1874|pp=42}}

Subsequently, Zorawar Singji disputed with his father over Zorawar's dislike for a man named Khawas Anand Ramji. Maharaja Sujan Singhji had sought to humour the crown prince, but Zorawar Singh would not accept anything less than the killing of Anand Ram. Upon not being granted this, he left Bikaner to reside at Nohar. From there, he had dispatched assassins who murdered Anand Ram at night. He then moved with his force to Bikaner, encamping at a nearby village. Maharaja Sujan Singhji's advisers prompted him not to fight the crown prince, and therefore a reconciliation was arranged. Two queens of Sujan Singh met with Zorawar Singh, who agreed to pay homage to his father. His position and powers were reinstated by the Maharaja.{{sfn|Powlett|1874|pp=42–43}}

===Reign===
Zorawar was crowned in 1735, upon the death of his father. He began his reign by expelling Marwari troops who had occupied some stations on the border with Bikaner. He then ousted Sangram Singh, the Thakur of [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]] from his position.

====Siege of Bikaner====
Maharaja [[Abhai Singh of Marwar]] invaded the Bikawat-Rathore territory of [[Bikaner]] .The capital was plundered, and the fort besieged. At the request of Zorawar Singh, Maharaja [[Sawai Jai Singh]] of [[Jaipur]] invaded Marwar. The siege of Bikaner was therefore raised and Maharaja Abhai Singh marched in haste towards his own kingdom, pursued by Bikaneri troops.

====Occupation of Churu and Hissar====
Subsequently, the Maharaja engaged himself in putting down rebels in his territory, with Jaipuri assistance. [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]] was occupied, with the rebels expelled, and was later granted to the son of Sangram Singh. The last military campaign of Zorawar was to take back [[Hisar (city)|Hissar]] from the [[Bhatti]] and [[Johiya]] tribes who had held it. A force was sent under the prime minister to occupy [[Hansi]], while Zorawar himself occupied Hissar.

===Death and cremation===
After the taking of Hissar, Zorawar was struck by an illness, and died four days later. It was also suspected that he might have been poisoned. He was cremated at Annupura. At his funeral, a large number of people were burned alive in accordance with the tradition of [[Sati (practice)|sati]]. These included two queens, one ''khawas'' (higher ranked concubines), eleven concubines, five slave-girls of the Maharaja, two slave-girls of the concubines, and one [[brahmin]] employed in the cooking department. The queens and one concubine burnt at Bikaner, with the Maharaja's turban. The rest burned at Annupura with the corpse.{{sfn|Powlett|1874|pp=48}}

==See it==
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[Maratha Mandir]]

==References==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Sehgal |first=K. K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146804/mode/2up |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Bikaner |publisher=Bharat Printers |date=1962 |location=Jaipur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Powlett |first=P. W. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547015/mode/2up |title=Gazetteer of The Bikaner State |date=1874 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Goetz |first=Hermann |author-link=Hermann Goetz |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.14228/ |title=Art and Architecture of Bikaner State |date=1950 |publisher=Bruno Cassirer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}

[[Category:Maharajas of Bikaner]]
[[Category:1746 deaths]]
[[Category:1713 births]]

2025 ITF Bengaluru Open

2025-11-24T08:13:35Z

Ananyareddy: creating some data basic info

{{Multiple issues|
{{Sources exist|date=January 2025}}
{{one source|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{short description|Tennis tournament}}
{{Infobox tennis event|2025|ITF Bengaluru Open|
| date=20–26 January 2025
| edition=2nd
| surface=[[Tennis court#Hard courts|Hard]] / Outdoor
| location=[[Bengaluru]], India
| prize_money = $100,000
| category=[[ITF Women's World Tennis Tour]]
| champs={{flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria]]
| champd={{flagicon|USA}} [[Jessie Aney]] / {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Failla]]
| before_year=2024
}}

The 2025 [[ITF Bengaluru Open]] is a professional [[tennis]] tournament played on outdoor [[Tennis court#Hard courts|hard courts]].It is the second edition of the tournament which is part of the [[2025 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour]]. It took place in [[Bengaluru]], India between 20 and 26 January 2025.<ref>{{cite web|work=ITFtennis.com|publisher=ITF World Tennis Tour|title=W100 Bengaluru|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/w100-bengaluru/ind/2025/w-itf-ind-2025-002/draws-and-results//}}</ref>

==Champions==

===Singles===
{{main if exists|2025 ITF Bengaluru Open – Singles}}
* {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Tatjana Maria]]''' def. {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léolia Jeanjean]] 6–7(0–7), 6–3, 6–4.

===Doubles===
{{main if exists|2025 ITF Bengaluru Open – Doubles}}
* {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Jessie Aney]]''' / {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Jessica Failla]]''' def. {{flagicon|}} [[Amina Anshba]] / {{flagicon|}} [[Elena Pridankina]] 6–2, 4–6, [10–6].

==Singles main draw entrants==

===Seeds===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="70"| Country
! width="175"| Player
! Rank1
! Seed
|-
|{{flag|GER}}
|[[Tatjana Maria]]
|90
|1
|-
|{{flag|CAN}}
|[[Rebecca Marino]]
|98
|2
|-
|{{flag|LAT}}
|[[Darja Semeņistaja]]
|118
|3
|-
|
|[[Maria Timofeeva]]
|134
|4
|-
|{{flag|PHI}}
|[[Alexandra Eala]]
|136
|5
|-
|{{flag|THA}}
|[[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]]
|137
|6
|-
|{{flag|FRA}}
|[[Léolia Jeanjean]]
|149
|7
|-
|{{flag|CZE}}
|[[Sára Bejlek]]
|155
|8
|}
* 1 Rankings are as of 13 January 2025.

===Other entrants===
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaidehi Chaudhari]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahaja Yamalapalli]]

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović]]
* {{flagicon|}} [[Maria Kozyreva]]
* {{flagicon|}} [[Daria Kudashova]]
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko]]
* {{flagicon|INA}} [[Priska Madelyn Nugroho]]
* {{flagicon|}} [[Iryna Shymanovich]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tina Nadine Smith]]
* {{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen]]

The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Riya Bhatia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2025 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ITF Bengaluru Open, 2025}}
[[Category:2025 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour]]
[[Category:Tennis tournaments in India]]
[[Category:Hard court tennis tournaments]]
[[Category:January 2025 sports events in India|ITF]]

{{Tennis-competition-stub}}
{{India-sport-stub}}

Buddha footprint

2025-09-14T13:04:39Z

Ananyareddy:

{{Short description|Monument marking or symbolizing an imprint of Gautama Buddha's foot or both feet}}
[[File:Buddha-Footprint.jpeg|thumb|Footprint of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] with [[Dharmacakra]] and [[Three Jewels|Triratna]], 1st century, [[Gandhara|Gandhāra]]]]
[[File:The Buddha's Footprint.jpg|thumb|Buddhapada, Teak wood decorated with mother of pearl and glass. Lanna art, late 15th – early 16th centuries. [[Wat Phra Singh|Wat Phra Singh Woramahaviharn]]]]
[[File:Seema Malaka - Buddha footprint.jpg|thumb|right|Buddha footprint at entrance of the [[Seema Malaka]] temple]]
'''Buddha's footprints''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{Transliteration|sa|Buddhapada}})( Tibetan: སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཞབས་རྗེས། ) is an important [[Buddhist symbolism|Buddhist symbol]] which is commonly depicted as [[Icon|icons]] shaped like an imprint of [[Gautama Buddha]]'s foot or both feet. There are two forms: natural, as found in stone or rock, and those made artificially.<ref name=Stratton-2003>{{cite book | title = Buddhist Sculpture of Northern Thailand | first = Carol | last = Stratton | isbn = 1-932476-09-1 | year = 2003 | publisher = Serindia Publications }}</ref>{{RP|301}} Many of the "natural" ones are acknowledged not to be genuine footprints of the Buddha, but rather replicas or representations of them, which can be considered ''[[cetiya]]'' ([[Buddhist]] [[relic]]s) and also an early [[aniconic]] and symbolic representation of the Buddha.<ref name=Strong-2004>{{cite book | title = Relics of the Buddha (Buddhisms: A Princeton University Press Series) | first = John S. | last = Strong | isbn = 0-691-11764-0 | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] | year = 2004}}{{RP|87}}</ref>

==Symbolism==

Footprints of the Buddha abound throughout Asia, dating from various periods.<ref name=Strong-2004/>{{RP|86}} Japanese author {{nihongo|Motoji Niwa|丹羽基二|Niwa Motoji}}, who spent years tracking down the footprints in many Asian countries, estimates that he found more than 3,000 such footprints, among them about 300 in [[Japan]] and more than 1,000 in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=Niwa_009>{{cite book |title=Zusetsu sekai no bussokuseki: bussokuseki kara mita Bukkyō |script-title=ja:図説世界の仏足石: 仏足石から見た仏教 |trans-title=Buddha's footprints, pictures and explanations: Buddhism as seen through the footprints of Buddha | publisher = Meicho Shuppan | language = ja, en | year = 1992 | page= 5 | first = Motoji | last = Niwa | isbn = 4-626-01432-1 }}</ref> They often bear distinguishing marks, such as a [[Dharmachakra]] at the centre of the sole, or the 32, 108 or 132 auspicious signs of the Buddha, engraved or painted on the sole.<ref>{{cite web | title = Footprints of the Buddha | publisher = Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc | url = http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/b_feet.htm | access-date = 2008-05-11 | year = 2008}}</ref>

A depression atop [[Sri padaya]] in Sri Lanka is among the largest and most famous footprints.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = History and Cultural Heritage: Past and Future|last = Prasopchingchana|first = Sarunya|date = 2013|journal = International Journal on Humanistic Ideology}}</ref> Buddhist legend holds that during his lifetime the Buddha flew to Sri Lanka and left his footprint on Sri padaya to indicate the importance of Sri Lanka as the perpetuator of his teachings, and also left footprints in all lands where his teachings would be acknowledged.<ref name=Stratton-2003/>{{RP|301}} In [[Thailand]], the most important of these "natural" footprints embedded in rock is at [[Wat Phra Phutthabat|Phra Phutthabat]] in central Thailand.<ref name=Stratton-2003/>{{RP|301}} In [[China]], during the [[Tang dynasty]], the discovery of a large footprint of the Buddha in [[Chengzhou]] caused Empress [[Wu Zetian]] to inaugurate a new reign name in that year, 701 CE, starting the Dazu (Big Foot) era.<ref name=Strong-2004/>{{RP|86}}

The footprint as a sculptural object has a long history stemming from the first examples made in India.<ref name=Stratton-2003/>{{RP|302}} These were made during the pre-[[Greco-Buddhist]] phase of [[Buddhist art]] at [[Sanchi]], [[Bharhut]], and other places in India,<ref name=Strong-2004/>{{RP|85}} along with the [[Bo-Tree]] and the [[Dharmachakra]].<ref>{{cite web | title = A 'Buddhapada' stone, 1st / 2nd c. CE, Gandhara: Commentary by John Eskenazi Ltd. | url = http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/0100_0199/kushanart/buddhapada/buddhapada.html | access-date = 2008-05-10 | publisher = Columbia University }}</ref> Later, the footprint-making tradition became prominent in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, [[Burma]], and Thailand.<ref name=Stratton-2003/>{{RP|302}}

==History==
[[File:Worship scenes stone at ASI Museum, Amaravathi.jpg|thumb|A stone depiction of ancient worship of Buddhapada]]

The veneration of the feet of [[guru]]s or [[deities]] was commonplace in [[History of India|ancient India]], placing one's head at or under their feet being a ritual gesture signifying a hierarchy.<ref name=Strong-2004/>{{RP|85}} As ''cetiya'', the Buddha's footprint was classified in a variety of ways. Some were ''uddesika'', representational relics, and others were ''paribhogika'', relics of use or of contact, and occasionally ''saririka'', as though they were not just footprints but the Buddha's actual feet. Some of the depictions of the footprints may signify events in the life of the Buddha, but others may have been depictions of people worshipping at footprint shrines.<ref name=Strong-2004/>{{RP|86}}

To clarify:<ref>Cicuzza, Claudio, ''A Mirror Reflecting the Entire World. The Pāli Buddhapādamaṅgala or “Auspicious signs on the Buddha’s feet”. Critical edition with English Translation'', Materials for the Study of the Tripiṭaka, vol. VI, Lumbini International Research Institute, Bangkok and Lumbini 2011, p. xxi.</ref> a footprint of the Buddha is a concave image of his foot (or feet), supposed to have been left by him on earth to purposefully mark his passage over a particular spot. The images of the Buddha's feet are convex images which represent the actual soles of his feet, with all their characteristics. Following the traditional triple division of the ''cetiya'',<ref>For the late triple division of the cetiya, see for example Pj 8.7 (PTS 222): ''taṃ panetaṃ cetiyaṃ tividhaṃ hoti paribhogacetiyaṃ, uddissakacetiyaṃ, dhātukacetiyanti. tattha bodhirukkho paribhogacetiyaṃ, buddhapaṭimā uddissakacetiyaṃ, dhātugabbhathūpā sadhātukā dhātukacetiyaṃ''. See also Ja 479 (PTS IV, 228) and ''Kassapadasabalassa suvaṇṇacetiyavatthu'' in Dhp-a 14.9 (PTS III, 251).</ref> we can assume that the first form of the image of the Buddha's feet – the concave one – is a sort of ''pāribhogika'' element, since it is indissolubly connected with the [[Tathāgata]] himself. The second one can be thought as an ''uddissaka'' element, since it was created by a devoted artist (or artists) to commemorate the Buddha, taking as its model a genuine footprint. But we can think of this second group, too, as a "''pāribhogika'' by supposition", as noted by Chutiwongs.<ref>See Nandana Chutiwongs, "The Buddha’s Footprints", Ancient Ceylon 10 (1990), p. 60.</ref>
According to French scholar [[Paul Mus]], the footprints were the type of magical objects which "enables one to act at a distance on people related to it."<ref name=Mus_067>{{cite book | title = Barabudur (Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts) | first = Paul | last = Mus | author-link = Paul Mus | translator= Alexander McDonald| isbn = 81-207-1784-8 | publisher = Sterling Publishers, India | year = 2002 | page = 67 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Petrosomatoglyph]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Cicuzza, Claudio, ''A Mirror Reflecting the Entire World. The Pāli Buddhapādamaṅgala or 'Auspicious signs on the Buddha's feet'''. Critical edition with English translation. Materials for the Study of the Tripiṭaka, vol. VI, Lumbini International Research Institute, Bangkok and Lumbini 2011. {{ISBN|978-974-496-525-7}}
*de Guerny, Jacques (2012). ''Buddhapada: L’odyssée des empreintes de Bouddha''. édition privée. {{ISBN|978-2-9542966-1-6}}
*de Guerny, Jacques (2014). ''Buddhapada: Following The Buddha's Footprints''. Orchid Press Publishing Limited. {{ISBN|978-974-524-163-3}}

==External links==
*[http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/footprints-bussokuseki.html Triratana on the footprints of the Buddha]

{{Gautama Buddha}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gautama Buddha|Footprint]]
[[Category:Buddhist relics]]
[[Category:Buddhist artifacts]]
[[Category:Legendary footprints]]

Poile Sengupta

2025-09-12T14:12:54Z

Ananyareddy: created a article - done

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}

[[File:Poile Sengupta 2014.png|thumb|Poile Sengupta in 2014]]
'''Poile Sengupta''' ({{nee|'''Ambika Gopalakrishnan'''}}; born 1948) is an Indian [[English language|English-language]] writer.<ref>[http://www.womenswriting.com/WomensWriting/AuthorProfileDetail.asp?AuthorID=208 Women's Writing Entry on Poile Sengupta] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130209224133/http://www.womenswriting.com/WomensWriting/AuthorProfileDetail.asp?AuthorID=208 |date=9 February 2013 }} maintained by Zubaan, an independent publishing house in India</ref> She is especially well-known as a [[playwright]] and writer for children. Her formal first name is Ambika but she writes, and is known, as Poile. Sengupta has been a college lecturer, a senior school teacher, an educational consultant, a communication and language skills consultant, a consultant editor for a market research firm, and a teacher for Montessori school children.

==Career==
===Writing===
A number of Sengupta's books for children have been published, including ''The Exquisite Balance''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/817011358X/|title=Amazon's listing|website=Amazon|publisher=|accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref> (1985), ''The Way to My Friend's House'' (1988), ''The Story of the Road'' (1993), ''How the Path Grew'' (1997)- (all [[Children's Book Trust]], New Delhi), ''The Clever Carpenter and Other Stories'', ''The Naughty Dog and Other Stories'', and ''The Black Snake and Other Stories'' (all Frank Brothers, New Delhi, 1993), ''Waterflowers'' (Scholastic, 2000), ''Vikram and Vetal'' (2006) and ''Vikramaditya's Throne''(2007)(Puffin).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/poile-sengupta|title=Poile Sengupta - Penguin Books India|publisher=|accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref> ''Role Call'' has been translated into Bhasa Indonesia <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/695907.Poile_Sengupta|title=Poile Sengupta|work=Goodreads|accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref> and ''Vikram and Vetal'' into French.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicat.be/uniCat?func=search&query=author:%22Madanagobalane,%20Kichenassamy%22&formQuery=author:%22Madanagobalane,%20Kichenassamy%22|title=UniCat-Search|publisher=|accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref> She has also written ''The Lights Changed''. This short has been written in the NCERT book of civics for class 6.

Her stories for children have been included in a number of anthologies like ''The Puffin Treasury of Modern Indian Stories'', ''The Puffin Book of Funny Stories'', ''Favourite Stories for Boys'', ''Favourite Stories for Girls'', ''A Clear Blue Sky'' and ''Bad Moon Rising'', all from Puffin, India, ''More Mystery Stories'' (1989), ''24 Short Stories'' (1991), both from Children's Book Trust, New Delhi, ''Sorry, Best Friend'' (1996) and ''One World'', both from Tulika, Chennai, the Target Annuals (1989,1990)and ''The Best of Target''.

She has written a number of columns for children, the longest running of which, 'A Letter to You', a humour column about a 10-year-old boy Perky and his friend Raghu, ran intermittently in the weekly, later monthly, magazine ''Children's World'' for over thirty years. Another column of hers, 'Role Call', about school life, appeared weekly in the ''[[Deccan Herald]]''; and a selection was published in two volumes ''Role Call'' (2003) and ''Role Call Again'' (Rupa, 2003). A third, short lived, column for children was 'Write Hear' in Midday, Mumbai.

As a playwright, her first full-length play, ''Mangalam'', won the award for the most socially-relevant theme in The Hindu-Madras Players Playscripts Competition in 1993. Since then, she wrote a series of plays for both adults and children including ''Inner Laws'' (1994), ''A Pretty Business'' (1995), ''Keats Was A Tuber'' (1996), ''Collages''(1998), ''Alipha'' (2001) and ''Thus Spake Shoorpanakha, So Said Shakuni'' (2001) and ''Yavamajakka'' (a musical for children) (2000). In 2008, ''Samara's Song'' was shortlisted for the Hindu Metro Plus Playwright award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/08/stories/2008050850960100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104075835/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/08/stories/2008050850960100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Shortlist announcement|date=2008-05-08|accessdate=11 October 2014}}</ref> Six of her plays have been published as ''Women Centre Stage: The Dramatist and the Play'', Routledge, Delhi and London, 2010. She received, in 1999-2001, a senior fellowship of the [[Government of India]] to write plays for children in English. A collection of these plays for children, ''Good Heavens!'' has been published by Puffin, India (2006.

In 1991, a collection of her poetry, ''A Woman Speaks'', was published by [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Calcutta]]. Poile Sengupta also occasionally writes short fiction. Her short story 'Ammulu' was shortlisted for the 2012 Commonwealth Short Story Prize.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthwriters.org/prizes/commonwealth-short-story-prize/shortlisted-author-biographies-2012-short-story-prize/|title=2012 Shortlist|work=Commonwealth Writers|accessdate=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140522070301/http://www.commonwealthwriters.org/prizes/commonwealth-short-story-prize/shortlisted-author-biographies-2012-short-story-prize/|archive-date=22 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In October 2014, her novel ''[[Inga (book)|Inga]]'' was published.<ref name="Inga Crossword">{{cite web|title=Inga|url=http://www.crossword.in/books/inga/p-books-9789384030643.html|accessdate=26 October 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026085025/http://www.crossword.in/books/inga/p-books-9789384030643.html|archivedate=26 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Acting===
Poile has been an accomplished actor on stage and in film (''The Outhouse'' directed by Leslie Carvalho and ''Shaitaan'' directed by [[Bejoy Nambiar]]). She is the founder of Theatre Club, a [[Bangalore]]-based amateur theatre group. She has been a Member of the Governing Council of [[National School of Drama]], New Delhi. She has also thrice been on the jury of Trinity College, London, international competition of plays for young people.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://poile.net Official Website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Poile}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian women children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]

Future Generali India Insurance

2025-08-21T14:41:41Z

Ananyareddy: quick fix formatting based on references and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Generali Central Insurance]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Dhanghata Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T04:57:31Z

Ananyareddy: added info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhanghata
| constituency_no = 314
| map_image = 314-Dhanghata.svg
| mla = [[Ganesh Chandra Chauhan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
| reservation = SC
| electors = 357,096 (2017)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Dhanghata''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Dhanghata in the [[Sant Kabir Nagar district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Sant Kabir Nagar Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 314 amongst 403 constituencies.

Since 2017, [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] member [[Sriram Chauhan]] is the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], who won in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Agloo Prasad by a margin of 16,909 votes.<ref name="Election Result">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/dhanghata.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Dhanghata Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/dhanghata.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Alagoo Prasad Chauhan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Sriram Chauhan]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ganesh Chandra Chauhan]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2022 General Elections: Dhanghata (SC)<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ganeh Chandra
|votes = {{formatnum:83241}}
|percentage = 38.5
|change = {{decrease}}1.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Alagu Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:72688}}
|percentage = 33.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Santosh
|votes = {{formatnum:40693}}
|percentage = 18.82
|change = {{decrease}}7.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Yashavant
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:5433}}
|percentage = 2.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narendra Dev
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3960}}
|percentage = 1.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amrit Kumar
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2266}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shanti Devi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:1971}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1915}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change = {{decrease}}0.05
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10553}}
|percentage = 4.88
|change = {{decrease}}3.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:216222}}
|percentage = 55.81
|change = {{decrease}}0.27
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Dhanghata (SC)<ref name="Election Result"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sriram Chauhan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79572}}
|percentage = 39.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Algoo Prasad Chauhan
|votes = {{formatnum:62663}}
|percentage = 31.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Neel Mani
|votes = {{formatnum:51938}}
|percentage = 25.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1871}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16909}}
|percentage = 8.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200275}}
|percentage = 56.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Dhanghata (SC)<ref name="election2012">{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2012 Results|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Algoo Prasad Chauhan
|votes = 66,337
|percentage = 35.55
|change = {{increase}}35.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Sidhare
|votes = 51,388
|percentage = 27.54
|change = {{increase}}27.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Neel Mani
|votes = 40,491
|percentage = 21.70
|change = {{increase}}21.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Surendra Kumar
|votes = 9,660
|percentage = 5.18
|change = {{increase}}5.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Archana Mahatam
|votes = 9,293
|percentage = 4.98
|change = {{increase}}4.98
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|SBSP]]
|candidate = Om Hari
|votes = 3,726
|percentage = 2.00
|change = {{increase}}2.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 5 Candidates
|votes = 5,725
|percentage = 3.07
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 14,949
|percentage = 8.01
|change = {{increase}}8.01
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,86,620
|percentage = 55.30
|change = {{increase}}55.30
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing ={{increase}}35.55
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|26.54|83.01|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sant Kabir Nagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Majhighariani Temple

2025-08-05T02:45:08Z

Ananyareddy: small changes

{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Maa Majhighariani Temple
|native_name = Odia : ମା ମଝୀଘରିଆଣୀ ମନ୍ଦିର
|image = Maa Sri Majhigauri.jpg
|caption = Maa Majhighariani Temple
|map_type = India Odisha
|coordinates = {{coord|19|9|36.121|N|83|24|28.044|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption = Location in Odisha
|map_size = 250
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Odisha]]
|district =[[Rayagada]]
|locale = [[Rayagada town]]
|elevation_m = 219
|elevation_footnotes =
|deity = Maa Majhi Ghariani
|festivals = [[Durga Puja]] and Chaitra Puja
|architecture = [[Kalinga Architecture]]
|temple_quantity = 7
|creator = [[Vishwanath Dev Gajapati]]
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =
|temple_board =
|website = https://rayagada.nic.in/tourist-place/maa-majhighariani-temple/
}}
'''Majhighariani Temple''' is a shrine to a goddess in the [[Rayagada]] township of [[Odisha, India|Odisha]].<ref name="orissareview">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=M.S. |title=Goddess Majhi Ghariani of Rayagada |journal=Orissa Review |date=September 2009 |pages=13–15 |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2009/September/engpdf/13-15.pdf |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716111813/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2009/September/engpdf/13-15.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was built by King [[Vishwanath Dev Gajapati]] of the [[Suryavansh]] dynasty of Nandapur - [[Jeypore]] kingdom. It is believed that he made Rayagada his capital and after the construction of the temple he went on to conquer a vast dominion and expanded his kingdom from parts of [[Bengal]] to [[Telangana]] in south.{{sfn|KBS Singh|1939|p=17}}

Visitors come to the shrine, especially on Wednesdays and Fridays and for [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]] in October and [[Chaitra]] parva in March–April.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} The nearest railhead is [[Rayagada]].

==History==
{{Unsourced section|date=January 2022}}
According to the Odisha District Gazetteer, the 16th century [[Suryavansh]]i king [[Vishwanath Dev Gajapati]] moved his capital to Rayagada from Nandapur and built a fort on the [[Nagavali]] river, now in ruins, in which he built a temple of the Majhighariani goddess. The fort was later destroyed by the British, who used the stones to build a bridge. The current temple was built in the late 20th century.

==References==
* {{cite book |author=KBS Singh |title=Nandapur A Forsaken Kingdom |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209240 |year=1939 |publisher=Utkal Sahitya Press |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 }}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.eodissa.com/moodissa/mojilla/58-rayagada/595-maa-majhighariani-templefamous-temple-of-rayagada maa majhighariani]

{{Shakti temples in Orissa}}
{{Hindu temples in Odisha|rayagada}}

[[Category:Durga temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Rayagada district]]

Line 2 (Coimbatore Metro)

2025-08-01T10:48:32Z

Ananyareddy: adding entry...

{{Short description|Transit line in Coimbatore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Green Line
| color = aced19
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Coimbatore Metro]]
| status = Proposed
| locale =
| start = [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]]
| end = Valiyampalayam Pirivu
| stations = 14
| daily_ridership =
| open =
| close =
| owner =
| operator =
| character = 14.4 km Elevated
| stock =
| linelength_km =
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge =
| electrification =
| speed_km/h = 80
| elevation =
| map = {{Line 2:Coimbatore Metro Route map}}
| map_state =
}}

The '''GreenLine''' or '''Line 2''' is one of the two proposed lines of [[Coimbatore Metro]], Phase 1 Project, the second being the [[Line 1 (Coimbatore Metro)|Red line]] (Line 1). The line stretches from [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]] to Valiyampalayam Pirivu. The line consists of 14 [[Metro station|station]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title= DPR for Coimbatore metro rail project to be submitted to Tamil Nadu government by July 15|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/dpr-for-coimbatore-metro-rail-project-to-be-submitted-to-tamil-nadu-government-by-july-15/article67030788.ece|access-date=1 July 2023|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= CMRL Submits Detailed Project Reports for Madurai and Coimbatore Metro Projects|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/cmrl-submits-detailed-project-reports-for-madurai-and-coimbatore-metro-projects/|access-date=15 July 2023|newspaper=The Metro Rail News|date=15 July 2023}}</ref>

==Stations==
The stations proposed in the first phase of [[Coimbatore Metro]] in the Line-2 are:<ref>{{cite news|title= 39km Metro Line project in Phase 1|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994605228/-km-Long-Distance-Coimbatore-Metro-Rail-Service-A-to-Z-Overview|access-date=7 July 2023|newspaper=India Herald|date=7 July 2023}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="95%"
|-
!align="center" colspan="9" style="background:#b6e943;" | '''Green Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2"|S.No
! colspan="2"|Station Name
! rowspan="2"|Interchange connection
! rowspan="2"|Places Connected
! rowspan="2"|Layout
! rowspan="2"|Opened
! rowspan="2" |Depot Connection
! rowspan="2" |Depot Layout
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|1||align="center"|[[Coimbatore Junction Metro station|Coimbatore Junction]]||கோயம்புத்தூர் சந்திப்பு||{{color box|Red||rail color}} [[Line 1 (Coimbatore Metro)|Red Line]], {{rint|rail}} [[Coimbatore Junction railway station]]||[[Coimbatore Medical College|Coimbatore Government Hospital]]||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|2||align="center"|Ramnagar||ராம்நகர்||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|3||align="center"|Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus||காந்திபுரம் மத்திய பேருந்து நிலையம்||{{rint|bus}} [[Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus]], {{rint|bus}} [[Gandhipuram Town Bus stand]]||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|4||align="center"|Coimbatore Omni Bus Stand||கோயம்புத்தூர் ஆம்னி பேருந்து நிலையம்||{{rint|bus}} [[Coimbatore Omni Bus Terminus]]||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|5||align="center"|Moor Market||மூர் மார்க்கெட்||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|6||align="center"|Ganapathy Pudur||கணபதி புதூர்||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|7||align="center"|Athipalayam||அத்திபாளையம்||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|8||align="center"|Ramakrishna Mills||ராமகிருஷ்ணா மில்ஸ்||None||[[Prozone Mall (Coimbatore)|Prozone Mall]]||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|9||align="center"|Vinayagapuram||விநாயகபுரம்||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|10||align="center"|Chithra Nagar||சித்ரா நகர்||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|11||align="center"|Saravanampatti||சரவணம்பட்டி||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|12||align="center"|Viswasapuram||விஸ்வாசபுரம்||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|13||align="center"|VGP Nagar||விஜிபி நகர்||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|14||align="center"|Valiyampalayam Pirivu||வலியம்பாளையம் பிரிவு||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|}

==See also==
* [[Line 1 (Coimbatore Metro)]]
* [[Coimbatore Metro]]
* [[Transport in Coimbatore]]
* [[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Transport in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Proposed rapid transit in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Tamil Nadu]]

Rajah Annamalaipuram Ayyappan Koil, Chennai

2025-05-03T00:30:28Z

Ananyareddy: Starting Details

{{short description|Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Ayyappa in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Rajah Annamalaipuram Ayyappan Koil
|image =
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type = India Chennai
|coordinates = {{coord|13|1|7|N|80|16|5|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption = Location in Chennai

|other_names =

|sanskrit_translit =

|script_name = 
|script = 
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|district = [[Chennai]]
|locale = 82, Santhome High Road, Rajah Annamalaipuram 600 028
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
|deity = [[Ayyappa]]
|festivals =
|architecture = [[Hindu architecture|Hindu temple architecture]], [[Kerala architecture|Kerala Style]]
|temple_quantity = 1
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =
|established = 1981 
|year_completed = 1982 
|creator = [[M. A. M. Ramaswamy|M.A.M. Ramaswamy Chettiar]] (Chettinad Group)
|temple_board = Rajah Annamalaipuram Sri Iyyappa Swami Temple Trust
|website = http://www.iyyappaswami.com/index.html
}}

'''Rajah Annamalaipuram Ayyappan Koil''' is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity [[Ayyappa]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It is located at [[Raja Annamalaipuram]], a coastal neighbourhood of Chennai.

==History==
The temple was built by noted industrialist [[M. A. M. Ramaswamy|M. A. M. Ramaswamy Chettiar]], son of [[Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar]] of the [[Chettinad Royal Family]], who upon taking a pilgrimage to [[Sabarimala]] envisioned building a similar temple in 1973.<ref name="Dinamalar_SriAiyappanTemple">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Sri Aiyappan temple
| newspaper = Dinamalar Temples
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Dinamalar
| date = n.d.
| url = https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1458
| access-date = 24 Apr 2014}}</ref> The temple was established in 1981 and constructed and congregated in 1982 on the land donated to the temple by Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar. The Ayyappa idol, made of ''Panchaloha'' (five precious metals representing the five elements of nature), was made by [[Sri Bhattanachariar]], a sculptor from [[Nagercoil]]. It was taken in a procession from the [[Krishnan Temple]] in Nagercoil to various places of religious importance in [[Tamil Nadu]] before it was installed in the Rajah Annamalaipuram temple on 25 January 1982.<ref name="Hindu_FestivalTimeAtAyyappaTemple"/> The first kumbabishekam (renovative ablution) was performed on 29 January 1982 and the second one was performed on 27 March 1994.<ref name="HomeWeb_AboutTheTemple">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| author-link =
| title = About the temple
| work =
| publisher = iyyappaswami.com
| date = n.d.
| url = http://www.iyyappaswami.com/temple.htm
| doi =
| access-date = 24 Apr 2014}}</ref>

On 2008, third kumbabishegam was performed.

On 27 March 2024, fourth Kumbabishegam was performed with three new additional sanctums. ([[Vinayagar]], [[Navagraha]]m and [[Anjaneyar]])

==The temple==
The temple is built as an exact replica of the original [[Sabarimala Temple|Ayyappan Temple]] at [[Sabarimala]] in [[Kerala]]. The temple was constructed in three floors presumably to lend the feeling of being atop a hill similar to the Sabarimala hill.<ref name="HomeWeb_AboutTheTemple"/> The architecture follows the Kerala style and tradition with 18 steps to the main shrine and the sanctum sanctorum. The temple is known as ''Vada Sabari'' or North Sabarimala. Methods of worship is similar to the Sabarimala temple, whereby devotees observe all fasting, carry ''[[Irumudi]]'' (the sacred twin baggage) and sing [[bajans|bhajans]] as they do for a pilgrimage to Sabarimala. There is a separate passage for other devotees coming to the temple without the Irumudi.<ref name="Dinamalar_SriAiyappanTemple"/> The temple has all the features of Sabarimala with sub-shrines of Kannimoola Maha Ganapathy ([[Ganesha]]), [[Maaligaipurathu Amman|<nowiki>[[Maaligaipurathu Amman</nowiki>]], [[Nagaraja]], [[Karuppuswamy|Karuppunnaswamy]], Valiya Kadutha Swamy and other deities.<ref name="Hindu_FestivalTimeAtAyyappaTemple">{{cite news
| last = Srinivasan
| first = T. A.
| title = Festival time at Ayyappa Temple
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 20 December 2002
| url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/12/20/stories/2002122001690400.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040103113840/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/12/20/stories/2002122001690400.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2004
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 24 Apr 2014}}</ref> The single piece ''Dhvajasthamba'' or ''kodimaram'' (the flag post) of the temple is 40 feet tall. A meditation hall measuring 125 feet by 100 feet below the temple is where pilgrims are made to stay during the Mandala Pooja and the main festival.<ref name="Hindu_FestivalTimeAtAyyappaTemple"/> It is built of Jaipur tiles and is capable of accommodating 1,500 devotees.<ref name="Dinamalar_SriAiyappanTemple"/><ref name="HomeWeb_AboutTheTemple"/> Music performances, religious discourses and other events are held in the hall during the festival and other important days.<ref name="Hindu_FestivalTimeAtAyyappaTemple"/>

The temple has a golden and a silver chariots taken on procession during festival days.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = ஐயப்பன் கோவில் - ராஜா அண்ணாமலைபுரம்
| newspaper = Maalai Malar
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language = Tamil
| publisher = Maalai Malar
| date = 10 January 2014
| url = http://www.maalaimalar.com/2014/01/10123410/raja-annamalaipuram-ayyappan-t.html
| access-date = 24 Apr 2014
| archive-date = 24 April 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140424130838/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2014/01/10123410/raja-annamalaipuram-ayyappan-t.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==Worship==
The [[poojas]] (religious practices) in the temple are performed per the rules in Sabarimala, the difference being that the Sabarimala temple is open only on specific days in a year, while Rajah Annamalaipuram temple is open to devotees throughout the year.<ref name="Dinamalar_SriAiyappanTemple"/>

==Festivals==
The festivals at the temple begin from [[Karthikai]] first day (in November) with Mandala [[Pujas]] and [[Brahmotsava]]m.<ref name="Dinamalar_SriAiyappanTemple"/>

==References==
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120309183231/http://www.iyyappaswami.com/index.html Official website of Rajah Annamalaipuram Ayyappan Koil, Chennai]
* [http://www.ayyappa.net/ayyappa-shrines-in-tamil-nadu-68/ Ayyappa shrines in Tamil Nadu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618061914/http://www.ayyappa.net/ayyappa-shrines-in-tamil-nadu-68/ |date=18 June 2014 }}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{List of Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:1982 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1982]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Ayyappan temples]]

Abor Hills

2025-03-07T01:53:45Z

Ananyareddy: content update

{{Short description|Region of Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
The '''Abor Hills''' is a region of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in the far northeast of India, near the border with China. The hills are bordered by the [[Mishmi Hills]] and [[Miri Hills]], and drained by the [[Dibang River]], a tributary of the [[Brahmaputra]].

During the [[British Raj]], the hills had a reputation as a troublesome area, and military expeditions were sent against the residents in the 1890s. The region was administered as the Abor Hills District from 1948, with headquarters at [[Pasighat]], but later reorganized into the [[Lower Dibang Valley]] and [[Lohit District|Lohit]] districts.

== Colonial history ==
The Abor Hills are a tract of country on the north-east frontier of India, which was occupied by an independent tribe, the [[Adi people]], formerly called the Abors. It lays north of [[Lakhimpur district]], in the province of eastern Bengal and Assam, and is bounded on the east by the Mishmi Hills and on the west by the Miri Hills. The villages of the tribe extended to the Dibang river. The term Abor is an [[Assamese language|Assamese]] word, signifying "living free" or "independent," and is applied in a general sense by the Assamese to many frontier tribes. In its restricted sense, it refers specifically to this area because the Adi were considered to be difficult to control and resistant to centralized authority. In former times, they frequently raided the plains of Assam, and had been the object of more than one retaliatory expedition by the British government. The first Bor Abor expedition occurred in 1893–1894. Some military police sepoys were murdered in British territory. Then the Bomjir outpost was attacked by the Bor Abor men, killing 42 British [[sepoy]]s. As a result, a force of 2,000 troops and 1,000 coolies was sent to the area under Col. J.F. Needham. The force traversed the Abor country and destroyed the villages involved in the murder as well as other villages that opposed the expedition. It was partially successful, though with the loss of many lives in the battle and failure to accomplish its objectives in defeating the Damroh village of Bor Abors. Therefore, a blockade was placed against them from 1894 to 1900.

The Abors, together with the cognate tribes of Miris, Daphlas and Akas, are supposed to be descended from a [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] stock.<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Abor Hills|volume=1|page=67}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://roing.nic.in/|Lower Dibang Valley official website}}

{{coord|28|25|N|94|40|E|display=title|region:IN_type:mountain_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Hills of Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Mayong (Assam)

2025-01-11T16:35:41Z

Ananyareddy: further updated information per standard format and added references

#REDIRECT [[Mayong, Assam]]

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Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan

2024-06-12T21:41:57Z

Ananyareddy: typo fix

#REDIRECT [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)]]

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Tiruvilanagar Uchiravaneswarar Temple

2024-04-28T23:07:25Z

Ananyareddy: creating some place w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Tiruvilanagar uchivanesvarartemple1.jpg|200x200px|right|thumb|Temple entrance]]
'''Tiruvilanagar Uchiravaneswarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located at Tiruvila Nagar in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>[https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=308 Sri Uchira Vaneswarar Temple Thurai Kattum Vallalar temple], [[Dinamalar]]</ref> The presiding deity is [[Shiva]]. He is called as Uchira Vaneswarar. His consort is known as Veyuru Tholi Ammai.

== Significance ==
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Tirugnanasambandar]].

== Literary mention ==
Tirugnanasambandar describes the feature of the deity as:<ref>Tirugnanasambandar Tevaram, II: 78:5</ref>
{{cquote|பன்னினார்மறை பாடினார் பாயசீர்ப்பழங் காவிரித் 
துன்னுதண்டுறை முன்னினார் தூநெறிபெறு வாரெனச் 
சென்னிதிங்களைப் பொங்கராக் கங்கையோடுடன் சேர்த்தினார் 
மின்னுபொன்புரி நூலினார் மேயதுவிள நகரதே.}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|title= Sri Uchira Vaneswarar Temple Thurai Kattum Vallalar temple |url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=308 |publisher =[[Dinamalar]]}}
* {{cite web|title= Thuraikattum Vallalar Temple, Tiruvilanagar
|url= http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc040.php |publisher=Shiva Temples of Tamilnadu, Paadal Petra Sivasthalangal}}

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Tiruvilanagar uchivanesvarartemple2.jpg|vimana
File:Tiruvilanagar uchivanesvarartemple3.jpg|nandhi, balipeetam
File:Tiruvilanagar uchivanesvarartemple4.jpg|temple premises
File:Tiruvilanagar uchivanesvarartemple5.jpg|Nataraja shrine
</gallery>

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}