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<div>{{Short description|Species of mammal in Asia}}<br />
{{Other uses|Red Panda (disambiguation){{!}}Red Panda}}<br />
{{Featured article}}<br />
{{Pp-semi-indef}}<br />
{{Pp-move}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pleistocene|Present}}<br />
| image = Red Panda, Gentle Tree-Dweller of the Himalayas.jpg<br />
| image_caption = ''A. f. fulgens'' in [[Langtang National Park]], Nepal<br />
| status = EN<br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |title=''Ailurus fulgens'' |author=Glatston, A. |author2=Wei, F. |author3=Than Zaw<!--author name is listed this way in the source; no last/first name separation is provided--> |author4=Sherpa, A. |name-list-style=amp |article-number=e.T714A110023718 |date=2015 |errata=2017 |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref><br />
| status2 = CITES_A1<br />
| status2_system = CITES<br />
| status2_ref = <ref name="iucn"/><br />
| display_parents = 3<br />
| genus = Ailurus<br />
| parent_authority = [[Frédéric Cuvier|F. Cuvier]], 1825<br />
| species = fulgens<br />
| authority = F. Cuvier, 1825<br />
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies<br />
| subdivision = ''A. f. fulgens'' {{small|F. Cuvier, 1825}}<br/><br />
''A. f. styani'' {{small|[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902}}<ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=7 |volume=X |issue=57 |pages=251–252 |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up}}</ref><br />
| range_map = RedPanda distribution.png<br />
| range_map_alt = Map showing the range of the red panda, a narrow band along the Himalayas and southwest China, in red<br />
| range_map_caption = Range of the red panda<br />
| synonyms = {{species list <br />
|Ailurus refulgens |[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1840<br />
|Ailurus ochraceus |[[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1847<br />
|Ælurus fulgens |[[William Henry Flower|Flower]], 1871<br />
}}<br />
| synonyms_ref =<ref name="taxonomy"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''red panda''' ('''''Ailurus fulgens'''''), also known as the '''lesser panda''', is a small [[mammal]] native to the [[eastern Himalayas]] and [[southwestern China]]. It has dense reddish-brown fur with a black belly and legs, white-lined ears, a mostly white muzzle and a ringed tail. Its head-to-body length is {{cvt|51|-|63.5|cm}} with a {{cvt|28|-|48.5|cm}} tail, and it weighs between {{cvt|3.2|and|15|kg}}. It is well adapted to climbing due to its flexible joints and curved semi-retractile claws.<br />
<br />
The red panda was formally [[Species description|described]] in 1825. The two recognised subspecies, the Himalayan and the Chinese red panda, [[Genetic divergence|genetically diverged]] about 250,000 years ago. The red panda's place on the [[Phylogenetic tree|evolutionary tree]] has been debated, but modern genetic evidence places it in close affinity with [[Procyonidae|raccoon]]s, [[Mustelidae|weasel]]s, and [[Mephitidae|skunk]]s. It is not closely related to the [[giant panda]], which is a [[bear]], though both possess elongated wrist bones or "[[Sesamoid bone#Other animals|false thumbs]]" used for grasping [[bamboo]]. The evolutionary [[Lineage (evolution)|lineage]] of the red panda ([[Ailuridae]]) stretches back around {{mya|25|18}}, as indicated by extinct fossil relatives found in Eurasia and North America.<br />
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The red panda inhabits [[coniferous forests]] as well as [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]], favouring steep slopes with dense bamboo cover close to water sources. It is solitary and largely [[arboreal]]. It feeds mainly on [[bamboo shoot]]s and leaves, but also on fruits and blossoms. Red pandas mate in early spring, with the females giving birth to litters of up to four cubs in summer. It is threatened by [[poaching]] as well as [[habitat destruction|destruction]] and [[habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]] of habitat due to [[deforestation]]. The species has been listed as [[endangered species|Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2015. It is protected in all [[Range state|range countries]].<br />
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[[Community-based conservation]] programmes have been initiated in [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Northeast India|northeastern India]]; in China, it benefits from [[nature conservation]] projects. Regional [[captive breeding]] programmes for the red panda have been established in zoos around the world. It is featured in animated movies, video games, comic books and as the namesake of companies and music bands.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The origin of the name ''panda'' is uncertain, but one of the most likely theories is that it derived from the [[Nepali language|Nepali]] word "ponya".<ref name=Introduction2022>{{cite book |author=Glatston, A. R. |year=2021 |chapter=Introduction |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=xix–xxix |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> The word {{lang|ne|पञ्जा}} ''{{transliteration|ne|pajā}}'' or {{lang|ne|पौँजा}} ''{{transliteration|ne|pañjā}}'' means "ball of the foot" and "claws".<ref>{{cite book |author=Turner, R. L. |year=1931 |title=A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language |publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner |location=London |chapter=पञ्जा pañjā |page=359 |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127063121/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes |url-status=live}}</ref> The Nepali words "nigalya ponya" has been translated as "bamboo-footed" and is thought to be the red panda's Nepali name; in English, it was simply called ''panda'', and was the only animal known under this name for more than 40 years; it became known as the ''red panda'' or ''lesser panda'' to distinguish it from the [[giant panda]], which was formally described and named in 1869.<ref name=Introduction2022/><br />
<br />
The genus name ''Ailurus'' is adopted from the [[Ancient Greek]] word {{linktext|αἴλουρος|lang=grc}} ''{{transliteration|grc|ailouros}}'' meaning 'cat'.<ref>{{cite book |author=Liddell, H. G. |author2=Scott, R. |name-list-style=amp |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |edition=Revised and augmented |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1940 |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek |chapter=αἴλουρος |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227015130/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ailouros&la=greek |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[specific epithet]] ''fulgens'' is [[Latin]] for 'shining, bright'.<ref name=Introduction2022/><ref>{{cite book |author=Lewis, C. T. A. |author2=Short, C. |name-list-style=amp |title=Latin Dictionary |location=Oxford |year=1879 |edition=Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten |publisher=Clarendon Press |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la |chapter=fulgens |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130039/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=begin&lookup=fulgens&lang=la |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Taxonomy ==<br />
[[File:Anh48 0368 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Watercolour of a red panda on branch with three separate depictions of the paws at the top|Watercolour painting of a red panda commissioned by [[Thomas Hardwicke]] {{circa|1820}}<ref name=Lowther2021>{{cite journal |author=Lowther, D. A. |year=2021 |title=The first painting of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India |journal= Archives of Natural History |volume= 48 |issue=2 |pages=368–376 |doi=10.3366/anh.2021.0728 |s2cid=244938631}}</ref>]]<br />
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The red panda was [[Species description|described]] and named in 1825 by [[Frederic Cuvier]], who gave it its [[scientific name]] ''Ailurus fulgens''. Cuvier's description was based on [[zoological specimen]]s, including skin, paws, jawbones and teeth "from the mountains north of India", as well as an account by [[Alfred Duvaucel]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Cuvier, F. |year=1825 |chapter=Panda |page=LII 1–3 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelVGeof/page/LII |editor1=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. |editor2=Cuvier, F. |title=Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle |volume=5 |publisher=A. Belin |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Cuvier, G. |year=1829 |title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation |volume=1 |publisher=Chez Déterville|location= Paris |chapter=''Le Panda éclatant'' |page=138 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lergneanimaldi01regn#page/138/mode/2up |language=fr}}</ref> The red panda was described earlier by [[Thomas Hardwicke]] in 1821, but his paper was only published in 1827.<ref name="Introduction2022" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hardwicke, T. |year=1827 |title=Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains |journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London |volume=XV |pages=161–165 |url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofli15182627linn#page/160/mode/2up}}</ref> In 1902, [[Oldfield Thomas]] described a skull of a male red panda specimen under the name ''Ailurus fulgens styani'' in honour of [[Frederick William Styan]] who had collected this specimen in [[Sichuan]].<ref name="thomas_1902"/><br />
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===Subspecies and species===<br />
[[File:Ailurus fulgens styani 59714096.jpg|thumb|''A. f. styani'' in western Yunnan, China]]<br />
The modern red panda is the [[monotypic taxon|only recognised species]] in the genus ''Ailurus''. It is traditionally divided into two [[subspecies]]: the Himalayan red panda (''A.&nbsp;f. fulgens'') and the Chinese red panda (''A.&nbsp;f. styani''). The Himalayan subspecies has a straighter profile, a lighter coloured forehead and [[ochre]]-tipped hairs on the lower back and rump. The Chinese subspecies has a more curved forehead and sloping snout, a darker coat with a less white face and more contrast between the tail rings.<ref name="taxonomy"/><br />
<br />
In 2020, results of a genetic analysis of red panda samples showed that the red panda populations in the Himalayas and China were separated about 250,000 years ago. The researchers suggested that the two subspecies should be treated as distinct species. Red pandas in southeastern Tibet and northern Myanmar were found to be part of ''A. f. styani'', while those of southern Tibet were of ''A. f. fulgens'' in the strict sense.<ref name=Hu>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu|first1=Y. |last2=Thapa|first2=A. |last3=Fan |first3=H. |last4=Ma |first4=T. |last5=Wu|first5=Q. |last6=Ma|first6=S. |last7=Zhang|first7=D. |last8=Wang|first8=B. |last9=Li|first9=M. |last10=Yan|first10=L. |last11=Wei|first11=F. |name-list-style=amp |title=Genomic evidence for two phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas |year=2020 |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=eaax5751 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax5751 |pmid=32133395 |pmc=7043915 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.5751H}}</ref> [[DNA sequencing]] of 132 red panda faecal samples collected in [[Northeast India]] and China also showed two distinct clusters indicating that the [[Brahmaputra River|Siang (Brahmaputra) River]] constitutes the boundary between the Himalayan and Chinese red pandas.<ref name="Joshi">{{cite journal |author1=Joshi, B. D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Dalui, S. |author3=Singh, S. K. |author4=Mukherjee, T. |author5=Chandra, K. |author6=Sharma, L. K. |author7=Thakur, M. |year=2021 |title=Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=121–124 |doi=10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y |s2cid=231811193}}</ref> They probably diverged due to [[glaciation]] events on the southern [[Tibetan Plateau]] in the [[Pleistocene]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Dalui, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Singh, S. K. |author3= Joshi, B. D. |author4=Ghosh, A. |author5=Basu, S. |author6=Khatri, H. |author7=Sharma, L. K.|author8=Chandra, K. |author9=Thakur, M. |year=2021 |title=Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (''A. fulgens'') in eastern Himalayas |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=65 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6 |pmid=33420314 |pmc=7794540 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Phylogeny===<br />
The placement of the red panda on the [[evolutionary tree]] has been debated. In the early 20th century, various scientists placed it in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Procyonidae]] with [[raccoon]]s and their allies. At the time, most prominent biologists also considered the red panda to be related to the giant panda, which would eventually be found to be a [[bear]]. A 1982 study examined the similarities and differences in the skull between the red panda and the giant panda, other bears and procyonids, and placed the species in its own family [[Ailuridae]]. The author of the study considered the red panda to be more closely related to bears.<ref name="taxonomy">{{cite book |author=Groves, C. |year=2021 |chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus'' |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=95–117 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> A 1995 [[mitochondrial DNA]] analysis revealed that the red panda has close affinities with procyonids.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pecon-Slattery, J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=O'Brien, S. J. |year=1995 |title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') |journal=The Journal of Heredity |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=413–422 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615 |pmid=8568209}}</ref> Further genetic studies in 2005, 2018 and 2021 have placed the red panda within the [[clade]] [[Musteloidea]], which also includes Procyonidae, [[Mustelidae]] ([[weasel]]s and relatives) and [[Mephitidae]] ([[skunk]]s and relatives).<ref name="Flynn2005">{{Cite journal |author1=Flynn, J. J. |author2=Finarelli, J. A. |author3=Zehr, S. |author4=Hsu, J. |author5=Nedbal, M. A. |title=Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships |doi=10.1080/10635150590923326 |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=317–337 |year=2005 |pmid=16012099 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal |author1=Law, C. J. |author2=Slater, G. J. |author3=Mehta, R. S. |name-list-style=amp |date=2018 |title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology |volume=67|issue=1 |pages=127–144 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Hassanin>{{cite journal|author1=Hassanin, A.|author2=Veron, G.|author3=Ropiquet, A.|author4=van Vuuren, B. J.|author5=Lécu, A.|author6=Goodman, S. M.|author7=Haider, J.|author8=Nguyen, T. T.|year=2021|title=Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred from mitochondrial genomes|journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16|issue=2|article-number=e0240770|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0240770 |pmid=33591975 |pmc=7886153 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1640770H |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Clade gallery<br />
|main-caption = Phylogenetic relationship of the red panda based on analysis of<br />
|header1 = Six genes from 76 Carnivora species<ref name="Flynn2005"/><br />
|header2 = 46 genes from 75 musteloid species<ref name="Law-2018"/><br />
|header3 = Mitogenomes from 220 mammal species<ref name=Hassanin/><br />
|align=left |width=370px |height=340px |width2=275px<br />
|cladogram1 = {{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% |label1=[[Caniformia]]<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1 =[[Canidae]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg|60px|African golden wolf]]<br />
|label2=[[Arctoidea]]<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Ursidae]] [[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 50) (white background).jpg|50px|Giant panda]]<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Pinnipedia]] [[File:Cambridge Natural History Mammalia Fig 230 white background.jpg|70px|Common seal]]<br />
|label2=[[Musteloidea]]<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Ailuridae]] [[File:Ailurus fulgens - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg|60px|Red panda]] <br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Mephitidae]] [[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate CXXI-) (white background).jpg|50px|Striped skunk]]<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Procyonidae]] |image1=[[File:Wild animals of North America, intimate studies of big and little creatures of the mammal kingdom (Page 410) (white background).jpg|50px|Common raccoon]]<br />
|2=[[Mustelidae]] |image2=[[File:Fitch white background.png|60px|European polecat]]<br />
}} }} }} }} }} }} }}<br />
|cladogram2 = {{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%; |label1=[[Musteloidea]]<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=[[Mephitidae]] [[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate CXXI-) (white background).jpg|50px|Striped skunk]]<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Ailuridae]] [[File:Ailurus fulgens - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg|60px|Red panda]]<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Procyonidae]] |image1=[[File:Wild animals of North America, intimate studies of big and little creatures of the mammal kingdom (Page 410) (white background).jpg|50px|Common raccoon]]<br />
|2=[[Mustelidae]] |image2=[[File:Fitch white background.png|60px|European polecat]]<br />
}} }} }} }}<br />
|cladogram3 = {{clade | style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% |label1=[[Caniformia]]<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1 =[[Canidae]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg|60px|African golden wolf]]<br />
|label2=[[Arctoidea]]<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Ursidae]] [[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 50) (white background).jpg|50px|Giant panda]]<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Pinnipedia]] [[File:Cambridge Natural History Mammalia Fig 230 white background.jpg|70px|Common seal]]<br />
|label3=[[Musteloidea]]<br />
|3={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=[[Ailuridae]] |image1=[[File:Ailurus fulgens - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg|60px|Red panda]] <br />
|2=[[Mephitidae]] [[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate CXXI-) (white background).jpg|50px|Striped skunk]]<br />
}}<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Procyonidae]] |image1=[[File:Wild animals of North America, intimate studies of big and little creatures of the mammal kingdom (Page 410) (white background).jpg|50px|Common raccoon]]<br />
|2=[[Mustelidae]] |image2=[[File:Fitch white background.png|60px|European polecat]]<br />
}} }} }} }} }} }} }}<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
===Fossil record===<br />
[[File:Simocyon batalleri head.jpg|right|thumb|Reconstructed skull and head of ''[[Simocyon]]'', a large carnivorous early relative of the modern red panda|alt=Drawing of a skull (above) and head (below) of an extinct animal]] <br />
The family Ailuridae appears to have evolved in Europe in either the [[Late Oligocene]] or [[Early Miocene]], about {{mya|25|18}}. The earliest member ''[[Amphictis]]'' is known from its {{cvt|10|cm|in|frac=2}} skull and may have been around the same size as the modern species. Its [[dentition]] consists of sharp premolars and [[carnassial]]s (P4 and m1) and [[Molar (tooth)|molar]]s adapted for grinding (M1, M2 and m2), suggesting that it had a generalised [[carnivorous]] diet. Its placement within Ailuridae is based on the grooves on the side of its [[Canine tooth|canine teeth]]. Other early or [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] ailurids include ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' and ''[[Simocyon]]'', whose fossils have been found throughout Eurasia and North America dating from the [[Middle Miocene]], the latter of which survived into the [[Early Pliocene]]. Both have similar teeth to ''Amphictis'' and thus had a similar diet.<ref name="Salesa">{{cite book |author1=Salesa, M. J. |author2=Peigné, S. |author3=Antón, M. |author4=Morales, J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021 |chapter=The taxonomy and phylogeny of ''Ailurus'' |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=15–29 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> The [[cougar|puma]]-sized ''Simocyon'' was likely a tree-climber and shared a "false thumb"—an extended wrist bone—with the modern species, suggesting the appendage was an adaptation to [[arboreal locomotion]] and not to feed on [[bamboo]].<ref name="Salesa"/><ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006">{{cite journal |last1=Salesa |first1=M. J. |last2=Mauricio |first2=A. |last3=Peigné |first3=S. |last4=Morales |first4=J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas |journal=PNAS |year=2006 |volume=103 |pmid=16387860 |issue=2 |pmc=1326154 |pages=379–382 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0504899102 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103..379S |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
Later and more [[Apomorphy and synapomorphy|advanced]] ailurids are classified in the subfamily Ailurinae and are known as the "true" red pandas. These animals were smaller and more adapted for an [[omnivorous]] or [[herbivorous]] diet. The earliest known true panda is ''[[Magerictis]]'' from the Middle Miocene of Spain and known only from one tooth, a lower second molar. The tooth shows both ancestral and new characteristics having a relatively low and simple [[Crown (tooth)|crown]] but also a lengthened crushing surface with developed [[Cusp (anatomy)|tooth cusps]] like later species.<ref name="Wallace">{{cite book |author1=Wallace, S. C. |author2=Lyon, L. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021 |chapter=Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=31–52|edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> Later ailurines include ''[[Pristinailurus bristoli]]'' which lived in eastern North America from the late Miocene to the Early Pliocene<ref name="Wallace"/><ref name="Wallace2004">{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=S. C. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |name-list-style=amp |date=2004 |title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America |journal=Nature |issue=7008 |pages=556–559 |volume=431 |doi=10.1038/nature02819 |pmid=15457257 |bibcode=2004Natur.431..556W |s2cid=4432191|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13466/files/PAL_E141.pdf }}</ref> and species of the genus ''[[Parailurus]]'' which first appear in Early Pliocene Europe, spreading across Eurasia into North America.<ref name="Wallace"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Tedford, R. H. |author2=Gustafson, E. P. |name-list-style=amp |title=First North American record of the extinct panda ''Parailurus'' |journal=Nature |issue=5595 |pages=621–623 |volume=265 |doi=10.1038/265621a0 |year=1977 |bibcode=1977Natur.265..621T |s2cid=4214900}}</ref> These animals are classified as a [[sister taxon]] to the lineage of the modern red panda. In contrast to the herbivorous modern species, these ancient pandas were likely omnivores, with highly cusped molars and sharp [[premolar]]s.<ref name="Wallace"/><ref name="Wallace2004" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sotnikova |first1=M. V. |year=2008|title=A new species of lesser panda ''Parailurus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny|journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=42 |issue=1|pages=90–99|doi=10.1007/S11492-008-1015-X|bibcode=2008PalJ...42...90S |s2cid=82000411}}</ref><br />
<br />
The earliest fossil record of the modern genus ''Ailurus'' dates no earlier than the [[Pleistocene]] and appears to have been limited to Asia. The modern red panda's lineage became adapted for a specialised bamboo diet, having molar-like premolars and more elevated cusps.<ref name="Wallace"/> The false thumb would secondarily gain a function in feeding.<ref name="Salesa"/><ref name="PNAS-Salesa-2006"/><br />
<br />
===Genomics===<br />
Analysis of 53 red panda samples from Sichuan and Yunnan showed a high level of [[genetic diversity]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Su, B. |author2=Fu, Y. |author3=Wang, Y. |author4=Jin, L. |author5=Chakraborty, R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=1070–1076 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878 |pmid=11371595 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The full [[genome]] of the red panda was sequenced in 2017. Researchers have compared it to the genome of the giant panda to learn the genetics of [[convergent evolution]], as both species have false thumbs and are adapted for a specialised bamboo diet despite having the digestive system of a carnivore. Both pandas show modifications to certain limb development genes ([[DYNC2H1]] and [[PCNT]]), which may play roles in the development of the thumbs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hu|first1=Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Wu, Q. |author3=Ma, S. |author4=Ma, T. |author5=Shan, L. |author6=Wang, X. |author7=Nie, Y. |author8=Ning, Z. |author9=Yan, L. |author10=Xiu, Y. |author11=Wei, F. |year=2017|title=Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=114|issue=5|pages=1081–1086 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1613870114 |pmid=28096377 |pmc=5293045 |bibcode=2017PNAS..114.1081H |doi-access=free}}</ref> In switching from a carnivorous to a herbivorous diet, both species have reactivated taste receptor genes used for detecting [[Bitter (taste)|bitterness]], though the specific genes are different.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shan|first1=L. |last2=Wu|first2=Q. |last3=Wange|first3=L. |last4=Zhang|first4=L. |last5=Wei|first5=F. |year=2017|title=Lineage-specific evolution of bitter taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary adaptation |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=152–159 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12291 |pmid=29168616 |pmc=5873442 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
{{Multiple image |direction=vertical|align=right<br />
|image1=Ailurus fulgens skull at the Beaty Biodiversity Museum.jpg|caption1=Skull|alt1=Red panda skull<br />
|image2=MC Kleiner Panda.jpg|caption2=Face|alt2=Red panda face}}<br />
The red panda's [[Animal coat|coat]] is mainly red or orange-brown with a black belly and legs. The muzzle, cheeks, brows and inner ear margins are mostly white while the bushy tail has red and [[Buff (colour)|buff]] ring patterns and a dark brown tip.<ref name="Fisher">{{cite book |author=Fisher |first=Rebecca E. |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |publisher=Academic Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |editor=Glatston |editor-first=Angela R. |edition=2nd |place=London |pages=81–93 |chapter=Red Panda Anatomy |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2 |s2cid=243824295}}</ref><ref name="roberts+gittleman"/><ref name=Wozencraft>{{cite book |editor1=Xie, Y.|editor2=Smith, A. T.|editor3= Smith, D. E.|editor4= Hoffmann, R. S.|editor5= Wozencraft, W. C.|editor6=MacKinnon, J. R. |editor7=Lunde, D.|year=2013|title=Mammals of China|author=Wozencraft, W. C.|contribution=Carnivora|page=334|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-15427-5}}</ref> The colouration appears to serve as [[camouflage]] in habitat with red [[moss]] and white [[lichen]]-covered trees. The [[guard hair]]s are longer and rougher while the dense [[Fur#Down hair|undercoat]] is fluffier with shorter hairs.<ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{cite journal |date=1984 |journal=Mammalian Species |pages=1–8 |doi=10.2307/3503840 |author1=Roberts, M. S. |author2=Gittleman, J. L. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Ailurus fulgens'' |issue=222 |jstor=3503840 |bibcode=1984MamSp.222....1R |s2cid=253993605 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf |access-date=1 December 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201234131/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4231/Roberts1984.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The guard hairs on the back have a circular cross-section and are {{cvt|47|–|56|mm|in}} long. It has moderately long [[whisker]]s around the mouth, lower jaw and chin. The hair on the soles of the paws allows the animal to walk in snow.<ref name="Fisher"/><br />
<br />
The red panda has a relatively small head, though proportionally larger than in similarly sized raccoons, with a reduced snout and triangular ears, and nearly evenly lengthed limbs.<ref name="Fisher"/><ref name="roberts+gittleman"/> It has a head-body length of {{cvt|51|–|63.5|cm}} with a {{cvt|28|–|48.5|cm}} tail. The Himalayan red panda is recorded to weigh {{cvt|3.2|–|9.4|kg}}, while the Chinese red panda weighs {{cvt|4|–|15|kg}} for females and {{cvt|4.2|–|13.4|kg}} for males.<ref name="Fisher" /> It has five curved [[Digit (anatomy)|digit]]s on each foot, each with curved semi-retractile claws that aid in climbing.<ref name="roberts+gittleman"/> The [[pelvis]] and hindlimbs have flexible joints, adaptations for an arboreal quadrupedal lifestyle.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Makungu|first1=M.|last2=du Plessis|first2=W. M. |last3=Groenewald |first3=H. B. |last4=Barrows|first4=M. |last5=Koeppel|first5=K. N. |year=2015 |title=Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography |journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=410–421 |doi=10.1111/ahe.12152 |pmid=25308447 |hdl=2263/50447 |s2cid=13035672 |name-list-style=amp|hdl-access=free }}</ref> While not [[Prehensile tail|prehensile]], the tail helps the animal balance while climbing.<ref name="roberts+gittleman"/><br />
<br />
The forepaws possess a "false thumb", which is an extension of a wrist bone, the radial [[sesamoid]] found in many carnivorans. This thumb allows the animal to grip onto bamboo stalks and both the digits and wrist bones are highly flexible. The red panda shares this feature with the giant panda, which has a larger sesamoid that is more compressed at the sides. In addition, the red panda's sesamoid has a more sunken tip while the giant panda's curves in the middle. These features give the giant panda more developed dexterity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Antón |first1=M. |last2=Salesa |first2=M. J. |last3=Pastor|first3=J. F. |last4=Peigné|first4=S. |last5=Morales|first5=J. |year=2006 |title=Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas|journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=209 |issue=6 |pages=757–764 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x |pmid=17118063 |pmc=2049003 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><br />
<br />
The red panda's skull is wide, and its lower jaw is robust.<ref name=Fisher/><ref name="roberts+gittleman"/> However, because it eats leaves and stems, which are not as tough, it has smaller chewing muscles than the giant panda. The digestive system of the red panda is only 4.2 times its body length, with a simple stomach, no noticeable divide between the [[ileum]] and [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]], and no [[caecum]].<ref name=Fisher/><br />
<br />
Both sexes have paired [[anal gland]]s that emit a secretion consisting of long-chain [[fatty acid]]s, [[cholesterol]], [[squalene]] and [[2-Piperidinone]]; the latter is the most odoriferous compound and is perceived by humans as having an ammoniacal or pepper-like odour.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=W. F. |last2=Dragoo |first2=G. A. |last3=Richard |first3=M. J. |last4=Dragoo |first4=J. W. |year=2003 |title=Long-chain fatty acids in the anal gland of the red panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'' |journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=1057–1060 |doi=10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00060-7|bibcode=2003BioSE..31.1057W }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Distribution and habitat ==<br />
[[File:Red Panda at Neora Valley National Park West Bengal India 2012.jpg|thumb|In [[Neora Valley National Park]]|alt=Red panda in a tree]]<br />
The red panda inhabits [[Nepal]], the states of [[Sikkim]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in India, [[Bhutan]], southern [[Tibet]], northern [[Myanmar]] and China's [[Sichuan]] and [[Yunnan]] provinces.<ref name=iucn/> The global potential habitat of the red panda has been estimated to comprise {{cvt|47100|km2}} at most; this habitat is located in the [[temperate climate]] zone of the [[Himalayas]] with a mean annual temperature range of {{cvt|18|-|24|C|F}}.<ref name=Kandel_al2015>{{cite journal |author1=Kandel, K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Huettmann, F. |author3=Suwal, M. K. |author4=Regmi, G. R. |author5=Nijman, V. |author6=Nekaris, K. A. I. |author7=Lama, S. T. |author8= Thapa, A. |author9=Sharma, H. P. |author10=Subedi, T. R. |year=2015 |title=Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=181 |pages=150–161 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007|bibcode=2015BCons.181..150K }}</ref> Throughout this range, it has been recorded at elevations of {{cvt|2000-4300|m}}.<ref name=Mallick2010>{{cite journal |author=Mallick, J. K. |year=2010 |title=Status of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=43 |pages=30–36 |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223222/http://nebula.wsimg.com/3f41b38cdea8b81234a0398f336febcc?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Dorji_al2012>{{cite journal |author1=Dorji, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Rajaratnam, R. |author3=Vernes, K. |year=2012 |title=The Vulnerable Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations |journal=Oryx |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=536–543 |doi=10.1017/S0030605311000780 |bibcode=2012Oryx...46..536D |s2cid=84332758|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Thapa_al2020>{{cite journal |author1=Thapa, K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Thapa, G. J. |author3=Bista, D. |author4=Jnawali, S. R. |author5=Acharya, K. P. |author6=Khanal, K. |author7=Kandel, R. C. |author8=Karki Thapa, M. |author9=Shrestha, S. |author10=Lama, S. T. |author11=Sapkota, N. S. |year=2020 |title=Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' occupancy in wet season along the mountains in Nepal |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=15 |issue=12 |article-number=e0243450 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243450 |pmid=33306732 |pmc=7740865 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543450T |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Dong_al2021>{{cite journal |author1=Dong, X. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Zhang, J. |author3=Gu, X. |author4=Wang, Y. |author5=Bai, W. |author6=Huang, Q. |year=2021 |title=Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (''Ailurus styani'') in Sichuan, China |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=28 |article-number=e01705 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2801705D }}</ref><ref name=Lin_al2021>{{cite book |title=Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |year=2021 |publisher=Academic Press |location=London |edition=Second |isbn=978-0-12-823754-0 |chapter=The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar |author1=Lin, A. K. |author2=Lwin, N. |author3=Aung, S. S. |author4=Oo, W. N. |author5=Lum, L. Z. |author6=Grindley, M. |name-list-style=amp |pages=475–488 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475 |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185311/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible"<br />
|+ {{nowrap|Habitat of the red panda}}<br />
!Country<br />
!Estimated size<ref name=Kandel_al2015/><br />
|-<br />
|Nepal ||{{cvt|22400|km2}}<br />
|-<br />
|China ||{{cvt|13100|km2}}<br />
|-<br />
|India ||{{cvt|5700|km2}} <br />
|-<br />
|Myanmar ||{{cvt|5000|km2}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bhutan ||{{cvt|900|km2}}<br />
|-<br />
|'''Total'''||{{cvt|47100|km2}}<br />
|}<br />
In Nepal, it lives in six protected area complexes within the [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]] ecoregion.<ref name=Thapa_al2020/> The westernmost records to date were obtained in three [[Community forestry in Nepal|community forests]] in [[Kalikot District]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shrestha, S. |author2=Lama, S. |author3=Sherpa, A. P. |author4=Ghale, D. |author5=Lama, S. T. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021 |title=The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=18156–18163 |doi=10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Panchthar District|Panchthar]] and [[Ilam District]]s represent its easternmost range in the country, where its habitat in forest patches is surrounded by villages, livestock [[pasture]]s and roads.<ref name=Bista_al2021b/> The [[metapopulation]] in protected areas and [[wildlife corridor]]s in the [[Kangchenjunga]] landscape of Sikkim and northern West Bengal is partly connected through [[old-growth forest]]s outside protected areas.<ref name=Dalui_al2020>{{cite journal |author1=Dalui, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Khatri, H. |author3=Singh, S. K. |author4=Basu, S. |author5=Ghosh, A. |author6=Mukherjee, T. |author7=Sharma, L. K. |author8=Singh, R. |author9=Chandra, K. |author10=Thakur, M. |year=2020 |title=Fine-scale landscape genetics unveiling contemporary asymmetric movement of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Kangchenjunga landscape, India |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=15446 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3 |pmid=32963325 |pmc=7508845 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1015446D |doi-access=free}}</ref> Forests in this landscape are dominated by Himalayan oaks (''[[Quercus lamellosa]]'' and ''[[Quercus semecarpifolia|Q. semecarpifolia]]''), [[Betula utilis|Himalayan birch]], [[Abies densa|Himalayan fir]], [[Acer caesium|Himalayan maple]] with bamboo, ''[[Rhododendron]]'' and some [[Juniperus indica|black juniper]] shrub growing in the [[understorey]]s.<ref name=Mallick2010/><ref name=Panthi_al2012>{{cite journal |author1=Panthi, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Aryal, A. |author3=Raubenheimer, D. |author4=Lord, J. |author5=Adhikari, B. |year=2012 |title=Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal |journal=Zoological Studies |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=701–709 |url=https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012942/https://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/701.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Khatiwara, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Srivastava, T. |year=2014 |title=Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim, India |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=50 |pages=35–38 |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213112531/http://nebula.wsimg.com/0dc8fda3217eac3b2623bbe2f08efb52?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bashir, T. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Bhattacharya, T. |author3=Poudyal, K. |author4=Sathyakumar, S. |year=2019 |title=First camera trap record of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=14056–14061 |doi=10.11609/jott.4626.11.8.14056-14061 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Records in Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh's [[Pangchen Valley]], [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]] and [[Shi Yomi district]]s indicate that it frequents habitats with ''[[Yushania]]'' and ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'' bamboo, medium-sized ''Rhododendron'', [[Sorbus|whitebeam]] and [[Castanopsis|chinquapin]] trees.<ref name=Dorji_al2012/><ref name=Chakraborty_al2015>{{cite journal |author1=Chakraborty, R. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Nahmo, L. T. |author3=Dutta, P. K. |author4=Srivastava, T. |author5=Mazumdar, K. |author6=Dorji, D. |year=2015 |title=Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India |journal=Mammalia |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=25–32 |doi=10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105 |s2cid=87668179}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Megha, M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Christi, S. |author4=Gopal, R. |author3=Kapoor, M. |author5=Solanki, R. |year=2021 |title=Photographic evidence of Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=19254–19262 |doi=10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In China, it inhabits the [[Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests]] and [[Qionglai-Minshan conifer forests]] in the [[Hengduan Mountains|Hengduan]], [[Qionglai Mountains|Qionglai]], [[Xiaoxiang Range|Xiaoxiang]], [[Daxiangling]] and [[Liangshan Mountain]]s in Sichuan.<ref name=Dong_al2021/> In the adjacent Yunnan province, it was recorded only in the northwestern montane part.<ref name="Wei">{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=F. |last2=Feng |first2=Z. |last3=Wang |first3=Z. |last4=Hu |first4=J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Red Pandas ''Ailurus fulgens'' in China |journal=Biological Conservation |date=1999 |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=285–291 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6|bibcode=1999BCons..89..285W }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Li, F. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Huang, X. Y. |author3=Zhang, X. C. |author4=Zhao, X. X. |author5=Yang, J. H. |author6=Chan, B. P. L. |year=2019 |title=Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=14402–14414 |doi=10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
The red panda prefers [[microhabitat]]s within {{cvt|70-240|m}} of water sources.<ref name=Wei_al2000>{{cite journal |author1=Wei, F. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Feng, Z. |author3=Wang, Z. |author4=Hu, J. |year=2000 |title=Habitat use and separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=448–455 |doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Dorji_al2011>{{cite journal |author1=Dorji, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Vernes, K. |author3=Rajaratnam, R. |year=2011 |title=Habitat correlates of the Red Panda in the temperate forests of Bhutan |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |article-number=e26483 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0026483 |pmid=22039497 |pmc=3198399 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...626483D |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Dendup2018/><ref name=Dendup_al2020>{{cite journal |author1=Dendup, P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Humle, T. |author3=Bista, D. |author4=Penjor, U. |author5=Lham, C. |author6=Gyeltshen, J. |year=2020 |title=Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |issue=17 |pages=9444–9453 |doi=10.1002/ece3.6632 |pmid=32953073 |pmc=7487235 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020EcoEv..10.9444D }}</ref> Fallen logs and [[tree stump]]s are important habitat features, as they facilitate access to bamboo leaves.<ref name=Zhang_al2006>{{cite journal |author1=Zhang, Z. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Wei, F. |author3=Li, M. |author4=Hu, J. |year=2006 |title=Winter microhabitat separation between Giant and Red Pandas in ''Bashania faberi'' Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve |journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=231–235 |doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86350625 }}</ref> Red pandas have been recorded to use steep slopes of more than 20° and stumps exceeding a diameter of {{cvt|30|cm|in|0}}.<ref name=Wei_al2000/><ref name=Dendup2018>{{cite journal |author1=Dendup, P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Lham, C. |author3=Wangchuk, J. |author4=Tshering, K. |year=2018 |title=Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan |journal=Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society |volume=3 |pages=1–13 |issn=2410-3861 |url=https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510084033/https://bes.org.bt/articles/winter-habitat-preferences-of-endangered-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens-in-the-forest-research-preserve-of-ugyen-wangchuck-institute-for-conservation-and-environmental-research-bumthang-bhutan-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Red pandas observed in [[Phrumsengla National Park]] used foremost easterly and southerly slopes with a mean slope of 34° and a [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]] cover of 66 per cent that were overgrown with bamboo about {{cvt|23|m}} in height.<ref name=Dorji_al2011/> In [[Dafengding Nature Reserve]], it prefers steep south-facing slopes in winter and inhabits forests with bamboo {{cvt|1.5–2.5|m|ftin}} tall.<ref name=Zhou_al2013>{{cite journal |author1=Zhou, X. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Jiao, H. |author3=Dou, Y. |author4=Aryal, A. |author5=Hu, J. |author6=Hu, J. |author7=Meng, X. |year=2013 |title=The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China |volume=105 |issue=10 |pages=1425–1429 |journal=Current Science |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012946/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/10/1425.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve]], it inhabits mixed coniferous forest with a dense canopy cover of more than 75 per cent, steep slopes and a density of at least {{cvt|70|/m2|/sqft|disp=preunit|bamboo plants|bamboo plants}}.<ref name=Liu_al2021>{{cite journal |author1=Liu, X. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Teng, L. |author3=Ding, Y. |author4=Liu, Z. |year=2021 |title=Habitat selection by Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'') in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China |journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology |volume=54 |issue=4 |doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725 |s2cid=238963119 |url=https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf |access-date=28 January 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172250/https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1629808802PJZ_MH20190726090725-R2_Liu%20et%20al.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In some parts of China, the red panda coexists with the giant panda. In [[Fengtongzhai National Nature Reserve|Fengtongzhai]] and [[Yele National Nature Reserve]]s, red panda microhabitat is characterised by steep slopes with lots of bamboo [[Culm (botany)|stem]]s, shrubs, fallen logs and stumps, whereas the giant panda prefers gentler slopes with taller but lesser amounts of bamboo and less habitat features overall. Such [[niche separation]] lessens competition between the two bamboo-eating species.<ref name=Wei_al2000/><ref name=Zhang_al2006/><br />
<br />
==Behaviour and ecology==<br />
[[File:Tiergarten Schoenbrunn Kleiner Panda 2.jpg|thumb|Sleeping in a tree|alt=A red panda lies sleeping on a high branch of a tree, with tail stretched out behind and legs dangling on each side of the branch]]<br />
The red panda is difficult to observe in the wild,<ref name="Gebauer"/> and most studies on its behaviour have taken place in captivity.<ref>{{cite journal |name-list-style=amp |last1=Karki|first1=S. |last2=Maraseni |first2=T. |last3=Mackey|first3=B. |last4=Bista|first4=D. |last5=Lama |first5=S. T.|last6=Gautam|first6=A. P.|last7=Sherpa|first7=A. P. |last8=Koju |first8=A. P. |last9=Koju|first9=U. |last10=Shrestha|first10=A. |last11=Cadman|first11=T. |year=2021|title=Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of red panda research over 193 years (1827–2020) |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=781 |article-number=146659 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659 |pmid=33794452 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.78146659K |hdl=10072/403744 |s2cid=232763016}}</ref> The red panda appears to be both [[nocturnal]] and [[crepuscular]], [[Biphasic and polyphasic sleep|sleeping intermittently]] at night. It typically rests or sleeps in trees or other elevated spaces, stretched out prone on a branch with legs dangling when it is hot, and curled up with its hindlimb over the face when it is cold. It is adapted for climbing and descends to the ground head-first with the hindfeet holding on to the middle of the tree trunk. It moves quickly on the ground by trotting or bounding.<ref name="roberts+gittleman" /><br />
<br />
===Social spacing===<br />
Adult pandas are generally [[Solitary animal|solitary]] and [[Territory (animal)|territorial]]. Individuals mark their [[home range]] or territorial boundaries with urine, [[faeces]] and secretions from the [[anal gland|anal]] and surrounding glands. Scent-marking is usually done on the ground, with males marking more often and for longer periods.<ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> In China's [[Wolong National Nature Reserve]], the home range of a radio-collared female was {{cvt|0.94|km2}}, while that of a male was {{cvt|1.11|km2}}.<ref name="Reid1991">{{cite journal|last1=Reid|first1=D. G. |last2=Jinchu|first2=H. |last3=Yan|first3=H. |name-list-style=amp |year=1991 |title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Wolong Reserve, China |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=225 |issue=3 |pages=347–364 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x |bibcode=1991JZoo..225..347R }}</ref> A one-year-long monitoring study of ten red pandas in eastern Nepal showed that the four males had median home ranges of {{cvt|1.73|km2}} and the six females of {{cvt|0.94|km2}} within a forest cover of at least {{cvt|19.2|ha}}. The females travelled {{cvt|419–841|m}} per day and the males {{cvt|660–1473|m}}. In the mating season from January to March, adults travelled a mean of {{cvt|795|m}} and subadults a mean of {{cvt|861|m}}.<ref name=Bista_al2021b>{{cite journal |author1=Bista, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Baxter, G. S. |author3=Hudson, N. J. |author4=Lama, S. T. |author5=Weerman, J. |author6=Murray, P. J. |year=2021 |title=Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in human-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda |journal=Movement Ecology |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=62 |doi=10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z |pmid=34906253 |pmc=8670026 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021MvEco...9...62B }}</ref> They all had larger home ranges in areas with low forest cover and reduced their activity in areas that were disturbed by people, livestock and dogs.<ref name=Bista_al2021>{{cite journal |author1=Bista, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Baxter, G. S. |author3=Hudson, N. J. |author4=Lama, S. T. |author5=Murray, P. J. |year=2021 |title=Effect of disturbances and habitat fragmentation on an arboreal habitat specialist mammal using GPS telemetry: a case of the red panda |journal=Landscape Ecology |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=795–809 |doi=10.1007/s10980-021-01357-w |pmid=34720409 |pmc=8542365 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Diet and feeding===<br />
The red panda is largely herbivorous and feeds primarily on bamboo, mainly the genera ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Sinarundinaria]]'', ''Thamnocalamus'' and ''[[Chimonobambusa]]''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Nijboer, J. |author2=Dierenfeld, E. S. |year=2021 |chapter=Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=225–238 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> It also feeds on fruits, blossoms, [[acorn]]s, eggs, birds and small mammals. Bamboo leaves may be the most abundant food item year-round and the only food they can access during winter.<ref name="ecology">{{cite book |author1=Wei, F. |author2=Thapa, A. |author3=Hu, Y. |author4=Zhang, Z. |year=2021 |chapter=Red Panda ecology |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=329–351 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> In Wolong National Nature Reserve, leaves of the bamboo species ''[[Bashania fangiana]]'' were found in nearly 94 per cent of analysed droppings, and its [[bamboo shoot|shoots]] were found in 59 per cent of the droppings found in June.<ref name="Reid1991"/><br />
<br />
The diet of red pandas monitored at three sites in [[Singalila National Park]] for two years consisted of 40–83 per cent ''[[Yushania maling]]'' and 51–91.2 per cent ''[[Thamnocalamus spathiflorus]]'' bamboos{{efn|''Arundinaria maling'' and ''A. aristata'' referred to in the source have since been reclassified to distinct genera occurring in Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stapleton, C. M. A. |year=1994 |title=The bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan. Part II: ''Arundinaria'', ''Thamnocalamus'', ''Borinda'', and ''Yushania'' (Gramineae: Poaceae, Bambusoideae) |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=275–295 |doi=10.1017/S0960428600000883|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Triplett, J. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clark, L. G. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny of the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1600/036364410790862678|bibcode=2010SysBo..35..102T |s2cid=85588401 }}</ref>}} supplemented by bamboo shoots, ''[[Actinidia strigosa]]'' fruits and seasonal berries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan|first1=S. |last2=Saha |first2=G. K. |last3=Khan|first3=J. A. |year=2001|title=Ecology of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3 |bibcode=2001BCons..98...11P |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> In this national park, red panda droppings also contained remains of [[silky rose]] and [[Rubus|bramble fruit]] species in the summer season, ''[[Actinidia callosa]]'' in the post-monsoon season, and ''[[Merrilliopanax alpinus]]'', the whitebeam species ''[[Sorbus cuspidata]]'' and [[tree rhododendron]] in both seasons. Droppings were found with 23 plant species including the [[stone oak]] species ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', [[Magnolia campbellii|Campbell's magnolia]], the chinquapin species ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'', Himalayan birch, ''[[Litsea sericea]]'' and the [[holly]] species ''[[Ilex fragilis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Roka, B. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Jha, A. K. |author3=Chhetri, D. R. |year=2021 |title=A study on plant preferences of Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species |journal=Acta Biologica Sibirica |volume=7 |pages=425–439 |doi=10.3897/abs.7.e71816 |s2cid=244942192 |url=https://abs.pensoft.net/article/71816/download/pdf/ |access-date=29 January 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075846/https://public.pensoft.net/items/?p=7TVeXpoqfNYT89tyrm3ifrTeG9Wv8P676JSQp%2FH2pj9hhtoybol4GF7LEbj3fxHT5Fo8esHsudYAYpBvYRXDagjNH%2F0WB4wgAIotii7Ae3LaW2Fr9Ax1LqaArmQ%3D&n=gxh9ddQ8acsRsM1Z%2BCizLOv1G9aD7qC545Y%3D |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> In Nepal's [[Rara National Park]], ''Thamnocalamus'' was found in all the droppings sampled, both before and after the [[monsoon]].<ref>{{cite journal |name-list-style=amp |last1=Sharma|first1=H. R.|last2=Swenson|first2=J. E. |last3=Belant |first3=J. |year=2014 |title=Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') in Rara National Park, Nepal |journal=Hystrix |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=47–50 |doi=10.4404/hystrix-25.1-9033}}</ref> Its summer diet in [[Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve]] also includes some lichens and [[Berberis|barberries]].<ref name=Panthi_al2012/> In Bhutan's [[Jigme Dorji National Park]], red panda faeces found in the fruiting season contained seeds of [[Hedera nepalensis|Himalayan ivy]].<ref name=Dendup_al2020/><br />
[[File:Endangered Red Panda.jpg|thumb|Feeding|alt=Red panda holding onto a plant and eating]]<br />
The red panda grabs food with one of its front paws and usually eats sitting down or standing. When foraging for bamboo, it grabs the plant by the stem and pulls it down towards its jaws. It bites the leaves with the side of the [[cheek teeth]] and then shears, chews and swallows. Smaller food like blossoms, berries and small leaves are eaten differently, being clipped by the incisors.<ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Having the [[gastrointestinal tract]] of a carnivore, the red panda cannot properly digest bamboo, which passes through its gut in two to four hours. Hence, it must consume large amounts of the most nutritious plant matter. It eats over {{cvt|1.5|kg|lboz}} of fresh leaves or {{cvt|4|kg|lb|0}} of fresh shoots in a day with crude proteins and fats being the most easily digested. Digestion is highest in summer and fall but lowest in winter, and is easier for shoots than leaves.<ref name="wei_1999">{{cite journal |author=Wei, F. |author2=Feng, Z. |author3=Wang, Z. |author4=Zhou, A. |author5=Hu, J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=248 |issue=4 |pages=535–541 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.x |date=1999 |bibcode=1999JZoo..248..535W }}</ref> The red panda's [[metabolic rate]] is comparable to other mammals of its size, despite its poor diet.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Fei, Y.|author2=Hou, R.|author3=Spotila, J. R.|author4=Paladino, F. V.|author5=Qi, D.|author6=Zhang, Z. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017|title=Metabolic rate of the Red Panda, ''Ailurus fulgens'', a dietary bamboo specialist|journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=3 |article-number=e0173274 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173274 |pmid=28306740|pmc=5356995|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1273274F|doi-access=free}}</ref> The red panda digests almost a third of [[dry matter]], which is more efficient than the giant panda digesting 17 per cent.<ref name="wei_1999"/> Microbes in the gut may aid in its processing of bamboo; the [[microbiota]] community in the red panda is less diverse than in other mammals.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kong, F. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Zhao, J. |author3=Han, S. |author4=Zeng, B. |author5=Yang, J. |author6=Si, X. |author7=Yang, B. |author8=Yang, M. |author9=Xu, H. |author10=Li, Y. |year=2014 |title=Characterization of the gut microbiota in the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=2 |article-number=e87885 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087885 |pmid=24498390 |pmc=3912123 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...987885K |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Communication===<br />
[[File:Red panda twittering.ogg|thumb|Twittering]]<br />
At least seven different vocalisations have been recorded from the red panda, comprising growls, barks, squeals, hoots, bleats, grunts and twitters. Growling, barking, grunting and squealing are produced during fights and aggressive chasing. Hooting is made in response to being approached by another individual. Bleating is associated with scent-marking and sniffing. Males may bleat during mating, while females twitter.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Qi|first1=D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Zhou, H. |author3=Wei, W. |author4=Lei, M. |author5=Yuan, S. |author6=Qi, D. |author7=Zhang, Z. |year=2016|title=Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'') |journal=Animal Biology |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=145–155 |doi=10.1163/15707563-00002493}}</ref> During both [[Play (activity)#Other animals|play fighting]] and aggressive fighting, individuals curve their backs and tails while slowly moving their heads up and down. They then turn their heads while jaw-clapping, move their heads laterally and lift a forepaw to strike. They stand on their hind legs, raise the forelimbs above the head and then pounce. Two red pandas may "stare" at each other from a distance.<ref name="roberts+gittleman" /><br />
<br />
===Reproduction and parenting===<br />
[[File:Dortmund-Zoo-Kleiner Panda151930.jpg|thumb|Adult tending its cub|alt=Red panda mother with cub]]<br />
Red pandas are [[Photoperiodism#Animals|long-day]] breeders, reproducing after the [[winter solstice]] as daylight grows longer. Mating thus takes place from January to March, with births occurring from May to August. Reproduction is delayed by six months for captive pandas in the southern hemisphere. [[Oestrous]] lasts a day, and females can enter oestrous multiple times a season, but it is not known how long the intervals between each cycle last.<ref name=Curry>{{cite book |author=Curry, E. |year=2021 |chapter=Reproductive biology of the Red Panda |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=119–138 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref><br />
[[File:Two Red Panda Cubs in the Tree 01.jpg|thumb|Two cubs perched in a tree in Langtang National Park, Nepal]]<br />
As the reproductive season begins, males and females interact more, and will rest, move, and feed near each other. An oestrous female will spend more time marking and males will inspect her anogenital region. Receptive females make tail-flicks and position themselves in a [[lordosis behavior|lordosis]] pose, with the front lowered to the ground and the spine curved. [[copulation (zoology)|Copulation]] involves the male mounting the female from behind and on top, though face-to-face matings as well as belly-to-back matings while lying on the sides also occur. The male will grab the female by the sides with his front paws instead of biting her neck. Intromission is 2–25 minutes long, and the couple [[Social grooming|groom]] each other between each bout.<ref name=Curry/><br />
<br />
[[Gestation]] lasts about 131 days.<ref name=Roberts1979/> Prior to giving birth, the female selects a denning site, such as a tree, log or stump hollow or rock crevice, and builds a nest using material from nearby, such as twigs, sticks, branches, bark bits, leaves, grass and moss.<ref name=Gebauer>{{cite book |author=Gebauer, A. |year=2021 |chapter=The early days: maternal behaviour and infant development |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=149–179 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3}}</ref> [[Litter (zoology)|Litters]] typically consist of one to four cubs that are born fully furred but blind. They are entirely dependent on their mother for the first three to four months until they first leave the nest. They nurse for their first five months.<ref name=Roberts1979>{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=M. S.|last2=Kessler|first2=D. S. |name-list-style=amp |year=1979|title=Reproduction in Red pandas, ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Carnivora: Ailuropodidae) |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=235–249|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03402.x}}</ref> The bond between mother and offspring lasts until the next mating season. Cubs are fully grown at around 12 months and at around 18 months they reach [[sexual maturity]].<ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> Two radio-collared cubs in eastern Nepal separated from their mothers at the age of 7–8 months and left their birth areas three weeks later. They reached new home ranges within 26–42 days and became residents after exploring them for 42–44 days.<ref name=Bista_al2021b/><br />
<br />
=== Mortality and diseases===<br />
The red panda's lifespan in captivity reaches 14 years.<ref name="roberts+gittleman" /> They have been recorded falling prey to [[leopard]]s in the wild.<ref name="Yonzon"/> Faecal samples of red panda collected in Nepal contained parasitic [[protozoa]], [[amoebozoa]]ns, [[roundworm]]s, [[trematodes]] and [[tapeworms]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lama, S. T. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Lama, R. P. |author3=Regmi, G. R. |author4=Ghimire, T. R. |year=2015 |title=Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in free-ranging Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' Cuvier, 1825 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) in Nepal |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=7460–7464 |doi=10.11609/JoTT.o4208.7460-4 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bista, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Shrestha, S. |author3=Kunwar, A. J. |author4=Acharya, S. |author5=Jnawali, S. R. |author6=Acharya, K. P. |year=2017 |title=Status of gastrointestinal parasites in Red Panda of Nepal |journal=PeerJ |volume=5 |article-number=e3767 |doi=10.7717/peerj.3767 |pmid=28894643 |pmc=5591639 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Roundworms, tapeworms and [[coccidia]] were also found in red panda scat collected in Rara and [[Langtang National Park]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sharma, H. P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Achhami, B. |year=2021 |title=Gastro-intestinal parasites of sympatric Red Panda and livestock in protected areas of Nepal |journal=Veterinary Medicine and Science |volume= 8|issue=2|pages=568–577 |pmid=34599791 |s2cid=238250774 |doi=10.1002/vms3.651 |pmc=8959333 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fourteen red pandas at the [[Knoxville Zoo]] suffered from severe [[ringworm]], so the tails of two were [[Amputation|amputated]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kearns, K. S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Pollock, C. G. |author3=Ramsay, E. C. |year=1999 |title=Dermatophytosis in Red Pandas (''Ailurus fulgens fulgens''): a review of 14 cases |journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=561–563 |jstor=20095922|pmid=10749446 }}</ref> [[Chagas disease]] was reported as the cause of death of a red panda kept in a [[Kansas]] zoo.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Huckins, G. L. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Eshar, D. |author3=Schwartz, D. |author4=Morton, M. |author5=Herrin, B. H. |author6=Cerezo, A. |author7=Yabsley, M. J. |author8=Schneider, S. M. |year=2019 |title=''Trypanosoma cruzi'' infection in a zoo-housed Red Panda in Kansas |journal=Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=752–755 |doi=10.1177/1040638719865926 |pmid=31342874 |pmc=6727118 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ''[[Amdoparvovirus]]'' was detected in the scat of six red pandas in the [[Sacramento Zoo]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Alex, C. E. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Kubiski, S. V. |author3=Li, L. |author4=Sadeghi, M. |author5=Wack, R. F. |author6=McCarthy, M. A. |author7=Pesavento, J. B. |author8=Delwart, E. |author9=Pesavento, P. A. |year=2018 |title=''Amdoparvovirus'' infection in Red Pandas (''Ailurus fulgens'') |journal=Veterinary Pathology |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=552–561 |doi=10.1177/0300985818758470 |pmid=29433401 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Eight captive red pandas in a Chinese zoo suffered from [[shortness of breath]] and [[fever]] shortly before they died of [[pneumonia]]; [[autopsy]] revealed that they had antibodies to the protozoans ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'' and ''[[Sarcocystis]]'' species indicating that they were [[intermediate hosts]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yang, Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Dong, H. |author3=Su, R. |author4=Li, T. |author5=Jiang, N. |author6=Su, C. |author7=Zhang, L. |year=2019 |title=Evidence of Red Panda as an intermediate host of ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and ''Sarcocystis'' species |journal=International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife |volume=8 |pages=188–191 |doi=10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.02.006 |pmid=30891398 |pmc=6403407 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019IJPPW...8..188Y }}</ref> A captive red panda in the [[Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding]] died of unknown reasons; an autopsy showed that its [[Mammalian kidney|kidneys]], [[liver]] and [[lung]]s were damaged by a bacterial infection caused by ''[[Escherichia coli]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Liu, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Li, Y. |author3=Yue, C. |author4=Zhang, D. |author5=Su, X. |author6=Yan, X. |author7=Yang, K. |author8=Chen, X. |author9=Zhuo, G. |author10=Cai, T. |author11=Liu, J. |author12=Peng, X. |author13=Huo, R. |year=2020 |title=Isolation and characterization of uropathogenic ''Escherichia coli'' (UPEC) from Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') |journal=BMC Veterinary Research |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=404 |doi=10.1186/s12917-020-02624-9 |pmid=33109179 |pmc=7590469 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Threats ==<br />
The red panda is primarily threatened by the [[habitat destruction|destruction]] and [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]] of its habitat, the causes of which include increasing human population, [[deforestation]], the unlawful taking of [[Non-timber forest product|non-wood forest material]] and disturbances by herders and [[livestock]].<ref name="iucn" /> Trampling by livestock inhibits bamboo growth,<ref name="Yonzon">{{cite journal |author1=Yonzon, P. B. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Hunter, M. L. Jr.|title=Conservation of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' |journal=Biological Conservation |year=1991 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(91)90104-H|bibcode=1991BCons..57....1Y }}</ref> and [[clearcutting]] decreases the ability of some bamboo species to regenerate.<ref name="glatston_1994"/> The cut timber stock in Sichuan alone reached {{cvt|2661000|m3}} in 1958–1960, and around {{cvt|3597.9|km2}} of red panda habitat were logged between the mid-1970s and late 1990s.<ref name="Wei"/> Throughout Nepal, the red panda habitat outside protected areas is negatively affected by solid waste, livestock trails and herding stations, and people collecting firewood and [[medicinal plants]].<ref name=Panthi_al2012/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Acharya, K. P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Shrestha, S. |author3=Paudel, P. K. |author4=Sherpa, A. P. |author5=Jnawali, S. R. |author6=Acharya, S. |author7=Bista, D. |year=2018 |title=Pervasive human disturbance on habitats of endangered Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' in the central Himalaya |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=15 |article-number=e00420 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00420|s2cid=92988737|doi-access=free |bibcode=2018GEcoC..1500420A }}</ref> Threats identified in Nepal's [[Lamjung District]] include grazing by livestock during seasonal [[transhumance]], human-made forest fires and the collection of bamboo as cattle [[fodder]] in winter.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ghimire, G. |author2=Pearch, M. |author3=Baral, B. |author4=Thapa, B. |author5=Baral, R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2019 |title=The first photographic record of the Red Panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' (Cuvier, 1825) from Lamjung District outside Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=14576–14581 |doi=10.11609/jott.4828.11.12.14576-14581 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Vehicular traffic is a significant barrier to red panda movement between habitat patches.<ref name=Bista_al2021/><br />
<br />
[[Poaching]] is also a major threat.<ref name="iucn" /> In Nepal, 121 red panda skins were [[Confiscation|confiscated]] between 2008 and 2018. [[trapping|Traps]] meant for other wildlife have been recorded killing red pandas.<ref name=Bista_al2020>{{cite journal |author1=Bista, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Baxter, G. S. |author3=Murray, P. J. |year=2020 |title=What is driving the increased demand for red panda pelts? |journal=Human Dimensions of Wildlife |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=324–338 |doi=10.1080/10871209.2020.1728788 |bibcode=2020HDW....25..324B |s2cid=213958948}}</ref> In Myanmar, the red panda is threatened by hunting using guns and traps; since roads to the border with China were built starting in the early 2000s, red panda skins and live animals have been traded and smuggled across the border.<ref name=Lin_al2021/> In southwestern China, the red panda is hunted for its fur, especially for the highly valued bushy tails, from which hats are produced. The red panda population in China has been reported to have decreased by 40 per cent over the last 50 years, and the population in western Himalayan areas are considered to be smaller.<ref name="Wei" /> Between 2005 and 2017, 35 live and seven dead red pandas were confiscated in Sichuan, and several traders were sentenced to 3–12 years of imprisonment. A month-long survey of 65 shops in nine Chinese counties in the spring of 2017 revealed only one in Yunnan offered hats made of red panda skins, and red panda tails were offered in an online forum.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Xu, L. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Guan, J. |year=2018 |title=Red Panda market research findings in China |location=Cambridge |publisher=Traffic |url=http://www.trafficchina.org/sites/default/files/en_red_panda_briefing.pdf |access-date=28 January 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128151733/http://www.trafficchina.org/sites/default/files/en_red_panda_briefing.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Conservation ==<br />
The red panda is listed in [[CITES Appendix I]] and protected in all range countries; hunting is illegal. It has been listed as [[Endangered species|Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2008 because the global population is estimated at 10,000 individuals, with a decreasing population trend. A large extent of its habitat is part of protected areas.<ref name=iucn/><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable floatleft mw-collapsible"<br />
|+ {{nowrap|Protected areas in red panda range countries}}<br />
!Country<br />
!Protected areas<br />
|-<br />
|Nepal ||[[Api Nampa Conservation Area]], [[Khaptad National Park]], [[Rara National Park]], [[Annapurna Conservation Area]], [[Manaslu Conservation Area]], [[Langtang National Park]], [[Gaurishankar Conservation Area]], [[Sagarmatha National Park]], [[Makalu Barun National Park]], [[Kanchenjunga Conservation Area]]<ref name=Thapa_al2020/><br />
|-<br />
|India ||[[Khangchendzonga National Park]], [[Singalila National Park]], [[Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary]], [[Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary]], [[Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary]], [[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary]],<ref name=Dalui_al2020/> [[Namdapha National Park]]<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Datta, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Naniwadekar, R. |author3=Anand, M. O. |year=2008 |title=Occurrence and conservation status of small carnivores in two protected areas in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=39 |pages=1–10 |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/a4542af18d00ad98aaec5ba17db81fb2?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628075842/http://nebula.wsimg.com/a4542af18d00ad98aaec5ba17db81fb2?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Bhutan ||[[Jigme Khesar Strict Nature Reserve]], [[Jigme Dorji National Park]], [[Wangchuck Centennial National Park]], [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park]], [[Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Phrumsengla National Park]], [[Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary]]<ref name=Dorji_al2012/><br />
|-<br />
|Myanmar ||[[Hkakaborazi National Park]], [[Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary]],<ref name=Lwin_al2021>{{cite journal |author1=Lwin, Y. H. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Wang, L. |author3=Li, G. |author4=Maung, K. W. |author5=Swa, K. |author6=Quan, R. C. |year=2021 |title=Diversity, distribution and conservation of large mammals in northern Myanmar |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=29 |article-number=e01736 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01736 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021GEcoC..2901736L }}</ref> [[Imawbum National Park]]<ref name=Lin_al2021/><br />
|-<br />
|China ||[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon|Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve]] in Tibet,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Li, X. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Bleisch, W. V. |author3=Liu, X. |author4=Jiang, X. |year=2021 |title=Camera-trap surveys reveal high diversity of mammals and pheasants in Medog, Tibet |journal=Oryx |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=177–180 |doi=10.1017/S0030605319001467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Wolong National Nature Reserve]], [[Fengtongzhai National Nature Reserve|Fengtongzhai]] and [[Yele National Nature Reserve]]s, [[Dafengding Nature Reserve]] and [[Giant Panda National Park]] in Sichuan,<ref name="Reid1991"/><ref name=Wei_al2000/><ref name=Zhang_al2006/><ref name=Zhou_al2013/><ref name=Dong_al2021/> [[Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve]] in Yunnan<ref name=Liu_al2021/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
A red panda [[anti-poaching]] unit and community-based monitoring have been established in Langtang National Park. Members of Community Forest User Groups also protect and monitor red panda habitats in other parts of Nepal.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Thapa, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Hu, Y. |author3=Wei, F. |year=2018 |title=The endangered Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens''): Ecology and conservation approaches across the entire range |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=220 |pages=112–121 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.014 |url=|doi-access=free |bibcode=2018BCons.220..112T }}</ref> Community outreach programs have been initiated in eastern Nepal using information boards, radio broadcasting and the annual International Red Panda Day in September; several schools endorsed a red panda conservation manual as part of their [[curriculum|curricula]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bista, D. |year=2018 |title=Communities in frontline in Red Panda conservation, eastern Nepal |journal=The Himalayan Naturalist |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=11–12 |url=http://www.fonnepal.org/files/download/3Red%20panda%20conservation_theHimalayanNaturalist_Volume1Issue1May2018.pdf |access-date=28 February 2026 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128105554/http://www.fonnepal.org/files/download/3Red%20panda%20conservation_theHimalayanNaturalist_Volume1Issue1May2018.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Since 2010, [[community-based conservation]] programmes have been initiated in 10 districts in Nepal that aim to help villagers reduce their dependence on natural resources through improved herding and food processing practices and alternative income possibilities. The Nepali government ratified a five-year Red Panda Conservation Action Plan in 2019.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sherpa, A. P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Lama, S. T. |author3=Shrestah, S. |author4=Williams, B. |author5=Bista, D. |chapter=Red Pandas in Nepal: community-based approach to landscape-level conservation |year=2021 |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=495–508 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00019-3 |s2cid=243829246 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA495 |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327233132/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA495 |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2016 to 2019, {{cvt|35|ha}} of high-elevation [[rangeland]] in [[Merak, Bhutan]], was restored and fenced in cooperation with 120 herder families to protect the red panda forest habitat and improve communal land.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Millar, J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Tenzing, K. |year=2021 |title=Transforming degraded rangelands and pastoralists' livelihoods in eastern Bhutan |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=D1–D7 |doi=10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00025.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Villagers in Arunachal Pradesh established two [[Indigenous and community conserved area|community conservation areas]] to protect the red panda habitat from disturbance and exploitation of forest resources.<ref name=Chakraborty_al2015/> China has initiated several projects to protect its environment and wildlife, including [[Grain for Green]], The Natural Forest Protection Project and the National Wildlife/Natural Reserve Construction Project. For the last project, the red panda is not listed as a key species for protection but may benefit from the protection of the giant panda and [[golden snub-nosed monkey]], with which it overlaps in range.<ref name=Wei_al2021>{{cite book |author1=Wei, F. |author2=Zhang, Z. |author3=Thapa, A. |author4=Zhijin, L. |author5=Hu, Y. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021 |chapter=Conservation initiatives in China |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=509–520 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00021-1 |s2cid=243813871}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== In captivity ===<br />
[[File:Red panda eating bamboo at Symbio Wildlife Park.webm|thumb|At [[Symbio Wildlife Park]]|alt=Video of captive red pandas standing on a tree and eating]]<br />
<br />
The [[London Zoo]] received two red pandas in 1869 and 1876, the first of which was caught in [[Darjeeling]]. The [[Calcutta Zoo]] received a live red panda in 1877, the [[Philadelphia Zoo]] in 1906, and [[Artis Zoo|Artis]] and [[Cologne Zoo]]s in 1908. In 1908, the first captive red panda cubs were born in an Indian zoo. In 1940, the [[San Diego Zoo]] imported four red pandas from India that had been caught in Nepal; their first litter was born in 1941. Cubs that were born later were sent to other zoos; by 1969, about 250 red pandas had been exhibited in zoos.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jones, M. L. |year=2021 |chapter=A brief history of the Red Panda in captivity |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |pages=181–199 |edition=Second |publisher=Academic Press |place=London |isbn=978-0-12-823753-3 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00026-0|s2cid=243805749 }}</ref> The [[Taronga Conservation Society]] started keeping red pandas in 1977.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lewis, M. |year=2011 |title=Birth and mother rearing of Nepalese red pandas ''Ailurus fulgens fulgens'' at the Taronga Conservation Society Australia |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=250–258 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.2011.00135.x}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1978, a [[breed registry]], the ''International Red Panda Studbook'', was set up, followed by the Red Panda [[European Endangered Species Programme]] in 1985. Members of international zoos ratified a global master plan for the [[captive breeding]] of the red panda in 1993. By late 2015, 219 red pandas lived in 42 [[List of zoos in Japan|zoos in Japan]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Tanaka, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Ogura, T. |year=2018 |title=Current husbandry situation of Red Pandas in Japan |journal=Zoo Biology |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1002/zoo.21407|pmid=29512188 }}</ref> The [[Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park]] participates in the Red Panda [[Species Survival Plan]] and kept about 25 red pandas by 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kumar, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Rai, U. |author3=Roka, B. |author4=Jha, A. K. |author5= Reddy, P. A. |year=2016 |title=Genetic assessment of captive red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') population |journal=SpringerPlus |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=1750 |doi=10.1186/s40064-016-3437-1 |pmid=27795893 |pmc=5055525 |doi-access=free}}</ref> By the end of 2019, 182 European zoos kept 407 red pandas.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kappelhof, J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Weerman, J. |year=2020 |title=The development of the Red panda ''Ailurus fulgens'' EEP: from a failing captive population to a stable population that provides effective support to in situ conservation |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |issue=1 |volume=54 |pages=102–112 |doi=10.1111/izy.12278 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Regional captive breeding programmes have also been established in North American, Australasian and South African zoos.<ref name=Introduction2022/><br />
<br />
== Cultural significance ==<br />
[[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159926 - Red Panda Ailurus fulgens.jpeg|thumb|On a 2009 stamp from India|alt=Stamp showing a red panda in a tree with some Hindi writing]]<br />
<br />
The red panda's role in the culture and folklore of local people is limited. A drawing of a red panda exists on a 13th-century Chinese scroll.<ref name=GlatstonGebauer2021>{{cite book |title=Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda |editor=Glatston, A. R. |year=2021 |publisher=Academic Press |location=London |edition=Second |isbn=978-0-12-823754-0 |chapter=People and Red Pandas: the Red Panda's role in economy and culture |author1=Glatston, A. R. |author2=Gebauer, A. |name-list-style=amp |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00002-8 |s2cid=243805192}}</ref> In Nepal's [[Taplejung District]], red panda claws are used for treating [[epilepsy]]; its skin is used in rituals for treating sick people, making hats, [[scarecrow]]s and decorating houses.<ref name=Bista_al2020 /> In western Nepal, [[Magars|Magar]] [[Shamanism|shaman]]s use its skin and fur in their ritual dresses and believe that it protects against evil spirits. People in central Bhutan consider red pandas to be [[reincarnation]]s of [[Buddhist monk]]s. Some tribal people in northeast India and the [[Yi people]] believe that it brings good luck to wear red panda tails or hats made of its fur.<ref name=GlatstonGebauer2021/> In China, the fur is used for local cultural ceremonies. At weddings, the bridegroom traditionally carries the hide. Hats made of red panda tails are also used by local newlyweds as a "good-luck charm".<ref name="Wei" /><br />
<br />
The red panda was recognised as the [[List of Indian state animals|state animal]] of Sikkim in the early 1990s and was the [[mascot]] of the Darjeeling Tea Festival.<ref name="glatston_1994">{{cite book |ref=glatston1994 |author=Glatson, A. R. |publisher=IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid, and Procyonid Specialist Group |title=Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Procyonids and Ailurids. The Red Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and their Relatives |location=Gland, Switzerland |year=1994 |isbn=2-8317-0046-9 |pages=8, 12 |chapter=The Red Panda or Lesser Panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') |chapter-url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1994-015_en.pdf#page=27 |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308071713/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1994-015_en.pdf#page=27 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been featured on stamps and coins issued by several red panda range states. [[Anthropomorphism|Anthropomorphic]] red pandas feature in [[animated movie]]s and TV series such as ''[[The White Snake Enchantress (film)|The White Snake Enchantress]]'', ''[[The Jungle Book (1989 TV series)|The Jungle Book: The Adventures of Mowgli]]'', ''Bamboo Bears'', ''[[Barbie as the Island Princess]]'', [[DreamWorks Animation|DreamWorks]]' ''[[Kung Fu Panda]]'' franchise, ''[[Aggretsuko]]'' and [[Disney/Pixar]]'s ''[[Turning Red]]'', and in several video games and comic books. It is the [[namesake]] of the [[Firefox]] browser and has been used as the namesake of music bands and of companies. Its appearance has been used for plush toys, t-shirts, postcards and other items.<ref name=GlatstonGebauer2021/><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons and category|Ailurus fulgens|Ailurus fulgens}}<br />
*[https://redpandanetwork.org/ Red Panda Network]&nbsp;– a non-profit organization committed to the conservation of wild red pandas<br />
<br />
{{Carnivora|C.}}<br />
{{Musteloidea|Mea.|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q41960|from2=Q19817309}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ailuridae]]<br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
[[Category:Clawed herbivores]]<br />
[[Category:EDGE species]]<br />
[[Category:Endangered Fauna of China]]<br />
[[Category:Fauna of Eastern Himalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals described in 1825]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of China]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of India]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Species that are or were threatened by habitat loss]]<br />
[[Category:Species that are or were threatened by deforestation]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Frédéric Cuvier]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manjula_S&diff=516130Manjula S2026-05-03T10:02:33Z<p>Amit raj: Created First Details From Scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
'''Manjula Aravind Limbavali''' (born 1975) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. She is a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from [[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Bangalore Urban district]]. She won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manjula S in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/manjula-s-mahadevapura-candidate-s10a174c010/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Manjula is from White Field, Bengaluru. She is the wife of three-time MLA and former minister [[Arvind Limbavali|Arvind Limbavalli]]. She completed her Class 12 in 1992 at [[NMRKV College for Women|NMKRV college for women]], Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manjula S(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MAHADEVAPURA (SC)(BANGALORE URBAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7526 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka assembly elections: Mr & Mrs Limbavali try to offset anti-incumbency, rival sees chance">{{cite news |date=2 May 2023 |title=Karnataka assembly elections: Mr & Mrs Limbavali try to offset anti-incumbency, rival sees chance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-assembly-elections-mr-mrs-limbavali-try-to-offset-anti-incumbency-rival-sees-chance/articleshow/99919353.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222052620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-assembly-elections-mr-mrs-limbavali-try-to-offset-anti-incumbency-rival-sees-chance/articleshow/99919353.cms |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=22 February 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Manjula was elected in the Mahadevapura Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. She polled 181,731 votes and defeated her nearest rival, H. Nagesh of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 44,501 votes.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-05-13 |title=Mahadevapura Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Manjula S Wins From Mahadevapura |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/mahadevapura-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601892 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Mahadevapura Election Results, Mahadevapura विधानसभाचुनाव परिणाम 2023 - NDTV MPCG |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2023/mahadevapura |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref> Her husband, Arvind Limbavalli, was the sitting MLA and a minister, but was denied a ticket by the Bharatiya Janata Party, allegedly due to an old controversy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-04-17 |title=BJP dumps Aravind Limbavali as Mahadevapura candidate, gives ticket to wife Manjula |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/bjp-dumps-aravind-limbavali-mahadevapura-candidate-gives-ticket-wife-manjula-176017 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> His name was missing in the first two lists as the party which feared anti incumbency vote, announced his wife, Manjula's name in the third list on 18 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-17 |title=BJP denies ticket to Ramdas and Aravind Limbavali in third list of 10 candidates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/bjp-denies-ticket-to-ramadas-and-arvind-limbavali-in-third-list-of-10-candidates/article66748111.ece |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Mahadevapura is one of the 17 wards in the city, who contribute the highest taxes to BBMP but have least civic amenities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-02 |title=Karnataka assembly elections: Mr & Mrs Limbavali try to offset anti-incumbency, rival sees chance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-assembly-elections-mr-mrs-limbavali-try-to-offset-anti-incumbency-rival-sees-chance/articleshow/99919353.cms |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> <br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjula, S. }}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bela_(film)&diff=490338Bela (film)2026-05-01T20:20:25Z<p>Amit raj: starting the details initial version.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Bengali-language biographical film}}<br />
{{Lead too long|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Bela<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = Anilava Chatterjee<br />
| producer = Greymind Communications Private Limited<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| starring = [[Rituparna Sengupta]]<br>[[Biswajit Chakraborty]]<br>[[Manasi Sinha]]<br>[[Bhaswar Chatterjee]]<br>[[Sourav Chakraborty (actor)|Sourav Chakraborty]]<br>Bhadra Basu<br>Debdut Ghosh<br>Debapratim Dasgupta<br>Padmanabha Dasgupta<br>Bulbuli Panja<br>Rajannya Mitra<br>Srija Bhattacharyya<br>Aryuun Ghosh<br>Basabdatta Chattopadhyay<br />
| cinematography = Saurav Banerjee<br />
| editing = Sujay Datta Ray<br />
| music = [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]], <br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = [[PVR INOX|PVR Inox Pictures]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2025|8|29|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 114 Minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Bengali<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bela''''' is an Indian Bengali-language biographical film based on the life of Bela Dey,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Bela rediscovered the charm of a space filled with memories on a visit to iconic radio broadcaster Bela Dey's home |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/team-bela-rediscovered-the-charm-of-a-space-filled-with-memories-on-a-visit-to-iconic-radio-broadcaster-bela-dey-s-home-/2000833 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> a pioneering radio personality associated with [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] Kolkata. The film traces her journey following the abandonment by her husband, her subsequent reinvention while living in England, and her return to India, where she created the influential radio programme ''Mohila Mahal'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |date=2025-08-16 |title='Bela' reminded me of my mother who is no more: Rituparna Sengupta at trailer launch event {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/bela-reminded-me-of-my-mother-who-is-no-more-rituparna-sengupta-at-trailer-launch-event/details |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=India Blooms |language=en}}</ref> which addressed social issues and reached millions of women listeners. The film highlights her resilience and role in challenging societal norms and promoting women's empowerment. Directed by Anilava Chatterjee, the film stars [[Rituparna Sengupta]] in the titular role and pays tribute to Bela Dey's legacy in Bengali media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Bela, Rituparna Sengupta convincingly embraces the role of a radio legend. Glimpses from the premiere... |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/in-bela--rituparna-sengupta-convincingly-embraces-the-role-of-a-radio-legend--glimpses-from-the-premiere---/2000924 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Bela'' was released on 29 August 2025. It was produced under the banner of Greymind Communications Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The New Nation |first=The New Nation |date=2025-08-27 |title=Rituparna coming to screen as Bela Dey |url=https://dailynewnation.com/news/755175/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The New Nation |language=en-US}}</ref> Rituparna Sengupta plays the lead role of Bela Dey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rituparna Sengupta stars as Bela Dey in an upcoming film that honours the legacy of the pioneering radio personality |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/rituparna-sengupta-stars-as-bela-dey-in-an-upcoming-film-that-honours-the-legacy-of-the-pioneering-radio-personality/2000649 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> Padmanabh Dasgupta, Biswajit Chakraborty, Devdoot Ghosh, Devpratim Dasgupta, Bhaswar Chatterjee and Manasi Sinha play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/bela/movieshow/123542722.cms |title=Bela Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2026-01-08 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
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This film is Anilava Chatterjee' first film as a director.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bela: The voice that empowered women, now immortalised on screen |url=https://www.businesseconomics.in/bela-voice-empowered-women-now-immortalised-screen |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.businesseconomics.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2025-09-17 |title=Glimpses from the premiere of Rituparna Sengupta's Bela |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/2025/Sep/17/glimpses-from-the-premiere-of-rituparna-senguptas-bela |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> The film was shot over a period of about a month and a half in various locations in [[Kolkata]].<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
In ''Bela'', director Anilavaa Chatterjee depicts 1960s Calcutta while chronicling the life and career of radio personality Bela Dey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=thekolkatamail |date=2025-07-29 |title="Bela Dey Is A Great Inspiration For Us"- Rituparna Sengupta |url=https://thekolkatamail.com/bela-dey-is-a-great-inspiration-for-us-rituparna-sengupta/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> The film portrays her journey from personal adversity to professional recognition, highlighting her determination and resilience. It focuses on her role as the creator and host of the radio programme ''Mohila Mahal'' on All India Radio, through which she became an influential voice on women's issues and inspired a wide audience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Bela, Rituparna Sengupta convincingly embraces the role of a radio legend. Glimpses from the premiere... |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/in-bela--rituparna-sengupta-convincingly-embraces-the-role-of-a-radio-legend--glimpses-from-the-premiere---/2000924 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2025-07-31 |title=Bela De is an inspiration: Rituparna Sengupta |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/bela-de-is-an-inspiration-rituparna-sengupta-621123 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=আনন্দবাজার ডট কম সংবাদদাতা |title=দেশভাগের সময়ের 'রেডিয়ো জকি', 'ফুডব্লগার' বেলা! প্রকাশ্যে ঋতুপর্ণার নতুন ছবির প্রথম ঝলক |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/first-look-of-rituparna-sengupta-from-anilava-chatterjees-upcoming-movie-bela-dgtl/cid/1619289 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250806081745/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/first-look-of-rituparna-sengupta-from-anilava-chatterjees-upcoming-movie-bela-dgtl/cid/1619289 |archive-date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2026-01-22 |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Releases ==<br />
Bela Film Trailer was released on 16 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bela - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bangla/bela-official-trailer/videoshow/123542959.cms |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<br />
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Bela Dey.<ref>{{Cite web |title='রান্নার জিনিয়াস' বেলা দের চরিত্রে ঋতুপর্ণা সেনগুপ্ত, পরিচালনায় অনিলাভ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/rituparna-sengupta-to-play-bela-de-in-anilava-chatterjees-first-feature-film/pid/1015535/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=bn}}</ref><br />
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Bela's father.<br />
* Bhadra Basu as Bela's mother.<br />
* Debdut Ghosh as Bela's brother.<br />
* Debapratim Dasgupta as [[Birendra Krishna Bhadra]].<br />
* Padmanabha Dasgupta as Bela's brother.<br />
* Bulbuli Panja<br />
* Rajannya Mitra<br />
* [[Manasi Sinha]]<br />
* Srija Bhattacharyya<br />
* Aryuun Ghosh<br />
* Basabdatta Chattopadhyay<br />
* [[Bhaswar Chatterjee]]<br />
* [[Sourav Chakraborty (actor)|Sourav Chakraborty]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=IBNS |date=2025-08-16 |title='Bela' reminded me of my mother who is no more: Rituparna Sengupta at trailer launch event |url=https://neherald.com/showbiz/bela-reminded-me-of-my-mother-who-is-no-more-rituparna-sengupta-at-trailer-launch-event |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Northeast Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Poorna Banerjee of [[Times of India]] gave it a rating of 3.5 out of 5 saying that, Rituparna Sengupta's performance alone makes it worth watching, but coupled with an inspiring story, strong music, and heartfelt direction, it becomes a moving reminder of how one voice can echo across generations and influence thoughts that bring progress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bela Movie Review: Rituparna Sengupta gloriously revives a forgotten radio icon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bela-review-rituparna-sengupta-gloriously-revives-a-forgotten-radio-icon/movie-review/123602382.cms |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Ranjan Bandyapadhya of [[Sangbad Pratidin]] said that, The film's greatest strength is Rituparna's portrayal of Bela, where her restrained yet fire-within performance brings the once-forgotten, luminous Bela Dey vividly back to life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=বাঙালির ভুলে যাওয়া দীপ্তিময়ীকে ফিরিয়ে দিল ঋতুপর্ণার 'বেলা', পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/rituparna-sengupta-starrer-bela-film-review/pid/1073516/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|38045917}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2025 films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Biographical films about radio people]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rampur%E2%80%93Sahaswan_gharana&diff=529419Rampur–Sahaswan gharana2026-04-27T13:56:17Z<p>Amit raj: article</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Genre in Hindustani classical music}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
<br />
'''Rampur–Sahaswan gharana''' is a [[gharana]] (musical heritage) of [[Hindustani classical music]] centred in the North-[[Uttar Pradesh]] towns of [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] and [[Sahaswan]].<br />
<br />
Ustad [[Inayat Hussain Khan]] (1849–1919) was the founder of this gharana.<ref name=ITC>{{cite web|url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_story/sra_story_guru/sra_story_guru_links/sra_story_guru_gharana/gharana.asp?gharanaid=5 |archive-date=23 May 2012|access-date=3 January 2024|url-status=dead|title=Inayat Hussain Khan - Founder of Rampur-Sahaswan gharana (profile)|website=ITC Sangeet Research Academy website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523232017/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_story/sra_story_guru/sra_story_guru_links/sra_story_guru_gharana/gharana.asp?gharanaid=5}}</ref><br />
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==History==<br />
The gharana finds its origins in Mehboob Khan, the chief [[khayal]] singer in the royal court of [[Rampur State]] (in present [[Uttar Pradesh]]), his tradition was followed by his son [[Inayat Hussain Khan]] (1849–1919) and in turn by Inyat's brothers-in-law, [[Haider Khan (singer)|Haider Khan]] (1857–1927), Ustad Fida Hussain Khan and Padma Bhushan [[Mushtaq Hussain Khan|Ustad Mushtaq Hussain Khan]] (1878–1964; first recipient of the Padma Bhushan Award), thus all the singers were connected with each other, and the gharana was named after their ancestral place, [[Sahaswan]], in present [[Badaun district]]. Amongst the most famous and relevant vocalists of the Gharana are [[Mushtaq Hussain Khan]], [[Nisar Hussain Khan]], [[Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)|Ghulam Mustafa Khan]], [[Ghulam Sadiq Khan]] and [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]].<ref name=ITC/><br />
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[[Inayat Hussain Khan]] was a child prodigy.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} He first married the daughter of Haddu Khan of the [[Gwalior gharana]].{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}<br />
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==Singing style==<br />
The Rampur-Sahaswan gayaki (style of singing) is closely related to the [[Gwalior Gharana]],<ref name=ITC/> which features medium-slow tempos, a full-throated voice and intricate rhythmic play. The gharana style is also known for the diversity and intricacy of the [[taan (music)|taan]]s (rapidfire elaborations), as well as [[tarana]] singing.<br />
<br />
Renowned singers of this gharana include the first and, perhaps the foremost disciple of [[Inayat Hussain Khan]], Haider Khan. Khan and his family played a vital role in taking forward the legacy of this illustrious family. His son Fida Hussain Khan and his grandson Nisar Hussain Khan continued the tradition.<ref name=ITC/><br />
<br />
Nisar Hussain Khan was a teacher whose disciples include vocalists [[Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)|Ghulam Mustafa Khan]], Rashid Khan, [[Hafeez Ahmed Khan]]. [[Mushtaq Hussain Khan]] was a disciple of Haider Khan and was later groomed by Inayat Hussain Khan. He was the recipient of the first [[Padma Bhushan]] award in singing.<br />
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The gharana is represented by two interrelated families - the direct descendants of Inayat Hussain Khan and his other relatives and disciples.<br />
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In 2006, Dr [[Sakuntala Narasimhan]], herself a disciple of Hafeez Ahmed Khan, published a book on the Rampur–Sahaswan gharana titled ''The Splendour of Rampur-Sahaswan Gharana''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Notes from another time: Sakuntala Narasimhan's book on the Rampur-Sahaswan gharana captures the cultural history of a period |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/16/stories/2006091601060300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629104627/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/16/stories/2006091601060300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |date=16 September 2006 |newspaper=The Hindu newspaper |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Quietly fading into oblivion|author=S. Kashif Ali|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/05/29/stories/2009052950100200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829121304/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/05/29/stories/2009052950100200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 August 2009 |date=29 May 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Exponents==<br />
===19th Century===<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---><br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---><br />
* [[Haider Khan (singer)|Haider Khan]] (1857-1927), son and disciple of Ali Bux Khan.<br />
* [[Inayat Hussain Khan]] (1849–1919), son and disciple of Mehboob Khan Bakhsh and Haddu Khan of [[Gwalior Gharana|Gwalior]].<br />
* [[Mushtaq Hussain Khan]] (1878–1964), son and disciple of Kallan Khan. Also learned from older brother, Ashiq Hussain Khan, father-in-law Inayat Hussain Khan.<br />
<br />
===20th Century===<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---><br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---><br />
* [[Arun Bhaduri]] (1943-2018), disciple of Ishtiaq Hussain Khan.<br />
* [[Sulochana Brahaspati]] (born 1937), disciple of Mushtaq Hussain Khan.<br />
* [[Naina Devi]] (1917-1993), disciple of Mushtaq Hussain Khan.<br />
* [[Bhimsen Joshi]] (1922-2011), disciple of Mushtaq Hussain Khan. More associated with [[Kirana Gharana]].<br />
* [[Ghulam Abid Khan]], son and disciple of Mushtaq Hussain Khan.<br />
* [[Ghulam Hussain Khan]] (born 1936), son and disciple of Mushtaq Hussain Khan.<br />
* [[Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)|Ghulam Mustafa Khan]] (1931-2021), son and disciple of Waris Hussain Khan. Also learned from father-in-law, Mushtaq Hussain Khan.<br />
* [[Ghulam Sadiq Khan]], son and disciple of Ghulam Jaffar Khan. Son-in-law and disciple of Mushtaq Hussain Khan.<br />
* [[Hafeez Ahmed Khan]] (1926-2006), son and disciple of Rashid Ahmed Khan. Also learned from Mushtaq Hussain Khan.<br />
* [[Nisar Hussain Khan]] (1906–1993), son and disciple of Fida Hussain Khan.<br />
* [[Shanno Khurana]] (born 1927), disciple of Mushtaq Hussain Khan.<br />
* [[Sumati Mutatkar]] (1916-2007), disciple of Mushtaq Hussain Khan.<br />
<br />
===21st Century===<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---><br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---><br />
* [[Tushar Dutta]] (born 1969), disciple of Arun Bhaduri.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite book |title=The Lost World of Hindustani Music |author=Kumar Pradas Mukherji |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2006|isbn=0143061992}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=The splendour of Rampur-sahaswan gharana of Hindustani music, its evolution, history, characteristics and compositions|author=Sakuntala Narasimhan |publisher=Veenapani Centre for Arts |year=2006|url=http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1063/to/1123/bkId/DK55465233767439487726331371/details.html|access-date=2021-01-12}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Mushtaq Hussain Khan |author=Naina Ripjit Singh (Naina Devi) |author-link=Naina Devi (singer)|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |year=1964}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Khyāl: Creativity Within North India's Classical Music Tradition|author=Bonnie C Wade|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |year= 1984|isbn=0521256593 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiE9AAAAIAAJ&dq=Rampur-Sahaswan+gharana&pg=PA136 |ref= Wa}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120523232017/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_story/sra_story_guru/sra_story_guru_links/sra_story_guru_gharana/gharana.asp?gharanaid=5 Rampur Sahaswan Gharana] at [[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]] - Archived<br />
<!--<br />
* [http://indiaheritage.org/perform/music/h-v-k-g.htm#rampur Characteristics of the Rampur-Sahaswan gharana]<br />
--><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rampur-Sahaswan Gharana}}<br />
[[Category:Vocal gharanas]]<br />
[[Category:Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Music of Uttar Pradesh]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rongara_Siju_Assembly_constituency&diff=530845Rongara Siju Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:34:19Z<p>Amit raj: creating</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Rongara Siju<br />
| state = [[Meghalaya]]<br />
| district = [[South Garo Hills district|South Garo Hills]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Tura]]<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| incumbent_image =<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = Rongara Siju Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| constituency_no = 58<br />
| mla = [[Rakkam A Sangma]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:34468}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Rongara Siju''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> The constituency was created after the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies, 2008''.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> It had its first election in 2013. It is part of [[South Garo Hills district|South Garo Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
| [[Rophul S. Marak]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3690-meghalaya-2013/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 30 January 2021}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
|rowspan=2| [[Rakkam Sangma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2023===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rongara Siju<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rakkam A Sangma]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=11,569 |percentage=39.49% |change={{increase}}7.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rophul S Marak|party=Indian National Congress|votes=8,311|percentage=28.37%|change={{increase}}4.64}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr Rajesh M Marak|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=7,938|percentage=27.10%|change={{increase}}25.38}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Calis G Momin|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,279|percentage=4.37%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Teseng A Sangma|party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|votes=197|percentage=0.67%|change=''New''}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=137|percentage=0.47%|change={{decrease}}1.17}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,258 |percentage=11.12% |change= {{increase}}6.79 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=29,294|percentage=84.99%|change={{decrease}}1.77}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,468 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.86 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}7.81 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2018===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rongara Siju<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakkam A. Sangma |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=8,108 |percentage=31.69% |change={{increase}}17.14 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rophul S Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=7,000 |percentage=27.36% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Francis Pondit R. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,073 |percentage=23.73% |change={{decrease}}0.20 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Augustine R. Marak |party=Garo National Council |votes=3,387 |percentage=13.24% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rangrick R. Sangma |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=440 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=418 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,108 |percentage=4.33% |change= {{increase}}1.06 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,589 |percentage=86.75% |change= {{decrease}}1.24 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,496 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.37 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}4.48 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2013===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rongara Siju<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rophul S Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=5,458 |percentage=27.21% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Francis Pondit R. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,802 |percentage=23.94% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakkam A. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=3,494 |percentage=17.42% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satto R. Marak |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=2,917 |percentage=14.54% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajithson G. Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=1,516 |percentage=7.56% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Albinush R. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,244 |percentage=6.20% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahamsing M. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=630 |percentage=3.14% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=656 |percentage=3.27% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,061 |percentage=87.99% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,799 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== Flora and Fauna ==<br />
[[Cyrtodactylus karsticolus]] was discovered at the outskirts of the area, on [[National Highway 217 (India)|National Highway 217]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyrtodactylus karsticolus|url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Cyrtodactylus&species=karsticolus|access-date=2021-11-29|website=[[The Reptile Database]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[South Garo Hills district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|25.18|90.79|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:South Garo Hills district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalassery_Assembly_constituency&diff=540221Thalassery Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:36:23Z<p>Amit raj: created the data more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Thalassery<br />
| state = Kerala<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 13<br />
| map_image = Thalassery Montage.jpg<br />
| map_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Hermann Gundert|Hermann Gundert Statue]], [[Kalaripayattu|Kalaripayattu Training]], [[Muzhappilangad Beach]], [[Thalassery fort]], [[Theyyam]], [[Spices|Spice Market]], [[Cannon|Cannons near]] [[Thalassery Pier|Pier]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 1,75,143 (2021)<br />
| mla = [[A. N. Shamseer]]<br />
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
| latest_election_year = 2021<br />
| district = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]<br />
}} <br />
'''Thalassery State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = https://kannur.nic.in/constituencies<br />
|website = kannur.nic.in<br />
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kannur District<br />
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the MLA is [[A. N. Shamseer]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].<br />
<br />
== Local self-governed segments==<br />
Thalassery Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html<br />
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in<br />
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kannur District<br />
|access-date = 7 March 2021<br />
|archive-date = 23 April 2021<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160037/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
!width="30px" |Sl no.<br />
!width="100px" |Name<br />
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])<br />
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Thalassery]]<br />
|Municipality<br />
|[[Thalassery]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Chokli]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Thalassery]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Eranholi]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Thalassery]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Kadirur]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Thalassery]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[New Mahe]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Thalassery]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Panniyannur]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Thalassery]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Thalassery Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/thalassery-assembly-constituency-map.html<br />
|website = www.mapsofindia.com<br />
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Thalassery<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Key'''<br />
<br />
{{Party index link|Communist Party of India}}{{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
<br />
{| class="sortable" width="50%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big;"<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama Sabha<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Party<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
| 1st <br />
| rowspan="2" |[[V. R. Krishna Iyer]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br />
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|<br />
| 1957 – 1960<br />
|-<br />
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]<br />
| 2nd<br />
| 1960 – 1965<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| 3rd<br />
| [[K. P. R. Gopalan]]<br />
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|<br />
| 1967 – 1970<br />
|-<br />
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<br />
| 4th<br />
| [[N. E. Balaram]]<br />
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|<br />
| 1970 – 1977<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |5th<br />
| [[Pattiam Gopalan]]<br />
| rowspan="12" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
| rowspan="12" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
| 1977 – 1980<br />
|-<br />
| 1979*<br />
| rowspan="2" |M. V. Rajagopalan<br />
| 1979 – 1980<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| 6th<br />
| 1980 – 1982<br />
|-<br />
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br />
| 7th<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]]<br />
| 1982 – 1987<br />
|-<br />
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
| 8th<br />
| 1987 – 1991<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
| 9th<br />
| K. P. Mammoo Master <br />
| 1991 – 1996<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
| 10th<br />
| [[E. K. Nayanar]]<br />
| 1996 – 2001<br />
|-<br />
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
| 11th <br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]]<br />
| 2001 – 2006<br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
| 12th<br />
| 2006 – 2011<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| 13th<br />
| 2011 – 2016<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
| 14th<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[A. N. Shamseer]]<br />
| 2016 - 2021<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|15th<br />
|[[Incumbent]]<br />
|}<br />
{{Notelist}}*by-election<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalassery}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate=Karayi Rajan|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. P. Saju|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=O. Nidheesh|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
There were 1,75,143 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br /><br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalassery}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[A. N. Shamseer]]|votes=81,810|percentage=61.52|change={{increase}}8.20|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M. P. Aravindakshan|votes=45,009|percentage=33.84|change={{increase}}6.23|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,313|percentage=1.73|change=-}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Shamseer Ibrahim|votes=1,963|percentage=1.48|change={{increase}}0.47|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=C. O. T. Naseer|votes=1,163|percentage=0.87|change=-}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Aravindakshan|votes=533|percentage=0.40|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Haridasan|votes=198|percentage=0.15|change=-}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=36,801|percentage=27.68|change={{increase}}1.97}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,989|percentage=75.93|change={{decrease}}3.5}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{increase}}8.20|}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
There were 1,67,024 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br /><br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalassery}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[A. N. Shamseer]]|votes=70,741|percentage=53.32|change={{decrease}}3.46|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[A. P. Abdullakutty]]|votes=36,624|percentage=27.61|change={{decrease}} 6.66|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. K. Sajeevan|votes=22,125|percentage=16.68|change={{increase}}10.76|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Jabeena Irshad|votes=1,337|percentage=1.01|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=A. C. Jalaludeen|votes=959|percentage=0.72|change={{decrease}}1.04|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=514|percentage=0.39|change=-}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Balakrishnan Kodiyeri|votes=129|percentage=0.10|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Thayyil Vattakkandi Sajeeevan V. K|votes=125|percentage=0.09|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Danish Mahal A. P. Abdullakutty|votes=112|percentage=0.08|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=34,117|percentage=25.71|change={{increase}}3.20}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,666|percentage=79.43|change={{increase}} 0.76}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}3.46}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
There were 1,49,689 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalassery}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]]|votes=66,870|percentage=56.78|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Rijil Makkutty|votes=40,361|percentage=34.27|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. Ratnakaran|votes=6,973|percentage=5.92|change=|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=A. C. Jalaluddin|votes=2,068|percentage=1.76|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. Raghunath|votes=674|percentage=0.57|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Rijil Muliyil|votes=539|percentage=0.46|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Balakrishnan|votes=278|percentage=0.24|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=26,509|percentage=22.51|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,17,763|percentage=78.67|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1952===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thalassery]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate= [[C. H. Kanaran]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=20,836 |percentage=46.11% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghavan Nair. K. P |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,135 |percentage=22.43% |change=22.43% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Koyamu Khan Saheb Ollyatg Vazhayil |party=Independent politician |votes=8,965 |percentage=19.84% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amina Hashim |party=Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes=5,254 |percentage=11.63% |change= }}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,701 |percentage=23.68% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,190 |percentage=71.04% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,608 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Thalassery]]<br />
* [[Kannur district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}<br />
{{coord|11|45|55.28|N|75|27|32.84|E|display=title}}<br />
{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kannur district]]<br />
[[Category:Thalassery]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thota_Laxmi_Kantha_Rao&diff=541148Thota Laxmi Kantha Rao2026-04-12T15:50:27Z<p>Amit raj: created some bio first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Thota Laxmi Kantha Rao<br />
| image =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Jukkal Assembly constituency]]<br />
| term_start = 2023<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Hanmanth Shinde]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2023{{endash}}present)<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Thota Laxmi Kantha Rao''' (born 1970) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is an MLA from [[Jukkal Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Kamareddy district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] Party and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Jukkal Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Laxmi Kantha Rao Thota wins Jukkal with 64489 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/jukkal-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470925-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=english |title=laxmi kantha rao thota telangana laxmi-kantha-rao-thota-jukkal candidate Profile, Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABPLive |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/laxmi-kantha-rao-thota-telangana-jukkal-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jukkal MLA visits Nizamsagar project, monitors flood situation">{{cite news |title=Jukkal MLA visits Nizamsagar project, monitors flood situation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/nehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thota_Laxmi_Kantha_Rao&action=edit#ws/national/telangana/jukkal-mla-visits-nizamsagar-project-monitors-flood-situation/article69984602.ece |access-date=30 August 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=28 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830115915/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jukkal-mla-visits-nizamsagar-project-monitors-flood-situation/article69984602.ece |archive-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Rao was born in Vadnagar<ref name=":0" /> and resides at [[Jukkal]], [[Kamareddy district]]. His father, Thota Yadagiri Rao, is a farmer. He is a postgraduate and runs his own business and farming.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laxmi Kantha Rao Thota(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- JUKKAL (SC)(KAMAREDDY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=114 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Rao won from [[Jukkal Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 64,489 votes and defeated his nearest rival, a three time MLA, Hanmant Shinde of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] by a narrow margin of 1,152 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jukkal Constituency Election Results 2023: Jukkal Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/jukkal |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Laxmi Kantha Rao Thota, INC Candidate from Jukkal Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana/laxmi-kantha-rao-thota-assembly-candidate-s29aed2008a013e2023c003/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Laxmi Kantha Rao, Thota}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1970 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roopali_Naik&diff=530878Roopali Naik2026-04-11T23:11:44Z<p>Amit raj: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Roopali Naik<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|05|15|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mysore state]], India<br />
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Karwar Assembly constituency|Karwar]]<br />
| term_start = 2018<br />
| term_end = 2023<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Roopali Naik''' (born 1972)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Roopali Santosh Naik(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KARWAR(UTTARA KANNADA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7440 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. She is a former member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Karwar Assembly constituency]] in [[Uttara Kannada district]]. She last won the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from Karwar representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election: Karwar Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/acno77-acno77.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karwar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/karwar-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP Sweeps Coastal Karnataka; Wins 18 Out Of 21 Seats, 4 More From Last Time |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/karnataka-election-results-bjp-sweeps-coastal-karnataka-wins-18-out-of-21-seats-1852635 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Naik is from [[Karwar]], Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka. She married Santosh Naik. She studied Class 10 at the Popular New English School, Chendiya, Karwar, and passed the examinations in the year 1989. She is into transport business and her husband is a contractor.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Naik won the 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election from Karwar Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party. She polled 60,339 votes and defeated her nearest rival [[Anand Asnotikar]] of [[Janata Dal (Secular)]], by a margin of 14,064 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karwar Election Results 2018 Live Updates: BJP's Roopali Santosh Naik Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/karwar-election-results-2018-live-updates-1748345.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Constituencies List 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-constituencies-list-2018/karwar-elections-2018-results/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karwar Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/karwar-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99016539.cms |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She contested again on the BJP ticket but lost the seat to [[Satish Krishna Sail]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 2,138 votes in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karwar Election Results 2023 {{!}} Karnataka Election Results {{!}} Elections 2023 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023/karwar |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Roopali Santosh Naik in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/roopali-santosh-naik-karwar-candidate-s10a077c003/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Roopali}}<br />
[[Category:1972 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharm_Yoddha_Garud&diff=496719Dharm Yoddha Garud2026-04-10T20:52:17Z<p>Amit raj: new basic entry basic info.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Hindi language mythological television serial}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{infobox television<br />
| image = Dharm Yoddha Garud's Official Poster.Jpg<br />
| caption =<br />
| genre = [[Hindu mythology]]<br />
| creator = [[Abhimanyu Singh (producer)|Abhimanyu Singh]]<br />
| based_on = <br />
| developer = <br />
| story = Brij Mohan Pandey<br />
| screenplay = {{plainlist|<br />
* Sweksha Bhagat<br />
*Nishant Shandilya<br />
}}<br />
| director = {{plainlist|<br />
*Mukesh Kumar Singh<br />
*Nishi Chandra}}<br />
| creative_director = <br />
| presenter = <br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]<br />
| voices = <br />
| narrator = <br />
| open_theme = ''"Dharm Yoddha Garud"''<br />
| end_theme = <br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = <br />
| num_episodes = 234<br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = Abhimanyu Singh<br/>Rupali Kadiyan<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editor = Shams Mirza<br/>Pradeep Rawani<br />
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi- camera]]<br />
| runtime = 22 minutes<br />
| company = [[Contiloe Entertainment]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|03|14|df=yes}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|12|10|df=yes}}<br />
| network = [[Sony Sab]] <br />
}}<br />
'''''Dharm Yoddha Garud''''' ({{translation|''The Righteous Warrior: Garud''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]] language [[mythological]] [[television serial]]. It depicts the story of [[Garuda]]. The show stars [[Faisal Khan (dancer)|Faisal Khan]], [[Toral Rasputra]] and [[Parul Chauhan]]. It is produced by [[Contiloe Entertainment]]. The show aired from 14 March 2022 to 10 December 2022 on [[Sony SAB]] and digitally available on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Dharm Yoddha Garud Coming Soon on Sony Sab|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXnHJhUt-Dg|language=en|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{Long plot|date=December 2022}}<br />
The story begins with Garud coming to meet his mother, Vinataa. They share a very good bond and have a great love for each other. Garud hates his Naag (Snake) Brothers and his maternal aunt Queen Kadru who ill-treats his mother Vinata. He always tries to know how his mother became Kadru's slave. Vinata gets scared because of the snakes, especially Kaaliya, and Garud comes to save her and shows his ultimate power to the Snakes and Kadru. However, Vinata cools Garud. Vinata then teaches Garud how to stay calm and several important life lessons. Garud asks his mother how to reach Vaikunth, and she tells him. He goes there on the pretext of freeing his mother from slavery and knowing what actually happened. After a series of incidents, he encounters Shesh Naag, who tells him about Vinata and Kadru's past but doesn't know how Vinata became Kadru's slave. He tells him to meet Aditi Maa, the God's mother, to know what really happened. He goes there. He fights the Asura Army who came to kill Aditi Maa and succeeds. To save her children, Diti Maa promises to tell how Vinata became Kadru's slave. Garud goes back and asks Kadru if what she had done was right or not. Her children get angry, and a fight is started between Garud and the Snakes. As a punishment, Garud is made Kadru and her children's slaves. However, Rahu arrives and asks for Garud. Kadru denies to which Rahu retaliates by insulting Kadru. After seeing that Rahu is insulting their mother Takshaka, Kaaliya, and their brothers fight alongside Garud against Rahu and his army. Seeing this, Kadru orders Garud to take her to Maharaj Bali and tells her sons to take care of Garud's mother, Vinata. Rahu notices that Garud along with Kadru is flying away. He then divides himself into two, and one goes behind Garud to see where he is going. They meet Maharaj Bali and convince him to stop the war. The fight is stopped with Kadru praising her sons and Garud wondering why Kadru protected him. Garud is then given a task by Kadru: Get the Suryaphool. Garud, accompanied by his Brothers, accidentally reached Shani Loka, where he is tested and passed. Shani Dev gets angry at the Naag Brothers and they all fall down. Garud doesn't recognise any of the Naag Brothers falling down and gets the Suryaphool. Kadru gets angry and curses Garud. Vinata and Garud pray to Vishnu to prove Garud innocent. Vishnu awakes from his meditation and tells Garud that he will face a lot of trouble and that he will be a part of something big in his life.<br />
<br />
Lord Vishnu then tells Goddess Aditi, who is meditating, that good times will come again for the deities. Goddess [[Aditi]] comes to find Garuda who helped her, and with Kadru's approval, she goes with Garuda to find her children. Lord Vishnu tells about Samudra Manthana and Garuda lifting the Mandaraachal mountain and placing it in the ocean of milk. Here, Garuda gets his stepbrother, [[Vasuki]] Naag, to be the rope for Sagara Manthan. Gods and Asuras jointly perform these tasks and share the ratnas that descend there. During these events, a surprising event occurs in Vinata's household. Vinata went to the forest one day to collect firewood and met an old Baba who took him to her house and took care of him by giving him food. Later he proves to be sage [[Dattatreya]] and he blesses Vinata. At that time, signs of Lakshmi's arrival appear through Sagara Manthan. The arrival of [[Lakshmi|Goddess Lakshmi]] takes place through the ocean, followed by the marriage of Lord Vishnu and [[Lakshmi|Goddess Lakshmi]]. [[Aditi]], [[Diti]], [[Kadru]] and Vinata also participate in this. Vinata won everyone's favour there. Garuda's devotion is also praised by Lakshmi Narayan. The marriage ends and the [[Samudra Manthana|Sagara manthana]] begins again where Amrita emerges. The Asuras, by trickery, steal the Amrit and the Devata's follow them. Vishnu takes the form of Mohini to trick the Asuras. Goddess Mohini gives Amrita to gods. Indra's son Jayanta keeps the Amrita in a safe place. Later Garuda returns to his mother. Under the guidance of Lord Vishnu, Garuda learns from Nar and Narayan. For this, the blessings of Ganesha and Goddess Saraswati are received and Garud gets a new task.<br />
<br />
Then Kadru says that if Amrita kalasha is placed before her, Vinata and Garuda will be freed from slavery. Garuda goes to Indra Lok and defeats Indra and brings the nectar. On the way, Vishnu is ready to punish Garud but Lakshmi stops him. He then tells Indra to take the Amrit after Garud and Vinata received freedom. They both received freedom. Vishnu tells Kadru that all her sons will be food for birds like Garud in the future. Everyone decides to celebrate Ganesh Chaturthi and Nar Narayan decides to tell the story of Lord Ganesh.<br />
<br />
Ganesh sends Mushak to see what his mother is preparing for him. Mushak gets caught by Kartikeya. All the Gods and Goddesses arrive and wish Ganesh. Kadru arrives and asks forgiveness from Vinata and Garud, being totally reformed. Nar Narayan tells the story of Ganesh from where His mother wanted a son like Vishnu's avatar, Krishna.<br />
<br />
Vishnu arrives and blesses her. But, Mahadev goes to bless 2 Demons, thus missing the chance of seeing his son. Very soon, Parvati gives birth to a son. She tells him to not let anyone come in until the time she finishes her meditation. However, when Mahadev returns and Ganesh stops him and he gets angry and cuts Ganesh's head. All of them realise who Ganesh is. Parvati realises what had happened and swears to destroy everything but Mahadev gives life to Ganesh with an elephant head. Parvati at first refuses to accept him but later accepts him.<br />
<br />
Ganesh arrives at the end of the story and gives Garud the good news that he is going to be Vishnu's vahak. Garud gets extremely happy and goes to Vaikunth. Vishnu tells Garud to lift his finger but he falls down and as a result, he loses his powers and to regain his powers and become Vishnu's Vahaan, they take a human form to complete a mission.<br />
<br />
They go to help Shastri and her husband to find their missing son by narrating the tale of Maa Parvati and all of her nine avatar's. With each passing day, both Garud and Shastri get the blessings. Their greedy sister tries to take control of the house. At the 10th day, their son returns and the greedy sister realises her mistakes. Vishnu, Lakshmi and Garud return to Vaikunth.<br />
<br />
Maa Lakshmi tells the story of 'Bhaktha Pralhad' and Narasimha Avatar of Vishnu. Later Gajendra calls for help and Garud finally gets to be Vishnu's Vahaan. They help Gajendra and the Devta's hail the name of Vishnu and Garud.<br />
<br />
== Cast and characters ==<br />
===Main===<br />
* [[Faisal Khan (Dancer)|Faisal Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faisal Khan लेकर आ रहे 'धर्म योद्धा गरुड़' की कहानी, जिसने मां के लिए दिया बलिदान|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/faisal-khan-is-coming-up-with-his-new-show-dharm-yoddha-garud-on-sab-tmov-1414012-2022-02-18|access-date=21 February 2022|website=Aaj Tak|date=18 February 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> as Lord [[Garuda]]; Sage [[Kashyapa|Kashyap]] and Vinata's son, Aruna's brother, Kadru's nephew/stepson (2022) <br />
** Diaan Talaviya as child Garud (2022) <br />
*[[Toral Rasputra]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Toral Rasputra, Parul Chauhan on their roles in Dharm Yoddha Garud|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/toral-rasputra-parul-chauhan-talk-about-their-stark-opposite-roles-in-new-show-dharm-yoddha-garud/videoshow/90271618.cms|access-date=16 March 2022|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref> as [[Vinata]]; King [[Daksha]] and Asikni's daughter; Sage Kashyap's fourth wife, Aruna and Garud's Mother, Diti, Aditi and Kadru's sister (2022)<br />
*[[Parul Chauhan|Parul Chauhan Thakkar]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Parul Chauhan on playing negative role of Kadru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-parul-chauhan-after-doing-simple-docile-girl-roles-playing-a-hardcore-negative-character-in-dharm-yoddha-garud-is-quite-challenging/articleshow/90276472.cms |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=Times of India |date=16 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> as [[Kadru]]; King [[Daksha]] and Asikni's daughter, Sage Kashyap's third wife, Naag's mother, Diti, Aditi and Vinata's sister (2022)<br />
<br />
===Recurring===<br />
*[[Ankit Raj]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=जानिए धर्म योद्धा गरुड़ के पात्र व कहानी को |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/television/dharm-yoddha-garud-did-winner-faisal-khans-new-show-to-kick-start-from-14-th-march-1100168.html |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |date=7 March 2022 |language=hindi}}</ref> as [[Kaliya|Kaliya Naag]]; Sage Kashyap and Kadru's son; Takshak and Naag's brother (2022) <br />
*[[Angad Hasija]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Angad Hasija on playing Takshak Naag and his debut in Mythological genre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-was-scared-of-foraying-into-the-mythological-genre-says-angad-hasija-who-has-joined-dharm-yoddha-garud/articleshow/89645725.cms |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=Times of India |date=17 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> as [[Takshak|Takshak Naag]]; Sage Kashyap's and Kadru's son; Kaliya and Naag's brother (2022) <br />
*[[Vishal Karwal]] as [[Lord Vishnu]] (2022) <br />
*Ankita Singh as <br />
** [[Lakshmi|Goddess Lakshmi]]<br />
***[[Neetha Shetty]] replaced Singh. (2022)<br />
**[[Kamalatmika|Kamalathmika]] (2022)<br />
* Abhishek Soni as [[Aruna (Hinduism)|Aruna]]; Sage Kashyap and Vinata's son, Garud's Brother. He is the Charioteer of Lord [[Surya]] (2022) <br />
* [[Hrishikesh Pandey]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Hrishikesh Pandey joins Dharm Yoddha Garud |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hrishikesh-pandey-joins-the-cast-of-dharm-yoddha-garud/articleshow/89794124.cms |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=Times of India |date=24 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> as Sage [[Kashyapa|Kashyap]]; Aditi, Diti, Kadru, Vinata, Danu, Surabhi, Krodhavasha, Ira and Muni's husband; Father of Arun, Garuda, Naags, Adityas, Devas, Rudras, Vasus, Daityas, Maruts, Danavas, Krodhavasas, Manasa, Iravati, Gandharvas, Vamana and Apsara (2022)<br />
*[[Soni Singh]] as [[Diti]]; Sage Kashyap's second wife, Daitya's mother, Kadru, Aditi and Vinata's sister (2022) <br />
* Piyali Munshi as [[Aditi]]; Sage Kashyap's first wife, Deva's mother, Kadru, Diti and Vinata's sister (2022)<br />
* Swayam Joshi as [[Sanatan]]; Son Of Brahma (2022) <br />
*Niel Satpuda as [[Kartikey]]<br />
*Amit Bhanushali as [[Sheshnaag]]; Sage Kashyap and Kadru's son and Naag's eldest brother (2022) <br />
*Rishav Trivedi as [[Vasuki]]; Sage Kashyap and Kadru's son and Naag's brother (2022) <br />
*Abhinav Kumar as Indra Dev (2022) <br />
*Aditya Sidhu as [[Mahabali]] (2022)<br />
**Dinesh Mehta replaced Sidhu (2022)<br />
*Feroz Ali as Prajapati Daksh (2022) <br />
*Shillpa Kataria Singh as Mainadevi (2022)<br />
*Sachin Verma as Lord [[Shiva]] (2022)<br />
*Nidhi Seth as <br />
**[[Parvati]]<br />
**[[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]]<br />
**[[Durga]]<br />
**[[Tripura Sundari|Lalitha Tripura Sundari]] <br />
**[[Adishakti]] <br />
**[[Annapurna]]<br />
**[[Navadurga]]<br />
(2022)<br />
*Ankit Gulati as Lord [[Shani]] (2022) <br />
*Neha Tiwari as [[Dhamini]] (2022) <br />
*Anu Thapa as [[Simhika]] (2022) <br />
*[[Praneet Bhat]] as [[Dattatreya]] (2022) <br />
*Prince Dhiman as Varun [[Dev (mythology)|dev]] (2022) <br />
*Pradeep Singh Adhikari as Vaayu [[Dev (mythology)|dev]] (2022) <br />
* Devaksh Rai as [[Agni|Agni Dev]] (2022) <br />
*Saarvi Omana as Goddess Patal Bhairavi (2022) <br />
*Gulshan Rana as Guru [[Brihaspati]] (2022) <br />
*Digvijay Purohit as Guru [[Shukracharya]] (2022) <br />
*Sharad Gore as Rishi [[Durvasa]] (2022) <br />
*Vijay Malviya as Kakol (2022)<br />
*Sandeep Sharma as Maharishi [[Narada]] (2022)<br />
*Javed Pathan as Tarkasur<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/my-character-of-tarkasur-in-the-show-is-a-strong-negative-character-javed-pathan-of-dharm-yoddha-gar_191494?mode=amp | title=My character of Tarkasur in the show is a strong negative character: Javed Pathan of Dharm Yoddha Garud }}</ref> (2022)<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Sony SAB]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=14888568}}<br />
* [https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-dharm-yoddha-garud-series-online-70ac97967c79e5f5255f4b5fe82aa1d4 ''Dharm Yoddha Garud''] on [[MX Player]]<br />
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/dharm-yoddha-garud-1700000737 ''Dharm Yoddha Garud''] on [[SonyLIV]]<br />
* [https://www.sabtv.com/en_in/shows/263/dharm_yoddha_garud ''Dharm Yoddha Garud''] on [[Sony SAB]]<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{Sony SAB Programmes}}<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television series about Hindu deities]]<br />
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_India_Act_1915&diff=501093Government of India Act 19152026-04-04T19:40:09Z<p>Amit raj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom}}<br />
{{One source|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox UK legislation<br />
| short_title = Government of India Act 1915{{efn|Section 135.}}<br />
| type = Act<br />
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom<br />
| long_title = An Act to consolidate enactments relating to the Government of India.<br />
| year = 1915<br />
| citation = [[5 & 6 Geo. 5]]. c. 61<br />
| territorial_extent = [[United Kingdom]]<br />
| royal_assent = 29 July 1915<br />
| commencement = 1 January 1916{{efn|Section 135.}}<br />
| repeal_date = 1 April 1937<br />
| amends = See {{Section link||Repealed enactments}}<br />
| replaces = See {{Section link||Repealed enactments}}<br />
| amendments = {{ubli|[[Government of India (Amendment) Act 1916]]}}<br />
| related_legislation = <br />
| repealing_legislation = [[Government of India Act 1935]]<br />
| status = Repealed<br />
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/5-6/61/contents/enacted<br />
| use_new_UK-LEG = no<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Government of India Act 1915''' ([[5 & 6 Geo. 5]]. c. 61) was an [[Act of Parliament (Commencement)|act]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], which consolidated prior acts of Parliament concerning [[British India]] into a single act. It was passed in July 1915 and went into effect on 1 January 1916.<ref>{{citation | last = Ilbert | first = Courtenay Peregrine | authorlink = Courtenay Ilbert | ref = CPI22 | title = The Government of India | edition = Third revised and updated | publisher = Clarendon Press | date = 1922 | page = 122 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Section 130 of the act, and the fourth schedule to, the act repealed 47 enactments, starting with the [[East India Company Act 1770]] ([[10 Geo. 3]]. c. 47), and replaced them with a single act containing 135 sections and five schedules. It was introduced first to the House of Lords, where it was referred to a joint committee of Parliament chaired by [[Robert Reid, 1st Earl Loreburn|Lord Loreburn]]. The committee removed several provisions which went beyond the simple consolidation of existing law.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox UK legislation<br />
| short_title = Government of India (Amendment) Act 1916{{efn|Section 8(1).}}<br />
| type = Act<br />
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom<br />
| long_title = An Act to amend certain enactments relating to the government of India, and to remove doubts as to the validity of certain Orders in Council made for India.<br />
| year = 1916<br />
| citation = [[6 & 7 Geo. 5]]. c. 37<br />
| territorial_extent = {{ubli|[[United Kingdom]]|[[British Raj]]}}<br />
| royal_assent = 23 August 1916<br />
| commencement = 1 September 1916{{efn|Section 8(2).}}<br />
| repeal_date = 5 November 1993<br />
| amends = {{ubli|[[Criminal Law (India) Act 1815]]|[[Government of India Act 1915]]}}<br />
| replaces = {{ubli|[[East India Company Act 1772]]|[[East India Company Act 1784]]|[[East India Company Act 1786]]}}<br />
| amendments = [[Government of India Act 1919]]<br />
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1993]]<br />
| status = Repealed<br />
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/6-7/37/enacted<br />
| collapsed = yes<br />
}}<br />
<br />
A supplemental act, mostly technical in nature and including several of the provisions struck out of the consolidation act, was introduced and passed in 1916, becoming the '''{{visible anchor|Government of India (Amendment) Act 1916}}''' ([[6 & 7 Geo. 5]]. c. 37).<br />
<br />
The 1915 act and its supplemental act the following year "made the English statute law relating to India easier to understand, and therefore easier to amend."<ref>[[#CPI22|Ilbert (1922)]], p. 123.</ref> The [[Government of India Act 1919]] ([[9 & 10 Geo. 5]]. c. 101) made substantial changes to the law.<br />
<br />
== Provisions ==<br />
=== Repealed enactments ===<br />
Section 130 of the act repealed 47 enactments, listed in the fourth schedule to the act.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|act=Government of India Act 1915|type=act|year=Geo5/5-6|chapter=61}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Citation<br />
!Short title<br />
!Extent of repeal<br />
|-<br />
|[[10 Geo. 3]]. c. 47<br />
|[[East India Company Act 1770]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[13 Geo. 3]]. c. 63<br />
|[[East India Company Act 1772]]<br />
|The whole act, except sections forty-two, forty-three and forty-five.<br />
|-<br />
|[[21 Geo. 3]]. c. 70<br />
|[[East India Company Act 1780]]<br />
|The whole act, except section eighteen.<br />
|-<br />
|[[26 Geo. 3]]. c. 57<br />
|[[East India Company Act 1786]]<br />
|Section thirty-eight.<br />
|-<br />
|[[33 Geo. 3]]. c. 52<br />
|[[East India Company Act 1793]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[37 Geo. 3]]. c. 142<br />
|[[East India Act 1797]]<br />
|The whole act, except section twelve.<br />
|-<br />
|[[39 & 40 Geo. 3]]. c. 79<br />
|[[Government of India Act 1800]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[53 Geo. 3]]. c. 155<br />
|[[East India Company Act 1813]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[55 Geo. 3]]. c. 84<br />
|[[Indian Presidency Towns Act 1815]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[4 Geo. 4]]. c. 71<br />
|[[Indian Bishops and Courts Act 1823]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[6 Geo. 4]]. c. 85<br />
|[[Indian Salaries and Pensions Act 1825]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[7 Geo. 4]]. c. 56<br />
|[[East India Officers' Act 1826]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[3 & 4 Will. 4]]. c. 85<br />
|[[Government of India Act 1833]]<br />
|The whole act, except section one hundred and twelve.<br />
|-<br />
|[[5 & 6 Will. 4]]. c. 52<br />
|[[India (North-West Provinces) Act 1835]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict.]] c. 47<br />
|[[India Officers' Salaries Act 1837]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[5 & 6 Vict.]] c. 119<br />
|[[Indian Bishops Act 1842]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[16 & 17 Vict.]] c. 95<br />
|[[Government of India Act 1853]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[17 & 18 Vict.]] c. 77<br />
|[[Government of India Act 1854]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[21 & 22 Vict.]] c. 106<br />
|[[Government of India Act 1858]]<br />
|The whole act, except section four.<br />
|-<br />
|[[22 & 23 Vict.]] c. 41<br />
|[[Government of India Act 1859]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[23 & 24 Vict.]] c. 100<br />
|[[European Forces (India) Act 1860]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[23 & 24 Vict.]] c. 102<br />
|[[East India Stock Act 1860]]<br />
|The whole act, except section six.<br />
|-<br />
|[[24 & 25 Vict.]] c. 54<br />
|[[Indian Civil Service Act 1861]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[24 & 25 Vict.]] c. 67<br />
|[[Indian Councils Act 1861]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[24 & 25 Vict.]] c. 104<br />
|[[Indian High Courts Act 1861]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[28 & 29 Vict.]] c. 15<br />
|[[Indian High Courts Act 1865]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[28 & 29 Vict.]] c. 17<br />
|[[Government of India Act 1865]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[32 & 33 Vict.]] c. 97<br />
|[[Government of India Act 1869]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[32 & 33 Vict.]] c. 98<br />
|[[Indian Councils Act 1869]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[33 & 34 Vict.]] c. 3<br />
|[[Government of India Act 1870]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[33 & 34 Vict.]] c. 59<br />
|[[East India Contracts Act 1870]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[34 & 35 Vict.]] c. 34<br />
|[[Indian Councils Act 1871]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[34 & 35 Vict.]] c. 62<br />
|[[Indian Bishops Act 1871]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[37 & 38 Vict.]] c. 3<br />
|[[East India Loan Act 1874]]<br />
|Section fifteen.<br />
|-<br />
|[[37 & 38 Vict.]] c. 77<br />
|[[Colonial Clergy Act 1874]]<br />
|Section thirteen.<br />
|-<br />
|[[37 & 38 Vict.]] c. 91<br />
|[[Indian Councils Act 1874]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[43 Vict.]] c. 3<br />
|[[Indian Salaries and Allowances Act 1880]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[44 & 45 Vict.]] c. 63<br />
|[[India Office Auditor Act 1881]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[47 & 48 Vict.]] c. 38<br />
|[[Indian Marine Service Act 1884]]<br />
|Sections two, three, four and five.<br />
|-<br />
|[[55 & 56 Vict.]] c. 14<br />
|[[Indian Councils Act 1892]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[3 Edw. 7]]. c. 11<br />
|[[Contracts (India Office) Act 1903]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[4 Edw. 7]]. c. 26<br />
|[[Indian Councils Act 1904]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[7 Edw. 7]]. c. 35<br />
|[[Council of India Act 1907]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[9 Edw. 7]]. c. 4<br />
|[[Indian Councils Act 1909]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[1 & 2 Geo. 5]]. c. 18<br />
|[[Indian High Courts Act 1911]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[1 & 2 Geo. 5]]. c. 25<br />
|[[Government of India Act Amendment Act 1911]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|-<br />
|[[2 & 3 Geo. 5]]. c. 6<br />
|[[Government of India Act 1912]]<br />
|The whole act.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Subsequent developments ==<br />
The whole act was repealed by section 321 of, and the tenth schedule to, the [[Government of India Act 1935]] ([[25 & 26 Geo. 5]]. c. 42), which came into force on 1 April 1937.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|act=Government of India Act 1935|type=act|year=Geo5/25-26|chapter=42}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{UK-LEG|asmade=yes}}<br />
<br />
{{UK legislation}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1915]]<br />
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning India]]<br />
[[Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]]<br />
[[Category:Consolidation Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:July 1915 in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:1915 in India]]<br />
[[Category:July 1915 in Asia]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_symbols_of_Palestine&diff=549538List of national symbols of Palestine2026-03-26T19:56:42Z<p>Amit raj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|thumb|The [[flag of Palestine]], symbol of Palestinian identity and the Palestinian state]]<br />
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br />
The '''symbols of Palestine''' include official and unofficial flags, icons or adopted cultural expressions that may be emblematic, representative or otherwise characteristic of [[Palestine]] and of its culture.<br />
<br />
The scope of what is included in the symbols of Palestine includes the [[Flag of Palestine|state flag]] and its [[Ensign (flag)|ensign]] based on the [[Flag of the Arab Revolt]]. It also includes Palestinian [[vexillology]] and signs used by the Palestinian National Authority.<ref>The Palestinian People: A History - Page 392, Baruch Kimmerling - 2009</ref> The [[fida'i]] is its national anthem. In 2015, the [[Palestinian Authority]] adopted the [[Palestine sunbird]] as the [[national bird]] of the [[State of Palestine]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Palestine adopts sunbird as emblem for exported goods |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/palestine-adopts-sunbird-as-emblem-for-exported-goods/1258404 |work=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref>[http://portal.wildlife-pal.org/php/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=28 The First Palestinian Bird Migration Festival] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825000537/http://portal.wildlife-pal.org/php/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=28 |date=2011-08-25 }}, [[Palestine Wildlife Society]]. Retrieved 29 July 2009.</ref> The [[Palestinian Authority passport]] has been described{{by whom|date=November 2023}} as a 'crucial symbol of nationhood.'<ref>Jordan Times, 25 Jan. 1995</ref> [[Postage stamps and postal history of the Palestinian National Authority]] also constitute a national symbol. The list of foundational symbols of [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian identity]] include:<br />
* [[Al-Aqsa|Al Aqsa]] (compound), particularly the [[Dome of the Rock]]<ref>{{cite journal | last=Cohen | first=Hillel | title=The Temple Mount/al-Aqsa in Zionist and Palestinian National Consciousness: A Comparative View | journal=Israel Studies Review | publisher=Berghahn Books | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=2017 | issn=2159-0370 | eissn=2159-0389 | jstor=45238302 | pages=1, 8–9, 17 | doi=10.3167/isr.2017.320102 |url=https://www.academia.edu/33360120 | quote=The holy site known to Jews as the Temple Mount and to Muslims as Haram al-Sharif or al-Aqsa is central to both the Jewish and Palestinian Arab national movements… Al-Aqsa can thus be seen as the central symbol of Palestinian nationalism... One should bear in mind that since the emergence of nationalism in the Arab world, important schools have insisted on separation of religion and state. In addition, a degree of tension exists between al-Aqsa’s two aspects, as a national symbol uniting Palestinian Muslims and Christians, and al-Aqsa as an exclusively Muslim symbol. In other words, the intentions of Palestinians united under the banner of al-Aqsa are not all the same… For the Palestinians, al-Aqsa is a singular focal point of self-respect and religious destiny. This heightens their commitment to the site, without connection to their religious affiliation (Muslim or Christian) or level of religious belief and observance.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Reiter |first=Yitzhak |year=2013 |title=Narratives of Jerusalem and its Sacred Compound |journal=Israel Studies |publisher=Indiana University Press |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=115–132 |doi=10.2979/israelstudies.18.2.115 |s2cid=143739581 |issn=1084-9513 |quote=This article deals with the employment of religious symbols for national identities and national narratives by using the sacred compound in Jerusalem (The Temple Mount/al-Aqsa) as a case study. The narrative of The Holy Land involves three concentric circles, each encompassing the other, with each side having its own names for each circle. These are: Palestine/Eretz Israel (i.e., the Land of Israel); Jerusalem/al-Quds and finally The Temple Mount/al-Aqsa compound...Within the struggle over public awareness of Jerusalem's importance, one particular site is at the eye of the storm—the Temple Mount and its Western Wall—the Jewish Kotel—or, in Muslim terminology, the al-Aqsa compound (alternatively: al-Haram al-Sharif) including the al-Buraq Wall... "Al-Aqsa" for the Palestinian-Arab-Muslim side is not merely a mosque mentioned in the Quran within the context of the Prophet Muhammad's miraculous Night Journey to al-Aqsa which, according to tradition, concluded with his ascension to heaven (and prayer with all of the prophets and the Jewish and Christian religious figures who preceded him); rather, it also constitutes a unique symbol of identity, one around which various political objectives may be formulated, plans of action drawn up and masses mobilized for their realization |author-link=Yitzhak Reiter}}</ref><ref>[[Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs]]; Tim Marshall: "Many people believe that the mosque depicted is called the Al-Aqsa; however, a visit to one of Palestine's most eminent intellectuals, Mahdi F. Abdul Hadi, clarified the issue. Hadi is chairman of the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs, based in East Jerusalem. His offices are a treasure trove of old photographs, documents, and symbols. He was kind enough to spend several hours with me. He spread out maps of Jerusalem's Old City on a huge desk and homed in on the Al-Aqsa compound, which sits above the Western Wall. "The mosque in the Al- Aqsa [Brigades] flag is the Dome of the Rock. Everyone takes it for granted that it is the Al-Aqsa mosque, but no, the whole compound is Al-Aqsa, and on it are two mosques, the Qibla mosque and the Dome of the Rock, and on the flags of both Al-Aqsa Brigades and the Qassam Brigades, it is the Dome of the Rock shown," he said. {{cite book |author=Tim Marshall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysYpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |title=A Flag Worth Dying For: The Power and Politics of National Symbols |date=4 July 2017 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-5011-6833-8 |pages=151–}}; [[Mahdi Abdul Hadi]], [http://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2016/INGILIZCE%20SITE%20ESERLER/TANITIM%20BROŞÜRLERİ/PDF/Haram-Ash-sharief-Final-En_2013.pdf Mahdi Abdul Hadi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216194529/https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2016/INGILIZCE%20SITE%20ESERLER/TANITIM%20BRO%c5%9e%c3%9cRLER%c4%b0/PDF/Haram-Ash-sharief-Final-En_2013.pdf|date=2020-02-16}}: "Al-Aqsa Mosque, also referred to as Al-Haram Ash-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary), comprises the entire area within the compound walls (a total area of 144,000 m2) - including all the mosques, prayer rooms, buildings, platforms and open courtyards located above or under the grounds - and exceeds 200 historical monuments pertaining to various Islamic eras. According to Islamic creed and jurisprudence, all these buildings and courtyards enjoy the same degree of sacredness since they are built on Al-Aqsa's holy grounds. This sacredness is not exclusive to the physical structures allocated for prayer, like the Dome of the Rock or Al-Qibly Mosque (the mosque with the large silver dome)"</ref><br />
* [[Handala]]<ref name=GuardianHandala>{{cite news |last1=Faber |first1=Michel |title=Review: A Child in Palestine: The Cartoons of Naji al-Ali |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/jul/11/child-palestine-cartoons-al-ali |work=The Guardian |date=10 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Alazzeh |first1=Ala |chapter=Abu Ahmad and His Handalas |pages=427–444 |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1ppwdk.34 |editor1-first=Mark |editor1-last=LeVine |editor2-first=Gershon |editor2-last=Shafir |title=Struggle and Survival in Palestine/Israel |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-26252-2 |quote=…one of the most popular symbols of Palestinian nationalism. }}</ref><br />
* the [[Palestinian key]]<ref>{{cite book | last1=Meital | first1=Y. | last2=Rayman | first2=P. | title=Recognition as Key for Reconciliation: Israel, Palestine, and Beyond | publisher=Brill | series=Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia | year=2017 | isbn=978-90-04-35580-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DE9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 | quote=Michal concedes the fact that Israelis do the same thing to the memory of the Nakba when saying "it was in 1948, enough talking about the past, let's talk about the future." When the Palestinians come with their keys [the Palestinian symbol of their lost homes], she says, "it's the same thing, it's a memory still burning in the hearts of families}}</ref><ref name="Fisk 2018">{{cite web | last=Fisk | first=Robert | title='I spoke to Palestinians who still hold the keys to homes they fled decades ago – many are still determined to return' | website=The Independent | date=2018-06-28 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/palestine-keys-return-home-israel-palestinians-a8398341.html | quote= Keys must always be the symbol of the Palestinian “Nakba” – the “disaster” – the final, fateful, terrible last turning in the lock of those front doors as 750,000 Arab men, women and children fled or were thrown out of their homes in what was to become the state of Israel in 1947 and 1948.}}</ref><br />
* the [[Palestinian keffiyeh]]<ref name=aj /> made famous by [[Yasser Arafat]]<br />
* the [[Watermelon (Palestinian symbol)|watermelon]]<ref name=aj /><br />
<br />
Among the additional objects which are considered to be symbols of the Palestinian nation, is the native [[Palestinian poppy]], ''[[Anemone coronaria]]''. Even though the national flower of Palestine is the [[Iris haynei|Faqqua Iris]], adopted in 2016, the poppy has red petals, a black center with a white ring around it, and green leaves, evoking the colors of the Pan-Arabic and Palestinian flag.<ref name=abufarha>{{cite journal |last1=Abufarha |first1=Nasser |author-link1=Nasser Abufarha |year=2008 |title=Land of symbols: cactus, poppies, orange and olive trees in Palestine |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10702890802073274 |journal=Identities |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=343–368 |doi=10.1080/10702890802073274 |issn=1547-3384|access-date=6 January 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Jaffa orange]]s,<ref name=abufarha /> lemons, [[olive trees]],<ref name=abufarha /> [[Battir]]i [[eggplant]]s<ref>{{cite web |last=Sella |first=Adam |date=31 August 2023 |title=The fruits of Palestine and their symbolism |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/31/the-fruits-of-palestine-and-their-symbolism |website=[[aljazeera.com]]|access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref> and the [[cactus pear]] (''sabr'')<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sandiegofreepress.org/2015/10/reflections-on-palestine-symbols-of-homeland/ |title=Reflections on Palestine: Symbols of Homeland |last=Rios |first=Pedro |date=28 October 2015 |website=[[San Diego Free Press]] |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref><ref name=abufarha /> are also widely used as symbols for the Palestinian nation. Other plants including [[za'atar]] ([[thyme]]) and handal ([[Citrullus colocynthis|colocynth]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/palestine-plants-symbolic-meanings |title=Olive tree, za'atar, cactus: Palestine's symbolic plants and the meanings behind them |last=Khalil |first=Shahd Haj |date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> and traditional Palestinian crafts such as [[tatreez]] (Palestinian embroidery) are also considered national symbols.<ref name=aj>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/11/20/palestine-symbols-keffiyeh-olive-branch-watermelon|title=Symbols of Palestine |last=Haddad |first=Mohammed|last2=Antonopoulos |first2=Konstantinos |last3=Ali |first3=Marium |date=20 November 2023 |website=[[aljazeera.com]]|access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> ''[[Maqluba]]'' is used a national symbol at pro-Palestine protests.<ref><br />
{{cite news |last1=DC (ACW) |first1=Arab Center Washington |title=Palestinian Cultural Resistance in the Service of the National Project |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/palestinian-cultural-resistance-in-the-service-of-the-national-project/ |access-date=6 January 2026 |work=Arab Center Washington DC |date=29 August 2025}}<br />
</ref><ref name="almonitor"><br />
{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/01/maqluba-turns-protests-on-trump-upside-down.html|date=11 January 2018|accessdate=6 Jan 2023|work=Almonitor|title=Palestinian national dish fuels Al-Aqsa protests|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515141417/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/01/maqluba-turns-protests-on-trump-upside-down.html |archive-date=2021-05-15 }}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
<br />
File:Temple Mount (Aerial view, 2007) 05.jpg|Al Aqsa<br />
<br />
File:Watermelon logo.png|Watermelon<br />
<br />
File:Woman wearing Keffiyeh.jpg|Keffiyeh<br />
<br />
File:The Key We will return, taken in Jericho.jpg|Key<br />
<br />
File:شقائق النعمان Anemone Conorania.JPG|Poppy<br />
<br />
file:Gilboa-iris-gilboa-ridge-c.jpg|Faqqua Iris<br />
<br />
file:Shukoranges.jpg|Jaffa oranges<br />
<br />
File:Flickr - boellstiftung - Olivenbäume im Frühling.jpg|Olive tree<br />
<br />
File:Opuntia littoralis var vaseyi 4.jpg|Prickly pear cactus<br />
<br />
file:ZaatarbyGassan.jpg|Za’atar<br />
<br />
File:Citrullus colocynthis 004.JPG|Handal<br />
<br />
File:Embroidery from Beersheba Dress (Palestinian Thobe) (2).jpg|Tatreez<br />
<br />
File:Palestine sunbird (Cinnyris osea osea) male.jpg|Palestine sunbird<br />
<br />
File:پخت مقلوبه و برگرداندن قابلمه آن توسط زنان کرمانی با پیام سرنگونی و متلاشی شدن اسرائیل، گلزار شهدای کرمان، ۲۹ اردیبهشت ۱۴۰۰ (06).jpg|Maqluba<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Asia topic|National symbols of}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National symbols of Palestine}}<br />
[[Category:Palestine-related lists|Symbols]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of national symbols|Palestine national symbols]]<br />
[[Category:National symbols of Palestine| ]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baselios_Augen_I&diff=472991Baselios Augen I2026-03-26T06:37:22Z<p>Amit raj: add details after review for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Oriental Orthodox bishop (1884–1975)}}<br />
{{Redirect|Augen I|disambiguation|Augen (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Christian leader<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[His Holiness ]] [[Mar (title)|Moran Mor]]<br />
| name = Baselios Augen I<br />
| honorific-suffix = [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan|Catholicos of the East]] & [[Malankara Metropolitan]]<br />
| bishop_of = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]<br />
| image = Baselios Augen I.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| see = [[Kottayam]]<br />
| diocese = <br />
| ordination = 1908<br />
| consecration = 15 May 1927<br />
| enthroned = 22 May 1964<br />
| ended = 24 September 1975<br />
| predecessor = [[Baselios Geevarghese II]]<br />
| successor = [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews I]] (in [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church | Malankara Orthodox]] Lineage) [[Baselios Paulose II]] (in [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church | Malankara Jacobite]] Lineage)<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = 26 June 1884<br />
| birth_place = [[Perumbavoor]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death-date and age|8 December 1975|26 June 1884}}<br />
| death_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br />
| buried = Catholicate Palace, Devalokam, [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br />
| consecrated_by = [[Ignatius Elias III]]<br />
| ordained_by = Sleeba Osthathios<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Baselios Augen I''' (26 June 1884 – 3 December 1975) was the 17th [[Malankara Metropolitan]], the fourth [[Catholicos of the East (Indian Orthodox Church)|Catholicos of the East]] in the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]. He was the first Catholicos consecrated in a reunified [[Malankara Church]], by the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Patriarch of Antioch]] in 1964 but his tenure saw a second split in the Holy Church.<br />
<br />
==Early days and education==<br />
He was born on 26 June 1884 at [[Puthencruz]], [[Ernakulam district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]] to Thuruthy Chettakulathinkara Abraham Malpan and Annamma of Cheruvillil Valiyal in a [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] family. His father was a scholar of [[Syriac language]]. When he was baptized by Metropolitan [[Baselios Paulose I|Paulos Ivanios]], he was named ''Mathai'' by the Metropolitan. Ivanios was the Syriac teacher and mentor of his father. Young Mathai had his primary education at Puthencruz while staying at the home of his mother's family. At a very young age, he had accepted the discipleship of Malankara Malpan (Teacher of the Church) V. Rev. Mathen Cor-Episcopa of Konatt and had his theological education from Pampakuda Seminary. He was ordained as sub-deacon by [[Kadavil Paulose Mar Athanasius]] Metropolitan. Mathai joined M.D. Seminary School, Kottayam and learned English language.<br />
<br />
===In the Middle East===<br />
In those days, Mathai met Dn. Sleeba from Syria (later Sleeba Osthathios Metropolitan). Together they visited almost every Church in Malankara. Mathai used to translate the Syriac speeches of Sleeba. Mathai left for Syria with Sleeba in 1905, and was ordained Deacon at Mar Mathai Dayaro (St. Mathew's Monastery) in Assyria. During his stay at the oldest monastery of Mar Augen in Tur-Abdin, Mathai adopted the name ''Augen''. He stayed for a few days with the Patriarch of Antioch, [[Ignatius Abdul Masih II]], at the monastery of Mar Abraham in Tur-Abdin. Then he travelled to Mardin and reached Kurkuma Dayara where he stayed for about nine months and studied several rare books in Syriac. In 1908 he was elevated to the monastic order of Ramban by Patriarch Ignatius Abdulla at St. Mark's Syrian Orthodox Monastery in Jerusalem.<br />
<br />
While staying at Tur-Abdin, Augen Ramban corresponded with some of the leaders in Malankara. He provided the information about the deposed Patriarch Ignatius Abdul Masih II to the Metropolitan Vattasseril Dionysius.<br />
<br />
===Return to India and Ordination===<br />
On his return to Malankara, Augen Ramban was ordained to priesthood by Metropolitan Sleeba Osthathios at Kottayam Cheriya Palli (an ancient Church in Kottayam). In 1909, Fr. Augen Ramban accompanied Patriarch Abdulla and Metropolitan Osthathios to the churches they visited, to translate their speeches. He was impartial in the factional disputes in the Malankara Church. When Patriarch Ignatius Abdul Masih II arrived in Malankara in 1912, Fr. Augen visited him at St. Mary's Church, Niranam and held an audience with the Patriarch. There he also attended the enthronement ceremony of Metropolitan Paulos Ivanios as the Catholicos of the East Baselios Paulos I. Later he left for [[Chennai|Madras]] to serve the faithful and conduct [[Divine Liturgy|Holy Mass]] there.<br />
<br />
He was consecrated as Metropolitan by name Thimotheos on 15 May 1927 at Jerusalem by the [[List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch|Patriarch of Antioch and all the East]], [[Ignatius Elias III]]. Patriarch appointed him as the fourth Metropolitan of Kandanad.<br />
<br />
In the late 1930s he left that faction and joined the faction of Malankara Church which submitted to the authority of the Catholicos of the East. He later became the Principal of the [[Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary|Orthodox Theological Seminary (Old Seminary), Kottayam]] and also held charges of the Kandanad and Thumpamon dioceses.<br />
<br />
==Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan (1964–75)==<br />
<br />
After the Supreme court order in 1958 which ended the half-a-century long litigations, the two factions of [[Malankara Church]] re-united as the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] as part of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syrian Orthodox Church]], under the 1934 Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONSTITUTION OF THE MALANKARA ORTHODOX SYRIAN CHURCH |url=http://www.indianorthodoxdiaspora.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/MOSC-Constitution.pdf |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701090012/http://www.indianorthodoxdiaspora.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/MOSC-Constitution.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
When the re-unified Malankara Association met at Niranam on 17 May 1962, Augen Thimotheos was elected as the successor-designate to the Catholicos of the East [[Baselios Geevarghese II]]. Following the demise of Geevarghese II, Thimotheos took charge as the Malankara Metropolitan. On 22 May 1964, Thimotheos was installed formally as Catholicos Baselios Augen I by the Supreme Head of Church [[List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch|Patriarch of Antioch]] [[Ignatius Ya`qub III]] who had arrived in response to the invitation of the Malankara Synod. The ceremony was held at M.D. Seminary Chapel, Kottayam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://oldphotos.marthoman.tv/?p=417 |title=» HH Baselios Augen I, Catholicos of the EastMOSC Old Photos |access-date=28 May 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212857/http://oldphotos.marthoman.tv/?p=417 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
In his speech during the enthronement, the Patriarch told the multitude gathered to witness the occasion: {{cquote|You must conserve the peace established in Malankara very firmly. That would be your precious present for me. Moreover you must lead a holy spiritual life. There will not be any use to the Church or for anybody to talk about or make quarrel on the basis of the rifts which existed in the Malankara Church. If somebody is trying to create problems based on the previous unpleasant events, they will have the fate of the wife of Lot.}}<br />
<br />
On 20 November 1964, it was decided to consecrate a few more Bishops, considering the progress of the Church.<br />
<br />
===Visit of Pope Paul VI===<br />
Pope [[Paul VI]] used to visit the Heads of Churches of each country he visited. On his visit to India to attend the Eucharistic Congress in Bombay, the Pope expressed his wish to exchange greetings with the Supreme Head of the Malankara Orthodox Syriac Church, Augen I Catholicos. Owing to his tight schedule, the Pope was unable to travel from Bombay to Kerala and asked the Catholicos whether it would be convenient for the Catholicos to visit him at Bombay. Augen I agreed, and the meeting took place on 3 December 1964 at 9.00 am. During the meeting in a specially arranged room in the Palace of the Catholic Archbishop of Bombay, only Fr. K. Philipose (later Philipose Theophilos Metropolitan)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mgocsmdiaspora.org/blog/remembering-late-lamented-dr-philipose-mar-theophilus/ | title=全富购彩 - 百度百科 | access-date=28 May 2014 | archive-date=16 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616130457/http://mgocsmdiaspora.org/blog/remembering-late-lamented-dr-philipose-mar-theophilus/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Archbishop Valarian Gracious were present. The primates embraced and sat together.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://oldphotos.marthoman.tv/?p=117 |title=» HH Baselius Augen I Catholicos visits HH Paul VI Pope at BombayMOSC Old Photos |access-date=24 June 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225106/http://oldphotos.marthoman.tv/?p=117 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Catholicos informed that his trip to Bombay was with the sole purpose of meeting the Pope. The Pope invited the Catholicos to visit Rome as his guest. The Pope also expressed his desire to visit Kerala and meet the ancient Christian community there. Fr. K. Philipose read out the 433-worded message of Augen I to Paul VI and submitted it to the Pope. The Pope replied in 470 words, saying that he enjoyed the fact that India was lucky enough to listen to the Gospel at the same time as Europe.<ref>K. V. Mammen Kottackal & Jose Kurien Puliyeril; Augen Catholicos, the Strong Prelate Behind the Catholicate; published May 1976</ref><br />
<br />
===Addis Ababa conference===<br />
In January 1965, 81-year-old Augen I attended the [[Conference of Addis Ababa|Synod of Oriental Orthodox Churches]] at [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theorthodoxchurch.info/aacp/|title=Oriental Orthodox Research Center &#124; Autonomous|access-date=22 June 2014|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009193210/http://www.theorthodoxchurch.info/aacp/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Synod was convened by the Emperor of Ethiopia [[Haile Selassie]]. Along with the other Oriental Orthodox Primates, the Patriarch of Antioch Ya'qub III was also present on the occasion. The Catholicos was accompanied by the Secretary of Malankara Episcopal Synod Daniel Philexinos, [[Fr. T. C. Jacob]], [[V. C. Samuel|Fr. Dr. V. C. Samuel]] and Fr. Dr. K. C. Joseph. Catholicos Geevarghese II had expressed the desire for convening such a conference for the first time.<ref>{{cite book |last= Thalakkulath|first= Fr. T. C. Jacob|date= June 1965|title=എത്യോപ്യൻ സുന്നഹദോസും വിശുദ്ധനാട് സന്ദർശനവും|trans-title=The Synod/Conference in Ethiopia and Visit to Holy Land| language= ml|location= India|publisher= MOC Publications, Kottayam| pages = 14}}</ref><br />
<br />
The conference began on 15 January. Patriarch Ya'qub II, Armenian Supreme Catholicos [[Vazgen I|Vazken I]], Catholicos Augen I, Catholicos of Cilicia [[Khoren I Paroian|Khoren]] and [[Abuna Theophilos|Abune Theophilos]] (then deputy of the Patriarch of Ethiopia) were seated on both sides of the Emperor on the dais. The emperor inaugurated the function. From 18 January onwards, several important decisions were taken at the Conference with regard to Orthodoxy.<br />
<br />
On 25 January, Augen I along with the Indian delegation reached Cairo as the guests of the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]] and visited the important Churches and places there. Two days later, they went to Jerusalem. After visiting Beirut and [[Antelias]] (the seat of the Catholicos of Cilicia), the party reached Damascus on 3 February. The Patriarch Ignatius Ya'qub III gave a warm reception to the Catholicos and the members of the Indian delegation. After holding friendly dialogue with the Patriarch, the Catholicos visited [[Homs]], [[Aleppo]], [[Al-Hasakah|Hesakka]], [[Al-Malikiyah|Derik]] and [[Mosul]].<br />
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===Relics of Apostle St. Thomas===<br />
At Mosul, the Patriarch [[Ignatius Ya'qub III]] and Metropolitan [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas|Severios Zakka]] received the party and took them to the Headquarters of the Mosul Metropolitan as a procession. When renovation works for a wall of the Church at Mosul (named after Apostle St. Thomas) was carried out, the Holy relics of Apostle St. Thomas were regained. The relics were kept safely in a marble box with and old [[Syriac alphabet|Estrangela]] inscription which said that it contained the holy relics of the founder of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Indian Church]]. The Patriarch considered the relics as a suitable present to the Indian Church signifying the re-established peace in the Church, and a witness of the Apostle's evangelisation in India. Augen I celebrated the [[Divine Liturgy]] at that Church. Amidst the Divine Liturgy, the Patriarch placed the holy relics on a specially decorated place in the chancel, and presented them to Augen I. After a grand procession, the Divine Liturgy was concluded.<br />
<br />
The Catholicos and the delegation then visited Baghdad, Basra, Bahrain, Qatar and the Malankara Syriac Orthodox Congregations there, and then returned to India. The holy relic of St. Thomas is kept at the Catholicate Palace, Devalokam, Kottayam.<br />
<br />
===Consecrations and important declarations===<br />
By the end of March 1966, Augen declared Mar Elia Chapel, Kottayam as the official Thronal Cathedral of the Catholicos of the East.<br />
<br />
On 24 August 1966, Augen I elevated Yuhanon Severios, [[Baselios Thoma Didymos I|Thomas Thimotheos]] and Dr. Philipose Theophilos as Metropolitans at Kolencherry St. Peter's & St. Paul's Church. These newly consecrated Metropolitans were appointed to lead the Dioceses of [[Cochin]], [[Malabar region|Malabar]] and [[Angamaly]] respectively.<br />
<br />
As Catholicos of the East, Augen I consecrated the [[Holy Mooron]] (anointing oil) at the [[Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary|Old Seminary, Kottayam]] on 21 December 1967.<br />
<br />
===Second rift of the Malankara Syrian Church===<br />
By the early 1970s, there was a second rift in the [[Malankara Syrian Church]] and factional feud re-emerged. From 6 October 1971, he began to include the phrase "sitting the Throne of Saint Thomas the Apostle" in his official title. The 1975 [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] Synod presided by the Patriarch of Antioch, deposed Augen.The supporters of the Syriac Synod, accepted the authority of the newly installed Catholicos [[Baselios Paulose II]] as the second [[Catholicos of India|Catholicos of the East]] in India. Supporters of Augen elected [[Mathews I|Baselios Mathews l]] as the 5th Catholicose of [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], after his retirement.<br />
<br />
==Syriac scholarship==<br />
Having stayed at the various Syrian Orthodox monasteries in Turkey and Syria, he came in contact with various Syriac scholars which helped him to master the Syriac Church language. With his mastery of the Malayalam, Sanskrit and Syriac languages, he composed the 'Pemkisa (Fenqitho) Namaskaram' in Syriac for the feasts of St.Mary and St. Gregorios of Parumala and translated them into Malayalam. His major translations from Syriac are 'Prumiyonukal', ' Valiya Nombilae Namaskaram', 'Pattamkoda Shushrusha Kramangal' and 'Pallikoodasha Kramangal'. He also composed the 'Hoothomo' for 'Holy Synods' and the 'State after death'.<br />
<br />
==Retirement and death==<br />
Due to ill health from old age, Baselios Augen I relinquished the throne on 24 September 1975 and [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews I]] was installed as the Catholicos.<br />
<br />
Two months later, on 8 December 1975, Baselios Augen I died and was buried at the Catholicate Palace, Devalokam, Kottayam. The Church celebrates the memorial feast of the Catholicos on 8 December.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=631&Itemid=185 | title=The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church | access-date=7 September 2019}} {{failed verification|date=September 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* [http://www.lightoflife.com/LOL_Arch_Basalios_Augen_Fifth_Catholcose.htm H.H. BASELIOS AUGEN I FOURTH CATHOLICOSE &#91;1964-1975&#93; By EDITOR DR. RAJAN MATHEW, PHILADELPHIA]<br />
* K. V. Mammen Kottackal & Jose Kurien Puliyeril; Mar Augen Catholicos, the Strong Prelate Behind the Catholicate (Biography in English); Kottackal Publishers, published May 1976.<br />
* K. V. Mammen Kottackal; MAR AUGEN BAVA The Guard of Catholicate (മാർ ഔഗേൻ ബാവാ, കാതോലിക്കേറ്റിന്റെ കാവൽഭടൻ - Biography in Malayalam); Kottackal Publishers, Manganam, Kottayam; Third Impression : 8 December 2000. [pdf - https://web.archive.org/web/20120113054439/http://www.malankaraorthodoxtv.in/Books/Biography%20of%20Augen%20Bava.pdf]<br />
* [http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23&Itemid=258 malankaraorthodoxchurch.in - HH Baselios Augen I]<br />
* [http://oldphotos.marthoman.tv/?p=417 Photos of Catholicos of the East Baselios Augen I - oldphotos.marthoman.tv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212857/http://oldphotos.marthoman.tv/?p=417 |date=3 March 2016 }}<br />
* [http://www.theorthodoxchurch.info/aacp/ Dedicated portal on Addis Ababa Conference, powered by the Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009193210/http://www.theorthodoxchurch.info/aacp/ |date=9 October 2021 }}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]]<br />
* [[List of Catholicos of the East]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |url=https://archive.org/details/kalpana-HH-Augen/page/n2/mode/1up |title=പ. ബസേലിയോസ് ഔഗേൻ കാതോലിക്കാ ബാവായുടെ കല്പനകൾ |date=1970}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{S-rel|oo}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| before = [[Baselios Geevarghese II]] <br />1929-1964<br />
| title = [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]] <br> Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church<br />
| years = 1964–1975<br />
| after = [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews I]]<br />1975-1991<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
{{Christianity in Kerala}}<br />
{{Maphrians and Metropolitans of the East}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Augen 01}}<br />
[[Category:Catholicoi of the East and Malankara metropolitans]]<br />
[[Category:1884 births]]<br />
[[Category:1975 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Syriacists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox bishops]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandi&diff=469212Chandi2026-03-22T23:02:15Z<p>Amit raj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Goddess in Hinduism, a form of Durga}}<br />
{{Other uses}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}<br />
{{Faith primary|date=February 2017}} <br />
{{Infobox deity<!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Hindu mythology--><br />
| name = Chandi<br />
| type = Hindu<br />
| image = Painting of goddess chandi.jpg<br />
| caption = [[Newar]]i portrayal of Chandi<br />
| Devanagari = चण्डी<br />
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Caṇḍī}}<br />
| affiliation = Form of [[Durga]]<br />
| mantra = *{{IAST|Oṁ Namaś Caṇḍikāyai}}<br />
*{{IAST|Om Aim Hrīm Klīm Cāmuṇḍāyai Vicce}}<br />
| mount = Lion<br />
| member_of = The Eight [[Matrika]]<br />
| god_of = The fiery destructive power of [[Shakti]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Chandi''' ({{langx|sa|चण्डी}}, {{IAST3|Caṇḍī}}) or '''Chandika''' ({{IAST3|Caṇḍika}}) is a [[devi|Hindu deity]]. Chandika is a form of goddess [[Durga]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=115 |language=en}}</ref> She shares similarities with the Goddess [[Chamunda]], not only in name but also in attributes and iconography. Due to these similarities, some consider them to be the same deity, while others view them as different manifestations of Mahadevi. Both are often associated with other powerful goddesses like [[Durga]], [[Katyayani]], [[Kali]] and [[Kalaratri]]. The Goddess is particularly revered in [[Gujarat]]. <br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
In the ''[[Devi Mahatmya|Devī Māhātmya]].'' Chandi represents the killer of Chanda. the Supreme Divine is often referred to as Caṇḍī or Caṇḍikā. This name is derived from the Sanskrit root ''caṇḍa'', meaning “fierce” or “terrible.” Chandi is celebrated as the vanquisher of the demonic generals Chanda and Munda.<ref name="kamakotimandali.com 2008">{{cite web |title=saptashatI |website=kamakotimandali.com |date=2008-12-28 |url=http://www.kamakotimandali.com/blog/index.php?p=141&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629204817/http://www.kamakotimandali.com/blog/index.php?p=141&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |archive-date=2016-06-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to [[Bhaskararaya]], a prominent authority on Devi worship, Chandi embodies divine wrath and passion.{{sfn |Coburn |1991 |p=134}}<br />
<br />
The epithet of Chandi or Chandika appears in the Devi Mahatmya, a text deeply rooted in the [[Shakta]] tradition of [[Hindus]], Specially Eastern India. This region has long been a significant center for Goddess worship and [[Tantra|tantric]] practices. Since ancient times, it is the most common epithet used for the Goddess. Within the ''Devi Mahatmya'', Chandi, Chandika, Ambika<ins>,</ins> and Durga are often used interchangeably to refer to the Supreme Goddess in the sect. {{sfn |Coburn |1984 |p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2024}}<br />
<br />
Alongside the [[Shri Vidya|Sri Vidhya]] mantras, it is one of the principal mantras in Shakti worship. It is customary to chant this mantra when chanting the [[Devi Mahatmya]]. It is one of the primary mantras in the worship of Shakti. Traditionally, this mantra is chanted during recitations of the ''Devi Mahatmya''. According to belief, the goddess resides in Mahakal, [[Kailasa]].{{sfn |Gopal |1990 |p=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/81 81]}} The city of [[Chandigarh]], the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana, is named after the Goddess.<br />
<br />
== Legends ==<br />
She is known as the supreme goddess [[Mahishasuramardini]] or Katyayini Durga (6th Navadurga) who slayed the demon [[Mahishasura]]. She has been affiliated with and also considered as [[Vindhyavasini]] or [[Kaushiki]] or [[Yogmaya]] or [[Ambika (goddess)|Ambika]] who killed Shumbha, Nishumbha and their fellow demons.<ref name="Ramachander 2008">{{cite web |last=Ramachander |first=P.R. |title=Goddess Parvathi |website=stotraratna.awardspace.com |date=2008-05-27 |url=http://stotraratna.awardspace.com/sruthi/katha/k7.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903213010/http://stotraratna.awardspace.com/sruthi/katha/k7.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> "The great Goddess was born from the energies of the male divinities when the devas became impotent in the long-drawn-out battle with the [[asuras]]. All the energies of the Gods became united and became supernova, throwing out flames in all directions. Then that unique light, pervading the Three Worlds with its lustre, combined into one, and became a female form."{{sfn|Beane|1977|p=}}{{page needed |date=February 2024}}<br />
<br />
"[[Mahadevi|Devi]] projected overwhelming omnipotence. The three-eyed goddess was adorned with the crescent moon. Her several arms held auspicious weapons and emblems. She wear precious jewels and dresses offered by the gods. With her golden body blazing with the splendour of a thousand suns, seated on her lion vehicle, Chandi is one of the most spectacular of all personifications of Cosmic energy."{{sfn |Mookerjee |1988 |p=49}}<br />
<br />
In other scriptures, Chandi is portrayed as "assisting" [[Kali]] in her battle with the demon [[Raktabīja]]. Chandi wounded him, but a new demon sprang up from every drop of his blood that fell on the ground. By drinking Raktabīja's blood before it could reach the ground, Kali enabled her first to destroy the demon army and finally kill Raktabīja himself.{{sfn |Wilkins |1882 |pp=255–257}} In [[Skanda Purana]], this story is retold and another story of [[Mahakali]] killing demons [[Chanda and Munda]] is added.{{sfn |Wilkins |1882 |p=260}} Authors Chitralekha Singh and Prem Nath says, "[[Narada Purana]] describes the powerful forms of [[Lakshmi]] as Durga, Kali, Bhadrakali, Chandi, Maheshwari, Lakshmi, Vaishnavi and Andreye". Also, she is the one who purified Halahal (during Samudra Manthan) into Amrit (Ambrosio).{{sfn |Singh |Nath |2001 |p=20}}<br />
<br />
==Chandi Homa (Havan)==<br />
<br />
Chandi Homa is one of the most popular Homas in [[Hindu]] religion. It is performed across India during various festivals, especially during the [[Navaratri]]. Chandi Homa is performed by reciting verses from the Durga Sapthasathi and offering oblations into the sacrificial fire. It could also be accompanied by the Navakshari Mantra. Kumari Puja & Suvasini Puja also form a part of the ritual.{{sfn |Brown |1990 |p=}}{{page needed |date=February 2024}}<br />
<br />
==Iconography==<br />
[[File:Sandi Dewi (Chandi) Nat.jpg|thumb|A Burmese portrayal of Chandi (Sandi Dewi).]]<br />
The dhyana sloka preceding the Middle episode of Devi Mahatmya the iconographic details are given. The Goddess is described as having vermilion complexion, eighteen arms holds rosary, battle axe, mace, bow, arrow,thunderbolt,lotus, water-pot, pestle, spear, sword, shield, noose, bell, wine-cup, trident, conch and the discus (sudarsana). She has a complexion of coral and is seated on a lotus.{{sfn |Sankaranarayanan |2001 |p=148}} In some temples the images of Maha Kali, Maha Lakshmi, and Maha Saraswati are kept separately. The Goddess is also portrayed as four armed in many temples.<br />
<br />
==In folklore of Bengal==<br />
Chandi is one of the most popular goddess in [[Bengal]], and a number of poems and literary compositions in Bengali called ''Chandi Mangala Kavyas'' were written from 13th century to early 19th century.<ref name="Stefon">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Stefon |first=Matt |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chandi |article=Chandi |title=Ancient Religions and Mythology |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2024-02-05}}</ref> These merged the local folk and tribal goddesses with mainstream<br />
Hinduism. The ''Mangal kavyas'' often associate Chandi with goddess [[Kali]] or Kalika{{sfn |McDaniel |2004 |p=21}} and recognise her as a consort of [[Shiva]] and mother of [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya]], which are characteristics of goddesses like [[Parvati]] and [[Durga]].{{sfn |McDaniel |2004 |pp=149–150}} The concept of Chandi as the supreme Goddess also underwent a change. The worship of the goddess became heterogeneous in nature.<br />
<br />
Chandi is associated with good fortune. Her auspicious forms like ''Mangal Chandi'', ''Sankat Mangal Chandi'', ''Rana Chandi'' bestow joy, riches, children, good hunting and victory in battles while other forms like ''[[Oladevi|Olai Chandi]]'' cure diseases like cholera, plague and cattle diseases.{{sfn |McDaniel |2003 |pp=9–11}}<br />
<br />
These are almost all village and tribal Goddesses with the name of the village or tribe being added onto the name Chandi. The most important of these Goddesses is Mongol Chandi who is worshipped in the entire state and also in Assam. Here the word "Mongol" means auspicious or benign.{{sfn|Manna|1993|pp=100–110}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Chandi di Var]] (in Sikhism)<br />
* [[Candi of Indonesia]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
<!--{{sfn |Beane |1977 |p=}}--><br />
*{{cite book |last=Beane |first=Wendell Charles |title=Myth, Cult and Symbols in Sakta Hinduism: a study of the Indian Mother Goddess |publisher=E.J. Brill |publication-place=Leiden |year=1977 |isbn=978-90-04-04814-0 |oclc=462282360}}<br />
<!--{{sfn |Brown |1990 |p=}}--><br />
*{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Cheever Mackenzie |title=The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devī-Bhāgavata Purāṇa |publisher=State University of New York Press |publication-place=Albany |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-585-07628-7 |oclc=42855925}}<br />
<!--{{sfn |Coburn |1984 |p=}}--><br />
*{{cite book |last=Coburn |first=Thomas B. |author-link=Thomas B. Coburn |title=Devī Māhātmya: The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition |publisher=Motilal Bonarsidass |publication-place=Delhi |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-8364-0867-6 |oclc=643793128 |url=https://archive.org/details/devimahatmyacrys0000cobu |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}<br />
<!--{{sfn |Coburn |1991 |p=}}--><br />
*{{cite book |last=Coburn |first=Thomas B. |title=Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation |publisher=State University of New York Press |publication-place=Albany, N.Y. |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-585-01691-7 |oclc=44964497 |url=https://archive.org/details/encounteringgodd0000cobu |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}<br />
<!--{{sfn |Gopal |1990 |p=}}--><br />
*{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |title=India through the Ages |year=1990 |publication-place=New Delhi |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |oclc=1157118397 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |via=Internet Archive}}<br />
<!--{{sfn |Manna |1993 |p=}}--><br />
*{{cite book |last=Manna |first=Sibendu |title=Mother Goddess Caṇḍī: Its Socio Ritual Impact on the Folk Life |publisher=Punthi Pustak |publication-place=Calcutta |year=1993 |oclc=29595373 |isbn=978-81-85094-60-1}}<br />
<!--{{sfn |McDaniel |2003 |p=}}--><br />
*{{cite book |last=McDaniel |first=June |title=Making Virtuous Daughters and Wives: An Introduction to Women's Brata Rituals in Benegal Folk Religion |publisher=State University of New York Press |publication-place=New York |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-4175-0860-0 |oclc=55642408|url=https://archive.org/details/makingvirtuousda0000mcda |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}<br />
<!--{{sfn |McDaniel |2004 |p=}}--><br />
*{{cite book |last=McDaniel |first=June |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal |publisher=Oxford University Press |publication-place=New York |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4237-5659-0 |oclc=64685459 |url=https://archive.org/details/offeringflowersf0000mcda |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}<br />
<!--{{sfn |Mookerjee |1988 |p=}}--><br />
*{{cite book |last=Mookerjee |first=Ajit |title=Kali: The Feminine Force |publisher=Destiny Books |publication-place=New York |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-89281-212-7 |oclc=1035908837 |url=https://archive.org/details/kalifeminineforc00mook |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}<br />
<!--{{sfn |Sankaranarayanan |2001 |p=}}--><br />
*{{cite book |last=Sankaranarayanan |title=Glory Of The Divine Mother Devi Mahatmyam |date=2001 |orig-year=1968 |publisher=Nesma Books |publication-place=India |isbn=978-81-87936-00-8}} See also: {{OCLC|878083089}}<br />
<!--{{sfn |Singh |Nath |2001 |p=}}--><br />
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Chitralekha |last2=Nath |first2=Prem |title=Lakshmi |publisher=Crest Publishing House |publication-place=New Delhi |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-242-0173-2 |oclc=59302249}}<br />
<!--{{sfn |Wilkins |1882 |p=}}--><br />
*{{cite book |last=Wilkins |first=William Joseph |title=Hindu mythology, Vedic and Purānic |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co. |publication-place=Calcutta |year=1882 |hdl=2027/ia.ark:/13960/t2x34v844 |oclc=1085344444 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ia.ark:/13960/t2x34v844 |via=HathiTrust}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
*{{cite web |last=Mandal |first=Paresh Chandra |title=Chandi |website=Banglapedia |date=2021-09-18 | url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Chandi |access-date=2024-02-05}}<!--Note en.banglapedia.org states that it is the "intellectual output of over 1450 scholars". Therefore, not [[WP:UGC]].--><br />
<br />
{{Shaktism}}<br />
{{Shaivism}} <br />
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]<br />
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]<br />
[[Category:Shaktism]]<br />
[[Category:War goddesses]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasan_Mirza&diff=549393Hasan Mirza2026-03-22T22:56:01Z<p>Amit raj: made a data and citations - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Azerbaijani philologist (1927–2015)}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Hasan Mirza<br />
| image = <br />
| birth_name = {{langx|az|Həsən İbrahim oğlu Mirzəyev}}<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|11|26|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Hermon, Armenia|Kavushug]], [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenian SSR]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|02|25|1927|11|26|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Baku]], Azerbaijan<br />
| fields = <br />
| workplaces = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Azerbaijan State Pedagogical Institute]] <br />
| doctoral_advisor = <br />
| academic_advisors =<br />
| doctoral_students = <br />
| notable_students =<br />
| known_for = <br />
| awards = <br />
| website = {{url|www.hasanmirza.az}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Mirzayev Hasan İbrahim oglu''' (''Hasan Mirza'') (26 November 1927 &ndash; 25 February 2015) was an [[Azerbaijan]]i [[Philology|philologist]].<br />
<br />
He was born in the village of Kavushug in Daralayaz (modern-day [[Vayots Dzor Province]] of [[Armenia]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://azab.az/xeber/385-hzhszhn-mdrzzh-vzhfat-eddb.html |title=Həsən Mirzə vəfat edib |date=2015 |work=Azərbaycan Aşıqlar Birliyi |publisher=azab.az |access-date=2015-03-03 |language=az |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620202724/http://azab.az/xeber/385-hzhszhn-mdrzzh-vzhfat-eddb.html |archive-date=2015-06-20 }}</ref> In 1948, Hasan left secondary school. In 1950, he graduated from Nakhchvan State Pedagogical Institute, in 1955 Azerbaijan State Pedagogical Institute, in 1977 Marksizm-Leninizm University with an honours diploma. In 1965, he defended his candidate and in 1987 his doctor dissertation on philology. In 1968, he received docent and in 1990 [[professor]] diplomas. He was a professor, doctor of philology, honoured scientist, head of the “ Chair of Modern Azerbaijan language” for 21 years.<br />
<br />
He was a member of [[New Azerbaijan Party]] from 21 November 1992. He was elected to the Political Board in three sessions of the NAP. He is one of the “91”s Agsaggal.{{clarify|date=December 2016}} He was a member of Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He left this party on 24 January 1990, after the carnage of [[Black January]] (19-20 January). He was a member of the Trade Union Organization from 1948.<ref name="hasanmirza.az">{{cite web |url=http://www.hasanmirza.az/ |title=Mirzayev Hasan İbrahim oglu (Hasan Mirza) |author= |date=2015 |publisher=hasanmirza.az |access-date=2015-06-20 }}</ref><br />
<br />
More than 260 mass media sources highly praised his social and public works. These books were appreciated by 120 candidates and on doctorship dissertation 39, on scientific abstracts by 34 specialists. More than 90 poets and poet natured people devoted 170 verses and 4 poems to the honour of Hasan Mirzayev’s life and activity. Their total volume is more than 6000 lines. All his life long activities he received more than 50 sympathetic reviews,(honorary decrees, honorary name, written congratulation and address) by different organizations. He is a secondary and high school excellency, Labour Veteran. He is also the member of Political Buro of the New Azerbaijan Party, member of Writers Union and Journalists. He was awarded “ Golden Pen", “Mass Media Honorary Prize”, on 26 November 2002, he was awarded “Order of Honour” by the national Leader Heydar Aliyev. On 3 October 2007, Hasan Mirza was awarded “Order of Honour” for his merit by President Ilham Aliyev. On 13 April 2009, he was awarded “Personal President Grant” by President Ilham Aliyev. He was elected an honorary citizen of Borchali region by Borchali society in 2009. On 16 April 2010, he was elected as a permanent member of European Academy in Hanover, Germany.<ref name="hasanmirza.az"/><br />
<br />
For a long time, he acted as a deputy of the Chairman of Republic Head Organization of the Agsaggallar Board (Aged People Board). He had been elected as a member of village Soviet in 1959, Baku City Soviet in 1990, the first session of Milli Majlis in 1998, second session of Milli Majlis in 2000. He had also been a member of the committee of education, ethics and toponomy of Milli Majlis. He was also a member of toponomy commission. In 1998, he made a pilgrimage to the saint Moslem city Mashed and in 2002 to Makkah.<ref name="hasanmirza.az"/><br />
<br />
He was married and had five children, ten grandchildren and one great-grandson.<ref name="hasanmirza.az"/><br />
<br />
Hasan Mirzayev died on 25 February 2015 in Baku and was buried in the second Honorary Alley.<ref>[https://archive.today/20160811083908/http://www.azab.az/Ozan/OZAN-22.pdf AZƏRBAYCAN ELMİNƏ AĞIR İTKİ]. "Ozan dünyası" jurnalı, №1(22). 2015.{{in lang|az}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirza, Hasan}}<br />
[[Category:Azerbaijani people in the Soviet Union]]<br />
[[Category:Azerbaijani philologists]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Shohrat Order]]<br />
[[Category:1927 births]]<br />
[[Category:2015 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:New Azerbaijan Party politicians]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_baronets_of_Calcutta_(1823)&diff=498087East baronets of Calcutta (1823)2026-03-22T10:46:50Z<p>Amit raj: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Escutcheon of the East baronets of Hall Place (1766).svg|thumb|Escutcheon of the East baronets of Calcutta]]<br />
The '''East baronetcy''' of [[Calcutta]] was created in the [[Baronetage of the United Kingdom]] for [[Edward Hyde East]] on 25 April 1823.<ref name="Burke">{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=John Bernard |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire |date=1852 |publisher=Colburn |pages=349–350 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDA_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA349 |language=en}}</ref> He was Member of Parliament for [[Great Bedwyn (UK Parliament constituency)|Great Bedwyn]] (1792–1796) and [[Winchester (UK Parliament constituency)|Winchester]] (1823–1831). His son, the 2nd baronet Sir James Buller East, was also MP for Winchester (1831–1832) and (1835–1864).<br />
<br />
==East baronets of Calcutta, India (1823)==<br />
* [[Sir Edward Hyde East, 1st Baronet]] (1764–1847).<ref name="Burke"/><ref>{{cite web |title=East, Sir Edward Hyde (1764-1847), of 12 Stratford Place, Mdx., History of Parliament Online |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/east-sir-edward-1764-1847 |website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org}}</ref><br />
* [[Sir James Buller East, 2nd Baronet]] (1789–1878), extinct on his death.<ref name="Burke"/><ref>{{cite web |title=East, James Buller (1789-1878). History of Parliament Online |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/east-james-1789-1878 |website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org}}</ref><ref>{{alox2|title=East, (Sir) James Buller (Bart.)}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
For the Clayton-East and Clayton-East-Clayton baronets of Marden Park, see [[Clayton baronets]].<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| title= [[File:Ulster.svg|20px]]<br />East baronets<br /> ''of Calcutta''<br />
| before= [[Arbuthnot baronets of Edinburgh (1823)|Arbuthnot baronets]]<br />
| years= 25 April 1823<br />
| after= [[Forbes baronets of Newe (1823)|Forbes baronets]] <br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uyyale_(2011_film)&diff=543012Uyyale (2011 film)2026-03-20T22:51:20Z<p>Amit raj: created first info more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Uyyale<br />
| image = Uyyale (2011 film).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = VCD cover<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = S Dinesh<br />
| writer = Hrudaya Shiva (dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = S Dinesh<br />
| story = S Dinesh<br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = <br />
| starring = Prabhu<br />Shilpa<br />[[Ramesh Bhat]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = G Renukumar<br /> M R Seenu<br />
| editing = S K Nagendra Urs<br />
| music = Dj Ricky<br />
| studio = Manoj Entertainers<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|2011|3|18|df=yes}} <br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Uyyale''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by S Dinesh and starring Prabhu, Shilpa, and [[Ramesh Bhat]].<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*Prabhu as Prabhu<br />
*Shilpa as Divya<br />
*[[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]] in a cameo appearance<br />
*Roopika<br />
*[[Ramesh Bhat]] as Chandrappa<br />
*[[Padmaja Rao]]<br />
*[[Doddanna]]<br />
*[[M. S. Umesh]]<br />
*[[Jai Jagadish]]<br />
*[[Bank Janardhan]]<br />
*[[Tennis Krishna]]<br />
*[[Dingri Nagaraj]]<br />
*Ramesh Pandit<br />
*Mohan Juneja<br />
*Mico Nagaraj<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The music was composed by Dj Ricky.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uyyale (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/uyyale-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/Tm1PhBHF1bM_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=18 January 2011}}</ref><br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Hrudhayavu Ninnade<br />
| length1 = 3:51<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]<br />
| title2 = Chinna Ni Nanna<br />
| length2 = 5:05<br />
| lyrics2 = Jamkandi Shivu<br />
| extra2 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br />
| title3 = Modamodalu<br />
| length3 = 5:27<br />
| lyrics3 = Hrudayashiva<br />
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br />
| title4 = Ee Manasu<br />
| length4 = 4:57<br />
| lyrics4 = [[K. Kalyan]]<br />
| extra4 = [[Kailash Kher]]<br />
| title5 = Hagalu Ninnade<br />
| length5 = 5:03<br />
| lyrics5 = Jayanth Kaikini<br />
| extra5 = [[Udit Narayan]]<br />
| title6 = Naguve Naguve<br />
| length6 = 3:57<br />
| lyrics6 = S. Dinesh<br />
| extra6 = [[Sabesh–Murali|Sabesh]]<br />
| title7 = Suvvale Suvvale<br />
| length7 = 5:25<br />
| lyrics7 = Jamkandi Shivu<br />
| extra7 = Kailash Kher<br />
| total_length = 33:45<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote, "Agreed, the film does break the stereotype, but that alone does not make it a good watch. In a nutshell, the film ends up as an average attempt".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/on-a-downswing-uyyale/articleshow/21651441.cms|title=On a downswing ''Uyyale''|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=17 March 2011|access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote, "''Uyyale'' is a sincere attempt by director Dinesh, who shows promise. But the film belongs to Ramesh Bhat as much as to Dinesh".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/uyyale-a-sincere-attempt-kannada-film-review_24895|title='Uyyale' a sincere attempt (Kannada Film Review)|date=20 March 2011|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=India Forums|access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|13906976}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 romantic drama films]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh&diff=448345Uttar Pradesh2026-03-20T06:06:26Z<p>Amit raj: Improved structure and clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|State in northern India}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian state or territory<br />
| name = Uttar Pradesh<br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image<br />
| border = infobox<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
| image_style =<br />
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1<br />
| image1 = Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg<br />
| caption1 = [[Taj Mahal]]<br />
| image2 = India-5163 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Sarnath]]<br />
| image3= Dept of Electrical Engineering IIT-BHU.jpg<br />
| caption3 = [[IIT (BHU) Varanasi|IIT Varanasi]]<br />
| image4 = Dudhwa National Park, Lucknow division, Uttar Pradesh, India (30783128830).jpg<br />
| caption4 = [[Dudhwa National Park]]<br />
| image5 = Fatehpur Sikri near Agra 2016-03 img09.jpg<br />
| caption5 = [[Fatehpur Sikri]]<br />
| image6 = Agra 03-2016 14 Agra Fort.jpg<br />
| caption6 = [[Agra Fort]]<br />
| image7 = Roomi gate.jpg<br />
| caption7 = [[Rumi Darwaza]]<br />
}}<br />
| type = State<br />
| image_seal = Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert<br />
| etymology = Northern Province<br />
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] (Truth alone triumphs)<br />
| image_map = IN-UP.svg<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.85|80.91|region:IN-UP_type:adm1st|display=it}}<br />
| region = North India<br />
| before_was = [[United Provinces (1937–1950)]]<br />
| formation_date2 = formation1<br />
| formation_date4 = 24 January 1950&lt;ref name="UPDay"&gt;{{Cite news |date=2 May 2017 |title=United Province, UP was notified in Union gazette on January 24, 1950 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/may/02/uttar-pradesh-introduces-new-transfer-policy-1600219.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508200722/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/may/02/uttar-pradesh-introduces-new-transfer-policy-1600219.html |archive-date=8 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| capital = Lucknow<br />
| largestcity = capital<br />
| metro = Lucknow<br />
| districts = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|75 (18 divisions)]]&lt;ref name="districts"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh District |url=http://up.gov.in/upmap.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415123851/http://up.gov.in/upmap.aspx |archive-date=15 April 2017 |access-date=12 April 2017 |website=up.gov.in |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="list of district"&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of districts in Uttar Pradesh |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UP |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426231823/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UP |archive-date=26 April 2017 |access-date=12 April 2017 |website=archive.india.gov.in |publisher=Government of India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| Governor = [[Anandiben Patel]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=20 July 2019 |title=Anandiben Patel made UP governor, Lal ji Tandon to replace her in Madhya Pradesh|work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anandiben-patel-made-up-governor-lal-ji-tandon-to-replace-her-in-madhya-pradesh-1571562-2019-07-20 |url-status=live |access-date=20 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720111904/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anandiben-patel-made-up-governor-lal-ji-tandon-to-replace-her-in-madhya-pradesh-1571562-2019-07-20 |archive-date=20 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Governor of UP"&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Governor of Uttar Pradesh |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/governor_current.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503081924/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/governor_current.htm |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=12 April 2017 |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| Chief_Minister = [[Yogi Adityanath]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| Deputy_CM = [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]] ([[BJP]]) &lt;br/&gt; [[Brajesh Pathak]] ([[BJP]])<br />
| legislature_type = Bicameral<br />
| council = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]<br />
| council_seats = 100 seats<br />
| assembly = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| assembly_seats = 403 seats<br />
| rajya_sabha_seats = 31 seats<br />
| lok_sabha_seats = 80 seats<br />
| judiciary = [[Allahabad High Court]]<br />
| area_total_km2 = 243286<br />
| area_rank = 4th<br />
| length_km = 650<br />
| width_km = 240<br />
| elevation_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh {{!}} History, Government, Map, &amp; Population {{!}} Britannica|work=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401072447/https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| elevation_max_m = 957<br />
| elevation_max_point = Amsot Peak&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=List of Highest Mountain Peaks State-wise |url=https://wordpandit.com/list-highest-mountain-peaks-state-wise/ |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=Wordpandit|archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324212911/https://wordpandit.com/list-highest-mountain-peaks-state-wise/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| elevation_min_m = 60<br />
| elevation_min_point = [[Ganges|Ganges River]]<br />
| population_total = {{Increase}} 241,066,874<br />
| population_as_of = 2021<br />
| population_rank = 1st<br />
| population_density = 1001<br />
| population_urban = 22.27%<br />
| population_rural = 77.73%<br />
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Hindi]]&lt;ref name="2011lang" /&gt;<br />
| additional_official = [[Urdu]]<br />
| official_script = [[Devanagari script]]<br />
| GDP_footnotes = &lt;ref name="UP_budjet"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Handbook of Statistics of Indian States 2021–22 |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/0HBS19112022_FLFE4F2F9158294692B030A251E00555F8.PDF |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |pages=37–42 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129151430/https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/0HSIS241121FL7A6B5C0ECBC64B0ABF0A097B1AD40C83.PDF |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| GDP_total = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|24.39|lc|lk=r}}<br />
| GDP_year = 2022–2023<br />
| GDP_rank = 3rd<br />
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|127468|lk=r}}<br />
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 28th<br />
| HDI = {{increase}} 0.609 {{color|#fc0|Medium}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=8 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| HDI_year = 2022<br />
| HDI_rank = 34th<br />
| literacy = 78.2%&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 &amp; above, rural+urban (column 6))}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| literacy_year = 2024<br />
| literacy_rank = 30th<br />
| sex_ratio = 1015 [[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019–2021) |url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14 |website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108164803/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| sexratio_year = 2021<br />
| sexratio_rank = 19th<br />
| iso_code = IN-UP<br />
| registration_plate = UP<br />
| website = up.gov.in<br />
| foundation_day = Uttar Pradesh Day<br />
| mammal = [[Barasingha]]<br />
| bird = [[Sarus crane]]<br />
| flower = [[Butea monosperma|Palash]]<br />
| tree = [[Saraca asoca|Ashoka]]<br />
| image_highway = SH IN-UP.png<br />
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh|UP SH1 – UP SH99]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Uttar Pradesh''' ({{respell|UTT|ər|_|prə|DESH}}, {{small|abbr.}} '''UP'''; {{langx|hi|Uttar Pradēś}}, {{IPA|hi|ˈʊt̪ːəɾ pɾə.ˈdeːɕ|pron|LL-Q1571 (mar)-Aparna Gondhalekar-उत्तर प्रदेश.wav}}, {{literally|Northern Province}}) is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[North India|northern India]]. With over 241&amp;nbsp;million inhabitants, it is the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|most populated state]] not just in India but [[List of first-level administrative divisions by population|worldwide]] – if it were a country, it would be the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|sixth-largest]] in the world&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Kopf |first1=Dan |last2=Varathan |first2=Preeti |date=11 October 2017 |title=If Uttar Pradesh were a country|work=Quartz India |url=https://qz.com/india/1094942/if-uttar-pradesh-were-a-country-where-would-it-rank-by-size-wealth-and-other-measures/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622011953/https://qz.com/india/1094942/if-uttar-pradesh-were-a-country-where-would-it-rank-by-size-wealth-and-other-measures/ |archive-date=22 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; – and accounting for 17% of the population of India and around 3% of the total world population. The state is bordered by [[Rajasthan]] to the west, [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]] to the northwest, [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Nepal]] to the north, [[Bihar]] to the east, [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Jharkhand]] to the south. It is the [[List of states of India by area|fourth-largest Indian state by area]] covering {{convert|243286|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, accounting for 7.3 per cent of the total area of India. [[Lucknow]] serves as the [[state capital]], with [[Prayagraj]] being the [[Allahabad High Court|judicial capital]]. It is divided into 18 [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|divisions]] and 75 [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|districts]].<br />
<br />
Uttar Pradesh was established in 1950 after India had become a republic. It is a successor to the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], established in 1935 by renaming the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], in turn established in 1902 from the [[North-Western Provinces]] and the [[List of Chief Commissioners of Oudh|Oudh Province]]. Though long known for sugar production, the state's economy is now dominated by the services industry. The service sector comprises travel and [[tourism]], [[hotel industry]], [[real estate]], [[insurance]] and financial consultancies. The [[economy of Uttar Pradesh]] is just the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|third-largest state economy]] in India, with {{INRConvert|18.63|lc|lk=on}} in [[gross domestic product]] and a per capita GSDP of {{INRConvert|68810}}.&lt;ref name="UP_budjet" /&gt; The [[Allahabad High Court|High Court]] of the state is located in [[Prayagraj]]. The state plays an important role in national politics, sending 80 seats to the lower house [[Lok Sabha]] and 31 seats to the upper house [[Rajya Sabha]].<br />
<br />
The two major rivers of the state, the [[Ganges]] and its tributary [[Yamuna]], meet at the [[Triveni Sangam]] in Prayagraj, a Hindu pilgrimage site. Other notable rivers are [[Gomti River|Gomti]] and [[Ghaghara|Sarayu]]. Most of the state is covered by the Indo Gangetic plain which is intensely farmed. The forest cover in the state is 6.1 per cent of the state's geographical area, mainly in the northern Terai. The cultivable area is 82 per cent of the total geographical area, and the net area sown is 68.5 per cent of the cultivable area.&lt;ref name="Cultivation"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agriculture |url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b1.pdf |access-date=19 October 2021 |website=niti.gov.in |publisher=[[NITI Aayog]] |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007073805/https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b1.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Uttar Pradesh encompasses several distinct cultural regions, forming a continuum from [[Braj]] and [[Rohilkhand]] in the west to [[Bundelkhand]] and [[Awadh]] in the centre and [[Purvanchal]] in the east.{{not verified in body|date=December 2025}} [[Hindi]] is the official and most widely-spoken language, with [[Urdu]] as an additional official language. The region has been a major centre of political and cultural development throughout Indian history. It was the core area of several dominant Indian dynasties, including the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]], [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]], [[Pushyabhuti dynasty|Vardhana]], [[Pala Empire|Pala]], [[Delhi Sultanate]], and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] empires. During the British colonial period, the area contained several princely states, notably [[Rampur State|Rampur]], [[Benares State|Benares]], and Ramgadi, and played a central role in the Indian independence movement, including the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<br />
<br />
Uttar Pradesh is significant for several major world religions. It is home to many of Hinduism’s most important pilgrimage sites, including [[Varanasi]], [[Mathura]], [[Ayodhya]], and [[Prayagraj]]. The state is also important to Buddhism; Gautama Buddha delivered his first sermon at [[Sarnath]] near Varanasi. Several sites in the state are associated with Jainism, and Uttar Pradesh has been an important centre of Islamic culture, architecture, and learning since the medieval period. The state contains three [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{main|History of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
=== Prehistory ===<br />
The region of present-day Uttar Pradesh has been inhabited since [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] times, with evidence of [[Early modern human|modern human]] hunter-gatherers dating to between approximately 85,000 and 72,000 years ago.&lt;ref&gt;Confidence limits for the age are 85 (±11) and 72 (±8) thousand years ago.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Virendra N. Misra, Peter Bellwood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMoJj-0Z94UC&amp;pg=PA69 |title=Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory: proceedings of the international symposium held at Poona |year=1985 |isbn=9004075127 |page=69 | publisher=BRILL |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303134041/https://books.google.com/books?id=gMoJj-0Z94UC&amp;pg=PA69 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bridget Allchin, Frank Raymond Allchin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&amp;pg=PA58 |title=The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1982 |isbn=052128550X |page=58 |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325035117/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&amp;pg=PA58 |archive-date=25 March 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal Sankalia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35DP1Z-2dnYC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Studies in Indian Archaeology: Professor H.D. Sankalia Felicitation Volume |last2=Shantaram Bhalchandra Deo |last3=Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar |date=1985 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0861320882 |page=96 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324205017/https://books.google.com/books?id=35DP1Z-2dnYC&amp;pg=PA96 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Archaeological finds from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic periods (c. 31,000–21,000 years ago) have been reported, while [[Mesolithic]] or [[microlithic]] settlements, such as those at Sarai Nahar Rai in [[Pratapgarh district|Pratapgarh]], date to around 10,550–9,550 BCE and indicate subsistence patterns based on hunting, fishing, and early burial practices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Gibling |first1=Sinha |last2=Sinha |first2=Roy |last3=Roy |first3=Tandon |last4=Tandon |first4=Jain |last5=Jain |first5=M |year=2008 |title=Quaternary fluvial and eolian deposits on the Belan river, India: paleoclimatic setting of Paleolithic to Neolithic archeological sites over the past 85,000 years |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=27 |issue=3–4 |page=391 |bibcode=2008QSRv...27..391G |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.11.001 |s2cid=129392697|issn=0277-3791}}&lt;/ref&gt; Early [[Stone Age]] remains have also been identified in the Belan Valley, where tools such as hand axes and cleavers reflect long-term habitation by hunter-gatherer communities. [[Neolithic]] sites, including [[Koldihwa]], provide evidence of early agriculture, including rice cultivation, alongside domestication of cattle, sheep, and goats, with village settlements emerging as early as 6000 BCE and gradually developing between c. 4000 and 1500 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kenneth A. R. Kennedy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNavWlsC&amp;pg=PA263 |title=God-apes and Fossil Men |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2000 |isbn=0472110136 |page=263 |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324214237/https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNavWlsC&amp;pg=PA263 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This developmental phase overlaps with broader cultural transitions from the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] and [[Culture of Harappa|Harappan traditions]] to the [[Vedic period]]. During the [[Chalcolithic]] phase, the use of copper alongside stone tools is reflected in the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture at sites such as Atranjikhera, along with copper hoards found across the Ganga–Yamuna Doab.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bridget Allchin, Frank Raymond Allchin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&amp;pg=PA119 |title=The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1982 |isbn=052128550X |page=119 |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303134041/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&amp;pg=PA119 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The subsequent Iron Age is marked by the Painted Grey Ware culture at sites including Hastinapur and Ahichchhatra, followed by the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] (NBPW) culture at urban centres such as [[Kaushambi]] and Varanasi, reflecting increasing urbanization and socio-economic complexity in the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Misra |first=V N |date=November 2001 |title=Prehistoric human colonization of India |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/jbsc/026/04/0491-0531 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Biosciences |publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]] |volume=26 |pages=491–531 |doi=10.1007/bf02704749 |pmid=11779962 |s2cid=26248907 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007171203/http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/jbsc/026/04/0491-0531 |archive-date=7 October 2017 |access-date=19 September 2017 |number=4 Supp|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Ancient and classical period ===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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| caption1 = Kausambi fort walls from Period I with burnt brick revetment, 1025–700 BCE, PGW culture. Weeping holes at the base can be clearly observed.<br />
| image2 = Dhamek Stupta and the Ancient Buddhist Site at Sarnath.jpg<br />
| background colour = #FDF5E6<br />
| caption2 = The [[Dhamekh Stupa]] in Sarnath is where [[Gautama Buddha]] first taught the [[Dharma]], and where the Buddhist [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]] came into existence through the [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]] of [[Kondanna Buddha|Kondanna]].<br />
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<br />
Out of the sixteen ''[[mahajanapadas]]'' ({{lit|great realms}}) or [[Oligarchy|oligarchic]] [[republic]]s that existed in ancient India, seven fell entirely within the present-day boundaries of the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh – History |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401072447/https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh |archive-date=1 April 2020 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica|quote=A systematic history of India and the area of Uttar Pradesh dates to the end of the 7th century BCE, when 16 mahajanapadas (great states) in northern India were contending for supremacy. Of those, seven fell entirely within the present-day boundaries of Uttar Pradesh.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The kingdom of [[Kosala]], in the [[Mahajanapada]] era, was also located within the regional boundaries of modern-day Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref name="Sen1999"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&amp;pg=PA105 |title=Ancient Indian History And Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=978-8122411980 |pages=105–106 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528155843/http://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&amp;pg=PA105 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Hinduism, the divine King [[Rama]] of the [[Ramayana]] epic reigned in [[Ayodhya]], the capital of Kosala.&lt;ref name="Buck2000"&gt;{{Cite book |last=William Buck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvuIp2kqIkMC |title=Ramayana |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120817203 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604213755/http://books.google.com/books?id=vvuIp2kqIkMC |archive-date=4 June 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Krishna]], another divine king of Hindu legend, who plays a key role in the [[Mahabharata]] epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation ([[Avatar]]) of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]], is said to have been born in the city of [[Mathura]].&lt;ref name="Sen1999" /&gt; The aftermath of the [[Kurukshetra War]] is believed to have taken place in the area between the [[Doab#Upper Doab|Upper Doab]] and [[Delhi]], (in what was [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] Mahajanapada), during the reign of the [[Pandava]] King [[Yudhishthira]]. The kingdom of the Kurus corresponds to the [[Black and Red Ware]] and [[Painted Gray Ware]] culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in northwest India, around 1000 BCE.&lt;ref name="Sen1999" /&gt;<br />
<br />
Control over Gangetic plains region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] (320–200 BCE), [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] (100–250 CE), [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] (350–600), and [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] (650–1036) empires.&lt;ref name="White2010"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Richard White |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHLfiOZVzmMC |title=The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1107005624 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528145049/http://books.google.com/books?id=fHLfiOZVzmMC |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the [[Huns]]' invasions that broke the Gupta empire, the [[Doab#The Doab|Ganges-Yamuna Doab]] saw the rise of [[Kannauj]].&lt;ref name="Corporation2007"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1pQkwIXTG0C&amp;pg=PA331 |title=World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia |date=2007 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0761476313 |pages=331–335 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605122741/http://books.google.com/books?id=V1pQkwIXTG0C&amp;pg=PA331 |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the reign of [[Harshavardhana]] (590–647), the Kannauj empire reached its zenith.&lt;ref name="Corporation2007" /&gt; It spanned from [[Punjab]] in the north and [[Gujarat]] in the west to [[Bengal]] in the east and [[Odisha]] in the south.&lt;ref name="Sen1999" /&gt; It included parts of central India, north of the [[Narmada River]] and it encompassed the entire [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].&lt;ref name="Chopra2003" /&gt; Many communities in various parts of India claim descent from the migrants of Kannauj.&lt;ref name="Bowman2000" /&gt; Soon after Harshavardhana's death, his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, which were invaded and ruled by the Gurjara-Pratihara empire, which challenged Bengal's [[Pala Empire]] for control of the region.&lt;ref name="Chopra2003"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pran Nath Chopra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&amp;pg=PA196 |title=A Comprehensive History of Ancient India |date=2003 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-8120725034 |page=196 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528140148/http://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&amp;pg=PA196 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kannauj was several times invaded by the South Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]], from the 8th century to the 10th century.&lt;ref&gt;The History of India by Kenneth Pletcher p. 102&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The City in South Asia by James Heitzman p. 37&lt;/ref&gt; After the fall of the Pala empire, the [[Chero dynasty]] ruled from the 12th century to the 18th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pradyuman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=399UDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=chero+dynasty&amp;pg=PT71 |title=Bihar General Knowledge Digest |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-9352667697}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==== Delhi Sultanate ====<br />
Uttar Pradesh was partially or entirely ruled by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] for 320 years (1206–1526). Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] (1206–90), the [[Khalji dynasty]] (1290–1320), the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] (1320–1414), the [[Sayyid dynasty]] (1414–51), and the [[Lodi dynasty]] (1451–1526).&lt;ref&gt;* {{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirvadi Lal |url=https://archive.org/stream/sultanateofdelhi001929mbp#page/n5/mode/2up |title=The Sultanate of Delhi 711–1526 A D |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala &amp; Company |year=1929 |author-link=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408110410/https://archive.org/stream/sultanateofdelhi001929mbp#page/n5/mode/2up |archive-date=8 April 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Unesco1998"&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&amp;pg=PA269 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |last2=Bosworth |publisher=UNESCO |year=1998 |isbn=978-9231034671 |pages=269–291 |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328162944/https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&amp;pg=PA269#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The first Sultan of Delhi, [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], conquered some parts of Uttar Pradesh, including [[Meerut]], [[Aligarh]], and [[Etawah]]. His successor, [[Iltutmish]], expanded the Sultanate's rule over Uttar Pradesh by defeating the King of [[Kannauj]]. During the reign of Sultan [[Balban]], the Mamluk dynasty faced numerous rebellions in the state, but he was able to suppress them and establish his authority. [[Alauddin Khilji]], extended his conquests to various regions in the state, including [[Varanasi]] and [[Prayagraj]]. Apart from the rulers, the Delhi Sultanate era also saw the growth of [[Sufism]] in Uttar Pradesh. Sufi saints, such as [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] and [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]], lived during this period and their teachings had a significant impact on the people of the region. Sultanat era in the state also witnessed the construction of mosques and tombs, including the [[Atala Masjid]] in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], the [[Jama Masjid]] in [[Fatehpur Sikri]], and the [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's Tomb]] in [[Tughlaqabad]].&lt;ref name="Atala"&gt;{{cite web | title=Atala Masjid | website=District Jaunpur, Government of Uttar Pradesh | date=20 June 2017 | url=https://jaunpur.nic.in/tourist-place/atala-masjid/ | access-date=6 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Tughluq Tomb"&gt;{{cite web | last=Datta | first=Rangan | title=The tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq | website=Telegraph India | date=22 July 2022 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/exploring-the-tomb-of-ghiyasuddin-tughlaq-near-tughlaqabad-fort-in-south-delhi/cid/1875958 | access-date=6 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Medieval and early modern period ===<br />
In the 16th century, [[Babur]], a [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] descendant of [[Timur]] and [[Descent from Genghis Khan|Genghis Khan]] from [[Fergana Valley]] (modern-day [[Uzbekistan]]), swept across the [[Khyber Pass]] and founded the [[Mughal Empire]], covering [[India]], along with modern-day [[Afghanistan]], Pakistan and [[Bangladesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire) |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927121217/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/ |archive-date=27 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Mughals were descended from Persianised Central Asian [[Turkic people|Turks]] (with significant [[Mongol]] admixture). In the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era, Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of the empire.&lt;ref name="Bowman2000"&gt;{{Cite book |last=John Stewart Bowman |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0231110044 |page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/273 273] |access-date=2 August 2012 |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun ruled from Delhi.&lt;ref name="Schimmel2004"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Annemarie Schimmel |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne |title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture |date=2004 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1861891853 |access-date=1 October 2012 |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="HindustanHiro2006"&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Babur (Emperor of Hindustan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VW2HJL689wgC |title=Babur Nama: Journal of Emperor Babur |last2=Dilip Hiro |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0144001491 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528160214/http://books.google.com/books?id=VW2HJL689wgC |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1540 an Afghan, [[Sher Shah Suri]], took over the reins of Uttar Pradesh after defeating the Mughal King Humanyun.&lt;ref name="Ramirez-Faria2007"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Carlos Ramirez-Faria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&amp;pg=PA171 |title=Concise Encyclopedia of World History |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist |year=2007 |isbn=978-8126907755 |page=171 |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528155918/http://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&amp;pg=PA171 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at [[Gwalior]].&lt;ref name="Hindustan"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stronge |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVrSYgEACAAJ&amp;q=hindustan+by+mughal |title=Mughal Hindustan is renowned for its opulence |publisher=The Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms |year=2012 |isbn=9788174366962 |location=London |page=255 |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216115741/https://books.google.com/books?id=PVrSYgEACAAJ&amp;dq=hindustan+by+mughal |archive-date=16 February 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the death of [[Islam Shah Suri]], his prime minister [[Hemu]] became the ''de facto'' ruler of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and the western parts of Bengal. He was bestowed the title of ''[[Hemu|Hemchandra Vikramaditya]]'' (title of [[Vikramāditya]] adopted from [[Vedic period]]) at his formal coronation took place at [[Purana Qila]] in Delhi on 7 October 1556. A month later, Hemu died in the [[Second Battle of Panipat]], and Uttar Pradesh came under Emperor [[Akbar]]'s rule.&lt;ref name="Agrawal1983"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ashvini Agrawal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&amp;pg=PA30 |title=Studies in Mughal History |date=1983 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120823266 |pages=30–46 |access-date=27 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528153902/http://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&amp;pg=PA30 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akbar ruled from [[Agra]] and [[Fatehpur Sikri]].&lt;ref&gt;Fergus Nicoll, ''Shah Jahan: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor'' (2009)&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
In the 18th century, after the fall of Mughal authority, the power vacuum was filled by the [[Maratha Empire]], in the mid-18th century, the Maratha army invaded the Uttar Pradesh region, which resulted in [[Rohilla]]s losing control of [[Rohilkhand]] to the Maratha forces led by [[Raghunath Rao]] and [[Malhar Rao Holkar|Malha Rao Holkar]]. The conflict between Rohillas and Marathas came to an end on 18 December 1788 with the arrest of [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]], the grandson of Najeeb-ud-Daula, who was defeated by the Maratha general [[Mahadji Scindia|Mahadaji Scindia]]. In 1803–04, following the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], when the [[British East India Company]] defeated the Maratha Empire, much of the region came under British suzerainty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mayaram |first=Shail |title=Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0231127318}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==== British India era ====<br />
{{Infobox<br />
| above = Timeline of reorganisation and name changes of UP&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 May 2017 |title=Uttar Pradesh Day: How the state was born 67 years back |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-day-how-the-state-was-born-67-years-back/story-Y2JhCTBIo2UuQYvQSTBNgN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503114407/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-day-how-the-state-was-born-67-years-back/story-Y2JhCTBIo2UuQYvQSTBNgN.html |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=3 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| label2 = 1807<br />
| data2 = [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]]<br />
| label3 = 14 November 1834<br />
| data3 = [[Presidency of Agra]]<br />
| label4 = 1 January 1836<br />
| data4 = [[North-Western Provinces]]<br />
| label5 = 3 April 1858<br />
| data5 = [[Oudh]] taken under British control, [[Delhi]] taken away from [[North-Western Provinces|NWP]] and merged into [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]]<br />
| label6 = 1 April 1871<br />
| data6 = [[Ajmer]], [[Mewar|Merwara]] &amp; [[Kekri, Rajasthan|Kekri]] made separate commissioner-ship<br />
| label7 = 15 February 1877<br />
| data7 = Oudh added to [[North-Western Provinces]]<br />
| label8 = 22 March 1902<br />
| data8 = Renamed [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]<br />
| label9 = 3 January 1921<br />
| data9 = Renamed [[United Provinces of British India]]<br />
| label10 = 1 April 1937<br />
| data10 = Renamed [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]<br />
| label11 = 1 April 1946<br />
| data11 = Self rule granted<br />
| label12 = 15 August 1947<br />
| data12 = Part of independent India<br />
| label13 = 24 January 1950<br />
| data13 = Renamed Uttar Pradesh<br />
| label14 = 9 November 2000<br />
| data14 = Uttaranchal state, now known as [[Uttarakhand]], created from part of Uttar Pradesh<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Starting from [[Bengal]] in the second half of the 18th century, a series of battles for north Indian lands finally gave the [[British East India Company]] accession over the state's territories.&lt;ref name="Kudaisya2006"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gyanesh Kudaisya |title=Region, nation, "heartland": Uttar Pradesh in India's body-politic |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=1994 |isbn=978-3825820978 |pages=126–376}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ajmer]] and [[Jaipur]] kingdoms were also included in this northern territory, which was named the "[[North-Western Provinces]]" (of Agra). Although UP later became the fifth-largest state of India, NWPA was one of the smallest states of the British Indian empire.&lt;ref name="Sivaramakrishnan1999"&gt;{{Cite book |last=K. Sivaramakrishnan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TM7oYBG4M04C&amp;pg=PA240 |title=Modern Forests: Statemaking and Environmental Change in Colonial Eastern India |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0804745567 |pages=240–276 |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528135332/http://books.google.com/books?id=TM7oYBG4M04C&amp;pg=PA240 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ashutosh Joshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&amp;q=Naini&amp;pg=PA151 |title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities |publisher=New India Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-8189422820 |page=237 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303134041/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&amp;pg=PA151&amp;dq=Naini&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=CN7OUsznI8yTrgeDwYDgCw&amp;ved=0CDEQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&amp;q=Allahabad%20capital&amp;f=false |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of North India, which became known as the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]; [[Bengal]] [[regiment]]'s sepoy stationed at [[Meerut]] [[cantonment]], [[Mangal Pandey]], is widely considered as its starting point.&lt;ref name="Mukherjee2005"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rudrangshu Mukherjee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SluAAAAMAAJ |title=Mangal Pandey: brave martyr or accidental hero? |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0143032564 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605164801/http://books.google.com/books?id=-SluAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the revolt failed, the British divided the most rebellious regions by reorganising their administrative boundaries, splitting the Delhi region from 'NWFP of Agra' and merging it with [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], while the [[Ajmer]]–[[Marwar]] region was merged with [[Rajputana]] and [[Oudh State|Oudh]] was incorporated into the state. The new state was called the North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which in 1902 was renamed as the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]].&lt;ref name="(India)Drake-Brockman1934"&gt;{{Cite book |last1=United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUNuAAAAMAAJ |title=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: supp.D.Pilibhit District |last2=D.L. Drake-Brockman |publisher=Supdt., Government Press, United Provinces |year=1934 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528131217/http://books.google.com/books?id=VUNuAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP.&lt;ref name="Chakrabarti1997"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dilip K. Chakrabarti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADZuAAAAMAAJ |title=Colonial Indology: sociopolitics of the ancient Indian past |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |year=1997 |isbn=978-8121507509 |location=Michigan |page=257 |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528140749/http://books.google.com/books?id=ADZuAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Cohn1996"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bernard S. Cohn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIalYaenrTkC |title=Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0691000435 |page=189 |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528150524/http://books.google.com/books?id=uIalYaenrTkC |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to [[Lucknow]].&lt;ref name="Wilkinson-Weber1999"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Clare M. Wilkinson-Weber |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChwRC6hQttoC&amp;pg=PA18 |title=Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0791440872 |page=18 |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ChwRC6hQttoC&amp;pg=PA18#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The high court continued to be at Allahabad, but a bench was established at Lucknow.&lt;ref name="Lucknow Bench"&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Prakash Narain |title=A History of the Lucknow Bench Of The Allahabad High Court |url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/AHistoryLucknowBenchPNMathur.pdf |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Allahabad High Court |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224172749/http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/AHistoryLucknowBenchPNMathur.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Allahabad continues to be an important administrative base of today's Uttar Pradesh and has several administrative headquarters.&lt;ref name="Nair2004"&gt;{{Cite book |last=K. Balasankaran Nair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gujNYPcNETMC |title=Law of Contempt of Court in India |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist |year=2004 |isbn=978-8126903597 |page=320 |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528143730/http://books.google.com/books?id=gujNYPcNETMC |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of the [[Indian independence movement]]. The state hosted modern educational institutions such as the [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Banaras Hindu University]] and [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. Nationally known figures such as [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] and [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]] were among the leaders of the movement in Uttar Pradesh, and [[Motilal Nehru]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] and [[Govind Ballabh Pant]] were important national leaders of the [[Indian National Congress]]. The [[All India Kisan Sabha]] was formed at the Lucknow session of the Congress on 11 April 1936, with the famous nationalist [[Sahajanand Saraswati]] elected as its first president,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Śekhara |first=Bandyopādhyāya |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-8125025962 |page=407}}&lt;/ref&gt; to address the longstanding grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the [[zamindari]] landlords attacks on their occupancy rights, thus sparking the Farmers movements in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bandyopādhyāya |first=Śekhara |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-8125025962 |page=406}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[Quit India Movement]] of 1942, [[Ballia]] district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administration under [[Chittu Pandey]]. Ballia became known as "Baghi Ballia" (Rebel Ballia) for this significant role in India's independence movement.&lt;ref name="Chatterji2006"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bankim Chandra Chatterji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Gmjn63ogDUC |title=Anandamath |publisher=Orient Paperbacks |year=2006 |isbn=978-8122201307 |page=168 |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528130144/http://books.google.com/books?id=7Gmjn63ogDUC |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==== Post-independence ====<br />
After India's independence, the United Provinces were renamed "Uttar Pradesh" ({{Lit|northern province}}), preserving UP as the abbreviation of the state's name,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh – States and Union Territories |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715014814/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=28 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=14 July 2015 |website=Know India: National Portal of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 August 2007 |title=Uttar Pradesh |url=http://www.whatisindia.com/issues/uttarpra/uttar_general.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012021112/http://www.whatisindia.com/issues/uttarpra/uttar_general.html |archive-date=12 October 2016 |access-date=8 October 2016 |publisher=What is India}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the change coming into effect on 24 January 1950.&lt;ref name="UPDay" /&gt; The new state was formed after the merger of several princely states and territories, including the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], and the Delhi territory. The state has provided nine of India's prime ministers which is more than any other state and is the source of the largest number of seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]. Despite its political influence since ancient times, its poor record in economic development and administration, poor governance, organised crime and corruption have kept it among India's backward states. The state has been affected by repeated episodes of [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-related]] and [[communal violence]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 August 2014 |title=Communal violence |work=[[Business Standard]] |publisher=[[Ananda Publishers]] |agency=[[Kotak Mahindra Bank]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/uttar-pradesh-tops-home-ministry-list-on-communal-violence-114080601639_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115034/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/uttar-pradesh-tops-home-ministry-list-on-communal-violence-114080601639_1.html |archive-date=26 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 1992 the disputed [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri Mosque]] located in [[Ayodhya]] was demolished by Hindu activists, leading to widespread violence across India.&lt;ref name="communal violence"&gt;{{Cite news |last=communal violence |first=in uttar pradesh |title=Communal conflicts in state |work=Tehalka |url=http://www.tehelka.com/what-led-to-the-muzaffarnagar-communal-riots/ |url-status=dead |access-date=12 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112232933/http://www.tehelka.com/what-led-to-the-muzaffarnagar-communal-riots/ |archive-date=12 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2000, northern districts of the state were separated to form the state of [[Uttarakhand]].&lt;ref name="separation"&gt;{{Cite book |last1=J. C. Aggarwal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alRh51xE_v0C&amp;pg=PA391 |title=Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future |last2=S. P. Agrawal |date=1995 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company of India |isbn=978-8170225720 |page=391 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324171535/https://books.google.com/books?id=alRh51xE_v0C&amp;pg=PA391 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
{{Main|Geography of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Indo-Gangetic Plain.jpg|thumb|right|alt=The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the Northern Plain or North Indian River Plain|A part of the Gangetic Plain]]<br />
Uttar Pradesh, with a total area of {{convert|240928|km2|sqmi|0}}, is India's fourth-largest state in terms of land area and is roughly of same size as United Kingdom. It is situated on the northern spout of India and shares an international boundary with Nepal. The Himalayas border the state on the north,&lt;ref name="land"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Most critical factors |url=http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Land_830.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215063439/http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Land_830.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Uttar Pradesh climate department}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the plains that cover most of the state are distinctly different from those high mountains.&lt;ref name="Geography"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Geography |url=http://www.uponline.in/About/Profile/Geography/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723070728/http://www.uponline.in/About/Profile/geography/index.html |archive-date=23 July 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Uttar Pradesh State Profile}}&lt;/ref&gt; The larger [[Gangetic Plain]] region is in the north; it includes the [[Doab#The Doab|Ganges-Yamuna Doab]], the Ghaghra plains, the Ganges plains and the [[Terai]].&lt;ref name="Terai"&gt;{{Cite web |title=The larger Gangetic Plain |url=http://www.gecafs.org/publications/Publications/IGP_Paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226202743/http://www.gecafs.org/publications/Publications/IGP_Paper.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2013 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Gecafs}}&lt;/ref&gt; The smaller [[Vindhya Range]] and plateau region are in the south.&lt;ref name="autogenerated8"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gangetic Plains and Vindhya Hills and plateau. |url=http://zeenews.india.com/state-elections-2012/up/profile.html/2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406104938/http://zeenews.india.com/state-elections-2012/up/profile.html/2 |archive-date=6 April 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=[[Zee news]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is characterised by hard rock strata and a varied topography of hills, plains, valleys and plateaus. The [[Bhabar|Bhabhar]] tract gives place to the terai area which is covered with tall [[Saccharum ravennae|elephant grass]] and thick forests interspersed with [[marshes]] and [[swamps]].&lt;ref name="Terai Area"&gt;{{Cite news |last=Anwar |first=Shakeel |date=16 August 2018 |title=List of major canals and dams in Uttar Pradesh |work=Dainik Jagran |agency=Jagran Prakashan Limited |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-major-canals-and-dams-in-uttar-pradesh-1534427496-1 |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622130821/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-major-canals-and-dams-in-uttar-pradesh-1534427496-1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Bhabhar"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indo–African Journal for Resource Management |url=http://thehaider.com/4.2.1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401145006/https://thehaider.com/4.2.1.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=21 June 2020 |publisher=Indo–African Journal for Resource Management and Planning}}&lt;/ref&gt; The sluggish rivers of the bhabhar deepen in this area, their course running through a tangled mass of thick undergrowth. The terai runs parallel to the bhabhar in a thin strip. The entire alluvial plain is divided into three sub-regions.&lt;ref name="Great Plains"&gt;{{Cite news |last=Anwar |first=Shakeel |title=The Great Plains of India |work=Jagran Josh |publisher=Dainik Jagran |agency=Jagran Prakashan Private Limited |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/the-great-plains-of-india-1448281967-1 |url-status=live |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121224151/http://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/the-great-plains-of-india-1448281967-1 |archive-date=21 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first in the [[Eastern Uttar Pradesh|eastern]] tract consisting of 14 districts which are subject to periodical [[floods]] and [[droughts]] and have been classified as scarcity areas. These districts have the highest density of population which gives the lowest per capita land. The other two regions, the [[Central Uttar Pradesh|central]] and the [[Western Uttar Pradesh|western]], are comparatively better with a well-developed irrigation system.&lt;ref name="Western - Eastern Irrigation"&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clift |first=Charles |year=1977 |title=Progress of Irrigation in Uttar Pradesh: East-West Differences |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4365953 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |publisher=[[JSTOR]] |volume=12 |issue=39 |pages=A83–A90 |jstor=4365953 |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030043546/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4365953 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; They suffer from waterlogging and large-scale user tracts.&lt;ref name="Meena"&gt;{{Cite book |last=R P Meena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2fQDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT6 |title=Uttar Pradesh Current Affairs Yearbook 2020 |publisher=New Era Publication |page=6 |id=GGKEY:XTXLJ8SQZFE |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164948/https://books.google.com/books?id=I2fQDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT6#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the area is fairly arid. The state has more than 32 large and small rivers; of them, the [[Ganges|Ganga]], [[Yamuna]], [[Saraswati river|Saraswati]], [[Sarayu]], [[Betwa]], and [[Ghaghara]] are larger and of religious importance in [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref name="rivers"&gt;{{Cite news |title=Rivers of Uttar Pradesh |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Rivers-of-Uttar-Pradesh |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507013021/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Rivers-of-Uttar-Pradesh |archive-date=7 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
[[Tillage|Cultivation]] is intensive in the state.&lt;ref name="glossary"&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Glossary of Meteorology |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/preface2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005143046/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/preface2 |archive-date=5 October 2012 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Allen Press Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttar Pradesh falls under three agro-climatic zones viz. Middle Gangetic Plains region (Zone–IV), Upper Gangetic Plains region (Zone–V) and Central Plateau and Hills region (Zone–VIII).&lt;ref name="Agro-Climatic"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agriculture Mechanization Guide for Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.farmech.dac.gov.in/FarmerGuide/UP/index1.html#:~:text=The%20total%20geographical%20area%20of,68.5%25%20of%20cultivable%20area). |access-date=16 May 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516065713/https://www.farmech.dac.gov.in/FarmerGuide/UP/index1.html#:~:text=The%20total%20geographical%20area%20of,68.5%25%20of%20cultivable%20area). |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[valley]] areas have fertile and rich soil. There is intensive cultivation on terraced hill slopes, but irrigation facilities are deficient.&lt;ref name="Irrigation"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Potential Creation and Utilisation |url=http://irrigation.up.nic.in/aboutus_irrigation_potential.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213084300/http://irrigation.up.nic.in/aboutus_irrigation_potential.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Irrigation department U.P}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Siwalik Range]] which forms the southern foothills of the [[Himalayas]], slopes down into a boulder bed called 'bhabhar'.&lt;ref name="Preface"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Purports to define every important meteorological term likely to be found in the literature today. |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/preface1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712214139/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/preface1 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Allen Press, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The transitional belt running along the entire length of the state is called the terai and bhabhar area. It has rich forests, cutting across it are innumerable streams which swell into raging [[Torrent (stream)|torrents]] during the [[monsoon]].&lt;ref name="Singh1998"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vir Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SX7ML4-0oGQC&amp;pg=PA102 |title=Mountain Ecosystems: A Scenario of Unsustainability |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=978-8173870811 |pages=102–264 |access-date=27 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528155028/http://books.google.com/books?id=SX7ML4-0oGQC&amp;pg=PA102 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
{{Main|Climate of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{Climate chart|[[Agra]]<br />
|8.0|22.3|9<br />
|10.4|25.2|12<br />
|15.9|32.0|10<br />
|22.3|38.5|10<br />
|26.5|41.6|16<br />
|28.5|40.7|67<br />
|26.8|35.2|196<br />
|25.8|33.7|227<br />
|24.4|34.4|113<br />
|19.9|34.3|27<br />
|13.7|29.7|3<br />
|9.1|24.0|5<br />
|float=left<br />
|clear=none<br />
|source=[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-old/WMO/1961-1990/RA-II/IN/42261.TXT NOAA]}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Sunset in Indirapuram Uttar Pradesh.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Early monsoon days in Lucknow|Monsoon clouds over [[Indirapuram]]]]<br />
Uttar Pradesh has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons.&lt;ref name="Board2008" /&gt; The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September.&lt;ref name="Climate"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate change impacts |url=http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Climate_861.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115211430/http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Climate_861.aspx |archive-date=15 November 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Uttar Pradesh climate department}}&lt;/ref&gt; Summers are extreme with temperatures fluctuating anywhere between {{Convert|0-50|C|F}} in parts of the state coupled with dry hot winds called the ''[[Loo (wind)|Loo]]''.&lt;ref name="rana2007"&gt;{{Citation |last=S.V.S. Rana |title=Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAPKG4LEBbQC |year=2007 |publisher=Prentice Hall of India |isbn=978-81-203-3300-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Gangetic plain varies from semiarid to sub-humid.&lt;ref name="Climate" /&gt; The mean annual rainfall ranges from {{Convert|650|mm|in|abbr=in}} in the southwest corner of the state to {{Convert|1000|mm|in|abbr=in}} in the eastern and south eastern parts of the state.&lt;ref name="rainfall"&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow |first=Irrigation Department Uttar Pradesh |title=Average rainfall pattern of Uttar Pradesh |url=http://idup.gov.in/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3ifUEcnYzdTEwMLVy8TA89gU38XT-8AIwM3A_2CbEdFAHA_W1g! |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824174636/http://idup.gov.in/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3ifUEcnYzdTEwMLVy8TA89gU38XT-8AIwM3A_2CbEdFAHA_W1g! |archive-date=24 August 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Irrigation Department Uttar Pradesh}}&lt;/ref&gt; Primarily a summer phenomenon, the Bay of Bengal branch of the [[Monsoon of India|Indian monsoon]] is the major bearer of rain in most parts of state. After summer it is the southwest monsoon which brings most of the rain here, while in winters rain due to the ''[[western disturbances]]'' and north-east monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall precipitation of the state.&lt;ref name="Board2008"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Upkar Prakashan – Editorial Board |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&amp;pg=PA26 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Knowledge |publisher=Upkar Prakashan |year=2008 |isbn=978-8174824080 |pages=26– |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605095943/http://books.google.com/books?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&amp;pg=PA26 |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="WesDist"&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sethi |first=Nitin |date=13 February 2007 |title=Met dept blames it on 'western disturbance' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Met-dept-blames-it-on-western-disturbance/articleshow/1600979.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811031649/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-13/india/27887812_1_met-dept-disturbance-rains |archive-date=11 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The rain in Uttar Pradesh can vary from an annual average of {{Convert|170|cm|in|abbr=in}} in hilly areas to {{Convert|84|cm|in|abbr=in}} in [[Western Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref name="Board2008" /&gt; Given the concentration of most of this rainfall in the four months of the monsoon, excess rain can lead to floods and shortage to droughts. As such, these two phenomena, floods and droughts, commonly recur in the state. The climate of the Vindhya Range and [[plateau]] is subtropical with a mean annual rainfall between {{Convert|1000 and 1200|mm|in|abbr=in}}, most of which comes during the monsoon.&lt;ref name="Climate" /&gt; Typical summer months are from March to June, with maximum temperatures ranging from {{convert|30-38|C|F}}. There is a low relative humidity of around 20% and dust-laden winds blow throughout the season. In summer, hot winds called ''[[loo (wind)|loo]]'' blow all across Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref name="Board2008" /&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Flora and fauna ===<br />
{{See also|Pilibhit Tiger Reserve|Dudhwa National Park}}<br />
{| class="toccolours" style="margin:1em; float:right; width:25%"<br />
|+ '''State symbols of Uttar Pradesh'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State Animal, Bird, Tree and Flower |url=http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013002319/http://www.pannatigerreserve.in/kids/state.htm |archive-date=13 October 2014 |access-date=29 August 2014 |website=Panna Tiger Reserve}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="dance"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music &amp; Dance |url=http://uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/experience/top-experience-music-and-dance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123210405/http://www.uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/experience/top-experience-music-and-dance |archive-date=23 January 2017 |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=uptourism.gov.in |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
|-<br />
| '''State animal'''<br />
| [[Swamp deer]] (''Rucervus duvaucelii'')|| [[File:The barasingha.jpg|50px]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''State bird'''<br />
| [[Sarus crane]] (''Antigone antigone'')|| [[File:Grus antigone Luc viatour.jpg|50px]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''State tree'''<br />
| [[Saraca asoca|Ashoka]] (''Saraca asoca'') || [[File:Ashoka (Polyalthia longifolia) flowers W IMG 7050.jpg|50px]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''State flower'''<br />
| [[Butea monosperma|Palash]] (''Butea monosperma'') || [[File:STS 001 Butea monosperma.jpg|50px]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''State dance'''<br />
| [[Kathak]] || [[File:Kathak 3511900193 986f6440f6 b retouched.jpg|50px]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''State sport'''<br />
| [[Field hockey]] || [[File:Field hockey.jpg|50px]]<br />
|}<br />
Uttar Pradesh has an abundance of natural resources.&lt;ref name="Flora"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Forest Corporation |url=http://www.upforestcorporation.in/Default.aspx |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120145111/http://www.upforestcorporation.in/Default.aspx |archive-date=20 January 2013 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Forest department uttar pradesh}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011, the recorded forest area in the state was {{convert|16583|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} which is about 6.9% of the state's geographical area.&lt;ref name="fsiwbforest"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Forest and tree resources in states and union territories: Uttar Pradesh |url=http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/uttarapradesh.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107201030/http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/uttarapradesh.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=4 March 2012 |website=India state of forest report 2009 |publisher=Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment &amp; Forests, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; In spite of rapid deforestation and poaching of wildlife, a diverse flora and fauna continue to exist in the state. Uttar Pradesh is a [[habitat]] for 4.2% of all species of [[Algae]] recorded in India, 6.4% of [[Fungi]], 6.0% of [[Lichens]], 2.9% of [[Bryophytes]], 3.3% of [[Pteridophytes]], 8.7% of [[Gymnosperms]], 8.1% of [[Angiosperms]].&lt;ref name="Plant Diversity"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Floral and Faunal Diversity of Uttar Pradesh |url=http://www.upsbdb.org/diversity-of-up.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705034421/http://upsbdb.org/diversity-of-up.php |archive-date=5 July 2019 |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=Uttar Pradesh State Biodiversity Board}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several species of trees, large and small [[mammals]], [[reptiles]], and insects are found in the belt of [[temperate]] upper mountainous forests. Medicinal plants are found in the wild&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aegyptica |url=http://bsienvis.nic.in/medi.htm#Balanites |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506192204/http://bsienvis.nic.in/medi.htm |archive-date=6 May 2009 |access-date=21 September 2009 |publisher=Bsienvis.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are also grown in [[plantations]]. The [[Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands]] support cattle. Moist [[deciduous]] trees grow in the upper Gangetic plain, especially along its riverbanks. This plain supports a wide variety of plants and animals. The Ganges and its tributaries are the [[habitat]] of large and small reptiles, [[amphibians]], fresh-water fish, and crabs. [[Scrubland]] trees such as the [[Babool]] (''Vachellia nilotica'') and animals such as the [[Chinkara]] (''Gazella bennettii'') are found in the arid Vindhyas.&lt;ref name="animals"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bird Sanctuary |url=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/wild_life/wild_life.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704191031/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/wild_life/wild_life.htm |archive-date=4 July 2012 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=U.P tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Predominant"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sanctuary Park in U.P |url=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/wild_life/places_of_interest.htm#Suhelva |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718025605/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/wild_life/places_of_interest.htm |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=U.P tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of the plains. Since much sunlight reaches the ground, shrubs and grasses are also abundant.&lt;ref name="Vegetation and Flora"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Few patches of natural forest |url=http://upgov.nic.in/upwealth.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520140217/http://upgov.nic.in/upwealth.aspx |archive-date=20 May 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=State government of Uttar Pradesh}}&lt;/ref&gt; Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for cultivation. Tropical thorny forests, consisting of widely scattered thorny trees, mainly [[Acacia nilotica|babool]] are mostly found in the southwestern parts of the state.&lt;ref name="Thorny Forest"&gt;{{Cite web |last=The Forests and biodiversity |first=in UP are important in many ways |title=Miscellaneous Statistics |url=http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Forest_838.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115214704/http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Forest_838.aspx |archive-date=15 November 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive [[Bird|avifauna]].&lt;ref name="Avifauna"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Conservation of the Avifauna |url=http://ww.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/14pdfs/Javed-Dudwa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69LhYrtqy?url=http://ww.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/14pdfs/Javed-Dudwa.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=20 July 2012 |publisher=[[Dudhwa National Park]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The most common birds which are found in the state are [[Columbidae|doves]], [[peafowl]], [[junglefowl]], black partridges, [[house sparrow]]s, [[songbirds]], [[blue jay]]s, [[parakeet]]s, [[quail]]s, [[bulbul]]s, [[Knob-billed duck|comb ducks]], [[kingfisher]]s, [[woodpecker]]s, [[snipe]]s, and parrots. Bird sanctuaries in the state include [[Bakhira Sanctuary]], [[National Chambal Sanctuary]], [[Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Okhla Sanctuary]].&lt;ref name="Bakhira"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bakhira Bird Sanctuary |url=http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/bakhirabird_Home.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170352/http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/bakhirabird_Home.aspx |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |website=upforest.gov.in |publisher=UP Forest and Wildlife Department }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Chambal Gharial"&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Chambal Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary |url=http://nationalchambalsanctuary.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101110955/http://www.nationalchambalsanctuary.in/ |archive-date=1 January 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |publisher=National Chambal Sanctuary}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Chandra Prabha"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary And Picnic Spots |url=http://www.uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/explore/top-explore-chandra-prabha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170953/http://www.uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/explore/top-explore-chandra-prabha |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |website=uptourism.gov.in |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Hastinapur Wild Life"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hastinapur Wild Life Sanctuary |url=http://upforest.gov.in/STATICpages/hastinapurwild_Home.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170724/http://upforest.gov.in/STATICpages/hastinapurwild_Home.aspx |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |website=upforest.gov.in |publisher=P Forest and Wildlife Department }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Kaimoor Wild Life"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaimoor Wild Life Sanctuary |url=http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/kaimoorwildlife_Home.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171033/http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/kaimoorwildlife_Home.aspx |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |website=upforest.gov.in |publisher=Forest and Wildlife Department Uttar Pradesh }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Inside Okhla Bird Sanctuary |url=http://upforest.gov.in/STATICpages/okhlabird_Home.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171135/http://upforest.gov.in/STATICpages/okhlabird_Home.aspx |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |website=upforest.gov.in |publisher=UP Forest and Wildlife Department }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Other animals in the state include reptiles such as [[lizard]]s, [[cobra]]s, [[Bungarus|kraits]], and [[gharial]]s. Among the wide variety of fishes, the most common ones are [[Mahseer|mahaseer]] and [[trout]]. Some animal species have gone extinct in recent years, while others, like the lion from the Gangetic Plain, the [[rhinoceros]] from the [[Terai]] region, [[South Asian river dolphin|Ganges river dolphin]] primarily found in the Ganges have become [[Endangered species|endangered]].&lt;ref name="S.k.agarwal"&gt;{{Cite book |last=S. K. Agarwal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UeDTX6HEK8C&amp;pg=PA61 |title=Environment Biotechnology |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=978-8131302941 |page=61 |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523073400/http://books.google.com/books?id=0UeDTX6HEK8C&amp;pg=PA61 |archive-date=23 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many species are vulnerable to poaching despite regulation by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|government]].&lt;ref name="fauna"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Processing of manuscripts of Fauna |url=http://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Annual%20Meeting/Annual%20Meeting%202011-12/HQ/Fauna.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505093620/http://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Annual%20Meeting/Annual%20Meeting%202011-12/HQ/Fauna.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2013 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Indian Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
{{Anchor|Constituent regions}}{{Anchor|Regions and cities}}<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
== Divisions, districts and cities ==<br />
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|List of urban local bodies in Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{See also|Western Uttar Pradesh|Eastern Uttar Pradesh|Central Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
[[File:Uttar Pradesh administrative divisions.svg|right|thumb|200px|alt="Administrative Divisions"|[[Divisions of Uttar Pradesh]]]]<br />
<br />
Uttar Pradesh is divided into 75 districts under these 18 divisions:&lt;ref name="divisions"&gt;{{Cite web |title=State division of Uttar Pradesh |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510202421/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UP |archive-date=10 May 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
&lt;!-- Divisions are added in region-wise order; Western, Central and Eastern.--&gt;<br />
{| style="margin-left:30px"<br />
|<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-break|width=57%}}<br />
{{ordered list|start=1<br />
|[[Saharanpur division|Saharanpur]]<br />
|[[Moradabad division|Moradabad]]<br />
|[[Bareilly division|Bareilly]]<br />
|[[Meerut division|Meerut]]<br />
|[[Aligarh division|Aligarh]]<br />
|[[Agra division|Agra]]<br />
|[[Devipatan division|Devipatan]]<br />
|[[Basti division|Basti]]<br />
|[[Gorakhpur division|Gorakhpur]]<br />
}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{{ordered list|start=10<br />
|[[Kanpur division|Kanpur]]<br />
|[[Lucknow division|Lucknow]]<br />
|[[Ayodhya division|Ayodhya]]<br />
|[[Azamgarh division|Azamgarh]]<br />
|[[Jhansi division|Jhansi]]<br />
|[[Chitrakoot division|Chitrakoot]]<br />
|[[Prayagraj division|Prayagraj]]<br />
|[[Varanasi division|Varanasi]]<br />
|[[Mirzapur division|Mirzapur]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Col-end}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The following is a list of top districts from state of Uttar Pradesh by population, ranked in respect of all India.&lt;ref name="districts1"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian Districts by population |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611224943/http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=5 October 2012 |website=2011 Census of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
! Rank (in India) !! District !! Population !! Growth Rate (%) !! Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males) !! Literacy Rate (%)<br />
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"<br />
| 13 || [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]|| 5,954,391 || 20.63 || 901 || 72.32<br />
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"<br />
| 26 || [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]] || 4,772,006 || 25.22 || 906 || 56.77<br />
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"<br />
| 27 || [[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]]|| 4,681,645 || 42.27 || 881 || 78.07<br />
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"<br />
| 30 || [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]] || 4,613,913 || 17.11 || 1019 || 70.93<br />
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"<br />
| 31 || [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]] || 4,589,838 || 25.82 || 917 || 77.29<br />
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"<br />
| 32 || [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]] || 4,581,268 || 9.92 || 862 || 79.65<br />
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"<br />
| 41 || [[Agra district|Agra]] || 4,418,797 || 22.05 || 868 || 71.58<br />
|- style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"<br />
| 50 || [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]|| 4,448,359 || 22.93% || 887 || 58.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Each district is administered by a [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]] (DM), who is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer appointed [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] and reports to [[Divisional Commissioner]] of the division in which his district falls.&lt;ref name="panchayat" /&gt; The Divisional Commissioner is an IAS officer of high seniority, and part of revenue department.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Objectives &amp; Functions {{!}} Division Prayagraj, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://prayagrajdivision.nic.in/about-department/objectives-functions/ |access-date=3 January 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each district is divided into subdivisions, administered by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]], and again into [[Tehsil|Tehsils]] for land revenue administration. Each district is divided into [[Community development block|Blocks]], primarily for rural development administration, and consists of gram panchayats (village councils).&lt;ref name="blocks"&gt;{{Cite web |year=1947 |title=Panchayati Raj Act, 1947 – Chapter 6 – The Nyaya Panchayat |url=http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/Acts%20And%20Rules%20Pdfs/Panchayat%20Raj%20Act_1947_ch6.57-70.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023420/http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/Acts%20And%20Rules%20Pdfs/Panchayat%20Raj%20Act_1947_ch6.57-70.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2017 |website=Department of Panchayati Raj, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; These blocks consists of urban units viz. [[census towns]] and rural units called [[gram panchayat]].&lt;ref name="panchayat"&gt;{{Cite web |year=1947 |title=Panchayati Raj Act, 1947 |url=http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/Acts%20And%20Rules%20Pdfs/Panchayat%20Raj%20Act_1947_ch4.38-50.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712165910/http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/Acts%20And%20Rules%20Pdfs/Panchayat%20Raj%20Act_1947_ch4.38-50.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=Department of Panchayati Raj, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br />
<br />
Local governance comprises Panchayati Raj Institutions in rural areas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panchayati Raj Uttar Pradesh |url=https://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/pblc_pg/About/AboutPrdUP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803212557/https://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/pblc_pg/About/AboutPrdUP |archive-date=3 August 2025 |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=panchayatiraj.up.nic.in |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;—[[District council (India)|Zilla Parishads]], [[Kshetra panchayat|Kshettra Panchayats]], and [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]—and urban local bodies such as Nagar Nigams (''[[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporations]]''), Nagar Palikas (''[[Municipal council (India)|municipal councils]]''), and [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayats]], all governed by elected councils with five-year terms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State Election Commission::UP |url=https://sec.up.nic.in/site/ULBWard2017.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209151055/https://sec.up.nic.in/site/ULBWard2017.aspx |archive-date=9 December 2025 |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=sec.up.nic.in |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://urbandevelopment.up.nic.in/ https://urbandevelopment.up.nic.in/contact.html]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Uttar Pradesh Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats Adhiniyam, 1961 {{!}} Ministry Of Panchayati Raj {{!}} India |url=https://panchayat.gov.in/en/document/the-uttar-pradesh-kshettra-panchayats-and-zila-panchayats-adhiniyam-1961/ |access-date=3 January 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Uttar Pradesh has more [[List of most populous cities in India|metropolitan cities]] than any other state in India.&lt;ref name="metropolitan cities"&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 August 2010 |title=Panels to draft development plans for 13 cities |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/panels-to-draft-development-plans-for-13-cities/674326/ |access-date=13 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Metro cities"&gt;{{Cite web |title=The area and density of metropolitan cities |url=http://urbanindia.nic.in/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015142027/http://urbanindia.nic.in/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=The Ministry of Urban Development}}&lt;/ref&gt; The absolute urban population of the state is 44.4&amp;nbsp;million, which constitutes 11.8% of the total urban population of India, the second-highest of any state.&lt;ref name="Population info"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Provisional population totals, Census of India 2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/Rural_Urban_2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226224319/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/Rural_Urban_2011.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2012 |access-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=Census of India 2011 |page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], there are 15 urban agglomerations with a population greater than 500,000.&lt;ref name="Datasheet"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011 : Uttar Pradesh |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_up.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427103412/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_up.html |archive-date=27 April 2012 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Census of India 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttar Pradesh has a complex system of municipalities. [[Nagar Nigam]] (Municipal Corporation) are urban local bodies in large cities such as Lucknow, Kanpur, Varanasi and cities having population more than 4 million.&lt;ref name="ULB"&gt;{{cite web | title=Seventy-fourth Constitutional Amendment | url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/5%20CHAPTER%20I-063076629450a19.40071813.pdf | access-date=21 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; These governed by a mayor and councillors elected from wards. [[Nagar Palika Parishad]] or Municipal Council, serves medium-sized towns like [[Bela Pratapgarh]], [[Jalaun]], or [[Bisalpur, Pilibhit|Bisalpur]] and are governed by a chairperson and councillors.&lt;ref name="Nagar Palika"&gt;{{cite web | title= THE UTTAR PRADESH MUNICIPALITIES ACT, 1916 | url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/16228/1/Municipality_1916.pdf | access-date=21 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nagar Panchayat]] which operate in smaller towns and semi-urban areas like [[Badlapur, Jaunpur]], [[Bikapur]], or [[Chilkana Sultanpur]], are governed by a chairman and councillors.&lt;ref name="Nagar Palika"/&gt; There are 14 [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporations]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1959 |title=Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 |url=http://www.janaagraha.org/asics/report/Uttar-Pradesh-Uttarakhand-Municipal-Corporation-Act-1959.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233237/http://www.janaagraha.org/asics/report/Uttar-Pradesh-Uttarakhand-Municipal-Corporation-Act-1959.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="GENERAL AMENDMENT"&gt;{{Cite web |year=1959 |title=Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 |url=http://sec.up.nic.in/acts_rules/MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION_1959_eng/Municipal_Corp_Act_1959_chap1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324141206/http://sec.up.nic.in/acts_rules/MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION_1959_eng/Municipal_Corp_Act_1959_chap1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=17 August 2017 |website=Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; while [[Noida]] and [[Greater Noida]] in [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Budha Nagar district]] are specially administered by statutory authorities under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Development Act, 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1976 |title=U.P. Industrial Development Act – 1976 (U.P. Act Number 6, of 1976) |url=http://www.noidaauthorityonline.com/UPIndAreaDevp.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812211441/http://www.noidaauthorityonline.com/UPIndAreaDevp.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2017 |access-date=13 August 2017 |website=Noida Authority Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.greaternoida.com/files/attachments/inddevact.pdf|title=U.P. Industrial Development Act – 1976 (U.P. Act Number 6, of 1976)|year=1976|website=Greater Noida Authority|access-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511075823/http://www.greaternoida.com/files/attachments/inddevact.pdf|archive-date=11 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
In 2011, state's cabinet ministers headed by the then Chief Minister [[Mayawati]] announced the separation of Uttar Pradesh into four different states of Purvanchal, Bundelkhand, Avadh Pradesh and Paschim Pradesh with twenty-eight, seven, twenty-three and seventeen districts, respectively, later the proposal was turned down when the [[Akhilesh Yadav]]–lead [[Samajwadi Party]] came to power in the [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012 election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2631472.ece | title=Maya splits U.P. poll scene wide open | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=16 November 2011 | access-date=15 June 2013 | author=Khan, Atiq | location=Lucknow | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112191630/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2631472.ece | archive-date=12 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{Main|Demographics of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{Historical populations<br />
|1901|46647804<br />
|1911|46012663<br />
|1921|44556427<br />
|1931|47478533<br />
|1941|53920630<br />
|1951|60273743<br />
|1961|70143635<br />
|1971|83848797<br />
|1981|105136540<br />
|1991|132061653<br />
|2001|166197921<br />
|2011|199812341<br />
|source=Census of India&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|title= A-2: DECADAL VARIATION IN POPULATION SINCE 1901 |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/09%20A-2Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019023521/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/09%20A-2Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Uttar Pradesh has a very large population and a high population growth rate. From 1991 to 2001 its population increased by over 26 per cent.&lt;ref name=population&gt;{{cite web |title=The density of population in U.P. |url=http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Overview_847.aspx |publisher=Environment and Related Issues Department U.P |access-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215062041/http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Overview_847.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|most populous state in India]], with 199,581,477 people on 1 March 2011.&lt;ref name=autogenerated7&gt;{{cite web|title=Provisional population totals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/UP/7-pop-12-22.pdf|publisher=Census of India 2011|access-date=23 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207004512/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/UP/7-pop-12-22.pdf|archive-date=7 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The state contributes to 16.2 per cent of India's population. As of 2021, the estimated population of the state is around 240 million people.&lt;ref name="Estimated 2021"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rampal |first1=Nikhil |title=World population grew by a billion in past 12 yrs &amp; 5% came from just UP &amp; Bihar, data shows |url=https://theprint.in/india/world-population-hits-8-billion-india-highest-contributor-surpass-china-2023/1218281/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=ThePrint |agency=Printline Media Pvt. Ltd. |date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501221830/https://theprint.in/india/world-population-hits-8-billion-india-highest-contributor-surpass-china-2023/1218281/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The population density is 828 people per square kilometre, making it one of the most densely populated [[States and territories of India|states]] in the country.&lt;ref name="Statistics"&gt;{{cite web|title=Statistics of Uttar Pradesh|url=http://www.up.gov.in/upstateglance.aspx|website=up.gov.in|publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh|access-date=12 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412224507/http://www.up.gov.in/upstateglance.aspx|archive-date=12 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has the largest [[scheduled caste]] population, making up 23% of the state's population, whereas [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|scheduled tribes]] are less than 1 per cent of the total population.&lt;ref name="Tribe"&gt;{{cite web |title=Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/scheduled_castes_and_sceduled_tribes.aspx |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427154205/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/scheduled_castes_and_sceduled_tribes.aspx |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Indigenous"&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kaul |first1=Sudesh |title=Indigenous Peoples Policy Framework |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/467821468035383950/pdf/IPP7630P14786400Box385405B00PUBLIC0.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612181146/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/467821468035383950/pdf/IPP7630P14786400Box385405B00PUBLIC0.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] in 2011, at 912 women to 1000 men, was lower than the national figure of 943.&lt;ref name="pc-census2011"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural &amp; Urban) |url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; The low sex ratio in Uttar Pradesh, is a result of various factors, such as [[sex-selective abortion]], [[female infanticide]], and discrimination against girls and women.&lt;ref name="UP Foeticide"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ara |first1=Ismat |title=Higher Female Foeticide, Targeted Harassment: UP's Population Control Bill May Be Dangerous |url=https://thewire.in/rights/rising-female-foeticide-targeted-harassment-ups-population-control-bill-may-be-dangerous |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=The Wire (India) |agency=Foundation for Independent Journalism (FIJ) |date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501221117/https://thewire.in/rights/rising-female-foeticide-targeted-harassment-ups-population-control-bill-may-be-dangerous |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Uttar Pradesh21"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Menaka |title=How one Uttar Pradesh district is using technology to prevent sex-selective abortions |url=https://scroll.in/pulse/828350/how-one-uttar-pradesh-district-is-using-technology-to-prevent-female-foeticide |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=Scroll.in |agency=Scroll Media Incorporation |date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501221117/https://scroll.in/pulse/828350/how-one-uttar-pradesh-district-is-using-technology-to-prevent-female-foeticide |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The state's 2001–2011 decennial growth rate (including Uttrakhand) was 20.1 per cent, higher than the national rate of 17.64 per cent.&lt;ref name=Decennial&gt;{{cite web|title=Decennil growth of population by census|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/Water_Data_Pocket_Book_2006/t9.01final.pdf|work=Census of India (2011)|access-date=5 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410021912/http://www.cwc.nic.in/Water_Data_Pocket_Book_2006/t9.01final.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=decennialgrowth&gt;{{cite web|title=Decennial growth rate and density for 2011 at a glance for Uttar Pradesh and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_up.html|work=Census of India(2011)|access-date=5 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007014159/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_up.html|archive-date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br />
<br />
The literacy rate of the state at the 2011 census was 67.7 per cent, which was below the national average of 74 per cent.&lt;ref name="Literacy rate"&gt;{{cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Profile|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND009_Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf|publisher=Census of India 2011|access-date=16 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208074636/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND009_Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=8 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="literacy rates"&gt;{{cite web |title= A comparison of the literacy rates |url= http://censusmp.gov.in/censusmp/All-PDF/6Literacy21.12.pdf |publisher= censusmp.gov.in |access-date= 16 October 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120417110338/http://censusmp.gov.in/censusmp/All-PDF/6Literacy21.12.pdf |archive-date= 17 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The literacy rate for men is 79 per cent and for women 59 per cent. In 2001 the literacy rate in the state stood at 56 per cent overall, 67 per cent for men and 43 per cent for women.&lt;ref name="Literacy"&gt;{{cite web |title= Literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh |url= http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttar+pradesh.html |publisher= Census of India 2011 |access-date= 16 October 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110430133506/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttar+pradesh.html |archive-date= 30 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A report based on a [[Central Statistics Office (India)|National Statistical Office]] (NSO) survey{{Efn|name=remark1|National Sample Survey from July 2017 to June 2018 provides state-wise details of literacy rates among persons aged seven and above.}} revealed that Uttar Pradesh's literacy rate is 73 per cent, less than the national average of 77.7 per cent. According to the report, in the rural region, the literacy rate among men is 80.5 per cent and women is 60.4 per cent, while in urban areas, the literacy rate among men is 86.8 per cent and women is 74.9 per cent.&lt;ref name="NSO"&gt;{{cite news |title=UP literacy rate poor than national average: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/up-literacy-rate-poor-than-national-average-report/story-04cd30glcG2IchqkB0TLaJ.html |access-date=20 June 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=HT Media Ltd |date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203635/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/up-literacy-rate-poor-than-national-average-report/story-04cd30glcG2IchqkB0TLaJ.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Economically large number of state's population living below the [[Poverty threshold|poverty line]].&lt;ref name=poverty /&gt; As per a [[World Bank Group|World Bank]] document released in 2016, the pace of poverty reduction in the state has been slower than the rest of the country.&lt;ref name="World Bank"&gt;{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Poverty, Growth &amp; Inequality |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/187721467995647501/pdf/105884-BRI-P157572-ADD-SERIES-India-state-briefs-PUBLIC-UttarPradesh-Proverty.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116021320/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/187721467995647501/pdf/105884-BRI-P157572-ADD-SERIES-India-state-briefs-PUBLIC-UttarPradesh-Proverty.pdf |archive-date=16 November 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Estimates released by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] for the year 2011–12 revealed that the state had 59&amp;nbsp;million (59819,000) people below the poverty line, the most for any state in India.&lt;ref name=poverty&gt;{{cite web|title=The state with large no. of peoples living below poverty line|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=49731|work=Government of India|publisher=Press Information Bureau|access-date=5 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208074013/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=49731|archive-date=8 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=commission&gt;{{cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/news/pre_pov2307.pdf |title=Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011–12 |website=Planning Commission |publisher=Government of India |access-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628120737/http://planningcommission.nic.in/news/pre_pov2307.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2014|page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; The central and eastern districts in particular have very high levels of poverty. The state is also experiencing widening consumption inequality. As per the report of the [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] released in 2020, the state per capita income is below {{INRConvert|80|k}} per annum.&lt;ref name="Annum"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Hemant |title=Per Capita Income of Indian States 2019–20 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/per-capita-income-of-indian-states-1468997157-1 |access-date=23 May 2020 |work=Dainik Jagran |agency=Jagran Prakashan Limited |publisher=Jagran Josh |date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826043616/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/per-capita-income-of-indian-states-1468997157-1 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
===Religion===<br />
{{Pie chart|caption=Religion in Uttar Pradesh (2011)&lt;ref name="religion census"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Number |first1=Religion |title=U.P religions by numbers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece |access-date=29 March 2020 |work=The Hindu |agency=The Hindu Group |issue=26 August 2015 |publisher=N. Ravi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115030444/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece |archive-date=15 November 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
|color5=black<br />
|color4=maroon<br />
|color3=yellow<br />
|color2=green<br />
|color1=darkorange<br />
|label5= Not stated<br />
|label4=Other {{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Christianity in Uttar Pradesh|Christianity]]}}<br />
|label3=[[Sikhism]]<br />
|label2=[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]<br />
|label1=[[Hinduism]]<br />
|value5=0.29<br />
|value4=0.40<br />
|value3=0.32<br />
|value2=19.26<br />
|value1=79.73<br />
|thumb=left<br />
}}<br />
Uttar Pradesh is home to the largest populations of both Hindus and Muslims in India, with the two communities comprising approximately 80% and 19% of the state’s population, respectively. The state’s Hindu population is estimated at around 186 million, making it the largest Hindu population of any state in the country. Uttar Pradesh also has an estimated 44 million Muslims, a figure that exceeds the Muslim populations of several Muslim‑majority countries, including [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Iraq]], [[Malaysia]], [[Syria]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Libya]]. Hinduism is the predominant religion, and is especially strong in rural areas. Islam is more prominent in urban areas and northwestern parts of the state. [[Moradabad]] and [[Rampur district|Rampur]] are the districts in which Muslims constitute an absolute majority, accounting for 50.80 per cent and 50.57 per cent of the population, respectively. There are small pockets of Jainism in urban areas in the northwest and in Bundelkhand, while many Sikhs, mainly descendants of refugees from Partition, are settled in northern districts bordering Uttarakhand or Nepal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/497347/muslim-population-grew-faster-census.html|title=Muslim population grew faster: Census|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827035701/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/497347/muslim-population-grew-faster-census.html|archive-date=27 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
===Language===<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
| value1 = 80.16<br />
| value2 = 10.93<br />
| value3 = 5.42<br />
| value4 = 1.9<br />
| label1 = [[Hindi]]<br />
| label2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br />
| label3 = [[Urdu]]<br />
| label4 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<br />
| color1 = Orange<br />
| color2 = gold<br />
| color3 = green<br />
| color4 = maroon<br />
| caption = Languages of Uttar Pradesh from 2011 census&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Table C-16: Language by States and Union Territories – Uttar Pradesh|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=24 February 2021|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155157/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| label5 = Others{{efn|Including Punjabi, Bengali}}<br />
| color5 = pink<br />
| value5 = 1.59<br />
}}<br />
&lt;!-- [[File:Language Map of Uttar Pradesh (2011 Census).svg|thumb|300px|Languages spoken by district:&lt;br&gt; {{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
'''Hindi'''<br />
{{legend|#ffac85|50–60%}}<br />
{{legend|#ff8952|60–70%}}<br />
{{legend|#ff661f|70–80%}}<br />
{{legend|#eb5600|80–90%}}<br />
{{legend|#cc4b00|90–100%}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
'''Bhojpuri'''<br />
{{legend|#ffd685|50–60%}}<br />
{{legend|#ffc552|60–70%}}<br />
{{legend|#ffb41f|70–80%}}<br />
{{legend|#eb9d00|80–90%}}<br />
{{col-3}}<br />
'''Braj'''<br />
{{legend|#c7b457|70–80%}}<br />
{{col-4}}<br />
{{col-5}}<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
]]--&gt;<br />
[[Hindi]] is the primary official language and is spoken by the majority of the population.&lt;ref name="2011lang"&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 49–53 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] is the second most spoken language of the state,&lt;ref name="Experts"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Disha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4D44EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=bhojpuri+second+language+uttar+pradesh&amp;pg=PA117 |title=Amazing Uttar Pradesh – General Knowledge for UPPSC, UPSSSC &amp; other Competitive Exams |date=1 July 2020 |publisher=Disha Publications |isbn=978-93-90486-72-4|access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427232733/https://books.google.com/books?id=4D44EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=bhojpuri+second+language+uttar+pradesh&amp;pg=PA117 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; it is spoken by almost 11 per cent of the population. Most people speak regional languages classified as dialects of Hindi in the census. These include [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], spoken in [[Awadh]] in central Uttar Pradesh; Bhojpuri spoken in [[Purvanchal]] in eastern Uttar Pradesh; and [[Braj Bhasha]] spoken in the [[Braj]] region in Western Uttar Pradesh. These languages have also been recognised by the state government for official use in their respective regions. [[Urdu]] is given the status of a second official language, spoken by 5.4 per cent of the population.&lt;ref name="2011lang" /&gt;&lt;ref name="census2011-langreport" /&gt; [[English language|English]] is used as a means of communication for education, commerce, and governance. It is commonly spoken and employed as a language of instruction in educational institutions, as well as for conducting business transactions and managing administrative affairs. Other notable languages spoken in the state include [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (0.3 per cent) and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (0.1 per cent).&lt;ref name="census2011-langreport"&gt;{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=21 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
== Governance and administration ==<br />
{{Main|Government of Uttar Pradesh|Vidhan Bhavan, Lucknow}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Vidhan Sabha (at day).jpg|left|thumb|alt=refer caption|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha), the lower house of the bicameral legislature]]<br />
The state is governed by a [[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]]. Uttar Pradesh is one of the seven states in India, where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses: the [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) and the [[Vidhan Parishad]] (Legislative Council).&lt;ref name="vidhan parishad"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/UttarPradesh-LC.htm|title=Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad structure|website=Legislative Bodies of India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=19 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417175655/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/UttarPradesh-LC.htm|archive-date=17 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Vidhan Sabha"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/UTTAR%20PRADESH.htm|title=Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha structure|website=Legislative Bodies of India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=19 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417175232/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/UTTAR%20PRADESH.htm|archive-date=17 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] consists of 404 members who are elected for five-year terms. The [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] is a permanent body of 100 members with one-third (33 members) retiring every two years. The state sends the largest number of legislators to the national Parliament.&lt;ref name="elections"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/02/2012286478579763.html|title=Legislative elections in Uttar Pradesh|last=Four other states seen as a barometer of support for the federal government.|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=8 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210194222/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/02/2012286478579763.html|archive-date=10 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The state contributes 80 seats to [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]], and 31 seats to [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house.&lt;ref name="Grover1989"&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRqrO0Hx0Y0C&amp;pg=PA37|title=Legislative Council in State Legislatures|first=Verinder|last=Grover|publisher=Deep &amp; Deep Publications|isbn=978-8171001934|pages=37–255|access-date=27 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528132659/http://books.google.com/books?id=fRqrO0Hx0Y0C&amp;pg=PA37|archive-date=28 May 2013|year=1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf|title=Composition of Rajya Sabha|work=Rajya Sabha|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat|location=New Delhi|pages=24–25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020442/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=15 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] is a [[Democracy|democratically]] elected body in India with the [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|governor]] as its constitutional head and is appointed by the [[president of India]] for a five-year term.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Role of The Governor |url= http://upgovernor.gov.in/upgovernor.gov.in/roleofgov.htm |website= upgovernor.gov.in |publisher= Raj Bhavan Uttar Pradesh |access-date= 17 March 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170407230227/http://www.upgovernor.gov.in/upgovernor.gov.in/roleofgov.htm |archive-date= 7 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|chief minister]] by the governor, and the council of ministers is appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state, while the chief minister and his council are responsible for day-to-day government functions. The Council of Ministers consists of Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (MoS). The Secretariat headed by the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] assists the council of ministers. The Chief Secretary is also the administrative head of the government. Each government department is headed by a minister, who is assisted by an [[Additional Chief Secretary (India)|Additional Chief Secretary]] or a [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]], who is usually an officer of [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS), the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary serves as the administrative head of the department they are assigned to. Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary, Special Secretary, Joint Secretary etc. assisting the Minister and the [[Additional Chief Secretary (India)|Additional Chief Secretary]]/[[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]].&lt;ref name=":2"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Setup |url=http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831000649/http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx |archive-date=31 August 2017 |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":64"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Laxmikanth |first=M. |title=Governance in India |publisher=McGraw Hill Education |year=2014 |isbn=978-9339204785 |edition=2nd |location=[[Noida]] |pages=4.3–4.5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
For administration, the state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts. [[Divisional Commissioner]], an IAS officer is the head of revenue administration on the divisional level.&lt;ref name=":2" /&gt;&lt;ref name=":42"&gt;{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration |last=Maheshwari |first=S.R. |publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. |year=2000 |isbn=978-8125019886 |location=[[New Delhi]] |pages=563–572 |edition=6th}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":52"&gt;{{Cite book |title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar |last=Singh |first=G.P. |publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993 |isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]] |pages=26–129}}&lt;/ref&gt; The administration in each district is headed by a [[District collector|District Magistrate]] (DM), who is also an IAS officer, and is assisted by several officers belonging to state services.&lt;ref name=":2" /&gt;&lt;ref name=":022"&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|title=Contact Details of Commissioners and District Magistrates of U.P.|website=[[Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Home and Confidential]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=15 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816061300/http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|archive-date=16 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The District Magistrate, as the head of the district administration, is responsible for revenue administration, maintenance of law and order, disaster management, conducting elections, coordination among various departments, and delivery of public services in the district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revenue {{!}} District Varanasi, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://varanasi.nic.in/revenue/ |access-date=1 January 2026 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the [[Community development block|block]] level, the [[Block Development Officer]] (BDO) is responsible for the overall development of the [[Block (district subdivision)|block]]. The [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] is headed by an IPS officer of the rank of [[Director general of police]] (DGP). A [[Superintendent of Police]] (SP), an IPS officer assisted by the officers of the Uttar Pradesh Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The Divisional Forest Officer (DFO), an officer belonging to the [[Indian Forest Service]] manages the forests, environment, and wildlife of the district, assisted by the officers of [[Provincial Forest Service (Uttar Pradesh)|Provincial Forest Service]] and Uttar Pradesh Forest Subordinate Service.&lt;ref name="Provincial_Forest"&gt;{{cite web |title=LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS |url=https://forest.uk.gov.in/uploads/fbd/1637060091.pdf |publisher=Government of Uttarakhand |access-date=8 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
[[File:Allahabad high court.jpg|right|thumb|alt=refer caption|Allahabad High Court]]<br />
The judiciary in the state consists of the [[Allahabad High Court]] in [[Prayagraj]], the [[Lucknow]] Bench of [[Allahabad High Court]], district courts and session courts in each district or Sessions Division, and lower courts at the [[tehsil]] level.&lt;ref name=":2" /&gt;&lt;ref name="courts"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/uttar-pradesh/local-government/judiciary.html|title=Uttar Pradesh judiciary|publisher=Maps of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904072538/http://www.mapsofindia.com/uttar-pradesh/local-government/judiciary.html|archive-date=4 September 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=19 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The president of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Uttar Pradesh judiciary on the advice of the [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]] as well as the governor of Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref name=":2" /&gt;&lt;ref name="Appointment"&gt;{{cite web |title=The Uttar Pradesh Judicial Service Rules, 2001 |url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/rules/TheUttarPradeshJudicialServiceRules2001.pdf |publisher=Allahabad High Court |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024015107/http://allahabadhighcourt.in/rules/TheUttarPradeshJudicialServiceRules2001.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subordinate Judicial Service, categorised into two divisions viz. Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services and Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service are another vital part of the judiciary of Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref name=":2"/&gt;&lt;ref name="presiding" /&gt; While the Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services comprise the Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and civil judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate, the Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges.&lt;ref name=":2" /&gt; The Subordinate judicial service (viz. The district court of [[Etawah]] and the district court of Kanpur Dehat) of the judiciary at Uttar Pradesh is controlled by the District Judge.&lt;ref name=":2" /&gt;&lt;ref name="presiding"&gt;&lt;!--?REPEAT1?--&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bind |first1=Basini Prasad |title=The History and Role of Subordinate Civil Judiciary in Uttar Pradesh |url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/TheHistoryRoleSubordinateJudiciaryBBPrasad.pdf |publisher=Allahabad High Court |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508214410/http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/TheHistoryRoleSubordinateJudiciaryBBPrasad.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Civil Judiciary"&gt;&lt;!--?REPEAT2?--&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/TheHistoryRoleSubordinateJudiciaryBBPrasad.pdf |title=Subordinate Civil Judiciary in Uttar Pradesh |publisher=[[Allahabad High Court]]|access-date=19 September 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508214410/http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/TheHistoryRoleSubordinateJudiciaryBBPrasad.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Politics in Uttar Pradesh has been dominated by four political parties – the [[Samajwadi Party]], the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and the [[Indian National Congress]]. The political landscape of the state is often characterised by intense competition and [[Social polarization|polarisation]], leading to [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-based tensions]] and [[Communal violence|communal conflicts]].&lt;ref name="State Tensions"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Salam |first1=Ziya Us |title=Casteism and social apartheid the norm in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/social-apartheid-is-the-norm/article32882917.ece |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=The Frontline |agency=The Hindu |date=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critics often suggest that despite Uttar Pradesh's significant political legacy of producing eight [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Ministers]], the state continues to struggle with issues that hinder its overall advancement.&lt;ref name="politically crucial state"&gt;{{cite web|title=UP: the nerve center of politics|url=http://zeenews.india.com/state-elections-2012/up/issues.html|publisher=[[Zee news]]|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524062808/http://zeenews.india.com/state-elections-2012/up/issues.html|archive-date=24 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Crime and accidents ===<br />
According to the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] (NHRC), Uttar Pradesh tops the list of states of [[Encounter killings by police|encounter killings]] and custodial deaths.&lt;ref name="Express"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sarda |first1=Kanu |title=In Custody: Six died daily in four months |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/aug/19/in-custody-six-died-daily-in-four-months-1859555.html |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=Express Publications (Madurai) Limited D |date=19 August 2018 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607174117/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/aug/19/in-custody-six-died-daily-in-four-months-1859555.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, the state recorded 365 judicial deaths out of a total 1,530 deaths recorded in the country.&lt;ref name="deaths"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sandhu |first1=Kamaljit Kaur |title=More bad news for Yogi Adityanath as data show UP tops crime chart |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/more-bad-news-for-yogi-adityanath-as-data-show-up-tops-crime-chart-1189660-2018-03-14 |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=India Today |agency=Living Media India Limited |date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828232341/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/more-bad-news-for-yogi-adityanath-as-data-show-up-tops-crime-chart-1189660-2018-03-14 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; NHRC further said, of the over 30,000 murders registered in the country in 2016, Uttar Pradesh had 4,889 cases.&lt;ref name="NHRC"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Phalguni |title=NHRC registered 1,782 fake encounter cases between 2000–2017; Uttar Pradesh alone accounts for 44.55% |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/nhrc-registered-1782-fake-encounter-cases-between-2000-2017-uttar-pradesh-alone-accounts-for-44-55-4332125.html |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=Firstpost |agency=Network 18 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607175917/https://www.firstpost.com/india/nhrc-registered-1782-fake-encounter-cases-between-2000-2017-uttar-pradesh-alone-accounts-for-44-55-4332125.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A data from [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] (MHA) avers, [[Bareilly]] recorded the highest number of custodial death at 25, followed by [[Agra]] (21), [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] (19) and [[Varanasi]] (9). [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB) data from 2011 says, the state has the highest number of crimes among any state in India, but due to its [[Population density|high population]], the actual per capita crime rate is low.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Pervez Iqbal Siddiqui|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UP-tops-in-crime-low-on-criminality/articleshow/10537316.cms|title=UP tops in crime, low on 'criminality'|date=30 October 2011|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226121729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-30/lucknow/30338628_1_crime-incidents-population-kidnapping-and-abduction-cases|archive-date=26 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The state also continues to top the list of states with maximum [[Religious violence in India|communal violence]] incidents. An analysis of Ministers of State of Home Affairs states (2014), 23 per cent of all incidents of communal violence in India took place in the state.&lt;ref name="rise violence"&gt;{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh tops the list of communal violence hit states in 2017: Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/uttar-pradesh-tops-the-list-of-communal-violence-hit-states-in-2017-govt/articleshow/63300833.cms?from=mdr |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The Economic Times |agency=Bennett, Coleman &amp; Co. Ltd. |date=14 March 2018 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225120204/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/uttar-pradesh-tops-the-list-of-communal-violence-hit-states-in-2017-govt/articleshow/63300833.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="violence raise"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Neeta |title=Communal Violence Goes Up In Country, Uttar Pradesh Still Tops List |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/communal-violence-goes-up-in-country-uttar-pradesh-still-tops-list-1823917 |access-date=20 May 2020 |publisher=NDTV |agency=New Delhi Television Limited |date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812005415/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/communal-violence-goes-up-in-country-uttar-pradesh-still-tops-list-1823917 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a research assembled by [[State Bank of India]], Uttar Pradesh failed to improve its [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) ranking over a period of 27 years (1990–2017).&lt;ref name="SBI"&gt;{{cite web |title= Human Development Index Across Indian States: Is the Glass Still Half Empty? |url=https://sbi.co.in/documents/13958/14472/Ecowrap_20190308.pdf |publisher=State Bank of India |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406004223/https://sbi.co.in/documents/13958/14472/Ecowrap_20190308.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Based on sub-national human development index data for [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|Indian states]] from 1990 to 2017, the report also stated that the value of human development index has steadily increased over time from 0.39 in 1990 to 0.59 in 2017.&lt;ref name="Index"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Saurabh |title=UP fails to improve human development index ranking in 27 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-fails-to-improve-human-development-index-ranking-in-27-years/story-RJM0f3tD9hiQ3mAE62VVaL.html |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=HT Media Ltd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126140936/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-fails-to-improve-human-development-index-ranking-in-27-years/story-RJM0f3tD9hiQ3mAE62VVaL.html |archive-date=26 January 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="HDI"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/india_uttar_pradesh_2007.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh Human Development Report|date=December 2008|website=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|access-date=13 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709020534/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/india_uttar_pradesh_2007.pdf|archive-date=9 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="growth"&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-Human-Development-Report-raps-Gujarat-praises-UP-and-Bihar/articleshow/10446060.cms|title=India Human Development Report report raps Gujarat, praises UP and Bihar|date=22 October 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226114722/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/india/30310270_1_poor-states-bjp-ruled-states-social-inclusion|archive-date=26 December 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Uttar Pradesh Police]], governed by the [[Department of Home and Confidential]], is the largest [[police]] force in the world.&lt;ref name="armed force"&gt;{{cite web|last=Shafi |first=Alam |title=The strength of Armed Police in Uttar Pradesh |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2010/cii-2010/Chapter%2017.pdf |publisher=[[National Crime Records Bureau]] |access-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110085726/http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2010/cii-2010/Chapter%2017.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/pages/en/topmenu/about-us/en-general-information|title=General Information|website=Uttar Pradesh Police|access-date=6 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906042425/https://uppolice.gov.in/pages/en/topmenu/about-us/en-general-information|archive-date=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Highlight&gt;{{cite web|title=Highlight of criminal statistics|url=http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/statistical_year_book_2011/SECTOR-6-MISCELLANEOUS%20SECTOR/CH-37-CRIME%20STATISTICS/CRIME%20STATISTICS-WRITEUP.pdf|publisher=Ministry of statistics and program implementation|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120103625/http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/statistical_year_book_2011/SECTOR-6-MISCELLANEOUS%20SECTOR/CH-37-CRIME%20STATISTICS/CRIME%20STATISTICS-WRITEUP.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Uttar Pradesh also reported the highest number of deaths – 41,746 – due to road accidents till December 2022, according to "Road Accidents in India" report of [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]].&lt;ref name="Road Deaths"&gt;{{cite news |title=UP sees 6.5% rise in road accidents, 4% in fatalities this yr, says govt data |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-road-accidents-up-6-5-this-yr-fatalities-rise-4-9051922/#:~:text=The%20report%20shows%20that%20a,injured%20and%2021%2C227%20people%20died. |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=Express News Service |agency=The Indian Express |date=3 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Highest"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Arvind |title=At 23,219, UP reports highest number of road, rail accident |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/at-23219-up-reports-highest-number-of-road-rail-accident-deaths/articleshow/56394327.cms |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=The Times Group |publisher=Bennett, Coleman &amp; Co. Ltd. |date=7 January 2017 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618182651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/at-23219-up-reports-highest-number-of-road-rail-accident-deaths/articleshow/56394327.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UP Transport Department]] report also indicates that the primary cause of road accident fatalities was over-speeding, which accounted for 40 per cent of deaths. Drunken driving contributed to 10 per cent of fatalities, while 12 per cent of deaths were due to driving on the wrong side. Additionally, 10 per cent of accident deaths were caused by the use of mobile phones, and 5 per cent resulted from running red lights. The remaining 23 per cent of deaths were attributed to factors such as losing control of the vehicle, drowsiness, poor road visibility, and engineering defects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=An accident reported every two hours in UP: Fatal accidents in the state|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/an-accident-reported-every-two-hours-in-up-fatal-accidents-in-the-state/story-qfPeclssrDuZGulc7ETNUJ.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505113620/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/an-accident-reported-every-two-hours-in-up-fatal-accidents-in-the-state/story-qfPeclssrDuZGulc7ETNUJ.html|archive-date=5 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Between 2006 and 2010, the state has been hit with three terrorist attacks, including explosions in a landmark holy place, a court and a temple. The [[2006 Varanasi bombings]] were a series of bombings that occurred across the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] holy city of [[Varanasi]] on 7 March 2006. At least 28 people were killed and as many as 101 others were injured.&lt;ref name=bomb09&gt;{{cite news|title=A powerful bomb placed in|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/delhi-blast-raid-at-huji-militant-s-house-in-up_730458.html|access-date=20 July 2012|publisher=[[Zee news]]|date=20 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129235043/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/delhi-blast-raid-at-huji-militant-s-house-in-up_730458.html|archive-date=29 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sankat Mochan Hanuman temple blast|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/07up.htm|work='[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=14 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809032928/http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/07up.htm|archive-date=9 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the afternoon of 23 November 2007, within a span of 25 minutes, six consecutive [[2007 Uttar Pradesh bombings|serial blasts]] occurred in the Lucknow, Varanasi, and Faizabad courts, in which 28 people were killed.&lt;ref name="blast responsible"&gt;{{cite news|title=Varanasi blast|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/varanasi-blast-18-month-old-killed-25-injured-71186|access-date=15 July 2012|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=7 December 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212033140/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/varanasi-blast-18-month-old-killed-25-injured-71186|archive-date=12 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="2007 bombing"&gt;{{cite news|last=Swami|first=Praveen|title=Uttar Pradesh bombings mark new phase|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/25/stories/2007112555861000.htm|access-date=20 July 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 November 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126061742/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/25/stories/2007112555861000.htm|archive-date=26 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bombings&gt;{{cite news|last=Swami|first=Praveen|title=Wiretap warning on Uttar Pradesh bombings went in vain|url=http://hindu.com/2007/12/26/stories/2007122653691200.htm|access-date=20 July 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 December 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304213229/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/26/stories/2007122653691200.htm|archive-date=4 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another blast occurred on 7 December 2010, the [[2010 Varanasi bombing|blast]] occurred at Sheetla Ghat in Varanasi in which more than 38 people were killed.&lt;ref name="people killed"&gt;{{cite news|title=Massive terror attacks|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/massive-terror-attacks-in-india-in-the-last-20-years/14/26333/|access-date=20 July 2012|publisher=The Sunday Indian|date=25 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606090350/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/massive-terror-attacks-in-india-in-the-last-20-years/14/26333/|archive-date=6 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="terror attack"&gt;{{cite web|title=Chronology of recent terror attacks|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/chronology-recent-terror-attacks-india-153913362.html|publisher=[[Yahoo]]|access-date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717155321/http://in.news.yahoo.com/chronology-recent-terror-attacks-india-153913362.html|archive-date=17 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2016, a series of bomb blasts occurred at the Jhakarkati Bus Station in [[Kanpur]], killing 2 people and injuring more than 30.&lt;ref name="Kanpur16"&gt;{{cite news |title=Freak blast sets panic alarm ringing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/freak-blast-sets-panic-alarm-ringing/articleshow/4230409.cms |access-date=2 May 2023 |work=The Times of India |agency=The Times Group |publisher=Bennett, Coleman &amp; Co. Ltd. |date=5 March 2009 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502183426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/freak-blast-sets-panic-alarm-ringing/articleshow/4230409.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
{{Main|Economy of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{See also|List of urban agglomerations in Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:260px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%"<br />
| colspan=2 style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center"| '''Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (2011–12 Base)'''<br />
<br />
figures in [[crore]]s of [[Indian rupee]]s<br />
|-<br />
! Year || Net State Domestic Product&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://updes.up.nic.in/STATE%20ACC%20STATISTICS/State%20Domestic%20Product/GSDP%20at%20current%202014-15.pdf|title=Gross State Domestic Product by Economic Activity (crore Rs) Uttar Pradesh|website=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=11 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042957/http://updes.up.nic.in/STATE%20ACC%20STATISTICS/State%20Domestic%20Product/GSDP%20at%20current%202014-15.pdf|archive-date=12 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
|-<br />
| 2011–12 || 532,218<br />
|-<br />
| 2015–16 || 1,137,808<br />
|-<br />
| 2016–17 || 1,288,700<br />
|-<br />
|2017–18<br />
|1,446,000&lt;ref name=":0"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/State%20Budget%202018-19/Uttar%20Pradesh%20Budget%20Analysis%202018-19.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2018–19|last=Khullar|first=Vatsal|date=20 February 2018|website=[[PRS Legislative Research]]|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100915/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/State%20Budget%202018-19/Uttar%20Pradesh%20Budget%20Analysis%202018-19.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Small|(est.)}}<br />
|}<br />
[[File:Common Indian Sunflower.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Common sunflower farming in [[Lambhua]], Sultanpur|Sown saplings of [[common sunflower]]s; located in the rich fertile [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], agriculture is the largest employment generator in the state.]]<br />
In terms of [[Net domestic product|net state domestic product]] (NSDP), Uttar Pradesh is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|fourth-largest]] economy in India, with an estimated gross state domestic product of {{INRConvert|14.89|lc}},&lt;ref name=":0"/&gt; contributing 8.4% of India's gross domestic product.&lt;ref name="RBI2023"&gt;{{cite web | title= TABLE 27: GROSS STATE DOMESTIC PRODUCT| url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/27T_15112023E301A02422494F73BFAFD6CDD84EEEAE.PDF | access-date=12 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the report generated by India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), in 2014–15, Uttar Pradesh has accounted for 19% share in the country's total food grain output.&lt;ref name="IBEF2015"&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ibef.org/download/Uttar%20Pradesh-November-2015.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh: A Rainbow Land |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |year=2015 |website=ibef.org |publisher=[[India Brand Equity Foundation]] |access-date=13 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921230048/https://www.ibef.org/download/Uttar%20Pradesh-November-2015.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 70% of India's sugar comes from Uttar Pradesh. Sugarcane is the most important cash crop as the state is country's largest producer of sugar.&lt;ref name="IBEF2015" /&gt; As per the report generated by Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA), total sugarcane production in India was estimated to be 28.3&amp;nbsp;million tonnes in the fiscal ending September 2015 which includes 10.47&amp;nbsp;million tonnes from Maharashtra and 7.35&amp;nbsp;million tonnes from Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiansugar.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nid=4584|title=Indian sugar mills association|website=indiansugar.com|access-date=8 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826083928/http://www.indiansugar.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nid=4584|archive-date=26 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The state has significant reserves of cement-grade [[limestone]] and crystalline [[marble]], in districts of [[Mirzapur]] and [[Sonbhadra]], supporting a growing cement and refractory industry. With 359 manufacturing clusters, cement is the top sector of [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|SMEs]] in Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref name="ET-20130620-SMEs"&gt;{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/emerging-businesses/sme-policy-trends/smes-employ-close-to-40-of-indias-workforce-but-contribute-only-17-to-gdp/articleshow/20496337.cms?curpg=2 | title=SMEs employ close to 40% of India's workforce, but contribute only 17% to GDP | work=The Economic Times | date=9 June 2013| access-date=20 June 2013 | first=Malini | last=Goyal | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062949/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/emerging-businesses/sme-policy-trends/smes-employ-close-to-40-of-indias-workforce-but-contribute-only-17-to-gdp/articleshow/20496337.cms?curpg=2 | archive-date=31 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation (UPFC) was established in 1954 under the SFCs Act of 1951 mainly to develop small- and medium-scale industries in the state.&lt;ref name="UPFC"&gt;{{cite web|title=Details of financing &amp; limits of accommodation|url=http://www.ijest.info/docs/IJEST10-02-07-13.pdf|publisher=UPFC India|access-date=22 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530154018/http://www.ijest.info/docs/IJEST10-02-07-13.pdf|archive-date=30 May 2012|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt; The UPFC also provides working capital to existing units with a soundtrack record and to new units under a single window scheme.&lt;ref name="statements"&gt;{{cite web|title=A statement of the categories of documents that are held by the Corporation.|url=http://www.upfcindia.com/rti/manual-vi.pdf|publisher=Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation|access-date=9 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116014458/http://www.upfcindia.com/rti/manual-vi.pdf|archive-date=16 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2012, due to financial constraints and directions from the state government, lending activities were suspended except for State Government Schemes.&lt;ref name="budget"&gt;{{cite web|title=The budget allocated to each of its agency|url=http://www.upfcindia.com/rti/manual-xi.pdf|publisher=UPFC India|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116014535/http://www.upfcindia.com/rti/manual-xi.pdf|archive-date=16 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The state has reported total private investment worth over Rs. 25,081 crores during the years of 2012 and 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/private-investment-under-akhilesh-government-more-than-doubles-116032700361_1.html|title=Private investment under Akhilesh government more than doubles|last=Rawat|first=Virendra Singh|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=27 March 2016|access-date=8 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820114551/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/private-investment-under-akhilesh-government-more-than-doubles-116032700361_1.html|archive-date=20 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a 2015 report by the World Bank on the [[Indian states ranking by ease of doing business|Ease of Doing Business in India]], Uttar Pradesh was ranked among the top 10 states and was the first among the northern states.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/economy/world-bank-survey-indias-top-10-states-on-the-ease-of-doing-business-ranking/10-uttar-pradesh/slideshow/48970813.cms|title=10. Uttar Pradesh – World Bank Survey: India's top 10 states on the ease of doing business ranking – The Economic Times|access-date=8 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623140228/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/economy/world-bank-survey-indias-top-10-states-on-the-ease-of-doing-business-ranking/10-uttar-pradesh/slideshow/48970813.cms|archive-date=23 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The state is home to over 11,500 leather production units, primarily concentrated in Agra and Kanpur, making it one of India's leading leather manufacturing regions.&lt;ref name="leather"&gt;{{cite web | last=Husain | first=Saman | title=Trump's 50% tariff: Beginning to get foothold in US market, Agra's leather belt takes a hit | website=The Indian Express | date=13 August 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/trumps-50-tariff-beginning-to-get-foothold-in-us-market-agras-leather-belt-takes-a-hit-10185625/ | access-date=28 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttar Pradesh also contributes around 15 per cent of India's total fabric production and employs nearly 30 per cent of the country's artisan workforce.&lt;ref name="BS"&gt;{{cite web| title=UP govt's new policy aims to boost leather manufacturing, exports | website=Business Standard | date=7 August 2025 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/up-govt-s-new-policy-aims-to-boost-leather-manufacturing-exports-125080701649_1.html | access-date=28 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
According to the Uttar Pradesh Budget Documents (2019–20), Uttar Pradesh's debt burden is 29.8 per cent of the [[Gross domestic product|GSDP]].&lt;ref name="Debt HT"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Umesh |title=Finance commission asks Uttar Pradesh to bring down its debt burden |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/finance-commission-asks-up-to-bring-down-its-debt-burden/story-ySZwu16DTAU6bsnzfbEBHP.html |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=HT Media Ltd |date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518022214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/finance-commission-asks-up-to-bring-down-its-debt-burden/story-ySZwu16DTAU6bsnzfbEBHP.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The state's total financial debt stood at {{INRConvert|2.09|lc}} in 2011.&lt;ref name="debt burden"&gt;{{cite news |date=14 June 2011 |title=State slipping into debt burden |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/state-slipping-into-debt-burden/articleshow/8840055.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506234001/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-14/pune/29656552_1_debt-burden-white-paper-finance-minister |archive-date=6 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttar Pradesh has not been able to witness double-digit economic growth despite consistent attempts over the years.&lt;ref name="Debt HT" /&gt; The GSDP is estimated to have grown 7 per cent in 2017–18 and 6.5 per cent in 2018–19 which is about 10 per cent of India's GDP. According to a survey conducted by the [[Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy]] (CMIE), Uttar Pradesh's [[unemployment rate]] increased 11.4 percentage points, rising to 21.5 per cent in April 2020.&lt;ref name="Unemployment"&gt;{{cite news |title=Unemployment in Uttar Pradesh increased 11.4 pct points, rose to 21.5% in Apr 2020: CMIE Survey |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/unemployment-in-uttar-pradesh-increased-11-4-pct-points-rose-to-21-5-in-apr-2020-cmie-survey-11588316047392.html |access-date=5 June 2020 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |agency=HT Media |date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605165040/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/unemployment-in-uttar-pradesh-increased-11-4-pct-points-rose-to-21-5-in-apr-2020-cmie-survey-11588316047392.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of [[Human migration|net migrants]] migrating out of the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Abhishek |last2=Kawoosa |first2=Vijdan Mohammad |title=What the 2011 census data on migration tells us |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/migration-from-up-bihar-disproportionately-high/story-K3WAio8TrrvBhd22VbAPLN.html |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=HT Media |date=26 July 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814073603/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/migration-from-up-bihar-disproportionately-high/story-K3WAio8TrrvBhd22VbAPLN.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2011 census data on migration shows that nearly 14.4&amp;nbsp;million (14.7%) people had migrated out of Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Edwin |first1=Tina |title=Migrants seem to prefer neighbouring States for livelihood |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/migrants-seem-to-prefer-neighbouring-states-for-livelihood/article28762755.ece |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=Business Line |agency=Kasturi and Sons Limited |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025025600/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/migrants-seem-to-prefer-neighbouring-states-for-livelihood/article28762755.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Marriage was cited as the predominant reason for migration among females. Among males, the most important reason for migration was work and employment.&lt;ref name="Reasons"&gt;{{cite web |title=Census of India 2001 – Data Highlights |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Data_Highlights/Data_Highlights_link/data_highlights_D1D2D3.pdf |publisher=Government of India |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101020548/https://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Data_Highlights/Data_Highlights_link/data_highlights_D1D2D3.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttar Pradesh continues to have regional disparities, particularly with the western districts of the state showing higher development indicators such as per capita district development product (PCDDP) and gross district development product (GDDP) compared to other regions.&lt;ref name="TOI_Regions"&gt;{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Mahendra | title=Eastern UP, not Bundelkhand, most backward: Govt data | website=The Times of India | date=21 October 2013 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/eastern-up-not-bundelkhand-most-backward-govt-data/articleshow/24453834.cms | access-date=10 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to inadequate infrastructure and a dense population, [[Purvanchal]] faces notable socio-economic disparities.&lt;ref name="NG Journal"&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Tiwari | first1=Anil Kumar | last2=Pandey | first2=Ravindra K. | last3=Sharma | first3=Vishwambhar Nath | title=A study of disparities in the socio-economic development of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India | journal=National Geographical Journal of India | volume=67 | issue=4 | date=31 December 2021 | issn=0027-9374 | pages=438–446 | doi=10.48008/ngji.1789 | url=https://ngji.in/index.php/ngji/article/view/299#:~:text=Eastern%20Uttar%20Pradesh%2C%20an%20economically,disparity%20in%20socio%2Deconomic%20development. | access-date=10 July 2024| url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2021–22 the GDDP for Purvanchal it is ₹5.37 lakh crore, while for [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] (including the [[Upper Doab]], [[Rohilkhand]] and [[Braj]]) it is ₹9.44 lakh crore. For the [[Bundelkhand]] and [[Awadh]] regions, the GDDP remained ₹99,029.34 crore and ₹3.36 lakh crore, respectively. As of 2021–22, the per capita annual income in eastern districts is about one-fourth of the national average at ₹12,741 while the state's average stood at ₹17,349.&lt;ref name="HT Data"&gt;{{cite web | last=Raghuvanshi | first=Umesh | title=Regional disparities persist, west U.P. far ahead of east | website=Hindustan Times | date=7 September 2023 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/uttar-pradesh-s-regional-disparities-western-districts-lead-in-development-indicators-eastern-districts-lag-behind-101694030468889.html | access-date=10 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
[[File:IT Park, Noida, Uttar Pradesh (2011-06-18).jpg|thumb|alt=refer caption|[[Business park|IT Parks]] in Noida, which are known for their infrastructure and services, as well as high-end housing complexes.&lt;ref name="IT parks"&gt;{{cite news|last1=IT park|first1=Infrastructure and|date=4 January 2016|title=Noida-Greater Noida's world class infrastructure to be highlighted in UP Pravasi Diwas|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Bennett, Coleman &amp; Co. Ltd|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Greater-Noidas-world-class-infrastructure-to-be-highlighted-in-UP-Pravasi-Diwas/articleshow/50433022.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131081352/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Greater-Noidas-world-class-infrastructure-to-be-highlighted-in-UP-Pravasi-Diwas/articleshow/50433022.cms|archive-date=31 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br />
In 2009–10, the [[tertiary sector of the economy]] (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 44.8 per cent of the state domestic product compared to 44 per cent from the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, and tourism) and 11.2 per cent from the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).&lt;ref name="Investment"&gt;{{cite web|title=Investment climate of a state|url=http://www.ibef.org/download/Uttar_Pradesh_060710.pdf|publisher=IBEF organization|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510142802/http://www.ibef.org/download/Uttar_Pradesh_060710.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Service sector"&gt;{{cite news|title=Service sector over the present crisis|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-03-14/news/28471008_1_service-sector-gdp-growth-enterprises|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=14 March 2009|date=14 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507005546/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-03-14/news/28471008_1_service-sector-gdp-growth-enterprises|archive-date=7 May 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Noida]], [[Meerut]], and [[Agra]] rank as the top 3 districts with the highest per capita income, whereas [[Lucknow]] and [[Kanpur]] rank 7th and 9th in per capita income.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statistical Diary of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://updes.up.nic.in/updes/data/sdiaryenglish/files/diary%20eng%202021_merged.pdf |access-date=2 October 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004145340/https://updes.up.nic.in/updes/data/sdiaryenglish/files/diary%20eng%202021_merged.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; During the 11th five-year plan (2007–2012), the average [[Gross domestic product|gross state domestic product]] (GSDP) growth rate was 7.3 per cent, lower than 15.5 per cent, the average for all states of the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/only-5-states-exceed-11th-plan-growth-targets-govt_584266.html|title=Only 5 states exceed 11th Plan growth targets: Govt: Ruled by CNBC TV18 News|date=13 May 2011|work=[[CNBC]] TV18-MoneyControl Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605114827/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/only-5-states-exceed-11th-plan-growth-targets-govt_584266.html|archive-date=5 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="State Finances"&gt;{{cite web|title=RBI releases Study on State Finances 2009–10 |url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=22105 |publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) |access-date=22 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225162108/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=22105 |archive-date=25 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The state's per capita GSDP was {{INRConvert|29417}}, lower than the national per capita GSDP of {{INRConvert|60972}}.&lt;ref name="Ministry of statistics and Program Implementation Govt. Of India"&gt;{{Cite report|title=Ministry of statistics and Program Implementation |url=http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/State_wise_SDP_2004-05_14mar12.pdf |publisher=Ministry of statistics and Program Implementation Govt. Of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023256/http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/State_wise_SDP_2004-05_14mar12.pdf |archive-date= 4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labor efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than the national average of 25. Textiles and sugar refining, both long-standing industries in Uttar Pradesh, employ a significant proportion of the state's total factory labour. The economy also benefits from the state's tourism industry.&lt;ref name="Small Scale Industries"&gt;{{cite web|title=Small scale industries and other small trades.|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2004-05(I)/eb/sbe84.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Small Scale Industries|access-date=17 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410141303/http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2004-05(I)/eb/sbe84.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== Transportation ==<br />
{{Further|List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh|List of airports in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Delhi Noida Direct flyway (Uttar Pradesh - 2011-06-18).jpg|thumb|A section of the Delhi–Noida Direct Flyway]]<br />
The state has the largest railway network in the country but in relative terms has only sixth-highest railway density despite its plain topography and largest population. {{As of|2015}}, there were {{convert|9,077|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of rail in the state.&lt;ref name="route length"&gt;{{cite web|title=total railway route length uttar pradesh|url=http://lko.railnet.gov.in/|publisher=Northern Railways Lucknow Division|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814075641/http://lko.railnet.gov.in/|archive-date=14 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Network"&gt;{{cite web |title=The Network |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/IRSP_2015-16/Year_Book_Eng/9.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Railways |access-date=28 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The railway network in the state is controlled by two divisions of the [[Indian Railways]] viz. North Central Railway and North Eastern Railway. [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]] is the headquarters of the [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]&lt;ref name="North Central Railway"&gt;{{cite web|title=North Central Railway-The Allahabad Division|url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,1,396,403|publisher=Indian Railways Portal CMS Team|access-date=22 February 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318062507/http://ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,1,396,403|archive-date=18 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur]] is the headquarters of the [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]].&lt;ref name="North-Eastern Railways"&gt;{{cite web|title=the Portal of Indian Railways|url=http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=14 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411221732/http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/|archive-date=11 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="security system"&gt;{{cite news|title=Equipment arrives for integrated security system|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/North-Eastern-Railway|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514093655/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/North-Eastern-Railway|archive-date=14 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lucknow and Moradabad serve as divisional Headquarters of the Northern Railway Division. [[Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express]], the second fastest [[Shatabdi Express]] train, connects the Indian capital of [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] to [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow]] while [[Kanpur–New Delhi Shatabdi Express|Kanpur Shatabdi Express]], connects New Delhi to [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]]. This was the first train in India to get the new German [[LHB coaches]].&lt;ref name="train"&gt;{{cite news|title=Lucknow New Delhi Shatabdi Express|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Lucknow-New-Delhi-Shatabdi-Express|access-date=28 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926075420/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Lucknow-New-Delhi-Shatabdi-Express|archive-date=26 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The railway stations of [[Prayagraj Junction]], [[Agra Cantonment]], Lucknow Charbagh, [[Gorakhpur Junction]], Kanpur Central, [[Mathura Junction]] and [[Varanasi Junction]] are included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world-class railway stations.&lt;ref name="Railway Budget"&gt;{{cite web|title=Introducing the Railway Budget 2011–12|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/RailBudget_11-12/RailBudget_2011-12.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512215003/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/RailBudget_11-12/RailBudget_2011-12.pdf|archive-date=12 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Lucknow Metro]], along with the [[Kanpur Metro]] (Orange line), are rapid transit systems that serve Lucknow and Kanpur, respectively.<br />
<br />
The state has a large, multimodal transportation system with the largest road network in the country.&lt;ref name="ROAD NETWORK"&gt;&lt;!--?REPEAT1?--&gt;{{cite web |last=Investment Promotion &amp; Infrastructure Development Cell |title=Road |url=http://dipp.nic.in/English/Investor/Investers_Gudlines/roads.pdf |publisher=Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion |access-date=7 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014170737/http://dipp.nic.in/English/Investor/Investers_Gudlines/roads.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has 42 national highways, with a total length of {{Convert|4942|km|abbr=in}} comprising 8.9 per cent of the total national highways length in India.&lt;ref name="NH Share"&gt;{{cite web |title=Basic Road Statistics, 2018 - 19 |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Basic%20Road%20Statistics%20in%20India-2018-19.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India |access-date=28 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] (UPSRTC) was established in 1972 to provide transportation in the state with connecting services to adjoining states.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Road network|url=http://www.ibef.org/download/uttar_pradesh_190111.pdf|publisher=India Brand Equity Foundation|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907052302/http://www.ibef.org/download/uttar_pradesh_190111.pdf|archive-date=7 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The UPSRTC's current fleet consists of 11,238 buses operating on 2,762 routes across a total distance of {{cvt|768,065|km}} throughout the state, generating an average daily income of {{INRConvert|16|c|lk=|year=2023}}.&lt;ref name="Fleet_Profite"&gt;{{cite news |title=UPSRTC to replace 45% of its existing fleet with e-buses |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/upsrtc-to-replace-45-of-its-existing-fleet-with-ebuses-101719244472805.html |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite its extensive operation, many of UPSRTC buses are now outdated and unreliable, raising concerns about their condition and the impact on passenger safety.&lt;ref name="Fleets"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dash |first1=Deepak |title=UPSRTC has set a new record by registering the highest profit among all state transport undertakings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/up-creates-record-registering-highest-profit-among-all-state-transport-undertakings/articleshow/68586093.cms |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=Times of India |agency=The Times Group |date=26 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; All cities are connected to [[State highways in India|state highways]], and all district headquarters are being connected with four lane roads which carry traffic between major centres within the state. One of them is [[Agra–Lucknow Expressway]], which is a {{Convert|302|km|abbr=in}} [[controlled-access highway]] constructed by [[Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority|UPEIDA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Welcome :: U.P. Expressways Industrial Development Authority|url=http://www.upeida.in/project_8.htm|website=upeida.in|access-date=26 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712131932/http://www.upeida.in/project_8.htm|archive-date=12 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttar Pradesh has the highest road density in India – {{Convert|1027|km|abbr=in}} per {{Convert|1000|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}} – and the largest surfaced urban-road network in the country – {{Convert|50721|km|abbr=in}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pervasive road network of Uttar Pradesh|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b8.pdf|publisher=Planning commission, Government of India|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222090850/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b8.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
[[File:Socata TB-20.jpg|thumb|left|alt=One of the Socata TB-20 that IGRUA operates|200px|IGRUA's [[SOCATA TB family|Trinidad TB-20]] aircraft taking off]]<br />
<br />
By passenger traffic in India, [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]] in Lucknow and [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] in Varanasi, are the major international airports and the main gateway to the state.&lt;ref name="Airports"&gt;{{cite web |title=contributing to economic growth and prosperity of the nation |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/varanasi_generalinfo.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629091735/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/varanasi_generalinfo.jsp |archive-date=29 June 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=Airports Authority of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another international airport has been built at [[Kushinagar]]. However, since its inauguration, [[Kushinagar International Airport]] has not yet seen any outbound flights to international destinations.&lt;ref name="Kushinagar IA"&gt;{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Mayank | title=The over-promise of Uttar Pradesh's Kushinagar International Airport | website=The Hindu | date=30 November 2023 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-over-promise-of-uttar-pradeshs-kushinagar-international-airport/article67591556.ece | access-date=5 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 January 2013 |title=Kushinagar international airport to get ready for take-off |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kushinagar-international-airport-to-get-ready-for-take-off-113010700012_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521031503/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kushinagar-international-airport-to-get-ready-for-take-off-113010700012_1.html |archive-date=21 May 2014 |publisher=Virendra Singh Rawat}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ayodhya Airport]], officially known as Maharshi Valmiki International Airport, was inaugurated on 30 December 2023 and currently facilitates domestic air travel.&lt;ref name="Ayodhya Airport"&gt;{{cite web | title=PM inaugurates Maharishi Valmiki International Airport at Ayodhya Dham | website=Press Information Bureau| url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1991757 | ref={{sfnref|Press Information Bureau}} | access-date=27 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttar Pradesh has six domestic airports located at [[Agra Airport|Agra]], [[Allahabad Airport|Allahabad]], [[Bareilly Airport|Bareilly]], [[Hindon Airport|Ghaziabad]], [[Gorakhpur Airport|Gorakhpur]] and [[Kanpur Airport|Kanpur]].&lt;ref name="DFCCIL"&gt;{{Cite web |title=DFCCIL |url=https://dfccil.com/Home/DynemicPages?MenuId=76 |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=dfccil.com |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701102211/https://dfccil.com/Home/DynemicPages?MenuId=76 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=9 March 2021 |title=UP gets its 8th airport|work=mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/up-gets-its-8th-airport-check-flight-routes-fare-and-other-details-11615267509248.html |access-date=24 April 2021 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424073306/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/up-gets-its-8th-airport-check-flight-routes-fare-and-other-details-11615267509248.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the collaboration with [[Airports Authority of India|civilian aviation authority]], these domestic airports are primarily used by the [[Indian Air Force]] for operational flexibility, especially during emergencies or natural disasters. Developed under Regional Connectivity Scheme ([[UDAN]]), [[Chitrakoot Airport]] is the first and only airport in the [[Bundelkhand]] region. Although inaugurated in 2024, the airport has remained largely inactive due to low passenger traffic, and flight operations were suspended in December 2024 owing to poor visibility and operational challenges. Similarly, the airports in [[Azamgarh Airport|Azamgarh]], [[Aligarh Airport|Aligarh]], [[Moradabad Airport|Moradabad]], [[Shravasti Airport|Shravasti]], and [[Sarsawa Airport|Saharanpur]] have faced temporary closures due to limited commercial viability, low passenger traffic, and a shortage of suitable aircraft.&lt;ref name="BT UP"&gt;{{cite web | title=Four UP airports shut down during winter schedule 2025 | website=BusinessLine | date=27 October 2025 | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/four-up-airports-shut-down-during-winter-schedule-2025/article70209505.ece | access-date=27 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="closed"&gt;{{cite web | last=Sahu | first=Rajesh Kumar | title=7 new Uttar Pradesh airports closed after inauguration: Shravasti gets airport despite no railway station; multiple facilities built within 50–70 km | website=Bhaskar English | date=26 October 2025 | url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/uttar-pradesh/news/sunday-big-story-uttar-pradesh-airports-seven-new-facilities-closed-after-inauguration-shravasti-gets-airport-despite-no-railway-station-136257735.html | access-date=27 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Noida International Airport]] is proposed to be built near [[Jewar]] in [[Gautam Buddha Nagar]], district.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=21 June 2013 |title=UP to seek DGCA nod for Taj airport |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lucknow/up-to-seek-dgca-nod-for-taj-airport/article1-1080013.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155751/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lucknow/up-to-seek-dgca-nod-for-taj-airport/article1-1080013.aspx |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hindustan Times e-Paper |url=http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/viewer.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608140626/http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/viewer.aspx |archive-date=8 June 2014 |access-date=29 July 2015 |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Mihir |date=24 June 2017 |title=Jewar to be second airport in Delhi NCR |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/jewar-to-be-second-airport-in-delhi-ncr/articleshow/59296768.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811133947/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/jewar-to-be-second-airport-in-delhi-ncr/articleshow/59296768.cms |archive-date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi]] (IGRUA) is a premier pilot training institute located in [[Amethi]].&lt;ref name="IGRUA"&gt;{{cite web | title=About Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi | website=Official Website of Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India | date=7 November 1985 | url=https://igrua.gov.in/about-indira-gandhi-rashtriya-uran-akademi | access-date=27 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Established in 1985 under the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]], IGRUA provides commercial pilot training programs.&lt;ref name="pilot"&gt;{{cite web | last=Sinha | first=Saurabh | title=Haryana signs up with IGRUA &amp; Drone Destination to train personnel for speedy implementation of schemes | website=The Times of India | date=23 October 2021 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/haryana-signs-up-with-igrua-drone-destination-to-train-personnel-for-speedy-implementation-of-schemes/articleshow/87221741.cms | access-date=27 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
== Sports ==<br />
{{See also|Indian Grand Prix|Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Force india Buddh.jpg|thumb|alt=refer caption|[[Force India]] racing at [[Buddh International Circuit]]]]<br />
Traditional sports, now played mostly as a pastime, include [[wrestling]], [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[kabaddi]], and track-sports or [[List of water sports|water-sports]] played according to local traditional rules and without modern equipment. Some sports are designed to display martial skills such as using a sword or 'Pata' (stick).&lt;ref name="Rao2005"&gt;{{cite book|first=Mohan|last=Rao|title=From Population Control To Reproductive Health: Malthusian Arithmetic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p1cojMJUtkC&amp;pg=PA244|access-date=26 July 2012|year=2005|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0761932697|pages=244–246|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604230402/http://books.google.com/books?id=9p1cojMJUtkC&amp;pg=PA244|archive-date=4 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to a lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities, these sports survive mostly as individuals' hobbies or local competitive events. Among modern sports, [[field hockey]] is popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced top-level players in India, such as Nitin Kumar. and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay.&lt;ref name=player&gt;{{cite web|title=Hapless victim of a TV sting, this hockey player is now a rising star|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hapless-victim-of-a-tv-sting-this-hockey-player-is-now-a-rising-star/938634/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 April 2012 |access-date=29 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Recently, [[cricket]] has become more popular than [[field hockey]].&lt;ref name="Cricket Legacy"&gt;{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh: Sports |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/uttar-pradesh-sports-1371707833-1 |access-date=19 October 2021 |work=Jagran Josh |publisher=Jagran Prakashan Limited |date=29 July 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029170917/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/uttar-pradesh-sports-1371707833-1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttar Pradesh won its first [[Ranji Trophy]] tournament in February 2006, beating [[Bengal]] in the final.&lt;ref name="Ranji Trophy"&gt;{{cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh win Ranji Trophy|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/ranji-up/20060202.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2 February 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019103708/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/ranji-up/20060202.htm|archive-date=19 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex]] is a newly built international cricket stadium with a capacity of around 20,000 spectators.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=UP to get one more cricket stadium by 2011 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/up-to-get-one-more-cricket-stadium-by-2011_25512.html |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524011021/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/up-to-get-one-more-cricket-stadium-by-2011_25512.html |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=2 February 2006 |publisher=First Published:PTI, Friday, 27 November 2009, 21:26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wrestling has deep roots in Uttar Pradesh, with many [[akhara]]s (traditional wrestling schools) spread across the state.&lt;ref name="Kushti"&gt;{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Prithviraj | title=Akhara body caught in successor row after UP mahant's 'murder', 1 group claims leader is elected | website=ThePrint | date=24 October 2021 | url=https://theprint.in/india/akhara-body-caught-in-successor-row-after-up-mahants-murder-1-group-claims-leader-is-elected/755933/ | access-date=6 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The [[Uttar Pradesh football team]] (UPFS) serves as the governing body for football in Uttar Pradesh. It holds authority over the Uttar Pradesh football team and is officially affiliated with the [[All India Football Federation]].&lt;ref name="Football Sangh"&gt;{{cite web | title=District Football Association Kanpur – Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh | website=Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh | url=https://uttarpradeshfootballsangh.com/kanpur-football-association/ | access-date=5 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The UPFS participates in sending state teams to compete in all National Football Championships organised by the All India Football Federation.&lt;ref name="Official AIFF"&gt;{{cite web | title=Arunachal Pradesh to host Final Rounds of 77th National Football Championship for Santosh Trophy | website=Official Website of All India Football Federation | date=6 September 2023 | url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/arunachal-pradesh-to-host-final-rounds-of-77th-national-football-championship-for-santosh-trophy | access-date=5 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, the UPFS oversees two Mandal Football Associations: the Aligarh Football Association and the Kanpur Football Association.&lt;ref name="UPFS"&gt;{{cite web | title=About Us – Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh | website=Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh | url=https://uttarpradeshfootballsangh.com/about-us/ | access-date=5 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Uttar Pradesh Badminton Association is a sports body affiliated to [[Badminton Association of India]] responsible for overseeing players representing Uttar Pradesh at the national level.&lt;ref name="TOI_2023"&gt;{{cite web | title=Up Players Dominate In Badminton C'ship | website=The Times of India | date=22 June 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-players-dominate-in-badminton-cship/articleshow/101177761.cms | access-date=5 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The [[Buddh International Circuit]] hosted India's inaugural [[List of Formula One Grands Prix|F1 Grand Prix]] race on 30 October 2011.&lt;ref name="Indian Grand Prix"&gt;{{cite news|title=The Buddh International Circuit (BIC), which played host to India's first Formula One Grand Prix|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/buddh-circuit-wins-global-award/203294-5-24.html|access-date=14 July 2012|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=18 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222055639/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/buddh-circuit-wins-global-award/203294-5-24.html|archive-date=22 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Races were only held three times before being cancelled due to falling attendance and lack of government support. The government of Uttar Pradesh considered [[Formula One]] to be entertainment and not a sport, and thus imposed taxes on the event and participants.&lt;ref name="bbc.co.uk"&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24659690 | work=BBC News | title=Why India's Formula 1 Grand Prix is under threat | date=24 October 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027223718/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24659690 | archive-date=27 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
{{Main|Education in Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Chattar Manzil 2005.jpg|thumb|alt=refer caption|The [[Central Drug Research Institute]], an autonomous multidisciplinary research institute]]<br />
Uttar Pradesh has a prolonged tradition of education, although historically it was primarily confined to the elite class and religious schools.&lt;ref name=schools&gt;{{cite news|title=Islamic religious schools|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/madrassas|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103081247/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/madrassas|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 April 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanskrit-based learning formed the major part of education from the [[Vedic period|Vedic]] to the [[Gupta period]]s. As cultures travelled through the region they brought their bodies of knowledge with them, adding [[Pali]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] scholarship to the community. These formed the core of Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim education until the rise of British colonialism. The present schools-to-university system of education owes its inception and development in the state (as in the rest of the country) to foreign [[Christian missionaries]] and the [[British Empire|British colonial administration]].&lt;ref name="Education System"&gt;{{cite web|title=British colonial administration system in state education system|url=http://www.upeducation.net/|publisher=State Education Board|access-date=25 April 2003|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030421195013/http://upeducation.net/|archive-date=21 April 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br />
<br />
Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts. [[Hindi]] is used as a medium of instruction in most of the schools except those affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] or the council for [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] boards.&lt;ref name=Facts&gt;{{cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Facts &amp; Figures|url=http://www.upeducation.net/Facts/|publisher=Uttar Pradesh education department|access-date=16 October 2010|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403071219/http://www.upeducation.net/facts/|archive-date=3 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the [[10+2+3 plan]], after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a [[junior college]], also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the [[Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education]] (commonly referred to as U.P. Board) or a central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely [[liberal arts]], commerce, or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programs. In a study done by [[Child Rights and You]] (CRY) and the Centre for Budgets, Governance, and Accountability (CBGA), Uttar Pradesh spent ₹9,167 per [[Student|pupil]], which is below the national average of ₹12,768.&lt;ref name="pupil ratio"&gt;{{cite web | last=Jain | first=Isha | title=At Rs 9, 167, UP spends least on per child school education, reveals study | website=The Times of India | date=12 May 2017 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/at-rs-9-167-up-spends-least-on-per-child-school-education-reveals-study/articleshow/58646292.cms | access-date=9 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br />
<br />
The pupil/teacher ratio is 39:1,{{efn|One teacher for every 39 students}} lower than the national average of 23:1.&lt;ref name="NBER Report"&gt;{{cite web | last=Balani | first=Khushboo | title=Uttar Pradesh has India's largest population of children, but least teachers per student | website=Scroll.in | date=7 January 2017 | url=https://scroll.in/article/825966/uttar-pradesh-has-indias-largest-population-of-children-but-least-teachers-per-student | access-date=9 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]], the state reported the second-highest teacher [[absenteeism]] (31 per cent) in rural public schools among 19 surveyed states.&lt;ref name="NBER Data"&gt;{{cite web | title= The Fiscal Cost Of Weak Governance: Evidence From Teacher Absence In India| url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w20299/w20299.pdf#page=31 | access-date=9 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to an answer given by the [[Minister of Education (India)|Union Education Minister]] in 2020 in the Lok Sabha, about 17.1 per cent of all elementary teacher posts in government schools in Uttar Pradesh are vacant. In terms of absolute numbers, the figure stands at 210,000.&lt;ref name="Vacant posts"&gt;{{cite web | title=17% of teaching posts in govt schools vacant | website=The Times of India | date=20 September 2020 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/17-of-teaching-posts-in-govt-schools-vacant/articleshow/78212162.cms | access-date=9 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2024, the [[Uttar Pradesh government]] informed [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] that, 85,152 posts of headmasters and assistant teachers are vacant in the state.&lt;ref name="Deccan Herald"&gt;{{cite web | title=85,152 posts of headmasters and assistant teachers are vacant in Uttar Pradesh, says state government | website=Deccan Herald | date=6 February 2024 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/85152-posts-of-headmasters-and-assistant-teachers-are-vacant-in-uttar-pradesh-says-state-government-2881920 | access-date=9 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
[[File:La Martiniere, lucknow 39.jpg|thumb|alt=refer caption|[[La Martinière College, Lucknow|La Martiniere college]], Lucknow]]<br />
Uttar Pradesh has more than 45 universities,&lt;ref name="universities"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.educationinfoindia.com/Universities/U-up.htm|title=List of universities|website=Education info India|access-date=13 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411015723/http://www.educationinfoindia.com/Universities/U-up.htm|archive-date=11 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; including six [[Central University, India|central universities]], twenty eight [[State university (India)|state universities]], eight [[Deemed university|deemed universities]], two [[IITs]] in [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi|Varanasi]] and [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|Kanpur]], [[AIIMS Gorakhpur]] and [[AIIMS Rae Bareli]], an [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIM]] in [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow|Lucknow]]&lt;ref name=Universities&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Universities in Uttar Pradesh|url=http://www.upeducation.net/universities/|publisher=Education department of U.P|access-date=27 June 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621081900/http://www.upeducation.net/universities/|archive-date=21 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IIM&gt;{{cite web|title=Official Website of IIM Lucknow|url=http://www.iiml.ac.in/|publisher=[[IIM Lucknow]]|access-date=11 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413144029/http://www.iiml.ac.in/|archive-date=13 April 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Founded in 1845, [[La Martiniere Lucknow|La Martinière Girls' College]] in Lucknow, stands as one of the oldest schools in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=India's Best Schools, 2014|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/career-indias-best-schools-of-2014/20140922.htm|work=Rediff.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722053415/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/career-indias-best-schools-of-2014/20140922.htm|archive-date=22 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Located in Amethi, [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology]] (RGIPT), provides education and training in [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]] fields, particularly emphasising the petroleum industry. With deemed university status, the RGIPT awards degrees in its own right. <br />
<br />
[[King George's Medical University]] (KGMU), located in Lucknow, is an institution for medical education, research, and healthcare services. [[Integral University (Lucknow)|The Integral University]], a state level institution, was established by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]] to provide education in different technical, [[applied science]], and other [[Academic discipline|disciplines]].&lt;ref name=institution&gt;{{cite web|title=The Integral University Lucknow state level institution|url=http://www.upeducation.net/universities/Integral_University/|publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh|access-date=28 June 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107225558/http://www.upeducation.net/universities/Integral_University/|archive-date=7 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies]] was founded as an autonomous organisation by the national [[Ministry of Culture (India)|ministry of culture]]. [[Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University]] is the only university established exclusively for the disabled in the world.&lt;ref name="jansatta"&gt;{{cite news | publisher=Jansatta Express | language=hi | first=Dikshit| last=Ragini| title= चित्रकूट: दुनिया का प्रथम विकलांग विश्वविद्यालय |trans-title=Chitrakuta: The world's first handicapped university | date = 10 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
As of 2023, the state has 573 public libraries.&lt;ref name="Libraries"&gt;{{cite web |title=No. of public libraries in different States and Union Territories |url=http://rrrlf.nic.in/Docs/pdf/PUBLIC_LIBRARY_DATA.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India |access-date=8 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Library network"&gt;{{cite web |title=Public Library network |url=https://www.library.up.gov.in/Pages/public_library_network/en |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=8 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Established in 1875, [[Maulana Azad Library]] is one of the oldest and is the largest university library in Asia. [[Rampur Raza Library]] is a repository of Indo-Islamic cultural heritage established in the last decades of the 18th century.&lt;ref name="Library network"/&gt; It was established in 1774 by nawab [[Faizullah Khan]] and now an autonomous body under the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]].&lt;ref name="public libraries"&gt;{{cite web |title=Top libraries of UP |url=https://www.library.up.gov.in/home/toplibrary/en |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=8 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Thornhill Mayne Memorial]] also known as Allahabad Public Library, has an approximate collection of 125,000 books, 40 types of magazines, and 28 different newspapers in Hindi, English, Urdu and Bangla and it also contains 21 [[Arabic]] manuscripts.&lt;ref name="Thornhill"&gt;{{cite web | title=Public library witnesses 37% increase in readers | website=The Times of India | date=23 September 2014 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Public-library-witnesses-37-increase-in-readers/articleshow/43224473.cms | access-date=8 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; A large number of Indian scholars are educated at different universities in Uttar Pradesh. Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in the geographic area of the state include [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]], [[Motilal Nehru]], [[Harish Chandra]] and [[Indira Gandhi]].&lt;ref name="scholars"&gt;{{cite web | title=List of Famous Freedom Fighters from Uttar Pradesh | website=Jagranjosh.com | date=4 September 2018 | url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-famous-freedom-fighters-from-uttar-pradesh-1536056996-1 | access-date=6 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
== Tourism ==<br />
{{Main|Tourism in Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{See also|Kumbh Mela|Architecture of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Kumbh Mela 2013 Sangam, Allahabd.jpg|thumb|alt=refer caption|[[Kumbh Mela]] at [[Triveni Sangam|Sangam, Allahabad, 2013]]]]<br />
Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals among all states of India.&lt;ref name="Board2010"&gt;{{cite book |author=Upkar Prakashan – Editorial Board |title=Uttar Pradesh General Knowledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&amp;pg=PA46 |access-date=26 July 2012 |year= 2010 |publisher=Upkar Prakashan |isbn=978-8174824080 |pages=46–287 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528155016/http://books.google.com/books?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&amp;pg=PA46 |archive-date=28 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Tourism&gt;{{cite journal |title=Performance of Tourist Centres in Uttar Pradesh: An Evaluation Using Data Envelopment Analysis |url=http://asci.org.in/journal/Vol.40(2010-11)/40_1_Masood%20H%20Siddiqui.pdf |publisher=Administrative Staff College of India |journal=ASCI Journal of Management |volume=40 |issue=1 |first1=Masood H. |last1=Siddiqui |first2=Shalini N. |last2=Tripathi |year=2011 |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804081245/http://asci.org.in/journal/Vol.40(2010-11)/40_1_Masood%20H%20Siddiqui.pdf |archive-date=4 August 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]] (Government of India), 1.6 million foreign tourists and approximately 317.91 million domestic tourists visited the state in 2023.&lt;ref name="Tourist Data"&gt;{{cite web | title=Arrivals of Foreign Tourist | website=Press Information Bureau| url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2109852 | ref={{sfnref|Press Information Bureau}} | access-date=27 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Taj Mahal attracts some 7 million people a year, earning almost {{INRConvert|98|c|lk=on}} in ticket sales in 2023-24.&lt;ref name="Taj Revenue"&gt;{{cite web | title=Taj Mahal tops ASI charts with INR 98 crore ticket sales in FY24, outshines Red Fort | website=The Times of India | date=5 April 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/taj-mahal-tops-asi-charts-with-inr-98-crore-ticket-sales-in-fy24-outshines-red-fort/articleshow/120013981.cms | access-date=27 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The state is home to three [[World Heritage Sites]]: the [[Taj Mahal]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Taj Mahal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827000214/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Agra Fort]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agra Fort |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=17 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717221242/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the nearby [[Fatehpur Sikri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fatehpur Sikri |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/255 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514052508/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/255 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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[[Religious tourism]] plays a significant role in the state's economy. [[Varanasi]] is a major religious hub and one of the seven sacred cities (''[[Sapta Puri]]'') in [[Hinduism]] and [[Jainism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fouberg |first1=Erin H. |last2=Moseley |first2=William G. |title=Understanding World Geography |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |location=New York |page=173 |isbn=9781119473169 |oclc=1066742384 |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana |author-link=Diana Eck |title=Banaras, the City of Light |publisher=Alfred Knopf Inc, [Columbia University Press] |orig-year=1981 |page=324 |year=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Parry |first=Jonathan P. |title=Death in Banaras |series=Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |orig-year=1994 |page=1 |isbn=9780521466257 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r10f4uwzcosC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Domestic tourists most commonly visit for religious purposes while foreign tourists visit for ghats along the river Ganges.--&gt; [[Vrindavan]] is considered to be a holy place for [[Vaishnavism]].&lt;ref name="Hawley"&gt;{{cite book |surname=Hawley |given=John Stratton |title=Krishna's Playground: Vrindavan in the 21st Century |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0190123987 |place=Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Madan"&gt;{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |title=India through the ages |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/176 176]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shravasti|Sravasti]] generally considered as revered sites in [[Buddhism]], believed to be where the Buddha taught many of his ''[[Suttas]]'' (sermons).&lt;ref name="PIB 2019"&gt;{{cite web | title=Ministry of Tourism presents its latest webinar on "In the Footsteps of the Buddha" under Dekho Apna Desh Webinar Series | website=Press Information Bureau | date=7 February 2019 | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1653937 | ref={{sfnref | Press Information Bureau| 2019}} | access-date=6 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Owing to the belief as to the birthplace of [[Rama]], [[Ayodhya]] (Awadh) has been regarded as one of the seven most important pilgrimage sites.&lt;ref name=Paramasivan&gt;{{cite book |last=Paramasivan |first=Vasudha |chapter=Yah Ayodhya Vah Ayodhya: Earthly and Cosmic Journeys in the Anand-lahari |editor=Heidi R. M. Pauwels |title=Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-447-05723-3 |pages=101–116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AboutDistrict&gt;{{cite web |title=District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh: City Of Lord Rama: India |url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/ |access-date=10 August 2021|archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108190706/https://ayodhya.nic.in/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/about-district/ |title=About District |website=District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109061219/https://ayodhya.nic.in/about-district/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Millions gather at [[Prayagraj]] to take part in the [[Magh Mela]] festival on the banks of the Ganges.&lt;ref name="MacLean2008"&gt;{{cite book|first=Kama |last=MacLean |title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC|access-date=25 July 2012|year= 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195338942|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527022328/http://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC |archive-date=27 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the [[Kumbh Mela]], where over 10&amp;nbsp;million Hindu pilgrims congregate in one of the largest gatherings of people in the world.&lt;ref name="Magh Mela"&gt;{{cite news |title=Hindus gather for the Kumbh Mela at the Ganges in India and Maha Shivaratri in Allahabad |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/7222387/pictures-Hindus-gather-for-the-Kumbh-Mela-in-India-and-Maha-Shivaratri-in-Nepal.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |access-date=25 January 2011 |date=12 February 2010|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127012405/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/7222387/pictures-Hindus-gather-for-the-Kumbh-Mela-in-India-and-Maha-Shivaratri-in-Nepal.html |archive-date=27 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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Buddhist attractions in Uttar Pradesh include [[stupas]] and [[monasteries]]. The historically important towns of [[Sarnath]] where [[Gautama Buddha]] gave his first sermon after his enlightenment and died at [[Kushinagar]]; both of which are important pilgrimage sites for [[Buddhists]].&lt;ref name=SARNATH&gt;{{cite web|title=Sarnath General Information|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/tourist/tourist7.html |publisher=Tourism department of Varanasi |access-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508235741/http://varanasi.nic.in/tourist/tourist7.html|archive-date=8 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also at Sarnath are the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] and the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]], both important archaeological artefacts with national significance. At a distance of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=in}} from Varanasi, [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]] is famous not only for its [[Ghat]]s on the Ganges but also for the tomb of [[Lord Cornwallis]], the 18th-century Governor of [[East India Company]] ruled [[Bengal Presidency]]. The tomb is maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].&lt;ref name="Joon"&gt;{{cite book |first=Sanjeev |last=Joon |title=Complete Guide for SSC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E9YfW2709psC&amp;pg=RA2-PA93|access-date=25 July 2012 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0070706453|page=255|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528151112/http://books.google.com/books?id=E9YfW2709psC&amp;pg=RA2-PA93 |archive-date=28 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br />
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[[Jhansi Fort]], located in the city of [[Jhansi]], is closely associated with the "First War of Indian Independence", also known as the "Great Rebellion" or the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].&lt;ref name="Jhansi_Fort"&gt;{{cite web |title=Jhansi Fort |url=https://jhansi.nic.in/forts/ |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323181613/https://jhansi.nic.in/forts/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The fort is constructed in accordance with medieval Indian military architecture, featuring thick walls, bastions, and various structures within its complex. The architecture reflects a blend of Hindu and Islamic styles.&lt;ref name="UP_Monuments"&gt;{{cite web |title=Ticketed Monuments – Uttar Pradesh jhansi Fort |url=https://asi.nic.in/jhansi-fort/ |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205043357/https://asi.nic.in/jhansi-fort/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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== Healthcare ==<br />
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Uttar Pradesh has a mix of [[Publicly funded health care|public]] as well as private healthcare infrastructure. Public healthcare in Uttar Pradesh is provided through a grid of primary health centers, [[community health centers]], [[district hospital]]s, and [[medical colleges]]. Although an extensive network of public and private sector healthcare providers has been built, the available [[Healthcare in India|health infrastructure]] is inadequate to meet the demand for health services in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Anand |first1=Manjaree |title=Health status and health care services in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar: A comparative study |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |date=1 July 2014 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=174–9 |doi=10.4103/0019-557X.138624 |pmid=25116823|issn=0019-557X|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 15 years to 2012–13, the population increased by more than 25 per cent. The public health centres, which are the frontline of the government's health care system, decreased by 8 per cent.&lt;ref name="health"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/AHS_Factsheets_2012-13/FACTSHEET-UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|title=Annual Health Survey 2012–13 Fact Sheet – Uttar Pradesh|year=2013|website=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=13 September 2017|ref=health|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113214808/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/AHS_Factsheets_2012-13/FACTSHEET-UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br />
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Smaller sub-centres, the first point of public contact, increased by no more than 2 per cent over the 25 years to 2015, a period when the population grew by more than 51 per cent.&lt;ref name="health" /&gt; The state is also facing challenges such as a shortage of healthcare professionals, increasing cost of healthcare, a lack of essential medicines and equipment, the mushrooming of private healthcare and a lack of planning.&lt;ref name="WHO"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Perappadan |first1=Bindu Shajan |title=India facing critical shortage of healthcare providers: WHO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/india-facing-critical-shortage-of-healthcare-providers-who/article27096738.ece |access-date=17 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |agency=The Hindu Group |date=11 May 2019 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617151333/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/india-facing-critical-shortage-of-healthcare-providers-who/article27096738.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The number of doctors registered with State Medical Councils or the [[Medical Council of India]] in Uttar Pradesh was 77,549.&lt;ref name="Doctors"&gt;{{cite web |title=Doctors Registered |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/171/AU3334.pdf?source=pqals |publisher=The Ministry Of Health And Family Welfare |access-date=30 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br />
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In 2019, the number of government hospital in rural and urban areas of Uttar Pradesh stood at 4,442 with 39,104 beds and 193 with 37,156 beds respectively. The average population served per government hospital stands at 47,782 individuals.&lt;ref name="Hospitals"&gt;{{cite web |title=State/UT wise Number of Government Hospitals |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/171/AU3295.pdf?source=pqals |publisher=Directorate General of State Health Services |access-date=30 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|December 2023}}, [[Out-of-pocket expense|Out-of-pocket expenditures]] in Uttar Pradesh is {{INRConvert|60883|c}}, highest in India.&lt;ref name="OOP"&gt;{{cite web |title=Out Of Pocket Expenditure Data |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/262/AU263.pdf?source=pqars |publisher=Department Of Health And Family Welfare |access-date=31 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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A newborn in Uttar Pradesh is expected to live four years fewer than in the neighbouring state of [[Bihar]], five years fewer than in [[Haryana]] and seven years fewer than in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The state contributed to the largest share of almost all [[Contagious disease|communicable]] and noncommunicable disease deaths, including 48 per cent of all [[typhoid]] deaths (2014); 17 per cent of cancer deaths and 18 per cent of [[tuberculosis]] deaths (2015).&lt;ref name="health" /&gt; Its [[maternal mortality]] ratio is higher than the national average at 285 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births (2021), with 64.2 per cent of pregnant women unable to access minimum [[ante-natal care]].&lt;ref name="Maternal"&gt;{{cite web |title=Maternal &amp; Adolescent Healthcare |url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/03Chapter.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare (MoHFW) |access-date=30 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="NITI"&gt;{{cite web |title=Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) (Per 100000 Live Births) |url=https://niti.gov.in/content/maternal-mortality-ratio-mmr-100000-live-births |publisher=NITI Aayog |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115010734/http://niti.gov.in/content/maternal-mortality-ratio-mmr-100000-live-births |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Mortality"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Menaka |title=Uttar Pradesh has a free ambulance service for pregnant women but substandard hospitals |url=https://scroll.in/pulse/827874/uttar-pradesh-has-a-free-ambulance-service-for-pregnant-women-but-substandard-hospitals |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Scroll.in |agency=Scroll Media Inc, US |date=8 February 2017 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928064649/https://scroll.in/pulse/827874/uttar-pradesh-has-a-free-ambulance-service-for-pregnant-women-but-substandard-hospitals |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Around 42 per cent of pregnant women, more than 1.5&amp;nbsp;million, [[Home birth|deliver babies at home]]. About two-thirds (61 per cent) of childbirths at home in the state are unsafe.&lt;ref name="Health and Family"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uhrc.in/downloads/Reports/up.pdf|title=State of Urban Health in Uttar Pradesh – Urban Health Resource Center|website=[[Urban Health Resource Centre]]|publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=14 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722150012/http://www.uhrc.in/downloads/Reports/up.pdf|archive-date=22 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has the highest [[child mortality]] indicators,&lt;ref name="Child mortality"&gt;{{cite web |title=Estimates of mortality indicators |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Report_2017/11.%20Chap%204-Estimates%20of%20Mortality%20Indicators-2017.pdf |publisher=Census of India |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114040231/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Report_2017/11.%20Chap%204-Estimates%20of%20Mortality%20Indicators-2017.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; from the [[neonatal mortality rate]] to the under-five mortality rate of 64 children who die per 1,000 live births before five years of age, 35 die within a month of birth, and 50 do not complete a year of life.&lt;ref name="Rural"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/RHS_1.pdf|title=Rural Health Statistics 2014–15|year=2015|website=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=13 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829050157/http://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/RHS_1.pdf|archive-date=29 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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<br />
== Culture ==<br />
{{Main|Culture of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
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=== Language and literature ===<br />
{{Main|Languages of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
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[[File:Kurukshetra.jpg|thumb|The [[battle of Kurukshetra]], folio from the Mahabharata]]<br />
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Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar Pradesh. Renowned Indian writers who have resided in Uttar Pradesh were [[Kabir]], [[Ravidas]], and [[Tulsidas]], who wrote much of his ''Ram Charit Manas'' in Varanasi. The festival of ''[[Guru Purnima]]'' is dedicated to Sage [[Vyasa]], and also known as ''Vyasa Purnima'' as it is the day which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.&lt;ref name="ci"&gt;{{cite book |title=Awakening Indians to India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIU4LzftaPAC&amp;pg=PA167 |year=2008 |publisher=Chinmaya Mission |isbn=978-8175974340 |page=167 |access-date=5 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528135339/http://books.google.com/books?id=AIU4LzftaPAC&amp;pg=PA167&amp;dq=%22Guru+Purnima%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&amp;cd=8#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Guru%20Purnima%22%20-inpublisher%3Aicon&amp;f=false |archive-date=28 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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[[Hindi]] became the language of state administration with the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act of 1951.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uplegassembly.nic.in/UPLL.HTML |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislature |publisher=U.P assembly |access-date=21 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619093010/http://www.uplegassembly.nic.in/UPLL.HTML |archive-date=19 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 1989 amendment to the act added [[Urdu]], as an additional language of the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/uttar_pradesh/1989/1989UP28.pdf |title=The Uttar Pradesh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 1989 |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707095531/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/uttar_pradesh/1989/1989UP28.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2019 |url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are numerous language varieties spoken in the state. The north and northwestern parts of the state speak [[Kauravi dialect|Khadi Boli]], the language variety from which Standard Hindi and Urdu developed. In the southwest is spoken [[Braj Bhasha]], seen as the language of Krishna and an important literary language for Krishna Bhakti literature. To the east of Braj and Khadi Boli is [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]], a transitional dialect between western and eastern Hindi varieties. In the southwest of the state, south of the Yamuna, is spoken [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]]. [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], the language of the Ram Charit Manas, is spoken in the centre of the state with small pockets of [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] speakers in the far southeast. East of Awadhi is spoken [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]. Rather than having clean linguistic boundaries, these language varieties form part of one large dialect continuum covering north and east India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In urban areas, Standard Hindi and Urdu are dominant, with Lucknow being a major centre for Urdu literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bfy |title=Ethnologue report for language code: bfy |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=21 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015135/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bfy |archive-date=16 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&amp;dq=Bhojpuri+eastern+indo+aryan+language&amp;pg=PA481 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8|access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427232735/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&amp;dq=Bhojpuri+eastern+indo+aryan+language&amp;pg=PA481 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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=== Music and dance ===<br />
{{Main|Music of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
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With each district of Uttar Pradesh having its unique music and tradition, traditional folk music in Uttar Pradesh has been categorised in three different ways including music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and music performed by custom. During the [[Medieval India|medieval]] period, two distinct types of music began to emerge in Uttar Pradesh. One was the courtly music, which received support from cities like Agra, [[Fatehpur Sikri]], Lucknow, Jaunpur, Varanasi, and [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]]. The other was the religious music stemming from the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti Cult]], which thrived in places like Mathura, Vrindavan, and Ayodhya.&lt;ref name="Hindustani Music"&gt;{{cite web | title=Visit the land of the Taj for some Hindustani music &amp; dance | website=The Economic Times | date=10 March 2016 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/visit-the-land-of-the-taj-for-some-hindustani-music-dance/articleshow/51288777.cms?from=mdr | access-date=6 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br />
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The popular folk music of Uttar Pradesh includes sohar, which is sung to celebrate the birth of a child. Evolved into the form of semi-classical singing, [[Kajari]] sung during the rainy season, and its singing style is closely associated the Benares gharana.&lt;ref name="Kajari Origin"&gt;{{cite web | title=List of Folk Music of Uttar Pradesh | website=Jagranjosh.com | date=12 July 2018 | url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-folk-music-of-uttar-pradesh-1531391804-1 | access-date=6 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ghazal]], [[Thumri]] and [[Qawwali]] which is a form of [[Sufi poetry]] is popular in the Awadh region, [[Rasiya]] (especially popular in [[Braj]]), which celebrate the divine love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]]. [[Khayal]] is a form of semi-classical singing which comes from the courts of Awadh. Other forms of music are [[Biraha]], [[Chaiti]], [[Chowtal]], [[Alha-Khand|Alha]], and [[Sawani]].&lt;ref name="Hindustani Music"/&gt;<br />
<br />
[[Kathak]], a classical dance form, owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref name="walker100"&gt;{{cite book |first=Margaret E. |last=Walker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |title=India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-11737-7 |pages=100–102}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ramlila]] is one of the oldest dramatic folk dances; it depicts the life of the Hindu deity [[Rama]] and is performed during festivals such as [[Vijayadashami]].&lt;ref name="Schechner Hess 1977"&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Schechner | first1=Richard | last2=Hess | first2=Linda | title=The Ramlila of Ramnagar [India] | journal=The Drama Review | publisher=The MIT Press | volume=21 | issue=3 | year=1977 | pages=51–82 | doi=10.2307/1145152 | jstor=1145152 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nautanki]] is a traditional form of folk theatre that originated in Uttar Pradesh. It typically portrays a variety of themes ranging from historical and mythological tales to social and political commentary.&lt;ref name="Nautanki"&gt;{{cite web | last=Goyal | first=Shikha | title=List of Folk Dances of Different States in India | website=Jagranjosh.com | date=3 January 2022 | url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/lists-of-states-and-folk-dances-of-india-1466770456-1 | access-date=6 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[gharana]] dance form, both the [[Lucknow gharana|Lucknow]] and the [[Benares gharana|Benares]] gharanas are situated in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kathak: The cultural gem of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/travel/kathak-cultural-gem-uttar-pradesh-1503037669.html |access-date=22 January 2023 |work=The Statesman |date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122175009/https://www.thestatesman.com/travel/kathak-cultural-gem-uttar-pradesh-1503037669.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--[[Ajrara gharana]], [[Farrukhabad gharana]] too, maybe, if they can be cited--&gt; [[Charkula]] is popular dance of the Braj region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Charkula Dance |url=http://www.charkula.com/dance_charkula.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126222148/http://charkula.com/dance_charkula.asp |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=Charkula}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Fairs and festivals ===<br />
[[File:Vegetarian Curry.jpeg|thumb|Uttar Pradeshi thali with [[naan]], [[Dal|sultani dal]], [[raita]], and [[shahi paneer]]]]<br />
[[Chhath|Chhath Puja]] is the biggest festival of [[Purvanchal|eastern Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 October 2021 |title=Chhath puja and the centrality of the Purvanchal community in Delhi politics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/chhath-puja-and-the-centrality-of-the-purvanchal-community-in-delhi-politics-101634568992424.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101210315/https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/chhath-puja-and-the-centrality-of-the-purvanchal-community-in-delhi-politics-101634568992424.html |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Kumbh Mela]], organised in the month of [[Maagha]] (February—March), is a major festival held every twelve years in rotation at Prayagraj on the river Ganges.&lt;ref name=maclean2003&gt;{{cite journal |title=Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad |last=Maclean |first=Kama |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |year=2003 |volume=62 |pages=873–905 |number=3 |doi=10.2307/3591863 |jstor=3591863 |s2cid=162404242 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lathmar Holi]] is a local celebration of the Hindu festival of [[Holi]]. It takes place well before the actual Holi in the town of [[Barsana]] near Mathura.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=What is Lathmar Holi? Why is it celebrated? |publisher=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/why-is-lathmar-holi-celebrated-in-barsana-and-nandgaon-314276-2016-03-21 |date=21 March 2016 |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=5 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105044957/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/why-is-lathmar-holi-celebrated-in-barsana-and-nandgaon/1/624875.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taj Mahotsav]], held annually at Agra, is a colourful display of the culture of the Braj area.&lt;ref name="Braj Holi"&gt;{{cite news |date=19 March 2011 |title=The Braj Holi: Legend in real life |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/the-braj-holi-legend-in-real-life/story-KolfzC30FW5KEZtKs5v9gN.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322041343/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/lifestyle/The-Braj-Holi-Legend-in-real-life/Article1-675341.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dev Deepawali (Varanasi)|Ganga Mahotsav]], a festival of [[Kartik Purnima]], is celebrated fifteen days after Diwali.&lt;ref name=traditions&gt;{{cite web|title=The glorious traditions and mythological legacy |url=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm |publisher=Department of tourism U.P |access-date=18 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629052417/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm |archive-date=29 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Cuisine ===<br />
{{Main|Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Mughlai cuisine]] is a style of cooking developed in the [[Indian subcontinent]] by the {{linktext|imperial}} kitchens of the [[Mughal Empire]]. It represents the cooking styles used in [[North India]], especially Uttar Pradesh, and has been strongly influenced by [[Central Asian cuisine]]. [[Awadhi cuisine]] from the city of [[Lucknow]] consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. It has been greatly influenced by Mughlai cuisine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How is Awadhi Cuisine different from Mughlai Cuisine |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/how-is-awadhi-cuisine-different-from-mughlai-cuisine/photostory/88918225.cms |access-date=22 January 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=16 January 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122175602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/how-is-awadhi-cuisine-different-from-mughlai-cuisine/photostory/88918225.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
[[Bhojpuri cuisine]] is a style of food preparation common in the districts located near the Bihar border. Bhojpuri foods are mostly mild and tend to be less hot in terms of spices used. The cuisine consists of both vegetable and meat dishes.&lt;ref name="Bhojpuri Cuisine"&gt;{{cite web | title=Bhojpuri: सवाद के सरताज ह फुटेहरी, रउआ सभे खइले जरूर होखब! | website=News18 हिंदी | date=24 May 2021 | url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bhojpuri-news/footehari-litti-chokha-is-desi-food-of-purvanchal-is-very-tasty-3598250.html | language=hi | access-date=8 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India}} <br />
* [[List of people from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
* [[Outline of India]]<br />
* [[UP Gaurav Samman]]<br />
<br />
== Explanatory notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
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<br />
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<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre = Uttar Pradesh<br />
|North = [[Uttarakhand]] &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;<br />
|Northeast = [[Sudurpashchim Province]], [[Lumbini Province]] and [[Gandaki Province]], {{flag|Nepal}}<br />
|East = [[Bihar]]<br />
|Southeast = [[Jharkhand]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Chhattisgarh]]<br />
|South = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|Southwest = [[Rajasthan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|West = [[Haryana]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rajasthan]]<br />
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[[Category:North India|*]]<br />
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[[Category:States and union territories of India]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narendra_Choudary&diff=520579Narendra Choudary2026-03-14T19:19:38Z<p>Amit raj: Created New Entry W/ Refs!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian businessman and media entrepreneur}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Tummala Narendra Choudary<br />
| image = <br />
| birthname = Tummala Narendra Choudary<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|4|4}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Khammam]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Businessperson|Businessman]]|[[media entrepreneur]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tummala Narendra Choudary''' is an Indian media entrepreneur and businessman who founded the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] news channel [[NTV (India)|NTV]] and the first Telugu devotional channel [[Bhakthi TV]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Paramveer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncg7EAAAQBAJ |title=Indian Silver Screen |date=2021-08-05 |publisher=K.K. Publications |pages=302 |language=en}}</ref> He also serves as the chairman of Rachana Group of Companies which has interests in publishing, infrastructure development, advertising etc.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Rachana Television (RTPL) |url=http://india.mom-gmr.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/rachana-television-rtpl/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Media Ownership Monitor |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early and personal life ==<br />
Hailing from Khammam, he established ''Rachana Television Private Limited'' that owns [[NTV (India)|NTV]], [[Bhakthi TV]] and [[:te:వనిత టీవీ|Vanitha TV]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}<br />
<br />
He is known for organizing ''Koti Deepotsavam'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-11 |title=NTv Chairman Narendra Chowdary Tummala Organizes Koti Deepostavam 2021 |url=https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/188189/ntv-chairman-narendra-chowdary-tummala-organizes-koti-deepostavam-2021.aspx |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.ragalahari.com |language=en}}</ref> an initiative he took up where Hindu devotees come together and light one crore oil lamps. He also initiated ''Mana Desam-Mana Geetham'' (My Nation, My Song), a campaign where 50,000 people from different places sing National Anthem together.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTV Chairman T.N. Chowdhary's TV initiative repositions India's National Anthem among youngsters |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/ntv-chairman-tn-chowdharys-tv-initiative-repositions-indias-national-anthem-among-youngsters20220111170157/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118183242/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/ntv-chairman-tn-chowdharys-tv-initiative-repositions-indias-national-anthem-among-youngsters20220111170157// |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=ANI Press |title=NTV Chairman T.N. Chowdhary's TV initiative repositions India's National Anthem among youngsters |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/ntv-chairman-t-n-chowdhary-s-tv-initiative-repositions-india-s-national-anthem-among-youngsters-122011101127_1.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-11 |title=NTV Chairman T.N. Chowdhary's TV initiative repositions India's National Anthem among youngsters |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/ntv-chairman-t-n-chowdharys-tv-initiative-repositions-indias-national-anthem-among-youngsters/800782/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Government of India]] has nominated Narendra Choudary as [[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachh Bharat]] ambassador in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of India |title=The Government of India Nominated Swachh Bharat Ambassadors |url=http://sac.ap.gov.in/sac/UserInterface/Downlaods/IEC_merged_document.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Business Ventures ==<br />
He launched the 24x7 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[news channel]] NTV on 30 August 2007.<ref name=":02"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6JaAAAAYAAJ&q=NTV |title=Business World |date=2007 |publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika Limited |volume=26 |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref> NTV's parent company is Rachana Television Pvt. Ltd (RTPL). Rachana also owns South India's first devotional channel [[Bhakthi TV]] and India's first female-focused television channel Vanitha TV. RTPL was incorporated in 2006. As per Media Ownership Monitor, Narendra Choudary and family own 66.2% of RTPL.<ref name=":22"/><br />
<br />
Narendra Choudary and family also has interests in publishing (Rachana Publishers Private Limited), Infrastructure Development (Sri Rachana Infra Developers, and Sunshine Infraholdings), etc.<ref name=":22"/><br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
Narendra Choudary has served as the president of Jubilee Hills Housing Society president from 2006 - 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Jubilee Hills Co-operative Society {{!}} President |url=http://jhhst.com/management/president.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=jhhst.com}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad: Membership for all a priority, say new representatives of Jubilee Hills Society |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2021/mar/23/hyderabad-membership-for-all-a-priority-say-new-representatives-of-jubilee-hills-society-2280241.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Koride Mahesh">{{Cite web |author=Koride Mahesh|date=Mar 9, 2021 |title=Hyderabad: Jubilee Hills housing society polls on March 21 {{!}} Hyderabad News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/jubilee-hills-housing-society-polls-on-mar-21/articleshow/81400169.cms |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana High Court sets aside Jubilee Hills Society's voters list |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/jan/06/telangana-high-courtsets-aside-jubileehills-societys-voters-list-2246125.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the society elections held on March 21, 2021, Narendra Choudary didn’t contest and the new society formed their panel on March 23, 2021.<ref name="Koride Mahesh"/><ref name="newindianexpress.com"/> The new society filed a case against Choudary in the High Court on April 20, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-25 |title=Jubilee Hills plot scam: NTV founder Chowdary made prime accused |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/250421/jubilee-hills-plot-scam-ntv-founder-chowdary-made-prime-accused.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is NTV founder to be targeted ??? |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Politics/Read/994343495/Is-NTV-founder-to-be-targeted |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-01 |title=Conspiracy against NTV Chairman Narendra Chowdary Tummala? |url=https://www.telugubulletin.com/conspiracy-against-ntv-chairman-narendra-chowdary-tummala-128762 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=TeluguBulletin.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, the [[Telangana High Court]] directed the Hyderabad city police not to arrest Narendra Choudary in the case pertaining to alleged scam in Jubilee Hills Cooperative House Building Society (JHCHBS).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu360 |date=2021-04-28 |title=TS High Court asks police not to arrest NTV Chowdhary |url=https://www.telugu360.com/ts-high-court-asks-police-not-to-be-arrest-ntv-chowdhary/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Telugu360.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-06 |title=News channel chairman gets anticipatory bail |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/news-channel-chairman-gets-anticipatory-bail/article34501436.ece |access-date=2022-04-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Sagar Kumar Mutha|date=May 7, 2021 |title=Hyderabad: Ex-members of Jubilee Hills housing body get bail in plot case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ex-members-of-jubilee-hills-hsg-body-get-bail-in-plot-case/articleshow/82442926.cms |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> And the Jubilee hills police have withdrawn the case as there is no conspiracy and nothing illegal in the plot registration process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-08 |title=Property deal with false ID card in Jubilee Hills is not criminal act, say police |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/080621/property-deal-with-false-id-card-in-jubilee-hills-is-not-criminal-act.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-03 |title=Police withdraw case against NTV Narendra Chowdary |url=https://www.telugubulletin.com/police-withdraw-case-against-ntv-narendra-chowdary-132108 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=TeluguBulletin.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Despite the contradictions over the years, In the September 3, 2021 elections for the Jubilee Hills International Center governing body Narendra Chaudhary panel was elected unanimously.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jublihills International Centre: జూబ్లీహిల్స్ ఇంటర్నేషనల్ సెంటర్ ఎన్నికలు ఏకగ్రీవం.. పూర్తి వివరాలివే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/telangana/hyderabad-jubilee-hills-international-center-elections-unanimous-here-is-the-elected-members-list-bk-vb-1020148.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=News18 Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-03 |title=జూబ్లీహిల్స్ ఇంటర్నేషనల్ సెంటర్ ఎన్నికల్లో చౌదరి ప్యానెల్ ఏకగ్రీవం |url=https://telugu.gulte.com/political-news/28446/narendra-chowdary-panel-unanimously-elected-for-jic |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Gulte Telugu |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
He received lifetime achievement award by [[Telugu Association of North America]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ఎన్టీవీ చైర్మన్ నరేంద్రచౌదరికి తానా జీవనసాఫల్య పురస్కారం |url=https://telugutimes.net/news-article/ntv-chairman-narendra-choudary-receives-tana-lifetime-achievement-award |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Telugu Times USA NRI Telugu News Telugu News Papers In USA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-07-05 |title=TANA 2019 award winners |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/tana-2019-award-winners-543966 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tummala, Narendra Choudary}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian mass media owners]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:1960 births]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pallikoodam&diff=523969Pallikoodam2026-03-14T09:31:56Z<p>Amit raj: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Malayalam and Tamil word that denotes a village school}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{other uses}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}<br />
'''Pallikoodam''' or '''Ezhuthupally Pally''' is a word in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] that denotes a [[school]].<ref name = "book_manu">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_z_8ImnviEC|title=STATE OF MIND|last=Rajnish|first=Manu|publisher=Manu Rajnish|isbn=9789350871270|language=en}}</ref><br />
These were mostly village schools run by individual teachers (Ezhuthu pally [[Aasaan|Aashaan]]s or Asans or [[Guru]]s) and were distinct from [[Kalari]]s that taught martial arts.<ref name="book_carmelite">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2IonQAACAAJ|title=Contributions of Carmelites of Mary Immaculate Congregation to Education in Kerala: 1831-2008|last=Wilson|first=Kokkat|date=2016|publisher=Dharmaram Publications, Dharmaram College|isbn=9789384964436|language=en}}</ref><ref name="article_menon_2015">{{Cite journal|last=Menon|first=Dilip M.|date=2015-12-01|title=Writing History in Colonial Times: Polemic and the Recovery of Self in Late Nineteenth-Century South India|journal=History and Theory|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=64–83|doi=10.1111/hith.10779|issn=1468-2303}}</ref><br />
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==Etymology==<br />
The real meaning of ''Pallikkoodam'' is ''a sacred place for education''. In medieval Kerala, Jain Derasars and Buddhist viharas were known as 'Ezhuthupally. When Budha bhiskhus started small schools, they were called Pallikkoodam.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Buddhist History of Kerala|url=http://www.kerala.cc/keralahistory/index34.htm|website=kerala.cc|access-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215933/http://www.kerala.cc/keralahistory/index34.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> A generally accepted explanation of the [[etymology]] of this Malayalam word is that it is a [[blend word]] formed out of two Malayalam words ''Palli'' and ''Koodam''. The word '''Palli''' means small village in Tamil, Sanskrit & Malayalam. '''Koodam''' means Gathering in Tamil and Malayalam. Pallikoodam means village gathering. <br />
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The Malayalam word for Mosque and Church is also later referred to as "Palli" as they borrowed these words. <br />
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In Keral, Tamil Nadu, and Sri Lanka village schools are called ''Pallikoodam (''[[Sri Lankan Tamil dialect|Sri Lankan Tamil]]).<br />
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==Types==<br />
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There were different forms of Pallikoodams that were established across [[Kerala]] offering different levels of education, with some regional variations. [[Kudippallikoodam]] was by far the most important, popular and wide spread form, since most of the students except clerics, priests or scholarly professionals would usually stop after receiving elementary education and start working on their professions.<br />
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===Kudippallikoodam===<br />
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Kudippallikoodam ([[:ml:കുടിപ്പള്ളിക്കൂടം|കുടിപ്പള്ളിക്കൂടം]]) also known as 'Aashan Pallikoodam' (ആശാൻ പള്ളിക്കൂടം) was a popular form of schooling. This was an indigenous elementary schooling method where an instructor or ''aashan'' (ആശാൻ) would teach young children about alphabets, numbers, elementary arithmetic, writing as well as general aspects of life such as personal discipline, cleanliness, morality and general knowledge. Young students are initially trained in writing by making them write on the sand. <br />
Once they are comfortable with writing on sand, the students would upgrade themselves to reporting on the standard writing medium i.e. palm leaves ([[Thaliyola]] or [[Palm-leaf manuscript]]s) as the writing material and iron pen ([[Narayam]]) as the writing instrument (stylus) to scribe on them.<br />
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In the 20th century CE, the writing medium mostly got upgraded into wooden slates and chalk. This continued to be the case until the system almost entirely died out by the dawn of the 21st century CE.<br />
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==Revival Efforts==<br />
Recent efforts have been undertaken to revive traditional teaching methods and tools. A noteworthy example is an initiative titled ''Malayalam Pallikoodam'' proposed by the famous Malayalam Poet [[V Madhusoodanan Nair]]. This initiative tried to revive the use of wooden slates instead of paper notebooks and pencils for teaching Malayalam and has received significant attention from parents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/reliving-the-pallikoodam-experience/article6300220.ece|title=Reliving the 'pallikoodam' experience|last=Kumar|first=Kaavya Pradeep|date=2014-08-10|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Education in Kerala]]<br />
* [[Institute of Human Resources Development]]<br />
* [[List of educational institutions in Kerala]]<br />
* [[Narayam]], the writing instrument used to write on palm leaf-based documents.<br />
* [[Palm-leaf manuscript]]<br />
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==References==<br />
"The Buddhist History of Kerala". kerala.cc. Retrieved 4 April 2016. Link:{{reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Schools in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Tamil Nadu]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhruva_(2016_film)&diff=452209Dhruva (2016 film)2026-03-10T21:08:06Z<p>Amit raj: Content refined for better accuracy</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian film (2016) directed by Surender Reddy}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Dhruva<br />
| image = Dhruva Telugu film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Surender Reddy]]<br />
| producer = [[Allu Aravind]]<br/>N. V. Prasad<br />
| writer = '''Story''':<br/>[[Mohan Raja]]<br/>[[Subha (writers)|Suresh-Balakrishnan]]<br/>'''Screenplay''':<br/>Surender Reddy<br/>Deepak Raj<br/>Madhusudhan<br/>'''Dialogues''':<br/>Vema Reddy<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Thani Oruvan]]''|Mohan Raja}}<br />
| starring = [[Ram Charan]]<br/>[[Arvind Swamy]]<br/>[[Rakul Preet Singh]]<br/>[[Navdeep]]<br />
| music = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]<br />
| cinematography = [[P. S. Vinod]]<br />
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]<br />
| studio = [[Geetha Arts]]<br />
| distributor = Geetha Arts<br />
| released = {{film date|2016|12|09|df=y|ref1=<ref name=TOIReleasedate/>}}<br />
| runtime = 165 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Dhruva''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/221116/exclusive-ram-charans-action-thriller-dhruva-clears-censor-board.html Exclusive: Ram Charan's action thriller Dhruva clears Censor Board]</ref> directed by [[Surender Reddy]] and produced by [[Allu Aravind]] under his banner [[Geetha Arts]]. A remake of the Tamil film ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' (2015), it follows Dhruva, an IPS officer who wants to arrest Siddharth Abhimanyu, a wealthy scientist, who uses secret medical and illegal practices for profit.<ref name="DeccanRemake">{{cite news|author=Suresh Kavirayani|date=19 February 2016|title=Ram Charan's new movie launched|work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/190216/ram-charan-new-movie-launched.html|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> It stars [[Ram Charan]] in the title role alongside [[Aravind Swamy]] (who reprises his role from the original version), [[Rakul Preet Singh]], and [[Navdeep]] in pivotal roles.<br />
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The launch and principal photography of the film took place in February 2016; filming took place in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The film features music composed by [[Hiphop Tamizha]], the cinematography was handled by [[P. S. Vinod]] and editing was done by Navin Nooli, respectively. The film was released worldwide on 9 December 2016, after multiple postponements. It received positive reviews praising the cast performances (particularly Ram Charan and Arvind Swamy), writing, direction, action sequences and cinematography.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
In 1980, Chengalarayudu, a dedicated low-level party member, helped his wife deliver their baby in the car of his regional leader.<br />
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By 1995, their son Venkanna tops his state exams but witnesses his party leader murder a rebel. Venkanna takes the blame and goes to juvenile prison, securing an [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] seat for his father.<br />
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By 2016, Dhruva, a trainee [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer, and his friends helped catch a kidnapping gang. Dhruva's girlfriend, Ishika, learns about their secret activities. They witness the murder of a social activist, Ramarao, leading Dhruva to uncover a hidden crime network led by scientist Siddharth Abhimanyu, who is Venkanna. Now an [[Assistant Superintendent|ASP]], Dhruva discovers Siddharth's illegal medical operations and confronts him. Siddharth's father, now a [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health Minister]] in the minority government headed by the party leader, who is now the [[Chief Minister|CM]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], supports Siddharth's unethical practices. Dhruva receives evidence against Siddharth from Akshara, a scientist killed for opposing Siddharth. Dhruva's friend Gautham is killed retrieving this evidence. Dhruva then manipulates Siddharth into killing his henchman Abbas, gathers proof, and confronts the corrupt CM.<br />
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Chengalarayudu fakes a stroke to escape pressure, The ruling party forces Chengalarayudu either to resign within 24 hours or he will be dismissed. Dhruva appeals to the CM that he has evidence and wants to arrest Siddharth and is granted permission to do so. Hence Siddarth kills his father using his goons in an accident and forces the CM to stop actions against him, or he will lie that the CM killed his father for personal vengeance. But the next day, at his father's state funeral, Dhruva arrests him on the CM's orders. When Siddharth is arrested, Siddharth is tricked into confessing, and Dhruva's team brings down his entire crime network. It is also revealed that Chengalarayudu is still alive, saved by Dhruva and his gang and the public funeral held was for Gautham.<br />
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Dhruva makes a deal that he would save Siddharth's life for information and evidence on all of his criminal associates and activities and gives him a [[bulletproof vest]] to fake his death during his transport to the court. They also plan to take down the setup planned by various VIPs to kill Siddharth when one of them gets close to Siddharth, Dhruva attacks him and notices that Siddharth did not wear the vest and is fatally shot by Preethi. Before dying, he tells Dhruva that he hid all the evidence in an [[SD card]] in the bulletproof vest.<br />
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==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Ram Charan]] as [[Assistant Superintendent of Police|ASP]] K. Dhruva [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] <br />
*[[Arvind Swamy]] as Dr. Siddharth Abhimanyu alias Venkanna, Chengalarayudu's son<br />
*[[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Dr. Ishika, a Forensic expert; former [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer; Dhruva's love interest<br />
*[[Navdeep]] as Gowtham [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Dhruva's friend<br />
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as [[Home Minister]] Changalarayudu, Siddharth's father<br />
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as Dheeraj Chandra<br />
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Subramaniam, Dhruva's friend<br />
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Raj Gopal, Dhruva's father<br />
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Snehalatha, Dhruva's mother<br />
*[[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] as Dr. Akshara<br />
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as [[Chief Minister of Telangana]]<br />
*Farah Karimaee as Preethi, Sidharth's girlfriend<br />
*[[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]] as Ranveer Singh [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Dhruva's friend<br />
*[[Randhir Gattla]] as Karan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Dhruva's friend<br />
*[[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Ishika's friend<br />
*[[Himaja]] as Ishika's friend<br />
*Saurav Chakrabarti as Abbas Ali, Irfan Ali's younger brother<br />
*[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Irfan Ali, Abbas Ali's elder brother<br />
*[[Janaki Sabesh]] as Rajyalakshmi, Ishika's mother<br />
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Subramaniam [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Ishika's father<br />
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Ramaswamy <br />
*[[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]] as KMR<br />
*Danielle Pires as Angelina<br />
*[[Ram Karthik ]] as Kamal<br />
*[[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Chain Snatcher <br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
===Development===<br />
In September 2015, producer [[D. V. V. Danayya]] had bought the remake rights of ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' (2015), for a sum of {{INRConvert|5.5|c|lk=}},<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-23|title=Telugu remake rights of 'Thani Oruvan' bought for Rs.5.5 crore|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/telugu-remake-rights-of-thani-oruvan-bought-for-rs-5-5-crore/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-21|title='Thani Oruvan' Telugu remake rights bought for Rs.5.5 Cr - Telugu News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thani-oruvan-telugu-remake-rights-bought-for-rs55-cr-telugu-news-142735|access-date=2020-07-09|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> and announced that either [[Mahesh Babu]] or [[Ram Charan]] will play the lead role,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Karthik|date=2015-09-08|title=Salman Khan, Mahesh Babu & Ram Charan in Race for 'Thani Oruvan'|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/09/08/salman-khan-mahesh-babu-and-ram-charan-in-race-for-thani-oruvan|access-date=2020-07-09|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> with the latter being finalized,<ref>{{Cite web|last=IANS|date=2015-09-06|title=Ram Charan keen on Telugu remake of 'Thani Oruvan'|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-09-06/Ram-Charan-keen-on-Telugu-remake-of-Thani-Oruvan/174714|access-date=2020-07-09|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> as Charan was impressed about the script.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} While, [[Surender Reddy]], [[Vamshi Paidipally]], [[Mohan Raja]], the director of the original film, were supposed to helm the remake,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-05|title=Surender Reddy to direct 'Thani Oruvan' Telugu remake|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/surender-reddy-to-direct-thani-oruvan-telugu-remake/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=DNA Web Team|date=2015-09-07|title=Ram Charan set to remake Jayam Ravi's 'Thani Oruvan'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ram-charan-set-to-remake-jayam-ravi-s-thani-oruvan-2122653|access-date=2020-07-09|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> Surender was chosen as the film's director.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-05|title=Thani Oruvan's Telugu remake to be directed by Surender Reddy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/thani-oruvan-s-telugu-remake-to-be-directed-by-surender-reddy/story-DonskbEiSKuUJD3qAd3tHI.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Surender Reddy to helm Thani Oruvan remake|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Surender-Reddy-to-helm-Thani-Oruvan-remake/articleshow/49216552.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Jonnalagedda |first1=Pranita }}</ref> In an interview with, ''[[The Times of India]]'', Surender revealed that, it took him three months to complete the script, with two months for adapting the script in Telugu, and another month for the final draft being prepared.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Surender toiled for three months to complete script for Dhruva|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/surender-toiled-for-three-months-to-complete-script-for-dhruva/articleshow/56065642.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Pasupulate |first1=Karthik }}</ref> Following the poor performance of Charan's ''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]'', Danayya stepped out of producing the venture, and subsequently [[Allu Aravind]], bankrolled the project under the home studio [[Geetha Arts]], collaborating with charan for the second time after ''[[Magadheera]]'' (2009).{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} The film was tentatively titled as ''Rakshak'', before the title ''Dhruva'' was announced.<ref>{{Cite web|author=DNA Web Team|date=2015-12-31|title='Thani Oruvan' Telugu remake with Ram Charan tentatively titled 'Rakshak'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-thani-oruvan-telugu-remake-with-ram-charan-tentatively-titled-rakshak-2161084|access-date=2020-07-09|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> For his role in the film Ram Charan, had undergone rigorous training with an array of fitness experts.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Charan undergoes rigorous training for his next|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charan-undergoes-rigorous-training-for-his-next/articleshow/52165432.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=How Ram Charan got his lean mean cop look|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/How-Ram-Charan-got-his-lean-mean-cop-look/articleshow/52934643.cms|access-date=2022-07-10|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 January 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ians|date=2016-05-07|title=Ram Charan's rigorous workout for 'Thani Oruvan' remake|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/ram-charans-rigorous-workout-for-thani-oruvan-remake/article8569946.ece|access-date=2020-07-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Singer [[Vedala Hemachandra]] provided voiceover for Arvind Swamy.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Singer Hema Chandra dubs for Aravind Swamy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Singer-Hema-Chandra-dubs-for-Aravind-Swamy/articleshow/55701850.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
[[Ajith Kumar]] and [[R. Madhavan]] were both offered to play Swamy's role from the original, however, they both declined.<ref>{{Cite web|author=DNA Web Team|date=2015-10-17|title=Madhavan to play Arvind Swami's role in Telugu remake of 'Thani Oruvan'?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-madhavan-to-play-arvind-swami-s-role-in-telugu-remake-of-thani-oruvan-2135772|access-date=2020-07-09|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] had also been approached for the role, but also declined.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Girl|first=Gossip|date=2017-07-11|title=Rajasekhar Reveals Shocking Fact About Dhruva|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-07-10/Rajasekhar-Reveals-Shocking-Fact-About-Dhruva/311392|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Arvind Swamy]] was later chosen to reprise his role from the original film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=2 December 2015|title=Arvind Swamy in Telugu remake of Thani Oruvan|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Arvind-Swamy-in-Telugu-remake-of-Thani-Oruvan/articleshow/50015870.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref> Sources claimed that, Swamy had charged {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=}} as remuneration.<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=2016-12-02|title=Arvind Swamy paid big bucks for Dhruva|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/021216/arvind-swamy-paid-big-bucks-for-dhruva.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> [[Shruti Haasan]], was cast as the female lead, reprising [[Nayanthara]]'s role,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-25|title=Shruti Haasan To Act In Thani Oruvan Remake|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/telugu/shruti-haasan-act-thani-oruvan-remake-article28337.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145618/https://www.desimartini.com/news/telugu/shruti-haasan-act-thani-oruvan-remake-article28337.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2020|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Desimartini|language=en}}</ref> collaborating with Charan after ''[[Yevadu]]'' (2014),<ref>{{Cite web|author=DNA Web Team|date=2015-11-17|title=Shruti Haasan to play Nayanthara's role in Telugu remake of 'Thani Oruvan'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shruti-haasan-to-play-nayanthara-s-role-in-telugu-remake-of-thani-oruvan-2146261|access-date=2020-07-09|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> however due to schedule conflicts, she opted out of the project and was replaced by [[Rakul Preet Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-07|title=Rakul Preet Singh in Telugu remake of 'Thani Oruvan'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rakul-preet-singh-in-telugu-remake-of-thani-oruvan/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-08|title=Ram Charan to romance Rakul Preet Singh in Telugu remake of 'Thani Oruvan'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ram-charan-to-romance-rakul-preet-singh-in-telugu-remake-of-thani-oruvan-1200438.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=News18}}</ref> [[Navdeep]] was cast as one of Charan's friends.<ref>{{cite news|author=Pranita Jonnalagedda|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Navdeep-to-play-a-cop-in-Thani-Oruvan-remake/articleshow/52619521.cms|title=Navdeep to play a cop in Thani Oruvan remake|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|date=16 January 2017|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Navdeep and Ram Charan having a ball|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Navdeep-and-Ram-Charan-having-a-ball/articleshow/53022447.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Jonnalagedda |first1=Pranita }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Hiphop Tamizha]], who composed for the original film, were signed to compose the soundtrack for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|author=DNA Web Team|date=2016-02-10|title=Hip Hop Thamizha to debut in Telugu with Ram Charan's 'Thani Oruvan' remake|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hip-hop-thamizha-to-debut-in-telugu-with-ram-charan-s-thani-oruvan-remake-2176080|access-date=2020-07-09|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-composer-duoaadhi-and-jeeva-foray-into-telugu-cinema-with-ram-charans-dhruva/article9353388.ece|title=Hiphop Tamizha on 'Dhruva'|work=The Hindu|date=16 November 2016|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> [[Aseem Mishra]], who worked in ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' (2015), was initially chosen as the film's cinematographer,{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} but due to his inavailability, was replaced by [[P. S. Vinod]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinematographer PS Vinod for Ram Charan's Dhruva|url=http://www.ritzmagazine.com/cinematographer-ps-vinod-for-ram-charans-dhruva/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=RITZ Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Naveen Nooli]], Rajeevan and Nagendra were chosen as the editor, production designer and art director respectively.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} The stunt sequences were choreographed by [[Ravi Varma (stunt director)|Ravi Varma]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} [[Bosco–Caesar|Bosco-Caesar]], who previously worked for Charan in ''[[Orange (2010 film)|Orange]]'' (2010), choreographed the song sequences.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}<br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
The film was scheduled to be launched on 16 January 2016,{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} however, the launch was tentatively delayed to 10 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Girl|first=Gossip|date=2015-12-28|title=Ram Charan's next pushed to February|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-12-28/Ram-Charans-next-pushed-to-February/196070|access-date=2020-07-09|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> The film was launched at the office of the production house Geetha Arts on 18 February 2016,{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} and it was announced that the regular shooting of the film would commence on 22 February 2016.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} However, the principal photography was commenced without Ram Charan,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/010416/shoot-continues-sans-ram-charan.html|title=Shoot continues sans Ram Charan|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=4 January 2016|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> and it was announced that he would join the shooting from 1 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-22|title=Ram Charan to start shooting new project from March|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ram-charan-to-start-shooting-new-project-from-march/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=INDIA|first=THE HANS|date=2016-02-29|title=Ram Charan all set to begin shoot for Thani Oruvan remake|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-02-29/Ram-Charan-all-set-to-begin-shoot-for-Thani-Oruvan-remake/210555|access-date=2020-07-09|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> As the second schedule of the film was scheduled to be held on 10 March, Ram Charan undergone image makeover and look tests for the film, and was reported to join the sets from 14 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Charan to go for image makeover for next|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charan-to-go-for-image-makeover-for-next/articleshow/51239735.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 11 May 2016, the makers planned for a shooting schedule in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], to film an important sequence and a song,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-04-28|title=Thani Oruvan Telugu remake team to head for Kashmir in May|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/thani-oruvan-telugu-remake-team-to-head-for-kashmir-in-may/story-ElsSg0OLkUn4IOrQUZEgRO.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and it also reported that Ram Charan may join the schedule.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 April 2016|title=Ram Charan to shoot in Kashmir for Telugu remake of Thani Oruvan|url=https://www.indiatoday.com/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-to-shoot-in-kashmir-for-telugu-remake-of-thani-oruvan-320467-2016-04-28|access-date=2020-07-09|website=India Today|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Later Ram Charan and Rakul Preet moved to Kashmir, for its second schedule,{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} which was completed on 29 June,{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Following the second schedule, the team moved to [[Hyderabad]], in July 2016 to shoot important sequences, and later planned to shoot the songs in August.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} An exclusive making video of the film was released, in which Ram Charan was performing risky stunts, all by himself, without using any body doubles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Exclusive! Watch: Ram Charan turns dare devil for 'Dhruva'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Exclusive-Watch-Ram-Charan-turns-dare-devil-for-Dhruva/articleshow/54363159.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2016, the makers revealed that, the talkie portion of the film has been completed, and later planned to shoot two songs, along with the completion of post-production works.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dhruva wraps up talkie part of the movie|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Dhruva-wraps-up-talkie-part-of-the-movie/articleshow/55028862.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> A special set for the introduction song of the film was erected on a huge scale.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Special set for intro song in Ram Charan's Dhruva|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Special-set-for-intro-song-in-Ram-Charans-Dhruva/articleshow/55027516.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> For the song shoot, Ram Charan reportedly got training himself under ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]'' and ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' fame [[bodybuilder]] Rakesh Udiyar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dhruva: Ram Charan trains with Sultan and Dangal trainer, Rakesh Udiyar|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|agency=IANS|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhruva-ram-charan-trains-with-sultan-and-dangal-trainer-rakesh-udiyar/story-XEpB4BIA6Txk2z4FK9FwCJ.html|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Charan intensifies his training for Dhruva|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charan-intensifies-his-training-for-Dhruva/articleshow/55180044.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The song shoot was completed on late October.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Charan wraps up his intro song|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Ram-Charan-wraps-up-his-intro-song/articleshow/55290927.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Later, Aravind Swamy completed his portions for Dhruva.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Arvind Swamy wraps up the shoot of 'Dhruva'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Arvind-Swamy-wraps-up-the-shoot-of-Dhruva/articleshow/55241937.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The song "Pareshanura" was shot at the [[Krabi|Krabi Islands]] in [[Thailand]], which featured Ram Charan and Rakul Preet Singh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2016-12-06|title=Watch: Rakul Preet turns up the heat with Pareshanura song in Dhruva|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/watch-rakul-preet-turns-up-the-heat-with-pareshanura-song-in-dhruva-4413034/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The song "Neethoney Dance" was filmed at a huge set erected at [[Annapurna Studios]], which was choreographed by Bosco-Caesar duo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2016-11-11|title=Dhruva's Neethone song: Chiranjeevi, Ram Charan, Allu Arjun, Akhil come together, watch video|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dhruvas-neethone-song-chiranjeevi-ram-charan-allu-arjun-akhil-come-together-watch-video-4374732/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Following the song shoot, the principal photography was wrapped up on 11 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|title=It's a wrap for Dhruva|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Its-a-wrap-for-Dhruva/articleshow/55495155.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-11|title=Dhruva shoot wrap: Ram Charan shares pics from Kashmir and Krabi islands|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/dhurva-shoot-wrap-ram-charan-teja-rakul-preet-singh-songs-shares-pics-from-kashmir-and-krabi-islands-4374517/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Main|Dhruva (soundtrack)}}<br />
The [[soundtrack album]] and [[background score]] was composed by [[Hiphop Tamizha]] marking their debut in Telugu. The album features five tracks written by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] and [[Varikuppala Yadagiri|Varikkuppala Yadagiri]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dhruva's 10 second song promo launched|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Dhruvas-10-second-song-promo-launched/articleshow/55262685.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The album was directly made available to stores and online by [[Aditya Music]] after plans for an audio launch being cancelled.<ref>{{Cite news|title=No exclusive audio function for Dhruva|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/No-audio-launch-for-Dhruva/articleshow/55241933.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Charan's album 'Dhruva' launched online|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Ram-Charans-album-Dhruva-launched-online/articleshow/55328916.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> While the songs are newly composed, the song "Theemai Dhan Vellum" from the original film, was reused in Telugu, titled "Manushi Musugulo Mrugam Neney Ra" released on 7 December 2016 on [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_unXY-axVks|title=Dhruva – Manishi Musugulo Mrugam Neney Ra Telugu Song &#124; Ram Charan, Rakul Preet Singh|work=YouTube|date=9 December 2016 |access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
===Theatrical===<br />
[[Ram Charan]] planned to release the film on 7 October 2016,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Charan's 'Dhruva' gets a release date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charans-Dhruva-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/53844607.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> coinciding with the [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]] festival,<ref>{{Cite web|last=IANS|date=2016-08-25|title=No delay in Ram Charan's Dhruva release|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-08-25/No-delay-in-Ram-Charans-Dhruva-release/250399|access-date=2020-07-09|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-25|title=Dhruva to hit the screens on October 7, says producer|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhruva-to-hit-the-screens-on-october-7-says-producer/story-Ouq9GYyrTscGPVd4zR4E0I.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> but the makers postponed its release to avoid clash with [[Naga Chaitanya]]-starrer ''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]'' (2016);<ref>{{Cite web|title='Dhruva' movie release date announced: Ram Charan starrer set to clash with 'Premam' this Dussehra|url=https://yahoo.com/dhruva-movie-release-date-announced-081019254.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Yahoo|language=en-IN}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> later pushed its release to 25 November 2016, which clashes with the Telugu version of [[Sivakarthikeyan]]-starrer ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' (2016), however, the release was postponed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ram Charan's Dhruva release to be postponed?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ram-charans-dhruva-release-be-postponed-50691|access-date=2020-07-09|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=October 2016 }}</ref> The producers claimed that the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation]], has postponed the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-27|title=Demonetisation postpones Dhruva|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/271116/demonetisation-postpones-dhruva.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Demonetisation forced us to postpone 'Dhruva': Producer|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2016/nov/27/demonetisation-forced-us-to-postpone-dhruva-producer-1543189.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 November 2016 }}</ref> The makers finally announced that the film will be released worldwide on 9 December 2016.<ref name="TOIReleasedate">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ram-charan-tejas-dhruva-to-release-on-december-9-4384190/|title=Ram Charan Teja's Dhruva to release on December 9|author=Krishna Vamsi|work=Indian Express|date=19 November 2016|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> The film completed, the censor formalities on 21 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-21|title=Ram Charan's Dhruva clears censor hurdles, gets U/A certificate|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ram-charans-dhruva-clears-censor-hurdles-gets-ua-certificate-4387771/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
=== Marketing ===<br />
Ram Charan released the pre-look of the film on 12 August 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|title=First look of Ram Charan's Dhruva to be unveiled on Independence Day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/First-look-of-Ram-Charans-Dhruva-to-be-unveiled-onIndependence-Day/articleshow/53666409.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The first look of the film was released on the occasion of [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]], 15 August 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Charan reveals the slick first look of 'Dhruva'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charan-reveals-the-slick-first-look-of-Dhruva/articleshow/53718872.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-16|title=Dhruva first look: Will this Thani Oruvan remake work box office magic for Ram Charan? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhruva-first-look-will-this-thani-oruvan-remake-work-box-office-magic-for-ram-charan-2958218.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 August 2016|title=Dhruva First Look: Ram Charan looks smashing as a police officer|url=https://www.indiatoday.com/movies/regional-cinema/story/dhruva-ram-charan-rahul-preet-first-look-poster-thani-oruvan-remake-335273-2016-08-15|access-date=2020-07-09|website=India Today|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The teaser was initially supposed to be released on 5 September 2016, coinciding with [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayaka Chathurthi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title='Dhruva' teaser for Vinayaka Chavithi ??|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Dhruva-teaser-for-Vinayaka-Chavithi-/articleshow/53957524.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> However, the teaser was released on 11 October 2016, coinciding with [[Dusshera]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Dhruva teaser: Ram Charan plays a cop with an attitude|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Watch-Dhruva-teaser-Ram-Charan-plays-a-cop-with-anattitude/articleshow/54807787.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The teaser crossed 1 million views within 24 hours of its release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 October 2016|title=Dhruva teaser: Ram Charan's film clocks a million views in 24 hours|url=https://www.indiatoday.com/movies/regional-cinema/story/dhruva-teaser-ram-charan-rahul-preet-thani-oruvan-remake-release-postponed-346264-2016-10-13|access-date=2020-07-09|website=India Today|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Dhruva teaser hits a million views before 24 hours|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Dhruva-teaser-hits-a-million-views-before-24-hours/articleshow/54808590.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The making video of the film was released in October 2016.<ref name=":1" /> The theatrical trailer of the film was released on 25 November 2016, and crossed 5 million views within release.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dhruva's trailer hits a million in 5 hours|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Dhruvas-trailer-hits-a-million-in-5-hours/articleshow/55632817.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Dhruva theatrical trailer makes waves online|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Dhruva-theatrical-trailer-makes-waves-online/articleshow/55651127.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Palaparthi |first1=Srividya }}</ref> The pre-release event of the film was held on 4 December 2016,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pre release function scheduled on Dec 4 for Dhruva|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Pre-release-function-scheduled-on-Dec-4-for-Dhruva/articleshow/55683723.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> at Yousufguda Police Lines in [[Hyderabad]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dhruva's pre-release function was a blast|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Dhruvas-pre-release-function-was-a-blast/articleshow/55811308.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> where the promo videos of two songs "Pareshanura" and "Neethoney Dance" was released.<ref name=":2" /> The promo of "Neethoney dance" featured appearances of [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Allu Arjun]], [[Allu Sirish]], [[Akhil Akkineni]], [[Shruti Haasan|Shruti Hassan]], producer [[Allu Aravind|Allu Arvind]], directors [[Koratala Siva]] and [[V. V. Vinayak]] respectively.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
Within first week, the film earned {{INRConvert|85.4|c|lk=}} worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-17|title=Dhruva box office collection: Ram Charan film crosses Rs 50-crore mark|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/dhruva-box-office-collection-ram-charan-film-earns-rs-50-crore-worldwide-4431656/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
<br />
''[[The Times of India]]'', gave 4 out of 5 stars and stated "Dhruva promises to be an edge-of-the-seat entertainer and it delivers impeccably. You won't find yourself looking away from the screen through the two-hour-forty-minute runtime. A remake done right."<ref>{{Citation|title=Dhruva Review {4/5}: The movie promises to be an edge-of-the-seat entertainer and it delivers impeccably|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/dhruva/movie-review/55892391.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|last1=Palaparthi |first1=Srividya }}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stating "Dhruva is an edgy action thriller tale about a smart cop (Ram Charan) pitched against an evil mastermind scientist (Arvind Swamy) and is a very well adapted remake of Thani Oruvan."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-09|title=Dhruva movie review: This Thani Oruvan remake is the perfect showcase for Ram Charan |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhruva-movie-review-this-thani-oruvan-remake-is-the-perfect-showcase-for-ram-charan-3148218.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Firstpost}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stating "This film has three stars -- its hero Ram Charan Teja, its powerful villain Arvind Swamy and its script."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-09|title=Dhruva movie review: Ram Charan Teja, Arvind Swami steal the show|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/tollywood-movie-review/dhruva-movie-review-ram-charan-teja-arvind-swami-star-rating-4418568/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[The Hindu]]'' rated "‘Dhruva’ leaves you with the feeling of having read a fast-paced, unputdownable thriller."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2016-12-09|title=Dhruva: A tale of two men|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/Dhruva-A-tale-of-two-men/article16783303.ece|access-date=2020-07-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
In contrast, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated 4 out of 5 stars and commented "Ram Charan's performance is so physically and mentally fit that it scream for attention while Arvind Swamy balances his viciousness and cunning intellect equally, which is enough to destroy any protagonist. Perfect combination for the film."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-11|title=Dhruva review: Ram Charan is like a rock that has not moved from its place for centuries|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/dhruva-review-ram-charan-is-like-a-rock-that-has-not-moved-from-its-place-for-centuries/story-37AQhuawkhsHfcF9SpJpmO.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated: "Dhruva's makers had a ready, proven, super-hit script in front of them which is pretty fruitful."<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=2016-12-10|title=Dhruva movie review: Weak compared to its original, Thani Oruvan|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/101216/dhruva-movie-review-weak-compared-to-its-original-thani-oruvan.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|6027478}}<br />
{{Surender Reddy}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]<br />
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Surender Reddy]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Indian police films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s police films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Hiphop Tamizha]]<br />
[[Category:Films about security and surveillance]]<br />
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]<br />
[[Category:Techno-thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about medical malpractice]]<br />
[[Category:Forensic science in popular culture]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1980]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1995]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 2016]]<br />
[[Category:Indian political films]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation_(India)&diff=469166Municipal corporation (India)2026-03-10T14:39:22Z<p>Amit raj: brief improve lead for consistency and cleaned formatting per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Local government in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Politics of India}}<br />
{{Infobox government<br />
| government_name = Municipal corporation<br />
| nativename = {{lang|hi|नगर निगम}}<br />
| government_form = [[Local government in India|Local government]] in urban areas<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = 120px<br />
| caption =<br />
| date = 1688 (first in [[Madras]])<br />
| document_type = Founding legislation<br />
| document = [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992]] and State Municipal Corporation Acts<br />
| division_type = State / Union Territory<br />
| division = Various (India)<br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| website = <br />
| branch1 = Overview<br />
| branch1_label1 = Level of government<br />
| branch1_data1 = Third tier (local self-government)<br />
| branch1_label2 = Jurisdiction<br />
| branch1_data2 = Urban areas (generally population above 1 million, varies by state)<br />
| branch1_label3 = Total municipal corporations<br />
| branch1_data3 = 269 (as of 2025){{citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
| branch2 = Legislative branch<br />
| legislature = Municipal Council<br />
| speaker_label = Presiding officer<br />
| speaker = [[Mayor]] (Elected by Councillors)<br />
| deputy_speaker_label = [[Deputy Mayor]]<br />
| deputy_speaker = Elected by councillors<br />
| members_in_assembly_label = Councillors<br />
| members_in_assembly = Directly elected from wards<br />
| meeting_place = Municipal Corporation Hall<br />
| branch3 = Executive branch<br />
| leader_type = Political head<br />
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]<br />
| main_body = Municipal administration<br />
| leader_type2 = Executive head<br />
| leader_title2 = [[Municipal Commissioner]] / Administrator / Secretary<br />
| appointed = Mayor elected by councillors (or directly in some states); Commissioner appointed by state government<br />
| headquarters = Varies by city<br />
| main_organ = Municipal Corporation<br />
| departments = Urban planning, public health, sanitation, water supply, education, transport, etc.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
A '''municipal corporation''' is a <br />
type of [[local government]] in India which administers an urban area having a population of one million or more. The growing population and urbanization of various Indian cities highlighted the need for a type of local governing body that could provide services such as healthcare, education, housing and transport by collecting property taxes and administering grants from the [[State governments of India|state government]].<br />
<br />
The municipal corporation carries out its function through divisions or departments. For example, water supply and sewage disposal Undertaking, Housing Board, Education Department and Electricity Department.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}<br />
<br />
The [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|74th Amendment Act]] defined the formations of urban local governments and their activities.<ref name="74th Amendment">{{cite web|url = https://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/74amend.pdf | title =74th Amendment Act}}</ref><!--<br />
title=THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT)|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend74.htm|website=indiacode.nic.in|access-date=3 December 2016}}{{PD-notice}sai<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Other names for municipal corporations==<br />
Municipal corporations are referred to by different names in different states (due to regional language variations), all of which are translated to "municipal corporation" in English. These names include ''Nagar Nigam'' (in [[Delhi]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Haryana]]), ''Nagara Nigama'' (in [[Punjab]]), ''Mahanagar Palika'' (in [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]]), ''Mahanagara Palike'' (in [[Karnataka]]), ''Pouro Nigom'' (in [[Assam]]), ''Mahānagara Nigama'' (in [[Odisha]]), ''Pouro Nigam'' (in [[West Bengal]]), ''Pur Porishod'' (in [[Tripura]]), ''Nagar Palika Nigam'' (in [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]), ''Nagara Paalaka Samstha'' or ''Mahaanagara Paalaka Samstha'' (in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]), ''Nagara Sabha'' (in [[Kerala]]) and ''Maanagaraatchi'' (in [[Tamil Nadu]]).{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}<br />
<br />
The [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]] of the city of [[Vadodara]] in [[Gujarat]] is typically called by the name "''Vadodara Mahanagarpalika''". The [[Mysore City Corporation|Mysuru City Corporation]] of the city of [[Mysore|Mysuru]] in [[Karnataka]] is typically called "''Mysuru Mahanagara Palike''". The [[Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation]] of the city of [[Tirunelveli]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] is typically called by the name "''Tirunelveli Maanagaraatchi''". The [[Kochi Corporation]] of the city of [[Kochi]] in [[Kerala]] is typically called by the name "''Kochi Nagarasabha''". <br />
<br />
The detailed structure of these urban bodies varies from state to state, as per the laws passed by the [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislatures]], but the basic structure and function is almost the same.<br />
<br />
==Composition==<br />
[[File:Administrative structure of India.svg|thumb|right|Administrative structure of India|500px]]<br />
<br />
===Wards Committee (Legislature)===<br />
The area administered by a municipal corporation is known as a municipal area. Each municipal area is divided into territorial constituencies known as wards. A municipal corporation is made up of a wards committee. Each ward has one seat in the wards committee. Members are elected to the wards committee on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. These members are known as [[councillors]] or corporators. The number of wards in a municipal area is determined by the population of the city. Some seats are reserved for [[scheduled castes]], [[scheduled tribes]], [[backward classes]] and women.<ref name="74th Amendment"/><br />
<br />
A state can choose to constitute additional committees to carry functions of urban local governance, in addition to the wards committees. In addition to the councillors elected from the wards, the legislature of a state may also choose to make provisions for the representation of persons having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, the MPs or MLAs representing the constituencies which comprise wholly or partly the municipal area, and/or the commissioners of additional committees that the state may have constituted. If a state legislature appoints a person from the first category to a wards committee, that individual will not have the right to vote in the meetings of the municipal corporation, while MPs, MLAs and commissioners do have the right to vote in meetings.<ref name="74th Amendment"/><br />
<br />
===Executive departments===<br />
There are departments for execution of work related to health, water and sanitation.<br />
<br />
==Superlatives==<br />
The largest corporations are in the ten major metropolitan cities of India, viz. [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|Mumbai]], [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Delhi]], [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Kolkata]], [[Greater Chennai Corporation|Chennai]], [[Bengaluru Municipal Corporation|Bengaluru]], [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation|Ahmedabad]], [[Lucknow Municipal Corporation|Lucknow]], [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation|Jaipur]], [[Kanpur Municipal Corporation|Kanpur]].<br />
<br />
The [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) of the city of [[Mumbai]] in [[Maharashtra]] is the richest municipal corporation in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/bmc-to-open-green-channel-for-octroi/214127/ |title=BMC to open green channel for octroi |publisher=Financialexpress.com |date=2007-09-03 |access-date=2010-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/15/20100720201007200513356955a0576d5/Gold--beautiful.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903164108/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/15/20100720201007200513356955a0576d5/Gold--beautiful.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-03 |title=Gold & beautiful, News - Cover Story |publisher=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=2010-07-21 }}</ref> [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] of the city of [[Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] is the oldest municipal corporation in India and second oldest municipal corporation in the world only behind [[City of London Corporation]] in United Kingdom.<ref name="320yrs">{{cite news|title= Chennai Corporation to celebrate 320 years |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/23/stories/2008092357680100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923115809/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/23/stories/2008092357680100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2008|first=Kannal|last=Achutan|date=23 September 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-09-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Functionaries==<br />
<br />
Municipal Corporations are urban local bodies established in large cities to provide essential civic services. Their functionaries are classified into elected representatives and appointed officials.<br />
<br />
=== Elected Functionaries ===<br />
* '''[[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]'''<br />
** Ceremonial head of the Corporation<br />
** Presides over Corporation meetings<br />
** Represents the city in official functions<br />
** Elected directly or indirectly<br />
* '''[[Deputy Mayor#India|Deputy Mayor]]'''<br />
** Assists the Mayor<br />
** Acts in the Mayor’s absence<br />
* '''[[Municipal councillor (India)|Municipal Councillors]]'''<br />
** Elected from each municipal ward<br />
** Constitute the Municipal Corporation (Council)<br />
** Deliberate on policies, budgets, and development plans<br />
* '''Standing Committee Members'''<br />
** Formed to manage specific functions such as:<br />
*** Finance<br />
*** Health<br />
*** Public Works<br />
*** Education<br />
*** Development <br />
*** Welfare <br />
*** Arts and Sports<br />
** Headed by Chairpersons elected among councillors.<br />
<br />
=== Appointed Functionaries ===<br />
* '''[[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]'''<br />
** Chief executive officer of the Corporation.<br />
** Appointed by the State Government (usually an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer or an [[Civil Services of India#State Civil Services|State Service]] officer).<br />
** Responsible for overall administration and implementation of council decisions.<br />
* '''Additional/Deputy Commissioners'''<br />
** Assist the Municipal Commissioner in specific domains.<br />
* '''Heads of Departments'''<br />
** Manage various departments such as:<br />
*** Engineering<br />
*** Health<br />
*** Sanitation<br />
*** Town Planning<br />
*** Education<br />
*** Accounts<br />
* '''Revenue Officer'''<br />
** Handles property tax and other municipal revenues.<br />
* '''Medical Officer of Health'''<br />
** Supervises public health, sanitation, and hospitals.<br />
* '''Chief Engineer / Superintending Engineer'''<br />
** Oversees infrastructure development and maintenance.<br />
* '''Other Supporting Staff'''<br />
** Includes clerks, inspectors, technical staff, and field workers.<br />
<br />
''These functionaries operate within the framework of the respective State Municipal Corporation Acts and play a vital role in urban governance and service delivery.'' ''These administrative officials are appointed by the respective State Government. The respective state Urban Development/Municipal Affairs/Urban Affairs Department look after their matters''.<br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
Municipal corporations are typically headed by a [[Mayor#India|mayor]] and [[Deputy mayor#India|deputy mayor]] (elected from among the councilors), and comprise elected [[Councillor#India|councillors]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administration {{!}} City Corporation Of Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/administration |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
The mayor is the head of the municipal corporation, but in most [[states and territories of India]] the role is largely ceremonial as executive powers are vested in the [[Municipal commissioner (India)|municipal commissioner]]. The office of the mayor combines a functional role of chairing the corporation council meetings as well as ceremonial role associated with being the First Citizen of the city. As per the amended Municipal Corporation Act of 1888, a deputy mayor is appointed by the mayor. The tenure of the mayor, deputy mayor and council is five years. However, in [[Haryana]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]], mayors are directly elected by the people and thus hold the executive powers of the municipal corporations.<br />
<br />
The administrative machinery is further supported by a [[Municipal commissioner (India)|municipal commissioner]] or [[secretary]]. They functions as the chief executive officer of the municipal corporation. These officials are tasked with the day-to-day operations, implementing policies, and ensuring the efficient delivery of essential services. Executive officers monitor the implementation of all the programs related to planning and development of the corporation with the coordination of mayor and councilors. The municipal corporations consists departments like health, general administration, revenue, engineering, town planning, welfare, education, etc. The officials of these departments, like health inspectors, engineers, and administrative officers, are appointed by the state government.<br />
<br />
==Functions of municipal corporations ==<br />
The Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution lists the subjects that municipal corporations are responsible for. Corporations may be entrusted to perform functions and implement schemes including those in relation to the matters listed in the Twelfth Schedule.<ref name="74th Amendment"/><br />
<br />
* Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings<br />
* Urban planning including town planning<br />
* Planning for economic and social development<br />
* Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes<br />
* Public health, sanitation conservancy and [[Waste management in India|solid waste management]]<br />
* Fire services<br />
* Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects<br />
* Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and mentally disabled<br />
* Slum improvement and upgradation<br />
* Repair street lights<br />
* Urban poverty alleviation<br />
* Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds<br />
* Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects<br />
* Burials and burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds and electric crematoriums<br />
* Cattle pounds; prevention of cruelty to animals<br />
* Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths<br />
* Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences<br />
* Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries<ref name="74th Amendment"/><br />
<br />
==Municipal corporation headquarters of major metropolitan cities==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:MCD HQ.jpg|[[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[National Capital Territory]]<br />
File:Bombay Municipal Corporation.JPG|[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]],<br/>[[Greater Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
File:Ripon building (12232197345).jpg|[[Greater Chennai Corporation]],<br />[[Greater Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
File:Kolkata Municipal Corporation - Kolkata 2013-04-15 6065.JPG|[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]],<br />[[Kolkata|Greater Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
File:BBMP Office Building front.jpg|[[Greater Bengaluru Authority]],<br />[[Bengaluru|Greater Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]<br />
File:GHMC Main Building.jpg|[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]],<br />[[Hyderabad|Greater Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]<br />
File:Pune Municipal Corporation building in October 2023.jpg|[[Pune Municipal Corporation]], [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
File:Vadodara Municipal Corporation.jpg|[[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]], [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]<br />
File:Vishakapatnam municipal corporation.jpg|[[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]],[[Visakhapatnam]],[[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]<br />
* [[Municipal governance in India]]<br />
* [[Municipal Corporation Elections (India)|Municipal Corporation Elections]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Local government in India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Local government in India]]<br />
[[Category:Municipal corporations in India| ]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990%E2%80%9391_Asia_Cup&diff=4462641990–91 Asia Cup2026-03-07T04:56:25Z<p>Amit raj: revised</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Cricket tournament in India}}<br />
{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket tournament<br />
| name = 1990–91 Asia Cup<br />
| caption = Cricket Asia Cup<br />
| fromdate = 25 December 1990<br />
| todate = 4 January 1991<br />
| administrator = [[Asian Cricket Council]]<br />
| cricket format = [[One Day International]]<br />
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]<br />
| host = India<br />
| champions = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| runner up = {{cr|SL}}<br />
| count = 3<br />
| participants = 3<br />
| matches = 4<br />
| attendance =<br />
| player of the series = ''Not awarded''<br />
| most runs = {{cricon|SRI}} [[Arjuna Ranatunga]] (166)<br />
| most wickets = {{cricon|IND}} [[Kapil Dev]] (9)<br />
| previous_year = 1988<br />
| previous_tournament = 1988 Asia Cup<br />
| next_year = 1995<br />
| next_tournament = 1995 Asia Cup<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''1990–91 Asia Cup''' was the fourth [[Asia Cup]] tournament, and was held in [[India]] between 25 December 1990, and 4 January 1991. Three teams took part in the tournament: [[India national cricket team|India]], [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and Asian leading associate member [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]]. [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] had pulled out of the tournament due to strained political relations with [[India]].<br />
<br />
The 1990–91 Asia Cup was a [[round-robin tournament]] where each team played the other once, and the top two teams qualifying for a place in the final. India and Sri Lanka qualified for the final in which India beat Sri Lanka by 7 wickets to win its second consecutive (and third in total) Asia Cup.<br />
<br />
==Squads==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:auto; margin:auto"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" | Squads<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-1990-91-60913 ESPNcricinfo Asia Cup page] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 22 September 2021</ref><br />
|-<br />
! {{cr|IND}} (2)<br />
! {{cr|SRI}} (7)<br />
! {{cr|BAN}} (15)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[Arjuna Ranatunga]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[Minhajul Abedin]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ravi Shastri]] || [[Hashan Tillakaratne]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Azhar Hossain]]([[Vice Captain (cricket)|vc]])<br />
|-<br />
| [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] || [[Charith Senanayake]] || [[Nurul Abedin]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] || [[Asanka Gurusinha]] || [[Faruk Ahmed]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || [[Aravinda de Silva]] || [[Athar Ali Khan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kapil Dev]] || [[Roshan Mahanama]] || [[Akram Khan (cricketer)|Akram Khan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Manoj Prabhakar]] || [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] || [[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kiran More]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Rumesh Ratnayake]] || [[Aminul Islam (cricketer, born 1968)|Aminul Islam]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Venkatapathy Raju]] || [[Champaka Ramanayake]] || [[Gholam Nousher]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saradindu Mukherjee]] || [[Don Anurasiri]] || [[Nasir Ahmed (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Nasir Ahmed]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
|-<br />
| [[Atul Wassan]] || [[Jayananda Warnaweera]] || [[Jahangir Alam Talukdar]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Woorkeri Raman]] || [[Graeme Labrooy]] || [[Saiful Islam (cricketer, born 1969)|Saiful Islam]]<br />
|-<br />
| - || [[Pramodya Wickramasinghe]] || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Venues ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:0 auto"<br />
! width="33%" |[[Kolkata]]<br />
! width="33%" |[[Cuttack]]<br />
! width="33%" |[[Chandigarh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Eden Gardens]]<br />
|[[Barabati Stadium]]<br />
|[[Sector 16 Stadium]]<br />
|-<br />
|Capacity: 67,000<br />
|Capacity: 45,000<br />
|Capacity: 30,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |{{Location map+|India|places={{Location map~|India|lat_deg=30.7333|lon_deg=76.7794|position=right|background=|label=[[Chandigarh]]}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=20.4625|lon_deg=85.8828|position=right|background=|label=[[Cuttack]]}}<br />
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22.5726|lon_deg=88.3639|position=right|background=|label=[[Kolkata]]}}|float=center}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Matches==<br />
<br />
===Group stage===<br />
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR<br />
|show_tie=no<br />
|source= [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-1990-91-60913/points-table-standings ESPN Cricinfo] <br />
|update=complete <br />
<br />
|team_order=SRI, IND, BAN<br />
<br />
|win_BAN=0 |loss_BAN=2 |tie_BAN=0 |nr_BAN=0 |nrr_BAN=3.663<br />
|win_IND=1 |loss_IND=1 |tie_IND=0 <br />
|nr_IND=0 |nrr_IND=4.222<br />
|win_SRI=2 |loss_SRI=0 |tie_SRI=0 <br />
|nr_SRI=0 |nrr_SRI=4.908<br />
<br />
|name_BAN={{cr|BAN}}<br />
|name_IND={{cr|IND}}|status_IND=H<br />
|name_SRI={{cr|SRI}}<br />
<br />
|result1=Q |result2=Q <br />
|result3=E <br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|col_Q=green1<br />
|text_Q=Advanced to the [[#Final|Final]]<br />
|col_E=#fcc<br />
|text_E=Eliminated<br />
|winpoints=4|drawpoints=2|tiepoints=2<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Limited overs international<br />
| date = 25 December 1990<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}<br />
| score1 = 170/6 (50 overs)<br />
| score2 = 171/1 (36.5 overs)<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| runs1 = [[Faruk Ahmed]] 57 (126)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Kapil Dev]] 2/17 (8 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Navjot Sidhu]] 104 (109)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Athar Ali Khan]] 1/23 (6 overs)<br />
| result = India won by 9 wickets<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/scorecard/65681 Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Sector 16 Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]<br />
| umpires = [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|V. K. Ramaswamy]] (Ind) and [[Piloo Reporter]] (Ind)<br />
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| motm = [[Navjot Sidhu]] (Ind)<br />
| notes = [[Saradindu Mukherjee]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs international<br />
| date = 28 December 1990<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}<br />
| score1 = 214 (49.2 overs)<br />
| score2 = 178 (45.5 overs)<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| runs1 = [[Arjuna Ranatunga]] 53 (105)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Atul Wassan]] 3/28 (10 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] 40 (61)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Rumesh Ratnayake]] 3/24 (6.5 overs)<br />
| result = Sri Lanka won by 36 runs<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/scorecard/65682 Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Barabati Stadium, Cuttack]]<br />
| umpires = [[Subrata Banerjee]] (Ind) and [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|V. K. Ramaswamy]] (Ind)<br />
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| motm = [[Arjuna Ranatunga]] (SL)<br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Limited overs international<br />
| date = 31 December 1990<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}<br />
| score1 = 249/4 (45 overs)<br />
| score2 = 178/9 (45 overs)<br />
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}<br />
| runs1 = [[Aravinda de Silva]] 89 (60)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Azhar Hossain]] 1/33 (9 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Athar Ali Khan]] 78[[not out|*]] (95)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 3/39 (9 overs)<br />
| result = Sri Lanka won by 71 runs<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/scorecard/65683 Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]<br />
| umpires = [[Subrata Banerjee]] (Ind) and [[Piloo Reporter]] (Ind)<br />
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| motm = [[Athar Ali Khan]] (Ban)<br />
| notes = [[Saiful Islam (cricketer, born 1969)|Saiful Islam]] (Ban) and [[Pramodya Wickramasinghe]] (SL) made their ODI debuts.<br />
*''Fog delayed start of play. The match was subsequently reduced to 45 overs-a-side.''<ref name="Match3">{{cite news|title=Asia Cup 1990-91, third match, Bangladesh v Sri Lanka|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150846.html|access-date=6 February 2018|work=Wisden|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
*''Bangladesh surpassed their previous team aggregate of 177. [[Athar Ali Khan]]'s 78 was the [[List of Bangladesh One Day International cricket records|highest individual score for a Bangladesh player]].''<ref name="Match3"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Final===<br />
{{Limited overs international<br />
| date = 4 January 1991<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}<br />
| score1 = 204/9 (45 overs)<br />
| score2 = 205/3 (42.1 overs)<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| runs1 = [[Arjuna Ranatunga]] 49 (57)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Kapil Dev]] 4/31 (9 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] 75[[not out|*]] (95)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Arjuna Ranatunga]] 1/12 (2 overs)<br />
| result = India won by 7 wickets<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/scorecard/65684 Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]]<br />
| umpires = [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|V. K. Ramaswamy]] (Ind) and [[Piloo Reporter]] (Ind)<br />
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| motm = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] (Ind)<br />
| notes = [[Kapil Dev]] became the second bowler for India to [[List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks|take a hat-trick in ODIs]].<ref>{{CricketArchive|ref=Archive/Scorecards/53/53820|name=India v Sri Lanka, Asia Cup 1990/91 (Final)}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Statistics ==<br />
<br />
=== Most runs ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
!Player<br />
!Matches<br />
!Innings<br />
!NO<br />
!Runs<br />
![[Batting average (cricket)|Average]]<br />
!SR<br />
!HS<br />
!100<br />
!50<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|SL}} [[Arjuna Ranatunga]]<br />
|3<br />
|3<br />
|1<br />
|'''166'''<br />
|83.00<br />
|73.45<br />
|64[[Not out|*]]<br />
|0<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Navjot Singh Sidhu|Navjot Sidhu]]<br />
|3<br />
|3<br />
|1<br />
|'''144'''<br />
|72.00<br />
|81.45<br />
|104[[Not out|*]]<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Aravinda de Silva]]<br />
|3<br />
|3<br />
|0<br />
|'''126'''<br />
|42.00<br />
|120.00<br />
|89<br />
|0<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Athar Ali Khan]]<br />
|2<br />
|2<br />
|1<br />
|'''122'''<br />
|122.00<br />
|71.34<br />
|78[[Not out|*]]<br />
|0<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjay Manjrekar]]<br />
|3<br />
|3<br />
|2<br />
|'''112'''<br />
|112.00<br />
|65.88<br />
|75[[Not out|*]]<br />
|0<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" |Source: ''Cricinfo''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Cup, 1990/91 Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=654&type=tournament |access-date=2022-09-18 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Most wickets ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
!Player<br />
!Matches<br />
!Innings<br />
!Wickets<br />
!Overs<br />
!Ave.<br />
!Econ.<br />
!BBI<br />
!4WI<br />
!5WI<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kapil Dev]] <br />
|3<br />
|3<br />
|'''9'''<br />
|26.2<br />
|10.66<br />
|3.64<br />
|4/31<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Atul Wassan]] <br />
|3<br />
|3<br />
|'''5'''<br />
|27.00<br />
|20.80<br />
|3.85<br />
|3/28<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|SL}} [[Rumesh Ratnayake]]<br />
|2<br />
|2<br />
|'''4'''<br />
|14.5<br />
|14.50<br />
|3.91<br />
|3/24<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sanath Jayasuriya]]<br />
|3<br />
|3<br />
|'''3'''<br />
|20.00<br />
|30.33<br />
|4.55<br />
|2/39<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" |Source: ''Cricinfo''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Cup, 1990/91 Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=654&type=tournament |access-date=2022-09-18 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Asia Cup]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/sa/engine/series/60913.html Tournament page] on [[ESPNcricinfo]]<br />
* {{CricketArchive|ref=Archive/Events/1/Asia_Cup_1990-91|name=Asia Cup 1990/91}}<br />
<br />
{{Asia Cup}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:1990-91 Asia Cup}}<br />
[[Category:1990 in Indian cricket|Asia Cup]]<br />
[[Category:1991 in Indian cricket|Asia Cup]]<br />
[[Category:Asia Cup]]<br />
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1988–89 to 1991]]<br />
[[Category:International cricket competitions in India|A]]<br />
[[Category:December 1990 sports events in Asia|Asia Cup]]<br />
[[Category:January 1991 sports events in Asia|Asia Cup]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prithu_Gupta&diff=526823Prithu Gupta2026-03-04T08:50:18Z<p>Amit raj: creating...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2004)}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox chess biography<br />
|name=Prithu Gupta<br />
|country=[[India]]<br />
|image=Narendra Modi with Prithu Gupta, 2020 (cropped).jpg<br />
|caption=Gupta in 2020<br />
|title=[[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2019)<br />
|FideID= 46618546<br />
|peakrating=2493 (August 2019)<br />
|birth_date={{birth date and age|2004|3|8|df=y}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Gurgaon]], India<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Prithu Gupta''' is an Indian [[Grandmaster (chess)|chess grandmaster]] from [[Gurgaon]], Haryana. He reached this milestone in July 2019, at the age of 15 years and 4 months, 31 years after [[Viswanathan Anand]] became India's first GM. He began playing chess when he was nine years old, which is relatively late compared to most other grandmasters.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Beginning with an Elo rating of 1187 in October 2013,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-06|title=From 1187 to 2219 in just three years - ChessBase India|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/prithu-gupta/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref> Prithu went past 2500 in less than six years of competition despite playing in a lesser number of tournaments, focusing instead on the top-ranking events, which featured the best players.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-02|title=Prithu Gupta - FIDE Ratings - International Chess Federation|url=https://ratings.fide.com/profile/46618546}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Prithu achieved his maiden International Master (IM) norm<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-02|title=13-year-old Prithu Gupta makes his maiden IM norm - ChessBase India|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/prithu-gupta-im-norm/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref> at the Silver Lake Open in Silver Lake, [[Veliko Gradište]], [[Serbia]], in July 2017, and his second IM norm came a month later at the Golden Prague Chess Festival in the Czech Republic, where he won seven out of his nine matches in the [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] event, finishing top and crossing 2300 [[Elo rating system|Elo]] rating points in the process.<br />
<br />
In January 2018 at the Tradewise Gibraltar Masters,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-01|title=Gibraltar 2018: Prithu Gupta becomes an IM and scores his maiden GM norm - ChessBase India|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Gibraltar_2018_round_8_and_9|access-date=2022-02-02|website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref> Prithu won the title of International Master and achieved his first Grandmaster (GM) norm.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-10|title=Prithu Gupta- IM title and one GM Norm at the age of 13! - ChessBase India|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Prithu_Gupta_IM_and_GM_norm|access-date=2022-02-02|website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref> Then, following a tied-4th finish at the 7th Llucmajor Open in Palma da Mallorca,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-24|title=Swayams Mishra and Prithu Gupta shine at the Llucmajor Open 2018 in Mallorca - ChessBase India|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Llucmajor_Chess_Open_2018|access-date=2022-02-02|website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref> Prithu obtained his second GM norm<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-13|title=Prithu Gupta - the boy who tops in class and scores GM norms with ease! - ChessBase India|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Prithu_Gupta_second_GM_norm|access-date=2022-02-02|website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref> at the Biel International Chess Festival in Switzerland, in July 2018.<br />
<br />
Also in July 2018, Prithu earned top honours in the team event of the Portuguese League in Porto, and in October of the same year, he was judged the second-best youngster in the under-18 category at the Isle of Man Masters in the UK.<br />
<br />
In July 2019, at age 15, and three months after finishing runner-up amongst juniors at the [https://www.reykjavikopen.com Reykjavik Open] (under-18 category), Prithu secured his third GM norm with a round to spare at the Porticcio Open in Corsica, where he finished ninth. A week later during the Portuguese League (first division), he became India’s 64th Grandmaster<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rao|first=Rakesh|date=2019-07-19|title=Prithu Gupta is the country's 64th GM|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/prithu-gupta-is-the-countrys-64th-gm/article28598908.ece|access-date=2022-02-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> – after his win in the fifth round against German IM Lev Yankelevich, Prithu’s Elo rating crossed 2500.<br />
<br />
For achieving his third Grandmaster norm and surpassing the 2500 Elo rating required to obtain the Grandmaster title, Prithu received the state award for outstanding sportspersons from the Government of Haryana in August 2019. In January 2020, he was awarded the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar. The Rashtriya Bal Puraskar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ministry of Women and Child Development|url=https://nca-wcd.nic.in/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=nca-wcd.nic.in|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125164854/https://nca-wcd.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is presented to Indian citizens under the age of 18 in recognition of achievements in various fields, including sport.<br />
<br />
== Achievements ==<br />
* 2017: 1st IM norm, Silver Lake Open, Serbia<br />
* 2017: 1st position, [http://www.praguechessfestival.com Golden Prague Chess Festival]<br />
* 2017: 2nd IM norm, Golden Prague Chess Festival<br />
* 2018: Secured third IM norm and won title of International Master, [http://www.gibchess.com Tradewise Gibraltar Masters], Gibraltar<br />
* 2018: 1st GM norm, Tradewise Gibraltar Masters, Gibraltar<br />
* 2018: 2nd GM norm, [http://www.bielchessfestival.ch Biel International Chess Festival], Biel, Switzerland<br />
* 2018: 1st position, team event, Portuguese Team Championship<br />
* 2019: Achieved third and final GM norm, Porticcio Open, Corsica<br />
* 2019: Became India’s 64th Grandmaster, Portuguese League, Evora, Portugal<br />
* 2020: Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/international-title-in-kitty-gurgaon-teen-eyes-grand-master-tag/articleshow/62796531.cms "Prithu Gupta: International title in kitty, Gurugram teen eyes Grand Master tag | Gurgaon News - Times of India"]<br />
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/praise-for-prithu-but-teen-has-his-feet-on-the-ground/articleshow/63388645.cms "Praise for Prithu Gupta but teen has his feet on the ground | Gurgaon News - Times of India"]<br />
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/prithu-makes-it-2-gm-norms-in-3-chess-tournaments/articleshow/65285006.cms "Prithu Gupta: Prithu Gupta makes it 2 GM norms in 3 chess tournaments | Gurgaon News - Times of India"]<br />
* [https://www.chessbase.in/news/Prithu-Gupta-becomes-India-s-64th-GM "Prithu Gupta becomes the 64th GM of Indian chess at the age of 15 years, 4 months and 10 days - ChessBase India"]<br />
* [https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/gennext/prithu-gupta-chess-grandmaster-elo-rating-portuguese-league-2019-viswanathan-anand/article29181428.ece/ "Prithu Gupta: Late to the board, now among the best - Sportstar"]<br />
* [https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/delhi-boy-prithu-gupta-earns-1st-gm-norm-at-13/article23303146.ece/ "Prithu Gupta – a chess talent with a mind of a monk - Sportstar"]<br />
* [https://www.chessbase.in/news/Prithu-Gupta-visits-Vishy-Anand "India's 64th GM Prithu Gupta visits India's 1st GM Vishy Anand's home in Chennai - ChessBase India"]<br />
{{Indian grandmasters}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Prithu}}<br />
[[Category:2004 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]<br />
[[Category:People from Gurgaon]]<br />
[[Category:Emory University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodi_Swamy_Ivanu_Irode_Heege&diff=522390Nodi Swamy Ivanu Irode Heege2026-03-03T12:10:11Z<p>Amit raj: post...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Short description|2022 Kannada-language film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Nodi Swamy Ivanu Irode Heege<br />
| image = Nodi Swamy Ivanu Irode Heege.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Official poster<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Islahuddin NS<br />
| writer = Islahuddin NS<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Amrej Suryavanshi<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]] <br />
*[[Dhanya Balakrishna]] <br />
*Aproova Bharadwaj<br />
}}<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = Vishnu Prasad P<br />Dulip Kumar M S<br />
| editing = Guruswamy T<br />
| music = Prasanna Sivaraman <br />
| studio = STARFAB production<br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|7|22}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Nodi Swamy Ivanu Irode Heege''''' is a 2022 Indian Kannada-language comedy drama film directed by Islahuddin NS and starring [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]], [[Dhanya Balakrishna]] and Apoorva Bharadwaj. The film released on [[Zee5]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2022/jul/20/rishi-i-want-to-do-films-that-give-back-to-the-society-32888.html|title=Rishi: I want to do films that give back to the society|website=[[Cinema Express]]|first=A|last=Sharadhaa|date=20 July 2022|accessdate=11 February 2024}}</ref> The film is about a man with depression and is suicidal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rishi-talks-about-nodi-swamy-ivanu-irode-heege/article65200929.ece|title=Rishi talks about Nodi Swamy Ivanu Irode Heege|first=Shilpa|last=Anandraj|newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 March 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/feb/07/nodi-swamy-ivanu-irode-heege-deals-with-heartbreak-depression-2416164.html|title=Nodi Swamy Ivanu Irode Heege deals with heartbreak, depression|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 February 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]] as Sai Kumar<br />
*[[Dhanya Balakrishna]] as Gajalakshmi<br />
*[[Nagabhushana]]<br />
*Aproova Bharadwaj as Vinutha <br />
*Greeshma Sridhar<br />
<br />
== Production == <br />
After ''[[Sarvajanikarige Suvarnavakasha]]'' (2019), Rishi and Dhanya star together in this film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishi-paired-with-dhanya-again-for-black-comedy/articleshow/83713004.cms|title=Rishi paired with Dhanya again for black comedy - Times of India|website=The Times of India|last1=Lokesh |first1=Vinay }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "To chose[sic] a subject that deals with depression and suicide as the central theme and converting that into a comedy is tough. One must applaud the writing for making this believable".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/kannada/nodi-swamy-ivanu-irode-heege/ottmoviereview/93002753.cms|title=Nodi Swamy Ivanu Irode Heege Review: Rishi impresses in this dark comedy about depression|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' opined that "Unfortunately, NSIIH, a film that highlights the issue of depression with limited doses of humour, is neither relatable nor is it funny".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jul/23/nodi-swami-ivanu-irodu-heege-movie-not-too-black-a-comedy-2479541.html|title=Nodi Swami Ivanu Irodu Heege movie: Not too black a comedy|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 July 2022 }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' said that "While there is a sincere attempt to address the immediate issue of depression, especially with the increased numbers during and post pandemic lockdown, the movie does take a set back in terms of relaxed storytelling and a hurried closure".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/comic-touch-to-a-serous-issue-1128796.html|title=Comic touch to a {{sic|nolink=y|serous}} issue|date=21 July 2022|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/nodi-swamy-ivanu-irode-heege-rishis-comedy-about-heartbreak-and-depression-doesnt-pack-a-punch/0f700bc072503|title=Nodi Swamy Ivanu Irode Heege: Rishi's comedy about heartbreak and depression doesn't pack a punch|website=OTTPlay}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=21420348}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 films]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soan_Papdi_(film)&diff=536450Soan Papdi (film)2026-03-03T03:35:17Z<p>Amit raj: created some post first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Sivani}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Soan Papdi<br />
| image = Soanpapdi Poster.jpg<br />
| caption = சோன்பப்டி<br />
| director = Sivani<br />
| producer = S Kalaivani<br />
| writer = Sivani<br />
| story = S Kalaivani<br />
| starring = [[Sri Natarajan|Sri]]<br />Sahil Kirpalani <br />Priya<br />Niranjana<br />
| music = Dhanraj Manickam<br />
| cinematography = Thanu Balaji<br />
| editing = K Thanigachalam<br />
| studio = Golden Movie Maker<br />
| runtime = 120 minutes<br />
| released = {{film date|2015|5|29|df=yes}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Soan Papdi''''' ({{langx|ta|சோன்பப்டி}}) is a 2015 [[Tamil language]] [[comedy film|comedy]] [[crime film|crime]] [[thriller film]] directed by Sivani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crime Thriller with a 'Sweet Link' |url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/c/4082107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419005553/http://epaper.newindianexpress.com/c/4082107 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=10 April 2015 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film features [[Sri (actor)|Sri]], child actor Sahil Kirpalani (making his debut), Priya, and Niranjana in lead roles, while [[Manobala]] and [[Pattimandram Raja]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by Dhanraj Manickam. The film released on 29 May 2015.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The story is about an engineer who lands in a mysterious quandary and how he begins to unravel the mystery around it.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Sri Natarajan|Sri]] as Shiva<br />
* Sahil Kirpalani as Sahil<br />
* Priya as Aarthy<br />
* Niranjana<br />
* Balaji K. Mohan as Shiva's friend<br />
* [[Manobala]] as Shiva's boss<br />
* [[Pattimandram Raja]]<br />
* [[Besant Ravi]]<br />
* [[Karate Raja]] as Police officer<br />
* [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Soan Papdi<ref name="Sweet Crime">{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=4 February 2014 |title=Shotcuts: Sweet Crime |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-sweet-crime/article5652704.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425092834/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-sweet-crime/article5652704.ece |archive-date=25 April 2018 |access-date=17 March 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Dhanraj Manickam<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Front cover<br />
| released =<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature Film Soundtrack]]<br />
| length =<br />
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| label = Divo<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
The soundtrack album for ''Soan Papdi'' was composed by Dhanraj Manickam. The lyrics penned by [[Na. Muthukumar]], Annamalai, and S. Kalaivani.<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Tracklist<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 18:19<br />
| title1 = Enga Kaattula Mazhai<br />
| extra1 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]]<br />
| lyrics1 = S Kalaivani<br />
| length1 = 04:35<br />
| title2 = I Am Very Sorry<br />
| extra2 = Dhanraj Manickam<br />
| lyrics2 = Annamalai<br />
| length2 = 05:16<br />
| title3 = Sonu Papdi<br />
| extra3 = [[Gaana Bala]], Sivani<br />
| lyrics3 = Annamalai<br />
| length3 = 03:43<br />
| title4 = Hey Chocolates<br />
| extra4 = [[Padmalatha]]<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]<br />
| length4 = 04:45<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of one-half out of five stars and wrote that "This might seem like a decent plot on paper, but an air of amateurishness pervades Soan Papdi that it is hard for us to not mind the poor writing or the ineffectual filmmaking."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soan Papdi Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/soan-papdi/movie-review/47489590.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610053937/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Soan-Papdi/movie-review/47489590.cms |archive-date=2015-06-10 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' felt that the film was better skipped.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Insipid Screenplay, Tiring, Monotonous |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2015/may/31/insipid-screenplay-tiring-monotonous-767918.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810022708/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2015/may/31/Insipid-Screenplay-Tiring-Monotonous-767918.html |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2015 |title=சோன் பப்டி |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2015/05/29160033/Soan-papdi-movie-review.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121024940/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2015/05/29160033/Soan-papdi-movie-review.vpf |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=சோன்பப்டி |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=1803 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101032121/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=1803 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=சோன்பப்டி - Kungumam Tamil Weekly Magazine |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=5380&id1=45&issue=20150608 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101174940/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=5380&id1=45&issue=20150608 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt4685898}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anshul_Chauhan&diff=486866Anshul Chauhan2026-02-26T06:15:52Z<p>Amit raj: starting basic info more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film director (born 1986)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Anshul Chauhan<br />
| image = Anshul Chauhan at JAPANNUAL 2023-portrait PNr°1079b.jpg<br />
| caption = Chauhan in 2023<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1986}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mainpuri]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| alma_mater = [[Rashtriya Military School, Dholpur]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|producer|screenwriter|animator}}<br />
| notable_works = ''[[Bad Poetry Tokyo]]'', ''[[Kontora]]'', ''[[December (2022 Japanese film)|December]]''<br />
| spouse = Mina Moteki<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Anshul Chauhan''' (born 1986) is an Indian film director, producer, and former animator based in Japan. He is best known for directing films such as [[December (2022 Japanese film)|''December'']] (2022), ''[[Kontora]]'' (2019), and ''[[Bad Poetry Tokyo]]'' (2018). Beyond directing, Chauhan has also contributed as an animator to projects such as ''[[Final Fantasy XV]]'', ''[[Final Fantasy VII Remake]]'', and ''[[Tron: Uprising]]''.<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Chauhan was born in [[Mainpuri]], [[Agra]], in [[Northern India]] in 1986, one day after his grandfather had died.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hadfield |first=James |date=18 March 2021 |title=Pushing against the grain of Japan's film industry |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2021/03/18/films/anshul-chauhan-kontora/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220061051/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2021/03/18/films/anshul-chauhan-kontora/ |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=[[The Japan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> His father was a "strict military man" who schooled Chauhan at a military academy in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Megha |date=18 March 2020 |title=An Indian take on making a Japanese film |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2020/03/18/films/indian-film-bad-poetry-tokyo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209113924/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2020/03/18/films/indian-film-bad-poetry-tokyo/ |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=[[The Japan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Chauhan went to university and studied geography.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Aiyar |first=Pallavi |date=28 March 2020 |title=The Indian who made a Japanese movie |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/the-indian-who-made-a-japanese-movie/article31194072.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221154250/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/the-indian-who-made-a-japanese-movie/article31194072.ece |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=10 December 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He later developed an interest in animation and Japanese history after being influenced by his favourite anime, ''[[Naruto]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kuwahara |first=Rika |date=18 June 2020 |title=An Indian Filmmaker Brings a Unique Perspective to Japanese Cinema |url=https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-topics/g00871/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209101444/https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-topics/g00871/ |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=[[Nippon.com]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
After graduating, Chauhan became an animator in 2006 and animated shows such as [[BBC]]'s children's show [[Everything's Rosie (TV series)|''Everything's Rosie'']] and [[Disney's]] ''[[Tron: Uprising]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eagen |first=Daniel |date=20 August 2023 |title=An Indian director's take on Japan's courtroom reality |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Arts/An-Indian-director-s-take-on-Japan-s-courtroom-reality |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522045300/https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Arts/An-Indian-director-s-take-on-Japan-s-courtroom-reality |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=[[Nikkei Asia]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> He was also part of the production of ''[[Delhi Safari]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anshul Chauhan |url=https://pro.festivalscope.com/director/anshul-chauhan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220060938/https://pro.festivalscope.com/director/anshul-chauhan |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Festival Scope Pro}}</ref> After relocating to [[Tokyo]] in September 2011, He joined [[Square Enix]] and animated for video games such as ''[[Final Fantasy XV]]'' and ''[[Kingdom Hearts III]]'' along with animating TV shows such as [[Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015 TV series)|''Transformers: Robots in Disguise'']].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Steen |first=Emma |date=5 April 2023 |title=Now showing: Anshul Chauhan's {{'}}''December''{{'}} is a compelling tale about grief and retribution |url=https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/news/now-showing-anshul-chauhans-december-is-a-compelling-tale-about-grief-and-retribution-040523 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807105222/https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/news/now-showing-anshul-chauhans-december-is-a-compelling-tale-about-grief-and-retribution-040523 |archive-date=7 August 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=[[Time Out Tokyo]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2016, Chauhan founded Kowatanda Films, his own production company, to start directing films.<ref name=":0" /> Initially, he only made [[short film]]s. He later went back to India to direct his first feature film with no intention to return to Japan, however, when he finished, he lost the film due to a faulty [[Hard disk drive|hard disk]] drive.<ref name=":1" /> He later moved back to Japan and directed his first feature film, ''[[Bad Poetry Tokyo]]'' (2018), which won him the Best Narrative Feature Film at the Venice Film Week and the Grand Prize for Best Film at the [[Brussels Independent Film Festival]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
After making ''Bad Poetry Tokyo'', Chauhan was approached by a producer who asked him to write another script after being impressed by his film. Chauhan spent six to seven months writing a script about bullying at a [[Yokosuka]] military academy. However, the producer got scared and left after reading it, considering it to be anti-government.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Jason |first=Genki |date=15 July 2020 |title=Interview with ''Kontora'' Director Anshul Chauhan [Osaka Asian Film Festival 2020] |url=https://genkinahito.wordpress.com/2020/07/15/interview-with-kontora-director-anshul-chauhan-osaka-asian-film-festival-2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220061153/https://genkinahito.wordpress.com/2020/07/15/interview-with-kontora-director-anshul-chauhan-osaka-asian-film-festival-2020/ |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=Genkinahito |language=en}}</ref> After this, Chauhan wrote his second feature film, ''[[Kontora]]'' (2019), which was the first Japanese release to win the Grand Prix Award for Best Film at the [[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Brzeski |first=Patrick |date=13 February 2022 |title=Berlin: Japan-Based Filmmaker Anshul Chauhan Preps Court Room Drama {{'}}''December''{{'}} |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/berlin-japan-based-filmmaker-anshul-chauhan-preps-court-room-drama-december-1235092486/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807105221/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/berlin-japan-based-filmmaker-anshul-chauhan-preps-court-room-drama-december-1235092486/ |archive-date=7 August 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US}}</ref> He stated that his inspiration for ''Kontora'' was from [[War diary|war diaries]] of Japanese soldiers.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
In 2022, Chauhan directed his third feature film, [[December (2022 Japanese film)|''December'']] (2022),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pryor |first=VN |date=6 August 2023 |title=NYAFF 2023: Interview With Anshul Chauhan, Director of ''DECEMBER'' |url=https://cinapse.co/2023/08/nyaff-2023-interview-with-anshul-chauhan-director-of-december/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209101430/https://cinapse.co/2023/08/nyaff-2023-interview-with-anshul-chauhan-director-of-december/ |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=[[Cinapse]]}}</ref> featuring [[Shogen (actor)|Shogen]] of [[Brillante Mendoza]]’s ''[[Gensan Punch]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hopewell |first=John |date=28 April 2022 |title={{'}}''Gensan Punch''{{'}} Star, Producer Reteam with SC Films for {{'}}''December''{{'}} (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/sc-films-anshul-chauhan-shogen-december-1235243379/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807105222/https://variety.com/2022/film/global/sc-films-anshul-chauhan-shogen-december-1235243379/ |archive-date=7 August 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Production on the [[courtroom drama]] film began in February in Tokyo, and focused on a separated couple reuniting after the murderer of their daughter is given a retrial.<ref name=":8" /> ''December'' was nominated for the Kim Jiseok award at the [[27th Busan International Film Festival]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Teresa |first=Maria |date=2022-10-15 |title=BIFF Interview: Shogen, Nominee of Jiseok Awards 2 Years in a Row |url=https://www.hapskorea.com/biff-interview-shogen-nominee-of-jiseok-awards-2-years-in-a-row/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807105225/https://www.hapskorea.com/biff-interview-shogen-nominee-of-jiseok-awards-2-years-in-a-row/ |archive-date=2023-08-07 |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Haps Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, he announced that he was working on a new film titled ''[[Tiger (2025 film)|Tiger]]'', which would star [[Takashi Kawaguchi]], [[Maho Nonami]], and [[Yuya Endo]], that was planned to be released in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotzathanasis |first=Panos |date=1 September 2024 |title=Anshul Chauhan's {{'}}''Tiger''{{'}} Kicks Off Filming with an ensemble cast |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2024/09/anshul-chauhans-next-film-tiger-an-lgbt-drama-set-in-tokyo-kicks-off-filming-with-a-stellar-ensemble-cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905192310/https://asianmoviepulse.com/2024/09/anshul-chauhans-next-film-tiger-an-lgbt-drama-set-in-tokyo-kicks-off-filming-with-a-stellar-ensemble-cast/ |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=4 September 2024 |website=Asian Movie Pulse |language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2025, ''Tiger'' had its international premiere at the [[30th Busan International Film Festival]]. It features LGBTQ+ themes and is his fourth film to be set in Japan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kotzathanasis |first=Panos |date=19 August 2025 |title=Anshul Chauhan’s new film ''TIGER'', an LGBTQ+ Drama Set in Tokyo, to premiere at Busan International Film Festival 2025 |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2025/08/anshul-chauhans-new-film-tiger/ |access-date=20 August 2025 |work=Asian Movie Pulse}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> It won the Hylife Vision Award at Busan in the "Visions – Asia" category.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kim |first=Ji-hye |date=August 19, 2025 |title=BIFF, '비전 - 한국, 아시아' 선정작 23편 공개…독립영화의 새로운 가능성 |trans-title=BIFF unveils 23 films selected for its "Vision - Korea, Asia" program, showcasing new possibilities for independent films. |url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/movie/article/416/0000316340 |access-date=August 20, 2025 |work=SBS Entertainment News |publisher=Naver |language=ko}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2025, Chauhan established Kowatanda Films India, an Indian branch of his production company; it is run by Chauhan, Mina Moteki, and Sohrab Bozorgchami. Kowatanda Films India will collaborate with actress [[Shweta Tripathi]] and her production company Bandarful Films on ''[[Nava (film)|Nava]]'', a horror film. It will be his first film in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=24 November 2025 |title=Anshul Chauhan Launches Kowatanda Films India, Partners With Shweta Tripathi on Horror Feature {{'}}''Nava''{{'}} (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/anshul-chauhan-shweta-tripathi-horror-feature-nava-1236591449/ |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
=== Film ===<br />
<br />
==== As director and producer ====<br />
[[File:JAPANNUAL 2023 in the Filmcasino in Vienna, Austria - Anshul Chauhan interview-talk rh PNr°1074.jpg|thumb|Chauhan in an interview at the ''JAPANNUAL 2023'' film festival for his feature film ''December'']]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Notes<br />
!{{Abbr|Refs.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''Tokyo Apple''<br />
|[[Short film]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2016<br />
|''Soap''<br />
|Short film<br />
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kotzathanasis |first=Panos |date=18 May 2020 |title=Interview with Anshul Chauhan: I think people tend to mistake love for romance |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2020/05/interview-with-anshul-chauhan/ |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=Asian Movie Pulse |language=en-US |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211030634/https://asianmoviepulse.com/2020/05/interview-with-anshul-chauhan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''What's Left of Us''<br />
|Short film<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''Kawaguchi 4256''<br />
|Short film<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''[[Bad Poetry Tokyo]]''<br />
|[[Feature film]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schilling |first=Mark |date=16 January 2020 |title={{'}}''Bad Poetry Tokyo''{{'}}: Indian director's first feature reveals major talent |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2020/01/16/films/film-reviews/bad-poetry-tokyo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211030634/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2020/01/16/films/film-reviews/bad-poetry-tokyo/ |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=[[The Japan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''[[Kontora]]''<br />
|Feature film<br />
|<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|''Leo's Return''<br />
|Short film<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotzathanasis |first=Panos |date=21 August 2021 |title=Short Film Review: ''Leo's Return'' (2021) by Anshul Chauhan |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2021/08/short-film-review-leos-return-2021-by-anshul-chauhan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211030634/https://asianmoviepulse.com/2021/08/short-film-review-leos-return-2021-by-anshul-chauhan/ |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=Asian Movie Pulse |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[December (2022 film)|December]]''<br />
|Feature film<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| 2025<br />
| ''[[Tiger (2025 film)|Tiger]]''<br />
| Feature film<br />
| <ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/home/article/445/0000331533 |title= 부산국제영화제, 신예→중견 감독 총출동...독립영화 23편 공개 |trans-title=The Busan International Film Festival will feature a diverse lineup of directors, from newcomers to established stars, and will premiere 23 independent films. |author=Kwon Na-hyun |work=MHN Sports |publisher=Naver|date=August 19, 2025|access-date=August 20, 2025 |language=ko}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== As animator ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Notes<br />
!{{Abbr|Refs.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''Lego Hero Factory: Savage Planet''<br />
|Animator<br />
| rowspan="6" |<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Anshul Chauhan {{!}} Director, Producer, Animation Department |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6356973/ |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=IMDb |language=en-US |archive-date=7 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807154709/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6356973/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2012<br />
|''[[Delhi Safari]]''<br />
|Animator<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gladiators of Rome (film)|Gladiators of Rome]]''<br />
|Animator<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|''[[Guardians of Oz]]''<br />
|Animator<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2016<br />
|''[[Kingsglaive: Final Fantasy XV]]''<br />
|Animator<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gantz: O]]''<br />
|Animator<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
<br />
==== As animator ====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Notes<br />
!{{Abbr|Refs.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
|2007–08<br />
|''Back at the Backyard''<br />
|[[Animator]]; 5 episodes<br />
| rowspan="8" |<ref name=":5" /><br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|''[[Farmkids|FarmKids]]''<br />
|Animator; 4 episodes<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''[[Everything's Rosie (TV series)|Everything's Rosie]]''<br />
|Lead animator; 26 episodes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2012<br />
|''[[Care Bears: Welcome to Care-a-Lot]]''<br />
|Animator; 26 episodes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Tron: Uprising]]''<br />
|Animator; 15 episodes<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|''[[Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures]]''<br />
|Animator; 11 episodes<br />
|-<br />
|2014–15<br />
|''[[Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015 TV series)|Transformers: Robots in Disguise]]''<br />
|Animator; [[layout artist]]; 12 episodes<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''[[Record of Grancrest War]]''<br />
|Animator; 3 episodes<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Video games ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Notes<br />
!{{Abbr|Refs.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2012<br />
|''[[UFC Undisputed 3]]''<br />
|Animator<br />
| rowspan="5" |<ref name=":5" /><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Skylanders: Giants]]''<br />
|Animator<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|''[[Final Fantasy XV]]''<br />
|Animator<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''[[Kingdom Hearts III]]''<br />
|Animator<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''[[Final Fantasy VII Remake]]''<br />
|Animator<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=6356973}}<br />
* [https://www.kowatanda.com/ Kowatanda Films website]<br />
{{Anshul Chauhan}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Anshul}}<br />
[[Category:Indian film directors]]<br />
[[Category:1986 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian producers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian animators]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mainpuri]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaipur_bombings&diff=505295Jaipur bombings2026-02-23T06:59:46Z<p>Amit raj: Put up new stub more to come!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2008 terrorist bombings in Rajasthan, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| title = Jaipur bombings<br />
| motive = [[Islamic terrorism]]<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = Sanganeri Gate, one of the areas where the bombing took place<br />
| location = [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.9260|75.8235|type:event_region:IN-RJ|display=inline,title}}<br />
| date = {{Start date|2008|05|13|df=yes}}<br />
| time = 19:35<br />
| timezone = [[UTC]]+5:30<br />
| weapons = [[Bicycle bomb]]s, [[ammonium nitrate]], [[RDX]]<br />
| fatalities = 80<ref>[http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=93088 Bombings Kill 80 in Western India – Novinite.com – Sofia News Agency]. Novinite.com (14 May 2008). Retrieved on 2013-08-17.</ref><br />
| injuries = 216<br />
| perps = [[Indian Mujahideen]] (claimed responsibility)<br>[[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh]] (also suspected)<br />
| perp = <br />
| susperps = <br />
| susperp = <br />
| verdict = [[Acquittal]]<br />
| convicted = <br />
| accused = 5<br />
| charges = [[Indian Penal Code]], [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]], Explosives Act, Murder, attempt to murder, conspiracy for waging war against government, sedition, promoting enmity between groups and criminal conspiracy<ref name=":0"/><br />
}}<br />
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}<br />
<br />
The '''Jaipur bombings''' were a series of nine synchronized [[bomb]] blasts that took place on 13 May 2008 within a span of 15 minutes at locations in [[Jaipur]], the capital city of the [[Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]] and a tourist destination.<ref name="tenth">"[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/defused-bomb-in-jaipur-had-only-rdx-traces_10050850.html Defused bomb in Jaipur had only RDX traces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611105707/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/defused-bomb-in-jaipur-had-only-rdx-traces_10050850.html |date=11 June 2008 }}", Thaindian News, 20 May 2008.</ref> Official reports confirmed that 63 died while 216 or more people were injured.<ref>Majumdar, Bappa. "[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?id=ba873f80-b554-48c2-be89-3917c7e6f249TerrorstrikesJaipur_Special&&Headline='Unknown+terror+group+claims+responsibility' Unknown terror group claims responsibility: report]"{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, [[Hindustan Times]], 15 May 2008.</ref> The bombings shocked most of India and resulted in widespread condemnation from leaders across the world with many countries showing solidarity with [[India]] in its fight against [[terrorism]].<ref name="IndiaTimes-condemn">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Abhinav |date=2017-08-03 |title=10 deadly terror attacks in India that shocked the world |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-10-deadly-terror-attacks-in-india-that-shocked-the-world-394650 |access-date=2021-11-30 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
This was the first time terrorists had targeted Jaipur,<ref>"[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3037795.cms For the first time in 280 years]", [[The Times of India]], 14 May 2008.</ref> India's tenth largest city and one of its most popular tourist destinations. The bombs went off near historic monuments at one of the busiest times of the day. One of the bombs exploded close to Jaipur's most famous landmark, the historic [[Hawa Mahal]] (palace of winds).<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7399823.stm Curfew imposed after India blasts]", [[BBC News]], 14 May 2008.</ref><br />
<br />
Two days after the blasts, a previously unknown [[Islam]]ic terrorist group<ref>"[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hIA4Jrf22A_LF8AAsPgwjxgZviVw Unknown Islamic group threatens more blasts in tourist India]" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706082546/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hIA4Jrf22A_LF8AAsPgwjxgZviVw |date=6 July 2008 }}, [[Agence France-Presse]], 14 May 2008.</ref> known as ''[[Indian Mujahideen]]'', sent an e-mail to Indian media in which they claimed responsibility for the attacks<ref name = "IndiaToday-video">"[http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8257&issueid=53&Itemid=1 Indian Mujahideen sends pre-blast video footage]", [[India Today]], 14 May 2008.</ref> and said they would "demolish the faith ([[Hinduism]])" of the "infidels of India".<ref name="TheAustralian-expel">"[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23718469-2703,00.html Outraged India set to expel migrants]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116062803/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23718469-2703,00.html |date=16 January 2009 }}, ''[[The Australian]]'', 19 May 2008.</ref> Though the Indian authorities said that the e-mail was genuine, they also added that there were some contradictions and the primary motive of the e-mail might be to mislead investigating agencies.<ref>"[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Jaipur/Jaipur_blasts_Terror_email_genuine/articleshow/msid-3044451,curpg-2.cms Jaipur blasts: Terror email genuine]", [[The Times of India]], 16 May 2008.</ref> [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Home Ministry]] sources said that a [[Bangladesh]]-based organization, [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh]] (HuJI) or "Islamic Holy War Movement", was suspected to be behind the attack. The police were also able to find credible evidence linking the suspected bombers to Bangladeshi militants<ref>"[http://asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1200&Itemid=35 Bangladeshi Immigrants Stoke Terror in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517045251/http://asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1200&Itemid=35 |date=17 May 2008 }}", [[Asia Sentinel]], 15 May 2008.</ref> which resulted in a backlash against illegal Bangladeshi migrants in Rajasthan.<ref name="migrants">"[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Rajasthan_govt_hunts_for_illegal_Bangladeshis/articleshow/3047096.cms After blasts, Rajasthan govt targets illegal Bangladeshi migrants]", [[The Times of India]], 16 May 2008.</ref><ref>Loudon, Bruce. "[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23718469-2703,00.html Outraged India set to expel migrants]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116062803/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23718469-2703,00.html |date=16 January 2009 }}, ''[[The Australian]]'', 19 May 2008.</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2019, four (Mohammed Saif, Mohammed Sarwar Azmi, Saifur Rehman and Mohammed Salman) of the five accused Indian Mujahideen terrorists were convicted and sentenced to death by a [[special court]] in Rajasthan under the [[Indian Penal Code]], the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]], and the Explosives Act, in eight cases registered by the [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]]. One of the accused was acquitted for lack of evidence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/four-sentenced-to-death-in-2008-jaipur-serial-blasts-case/article30358914.ece|title=Four sentenced to death in 2008 Jaipur serial blasts case|last=Iqbal|first=Mohammed|date=2019-12-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, in March 2023, all four were acquitted of the charges by the Rajasthan High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=2008 Jaipur blasts: Rajasthan HC acquits all four who got death penalty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/2008-jaipur-bomb-blasts-rajasthan-hc-acquits-accused-death-penalty-2019-8526447/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Bombings==<br />
[[File:Tripoliya Bazaar across from Tripolia Pol Gate.jpg|thumb|Tripolia Bazar]]<br />
<br />
The following areas were bombed using [[RDX]] placed in bicycles:<br />
<br />
* Bari Choupar<br />
* Manak Chowk Police Station area<br />
* Johari Bazar<br />
* Tripolia Bazar<br />
* Choti Choupar<br />
* Kotwali area<br />
<br />
Nine bombs at seven locations exploded within 15 minutes, starting at 7:10 pm.<ref name="tenth"/> The blasts were synchronized to inflict maximum casualties. The first two blasts occurred at Manak Chowk and as the crowd ran towards Johri Bazar another two blasts near the National Handloom Centre blocked the exit point, pushing back the panicked crowd towards Tripolia Bazar and Chandpol area, where subsequent blasts caused maximum fatalities.<ref>Thakur, Pradeep and Ghosh, Avijit. "[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Jaipur_was_target_in_93_as_well/articleshow/3049920.cms Jaipur was target in '93 as well]", [[The Times of India]], 18 May 2008.</ref><br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
The serial blasts created panic among Jaipur residents following which several units of police and [[Indian Paramilitary Forces]] were deployed throughout the city. Most of the victims were taken to [[Sawai Man Singh Hospital]]. The doctors used the mobile phones of the dead to inform the victims' relatives.<ref>"[http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEH20080514130110&Page=H&Title=Top+Stories&Topic=-536& Medicos use mobiles of dead to inform their relatives]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517224121/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEH20080514130110&Page=H&Title=Top+Stories&Topic=-536& |date=17 May 2008 }}, ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', 15 May 2008.</ref> A curfew was imposed in parts of Jaipur and the state government of Rajasthan had ordered all units of police to maintain extra vigilance across the state. The Government of India deployed several units of the elite [[National Security Guards]] in Jaipur to aid the law and order forces in the city.<ref>"[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Home_Ministry_sounds_nation-wide_alert/articleshow/3037212.cms Home Ministry sounds nation-wide alert]", [[The Times of India]], 13 May 2008.</ref> Four hundred men from [[Rapid Action Force]] were also sent.<ref>"[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Four_RAF_companies_rushed_to_Jaipur_/articleshow/3037475.cms Four RAF companies rushed to Jaipur]", [[The Times of India]], 14 May 2008.</ref> A few hours after the blasts, India declared high alert across several major Indian cities including [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] (Bombay) and [[Chennai]] (Madras). Security in other major Indian tourist destinations like [[Panaji]] and [[Agra]] was also increased.<ref>"[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india-on-alert-security-stepped-up/65250-3.html India on alert, security stepped up]", [[CNN-IBN|IBN Live]], 14 May 2008.</ref> [[Delhi Police]] also sent a team to Jaipur to check whether the terrorist attacks there had any links with previous terrorists attacks in Delhi.<ref>"[http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage_c_online.php?leftnm=10&bKeyFlag=IN&autono=37466 Delhi Police sends team to Jaipur]", ''[[Press Trust of India]]'', 14 May 2008.</ref><br />
<br />
===Investigations===<br />
India ordered an inquiry into the blasts while the Indian Home Ministry raised concerns that certain 'foreign elements' might be behind the bombings. The police has found credible evidence linking the bombing suspects to Bangladesh-based militants.<ref name="Makkar">Makkar, Sahil. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080517233954/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=fe68bad1-eee3-4bf4-9348-3dca6907d15f&ParentID=968fd3f9-adf8-4ce3-a000-c20020f45988&MatchID1=4696&TeamID1=2&TeamID2=5&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1185&PrimaryID=4696&Headline=Suspects+spoke+Bengali%2C+bought+cycles+without+bargaining+ Jaipur blast suspects spoke Bengali, bought cycles without bargaining]", ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 16 May 2008.</ref> Consequently, Rajasthan state government took severe measures against illegal Bangladeshi immigrants in the state.<ref name="migrants"/><br />
<br />
Four people were detained for questioning by Rajasthan police regarding the blasts. A lead has already been traced by the police.<ref>"[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Jaipur_Curfew_imposed_4_detained/articleshow/3038124.cms Curfew imposed in Jaipur, 8 detained for questioning]", [[The Times of India]], 14 May 2008.</ref> Initial police investigations suggested the involvement of several Islamic militant organizations like [[Bangladesh]]-based [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh]], [[Student's Islamic Movement of India]] or [[Pakistan]]-based [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]].<ref>Sharan, Abhishek. "[http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=7c64f4d0-1a5f-4036-94bc-b097a340eb37&ParentID=63c10133-e75b-4ea9-afbe-8f72eeef6534&&Headline=HuJI%2c+SIMI+stamp+on+attacks HuJI, SIMI stamp on attacks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517234033/http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=7c64f4d0-1a5f-4036-94bc-b097a340eb37&ParentID=63c10133-e75b-4ea9-afbe-8f72eeef6534&&Headline=HuJI%2C+SIMI+stamp+on+attacks |date=17 May 2008 }}", ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 14 May 2008.</ref> Concerns are also being raised about the possible involvement of [[al-Qaeda]].<ref>"[http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/programguide/stories/200805/s2244992.htm India blast has hallmarks of Al Qaeda]", [[Radio Australia]], 14 May 2008.</ref><br />
<br />
Police officials say that the bomb blasts in Jaipur follow patterns similar to those observed during the bomb blasts in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[Varanasi]].<ref>"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7401573.stm Who is behind the India bombings?]", [[BBC News]], 14 May 2008.</ref> The [[Indian Police Service|Indian Police]] revealed that the bombs planted were of low intensity but by placing them in highly crowded areas, the terrorists had ensured that the death toll would be high.<ref>Chu, Henry. "[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-india_blasts_14may14,0,1071978.story Bombs kill 80 in Indian tourist city]", [[Chicago Tribune]], 14 May 2008.</ref> The ''[[Times of India]]'' quoted Additional Director General of [[Rajasthan Police]] officer as saying that the terrorists had planted "highly explosive RDX" with timers on bicycles, a technique which was also used during the [[23 November 2007 Uttar Pradesh serial blasts|terror attacks]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in November 2007 (in which the involvement of Bangladesh's [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh]] is also suspected).<ref>"[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Jaipur_blasts_RDX_used_HuJI_suspected/articleshow/3038962.cms Jaipur blasts: RDX used, HuJI suspected]", [[The Times of India]], 14 May 2008.</ref> The police found striking similarity between the Jaipur bombings and [[25 August 2007 Hyderabad bombings|Hyderabad bombings]]. On 15 May, a police officer said<br />
<br />
<blockquote>About 1.5&nbsp;kg of Neogel with metal ball-bearings was put in boat-shaped wooden cases in Jaipur and Hyderabad. In both cases, timers were used. The similarities in the signatures of the bombs are shocking.<ref>"[http://howrah.org/india_news/12387.html Suspects trained at same PoK terror camp]"{{Dead link|date=November 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, [[Howrah News Service]], 15 May 2008.</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Police said they had identified the people who had sold bicycles to the attackers.<ref>Vij, Nandita. "[http://www.france24.com/en/20080514-jaipur-police-suspect-bangladeshi-terror-group-involvement-india&navi=MONDE Jaipur police suspect Islamist terror link]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023122852/http://www.france24.com/en/20080514-jaipur-police-suspect-bangladeshi-terror-group-involvement-india%26navi%3DMONDE |date=23 October 2012 }}, [[France 24]], 14 May 2008.</ref> The bicycle sellers said that the bombers spoke [[Bengali language]], adding credibility to police claims that the terrorists might be Bangladeshis. A police official said,<br />
<br />
:The employees [of the bicycle shop] have told us that they did not look like Rajasthanis and spoke in broken Hindi. In fact they were speaking Bengali, which has again given rise to speculation that the militants were from a Bangladeshi outfit.<ref name="Makkar"/><br />
<br />
On 14 May, the Indian police released a sketch of a suspect.<ref>"[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080049867 Jaipur blasts suspect's sketch released]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517115946/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080049867 |date=17 May 2008 }}, [[NDTV|NDTV.com]], 14 May 2008.</ref> A day later, the police released sketches of three additional suspects.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080516233844/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?id=3ed4bbd6-207c-4314-b80d-9c83e1f9e563TerrorstrikesJaipur_Special&&Headline=Rajasthan+police+release+sketches+of+four+suspects Sketches of 4 suspects released]", ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 15 May 2008.</ref> A shop owner in [[Udaipur]] claimed he saw one of the suspects a few days back.<ref>"[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Man_claims_he_saw_Jaipur_blasts_suspect/articleshow/3045645.cms Jaipur blasts: Man claims to have seen suspect]", ''[[The Times of India]]'', 16 May 2008.</ref><br />
<br />
===Claim of responsibility===<br />
A little-known group ''Indian Mujahideen'' claimed responsibility for the attacks and sent a video to ''[[Aaj Tak]]'' via e-mail supposedly featuring the bicycles wrapped with explosives used during the terror attacks. The address from which the e-mail was sent and a serial number on one of the bicycles was identified.<ref name = "IndiaToday-video"/><ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSSP100897 Indian group claims responsibility for India bombings]", [[Reuters]], 14 May 2008.</ref> Police officials confirmed that the bicycle used in Choti Choupad blast had the same serial number. However, Rajasthan Chief Minister [[Vasundhara Raje]] also suggested that a secondary objective of the e-mail could be to mislead the investigating authorities.<ref name="Raje">"[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/We_are_in_the_middle_of_war_says_Raje/articleshow/3043992.cms We are in the middle of war, says Raje]", ''[[The Times of India]]'', 16 May 2008.</ref><br />
<br />
In the e-mail, the group threatened an "open war against India" unless it stops supporting the [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]] on "international issues".<ref>"[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/We_did_it_terror_outfit_brags_in_video/articleshow/3040912.cms We did it, terror outfit brags in video]", [[The Times of India]], 15 May 2008.</ref> It also said that it would "demolish [[Hinduism|the faith]] [of the] infidels of India".<ref name = "TheAustralian-expel"/><br />
<br />
=== Convictions ===<br />
On 20 December 2019, a Special Court in Jaipur convicted four for the bombings and gave them the death penalty while one was acquitted for lack of evidence.<ref name=":0" /> The four are Mohammed Saif, Mohammed Sarwar Azmi, Saifur Rehman and Mohammed Salman.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jaipur-bomb-blast-2008-all-4-convicts-sentenced-to-death-1630138-2019-12-20|title=Jaipur bomb blast 2008: All 4 convicts sentenced to death|last=Wadhawan|first=Dev Ankur|date=20 December 2019|website=India Today|access-date=2019-12-20}}</ref> On April 8, 2025, a court in Jaipur sentenced four individuals to life imprisonment for their role in the case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-08 |title=2008 Jaipur bomb blast case: All four accused sentenced to life imprisonment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2008-jaipur-bomb-blast-case-court-sentences-life-imprisonment-to-all-four-accused/articleshow/120092149.cms |access-date=2025-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, in March 2023, all four were acquitted of the charges by the Rajasthan High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=2008 Jaipur blasts: Rajasthan HC acquits all four who got death penalty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/2008-jaipur-bomb-blasts-rajasthan-hc-acquits-accused-death-penalty-2019-8526447/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Domestic reactions===<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = '''"This is not a crime, we are in the middle of a war."'''<br />
| source = [[Vasundhara Raje]], Rajasthan Chief Minister<ref name="Raje"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
The [[President of India]], [[Pratibha Patil]] expressed her grief at the loss of lives in the blasts and appealed for calm while the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh]], pledged the [[Government of India]]'s support to the state [[Government of Rajasthan]] and the victims' families.<ref name="bloomberg1">[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=aW99s_EjB2Nc&refer=asia Indian Police Probe Blasts After 60 Killed in Jaipur (Update1)], [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], 14 May 2008.</ref> The Prime Minister also said:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>The terrorists have the advantage of attacking by stealth but there is no lack of firmness in dealing with this menace. All possible precautions are being taken. It would be premature on my part to comment anything as it will interfere with the investigations.<ref name="discord">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080517214046/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/15/stories/2008051560421200.htm Blasts aimed at creating communal discord: PM]", ''[[The Hindu]]'', 15 May 2008.</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Singh also defended the Government's intelligence mechanisms saying the number of cases that the intelligence agencies had anticipated and prevented was "significant".<ref>"[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/No-link-between-POTA-repeal-and-terror-strikes--PM/309954/ No link between POTA repeal and terror strikes: PM]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517235450/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/No-link-between-POTA-repeal-and-terror-strikes--PM/309954/ |date=17 May 2008 }}, ''[[The Indian Express|Express India]]'', 15 May 2008.</ref> He observed:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>There are many cases where security agencies have foiled attempts. Many cases were anticipated. I don't want to talk about what they were able to prevent.<ref name="discord"/></blockquote><br />
<br />
Indian Home Minister, [[Shivraj Patil]], conveyed his condolences to the victims' families.<ref>"[http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEH20080513185000&Page=H&Title=Top+Stories&Topic=-536 Shivraj Patil condemns Jaipur blasts]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517224116/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEH20080513185000&Page=H&Title=Top+Stories&Topic=-536 |date=17 May 2008 }}, ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', 14 May 2008.</ref> The Government of India announced 100,000 [[Indian rupee|INR]] compensation to the next kin of those dead in the terrorist attacks and 50,000 INR ''ex gratia'' to those seriously injured.<ref>"[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080049794 Jaipur blast: Rs 1 lakh ex-gratia announced, curfew on]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516033827/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080049794 |date=16 May 2008 }}, [[NDTV|NDTV.com]], 14 May 2008.</ref> An emergency meeting of Indian cabinet ministers was also held later during the day.<ref>Ramesh, Randeep. "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/14/india1 Jaipur curfew imposed as bombings toll passes 80]", [[The Guardian]], 14 May 2008.</ref> [[Foreign Minister of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]], said he was going to raise the issue of '[[cross-border terrorism]]' with Pakistan's government during his visit to [[Islamabad]] next week.<ref>Herman, Steve. "[http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-05-14-voa19.cfm Jaipur Blasts Demonstrate Continuing Indian Vulnerability to Terrorist Attacks]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517053417/http://voanews.com/english/2008-05-14-voa19.cfm |date=17 May 2008 }}, [[VOA News]], 14 May 2008.</ref> Indian Finance Minister, [[P. Chidambaram]], said that the blasts won't affect India's business climate.<ref>"[http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/32C30FC59A2728C165257449004BCC5A?OpenDocument Blasts in Jaipur not to affect investment climate: FM]", [[Press Trust of India]], 14 May 2008.</ref> India's National Security Advisor, [[M.K. Narayanan]], said that the intelligence agencies were looking into all possible aspects of the blasts and no major breakthrough in ongoing investigations were made.<ref>"[http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=443256&sid=nat No credible leads in Jaipur blasts: NSA]", [[Zee News]], 17 May 2008.</ref><br />
<br />
The Chief Minister of Rajasthan, [[Vasundhara Raje]], said "I condemn this blast. They have tried to ruin the communal harmony of the state but they will not succeed. Never in the history of Rajasthan such a heinous incident has happened and this is not an attack on the state but on the nation". She also added, "there are some slender leads on which the state agencies are working and its difficult to name any terror outfit at present". The Chief Minister also laid emphasis on a new anti-terror legislation either similar to [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|POTA]] or to the one in the neighbouring state of [[Gujarat]]. She also criticised the President of India for not signing an anti-terror bill passed by the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in 2006.<ref>"[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/get-gujaratlike-law-to-tackle-terror-raje/65256-3.html Raje talks tough, says revive POTA]", [[CNN-IBN|IBN Live]], 14 May 2008.</ref> Raje also expressed her concern that the terrorist attacks in Jaipur will negatively affect the tourism industry there.<ref>"[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1164365 Terror attacks will hit tourism: Raje]", [[Daily News and Analysis]], 14 May 2008.</ref> The Chief Minister also said that Rajasthan will have its own anti-terror force and also proposed a joint task force between Indian states.<ref>"[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200805152069.htm Rajasthan to have anti-terror force: Raje]", [[The Hindu]], 15 May 2008.</ref><br />
<br />
India's main opposition party, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), blamed the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA)-government for not taking adequate measures against [[terrorism in India]] and re-newed calls for [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|POTA]] were made.<ref>Srivastava, Rishabh. "[http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=134004 Terrorism: Indian government caught napping]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", Merinews, 14 May 2008.</ref> The BJP also demanded that Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] should be on international terror watch-list.<ref>"[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/put-isi-on-international-watch-list-bjp_10049122.html Put ISI on international watch list: BJP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517213142/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/put-isi-on-international-watch-list-bjp_10049122.html |date=17 May 2008 }}", Thaindian News, 15 May 2008.</ref> India's [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of Opposition]], [[L. K. Advani]], said "The blasts are reflective of the states' inability to preempt these strikes."<ref>Chaubey, Bhupendra. "[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/blame-game-politics-over-jaipur-blasts-begin/65286-3.html Blame game, politics over Jaipur blasts begin]", [[CNN-IBN|IBN Live]], 15 May 2008.</ref> Gujarat Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]] accused the UPA government of adopting double standards on terrorism and said, "The UPA-led government at the Centre should make the people realise that it is committed to curb terrorism spreading in our country."<ref>"[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Modi-accuses-Centre-of-adopting-double-standards-on-terrorism/309910/ Modi accuses Centre of adopting double standards on terrorism]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517235445/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Modi-accuses-Centre-of-adopting-double-standards-on-terrorism/309910/ |date=17 May 2008 }}, ''[[The Indian Express|Express India]]'', 15 May 2008.</ref><br />
<br />
===Effect on IPL===<br />
The [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) donated [[Indian Rupee|Rs.]] 60 million ([[US$]]1.4 million) to the Chief Minister relief fund. Each of the eight IPL teams donated 5 million INR while each of the five official sponsors donated an additional 4 million INR.<ref>"[http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/may/may208.php IPL to donate Rs 60 million towards Jaipur blast victims]", [[Indiantelevision.com]], 17 May 2008.</ref> Jaipur's local IPL team, [[Rajasthan Royals]], demanded extra security,<ref>Baynes, Dan. "[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=aFuCICRIiqQk&refer=australia Warne, IPL Teammates Seek Jaipur Blast Assurances, ABC Reports]", [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], 15 May 2008.</ref> to which IPL management agreed.<ref>"[http://www.cricket365.com/story/0,18305,14335_3576428,00.html Yet Another Triumph For Jaipur]"{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[365 Media Group]], 17 May 2008.</ref> All the IPL matches scheduled for Jaipur were temporarily put on hold but IPL Chairman, [[Lalit Modi]], confirmed that Jaipur would host the Rajasthan Royals' match on Saturday.<ref>Brock, Dominic. "[http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/05/15/Warne_Watson_to_leave_IPL_after_bombings Warne, Watson could leave IPL after bombings]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517233137/http://www.livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/05/15/Warne_Watson_to_leave_IPL_after_bombings |date=17 May 2008 }}, [[Macquarie National News]], 15 May 2008.</ref> Modi also said that carry-on bags were banned at all venues where the IPL matches are to be played.<ref>"[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Indl_Goods__Svs/Paper__Wood__Glass_Plastic_Marbles/Carry-bags_banned_at_all_IPL_matches/articleshow/3040062.cms Carry-bags banned at all IPL matches]", [[The Economic Times]], 14 May 2008.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings]]<br />
* [[Bangalore bombings]]<br />
* [[List of terrorist incidents in 2008]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{War on Terrorism}}<br />
{{Islamic terrorism in Asia}}<br />
[[Category:2000s in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:2008 building bombings]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]<br />
[[Category:Attacks on police stations in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:Attacks on police stations in India]]<br />
[[Category:Attacks on tourists in India]]<br />
[[Category:Building bombings in India]]<br />
[[Category:Crime in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Mujahideen attacks]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:2008 mass murders]]<br />
[[Category:May 2008 crimes in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:May 2008 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2008]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southridge_High_School_(Indiana)&diff=549761Southridge High School (Indiana)2026-02-22T03:20:01Z<p>Amit raj: made new details w/ refs - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use American English|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = Southridge High School<br />
| image = Southridge High School, Huntingburg, Indiana.JPG<br />
| motto =<br />
| established = 1972<br />
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]] [[high school]]<br />
| district = [[Southwest Dubois County School Corporation]]<br />
| grades = 9-12<br />
| address = 1110 [[U.S. Route 231 in Indiana|South Main Street]]<br />
| city = [[Huntingburg, Indiana|Huntingburg]]<br />
| state = [[Indiana]]<br />
| zipcode = 47542<br />
| country = [[United States]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|38.275067|-86.964849|format=dms|type:edu|display=inline,title}}<br />
| enrollment = 583 (2024-2025)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=1810870&ID=181087001779|title=Southridge High School|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|accessdate=February 14, 2026}}</ref><br />
| ratio = 17.56<ref name=NCES/><br />
| teaching_staff = 33.20 (on a [[Full time equivalent|FTE]] basis)<ref name=NCES/><br />
| principal = Greg Gogel<br />
| rival = [[Jasper High School (Indiana)|Jasper High School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maxpreps.com/high-schools/southridge-raiders-(huntingburg,in)/rival.htm|title=Southridge rivalry|publisher=MaxPreps|accessdate=November 26, 2017}}</ref><br />
| athletic_conference = [[Pocket Athletic Conference]] <br/> Small School Division<br />
| nickname = Raiders<br />
| colors = {{color box|red}} {{color box|black}} {{color box|white}}<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.swdubois.k12.in.us/1/home}}<br />
| footnotes = <ref name="ed.gov">{{cite web|title=Search for Public Schools - School Detail for Southridge High School|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&InstName=Southridge&State=18&SchoolType=1&SchoolType=2&SchoolType=3&SchoolType=4&SpecificSchlTypes=all&IncGrade=-1&LoGrade=-1&HiGrade=-1&ID=181087001779|website=nces.ed.gov|publisher=US Department of Education|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref> <br />
}}<br />
'''Southridge High School''' is a 9 - 12th grade public school in the Southwest Dubois County School Corporation school district in [[Dubois County, Indiana]]. It is located on the south side of [[Huntingburg, IN|Huntingburg]] along [[US Route 231]].<br />
<br />
The district (of which Southridge is the sole comprehensive high school) includes Huntingburg and [[Holland, Indiana|Holland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st18_in/schooldistrict_maps/c18037_dubois/DC20SD_C18037.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Dubois County, IN|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=2024-06-12}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st18_in/schooldistrict_maps/c18037_dubois/DC20SD_C18037_SD2MS.txt Text list].</ref><br />
<br />
==Athletics==<br />
Southridge is a member of the [[Pocket Athletic Conference]] and a class 3A member of the [[Indiana High School Athletic Association|IHSAA]]. The school colors are red, black and white and the sports teams are called the Raiders.<ref name="IHSAA SD">{{cite web|title=2016-2017 School Directory|url=http://www.ihsaa.org/Portals/0/ihsaa/documents/schools/201617SchoolDirectory.pdf|website=Ihsaa.org|publisher=IHSAA|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Raiders were the 1998 2A girls' basketball state champions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ihsaa.org/dnn/Schools/StateChampHistory/StateChampionshipsbySchool/tabid/1940/Default.aspx#35772039-s|title=IHSAA State Championships by School|last=IHSAA|date=|work=ihsaa.org|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref> Southridge also won the 2017 2A football state championship and were 2018 2A regional champions, causing them to be moved up into 3A.<ref>{{cite web|first=Kyle |last=Sokeland|url=http://www.courierpress.com/story/sports/high-school/2017/11/25/southridge-wins-class-2-a-football-state-championship/882561001/|title=Southridge wins Class 2A state football title on daring all-or-nothing two-point conversion|publisher=Courier & Press|date=November 25, 2017|accessdate=November 26, 2017}}</ref> They are also back-to-back state runner-up in 2A baseball, which has also resulted in a move into 3A in that sport.<br />
<br />
In 2021, Southridge won the 2021 3A Baseball State Championship.<br />
<br />
==Notable alumni==<br />
*[[Alex Graman]]—former [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] player for the [[New York Yankees]], [[Minor League Baseball|minor league player]] for the [[Cincinnati Reds]], as well as the [[Saitama Seibu Lions]] ([[Pacific League|Japanese leagues]]) <ref>{{cite web|title=Alex Graman|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/g/gramaal01.shtml|work=baseball-reference.com|accessdate=15 March 2013}}</ref><br />
*[[Mitch Stetter]]—former MLB player for the [[Milwaukee Brewers]] and minor league player for the [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mitch Stetter|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/stettmi01.shtml|work=baseball-reference.com|accessdate=15 March 2013}}</ref> <br />
*[[Tim Barrett (baseball)|Tim Barrett]]—former MLB player for the [[Montreal Expos]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/b/barreti01.shtml|title=Tim Barrett Statistics and History - Baseball-Reference.com|author=|date=|work=baseball-reference.com|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref><br />
*[[Colson Montgomery]]—current [[MLB]] [[shortstop]] for the [[Chicago White Sox]]. Named Indiana's 2021 Male Athlete of the year.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of high schools in Indiana]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.swdubois.k12.in.us/1/home Southridge High School website]<br />
*[http://www.swdubois.k12.in.us/ Southwest Dubois School Corporation Homepage]<br />
<br />
{{High Schools in Southwestern Indiana}}<br />
{{Pocket Athletic Conference (PAC)}}<br />
{{Southern Indiana Athletic Conference (SIAC)}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Public high schools in Indiana]]<br />
[[Category:Huntingburg, Indiana]]<br />
[[Category:High schools in Southwestern Indiana]]<br />
[[Category:Pocket Athletic Conference]]<br />
[[Category:Former Southern Indiana Athletic Conference members]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Dubois County, Indiana]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Indiana]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surguja_division&diff=538599Surguja division2026-02-17T18:10:27Z<p>Amit raj: created basic info added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Administrative division of Chhattisgarh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Surguja division<br />
| native_name = सरगुजा संभाग<br />
| settlement_type = [[Administrative divisions of Chhattisgarh|Division]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23.12|83.18|display=title,inline}}<br />
| coor_pinpoint = Ambikapur<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur]]<br />
| parts_type = Districts<br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| p1 = 6 ([[Balrampur-Ramanujganj district|Balrampur-Ramanujganj]], [[Jashpur district|Jashpur]], [[Koriya district|Koriya]], [[Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur district|Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur]], [[Surajpur district|Surajpur]] and [[Surguja district|Surguja]])<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| website = {{URL|https://surguja.gov.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Surguja division''' is an administrative unit of the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. Headquartered in [[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur]], it encompasses the northern part of the state, known for its dense forests, hilly terrain, and significant tribal population.<ref name="TOI_Div">{{cite news |last=Behera |first=Partha |title=Administrative restructuring in North Chhattisgarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-government-updates-division-boundaries/articleshow/126172120.cms |work=The Times of India |date=December 25, 2025 |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The division was officially created by the Government of Chhattisgarh in 2008 to improve administrative efficiency in the northern tribal belt.<ref name="NewsRiveting_Surguja">{{cite news |title=Surguja: From Princely State to Administrative Division |url=https://newsriveting.com/the-evolution-of-surguja-administration/ |work=News Riveting |date=January 15, 2026 |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref> Historically, the area comprised several princely states, including [[Surguja State]], [[Jashpur State]], and [[Korea State]]. After India's independence, these were merged into the [[Madhya Pradesh]] state before becoming part of Chhattisgarh in 2000.<br />
<br />
== Administration ==<br />
The division is headed by a [[Divisional Commissioner]]. As of 2026, it comprises six districts:<ref name="Hindu_Districts">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh's New Administrative Map: Understanding the 33 Districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/chhattisgarh-gets-three-new-districts-taking-total-to-31/article65842881.ece |work=The Hindu |date=September 3, 2022 |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! District !! Headquarters !! Area (km²) !! Established<br />
|-<br />
| [[Surguja district|Surguja]] || [[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur]] || 5,732 || 1948<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jashpur district|Jashpur]] || [[Jashpur Nagar]] || 6,457 || 1998<br />
|-<br />
| [[Koriya district|Koriya]] || [[Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh|Baikunthpur]] || 5,978 || 1998<br />
|-<br />
| [[Surajpur district|Surajpur]] || [[Surajpur, Chhattisgarh|Surajpur]] || 2,787 || 2012<br />
|-<br />
| [[Balrampur-Ramanujganj district|Balrampur-Ramanujganj]] || [[Balrampur, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]] || 3,806 || 2012<br />
|-<br />
| [[Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur district|Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur]] || [[Manendragarh]] || 4,226 || 2022<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
The economy of the Surguja division is primarily driven by agriculture and mining:<br />
* '''Coal Mining:''' The division contains significant coal reserves, with major mines operated by [[South Eastern Coalfields]] (SECL) in the Hasdeo-Arand and Chirimiri regions.<ref name="BusinessStandard_Mining">{{cite news |title=Mining and Steel: The Twin Engines of Chhattisgarh Economy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/chhattisgarh-steel-sector-updates-2025-1230101001.html |work=Business Standard |date=January 10, 2026 |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref><br />
* '''Agriculture:''' It is known for the production of aromatic rice varieties and forest produce like Mahua and Tendu leaves.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
The region is part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and features the [[Mainpat]] plateau, often referred to as the "Shimla of Chhattisgarh" due to its cool climate and Tibetan settlement.<ref name="DailyPioneer_Mainpat">{{cite news |title=Mainpat: The cultural and natural jewel of Surguja |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/state-editions/mainpat-carnival-draws-crowds.html |work=The Pioneer |date=February 5, 2024 |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Districts of Chhattisgarh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Divisions of Chhattisgarh]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janasena_Party&diff=505652Janasena Party2026-02-15T06:52:15Z<p>Amit raj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian political party<br />
|party_name = Janasena Party<br />
|abbreviation = JSP <br />
|logo = <div style="background-color:#FFFFFF; border:2px solid #D32F2F; padding:4px; text-align:center;"><br />
[[File:Indian election symbol glass tumbler.svg|55px]]<br />
<br /><br />
'''Janasena Party'''<br /><br />
జనసేన పార్టీ<br />
</div><br />
|colorcode = {{Party color|Janasena Party}}<br />
|founder = Pawan Kalyan<br />
|president = [[Pawan Kalyan]]<br />
|secretary = [[Nagendra Babu|Naga Babu]]<br />
|chairman = [[Nadendla Manohar]]<br />
|loksabha_leader = [[Vallabhaneni Balashowry]]<br />
|rajyasabha_leader =<br />
|foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2014|03|14}}<br />
|headquarters = [[Mangalagiri]], [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|publication = <br />
|women = Jhansi Veera Mahila Vibhagam<br />
|students = Bhagat Singh Student Union<br />
|youth = Azad Yuvasena Vibhagam<br />
|labour = <br />
|peasants = <br />
|membership = <br />
|colours = {{Colorbox|white}} [[White]] <br/> {{Color box|{{Party color|Janasena Party}}}} [[Red]]<br />
|position = [[Centrism|Centre]]<ref name=YT2024May/><br />
|ideology ={{ubl|[[Telugu people|Telugu nationalism]]|[[Social conservatism]]|[[Environmentalism]]|[[Humanism]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/jana-sena-carries-sanatana-dharma-socialism-together-pawan-kalyan| title=Jana Sena carries Sanatana Dharma, socialism together: Pawan Kalyan| date=23 November 2023}}</ref>|[[Secularism]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/will-protect-hindu-dharma-while-staying-secular-pawan-kalyan/article30163650.ece| title=Will protect Hindu Dharma while staying secular: Pawan Kalyan| work=The Hindu| date=4 December 2019}}</ref>|[[Centrism]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTxtPHF7AAw | title="My Personal Connect is with Modi Ji..." Telugu Star Pawan Kalyan on Joining BJP | website=[[YouTube]] | date=May 2024 }}</ref>}} <br />
|eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]<br />
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance]]<br />{{small|(2014–2018; 2020–present)}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=BJP, Jana Sena join hands, announce alliance in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-jana-sena-join-hands-announce-alliance-in-andhra-pradesh/story-31yYGz0tb6eeWeKbaXoi3N.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-16 |title=Out of NDA, Naidu's TDP may wage a lone battle in 2019 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/out-of-nda-naidu-s-tdp-may-wage-a-lone-battle-in-2019/story-toNsqMhkmfok0UYfmIINSN.html |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|2|543|hex={{party color|Janasena Party}}}}<br />
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Janasena Party}}}}<br />
|state2_seats_name = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|state2_seats = {{Composition bar|21|175|hex={{party color|Janasena Party}}}}<br />
|state_seats_name = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]<br />
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|2|58|hex={{party color|Janasena Party}}}}<br />
|no_states = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|Janasena Party}}}}<br />
|symbol = [[File:Indian election symbol glass tumbler.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|120px|Glass Tumbler]]<br/>Glass Tumbler<br />
|flag = Janasena Party Flag.png<br />
|website = [https://www.janasenaparty.org www.janasenaparty.org]<br />
}}<br />
The '''Janasena Party''' ({{Literal translation|People's Army Party}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''JSP''') is an Indian [[political party]] active in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. Founded by [[Pawan Kalyan]] on 14 March 2014,<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last1=Blom|first1=Amélie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnKhDwAAQBAJ&dq=janasena+people+army&pg=PT266|title=Emotions, Mobilisations and South Asian Politics|last2=Lama-Rewal|first2=Stéphanie Tawa|date=2019-07-09|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-02024-3|language=en|access-date=10 July 2023|archive-date=18 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818135925/https://books.google.com/books?id=HnKhDwAAQBAJ&dq=janasena+people+army&pg=PT266|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=K V Kurmanath |date=2014-03-14 |title=Pawan Kalyan floats Jana Sena party |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pawan-kalyan-floats-jana-sena-party/article23120068.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505073934/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pawan-kalyan-floats-jana-sena-party/article23120068.ece |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref> it is currently the second largest party in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and a partner in the ruling coalition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2024-06-05 |title=With 100% strike rate, Jana Sena Party achieves unprecedented feat in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/with-100-strike-rate-jana-sena-party-achieves-unprecedented-feat-in-andhra-pradesh/article68255983.ece|access-date=2024-12-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619140956/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/with-100-strike-rate-jana-sena-party-achieves-unprecedented-feat-in-andhra-pradesh/article68255983.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Pawan Kalyan, the party leader, has been serving as the [[List of deputy chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] since June 2024. Janasena advocates for a [[Centrism|centrist]] approach with a focus on humanism.<ref name=YT2024May>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTxtPHF7AAw |title=Pawan Kalyan interview with India Today for 2024 elections |date=2024-05-01 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |time=0:10 to 0:40 |access-date=2024-07-30 |quote=I personally feel you have to create a very centristic attitude. You have to create a balance. |via=YouTube}}</ref> The party's election symbol is a [[Tumbler (glass)|glass tumbler]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-01 |title=ECI orders freezing of 'glass tumbler' symbol in favour of Jana Sena |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/eci-orders-freezing-of-glass-tumbler-symbol-in-favour-of-jana-sena/article68128616.ece |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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Janasena Party did not contest the 2014 elections, but its support was crucial for the victory of the [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]-[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[National Democratic Alliance|alliance]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |date=2014-12-11 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Janasena gets Election Commission's approval |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pawan-kalyans-janasena-gets-election-commissions-approval/article6682344.ece |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=The 43-year-old star had campaigned extensively in support of the TDP-BJP combine in undivided Andhra Pradesh for the general elections earlier this year. His campaign is believed to be one of the key factors in the success of the TDP-BJP combine in the elections.}}</ref> The party gained prominence for highlighting issues such as the [[Uddanam nephropathy|chronic kidney disease]] crisis in [[Uddanam]] in 2017, which was described by the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] as "the least understood and the least publicized [[Kidney disease|nephropathy]]."<ref name=":152">{{Cite news |date=2017-12-16 |title=Uddanam kidney disease remains medical enigma despite research |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/uddanam-kidney-disease-remains-medical-enigma-despite-research/articleshow/62090012.cms |access-date=2024-08-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Though people in Uddanam have been suffering from kidney diseases of unknown cause (etiology) for decades, the village shot into prominence in January this year when Jana Sena leader and actor Pawan Kalyan took up the cause. His diatribe against the authorities forced the state government to seek the help of international health and medical experts.}}</ref> It later led protests against forced land acquisition, illegal mining in [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|reserved forests]], and drought-related issues in 2018.<ref name=":8" /><br />
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In 2019, JSP contested its first elections, winning one [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] seat and securing approximately 6% of the vote share. Subsequently, it focused on grassroots issues, including farmer welfare, illegal sand mining, women's safety, and land encroachment. In early 2024, Pawan Kalyan played a key role in the formation of an alliance between the JSP, TDP and BJP, known as [[Kutami|{{transliteration|te|ISO|Kūṭami}}]] ({{Literal translation|Alliance}}). The alliance achieved a [[landslide victory]] in both the [[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|general]] and [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|state legislative assembly]] elections, with the JSP winning all 21 MLA seats and two MP seats it contested, becoming a significant part of the ruling coalition in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Srikanth |first=S. Guru |date=2024-06-05 |title=Pawan Kalyan scripts political blockbuster |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jun/05/pawan-kalyan-scripts-political-blockbuster |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Ideology==<br />
The main goal of '''JanaSena Party''' is to question any type of corruption in government functioning and organizations and to protect the basic rights of people. Janasena follows seven basic ideals promoted as 'Ideals of Janasena' ('Janasena Sidhanthalu' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]):<br />
*Mindset that unites different castes<br />
*Politics without religious discrimination<br />
*Tradition that reveres linguistic diversity<br />
*Society that protects our traditions and culture<br />
*Nationalism that does not neglect regional aspirations<br />
*Relentless fight against corruption<br />
*Development that preserves the environment<br />
The party founder and president, Pawan Kalyan, has often stated that he believes in a [[Centrism|centrist]] path, and in maintaining a balance or a middle ground between [[Right-wing politics|right]] and [[Left-wing politics|left]] ideologies.<ref name="YT2024May" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-23 |title=Jana Sena carries Sanatana Dharma, socialism together: Pawan Kalyan |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/jana-sena-carries-sanatana-dharma-socialism-together-pawan-kalyan |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> He added, "Many people say we don’t understand your ''[[-ism]]''. I say to them that my ''-ism'' is humanism."<ref name=":5" /> He also mentioned that he follows [[Sanātana Dharma|Sanatana Dharma]] but also respects other religions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-04 |title=Will protect Hindu Dharma while staying secular: Pawan Kalyan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/will-protect-hindu-dharma-while-staying-secular-pawan-kalyan/article30163650.ece |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-13 |title=Love your religion, respect other religions: Pawan Kalyan |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/love-your-religion-respect-other-religions-pawan-kalyan.html |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=[[123Telugu.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-21 |title=Kakinada: All those aligned with BJP aren't communal, says Pawan Kalyan |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/kakinada-all-those-aligned-with-bjp-arent-communal-says-pawan-kalyan-804431 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en |quote=Stating that he strongly opposes extremism in any party, he said there is harmony and coexistence in Indian society and that’s why people live here peacefully. Pawan said that Indian Hindu society stands for all religions. He made it clear that he was a Hindu, but all Muslims were his brothers.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== Formation ===<br />
On 12 March 2014, it was officially announced that [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] [[matinée idol]] and philanthropist Pawan Kalyan, was launching a new political party. In preparation for the launch, Kalyan reportedly visited Delhi to register the party with the [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-13 |title=Pawan Kalyan set to take the plunge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pawan-kalyan-set-to-take-the-plunge/article5778105.ece |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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Kalyan formally launched the party at the [[HITEC City#Hyderabad International Convention Centre|Hyderabad International Convention Centre]] (HICC) in [[Madhapur]], [[Hyderabad]], on 14 March 2014 with a massive meeting.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{cite web |author=Suresh Krishnamoorthy |date=2014-03-07 |title=Stage set for Pawan Kalyan's "Janasena" |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/stage-set-for-pawan-kalyans-jana-sena/article5781784.ece |access-date=2014-03-14 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The party was named Janasena ({{Translation|People's Army}}), and Kalyan urged people to challenge those in power. He unveiled the party's flag and objectives at the event attended by 6,000 people. Kalyan criticized the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] high command for the state's issues, accusing them of [[Telangana movement|dividing the state]] without addressing the people's concerns.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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The party held its second public meeting in [[Visakhapatnam]] on March 27, 2014, where Kalyan launched the book ''Ism'', co-authored with Raju Raviteja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AR |first=Reshmi |date=2014-03-27 |title=Pawan Jana Sena Vizag meet live |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-03-27/Pawan-Jana-Sena-Vizag-meet-live/90279 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> The Election Commission approved the party on November 28, 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-11 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Janasena gets Election Commission's approval |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pawan-kalyans-janasena-gets-election-commissions-approval/article6682344.ece |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=“The Election Commission of India has given registration to the ‘Janasena Party’ as a political party Under Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act,1951 with effect from 24.11.2014 vide Registration Number 56/118/2014/PPS-I dated 28.11.2014,” the outfit said in a statement on Thursday.}}</ref><br />
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=== 2014{{En dash}}2019 ===<br />
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==== 2014 elections ====<br />
Pawan Kalyan chose not to contest in the 2014 elections, instead supporting and campaigning extensively for the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) [[National Democratic Alliance|alliance]]. Kalyan campaigned against the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]], giving the slogan "Congress Hatao, Desh Bachao" ({{Translation|Remove [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], Save the Nation}}).<ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2014 |title='Congress Hatao, Desh Bachao' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2014/mar/15/congress-hatao-desh-bachao-586391.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403154111/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2014/mar/15/Congress-Hatao-Desh-Bachao-586391.html |archive-date=3 April 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> His rallies drew huge crowds in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.<ref>[http://deccan-journal.com/content/pawan-draws-huge-crowds-karnataka/ Pawan draws huge crowds in Karnataka] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508104401/http://deccan-journal.com/content/pawan-draws-huge-crowds-karnataka|date=8 May 2014}}. Deccan-journal.com. Retrieved 14 May 2014.</ref> His support and campaigning played a crucial role in the TDP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]]'s victory in the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections]].<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":6">{{cite web |date=6 September 2016 |title=Special category status for AP: Pawan Kalyan set to fire first salvo |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/special-category-status-for-ap-pawan-kalyan-set-to-fire-first-salvo/article9076162.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214155203/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/special-category-status-for-ap-pawan-kalyan-set-to-fire-first-salvo/article9076162.ece |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |website=[[Business Line]] |quote=Pawan Kalyan, who did not contest the elections in 2014, lent his support to the Telugu Desam-BJP alliance in the State and is said to have played a key role in securing the vote of the Kapu caste for the alliance, paving the way for the victory of the TDP-BJP combine in many coastal districts.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-02 |title=Pawan Kalyan, the latest in a line of actor-turned-politicians, positions himself as the dark horse but will he avoid the electoral fate of his eldest brother Chiranjeevi? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20150413-pawan-kalyan-andhra-pradesh-bjp-telugu-desam-818038-2015-04-02 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==== Campaign for Special Category Status ====<br />
In September 2016, Pawan Kalyan's public criticism of the BJP and TDP over the delay in granting Special Category Status to Andhra Pradesh led to increased political pressure.<ref name=":6" /> Ten days after Kalyan's [[Tirupati]] meeting, where he condemned the central government's inaction, the Union Government announced a 'special package' for the state in a midnight press conference.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=14 September 2016 |title=Pawan Kalyan at Kakinada: BJP's deafening burial and Jana Sena's quiet rebirth? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kalyan-kakinada-bjps-deafening-burial-and-jana-senas-quiet-rebirth-49841 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214155418/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kalyan-kakinada-bjps-deafening-burial-and-jana-senas-quiet-rebirth-49841 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> Chief Minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Chandrababu Naidu]] accepted the package, but Kalyan, at a massive public gathering named ''Seemandhrula Atma Gaurava Sabha'' in [[Kakinada]] on 9 September 2016, dismissed the concessions as eyewash, resonating with public sentiment and further criticizing Naidu’s compliance with the BJP. One political commentator described the announcement of the special package as a 'political victory' for Pawan Kalyan, highlighting his significant influence.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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In November 2016, it was announced that the first office of the Jana Sena Party (JSP) would be established in [[Anantapur]] the following year, with plans to contest the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2016-11-11 |title='Jana Sena will contest 2019 polls' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jana-sena-will-contest-2019-polls/article9331775.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011180909/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/%E2%80%98Jana-Sena-will-contest-2019-polls%E2%80%99/article16442735.ece |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=2016-11-11 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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==== Spotlight on the Uddanam kidney disease crisis ====<br />
Pawan Kalyan brought attention to the [[Uddanam nephropathy|Uddanam kidney disease]] issue in [[Srikakulam district]] by requesting [[Harvard University]] doctors to participate in clinical research on local kidney problems.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=2017-12-16 |title=Uddanam kidney disease remains medical enigma despite research |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/uddanam-kidney-disease-remains-medical-enigma-despite-research/articleshow/62090012.cms |access-date=2024-08-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Though people in Uddanam have been suffering from kidney diseases of unknown cause (etiology) for decades, the village shot into prominence in January this year when Jana Sena leader and actor Pawan Kalyan took up the cause. His diatribe against the authorities forced the state government to seek the help of international health and medical experts.}}</ref> He subsequently held a meeting in [[Visakhapatnam]] with these Harvard doctors and local scientists. Kalyan also met with Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu to discuss the Uddanam situation, leading to the establishment of a dialysis centre in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-31 |title=Pawan Kalyan, Harvard doctors meet Andhra Pradesh CM Chandrababu Naidu on Uddanam kidney problems |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2017/Jul/31/pawan-kalyan-harvard-doctors-meet-andhra-pradesh-cm-chandrababu-naidu-on-uddanam-kidney-problems-1636186.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2017 |title=Andhra to set up institute for research on 'Uddanam Nephropathy' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/andhra-to-set-up-institute-for-research-on-uddanam-nephropathy-117073101574_1.html |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> In May 2018, he went on a one-day hunger strike for proper care of patients in Uddanam in May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-26 |title=Jana Sena Party chief Pawan Kalyan begins fast for cause of CKD patients in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/May/26/jana-sena-party-chief-pawan-kalyan-begins-fast-for-cause-of-ckd-patients-in-andhra-pradesh-1819636.html |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 21 February 2017, Kalyan announced that he would launch a website on 14&nbsp;March to mark the party's anniversary and invite recommendations for the party manifesto in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/feb/21/pawan-in-poll-mode-to-launch-website-on-march-14-1572958--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305195310/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/feb/21/pawan-in-poll-mode-to-launch-website-on-march-14-1572958--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2017|title='Janasena new website'|author=Staff Reporter|date=21 February 2017|newspaper=The new indian express|language=en-in}}</ref><br />
<br />
The fourth formation day of JSP was conducted at [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]] grounds on March 14, 2018. Kalyan criticized both central and state governments in this meeting. He mainly targeted [[Arun Jaitley]], [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] and [[Nara Lokesh]] for their poor governance and alleged corruption. He said, "I supported the TDP and the BJP parties during the general elections held in 2014 with the hope that they would rebuild the state which had no Capital and no financial resources. But the state government has belied my hopes and the aspirations of crores of people. Why should I support these parties which have betrayed the people?" He questioned Chandrababu Naidu about his son's alleged corruption.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-15 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Superstar Pawan Kalyan slams CM Chandrababu Naidu, alleges his son involved in corruption |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/andhra-pradesh-superstar-pawan-kalyan-slams-cm-chandrababu-naidu-alleges-his-son-involved-in-corruption-1189840-2018-03-14 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-15 |title=Chandrababu Naidu blind to Lokesh's corruption: Pawan Kalyan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/150318/niadu-blind-to-lokeshs-corruption-pawan-kalyan.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2017, Kalyan opposed the central government's move to privatize the [[Dredging Corporation of India]] (DCI).<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2017 |title=Pawan Kalyan dredges up a row, DCI sale sends workers in a tizzy – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/pawan-kalyan-dredges-up-row-dci-sale-sends-workers-in-tizzy/articleshow/61956059.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/pawan-kalyan-dredges-up-row-dci-sale-sends-workers-in-tizzy/articleshow/61956059.cms |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-08 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarma |first=Ch R. S. |date=6 December 2017 |title=Pawan Kalyan backs Dredging Corpn staff stir against privatisation |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/pawan-kalyan-backs-dredging-corpn-staff-stir-against-privatisation/article9984202.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310044301/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/pawan-kalyan-backs-dredging-corpn-staff-stir-against-privatisation/article9984202.ece |archive-date=10 March 2021 |access-date=2019-02-08 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref> In July 2018, he opposed the TDP government's decision on forced land pooling.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2018 |title=Pawan questioned The State's 'strong-arm tactics' in acquisition of lands |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pawan-questions-states-strong-arm-tactics-in-acquisition-of-lands/article24543080.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011180911/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pawan-questions-states-strong-arm-tactics-in-acquisition-of-lands/article24543080.ece |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=2018-07-28 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> In October 2018, he organized a march on the historical [[Dowleswaram Barrage]], [[Rajahmundry]], demanding political accountability.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2018 |title=Top priority to job generation: Pawan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/top-priority-to-job-generation-pawan/article25231701.ece#= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031328/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/top-priority-to-job-generation-pawan/article25231701.ece#= |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=2018-10-16 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> In November 2018, he exposed the alleged unchecked mining in the [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|reserved forest]] area at Vanthada village of [[Prathipadu, East Godavari district]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Pawan Kalyan alleges hand of ruling, Opposition leaders in 'illegal' Vanthada mining – new indian express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/nov/05/pawan-kalyan-alleges-hand-of-ruling-opposition-leaders-in-illegal-vanthada-mining-1894480.html |publisher=newindianexpress.com}}</ref> In December 2018, he led a protest march to condole the families of farmers who committed suicide or migrated from the drought-prone regions of [[Rayalaseema]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2018 |title=Pawan Kalyan leads protest over drought in Andhra's Rayalaseema region |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kalyan-leads-protest-over-drought-andhras-rayalaseema-region-92775 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124244/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kalyan-leads-protest-over-drought-andhras-rayalaseema-region-92775 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-08 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> The prime objective of Janasena Party has been to ensure equal power to all social groups of people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2019 |title=The Hindu : No place for caste, religion in politics,says Pawan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/no-place-for-caste-religion-in-politics-says-pawan/article26422812.ece |access-date=2019-03-03 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 2019–2024 ===<br />
<br />
==== 2019 elections ====<br />
On 2 May 2018, the JSP announced that it would contest all 175 assembly seats in Andhra Pradesh during the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/pawans-jana-sena-to-contest-all-175-seats-in-andhra/articleshow/63997292.cms|title=Pawan's Jana Sena to contest all 175 seats in Andhra|date=2 May 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506202805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/pawans-jana-sena-to-contest-all-175-seats-in-andhra/articleshow/63997292.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> JSP formed a bloc with the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], [[Communist Party of India]], and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.com/andhra-pradesh/janasena--bsp-alliance-for-ap-elections-mayawati-wants-to-see-pawan-kalyan-as-cm-512347|title= Janasena-BSP alliance for AP elections, Mayawati wants to see Pawan Kalyan as CM|website=The Hans India|date= 15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2019-01-03/Left-parties-Janasena-to-contest-together-in-AP-Assembly-elections-CPI-Narayana/468794/amp|title=Left parties,Janasena to contest together in AP elections:CPI Narayana|website=The Hans India|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416105533/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2019-01-03/Left-parties-Janasena-to-contest-together-in-AP-Assembly-elections-CPI-Narayana/468794/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Kalyan contested two seats in the election, [[Gajuwaka]] and [[Bhimavaram]].<ref>{{cite news |date=19 March 2019 |title=Andhra Pradesh assembly elections: Pawan Kalyan to contest from Gajuwaka and Bhimavaram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-assembly-elections-pawan-kalyan-to-contest-from-gajuwaka-and-bhimavaram/articleshow/68478694.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011180920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-assembly-elections-pawan-kalyan-to-contest-from-gajuwaka-and-bhimavaram/articleshow/68478694.cms |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ap-assembly-jana-sena-chief-pawan-kalyan-contest-bhimavaram-and-gajuwaka-98570|title=AP Assembly:Jana Sena chief Pawan Kalyan lost the seats from Bhimavaram and Gajuwaka|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=19 March 2019|access-date=2019-03-19|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011180926/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ap-assembly-jana-sena-chief-pawan-kalyan-contest-bhimavaram-and-gajuwaka-98570|url-status=live}}</ref> He failed to win either seat. JSP candidate, [[Rapaka Vara Prasada Rao]], was elected from [[Razole (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Razole Assembly constituency]]. The party managed to get around 6% vote share in Andhra Pradesh.<br />
<br />
'''Manifesto'''<br />
<br />
Kalyan released the party's 2019 election manifesto on the fifth formation day of JSP at [[Rajahmundry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/jana-sena-party-release-manfesto-for-2019-elections-512043|title=Jana Sena Party released the manifesto for 2019 elections|website=The Hans India|date=14 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321044047/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/jana-sena-party-release-manfesto-for-2019-elections-512043|url-status=live}}</ref> The party declared war on unemployment and corruption and wished to ensure the safety of women. Other goals included:<br />
*Irrigation support fund of {{currency|8,000|INR|linked=yes}} per acre to every farmer's family<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/jsp-manifesto-focuses-on-youth-and-farmers/article26541490.ece|title=JSP manifesto focuses on youth and farmers|work=The Hindu|date=15 March 2019|access-date=2019-03-15|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011180910/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/jsp-manifesto-focuses-on-youth-and-farmers/article26541490.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*[[Dokka Seethamma]] canteens, which provide free food for students<br />
*{{currency|5,000|INR}} pension for small, marginal and tenant farmers above 60 years of age and free solar pump sets for all farmers<br />
*Arts and science college at every [[Tehsil|mandal]] level<br />
*{{Indian Rupee}}10 [[lakh]] (one million rupees) free health insurance, and mobile diagnostic centres in all mandals<br />
*{{Indian Rupee}}10,000 financial support at 25 [[paisa]] interest to small businesses<br />
*Implementation of [[Sachar Committee]] recommendations<br />
*Free education from [[Kindergarten|LKG]] to [[Postgraduate education|PG]]<br />
*Free [[liquefied petroleum gas]] cylinders for housewives<br />
*Financial support for fishermen during the non-fishing season<br />
*High court bench in [[Rayalaseema]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/woo-all-jana-sena-manifesto-has-something-for-everyone/articleshow/68416442.cms|title=Woo all: Janasena manifesto has something for everyone – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112132848/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/woo-all-jana-sena-manifesto-has-something-for-everyone/articleshow/68416442.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*[[Chief minister (India)|Chief minister]] (CM) to be brought under [[Lokayukta]]<br />
*33% reservations for women in the state legislature and establishment of Mahila banks in all districts<br />
*Ten lakh (one million) jobs every year<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/pawan-kalyan-promises-10-lakh-jobs-every-year-free-healthcare-in-jana-sena-manifesto-2067013.html|title=Pawan Kalyan promised to provide 10 Lakh Jobs in Five Years, Free Healthcare in Jana Sena Manifesto|date=14 March 2019|publisher=News18|access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pawan-kalyans-janasena-gets-election-commissions-approval/article6682344.ece|title=Pawan Kalyan's Janasena gets Election Commission's approval|date=2014-12-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-16|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916114033/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pawan-kalyans-janasena-gets-election-commissions-approval/article6682344.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
After the 2019 setback, Janasena focused on highlighting issues like farmer welfare, transparent governance, poor infrastructure, illegal sand mining, women's safety, land encroachment etc. On 3 November 2019, Kalyan led a long march in [[Visakhapatnam]] in support of construction workers, against [[YSR Congress Party]], who have been facing unemployment due to a shortage of supply of [[Sand mining|sand]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Jahnavi |date=4 November 2019 |title='Compensate workers in 2 weeks':Pawan Kalyan holds rally in Vizag over sand shortage |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/compensate-workers-2-weeks-pawan-kalyan-holds-rally-vizag-over-sand-shortage-111670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104101802/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/compensate-workers-2-weeks-pawan-kalyan-holds-rally-vizag-over-sand-shortage-111670 |archive-date=4 November 2019 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> On 16 January 2020, Kalyan announced his party's alliance with the BJP, after three years of distancing from it.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2020 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Jana Sena and BJP join hands in Andhra Pradesh to emerge as third alternative |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/jan/16/pawan-kalyans-jana-sena-and-bjp-join-hands-in-andhra-pradesh-to-emerge-as-third-alternative-2090394.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119142234/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/jan/16/pawan-kalyans-jana-sena-and-bjp-join-hands-in-andhra-pradesh-to-emerge-as-third-alternative-2090394.html |archive-date=19 January 2020 |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> On 12 February 2020, he led a rally for justice to Sugali Preethi, a 15-year-old girl who was raped and murdered, in [[Kurnool]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2020 |title=Pawan Kalyan to protest against Kurnool rape-murder, faces student opposition |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kalyan-protest-against-kurnool-rape-murder-faces-student-opposition-117865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225091101/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kalyan-protest-against-kurnool-rape-murder-faces-student-opposition-117865 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |access-date=10 February 2020 |website=thenewsminute.com}}</ref> He demanded an inquiry by [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) into the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandari |first=Pavan Kumar |date=19 February 2020 |title=Jana Sena chief Pawan Kalyan welcomes Jagan's move over CBI inquiry on Sugali Preethi's case |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/jana-sena-chief-pawan-kalyan-welcomes-jagans-move-over-cbi-inquiry-on-sugali-preethis-case-606148 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403193854/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/jana-sena-chief-pawan-kalyan-welcomes-jagans-move-over-cbi-inquiry-on-sugali-preethis-case-606148 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref> In late 2022, Kalyan started 'Jana Vani,' a series of small public meetings to hear people's grievances.<ref name=":43">{{Cite web |last=Srikanth |first=S. Guru |date=2024-06-05 |title=Pawan Kalyan scripts political blockbuster |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jun/05/pawan-kalyan-scripts-political-blockbuster |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== 2023 Varahi Yatra ====<br />
In 2023, Kalyan undertook a tour in the state on a customized vehicle named ''[[Varahi Yatra|Varahi]]'', aimed at highlighting the failures of Jagan Mohan Reddy's administration. The vehicle used for the trip is a [[Campervan|camper van]] having facilities like a bed, cooking appliances, a bathroom, and a compact meeting area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2022 |title=Pawan Kalyan opts for Varahi in emerald green, ends vehicle colour row |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/131222/pawan-kalyan-opts-for-varahi-in-emerald-green-ends-vehicle-colour-row.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227060751/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/131222/pawan-kalyan-opts-for-varahi-in-emerald-green-ends-vehicle-colour-row.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The tour also included the 'Jana Vani' programme, where the party received petitions from people seeking redressal of their grievances. Later, the grievances were to the notice of the concerned authorities to get them addressed.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
The first phase of the yatra started with darshan at [[Annavaram Satyanarayana Temple|Satyanarayana Swamy temple]] in [[Annavaram]] on 14 June and was drawn to a close at [[Bhimavaram]] on 30 June.<ref name=":2" /> Kalyan toured [[Prathipadu, Kakinada Assembly constituency|Prathipadu]], [[Pithapuram Assembly constituency|Pithapuram]], [[Kakinada City Assembly constituency|Kakinada urban]], [[Kakinada Rural Assembly constituency|Kakinada rural]], [[Mummidivaram Assembly constituency|Mummidivaram]], [[Amalapuram Assembly constituency|Amalapuram]], [[P. Gannavaram]], [[Narasapuram Assembly constituency|Narasapuram]], [[Razole Assembly constituency|Razole]], [[Palakollu Assembly constituency|Palakollu]], and [[Bhimavaram Assembly constituency|Bhimavaram]] constituencies in the first phase.<ref name=":2" /> The second phase of the Varahi Yatra began with a public meeting in [[Eluru]] town on 9 July.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-03-12 |title=Election Commission rejected Pawan Kalyan's 'Jana Sena' party registration |url=https://www.telugunow.com/ap-politics/election-commission-rejected-pawan-kalyans-jana-sena-party-registration-167333.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321185242/https://www.telugunow.com/ap-politics/election-commission-rejected-pawan-kalyans-jana-sena-party-registration-167333.html |archive-date=21 March 2020 |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=TeluguNow.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 2024–present ===<br />
<br />
==== 2024 elections ====<br />
On 14 September 2023, Kalyan announced via a press conference, that the JSP and [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] would jointly fight the [[Next Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh legislative elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor-Politician Pawan Kalyan's Jana Sena Ties Up With Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/andhra-pradesh-election-actor-politician-pawan-kalyan-jana-sena-ties-up-with-chandrababu-naidu-4388994 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-09-14 |title=Janasena, TDP will go together in next elections: Pawan Kalyan |url=https://telanganatoday.com/janasena-tdp-will-go-together-in-next-elections-pawan-kalyan |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> In March 2024, TDP rejoined the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] for legislative elections and [[2024 Indian general election|2024 General Elections]], effectively making it a tri-party alliance, or ''[[Kutami]]'', in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title='Win-win situation for Andhra': TDP, BJP, JanaSena finalise seat-sharing deal for Lok Sabha, Assembly polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tdp-bjp-janasena-party-tie-up-for-lok-sabha-assembly-polls-9204938/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309165855/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tdp-bjp-janasena-party-tie-up-for-lok-sabha-assembly-polls-9204938/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-09 |title=TDP, BJP seal seat-sharing arrangement for Andhra Pradesh elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/tdp-bjp-seals-seat-sharing-arrangement-for-andhra-pradesh-elections/articleshow/108348061.cms |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=TDP, Jana Sena seal alliance with BJP in Andhra Pradesh; Chandrababu Naidu says 'It will be a sweep' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/tdp-jana-sena-seal-alliance-with-bjp-in-andhra-pradesh-chandrababu-naidu-says-it-will-be-a-sweep-2929696 |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309165855/https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/tdp-jana-sena-seal-alliance-with-bjp-in-andhra-pradesh-chandrababu-naidu-says-it-will-be-a-sweep-2929696 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kalyan played a key role in forging the alliance between JSP, TDP and BJP by limiting the number of seats his party contested. The alliance swept to power in a landslide victory, with Janasena winning each of the seats it contested {{Em dash}} 21 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] seats and 2 [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] seats. Kalyan was elected to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pithapuram Assembly constituency|Pitapuram constituency]] by a margin of over 70,000 votes.<ref name=":44">{{Cite web |last=Srikanth |first=S. Guru |date=2024-06-05 |title=Pawan Kalyan scripts political blockbuster |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jun/05/pawan-kalyan-scripts-political-blockbuster |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the 2024 elections, the Janasena Party (JSP) attained eligibility for recognized party status. According to the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]]'s guidelines, a party can achieve state party status by securing at least three per cent of the total number of seats. JSP exceeded this threshold by winning 13% of the seats in the state, qualifying for the status.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-12 |title=Now, recognised party status for Jana Sena |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/jana-sena-party-attains-recognized-party-status-in-2024-elections/articleshow/110923192.cms#:~:text=Now,%20recognised%20party%20status%20for%20Jana%20Sena&text=Vijayawada:%20The%202024%20elections%20are,it%20contested%20in%20assembly%20elections. |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Janasena in coalition government ====<br />
On 12 June 2024, party president Pawan Kalyan was sworn in as a [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|cabinet minister]] in the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]], and on 16 June 2024, he was announced as the [[List of deputy chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]].<ref>{{Cite news|editor=The Hindu Bureau |date=2024-06-14 |title=Full list of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers with portfolios: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is also the Minister of Panchayat Raj, Rural Development & Rural Water Supply; Environment, Forests, Science & Technology.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 June 2024 |title=Chandrababu Naidu Takes Oath As Andhra Chief Minister, Pawan Kalyan As His Deputy |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/chandrababu-naidu-takes-oath-as-andhra-chief-minister-pawan-kalyan-as-his-deputy-8930015.html |website=News18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2024 |title=Pawan Kalyan named Deputy CM, Nara Lokesh IT minister in Andhra Pradesh government |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pawan-kalyan-named-deputy-cm-nara-lokesh-it-minister-in-andhra-pradesh-government-101718359878590.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
On the same day, two other Janasena legislators and Pawan Kalyan were sworn in as ministers. [[Nadendla Manohar]] became the Minister for Food and Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs, while [[Kandula Durgesh]] became the Minister for Tourism, Culture, and Cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Full list of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers with portfolios: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece |access-date=2024-12-01 |editor=The Hindu Bureau|work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 5 July 2024, P. Hari Prasad was elected unopposed as a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] under the MLA quota, becoming the first [[Legislative council|MLC]] from the Janasena Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Ramachandraiah, Hari Prasad elected unopposed to AP Legislative Council under MLA quota |url=https://theprint.in/india/ramachandraiah-hari-prasad-elected-unopposed-to-ap-legislative-council-under-mla-quota/2162559/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> On 24 July 2024, Janasena made key appointments for the party within the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh Assembly]]. [[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali]] MLA, Nadendla Manohar, was designated as the Deputy Floor Leader of the party, while [[Lokam Naga Madhavi]], the MLA of [[Nellimarla Assembly constituency|Nellimarla]], was appointed as the [[Chief Whip]]. [[Bhimavaram Assembly constituency|Bhimavaram]] MLA, [[Pulaparthi Ramanjaneyulu]] has been appointed as the Treasurer. [[Visakhapatnam South Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam South]] MLA Vamsi Krishna Yadav, and [[Razole Assembly constituency|Razole]] MLA [[Deva Varaprasad]] have been appointed as Secretaries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=జనసేన పార్టీ ఐదుగురు ఎమ్మెల్యేలకు కీలక పదవులు.. వాళ్లిద్దరికి కూడా! |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/news/nadendla-manohar-appointed-as-janasena-party-deputy-floor-leader-and-lokam-madhavi-as-chief-whip-in-andhra-pradesh-assembly/articleshow/111973127.cms |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=[[Samayam Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2024, amidst the [[Tirupati Laddu]] controversy, Pawan Kalyan issued a clarion call through his [[Varahi declaration]] in [[Tirupati]], advocating for the formation of a board dedicated to protecting temples and Hindu interests.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh Dy CM Pawan Kalyan Advocates For Sanatana Dharma With Varahi Declaration |url=https://thecommunemag.com/andhra-pradesh-dy-cm-pawan-kalyan-advocates-for-sanatana-dharma-with-varahi-declaration/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |work=The Commune}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=A.D. |date=3 October 2024 |title=Varahi Declaration: Pawan administers pledge to save Sanatana Dharma, respect all faiths |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/varahi-declaration-pawan-administers-pledge-to-save-sanatana-dharma-respect-all-faiths/article68714349.ece |access-date=9 October 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Membership Milestone ====<br />
In early August 2024, the Janasena Party (JSP) reached a major milestone by exceeding one million members.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-30 |title=Jana Sena Party's membership touches one million mark |url=https://www.yovizag.com/?p=95899 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Vizag |language=en-US}}</ref> The party, which had set a goal to enrol one million new members within the year, achieved this target as reported in August 2024, compared to 6.47 lakh done in 2023 and 3.50 lakh and 1 lakh in 2022 and 2021 respectively. The growth was highlighted by party leaders, including [[Nadendla Manohar]], who underscored the significance of this expansion for the party’s future political initiatives.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2024-07-18 |title=Jana Sena Party targets enrollment of a million new members this year: Nadendla Manohar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jana-sena-party-targets-enrollment-of-a-million-new-members-this-year-nadendla-manohar/article68417926.ece |access-date=2024-12-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Leadership==<br />
===Political Affairs Committee===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white" | Portrait<br />
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white" | Name<br />{{small|(Year of Birth)}}<br />
! colspan ="3" style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white" | Tenure<br />
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white" | Designation<br />
! rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white" | Assumed office<br />
! style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white" | Left office<br />
! style="background-color:#EE0000; color:white" | Time in office<br />
|- style="text-align: center;"<br />
| [[File:The noted Telugu film actor Shri Pavan Kalyan addressing at the closing ceremony and award function of the 18th International Children’s Film Festival India, in Hyderabad on November 20, 2013 (cropped).jpg|100px]]<br />
| [[Pawan Kalyan]]<br />{{small|(born 1971)}}<br />
| 14 September 2014<br />
| ''Incumbent''<br />
| {{Ayd|14 September 2014}}<br />
| President<br />
|<br />
|-style="text-align: center;"<br />
| [[File:Nadendla Manohar AP Speaker.jpg|100px]]<br />
| [[Nadendla Manohar]]<br />{{small|(born 1964)}}<br />
| 12 October 2018<br />
| ''Incumbent''<br />
| {{Ayd|12 October 2018}}<br />
| Chairman<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2018-10-12 |title=Nadendla Manohar joins JSP |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nadendla-manohar-joins-jsp/article25209413.ece |access-date=2023-01-08 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108114229/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nadendla-manohar-joins-jsp/article25209413.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Others===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable " style="text-align:center;"<br />
! style="background-color:#EE0000;color:white" | Position<br />
! style="background-color:#EE0000;color:white" | Name<br />
|-<br />
| Vice-President<br />
| Bongunoori Mahender Reddy<br />
|-<br />
| Telangana Incharge<br />
| Nemuri Shankar Goud<br />
|-<br />
| Political Advisor<br />
| P. Ramamohan Rao <br /><small>([[Chief secretary (India)|ex-TN Chief Secretary]])</small><br />
|-<br />
| Political Secretary to President<br />
| P. Hari Prasad<br />
|-<br />
| Official Representatives<br />
| Bolisetti Satya<br /> [[Kandula Durgesh]] <br /> T. Siva Sankar Rao<br />
|-<br />
| Party Affairs Committee Chairman<br />
| [[Sekhar Puli]]<br />
|-<br />
| IT Centre<br />
| [[Ram Talluri]]<br />
|-<br />
| Official Spokesperson<br />
| Prof. Dr. K. Sarat Kumar<br />
|-<br />
| Other Leaders<br />
| [[Nagendra Babu|Naga Babu]] <br /> Sandeep Panchakarla <br /> Siva Rama Krishna Vaka<br /> Muttamsetti Krishna Rao<br /> Palavalsa Yesaswini<br /> Jivaji Rekha<br /> Arham Khan<br /> Pasupuleti Hari Prasad<br /> Sujatha Panda<br /> Pantham Nanaji<br /> State official Spokesperson Siva Parvathi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Electoral performance==<br />
===Indian general elections===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+[[File:Lok Sabha.svg|25px]] [[Lok Sabha]] Elections<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Year<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Lok Sabha<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Party leader<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Seats contested<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Seats won<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Change in seats<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Percentage of votes<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Vote swing<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Popular vote<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Outcome<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Konidala&nbsp;Pawan&nbsp;Kalyan]]<br />
|24<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|0|543|{{party color|Janasena Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|0.32%<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|1,915,127<br />
|{{lost|Lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]<br />
|2<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|2|543|{{party color|Janasena Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2<br />
|0.23%<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.09%<br />
|1,454,138<br />
|{{win|Government}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===State legislative assembly elections===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] Elections<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Year<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Assembly<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Party leader<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Seats contested<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Seats won<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Change in seats<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Percentage of votes<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Vote swing<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Popular vote<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Outcome<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|15th]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Konidala&nbsp;Pawan&nbsp;Kalyan]]<br />
|137<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|1|175|{{party color|Janasena Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 1<br />
|5.53%<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|1,736,811<br />
|{{partial|Others}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|16th]]<br />
|21<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|21|175|{{party color|Janasena Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 20<br />
|6.85%<br />
|{{increase}} 1.32%<br />
|2,317,747<br />
|{{win|Government}}<br />
|}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] Elections<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Year<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Assembly<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Party leader<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Seats contested<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Seats won<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Change in seats<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Percentage of votes<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Vote swing<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Popular vote<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Outcome<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|[[3rd Telangana Assembly|3rd]]<br />
|[[Konidala&nbsp;Pawan&nbsp;Kalyan]]<br />
|8<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|0|119|{{party color|Janasena Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|0.25%<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|59,001<br />
|{{lost|Lost}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of party leaders==<br />
===Presidents===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|No.<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Portrait<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Name<br/>{{small|(Lifespan)}}<br />
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Term in office<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Assumed office<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Left office<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Time in office<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[File:Shri Konidela Pawan Kalyan.jpg|100px]]<br />
|'''[[Konidala Pawan Kalyan]]'''<br/><small>(born 1971)</small><br />
|14 March 2014<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|{{age in years and days|2014|03|14}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Legislative leaders==<br />
===List of deputy chief ministers===<br />
====Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh====<br />
{{further|List of deputy chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|No.<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Portrait<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Name<br/>{{small|(Lifespan)}}<br />
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Term in office<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]]<br/>{{small|([[Elections in Andhra Pradesh|{{white|Election}}]])}}<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Elected constituency<br />
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|[[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|{{white|Chief Minister}}]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Assumed office<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Left office<br />
!style="background-color:#E8232A;color:white"|Time in office<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[File:Shri Konidela Pawan Kalyan.jpg|100px]]<br />
|'''[[Konidala Pawan Kalyan]]'''<br/><small>(born 1971)</small><br />
|12 June 2024<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|{{age in years and days|2024|06|12}}<br />
|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|16th]]<br/>{{small|([[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]])}}<br />
|[[Pithapuram Assembly constituency|Pithapuram]]<br />
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]<br />
|{{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Politics of India]]<br />
*[[Elections in India]]<br />
*[[Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
*[[Elections in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
*[[List of political parties in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jun/06/tdp-garners-4560-vote-share The Janasena Party, which won 21 seats, has a vote share of 8.53%]<br />
<br />
{{Indian political parties}}<br />
{{National Democratic Alliance |state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2014 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 2014]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:2014 establishments in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties in India]][[Category:Member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sajjad_Ahmad_Kichloo&diff=531999Sajjad Ahmad Kichloo2026-02-14T03:22:32Z<p>Amit raj: created some entry nd citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Sajjad Ahmed Kichloo<br />
| image = <!-- Image of Sajjad Kichloo if available --><br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|06|20|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kishtwar]], India<br />
| office = [[List of members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council|Member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]<br />
| term_start = 2015<br />
| term_end = 2016<br />
| constituency = [[Kishtwar Assembly constituency|Kishtwar]]<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| governor = [[N. N. Vohra]]<br />
| 1blankname = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata = [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]<br />
| office2 = Member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2008<br />
| term_end2 = 2014<br />
| constituency2 = Kishtwar<br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| governor2 = [[N. N. Vohra]]<br />
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata2 = [[Omar Abdullah]]<br />
| office3 = Minister of State for Home Affairs, Jammu and Kashmir<br />
| term_start3 = 2009<br />
| term_end3 = 2013<br />
| governor3 = [[N. N. Vohra]]<br />
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata3 = [[Omar Abdullah]]<br />
| predecessor3 = <br />
| successor3 = <br />
| office4 = Member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start4 = 2002<br />
| term_end4 = 2008<br />
| constituency4 = [[Kishtwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kishtwar]]<br />
| governor4 = [[N. N. Vohra]]<br />
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata4 = [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]<br />[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]<br />
| predecessor4 = <br />
| successor4 = <br />
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]<br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| awards = <!-- Leave blank if not applicable --><br />
| education = Diploma in Computer & Mechanical Engineering<br />
}}<br />
'''Sajjad Ahmed Kichloo''' (born 23 June 1965) is an Indian politician, Member of Parliament for Rajya Sabha and former member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] who served as a State Home minister in the [[first Omar Abdullah ministry]] in 2009. A member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]], he was elected as a member of legislative assembly during the [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] and the [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008 legislative assembly elections]] from [[Kishtwar Assembly constituency|Kishtwar constituency]].<ref name="s210">{{cite web | last=Life | first=Kashmir | title=Personality | website=Kashmir Life | date=22 Apr 2013 | url=https://kashmirlife.net/personality-2-28634/ | access-date=16 Oct 2024}}</ref> He also served as a [[List of members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council|member of the Legislative Council]] in 2015, representing [[Kishtwar district]].<ref name="ceojk">{{cite web | title=Members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council | website=CEO, JK | url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/mlc.pdf | access-date=17 Oct 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Kachloo was born to Bashir Ahmad Kichloo on 20 June 1974 in [[Kishtwar]], India. His father was also a member of the National Conference (NC). Kichloo entered politics following his father's death. He has a diploma in computer & mechanical engineering. He began his career in 1996 as the [[tehsil]] president of the National Conference's youth wing. In 1998, he became the district president of the NC in Kishtwar. He contested the [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] from the Kishtwar constituency. He was re-elected in the 2008 Assembly elections.<ref name="s210"/><br />
<br />
In 2013, Kichloo was appointed the minister of State for Home in the [[government of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="s210"/><br />
<br />
He was awarded the best legislator award by [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]] in 2017 during the then PDP - BJP government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2018-01-12 |title=Manhas, Dr Shehnaz, Khajuria get best legislator award |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/manhas-dr-shehnaz-khajuria-get-best-legislator-award/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
=== Allegations of assault ===<br />
Kichloo's political career was marred by controversy when he was accused of assaulting Riaz Ahmed Choudhary, the chief executive officer (CEO) of the Kishtwar Development Authority, during preparations for an official visit by the then chief minister [[Omar Abdullah]] to [[Kishtwar district]] in April 2013. Choudhary alleged Kichloo's misconduct and ordered his arrest, a claim that led to media attention and [[public scrutiny]].<ref name="s210"/><br />
<br />
=== Alleged Role in 2013 clashes ===<br />
Kachloo resigned as the State Home minister in August 2013, following allegations of his involvement in the [[2013 Kishtwar clashes]] on 9 August 2013.<ref name="l685">{{cite web | title=Kishtwar unrest: J&K MoS Home Sajjad Ahmad Kichloo resigns; storm in Parliament | website=The Economic Times | date=12 Aug 2013 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kishtwar-unrest-jk-mos-home-sajjad-ahmad-kichloo-resigns-storm-in-parliament/articleshow/21776061.cms?from=mdr | access-date=16 Oct 2024}}</ref> The violence resulted in the deaths of three people and the destruction of over 150 shops and houses, attributed to the administration's failure, including Kachloo to control the situation.<ref name="t767">{{cite web | title=Ex-minister Kichloo gets clean chit in Kishtwar violence case | website=India Today | date=21 Dec 2013 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rc-gandhi-commission-communal-violence-in-kishtwar-sajjad-ahmad-kichloo-221513-2013-12-20 | access-date=16 Oct 2024}}</ref> He was later exonerated of any involvement in the clashes that occurred on 9 August 2013. The Justice R.C. Gandhi Commission of Enquiry,<ref name="m121"/> a one-man commission led by Justice (retired) R.C. Gandhi,<ref name="j227">{{cite web | title=One-man commission to probe Kishtwar violence | website=BusinessLine | date=24 Aug 2013 | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/one-man-commission-to-probe-kishtwar-violence/article20651982.ece1 | access-date=16 Oct 2024}}</ref> determined that Kichloo was [[Not guilty plea|not guilty]] of any [[Partisan (politics)|partisan]] conduct during the incident.<ref name="m121">{{cite web | title=Kichloo acquitted of charges in Kishtwar riots | website=The Hindu | date=20 Dec 2013 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kichloo-acquitted-of-charges-in-kishtwar-riots/article5484384.ece | access-date=16 Oct 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kichloo, Sajjad Ahmad}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1964 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kishtwar district]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kailaasa&diff=507399Kailaasa2026-02-13T23:22:29Z<p>Amit raj: Put up some entry more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Claimed micronation}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br />
{{About|a claimed micronation|the celestial realm after which the nation is named after|Kailasa}}<br />
[[File:The_National_Flag_of_the_SHRIKAILASA_Hindu_Nation.png|thumb|Flag of the claimed Hindu nation Kailaasa ]]<br />
'''Kailaasa''', officially '''United States of Kailaasa''' ('''USK'''), is a non-existent<ref name=":5" /> [[micronation]] founded by Indian self-proclaimed [[Godman (India)|godman]] [[Nithyananda]] in December 2019. Nithyananda, widely described as a cult-leader,<ref name="Medeiros 20232">{{cite news |last=Medeiros |first=Dan |date=17 March 2023 |title=Fall River gave 'official proclamation' to Indian scammer guru who invented a fake country |url=https://www.heraldnews.com/story/news/local/2023/03/17/fall-river-recognized-fake-country-invented-by-indian-guru-scam-nithyananda/70018023007/ |access-date=17 January 2024 |work=[[The Herald News]] |location=Fall River, Massachusetts}}</ref> claims that Kailaasa is the world's only sovereign [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nation]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Statements by purported representatives of Kailaasa have described it as "a borderless service-oriented nation".<ref name=":11" /> However, news reports suggest that it is located on "an island in Ecuador, near Trinidad and Tobago".<ref name="Kailaasa_IndiaToday" /> Kailaasa's existence is not recognised by any government or intergovernmental organisation.<ref name=":9">{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Sanchari |date=17 March 2023 |title=How Swami Nithyananda's 'fake country' Kailasa fooled 30 US cities with 'Sister City' scam? Explained |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-swami-nithyananda-s-fake-country-kailasa-fooled-30-us-cities-with-sister-city-scam-explained-11679042510469.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317105342/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-swami-nithyananda-s-fake-country-kailasa-fooled-30-us-cities-with-sister-city-scam-explained-11679042510469.html |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=17 January 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |location=Bangalore}}{{cbignore}}{{void|Fabrickator|comment|live copy has annoying layout so force to use archive link by omitting url-status}}</ref> However, representatives claiming to be from Kailaasa have repeatedly contacted various government bodies at the local, national and international level seeking recognition, often in the form of [[sister city]] arrangements, resulting in various scandals.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name="Stieb 2023">{{cite web |last=Stieb |first=Matt |date=23 March 2023 |title=How a Fake Hindu Nation Scammed Its Way Across America |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/how-a-fake-hindu-nation-scammed-newark.html |access-date=17 January 2024 |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |department="Intelligencer" department}}</ref><ref name="AP 2023" /> Nithyananda's whereabouts are unknown, and a warrant for his arrest has been issued in India in relation to rape allegations.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |title=Arrest Warrant Against Nithyananda In 2010 Rape Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arrest-warrant-against-nithyananda-in-2010-rape-case-3269124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417191239/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arrest-warrant-against-nithyananda-in-2010-rape-case-3269124 |archive-date=2024-04-17 |access-date=2025-10-29 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
{{Main|Nithyananda}}<br />
Nithyananda (born Arunachalam Rajasekaran; 1 January 1978) is an Indian spiritual leader and a self-styled [[Godman (India)|godman]].<ref name="telegraph-hfb-diwali">{{Cite news |last1=Sawer |first1=Patrick |last2=Joshi |first2=Poonam |date=11 December 2022 |title=Work of cult leader wanted by Indian police promoted in Houses of Parliament Diwali pamphlet |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/12/11/work-cult-leader-wanted-indian-police-promoted-houses-parliament/ |url-access=limited |access-date=12 December 2022 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London}}</ref> He is the founder of Nithyananda Dhyanapeetam, a [[Trust (business)|trust]] that owns [[Hindu temple|temples]], [[Gurukula|gurukulas]], and [[Ashram|ashrams]] in many countries. <br />
In 2002 (age 24), he began his public life under the name Nithyananda.<ref name=":10">{{Cite magazine |title=The Unexpurgated Nithyananda Interview |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/the-unexpurgated-nithyananda-interview/281409 |access-date=12 August 2021 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |location=New Delhi}}{{subscription required}}</ref> He says that this name was given to him by [[Mahavatar Babaji]] in a mystical experience during his monastic wandering days in the Himalayas.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":92">{{Cite book |last=Nithyananda |first=Paramahamsa |title=His Name is Nithyananda |date=2006 |publisher=Nithyananda Vedic Sciences University Press |isbn=978-1-934364-30-7 |edition=2nd |page=6}}</ref> In 2003, he started his ashram Dhyanapeetam in [[Bidadi]] near [[Bangalore|Bangalore, Karnataka]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title='I am a virgin. I have no libido' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/i-am-a-virgin-i-have-no-libido/cid/396940 |access-date=27 December 2020 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |location=West Bengal}}</ref> Over the following years, he would associate with the Florida-based [[Hindu University of America]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindu University in US expands its Vedic base |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/20ia.htm |access-date=27 December 2020 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Madurai Adheenam]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2012 |title=Nithyananda 293rd pontiff of Madurai Aadheenam |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nithyananda-293rd-pontiff-of-madurai-aadheenam-469211.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-19 |title=Nithyananda removed from Madurai Adheenam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nithyananda-removed-from-madurai-adheenam/article4013877.ece |access-date=2025-02-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[Mahanirvani Akhara]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 February 2013 |title=Nithyananda conferred 'Mahamandaleshwar' title |url=http://m.rediff.com/news/report/nithyananda-conferred-mahamandaleshwar-title/20130214.htm |access-date=9 October 2017 |publisher=Press Trust of India (PTI) |via=Rediff.com}}</ref> He has made various supernatural and pseudoscientific claims, particularly in relation to his own abilities,<ref>{{cite news |last=Viegas |first=Vanessa |date=21 September 2018 |title=Nithyananda delivers a brain freeze |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/210918/nithyananda-delivers-a-brain-freeze.html |access-date=21 September 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> and has claimed to be an incarnation of [[Parashiva]].<ref name="Gowda 2022">{{cite news |last=Gowda |first=Varsha |date=17 June 2022 |title=Rise and fall of a controversial Godman |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rise-and-fall-of-a-controversial-godman-1119106.html |access-date=16 January 2023 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><br />
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Nithyananda is widely described as a cult-leader.<ref name="Medeiros 20232" /><ref name="Pundir 2023">{{cite web |last=Pundir |first=Pallavi |date=24 March 2023 |title=This Fake Country Is Run by a Guru Accused of Rape. How Did It End Up at the UN? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/kailasa-fake-country-nithyananda-scam-crime/ |access-date=17 January 2024 |work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref><ref name="Outlook 20232">{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=17 March 2023 |title=Nithyananda's Fake Nation 'Kailasa' Duped 30 US Cities With 'Cultural' Agreements: Report |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/international/nithyananda-s-fake-nation-kailasa-duped-30-us-cities-with-cultural-agreements-report-news-270966 |access-date=16 January 2023 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> He has been the subject of several public controversies,<ref name="Gowda 2022" /> including allegations of rape, which he denies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-03 |title=Nithyananda Ashram case: Gujarat HC dismisses father's plea, rules daughters not in illegal confinement |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/nithyananda-ashram-case-gujarat-hc-dismisses-father-plea-daughters-not-illegal-confinement-9142446/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His whereabouts are unknown, and a court in Karnataka has issued a warrant for his arrest following failure to appear in court.<ref name=":14" /> He is the subject of a [[Discovery+]] web series, ''My Daughter Joined a Cult''.<ref name="Singh 2022">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Suhani |date=9 June 2022 |title=How documentary series 'My Daughter Joined a Cult' shines a light on India's obsession with godmen |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-documentary-series-my-daughter-joined-a-cult-shines-a-light-on-india-s-obsession-with-godmen-1960472-2022-06-09 |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
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==Timeline==<br />
=== 2019 ===<br />
In December 2019, Nithyananda claimed that he had created a new "Hindu nation" [[microstate]] called Kailaasa (also known as Shrikailasa & United States of Kailaasa<ref name="AP 2023">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=30 November 2023 |title=Paraguay official resigns after signing agreement with fake country|url=https://apnews.com/article/kailasa-paraguay-india-hindu-chamorro-bec1acb8178cfe645392f0f1aae75a58 |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=AP News |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> or USK<ref name="Sebastian 2023">{{cite news |last=Sebastian |first=Meryl |title=Nithyananda's Kailasa: UN to ignore remarks of fugitive India guru's fictional country |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64807659 |access-date=17 January 2024 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>) and claimed to issue passports, currency, and other documents.<ref name="Kailaasa_IndiaToday">{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Nolan |date=3 December 2019 |title=Rape-accused Nithyananda buys island, sets up own nation Kailaasa near Ecuador |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/where-is-rape-accused-self-styled-godman-nithyananda-the-answer-lies-in-a-new-nation-1624879-2019-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321163709/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/where-is-rape-accused-self-styled-godman-nithyananda-the-answer-lies-in-a-new-nation-1624879-2019-12-03 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=29 December 2020 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=Fugitive rape-accused Nithyananda declares his own Hindu island nation 'Kailaasa' near Ecuador |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/world/rape-accused-nithyananda-declares-hindu-nation-kailaasa-ecuador/story/391472.html |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |location=Noida, India}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nithyananda buys island, forms own 'nation' called 'Kailaasa' |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/12/03/nithyananda-buys-island-forms-own-nation-called-kailasa.html |access-date=28 December 2020 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |location=Kochi, India}}</ref><ref name="srilanka-request-indiatoday">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=Life in danger: Rape-accused Nithyananda seeks medical asylum in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rape-accused-nithyananda-seeks-medical-asylum-in-sri-lanka-1995805-2022-09-02 |access-date=3 September 2022 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> In his announcement he said, "Kailaasa is a nation without borders created by dispossessed Hindus around the world who lost the right to practice Hinduism authentically in their own countries".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=On The Run From Law, Nithyananda Establishes His Own 'Nation' Called 'Kailaasa' Near Ecuador |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/on-the-run-from-law-nithyananda-establishes-his-own-nation-called-kailaasa-near-ecuador-2410593.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Nithyananda claims that Kailaasa is the world's only [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] Hindu nation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Himanshu |date=21 December 2020 |title=Rape accused Nithyananda cites assassination threats for not coming back to India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nithyananda-cites-assassination-threats-india-1751531-2020-12-21 |access-date=27 December 2020 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Kailaasa has also been described as a network of [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental organisations]] spanning three continents.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ankit |date=21 August 2020 |title=Exclusive: Behind Nithyananda's Kailaasa empire, a hidden maze of companies and NGOs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/exclusive-behind-nithyananda-kailaasa-empire-hidden-maze-of-companies-and-ngos-1713691-2020-08-21 |access-date=27 December 2020 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nithyananda says 29 people applied to live in Kailasa, launches 'E-embassy' plan |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/23/nithyananda-says-29-people-applied-to-live-in-kailasa-launches-e-embassy-plan.html |access-date=24 April 2021 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |location=Kochi, India}}</ref><br />
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A statement by someone identified as the press secretary of Kailaasa said that the country "was established much in the spirit of a country like the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Sovereign Order of Malta]], a borderless service-oriented nation", and that it "is operated through a group of [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] from multiple countries",<ref name=":11">{{cite news |title=Does Kailasa exist? Where is it located? Nithyananda representatives respond |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/does-kailasa-exist-where-is-it-located-nithyananda-representatives-respond-10277861.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230412180147/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/does-kailasa-exist-where-is-it-located-nithyananda-representatives-respond-10277861.html |archive-date=12 April 2023 |access-date=12 April 2023 |work=MoneyControl}}</ref> suggesting that it does not exist as geographical territory. By contrast, ''[[India Today]]'' reported that Nithyananda had bought an island "in [[Ecuador]], near [[Trinidad and Tobago]]" for Kailaasa.<ref name="Kailaasa_IndiaToday" /><br />
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=== 2020 ===<br />
In August 2020, Nithyananda announced the Reserve Bank of Kailaasa and released its official gold currency, the Kailashian dollar.<ref name=":6" /> He said the design of the coins was inspired by the currency of "the ancient 56 Hindu nations".<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2020 |title=Reserve Bank of Kailasa: What is Nithyananda's 'central bank and currency'? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/reserve-bank-of-kailasa-everything-you-need-to-know-about-nithyanandas-central-bank-and-currency-6566774/ |access-date=25 December 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He said that the bank would be structured on the lines of the [[Institute for the Works of Religion|Vatican Bank]].<ref name="indiatoday-assassinations-attempts-2020-12-21">{{Cite news |date=21 December 2020 |title=Rape accused Nithyananda cites assassination threats for not coming back to India |url= |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday-reserve-bank-2020-08-22">{{Cite web |date=22 August 2020 |title=Nithyananda launches Reserve Bank of Kailasa: How a fugitive rape-accused is building his own 'nation' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nithyananda-reserve-bank-of-kailasa-fugitive-rape-accused-1713828-2020-08-22 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rockwell |first=Lew |title=The World Banking System Has a New Competitor |url=https://www.lewrockwell.com/2020/09/no_author/the-world-banking-system-has-a-new-competitor/ |access-date=25 December 2020 |work=[[LewRockwell.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2020 |title=Is he a 'nutty' godman or is Nithyananda a Hinduism icon in New India? |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/is-he-a-nutty-godman-or-is-nithyananda-a-hinduism-icon-in-new-india |access-date=25 December 2020 |work=[[National Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2020 |title=Reserve Bank of Kailasa, Kailashian Dollar: All you need to know about Nithyananda's 'central bank and currency' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/reserve-bank-of-kailasa-kailashian-dollar-all-you-need-to-know-about-nithyanandas-central-bank-and-currency-877027.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2020 |title=Rape Accused, Fugitive Godman Nithyananda Launches Reserve Bank of Kailasa on Ganesh Chaturthi 2020 |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/rape-accused-fugitive-godman-nithyananda-launches-reserve-bank-of-kailasa-on-ganesh-chaturthi-2020-4119289/ |access-date=25 December 2020 |work=[[India.com]]}}</ref> In December 2020, Nithyananda announced that Kailaasa had begun issuing three-day visas for tourists.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=19 December 2020 |title=Absconding godman Nithyananda offers 3-day visa to 'nation' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/absconding-godman-nithyananda-offers-3-day-visa-to-nation/story-lnZiV5PSL07tuvOtgsZeTL.html |access-date=28 December 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> According to his announcement, visa-holders will have to travel from Australia aboard a newly launched private chartered-flight service, Garuda, and all visitors will be provided with food and accommodation during the course of their stay.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ashutosh |date=18 December 2020 |title=Nithyananda, absconding rape accused, announces visa for Kailasa, flights from Australia |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nithyananda-absconding-rape-accused-announces-visa-for-kailasa-flights-from-australia-1750676-2020-12-18 |access-date=28 December 2020 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
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=== 2021 ===<br />
On 19 April 2021, citing [[COVID-19]] cases across the world, Nithyananda banned travel to Kailaasa from India, Brazil, Europe, and Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nithyananda Bans Travellers From India To 'Kailasa', Cites COVID-19 Surge |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/nithyananda-bans-travelers-from-india-to-kailasa-cites-covid-19-surge-2419576 |access-date=23 April 2021 |work=NDTV.com |publisher=[[New Delhi Television]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Fugitive godman Swami Nithyananda bans Indians from entering 'Kailasa' over Covid surge |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/apr/22/fugitive-godman-swami-nithyananda-bans-indians-from-entering-kailasa-over-covid-surge-2293433.html |access-date=23 April 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID surge: Nithyananda shuts borders of Kailasa to India travellers |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/04/22/covid-surge-nithyananda-shuts-borders-of-kailasa-to-india-travellers.html |access-date=23 April 2021 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |location=Kochi, India}}</ref> On 7 June 2021, media reported that while answering a disciple during a [[Samadhi|Amman reading]], Nithyananda said that COVID would end when he is received in India with respect and performs pilgrimage to all [[Shakti Pitha]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Covid-19 Pandemic Will End Only When I Land in India, Claims Nithyananda |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/covid-19-pandemic-end-only-133400220.html |access-date=8 June 2021 |work=[[Yahoo! News]] |department=India subsite}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഇന്ത്യയിൽ കോവിഡ് തീരും, ഞാൻ അവിടെ കാലുകുത്തുമ്പോൾ: നിത്യാനന്ദ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/06/08/covid-19-pandemic-will-end-only-when-i-land-in-india-claims-nithyananda.html |access-date=8 June 2021 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ভারতের মাটিতে পা দিলেই পালাবে করোনা! আজব দাবি স্বঘোষিত ধর্মগুরু স্বামী নিত্যানন্দের |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/world/covid-19-pandemic-will-end-only-when-i-land-in-india-claims-nithyananda/ |access-date=8 June 2021 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=நான் காலடி எடுத்து வைத்தால் இந்தியாவை விட்டு கொரோனா ஓடிவிடும்... சாமியார் நித்யானந்தா சர்ச்சை பேச்சு..! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/politics/if-i-come-to-india-corona-virus-will-run-away-says-nithyananda--quafsx |access-date=8 June 2021 |work=Tamil.AsianetNews.com |publisher=[[Asianet News Network]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
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=== 2022 ===<br />
In August 2022, a representative for Nithyananda wrote to Sri Lankan President [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]] to request political asylum citing Nithyananda's ill-health. The letter contained an offer to invest in Sri Lanka on condition of asylum being granted and the donation of medical equipment required for treatment. The request demanded the establishment of political ties with Kailaasa so that an air ambulance would transport Nithyananda as a head of state.<ref name="srilanka-request-indiatoday" /><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/rape-accused-nithyananda-medical-asylum-in-sri-lanka-1996078-2022-09-03 |title=Rape-accused Nithyananda seeks medical asylum in Sri Lanka |date=3 September 2022 |type=Television production |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
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=== 2023 ===<br />
Nithyananda approached the [[United Nations]] again, through a woman identifying herself as Vijayapriya Nithyananda and claiming to be the "permanent ambassador" to the UN of his new country of Kailaasa, at 23 February 2023 open public meetings of the UN [[Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women]] and [[Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]], complaining in testimony and a written submission about persecution of "the people of Kailaasa", seeking international recognition for Kailaasa as the "first [[sovereign state]] for Hindus", and claiming Nithyanada to be the "supreme pontiff of Hinduism". The UN was reported to have ignored the Kailaasa submission as "irrelevant".<ref name="Sebastian 2023" /><br />
In November 2023, the chief of staff of Paraguay's agricultural ministry was replaced after the government discovered that he had signed a memorandum of understanding with representatives of Kailaasa.<ref name="AP 2023" /><ref name="Aitken 2023">{{cite news |last=Aitken |first=Peter |date=2 December 2023 |title=South American official fired after signing agreement with country made up by Indian 'holy' conman |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/south-american-official-fired-signing-agreement-country-indian-holy-conman-report |access-date=17 January 2024 |work=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> <br />
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In 2023, [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] mayor [[Ras Baraka]] invited Kailasa to city hall to join in a "cultural trade agreement".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Trigo |first2=María Silvia |last3=K.B |first3=Pragati |date=2025-04-03 |title=The Country Was Fake. But Its Land Grab in Bolivia Was Real. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/03/world/asia/united-states-of-kailasa-bolivia.html |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> City officials, including Baraka, took photos and signed documents to make Newark a sister city with Kailaasa. Newark City Hall called the scam a "regrettable incident," a council member referred to it as an "oversight," and Newark residents expressed embarrassment that city officials did not bother to perform a basic Google search to determine whether "Kailaasa" was a real country or city.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/newark-sister-city-scam-kailasa/|title = City of Newark falls for Sister City scam: "Whose job was it to do a simple Google search?"| website=CBS News |last=Bauman |first=Ali |date=March 8, 2023}}</ref><br />
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=== 2024 ===<br />
Nithyananda visited the 6th [[United Nations Environment Programme#Environment Assembly|United Nations Environment Assembly]] held in Nairobi during March, where a photo was taken of him with Ecuadorian environmental minister [[Sade Fritschi]]. In response to criticism, the ministry issued a statement declaring that the meeting was not planned, the delegates had approached Fritschi to exchange greetings, and that Kailaasa was not a recognized state.<ref name=":13">{{cite web |first1=Yalilé |last1=Loaiza |access-date=2025-05-11 |title=Qué es Kailasa, el país ficticio que hizo quedar en ridículo a la Ministra de Ambiente de Ecuador |lang=es |trans-title=What is Kailasa, the fictional country that made Ecuador's Minister of the Environment look ridiculous? |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2024/03/31/que-es-kailasa-el-pais-ficticio-que-hizo-quedar-en-ridiculo-a-la-ministra-de-ambiente-de-ecuador/ |date=31 March 2024 |website=infobae}}</ref><br />
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=== 2025 ===<br />
In March 2025, officials in [[Bolivia]] said they had arrested 20 people associated with Kailaasa. The officials accused those arrested of "land trafficking" after they negotiated 1,000-year leases with Indigenous groups for swathes of the [[Amazon rainforest]]. Those arrested were deported to their home countries, including India, the United States, Sweden, and China.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Silvia Trigo |first2=María |last3=K.B. |first3=Pragati |date=2025-04-03 |title=The Country Was Fake. But Its Land Grab in Bolivia Was Real. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/03/world/asia/united-states-of-kailasa-bolivia.html |access-date=2025-04-05 |language=en}}</ref> They had started arriving in Bolivia in September 2024, offering various services such as free meditation sessions and promising food aid and herbal medicine. They aimed to use the provisions on [[Native Community Lands]] in Bolivia, which have increased autonomy for the Indigenous communities that live on them without interference from the Bolivian state, and created deals to lease and exploit nearly 500,000 hectares of land for a total cost under US$200,000, despite the fact that they are communal and cannot be legally transferred to others. Some of their delegates had been invited to the anniversary event of the [[Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia]], where they met with president [[Luis Arce]]. After the deals were revealed, the Indigenous communities involved expressed feelings of disappointment and betrayal against the representatives who had agreed to them, some of whom had apparently gone into hiding for fear of reprisal.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Caio|last1=Ruvenal|access-date=2025-05-11|title=Kailasa, the fake country used by phony Hindu monks to try to claim Indigenous land in Bolivia|url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2025-04-16/kailasa-the-fake-country-used-by-phony-hindu-monks-to-try-to-claim-indigenous-land-in-bolivia.html|date=16 April 2025|website=EL PAÍS English}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
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* {{Official website}}<br />
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[[Category:Micronations]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyam_Jaishankar&diff=461770Subrahmanyam Jaishankar2026-02-13T04:58:08Z<p>Amit raj: </p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[S. Jaishankar]]<br />
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{{R from long}}</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Akbar_Khan&diff=450409Ali Akbar Khan2026-02-12T10:35:19Z<p>Amit raj: Updated formatting and improved readability</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Hindustani musician (1922–2009)}}<br />
{{other uses}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --><br />
| name = Ali Akbar Khan<br />
| image = Ali Akbar.jpg<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1922|04|14}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Shibpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India<br />
| origin = [[Maihar]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2009|6|18|1922|4|14}}<br />
| death_place = [[San Anselmo, California]], U.S.<br />
| instrument = [[Sarod]]<br />
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]<br />
| occupation = Composer, [[Sarod]]iya<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ali Akbar Khan''' (14 April 1922{{snd}}18 June 2009) was an Indian [[Hindustani classical music]]ian of the [[Maihar gharana]], known for his virtuosity in playing the [[sarod]]. Trained as a classical musician and instrumentalist by his father, [[Allauddin Khan]], he also composed numerous classical ''[[raga]]s'' and [[film score]]s.<ref name="NYT Obit">{{cite news |last=Grimes |first=William |date=19 June 2009 |title=Ali Akbar Khan, Sarod Virtuoso of Depth and Intencity, Is Dead at 87 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/20/arts/music/22khan.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref> He established a music school in [[Calcutta]] in 1956, and the [[Ali Akbar College of Music]] in 1967, which moved with him to the United States and is now based in [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ali Akbar College of Music – Indian Music School San Rafael CA |url=https://aacm.org/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Ali Akbar College of Music |language=en-US}}</ref> California, with a branch in [[Basel]], Switzerland.<br />
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Khan was instrumental in popularizing [[Indian classical music]] in the West, both as a performer and as a teacher. He first came to America in 1955 on the invitation of violinist [[Yehudi Menuhin]] and later settled in California.<ref>{{cite news |title=50 Most Influential Indian Americans |url=http://www.rediff.com/us/aliakbarkhan_top50.html |work=Rediff.com |access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> He was an adjunct professor of music at the University of California, Santa Cruz.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rappaport |first=Scott |title=Ali Akbar Khan Endowment for Indian Classical Music |url=https://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/ali-akbar-khan.html |website=UC Santa Cruz |archive-date=12 December 2020 |access-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212234857/https://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/ali-akbar-khan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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Khan was accorded India's second highest civilian honour, the [[Padma Vibhushan]], in 1989.<ref name=Padma>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India) |url=http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?award_year=&state=&field=3&p_name=Akbar&award=PV |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023628/http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?award_year=&state=&field=3&p_name=Akbar&award=PV |archive-date=7 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nominated five times for the [[Grammy Award]], Khan was also a recipient of the [[MacArthur Fellowship]] and the [[National Endowment for the Arts]]' [[National Heritage Fellowship]].<br />
<br />
==Childhood and training==<br />
Ali Akbar Khan was born in the village of Shibpur, [[Brahmanbaria]], in present-day Bangladesh, to musician and teacher, [[Allauddin Khan]] and Madina Begum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jgtv5hjgeaa |title=Sarod maestro Ali Akbar Khan passes away at 87 |date=19 June 2009 |website=Sify News |agency=Asian News International (ANI) |access-date=19 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823010539/http://www.sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jgtv5hjgeaa |archive-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Soon after his birth, Khan's family returned to [[Maihar]] (in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], India) where his father was the primary court musician for the [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]].<ref name = Lav_child>{{Harvnb|Lavezzoli|2006|pages=51–52}}</ref><br />
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From an early age Khan received training from his father in various instruments as well as vocal composition, but finally gravitated towards the sarod. Allauddin was a perfectionist and a strict taskmaster, and Khan's lessons started before dawn and often lasted 18 hours a day.<ref name = Lav_early/> Khan also learned to play the [[tabla]] and the [[pakhavaj]] from his uncle, [[Aftabuddin Khan]], who he visited at Shibpur.<ref>{{cite book |last=Massey |first=Reginald |date=1996 |title=The music of India |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=81-7017-332-9 |page=142}}</ref> During this period he met several prominent musicians, such as the sarodist [[Timir Baran]] and flautist [[Pannalal Ghosh]], who came to study with his father; in later years he was joined in his lessons by his sister [[Annapurna Devi]], who became an accomplished player of the [[surbahar]], and fellow student [[Ravi Shankar]]. Shankar and Annapurna Devi were married in 1941.<ref name = Lav_child/><br />
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Of his training on the sarod, he wrote:<br />
{{blockquote|If you practice for ten years, you may begin to please yourself, after 20 years you may become a performer and please the audience, after 30 years you may please even your guru, but you must practice for many more years before you finally become a true artist—then you may please even God.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thomason |first=Robert E. |date=20 June 2009 |title=Bengali Musician Ali Akbar Khan Dies at 87 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/19/AR2009061903266.html |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
[[File:Ali Akbar Khan 2014 stampsheet of India cr.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Khan on a 2014 stamp sheet of India]]<br />
Khan, after years of rigorous training, gave his debut performance at a music conference in [[Allahabad]] in 1936, at the age of 13. Three years later, in December 1939, he accompanied [[Ravi Shankar]] on the sarod during the latter's debut performance at the same conference; this was the first of many ''[[jugalbandi]]s'' (duets) between the two musicians. In 1938 Khan gave his first recital on [[All India Radio]] (AIR), Bombay (accompanied on the tabla by [[Alla Rakha]]), and starting in January 1940, he gave monthly performances on AIR, [[Lucknow]]. Finally in 1944, both Shankar and Khan left Maihar to start their professional careers as musicians; Shankar went to [[Bombay]], while Khan became the youngest music director for AIR, Lucknow, and was responsible for solo performances and composing for the radio orchestra.<ref name = Lav_early>{{Harvnb|Lavezzoli|2006|pages=53–55}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1943, on his father's recommendation, Khan was appointed a court musician for the [[Maharaja of Jodhpur]], [[Umaid Singh]].<ref name=TWP090619>{{cite news |last=Thomason |first=Robert E. |date=19 June 2009 |title=Sarod Virtuoso Ali Akbar Khan Dies at 87 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/19/AR2009061902628.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref> There, he taught and composed music besides giving recitals and was accorded the title of ''Ustad'' by the Maharaja. When the princely states were wound down with India's independence in 1947 and Maharaja [[Hanwant Singh]] died in a plane crash in 1952, Khan moved to Bombay.<ref name = Lav_early/><br />
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In Bombay, he won acclaim as a composer of several film scores, including [[Chetan Anand (producer & director)|Chetan Anand]]'s ''[[Aandhiyan (1952 film)|Aandhiyan]]'' (1952). [[Lata Mangeshkar]] sang the title song, "Har Kahin Pe Shaadmani" and as a token of her respect to sarod maestro, did not charge any fee.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |date=26 June 2011 |title=Soul-stirring strains |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/soulstirring-strains/article2135355.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref> This was followed by [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Devi (1960 film)|Devi]]'' (1960), [[Merchant Ivory Productions|Merchant-Ivory]]'s ''[[The Householder (film)|The Householder]]'', and [[Tapan Sinha]]'s ''[[Kshudhita Pashan]]'' ("Hungry Stones", 1960), for which he won the "Best Musician of the Year" award. He also played sarod for a song in 1955 film ''[[Seema (1955 film)|Seema]]'' which had the music composed by [[Shankar-Jaikishan]]. Later in 1993, he would score some of the music for [[Bernardo Bertolucci]]'s ''[[Little Buddha]]''.<ref name="AMMP bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.ammp.com/bio.html |title=Ali Akbar Khan biography |publisher=AMMP |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620122847/http://www.ammp.com/bio.html |archive-date=20 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Beginning in 1945, Khan also started recording a series of [[78 rpm]] disks (which could record about three minutes of music) at the [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] studios in Bombay. For one such record he conceived a new composition ''Raga Chandranandan'' ("moonstruck"), based on four evening ragas, [[Malkauns]], [[Chandrakauns]], Nandakauns and Kaushi Kanada. This record was a huge success in India, and the raga found a worldwide audience, when a 22-minute rendition was re-recorded for the ''Master Musician of India'' [[Long Play|LP]] in 1965 − one of Khan's seminal recordings.<ref name = Bombay>{{Harvnb|Lavezzoli|2006|pages=55–56}}</ref><br />
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He performed in India and traveled extensively in the West. In 1956, Khan founded the [[Ali Akbar College of Music]] in [[Calcutta]], with the mission to teach and spread Indian classical music. He founded another school of the same name in [[Berkeley, California]] in 1967 and later moved it to [[San Rafael, California]].<ref name=TWP090619/>{{Better source needed|date=June 2023|reason=Source says Marin county but does not specify San Rafael. States he lived in San Anselmo}} Khan performed in Boston with [[Shankar Ghosh (musician)|Shankar Ghosh]] in 1969 for the [[Peabody Mason Concert]] series. In 1985 he founded another branch of the Ali Akbar College of Music in [[Basel]], Switzerland. Khan was the first Indian musician to record an [[LP album]] of Indian classical music in the United States and to play sarod on American television.<ref name=TH090619>{{cite news |date=19 June 2009 |title=Ali Akbar Khan: Many firsts to his credit |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200906191540.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |agency=Press Trust of India (PTI) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622035545/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200906191540.htm |archive-date=22 June 2009 |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref><br />
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Khan has participated in a number of classic [[jugalbandi]] pairings, most notably with [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Nikhil Banerjee]] and violinist [[L. Subramaniam]]. A few recordings of duets with [[Vilayat Khan]] also exist. He also collaborated with Western musicians; he taught [[Grateful Dead]] drummers [[Mickey Hart]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Curiel |first=Jonathan |date=20 June 2009 |title=Famed Indian-born musician Ali Akbar Khan dies |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Famed-Indian-born-musician-Ali-Akbar-Khan-dies-3228547.php |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref> and, by extension, [[Bill Kreutzmann]]. In August 1971, Khan performed at [[Madison Square Garden]] for the [[Concert for Bangladesh]], along with Ravi Shankar, [[Alla Rakha]] and [[Kamala Chakravarty]]; other musicians at the concert included [[George Harrison]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Eric Clapton]] and [[Ringo Starr]]. A live album and a movie of the event were later released.<ref name = "NYT Obit"/><ref name=TWP090619/><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Khan was married three times and had at least 11 children, including sarod players [[Aashish Khan]], [[Alam Khan (musician)|Alam Khan]], and Manik Khan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Massey |first=Reginald |title=Obituary Ali Akbar Khan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/22/obituary-ali-akbar-khan-sarod-music |work=The Guardian |date=22 June 2009 |access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://aacm.org/manik-khan-bio/ | title=Manik Khan Bio }}</ref><br />
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Khan was based in the United States for the last four decades of his life. He toured extensively until he was prevented from doing so by ill health. He had been a dialysis patient since 2004. He died from kidney failure at his home in San Anselmo, California on 18 June 2009, at age 87.<ref name="latimes"/><br />
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==Awards==<br />
Khan was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1967<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1989,<ref>{{cite news |date=20 June 2009 |title=Sarod maestro Ustad Ali Akbar Khan passes away |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/20/stories/2009062057862000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623033903/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/20/stories/2009062057862000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India |agency=Press Trust of India (PTI) |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref> among other awards. He received a [[MacArthur Fellowship]] in 1991,<ref name=TWP090619/> the first Indian musician to receive the so-called "genius grant".<ref name="latimes"/> In 1997, Khan received the [[National Endowment for the Arts]]' prestigious [[National Heritage Fellowship]], the United States' highest honour in the traditional arts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arts.gov/honors/heritage/year/1997 |title=NEA National Heritage Fellowships 1997 |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=www.arts.gov |publisher=National Endowment for the Arts |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813024043/https://www.arts.gov/honors/heritage/year/1997 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Khan received five Grammy nominations over the course of his life.<ref name="latimes">{{cite news |last=Thurber |first=Jon |date=20 June 2009 |title=Ali Akbar Khan dies at 87; sarod player helped bring Indian music to U.S. |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-ali-akbar-khan20-2009jun20-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=16 November 2017}}</ref> In September 2014, a postage stamp featuring Khan was released by [[India Post]] commemorating his contributions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=3 September 2014 |title=Four of eight commemorative stamps feature musical legends from State |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/four-of-eight-commemorative-stamps-feature-musical-legends-from-state/article6376803.ece |access-date=22 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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==Selected discography==<br />
Solo albums:<br />
* ''Sound of the Sarod: Recorded in Concert'' (World Pacific) (recorded in LA, c1962)<br />
* ''The Classical Music of India'' (Prestige, 1964)<br />
* ''Bear's Sonic Journals: That Which Colors the Mind'' (Owsley Stanley Foundation, 2020)<ref>{{cite web |first=Madhu |last=Patel |date=29 October 2020 |url=https://www.indiapost.com/owsley-stanley-foundation-to-release-rare-performance-by-ali-akbar-khan-from-1970/ |title=Owsley Stanley Foundation to Release Rare Performance by Ali Akbar Khan from 1970 |website=India Post |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Anisa |last=Kureshi |date=8 December 2020 |url=https://indiacurrents.com/smoke-in-a-bottle-that-which-colors-the-mind/ |title=Smoke in a Bottle: That Which Colors the Mind |magazine=India Currents |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
With [[Ravi Shankar]]:<br />
* ''The Master Musicians of India'' (Prestige, 1964)<br />
<br />
With [[John Handy]]:<br />
* ''[[Karuna Supreme]]'' (MPS, 1976)<br />
* ''[[Rainbow (John Handy album)|Rainbow]]'' (MPS, 1981)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Cited sources==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Lavezzoli |first=Peter |date=2006 |title=The dawn of Indian music in the West: Bhairavi |publisher=Continuum |location=London |isbn=0-8264-1815-5}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p93632|label=Ali Akbar Khan}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|0451164}}<br />
* [http://www.aacm.org/ Ali Akbar College of Music]<br />
<br />
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}<br />
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}<br />
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ali Akbar}}<br />
[[Category:1922 births]]<br />
[[Category:2009 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows]]<br />
[[Category:Maihar gharana]]<br />
[[Category:National Heritage Fellowship winners]]<br />
[[Category:People from Nabinagar Upazila]]<br />
[[Category:Pupils of Allauddin Khan]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]<br />
[[Category:Sarod players]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kolkata&diff=478413Transport in Kolkata2026-02-08T10:26:45Z<p>Amit raj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}{{More footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox public transit<br />
| image = {{multiple image<br />
| perrow = 1,3,2,2<br />
| align = center <br />
| caption_align = center <br />
| total_width = 250<br />
| image_style = border:none;<br />
| image1 =Vidyasagar_setu_from_Prinsep_Ghat.jpg<br />
|caption1= [[Vidyasagar Setu]], Connecting [[Kolkata]] & [[Howrah]]<br />
| image2 =State Bus in Calcutta (Ashok Leyland Janbus).jpg<br />
|caption2 = A non air-conditioned [[West Bengal Transport Corporation|WBTC]] city bus<br />
| image3 =Yellow_taxi_at_Esplanade_in_Kolkata.jpg<br />
|caption3 =The iconic Yellow Taxi of [[Kolkata]]<br />
| image4 =Kolkata_street_views-_IRCTC_2017_(18).jpg<br />
|caption4 = A [[Tram]] standing in traffic <br />
| image5 =Beauty_of_sunset_in_kolkata.jpg<br />
|caption5 = A [[Ferry|Ferry Vessel]] in [[Hooghly River]] during Sunset<br />
| image6 =<br />
|caption6= A [[Kolkata Metro]] rake under [[Hooghly River]] on [[Kolkata Metro Green Line 2]]<br />
| image7 =Circular_Train_Crossing_Mayer_Ghat_-_Baghbazar_Railway_Station_-_Kolkata_2017-04-29_1931.JPG<br />
| caption7 = A Local Train of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]<br />
| image8 =Sealdah_Railway_Station_Outside_-_শিয়ালদহ_রেলস্টেশন.jpg<br />
| caption8 =The [[Sealdah railway station]], biggest transportation hub in the city<br />
}}<br />
| annual_ridership = <br />
| el = <br />
| map_state = show<br />
| map = [[File:Kolkata transport map.svg|300px]]<br />
| vehicles = <br />
| character = <br />
| operator = <br />
* [[Kolkata Metro]]: [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]] & [[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]]<br />
* [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]: [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] & [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]<br />
* [[Transit bus|Bus]], [[Kolkata Tram|Tram]] and [[Ferry|Ferry services]]: [[West Bengal Transport Corporation]]<br />
<br />
| began_operation = <br />
| chief_executive = <br />
| stations = <br />
| imagesize = 150px<br />
| end = <br />
| start = <br />
| line_number = <br />
| area served = [[Kolkata Metropolitan Region]], {{flag|India}}<br />
| owner =<br />
* [[Indian Railways]] ([[Kolkata Metro|Metro]] and [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|suburban railways]])<br />
* [[West Bengal Transport Corporation]] (Bus, Tram and ferry services)<br />
| transit_type =<br />
[[Rapid transit]], [[Commuter rail]], [[Tram]], [[Bus]], [[Taxicab]] and [[Ferry]]<br />
| locale = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
| caption = <br />
| alt = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
[[Kolkata]] the Capital of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] has a good transportation system. Kolkata's transport system is diverse, with a mix of modern and traditional modes of transport catering to the city's large population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ctc History|url=http://www.calcuttatramways.com/history.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927004918/http://www.calcuttatramways.com/history.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-27|date=2013-09-27|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kolkata’s transport infrastructure is continually evolving, with the metro expansions aimed at addressing the growing demand for public transport.<br />
<br />
==Roads==<br />
{{Main|List of roads in Kolkata}}<br />
[[File:Traffic Jam - Park Circus Seven-point Crossing - Kolkata 20170825180423.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Traffic Of Kolkata]]<br />
<br />
===Major roads in Kolkata city===<br />
Major North–South corridors in [[Kolkata]] (city proper) are:<br />
* [[Chittaranjan Avenue]]–[[Chowringhee Road]]–Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road–Mahanayak Uttam Kumar Sarani: A 4–8 laned road from [[Shyambazar]] 5-point crossing (North end) to [[Tollygunge]] (South end)<br />
* [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|APC Road]]–[[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|AJC Bose Road]]–[[Gariahat Road]]–Raja SC Mullick Road: A 6–8 laned road up to [[Jadavpur]] and then 2–4 laned road starting from [[Shyambazar]] 5-point crossing (North end) to [[Garia]] (South end)<br />
* [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]]: A 8–10 laned road from [[Ultadanga]] to [[Sonarpur]]<br />
<br />
A number of East–West corridors works as connector between the roads:<br />
* [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|AJC Bose Road]]–JBS Haldane Avenue: A 4–6 laned road from [[Hastings, Kolkata|Hastings]] to [[Science City, Kolkata|Science City]]<br />
* [[Rashbehari Avenue]]: A 4–6 laned road from [[Kalighat]] to Ruby<br />
* [[Prince Anwar Shah Road]]–Kalikapur Road: A 4–6 laned road from [[Tollygunge]] to Kalikapur on [[Eastern metropolitan bypass|EM Bypass]]<br />
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kolkata)|MG Road]]: A 4 laned road from [[Howrah Bridge]] to [[Sealdah]]<br />
<br />
===Bridges===<br />
[[Howrah Bridge]] (also known as [[Howrah Bridge|Rabindra Setu]]) and [[Vidyasagar Setu]] (also known as [[Second Hooghly Bridge]]) are two bridges connecting Kolkata with [[Howrah]] over the [[Hoogli River|Ganges]]. [[Vivekananda Setu|Bally Bridge]] (also known as [[Vivekananda Setu|Vivekandanda Setu]]) is the third bridge over the river at the northern reach of the city near [[Dakshineswar]] from Howrah.It is a road cum rail bridge.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Akash|date=2018-08-29|title=These Beautiful Bridges Magnify The Beauty Of Kolkata|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/these-beautiful-bridges-magnify-the-beauty-of-kolkata-005151.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.nativeplanet.com|language=en}}</ref> The fourth and the newest one is [[Nivedita Setu]] which is a toll bridge beside Vivekananda Setu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2017 |title='Nivedita Setu operating at 45% capacity' |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/nivedita-setu-operating-at-45-capacity/articleshow/60739355.cms |access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Major roads in KMA===<br />
Since Kolkata suffers from traffic congestion like other Indian cities, a network of expressways like [[Kona Expressway]], [[Kalyani Expressway]], [[Belghoria Expressway]], flyovers and widening of southern stretch of [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]] are being created to ease up road traffic. [[Maa Flyover]] is an important flyover in Kolkata.<br />
<br />
A large network of roads are spread over in Kolkata which helps to reduce [[traffic congestion]]. Elevated roads are present in New Town and Rajarhat area of Kolkata. Kolkata is connected to other parts of India by the National Highways [[National Highway 2 (India)|2]], [[National Highway 6 (India)|6]], [[National Highway 34 (India)|34]], and [[National Highway 117 (India)|117]]. The Belghoria Expressway connects NH 34 with NH 2 and 6 via the Nivedita Setu while the NH 117 is connected to NH 6 by the [[National Highway 12 (India)|Kona Expressway]] via the Vidyasagar Setu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A ride down Kona Expressway |website=Telegraph India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-ride-down-kona-expressway/cid/1502748 |access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Railways==<br />
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Main|Kolkata suburban railway}}<br />
[[File:Howrah_Divison_Local_Trains.jpg|thumb|SER Local Trains|left]]<br />
[[File:Local Train in Agarpara Station.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|ER Local Trains]]<br />
<br />
Kolkata is well-connected to the rest of [[India]] by an extensive railway network of the Indian railways. Two divisions of the Indian railways - the [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] and the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] - are headquartered in the city. A total of five railway stations serve Kolkata. The two major [[railway station]]s of the city are at [[Howrah station|Howrah]] and [[Sealdah]]. The third station is called [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] has recently been constructed. This station is in North Kolkata and can be reached by a road opposite to the [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital|Radha Gobinda Kar Medical College & Hospital]] just beyond [[Shyambazar]]. International trains such as [[Maitree Express]] and [[Bandhan Express]] depart from Kolkata Station. The fourth station is [[Santragachi Junction railway station|Santragachi Junction]] which operates weekly and bi-weekly express trains to ease pressure on Howrah junction. The fifth station is named [[Shalimar Railway Station]] which used to be a goods yard has been transformed into a station from where mail and express trains operate. Nowadays the [[Dankuni]] Station is being given importance and many long route trains stop at this station.<br />
<br />
The electrified [[Kolkata suburban railway|suburban rail network]] of the [[South Eastern Railway (India)|SER]] and the [[Eastern Railway (India)|ER]] is extensive and stretches far into the neighboring districts of [[North 24 Parganas]], [[South 24 Parganas]], [[Howrah District|Howrah]], [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]], [[Nadia District|Nadia]], [[Purba Medinipur district|East Medinipur]], [[Paschim Medinipur district|West Medinipur]] and parts of [[Purba Bardhaman district|East Barddhaman]]. The [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] is the largest suburban railway system in India with 1501&nbsp;km route length.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranaghat to Lalgola EMU Service|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-lalgola-ranaghat-emu-passenger-31774/30220/1171/1163#aoh=15681172109053&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Kolkata Circular Railway|Circular Rail]] encircles the entire city of Kolkata, starting and terminating at [[Dum Dum Junction]]. However, the poorly-patronized branch line between [[Dum Dum Cantonment railway station]] and [[Biman Bandar railway station]] is to be replaced by [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow Line]] of [[Kolkata Metro]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Services End on Kolkata's Circular Railway|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2016/10/13/services-end-on-kolkatas-circular-railway-to-facilitate-metros-construction/}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rapid transit==<br />
{{Main| Kolkata Metro}}<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2021}}<br />
[[File:An AC Metro Rake.jpg|thumb|AC Metro Rake of [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]]|200x200px]]<br />
[[File:Joka, Diamond harbour road, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|[[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] viaduct along the Diamond Harbour Road|200x200px]]<br />
Kolkata was the first city in South Asia to have an [[Rapid transit|underground railway]] system that started operating in 1984. Kolkata Metro is the only [[Rapid transit|metro system]] in [[India]] owned by the [[Indian Railways]]. It is operated by two [[Subsidiary|subsidiaries]] of [[Indian Railways]], the [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]] and [[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]] (KMRC). [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] is operated by the KMRC, while the other lines are operated by [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]. Metro Railway, Kolkata has the status of a Zonal Railway and is directly run by the [[Indian Railways]]. The Blue Line is the oldest operating metro system in India which started operation in 1984, and the Green Line is India's first underwater metro system.<br />
<br />
Lines which are operational are:<br />
* [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]] (North–South Metro) begins at [[Dakshineswar metro station]] in the north and continues south through [[Esplanade metro station]] in the heart of the city until the southern end in [[Kavi Subhash metro station]] ([[New Garia]]). Blue Line is mostly underground with few elevated portions. It is the oldest metro line in India, inaugurated in 1984.<br />
* [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] (East–West Metro) is currently operational between [[Salt Lake Sector-V metro station]] and [[Howrah Maidan metro station]]. Second section of the Green Line cross through the [[Hooghly River]], becoming India's first underwater metro system. The section between Sealdah and Esplanade opened in August 2025. It was inaugurated on 13 February 2020.<br />
* [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] is currently operational between [[Joka metro station|Joka]] and [[Majerhat metro station|Majerhat]]. The section from Majerhat to Esplanade is currently under various stages of construction.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Kolkata Metro to double services on Joka-Taratala stretch from THIS day, Details here |url= https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-kolkata-metro-to-double-services-on-joka-taratala-stretch-from-this-day-details-here-3068995/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |language=en}}</ref> It was inaugurated on 30 December 2022.<br />
* [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]] is currently operational between [[Kavi Subhash metro station]] ([[New Garia]]) and [[Beleghata metro station]]. [[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay metro station|Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]]–[[Beleghata metro station]] section was opened in August 2025. It was inaugurated on 6 March 2024.<br />
<br />
* [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow Line]] is currently operational between [[Noapara metro station|Noapara]] and [[Jai Hind metro station|Jai Hind]] via [[Dum Dum Cantonment metro station|Dum Dum Cantonment]].<br />
<br />
Currently non-operational lines are:<br />
* [[Pink Line (Kolkata Metro)|Pink Line]] (Baranagar – Barrackpore) is planned but construction has not yet started.<br />
<br />
Some extensions have also been proposed.<br />
<br />
Trains run at a frequency of every 5 minutes (Peak Hours) to 15 minutes (Non-Peak Hours) from 6:55&nbsp;a.m. to 10:30&nbsp;p.m. from Monday to Saturday and from 09:50&nbsp;a.m. to 10:00&nbsp;p.m. on Sunday. Fares range between ₹5 and ₹30. The Kolkata Metro has commendable service, affordable ticket prices, clean stations and safety.<br />
<br />
==Buses==<br />
{{For|more about the buses|West Bengal Transport Corporation}}<br />
Kolkata despite not having any Rapid Bus Transit System has an extensive network of government run and privately run buses. Private [[bus]]es in Kolkata and other parts of West Bengal do not have a card system. One has to buy tickets after boarding the bus. However, WBTC run buses do accept 'West Bengal Transport Cards'. The bus tickets are simple paper tickets purchased from the bus conductor. The government buses were previously run by [[Calcutta State Transport Corporation]], [[Calcutta Tramways Company]], [[West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation]], [[North Bengal State Transport Corporation]] and [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation]]. In the year 2016, the first three government bus companies merged and formed [[West Bengal Transport Corporation]]. The government buses are generally painted either blue color with white stripes or white color with blue stripes. This buses are identified by the WBTC symbol on the front windscreen and on their body. Both the name of the destination place as well as the name of the originating place is mentioned on the front of the bus either digitally [LED Board] or written [White Board].The fleet consist of [[Ashok Leyland]] JanBus, [[Tata Marcopolo|Tata Motors Marcopolo]] Bus, and [[Volvo B7RLE|Volvo 8400]] buses and [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]] Starline buses. Air-conditioned buses were introduced in the year 2009 under [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (JNNURM) and are operated by WBTC.<br />
<br />
== Taxis ==<br />
[[File:An AC Blue & White Taxi With Non AC Yellow Taxi.jpg|thumb|right|200x200px|AC White Taxi With Non AC Yellow Taxi]]<br />
[[Taxi]]s are a very important aspect of Kolkata. In Kolkata only four people are allowed in a taxi. The non-air conditioned yellow metered [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador]] cabs are slowly being phased out.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-04 |title=Around 1,500 yellow taxis in West Bengal to be phased out by end of next year: Official |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/around-1500-yellow-taxis-in-west-bengal-to-be-phased-out-by-end-of-next-year-official/articleshow/116936057.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Many people use them as their main mode of transportation. From December 2013, under Gatidhara Scheme Of Government Of West Bengal, a new fleet of no-refusal taxis had started to ply.<ref name="norefusaltaxistoi">{{cite news |title=Times of India article covering introduction of no-refusal taxis in Kolkata|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/No-more-rebuffs-here-comes-the-no-refusal-taxi-fleet/articleshow/21259850.cms|access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="norefusaltaxisfirstpost">{{cite news |date=22 August 2013 |title=Rejoice Kolkata, new fleet of no-refusal cabs to be launched soon |website=FirstPost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/rejoice-kolkata-new-fleet-of-no-refusal-cabs-to-be-launched-soon-1053009.html |access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref> In March 2025, a private cab company named Yellow Heritage Cabs started introducing new yellow [[Maruti Suzuki Wagon R|Wagon-R]] cabs. These cabs can be booked using the [[Yatri Sathi]] app.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-28 |title=Kolkata's iconic yellow cabs set to make a comeback in an all-new avatar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/kolkatas-iconic-yellow-cabs-set-to-make-a-comeback-in-an-all-new-avatar-2687018-2025-02-28 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Trams==<br />
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Main|Trams in Kolkata}}<br />
[[File:Picture from the street of college street.jpg|thumb|Tram in Kolkata]]<br />
Kolkata is the only city in India to have a [[tram]] network. Trams are under the administration of the [[Calcutta Tramways Company]], a government of West Bengal Undertaking, popularly called CTC (now merged with [[West Bengal Transport Corporation]]).<br />
<br />
==Small distance vehicles==<br />
[[File:Traditional rickshaw on the streets of Calcutta (Kolkata), India.jpg|left|thumb|Hand-pulled Rickshaw]]<br />
[[Pulled rickshaw|Rickshaws]] pulled by men are common in Kolkata and [[West Bengal]]. Many migrants from Bihar and rural West Bengal are involved in [[rickshaw]] pulling. Nowadays except for some parts of Kolkata all the hand pulled rickshaws have been replaced by [[cycle rickshaw]]s. Fares are usually set by the rickshaw unions. These rickshaws usually operate over short distances due to the manual effort involved, and mainly run on narrow lanes where buses and auto-rickshaws don't ply. These rickshaws are not allowed to ply over main roads of Kolkata. Hand pulled rickshaws are mainly found in some old localities of North Kolkata and South Kolkata. Moreover, cycle rickshaws are also now being replaced by E-Rickshaw. They also ply on narrow lanes and not allowed to ply over main roads.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-09-14|title=The last rickshaws of Kolkata – in pictures|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2019/sep/09/the-last-rickshaws-of-kolkata-in-pictures|access-date=2021-06-04|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-24 |title=130 years of Kolkata's hand-pulled rickshaws: A brief history of the City of Joy's most recognisable symbols |website=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/photos/130-years-of-kolkatas-hand-pulled-rickshaws-a-brief-history-of-the-city-of-joys-most-recognisable-symbols-4443015.html |access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Auto rickshaw|Auto-rickshaws]] have become a very common [[mode of transport]] for short distances. They are usually not metered, and are usually shared. There are several routes, and the auto-rickshaws of a particular route ply between two distinct places of that route only. Colloquially called ''autos'', they usually accommodate three people in the backseat, and one passenger in front beside the driver. The fares are usually quite low compared to other metro cities like Delhi and Mumbai, the minimum fare being Rs10. Unlike other metros, the auto rickshaws do not run on a fare meter. The auto rickshaws are not allowed in major arterial roads and certain part of the city.<br />
<br />
Many suburban parts of Kolkata have [[Electric rickshaw|e-rickshaws]] running on battery. The minimum fare is Rs.10. Colloquially called "''totos"'', they usually accommodate around 4 people with 2 opposite facing seats. Totos are very popular mode of transport in suburban parts of Kolkata and rural West Bengal. They are considered as a new and cleaner mode of public transport as they run on electricity.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Krishnendu Bandyopadhyay |date=12 May 2016 |title=Fringe benefits: Totos to be new autos in Kolkata |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/fringe-benefits-totos-to-be-new-autos-in-kolkata/articleshow/52234333.cms|access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2016 |title='Invention of Toto a stellar achievement' |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/invention-of-toto-a-stellar-achievement/articleshow/50410645.cms|access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Airport==<br />
<br />
{{See also|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport}}<br />
[[File:In front of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Kolkata Airport Terminal 2]]<br />
The [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] (also known as [[Kolkata Airport]]/[[Dum Dum Airport]]) at [[Dum Dum]] is the only airport in [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]], operating both domestic and international flights. It is an important airport connecting [[Kolkata]] to different cities of India and neighboring countries of [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Kolkata Airport ranks sixth [[List of the busiest airports in India|in the list of the busiest airports in India]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport - a clean and green facility in Kolkata|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/productline/building-materials/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-international-airport-a-clean-and-green-facility-in-kolkata/articleshow/74208115.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2020 |title=Kolkata airport cleanest among eight busiest AAI facilities |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/city-airport-cleanest-among-eight-busiest-aai-facilities/articleshow/74249116.cms |access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India’s 10 busiest airports: Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru lead the passenger traffic race - Busiest Airports in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/indias-10-busiest-airports-delhi-mumbai-and-bengaluru-lead-the-passenger-traffic-race/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-international-airport-ccu-kolkata-west-bengal/slideshow/119647987.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> The number of people using the airport has consistently increased over the last few years. There is a flying club in [[Behala]] which has been restored after several years of inactivity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-21 |title=West Bengal: Chartered chopper services launched from Behala |website=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/west-bengal-chartered-chopper-services-launched-from-behala-1534997.html |access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref> It is the oldest flying institute on the country.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Subhro Niyogi |date=30 November 2011 |title=Flight school grounded for decades |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/flight-school-grounded-for-decades/articleshow/10924657.cms |access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Water transport==<br />
{{See also|Kolkata Port Trust}}<br />
[[File:Ferry Howrah Bridge.jpg|thumb|Ferry between Kolkata and Howrah|left|200x200px]]<br />
[[Kolkata]] is a major riverine port and together with Haldia deep water port, the [[Kolkata Port Trust|Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port Trust]] (formerly [[Kolkata Port Trust]]) has been ranked 6th in [[India]]. The port has regular passenger services to [[Port Blair]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Crew stopped from deboarding ships at Kolkata port amid corona |website=Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/crew-stopped-from-deboarding-ships-at-kolkata-port-amid-corona/1760824 |access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref>[[Ferry]] services between Kolkata - Howrah and Kolkata - Sagar Island are available. This ferry services are provided from various ''[[ghat]]s'' like Fairlie Ghat, Howrah Ghat, Shibpur Ghat, Prinsep Ghat, Babughat and Cossipore Ghat.<br />
<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 2020 |title=New bridge over Kestopur canal to connect Salt Lake, New Town |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/new-bridge-over-kestopur-canal-to-connect-salt-lake-new-town/articleshow/74420924.cms|access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Suman Chakraborti |date=17 May 2018 |title=Hooghly water to keep Kestopur canal flowing |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hooghly-water-to-keep-kestopur-canal-flowing/articleshow/64200854.cms |access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Transport in Kolkata}}<br />
<br />
* [https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/ Metro Railway, Kolkata]<br />
* [http://www.kmrc.in/ Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]<br />
* [https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/ Eastern Railway]<br />
* [https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/ South Eastern Railway]<br />
* [https://wbtc.co.in/ West Bengal Transport Corporation]<br />
* [http://calcuttatramways.com/ Calcutta Tramways Company]<br />
{{Kolkata Metro}}{{West Bengal transit}}{{Transport in India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata transport}}<br />
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata| ]]<br />
[[Category:Kolkata]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasturi_Siva_Rao&diff=508874Kasturi Siva Rao2026-02-07T23:29:21Z<p>Amit raj: Put up first bio added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Kasturi Siva Rao<br />
| image = KASTURI SIVARAO.jpg<br />
| caption = Screenshot of Rao<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1913|03|06}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kakinada]], [[British India]]<br/>(now in Andhra Pradesh, India)<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1966|02|24|1913|03|06}}<br />
| death_place = Tenali, Andhra Pradesh<br />
| years_active = <br />
| spouse = Shakuntala Kasturi<br />
| children = Three Sons and Four Daughters<br />
| father = Kasturi Krishnanandam<br />
| mother = Kasturi Ramamma<br />
}}<br />
'''Kasturi Siva Rao''' (6 March 1913 – 24 February 1966) was an Indian actor, comedian, playback singer, producer and director known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He was one of the first star comedians of Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC&q=kasturi+rao |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal |author-link2=Wimal Dissanayake |date=2013-04-17 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-136-77291-7 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Kasturi Siva Rao started his career in the film industry as a movie narrator for the silent films produced at that time. Besides providing commentary, he was also a projector operator and had a unique humor to his fame. Theaters would advertise films as having "commentary by Siva Rao".<ref name="wordpress.com">26lettersto24frames.wordpress.com/2011/09/01/kasturi-siva-rao-the-first-star-comedian/</ref><ref name="tollywood.info">tollywood.info/actor/k/kasturi_siva_rao.htm</ref> He became an actor with the film ''[[Vara Vikrayam (film)|Vara Vikrayam]]'' in 1939 and shot into the limelight with ''Chudamani'' in 1941. B N Reddy's ''[[Swarga Seema]]'' in 1945 and ''[[Balaraju]]'' in 1948 catapulted him to stardom.<ref name="m.l.narasimham">{{cite web |author=M. L. |first=Narasimham |date=30 September 2012 |title=Gunasundari Katha (1949) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/gunasundari-katha-1949/article3949759.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
He became a lead actor with the film ''[[Gunasundari Katha]]'' in 1949, in which he played the role of a cursed prince. The film became a huge hit and his mannerisms and dialogue were so popular that people started conversing in the same tone. He owned a [[Buick]], which was a rare possession, and whenever people saw the car on roads they used to swarm the car and run along with it. Kasturi Siva Rao later on became a producer and director with the film ''[[Paramanandayya Sishyulu]]'' in the year 1950.<ref name="m.l.narasimham"/><br />
<br />
== Selected filmography ==<br />
*''[[Swarga Seema]]'' (స్వర్గసీమ)<br />
*''[[Balaraju]]'' (బాలరాజు) 28 February 1948 Supporting Actor & playback singer<br />
*[[Laila Majnu (1949 film)|''Laila Majnu'']] (లైలా మజ్ను) 1 October 1949 Supporting Actor<br />
*''[[Raksha Rekha]]'' (రక్షరేఖ) 1949 Supporting Actor<br />
*''[[Gunasundari Katha]]'' (గుణసుందరి కథ) 1 October 1949 Hero and playback singer<br />
*''[[Paramanandayya Sishyulu]]'' (పరమానందయ్య శిష్యులు) 1950 Supporting Actor, Producer, Director<br />
*[[Swapna Sundari (film)|''Swapna Sundari'']] (స్వప్న సుందరి) 1950 Supporting Actor<br />
*''[[Sri Lakshmamma Katha]]'' (శ్రీ లక్ష్మమ్మ కథ) 1950 Supporting Actor & playback singer<br />
*''[[Mantra Dandam]]'' 1951<br />
*''[[Stree Sahasam]]'' (స్త్రీ సాహసం) 1951 Supporting Actor<br />
*[[Prema (1952 film)|''Prema'']] (ప్రేమ) 1952 Supporting Actor<br />
*''[[Iddaru Pellalu]]'' 1954<br />
*''[[Panduranga Mahatyam]]'' (పాండురంగ మహత్యం) 28 November 1957 Supporting Actor<br />
*''Dongalunnaru Jagratha'' 1958<br />
*''[[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]'' (అప్పు చేసి పప్పు కూడు) 14 January 1959 Supporting Actor ( Takku )<br />
*''[[Raja Makutam]]'' (రాజమకుటం) 24 February 1960 Supporting Actor<br />
*[[Seeta Rama Kalyanam (1960 film)|''Seetharama Kalyanam'']] (సీతారామ కళ్యాణం) 6 January 1961 Supporting Actor<br />
*''[[Mugguru Maratilu]]''<br />
*''Mayalamaari''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Kasturi}}<br />
[[Category:1913 births]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]<br />
[[Category:Date of death unknown]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kakinada]]<br />
[[Category:Actors from East Godavari district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bina_Addy&diff=491741Bina Addy2026-02-06T06:06:45Z<p>Amit raj: new first post w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Bina Addy<br />
| image = BinaAddy1937.jpg<br />
| alt = A middle-aged Indian woman wearing a printed sari with the tail draped over her head.<br />
| caption = Bina Addy, from a 1937 Australian magazine.<br />
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --><br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = Calcutta<br />
| death_date = 1962<br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = Bini Addy<br />
| occupation = singer<br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bina Addy''' (born 13 Jan 1894, died 1962), also seen as '''Bini Addy''', was an Indian singer of popular Bengali and western songs.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Bina Addy was from Calcutta, from a Bengali Christian family; two of her brothers became college professors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/131201781?searchTerm=Bina%20Addy&searchLimits=|title=Education in India; Increasingly Popular Among Wealthy People|date=9 March 1937|work=News|access-date=24 November 2019|page=8|via=Trove}}</ref> Her voice first attracted notice in a church choir in Calcutta. She studied music in Europe after 1928, with [[Elena Gerhardt]] in Leipzig and Mario Cotogni in Rome.<ref name=":0">[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-680059182/view?sectionId=nla.obj-710929041&partId=nla.obj-680089053#page/n66/mode/1up "Bina Addy Indian Contralto to Tour A. B. C."] ''The Wireless Weekly'' (5 February 1937): 67. via Trove</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Addy was considered a mezzo-soprano or contralto singer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/maltribune19320630-1.2.100|title=Indian Songstress in London; Miss Bina Addy's Work in England|date=30 June 1932|work=Malaya Tribune|access-date=24 November 2019|page=10|via=NewspaperSG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-xHDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Bina+Addy%22&pg=PT379|title=Ibbs and Tillett: The Rise and Fall of a Musical Empire|last=Fifield|first=Christopher|date=2017-11-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-12572-7|language=en}}</ref> She was promoted as the first Indian woman to study Western music in Europe,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39582573/bina_addy_1931/|title=An Indian Singer; Miss Bina Addy's Recital at Rutland House|last=E. B.|date=19 January 1931|work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=24 November 2019|page=11|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and the first to become a professional singer touring internationally.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ESD19360624.2.118.9|title=Miss Bina Addy; 'At Home' in Concert Chamber|date=24 June 1936|work=Evening Star|access-date=24 November 2019|page=15|via=Papers Past}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ESD19360711.2.134?items_per_page=10&page=2&phrase=2&query=Bina+Addy&snippet=true|title=Talented Bengalese Vocalist; Miss Bina Addy at Savoy|date=11 July 1936|work=Evening Star|access-date=25 November 2019|page=19|via=Papers Past}}</ref> She performed on BBC radio broadcasts between 1929 and 1932.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/158ec506323547a387385899a100d174|title=Bina W. Addy (Mezzo-Soprano)|date=1929-09-13|work=The Radio Times|access-date=2019-11-25|issue=311|pages=42|language=en-GB|issn=0033-8060}}{{dead link|date=September 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/5de09925fdf1445d9f044165e3976b34|title=The Gershom Parkington Quintet|date=1931-11-27|work=The Radio Times|access-date=2019-11-25|issue=426|pages=70|language=en-GB|issn=0033-8060}}{{dead link|date=September 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In 1931, the [[League of Nations Union]] in [[Croydon]] held a reception for Addy, where she performed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecroydoncitizen.com/history/peace-weeks-croydon-1930-1934/|title=The original Croydon Peace Festival: the town's 'peace weeks' in 1930 and 1934|last=Creighton|first=Sean|date=2018-08-29|website=The Croydon Citizen|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
Addy sang in concerts, on radio, and at benefits for the [[YWCA]] and other organizations, in Australia and New Zealand in the 1930s.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT19360620.2.174|title=Miss Bina Addy; Drawing Room Recital|date=20 June 1936|work=[[Otago Daily Times]] |access-date=24 November 2019|page=22|via=Papers Past}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/entertainment-clipping-may-18-1936-1448083/|title=Miss Bini Addy, A Bengalese Singer|date=18 May 1936|work=[[Auckland Star]] |access-date=25 November 2019|page=11|via=NewspaperArchive.com}}</ref> She was involved in the centenary celebrations in [[South Australia]] in 1936.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/entertainment-clipping-may-02-1936-1448076/|title=Indian Singer Aids our Centenary|date=2 May 1936|work=Adelaide News|access-date=25 November 2019|page=1|via=NewspaperArchive.com}}</ref> Her programs were mainly Bengali songs, including works by [[Rabindranath Tagore]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39579573/bina_addy_1937/|title=From India; Mezzo-Contralto to Broadcast|date=21 January 1937|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=24 November 2019|page=20|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> but she sometimes included British folk songs, [[Spiritual (music)|African-American spirituals]], Italian arias, and German [[lied]]er.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/74353648|title=Bina Addy to Assist Y. W. C. A. Fund|date=5 May 1937|work=The Advertiser|access-date=24 November 2019|page=11|via=[[Trove]]}}</ref> She also gave short talks during her programs, about [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]], Tagore, and other Indian topics. She was often accompanied by women musicians.<ref name=":1" /> "Her technique is assured and well-founded, and with this she associates an impressive sense of style," noted one Australian critic in 1937.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/36884077?searchTerm=Bina%20Addy&searchLimits=|title=Recital of Indian Songs|date=12 February 1937|work=The Courier-Mail|access-date=24 November 2019|page=15|via=Trove}}</ref><br />
<br />
"It is my sincere desire to create a better understanding between my country and other nations," she told an interviewer in 1937, "and if I could feel that I had in any way provided a link between the East and the West, I should be content."<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Subject bar|portal1=Biography|portal2=|portal3=}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Addy, Bina}}<br />
[[Category:Bengali singers]]<br />
[[Category:1962 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:1894 births]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ankush_Arora&diff=486774Ankush Arora2026-02-06T05:42:28Z<p>Amit raj: starting a entry w/ refs.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actor and singer}}<br />
{{Unreliable sources|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ankush Arora<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date =<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|singer}}<br />
| years_active = 2013–present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ankush Arora''' is an Indian television actor popular for his portrayal of Kartik Barve in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]''.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
<br />
Arora started off his television journey as he took on to portray Rishi Bhardwaj in [[Life OK]]'s ''[[Gustakh Dil]]'' from 2013 to 2014. He then had an episodic role in [[Bindass]]'s ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' as Sandeep Chautala.<ref name=":0"/><br />
<br />
His breakthrough role came when he portrayed Kartik and Krishna Barve in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]'' from August 2015. His performance and chemistry with co-star [[Sonal Vengurlekar]] was appreciated; Arora was conferred with the [[Zee Rishtey Awards|Zee Rishtey Award for Favourite Beta]]. He quit in October 2016 not wanting to play father to a grown-up girl as the show underwent a 20-year-leap and was replaced by Krishna Soni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/ankush-arora-i-dont-act-run-house-24885/|title=Ankush Arora : I don't act to run my house! – The Indian Wire|date=26 July 2017|work=The Indian Wire|access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2016, he was also seen in an episode of [[Channel V India]]'s ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence|Gumrah 4]]''. Two years later, Arora launched his own [[YouTube]] channel ''Video Coutures'' in March 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/celebrities-digital/available-provide-different-variations-singer-ankush-arora-youtube-channel/2018/06/12|title=I am available to provide different variations as a singer: Ankush Arora on his Youtube channel|date=12 June 2018|work=IWMBuzz|access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Notes <br />
|-<br />
| 2013–14 || ''[[Gustakh Dil]]'' || Rishi Bhardwaj || Debut <ref name=":0"/><br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' || Sandeep Chautala || Episodic <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ankush-arora-and-yaushika-verma-feature-yeh-hai-aashiqui-140828|title=Ankush Arora and Yaushika Verma to feature in Yeh Hai Aashiqui|date=28 August 2014|work=Telly Chakkar}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2015–16 || ''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]'' || Kartik Barve/Krishna Barve || Lead/Double role <br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]'' || Unknown || Episodic <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/vivacity/bound-bu-destiny.html|title=Bound by destiny?|work=Daily Pioneer}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Ankush}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mugdha_Vaishampayan&diff=471216Mugdha Vaishampayan2026-01-25T06:29:51Z<p>Amit raj: basic refine details per standard format and updated info for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian singer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=February 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Mugdha Vaishampayan<br />
| birth_name = Mugdha Bhagwan Vaishampayan<br />
| alias = Little Monitor<br />
| image = Mugdha vaishampayan.jpeg<br />
| occupation = Singer<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|2000|4|05}}<br />
| origin = [[Alibag]], Maharashtra, India<br />
| instrument = Vocal<br />
| genre = [[Indian classical music]]<br />
| years_active = 2008–present<br />
| label = [[Universal Music]]<br />
| partner = [[Prathamesh Laghate]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mugdha Vaishampayan''' (born 5 April 2000) is one of the finalists in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] championship of ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs]]'', which aired on [[Zee Marathi]] television between July 2008 and February 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where Is Singer Mugdha Vaishampayan Who Appeared On Marathi L'il Champs In 2008? |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/where-is-singer-mugdha-vaishampayan-who-appeared-on-marathi-lil-champs-in-2008-7482937.html |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> She was referred to as "Little Monitor".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-20 |title=This what the little champs are upto now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/this-what-the-little-champs-are-upto-now/articleshow/63545716.cms |access-date=2025-05-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2009 and 2010, Mugdha appeared in many stage shows and public events, and her career currently extends to music albums, playback for movies and TV serials, media commercials, reality show anchoring, promotional campaigns for leading Newspapers, and performing in her solo singing programs.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Mugdha was born in [[Alibaug]], the daughter of Bhagwan and Bhagyashree Vaishampayan. Mugdha's ability to sing was identified by her father when she was 2 years old, and she received formal training in fundamental music from Sunil Mhatre, Sheetal Kunte, Anuradha Velankar and Bhagwan Vaishampayan. After her run in ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs]]'', her name became familiar to the residents of Maharashtra. The people of [[Konkan]] call her "Raigad Kanya" (Daughter of [[Raigad district|Raigad]]).<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Mugdha Vaishampayan tied the knot with [[Prathamesh Laghate]] on 20 December 2023 who is a singer in [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs]] reality show aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs fame Mugdha Vaishampayan and Prathamesh Laghate reveal they have been dating each other for the last 4 years |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-fame-mugdha-vaishampayan-and-prathamesh-laghate-reveal-they-have-been-dating-each-other-for-the-last-4-years/articleshow/101398281.cms |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
===Television anchor===<br />
Mugdha was one of the anchor for Season 2 telecast of Music reality show ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs]]'' on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zeemarathi.com/srgmplittlechamps2010/Anchor.aspx?page=3&&JID=3 |title=Zee Marathi Official Website lists Mugdha's profile as an anchor for Season 2 of Little Champs |access-date=25 August 2010 |archive-date=30 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130163326/http://zeemarathi.com/srgmplittlechamps2010/Anchor.aspx?page=3&&JID=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This schedule was telecasted during 2 August 2010 to 23 January 2011.<br />
<br />
===Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs===<br />
In 2008, Mugdha first auditioned for ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs]]'', a competitive music reality show produced [[Zee Marathi]]. She became one of 50 finalists chosen from among several thousand age 8 to 14 children from [[Maharashtra]], and ended as one of the top 5 finalists overall. On the show she was known as "The Little Monitor".<br />
<br />
During the course of the competition, Mugdha was awarded with the title "Raigad Bhushan" by Raigad Zilha Parishad and is one of the youngest persons to have received such award from any elected Government body.<br />
<br />
===Hindi series===<br />
Mugdha was cast as a lead playback singer for daily soap ''Kashi'' being broadcast on [[NDTV Imagine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtvimagine.com/shows/index.php?id=165|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616205736/http://www.ndtvimagine.com/shows/index.php?id=165|url-status=dead |title=Kashi NDTV Imagine|archive-date=16 June 2010|access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> This marked the first time she sang a [[Hindi]] song, as well as her first assignment as a playback singer on television. Her song was recorded in March 2010 and featured in several episodes as a theme song.<br />
<br />
===Marathi films===<br />
In April 2010, sang a playback for [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] films when Nandu Ghanekar offered her a song in Balaji Telefilm's first [[Marathi language|Marathi]] movie named [[Taaryaanche Bayt]] ({{langx|mr|ताऱ्यांचे बेट}}) (The Island of stars). Her song "Kamaal aahe" is the main song of the film, which was released on 14 April 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marathimanoranjan.com/firodiya/interviews/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8 |title=Mugdha's interview on movie playback |access-date=20 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424033412/http://www.marathimanoranjan.com/firodiya/interviews/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8 |archive-date=24 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taryanche Bait |url=http://www.saptsur.net/2011/07/taryanche-bait-marathi-movie-mp3-songs.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707044205/http://www.saptsur.net/2011/07/taryanche-bait-marathi-movie-mp3-songs.html |archive-date=2011-07-07 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=saptsur.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mugdha also contributed to the Marathi-language movie ''[[Let's Go Back]]'' where in June 2010 she sang ''Bigi Bigi''. She recorded the title track for ''Let's Go Back'' in July 2010. In May 2011, Mugdha recorded the title song for the movie "Ya gol gol dabyatala". This film was released in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zagmag.net/manoranjan/ya-gol-dabyatla-a1.html|title=Zagmag interviews|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mugdha contributed to the Marathi-language movie [[Chintamani (2014 film)|Chintamani]] released in 2014, she sang "Kadhitari Kuthetari" along with Amruta Subhash. She did major contribution as a playback singer in the film [[Ubuntu (film)|Ubuntu]] which was released in September 2017.<br />
<br />
===Brand ambassador===<br />
In November 2010, Mugdha became a brand ambassador for the "Jungle Book" contest of the Marathi daily newspaper ''[[Lokmat]]'',<ref>[http://onlinenews1.lokmat.com/php/detailednews.php?id=MainEdition-1-1-29-11-2010-0f29b&ndate=2010-11-30&editionname=main] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823174815/http://onlinenews1.lokmat.com/php/detailednews.php?id=MainEdition-1-1-29-11-2010-0f29b&ndate=2010-11-30&editionname=main|date=23 August 2011}} Mugdha Becomes Brand Ambassador</ref> and has been cast as leading ambassador for the Marathi Home Calmanac ''[[Kalnirnay]]'' ({{langx|mr|कालनिर्णय}}). Commercials featuring Mugdha began airing in November 2010 on all Marathi Television channels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kalnirnay.com/kal_user/home.php?section=home |title=Kalnirnay |publisher=Kalnirnay.com |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724100841/http://www.kalnirnay.com/kal_user/home.php?section=home |archive-date=24 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Public appearances===<br />
Mugdha has performed her art for events including <br />
* [[Swartarang]] Mumbai Police Kalyan Melava in Kalyan 2008 telecasted on [[Zee Marathi]].<br />
* [[Vasantotsav]] – Musical concert arranged in Pune every year by [[Rahul Deshpande]] in memory of his legendary grandfather Pandit [[Vasantrao Deshpande]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vasantotsav.org/index.html |title=Vasantotsav |access-date=27 August 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914054304/http://www.vasantotsav.org/index.html |archive-date=14 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar]] 2009.<br />
* Shrimant Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Music Festival April 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dagadushethganapati.com/trustees/activities.htm |title=Shrimant Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Music Festival |access-date=27 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405192218/http://www.dagadushethganapati.com/trustees/activities.htm |archive-date=5 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* [[Little Champs]] Live Shows in many cities like [[Mumbai]], [[Panvel]], [[Pune]], [[Sangli]], [[Aurangabad]], [[Goa]], [[Ratnagiri]], [[Thane]], [[Nagpur]], etc. and at international venues like [[Dubai]], [[Abu Dhabi]]. These are runaway popular shows arranged by [[Zee Marathi]] where Mugdha performs with four other Little Champs [[Aarya Ambekar]], [[Prathamesh Laghate]], [[Rohit Raut]] and Kartiki Gaikwad in a perfect sync. This group is known as Panch-Ratna.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dubai Performance|work=Khaleej Times|location=Dubai|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?section=citytimes&xfile=data/citytimes/2009/may/citytimes_may119.xml|access-date=2025-08-30 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608213018/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?section=citytimes&xfile=data/citytimes/2009/may/citytimes_may119.xml|archive-date=2011-06-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai Photosarchive|url=http://www.mmdubai.org/Photogallery/SAREGAMAPA/index.html |date=19 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619063136/http://www.mmdubai.org/Photogallery/SAREGAMAPA/index.html |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref><br />
* As a celebrity guest in '[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa – Punha Nave Swapna Swaranche]]' season 7 in October 2009.<br />
* Live performance in the devotional programme arranged in the presence of [[Sathya Sai Baba]] in [[Sai Ashram]] at village [[Hadshi]], near [[Pune]] in October 2009.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | title=DAY 3 PHOTOS SRI SATHYA SAI BABA VISIT 29 OCT 09 : Pune Mumbai - Hadshi Temple Panduranga Kshetra | url=http://www.saibabaofindia.com/day3_sri_sathya_sai_baba_pune_mumbai_hadshi_temple_panduranga_kshetra.htm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saibabaofindia.com/day3_sri_sathya_sai_baba_pune_mumbai_hadshi_temple_panduranga_kshetra.htm|title=DAY 3 PHOTOS SRI SATHYA SAI BABA VISIT 29 OCT 09 : Pune Mumbai - Hadshi Temple Panduranga Kshetra|website=www.saibabaofindia.com|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref><br />
{{cite web|url=http://www.saibabaofindia.com/june09/6-3day-evening-sri-sathya-sai-baba-hadshi-panduraga-kshetra-pune-mumbai-maharashtra.jpg |title=Mugdha Performing in front of Sathya Sai Baba|website=Sai Baba of India}}</ref><br />
* Live performance in Dr. Salil Kulkarni and Sandeep Khare's famous program Ayushyavar Bolu Kahi at [[allibaug]] on 3 October 2009<br />
* Live performance in the special programme arranged on the occasion of Birthday of [[Sathya Sai Baba]] in Sai Ashram at Puttaparthi in November 2009.<ref>{{cite web| title=When Little Champs Regaled Prasanthi Nilayam 22 Nov 2009 | url=http://www.saibabaofindia.com/When_Little_Champs_Regaled.htm}}</ref><br />
* [[Shrimant Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati]] Music Festival March 2010.<br />
* Live performance along with Lata Mangeshkar in special function organized by [[ShivSena]] on occasion of the Golden Jubilee Year of Maharashtra State on Maharashtra Din<br />
* Diwali Special Musical Concert – Nashik 2010<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20101107/4958206854829836885.htm |website=esakal.com |title=नाशिक दिवाळी पहाट | trans-title=Nashik Diwali dawn|access-date=30 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201839/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20101107/4958206854829836885.htm |archive-date=10 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* Satpur Special Program<br />
* From November 2010, Mugdha has set out on a promotional tour for the "Jungle Book Contest" of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] leading daily [[Lokmat]]. She along with other two artists – Miss Owi Dixit (The winner of Dance Reality show) and Satyajit Padhye, a budding [[ventriloquist]], [[puppeteer]] and puppet maker, are visiting schools in major cities of [[Maharashtra]] to campaign for "Jungle Book Contest".<br />
* In the first leg of this promotional tour, they have covered school events in [[Nashik]] and [[Kolhapur]].<br />
* As a chief guest and lead performer in Republic day celebration at [[Alibaug]] beach. 3000 students took an oath to protect & preserve Indian Constitution in a spectacular program conducted by Mugdha. (January 2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=132749:2011-01-30-14-50-29&catid=25:2009-07-09-02-01-06&Itemid=2 |title= मुग्धाच्या नेतृत्वाखाली विद्यार्थ्यांनी घेतली भारतीय संविधानाची प्रतिज्ञा|website=Loksatta}}</ref><br />
* Nashik Festival – 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://72.78.249.107/Sakal/3Feb2011/Normal/Nashik/page3.htm |title=Newspaper article|access-date=7 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405094247/http://72.78.249.107/Sakal/3Feb2011/Normal/Nashik/page3.htm |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref><br />
* [[Chennai]] – January 2020 Performed live in Twenty-Sixth [[Bhajanotsav]] at [[Madras Shri Kashi Math]], which was her first live performance in the city.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://zeemarathi.com/srgmplittlechamps2010/Anchor.aspx?page=3&&JID=3 झी मराठी सारेगम लिटल चॅंप्स २०१० – मुग्धा सूत्रसंचालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130163326/http://zeemarathi.com/srgmplittlechamps2010/Anchor.aspx?page=3&&JID=3 |date=30 November 2010 }}<br />
<br />
{{Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaishampayan, Mugdha}}<br />
[[Category:2000 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language singers]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_Observatory&diff=503888India Observatory2026-01-10T13:19:56Z<p>Amit raj: Put up initial post added tags!</p>
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<div>{{short description|Research centre of the London School of Economics based in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
<br />
The '''India Observatory''' (IO) is a research unit at the [[London School of Economics and Political Science]] (LSE).<br />
<br />
The IO and the IG Patel Chair were established in 2006 in partnership with the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) and the [[State Bank of India]] (SBI) in honour of former Director of LSE and former Governor of RBI, Dr [[IG Patel]].<ref name="auto3">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/LSE-plans-to-set-up-research-centre-in-India/articleshow/748240.cms | title=LSE plans to set up research centre in India - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=8 December 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ig-patel-chair-at-london-school-of-economics-106120801007_1.html | title=IG patel chair at london school of economics| journal=Business Standard India| date=2006-12-07| last1=Reporter| first1=B. S.}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Director of the IO, and current holder of the IG Patel Chair, is Lord [[Nicholas Stern]] of Brentford.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/mar/25/academicexperts.highereducationprofile | title=Interview: Nicholas Stern| journal=The Guardian| date=2008-03-25| last1=Crace| first1=John}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ig-patel-chair-at-london-school-of-economics-106120801007_1.html | title=IG Patel chair at London school of economics| journal=Business Standard India| date=2006-12-07| last1=Reporter| first1=B. S.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dr [[Ruth Kattumuri]], Co-Director of the IO,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/leading-social-scientists-honoured | title=Leading social scientists honoured| date=2016-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-pollution-crisis-cities-reverse-urbanisation-workers-move-countryside-delhi-demographic-public-a8065051.html | title=India's pollution crisis is triggering something unexpected| website=[[Independent.co.uk]]| date=2017-11-20}}</ref> is founder of the IG Patel Chair and the India Observatory.<br />
<br />
==IG Patel Lecture Series==<br />
<br />
As well as the IG Patel Chair, the IO hosts the IG Patel Lecture Series. This is a regular lecture in honour of IG Patel. The inaugural lecture was given by [[Montek Singh Ahluwalia]] (former Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission of India) in 2006 and the most recent lecture, the sixth, was given by [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]] (Deputy Prime Minister and Coordinating Minister for Economic and Social Policies in Singapore) in 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://theindependent.sg/taking-tharmans-inclusive-prosperity-seriously/ | title=Taking Tharman's 'Inclusive Prosperity' seriously| date=8 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/dpm-tharman-celebrates-chinese-new-year-with-singaporeans-in-london | title=DPM Tharman celebrates Chinese New Year with Singaporeans in London| newspaper=The Straits Times| date=2017-01-30}}</ref> Other speaker include [[Nicholas Stern]], [[Amartya Sen]] and two former Governors of the Reserve Bank of India, [[Y.V. Reddy]] and [[Duvvuri Subbarao]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/1991-reloaded/article4567419.ece | title=1991 reloaded| journal=The Hindu| date=2013-03-31| last1=Raghavan| first1=T. C. a Srinivasa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/NHPzTIM1ZfWlNlNMCfKSLM/D-Subbarao--The-inflation-warrior.html | title=Politics| date=2013-05-09}}</ref><br />
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==Research==<br />
<br />
The purpose of the IO is to engage in [[public policy]] in and with [[India]] and also increase the generation and exchange of knowledge on India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/oct/17spec2.htm | title=India in a changing world: The next 20 years}}</ref><br />
<br />
The IO undertakes multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary research. Its main research activities are:<br />
<br />
* [[Sustainable growth]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/8949|doi = 10.1142/8949|title = The Global Development of Policy Regimes to Combat Climate Change|series = The Tricontinental Series on Global Economic Issues|year = 2014|volume = 4| publisher=World Scientific |isbn = 978-981-4551-84-7}}</ref> inclusion<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=http://www.conceptpub.com/servlet/Detail?bookno=00001795 | title=India's Leading Social Science Publisher :: Concept Publishing Company}}</ref> and development<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book | url=https://www.springer.com/gb/book/9789811059629 | title=Governance and Governed: Multi-Country Perspectives on State, Society and Development| isbn=9789811059629| year=2018| publisher=Springer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/how-lives-change-9780198806509?q=how%20lives%20change&lang=en&cc=gb | title=How Lives Change: Palanpur, India, and Development Economics| isbn=9780198806509| date=2018-08-22| publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><br />
* [[Climate change]] and [[environmental sustainability]]<ref name="auto1">{{cite book | url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1081235/a-blueprint-for-a-safer-planet/9781409076216.html | title=A Blueprint for a Safer Planet| date=2 April 2009}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite book | doi=10.1142/8949|title = The Global Development of Policy Regimes to Combat Climate Change| volume=4|series = The Tricontinental Series on Global Economic Issues|year = 2014|last1 = Stern|first1 = Nicholas| last2=Bowen| first2=Alex| last3=Whalley| first3=John| isbn=978-981-4551-84-7}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{cite web | url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/why-are-we-waiting | title=Why Are We Waiting?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/446492/climate-change-hit-karnataka-harder.html | title=Climate change to hit Karnataka harder than other states: Experts| date=2014-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/karnataka-has-signifcant-role-in-realising-indcs_1835264.html | title=Karnataka has {{sic|signif|cant|nolink=y}} role in realising INDCs| date=2015-12-16}}</ref> in collaboration with the [[Grantham Research Institute]] at LSE<br />
* [[Cities]] and [[sustainable development]] in collaboration with [[LSE Cities]]<br />
* [[Public finance]] and [[taxation]]<br />
* [[Financing]] and promotion of [[sustainable infrastructure]]<br />
* Palanpur: economic developments in India through the longitudinal experience of one village in [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2012/10/13/lessons-from-palanpur | title=Lessons from Palanpur| newspaper=The Economist| date=2012-10-13}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.uk/dfid-research-outputs/india-s-economic-revolution-a-perspective-from-six-decades-of-economic-development-in-palanpur-a-north-indian-village | title=India's economic "revolution": A perspective from six decades of economic development in Palanpur, a north Indian village}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2009/04/27/nicholas-stern-le-lord-vert_1186016_3244.html | title=Nicholas Stern, le lord Vert| journal=Le Monde.fr| date=2009-04-27| last1=Malingre| first1=Virginie}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/20/a-conversation-with-british-climate-economist-lord-nicholas-stern/ | title=A Conversation With: British Climate Economist Lord Nicholas Stern| date=2013-11-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
The IO disseminates its research findings through events (including seminars, lectures and conferences)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/report/bcrisis-india-is-land-of-billion-opportunities/20100127.htm | title='India is land of billion opportunities' - Rediff.com Business}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/amartya-sen-indian-caste-system-anti-national-london-school-of-economics-2857296/ | title=Amartya Sen describes Indian caste divisions as 'anti-national' at London School of Economics| date=2016-06-16}}</ref> and publications (including working papers, journal articles and books).<ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/indias-economy-performance-and-challenges-9780198074953?cc=gb&lang=en& | title=India's Economy: Performance and Challenges: Essays in Honour of Montek Singh Ahluwalia| isbn=9780198074953| date=2011-07-28| last1=Acharya| first1=Shankar| last2=Mohan| first2=Rakesh| publisher=OUP India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ubs.com/content/dam/ubs/global/wealth_management/philanthropy_valuesbased_investments/indian-philanthrophy.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705153545/https://www.ubs.com/content/dam/ubs/global/wealth_management/philanthropy_valuesbased_investments/indian-philanthrophy.pdf|title=Revealing Indian Philanthropy |archivedate=5 July 2023|website=www.ubs.com}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto5"/><ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/how-lives-change-9780198806509?q=how%20lives%20change&lang=en&cc=gb# | title=How Lives Change: Palanpur, India, and Development Economics| isbn=9780198806509| date=2018-08-22| publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Fellowships==<br />
<br />
The IO hosts two funded fellowships each year: the Sir Ratan Tata Fellowship and the Subir Chowdhury Fellowship on Quality and Economics.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.epw.in/content/lse-india-observatory | title=Making a Show: The Black Money Bill, Making a Show: The Black Money Bill, Making a Show: The Black Money Bill, Making a Show: The Black Money Bill, Making a Show: The Black Money Bill, the LSE India Observatory | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | volume=50 | issue=23 | pages=7, 8 | date=2015-06-05 | archive-date=28 April 2017 | access-date=7 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428205608/http://www.epw.in/content/lse-india-observatory | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Sir Ratan Tata Fellowship was established in 1997 in partnership with the [[Sir Ratan Tata Trust]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/ratan-tata-is-london-school-of-economics-fellow-107071201032_1.html | title=Ratan Tata is London School of Economics fellow| journal=Business Standard India| date=2007-07-11}}</ref> The Fellowship is for a period of eight months during each academic year, based at the IO. The Fellow is expected to engage in [[social science]] research broadly on the [[Economy]] and [[Society]] in [[India]] and [[South Asia]].<br />
<br />
The Subir Chowdhury Fellowship on Quality and Economics was established in 2010 and is supported by the Subir and Malini Chowdhury Foundation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.clintonfoundation.org/clinton-global-initiative/commitments/subir-chowdhury-fellowship-quality-economics | title=Subir Chowdhury Fellowship on Quality & Economics}}</ref> The Fellowship is for a period of three months during each academic year, based at the IO. The Fellow is expected to engage in research examining the impact of people quality and behaviour on the economies of Asian nations, prioritising but not restricted to, [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]].<br />
<br />
==Students==<br />
<br />
The IO works with and supports [[students]] through a number of activities.<br />
<br />
Jointly with LSE Careers, the IO administers the Tata Social Internship which offers LSE students the opportunity to undertake an 8-week project with the [[Tata Group]] in India. These projects have either a development, [[social enterprise]], [[environmental sustainability|environment]]al, [[sustainable]] or [[corporate social responsibility]] focus and involve a significant research element.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/report/lse-students-to-intern-with-tata-companies/20100610.htm | title=LSE students to intern with Tata companies}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/general-csr/tata-social-internship-2016-hosts-19-international-students-in-india-116090700663_1.html | title=Tata Social Internship 2016 hosts 19 international students in India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uniindia.com/tata-social-internship-2017-hosts-15-international-students-in-india/business-economy/news/972985.html?fromNewsdog=1 | title=Tata Social Internship 2017 hosts 15 international students in India}}</ref><br />
<br />
The IO has supported the activities of student societies including the India Society and the Entrepreneurs Society. The IO has supported various activities of the India Society since its inception. These include India Week, The Economic Forum for India at LSE and currently the annual LSE SU India Forum.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official website|http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/india/default.asp}}<br />
<br />
{{London School of Economics|state=expanded}}<br />
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[[Category:Research centres of the London School of Economics]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samaleswari&diff=532202Samaleswari2026-01-08T00:15:13Z<p>Amit raj: created redirect page</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Samleswari Temple]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishq_Express&diff=454648Ishq Express2025-12-27T18:02:02Z<p>Amit raj: add intro to improve readability for clarity</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian romantic drama television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Ishq Express.jpg<br />
| caption = Release poster<br />
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]<br />[[Romance film|Romance]]<br />
| creator = <br />
| developer = <br />
| screenplay = [[Saurabh George Swamy]], Anirudh Singh<br />
| story = [[Saurabh George Swamy]]<br />
| director = Tanmai Rastogi, [[Saurabh George Swamy]]<br />
| starring = {{Plain list|<br />
* [[Ritvik Sahore]]<br />
* [[Gayatri Bhardwaj]]<br />
}}<br />
| theme_music_composer = Rajarshi Sanyal<br />
| opentheme = <br />
| open_theme = <br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 3<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = {{ubl|Ahab Jafri|Manvendra Singh Shekhawat|Satish Raj Kasireddi||Wasim Chisty}}<br />
| location = <br />
| cinematography = [[Amit Roy]]<br />
| editor = Abhishek Gupta<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 30 minutes<br />
| company = Lockdown Shorts Studio<br />
| network = [[Amazon miniTV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|06|23}}<br />
| last_aired = <br />
| related = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Ishq Express''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[Television show|television series]] produced by ''Lockdown Shorts Studio''. The series features [[Ritvik Sahore]] and [[Gayatri Bhardwaj]].<ref name="lead" >{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/gayatrii-bhhardwaj-ritvik-sahore-share-their-experience-of-working-on-ishq-express | title=Gayatrii Bhhardwaj, Ritvik Sahore share their experience of working on 'Ishq Express' | access-date=19 September 2023 | archive-date=21 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821031819/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/gayatrii-bhhardwaj-ritvik-sahore-share-their-experience-of-working-on-ishq-express | url-status=live }}</ref> It premiered on [[Amazon miniTV]] on 23 June 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/5-reasons-why-ishq-express-is-a-must-watch-10829481.html | title=5 reasons why Ishq Express is a must-watch | work=Firstpost | date=23 June 2022 | access-date=19 September 2023 | archive-date=30 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930234850/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/5-reasons-why-ishq-express-is-a-must-watch-10829481.html | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Destiny and the Indian Railways serendipitously unite a young boy named Aarav and a lovely girl Tanya for a single night when they must briefly share a berth on an overnight trip from Mumbai to Kolkata. This train journey merely marks the commencement of their tale, as it unfolds into an intriguing narrative, transforming them from strangers into lovers.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Ritvik Sahore]] as Aarav Agarwal<br />
* [[Gayatri Bhardwaj]] as Tanya Basu<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The series was announced by ''Lockdown Shorts Studio'' for [[Amazon miniTV]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/ishq-express-is-a-modern-love-story-406213 |title=Ishq Express is a modern love story |first=Tribune News |last=Service |website=Tribuneindia News Service |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423184717/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/ishq-express-is-a-modern-love-story-406213 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ritvik Sahore]] and [[Gayatri Bhardwaj]] were signed as the lead.<ref name="lead" /><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Ishq Express<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Rajarshi Sanyal<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 2022<br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{duration|m=1|s=33}}<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| label = Sangeet Music<br />
| producer = <br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = <br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = <br />
| misc = <br />
}}<br />
The music for ''Ishq Express'' is composed by Nupoor Khedkar and Rajarshi Sanyal.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://beautypageants.in/miss-india/gayatri-bhardwaj-on-a-romantic-journey-with-ritvik-sahore-in-ishq-express/articleshow/92385783.cms | title=Gayatri Bhardwaj on a romantic journey with Ritvik Sahore in 'Ishq Express' - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes | access-date=19 September 2023 | archive-date=23 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423182040/https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/gayatri-bhardwaj-on-a-romantic-journey-with-ritvik-sahore-in-ishq-express/articleshow/92385783.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| headline = Tracklisting<br />
| total_length = 1:33<br />
| title1 = Ek Mai Hun<br />
| length1 = 1:33<br />
| music1 = Rajarshi Sanyal<br />
| extra1 = Nupoor Khedkar<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
Akhila Damodaran of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ishq-express-review-mini-series-starring-ritvik-sahore-and-gayatrii-bhhardwaj-is-a-feel-good-story/94dc4325a3147 | title=Ishq Express review: Mini-series starring Ritvik Sahore and Gayatrii Bhhardwaj is a feel-good story | access-date=19 September 2023 | archive-date=31 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031123710/https://www.ottplay.com/review/ishq-express-review-mini-series-starring-ritvik-sahore-and-gayatrii-bhhardwaj-is-a-feel-good-story/94dc4325a3147 | url-status=live }}</ref> Archika Khurana of ''[[Times of india]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 and noted that "Ishq Express’ circles around a train journey that changes the lives of two young people as they meet. The way this tale is shaped up, one would not mind boarding this train and sharing the protagonist's experience."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ishq Express Season 1 Review : Ritvik Sahore and Gayatri Bhardwaj's voyage is worth taking |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/ishq-express/season-1/seasonreview/92359040.cms |access-date=2024-04-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026082556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/ishq-express/season-1/seasonreview/92359040.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.amazon.in/minitv/tp/59ee0cfa-7f33-4ae8-b450-3346d7969373 ''Ishq Express''] on [[Amazon miniTV]]<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnson_(composer)&diff=450165Johnson (composer)2025-12-27T07:36:57Z<p>Amit raj: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian composer (1953–2011)}}<br />
{{Indian patronymic|Johnson|Thattil Antony}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Johnson<br />
| image = Johnson_(composer).jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| background = non_performing_personnel<br />
| birth_name = T. A. Johnson<br />
<!-- | alma_mater = [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]] -->| alias = Johnson Master<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1953|03|26}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Trichur]], [[Travancore-Cochin]], India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|2011|08|18|1953|03|26}}<br />
| instrument = {{Flatlist|<br />
* [[Pump organ|Harmonium]]<br />
* guitar<br />
* flute<br />
* drums<br />
* violin<br />
* [[accordion]]<br />
}}<br />
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| genre = {{hlist|[[Film score]]|[[world music]]}}<br />
| occupation = {{Flatlist|<br />
Composer<br />
* music director<br />
* instrumentalist<br />
* singer<br />
}}<br />
| years_active = 1978–2011<br />
}}<br />
'''Thattil Antony Johnson''' (26 March 1953 – 18 August 2011), popularly known as '''Johnson Master''', was an Indian [[film score]] composer and music director. Regarded as one of the finest composers in the industry,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pathos-of-a-wilting-melody/article8201042.ece|title=Pathos of a wilting melody|author=P. K. Ajith Kumar|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 February 2016|access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref> he was noted for his lyrical and expressive melodies together with simple but rich tonal compositions of thematic music. Johnson is a recipient of [[National Film Awards]] twice and [[Kerala State Film Awards]] five times.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Aswathy Gopalakrishnan |title=Johnson Master: In Memory Of The Self-Taught Musical Genius |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/johnson-master-in-memory-of-the-self-taught-musical-genius/ |website=Silverscreen India |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=18 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/03/16/stories/2006031614720400.htm|title=Devarajan, a composer who embraced different styles|date=16 March 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2011-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929202205/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/03/16/stories/2006031614720400.htm|archive-date=29 September 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=K. Pradeep |title=The complete musician |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-complete-musician/article2396093.ece |access-date=18 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 August 2011}}</ref> He has composed music for more than 300 Malayalam films, the most by any composer except for [[G. Devarajan]].<ref name="300th film">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007050400380200.htm&date=2007/05/04/&prd=fr&|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125154938/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007050400380200.htm&date=2007/05/04/&prd=fr&|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=Down melody lane|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 May 2007|access-date=2011-02-23}}</ref> He was the first music director from [[Malayalam cinema]] to be honoured with the National film Awards.He composed music for some of the most important motion pictures of Malayalam cinema, including ''[[Koodevide]]'', ''[[Namukku Parkkan Munthiri Thoppukal|Namukku Paarkkan Munthiri Thoppukal]]'', ''[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]]'', ''[[Vadakkunokkiyantram]]'', ''[[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]]'', ''[[Njan Gandharvan]]'', ''[[Ponthan Mada]]'', and ''[[Bhoothakkannadi]]''.<br />
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==Early life==<br />
<br />
Johnson was born in Nellikkunnu near [[Trichur]] (Thrissur) in the state of [[Travancore-Cochin]] (now part of [[Kerala]]), on 26 March 1953.<ref>{{cite news |last1=S. Shivprasadh |title=Brilliant tunesmith bids adieu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/brilliant-tunesmith-bids-adieu/article2396324.ece |access-date=18 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 August 2016}}</ref> His father, the late Thattil Antony, was a bank employee. His secondary education was at St. Thomas School in Thope, Trichur. Johnson was a singer in the choir of Nellikkunnu St. Sebastian's Church. He used to sing in youth festivals and musical shows and joined the orchestra team of some local troupes and played harmonium in many concerts. He also used to sing in female voice in ''ganamelas'' (a stage show where film songs are sung by amateur or professional artists).<ref name="Manorama interview">{{cite web|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=8499495&programId=7940851&channelId=-1073751205&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=4|title=മനുഷ്യത്വം ഉണ്ടോ സിനിമയിൽ|language=ml|access-date=2011-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054455/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=8499495&programId=7940851&channelId=-1073751205&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=4|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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Within a few years, the club became one of the most sought after musical troupes in Kerala, and had more than fifty members. This club used to give accompaniment music to playback singers [[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]] and [[P. Madhuri|Madhuri]] in their musical shows. It was Jayachandran who introduced Johnson to [[G. Devarajan]], one of the most prolific composers of South Indian cinema then. Devarajan literally adopted Johnson and brought him to [[Chennai]] in 1974. Johnson bought an [[accordion]], during this period, from [[R. K. Shekhar]] ([[A. R. Rahman]]'s father), and began assisting Devarajan in filmscoring and composing.<ref name="Manorama interview"/><br />
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==Film scoring and soundtracks==<br />
<br />
Johnson began his independent career by composing the film scores of [[Bharathan]]'s ''Aaravam'' (1978), ''[[Thakara]]'' (1980) and ''[[Chamaram]]'' (1980). He composed his first soundtracks for the film ''Inaye Thedi'', debut film of director turned still photographer Antony Eastman and actress [[Silk Smitha]]. It was Devarajan himself, who suggested Johnson try his hand at direction. Then came [[Bharathan]]'s ''Parvathi'' and [[Balachandra Menon]]'s ''Premageethangal''. ''Premageethangal'' was a notable success with four of its songs – "Swapnam Verumoru Swapnam", "Nee Nirayoo Jeevanil", "Muthum Mudipponnum" and "Kalakalamozhi" attaining cult status.<br />
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He came to prominence through his collaboration with Malayalam author and director [[Padmarajan]]. ''[[Koodevide]]'' was their first venture, which had one of the most famous songs of Johnson "Aadivaa Kaatte", a pathbreaking song in Malayalam music history. It was one of the first songs in Malayalam to so many western classical elements. The song was born out of Padmarajan's need for a western song for his innovative film. Song composition took place in Woodland's Hotel, [[Chennai]]. Another notable feature of this song was the lyrics by [[O. N. V. Kurup]], who for the first time wrote lyrics for a pre-composed song.<ref name="Manorama interview"/> Johnson worked for 11 films with Padmarajan, including his last film ''[[Njan Gandharvan]]''. This productive collaboration saw the detailed screenplay and cinematography of Padmarajan become a fertile ground for expressive musical narration and thematic scores for Johnson. This is seen in some of the greatest motion pictures of Malayalam cinema, like ''[[Nombarathipoovu]]'' (1987). Another notable collaboration of Johnson was with director [[Sathyan Anthikkad]], with whom he associated in almost 25 films. He was able to provide some of his most popular songs with Anthikkad and this combo is widely accepted to be one of the greatest director-composer collaborations in Malayalam cinema. Acclaimed Malayalam director [[Bharathan]] also collaborated with him in multiple films including ''Parvathy, Palangal, [[Ormakkayi]], Kattathe Kilikkoodu, Ente Upasana, [[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]], Ozhivukalam, [[Malootty]], [[Chamayam (1993 film)|Chamayam]]'' and ''[[Churam]]''. His major other collaborations with directors include Mohan (''Oru Katha Oru Nunakkatha, Sakshyam, [[Pakshe]]'' and ''Angane Oru Avadhikkalathu''), [[Sibi Malayil]] (''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]], [[Chenkol]], Dasaratham'' and ''Nee Varuvolam''), [[Sreenivasan]] (''[[Vadakkunokkiyantram]]'' and ''[[Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala]]''), [[A. K. Lohithadas|Lohithadas]] (''[[Bhoothakkannadi]]'', [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] (''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]], [[Shubhayathra]], [[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]'' and ''Paavam Paavam Rajakumaran''), and [[Balachandra Menon]] (''Shesham Kazhchayil, Premageethangal, Kilukilukkam'', ''Kelkatha Shabdam'' and ''[[Nayam Vyakthamakkunnu]]'').<br />
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He is also noted for his collaboration with the Malayalam lyricist [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]. Their association began in 1989 with [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]'s social satire ''[[Varavelpu]]''. Most of Johnson's notable works were in the late eighties and early nineties. In 1991, he scored a record number of 31 films, including 29 with Kaithapram.<ref name="Manorama interview"/> Johnson won National awards for two consecutive years. He won his first National Award for best music direction for the motion picture ''[[Ponthan Mada]]'' (1993). The next year he got his second National award for ''[[Sukrutham]]'' for the background score.<br />
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After an extremely successful career of more than a decade, Johnson took a sabbatical from film scoring by the end of the nineties. The quantity of his works began perishing during this time. By the beginning of the 2000s, he didn't sign any new projects that even his most noted collaborator Sathyan Anthikkad had to find a new composer. In 2003 he did the background score for the NFDC movie [[Parinamam]] (The Change) directed by [[P. Venu]].In 2004, he sang the song "Theekuruvi" from ''[[Kangalal Kaidhu Sei]]'', which was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]. Perhaps it is the only song recorded by him for any composer other than himself. He returned strongly to the field with ''[[Photographer (film)|Photographer]]'' in 2006, which fetched him numerous awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3330/malayalam/photographer/preview.htm|title=Photographer Synopisis|publisher=Nowrunning.com|access-date=2011-02-23|archive-date=14 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714203639/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3330/malayalam/photographer/preview.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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==Non-cinematic outputs==<br />
<br />
Johnson has released four non-film albums. His first album ''Sneha Deepika'' was released in 1989 on Tharangini audios. It had nine Christian devotional songs – "Aathma Swaroopa", "Unni Yesu Pirannu", "Manninum Poovinum", "Thumbapoo Polulla", "Bhoomikku Pulakam", "Manassakumengil", "Kulir Choodum", "Arthungal Innoru" and "Vidarnna Punchiri". The featured artists were [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]] and [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721223134/http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/php/createAlbumSongIndex.php?txt=Sneha deepika&stype=movie&submit=Find+Songs "Sneha Deepika (1989)"]</ref> His second album ''Onathappan'', a collaboration with [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] and [[Berny-Ignatius]], consisted of nine festival songs. The track "Mundon Paadam" was composed by Johnson, sung by [[M. G. Sreekumar]] and had lyrics penned by [[Bichu Thirumala]].<ref>[http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/a.php?784 "Onathappan"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721223138/http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/a.php?784 |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> His third album ''Nannipoorvam Johnson'', consisted of twelve tracks – "Chandanakkavilinnu", "Panineeru Peyyum", "Vasundhare", "Virunnu Vanna", "Prapanjam Sundaram", "Enthe Nee Varathe", "Nilasandhyayil", "Veruthe Onnu", "Ponnazhikkuttu", "Pranayappirave", "Kalindhi", and an introductory speech by [[Sreenivasan]]. The lyricists were [[R K Damodaran|R. K. Damodaran]], [[Gireesh Puthenchery]], [[Kaithapram]], [[Bichu Thirumala]], [[M. D. Rajendran]], [[K. Jayakumar]], [[S. Ramesan Nair]] and [[Poovachal Khader]] and the songs were rendered by [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Jayachandran]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Aparna Rajeev, [[Dr. Rashmi Madhu]] and Johnson himself. In 2009, he released his second Christian devotional album entitled ''Parishudhan''. It had eleven tracks – "Vazhiyum Sathyavum Nee Thanne ([[Vijay Yesudas]]), "Mullukal Kuthi" ([[Chithra]]), "Ariyathe Polum" ([[G. Venugopal]]), "Neethimanayavane" ([[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]), "Traditional song" (Louis), "Mazhayum Veyilum" ([[Rimi Tomy]]), "Oru Viral Sparshathal (Sudheep), "Loka Palaka" (Chithra), Neethanthamam (Vijay Yesudas), and "Kannukalil Theliyum" ([[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]).<br />
<br />
==Music style and impact==<br />
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His skilful integration of textual rhythm of the lyrics together with rich tonal arrangement, redefined songwriting in Malayalam cinema, since the late 1980s. In his film scores, Johnson combines native South Indian melodic patterns with the harmonic structure of classical music and this has attained an expressive form of narration through film score.<ref name="Khaleej">{{cite news<br />
|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2010/April/theuae_April538.xml&section=theuae&col<br />
|title=Johnson brings an evening of melody to Dubai<br />
|date=22 April 2010<br />
|newspaper=[[Khaleej Times]]<br />
|access-date=2011-02-23}}</ref> He composed for about 300 films, making him the second most composed music director in Malayalam, after his guru [[G. Devarajan]]. Though he has obtained no formal training in classical music, he was able to incorporate the beauty of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic ragas]] in his songs. Most of his songs were composed on [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani raga]].<br />
<br />
Johnson's favourite male singer was [[K. J. Yesudas]], who has recorded many songs for him, while [[S. Janaki]] and [[K. S. Chithra]] were his favourite female singers. Chithra had some of her most noted songs with Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007100660471100.htm&date=2007%2F10%2F06%2F&prd=th& |title="Johnson: a versatile composer who hums a retreat note" |access-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207090502/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007100660471100.htm&date=2007%2F10%2F06%2F&prd=th& |archive-date=7 February 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><br />
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Johnson is fondly called Johnson Master (Johnson Mashu) by Malayalee audiences. Even his contemporaries and competitors refer him with the tag 'Master' ('mash' in Malayalam).<br />
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His background scoring style has a cult following. His scores from [[Thoovanathumbikal]], [[Namukku Parkkan Munthirithoppukal]], [[Manichitrathazhu]], [[Thaniyavarthanam]], [[Chitram]], [[Bharatham]], [[Aparan]], [[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]], [[Sukrutham]] are considered to be amongst the best.<br />
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===Awards===<br />
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Johnson won his first [[National Film Award]] for the Best Music Direction for the film ''[[Ponthan Mada]]'' (1994) and the very next year he won his second [[National film award]] for the Best Background score for the film ''[[Sukrutham]]'' (1995)<ref name="Score">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/04/stories/2006080401000300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314220126/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/04/stories/2006080401000300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2007|title=Conjuror of tunes |author=P.K.Ajith Kumar|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 August 2006}}</ref> He was the first Malayalee music composer to receive a National award in music category and is also the only Malayalee music director who received two national awards in music category. This film has one song ''Adimarunge ayyayya'' (അടിമരുങ്ങേ അയ്യയ്യാ) lyrics by [[O. N. V. Kurup]] and sung by [[K. S. Chithra]] and chorus composed by Johnson. This is a folk song. National film award committee noted that he brilliantly integrated western folk tunes into this song.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The award was given for best music direction and background score of this film. He has received three [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]], for the films ''[[Ormakkayi]]'' (1982), ''[[Vadakkunokkiyantram]]'' and ''[[Mazhavil Kavadi]]'' (1989), and ''Angane Oru Avadhikkalathu'' (1999). He was awarded the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music]] for the films ''[[Sadayam]]'' (1992) and ''[[Sallapam]]'' (1996). He has thus received five Kerala State Film Awards in music category, an achievement he shares with Devarajan. He has received the Kerala Film Critics Awards four times, the most recent in 2008 for ''Gulmohar''. In 2007, he won the Mathruboomi Award for Best Music Director for ''[[Photographer (film)|Photographer]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/33604.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015145930/http://indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/33604.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2007|title=Mammootty, Padmapriya bags Mathrubhumi awards |website=IndiaGlitz|date=15 September 2007|access-date=2011-02-23}}</ref> He won the Mullasserry Raju Music Award for the song "Enthe Kannanu Karuppu Niram", also from the same film. In addition, he has received numerous other awards and nominations including Devarajan Master Memorial Award and Raveendran Master Memorial Award.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071110074018/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007092151300200.htm&date=2007%2F09%2F21%2F&prd=th& "A treat for music lovers"]}}. ''The Hindu''. 21 September 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Johnson died at his home in [[Chennai]] on 18 August 2011 at the age of 58, due to a massive heart attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=Music maestro Johnson no more |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2011/aug/19/music-maestro-johnson-no-more-282874.html |access-date=18 March 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=19 August 2011}}</ref> He was survived by his wife Rani Johnson, son Renn Johnson and daughter Shan Johnson. Renn Johnson died on 25 February 2012 in a motorbike accident in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Music director Johnson's son Ren dies in accident|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=120570|access-date=25 February 2012|newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=25 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226150126/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=120570|archive-date=26 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Shan Johnson, a trained singer and musician, died of a cardiac arrest at her flat in Chennai on 5 February 2016. They are interred at the St Sebastian's church cemetery in Nellikunnu, Thrissur. <br />
<ref>{{cite news |title=Late music director Johnson's daughter Shan found dead in Chennai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-late-music-director-johnson-s-daughter-shan-found-dead-in-chennai-2174333 |access-date=18 March 2023 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=5 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shan Johnson died of cardiac arrest: Autopsy report |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shan-johnson-died-cardiac-arrest-autopsy-report-38656 |access-date=18 March 2023 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=7 February 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Partial discography==<br />
<br />
===Original scores and soundtracks===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! width="25" | Year<br />
! width="300" | Album<br />
|-<br />
|1979||''[[Cheriyachante Kroorakrithyangal]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="6"|1981||''Premageethangal''<br />
|- <br />
|''[[Oridathoru Phayalvaan]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Inaye Thedi''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Raktham''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Chaatta''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Parvathi''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="10"|1982||''Football''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sooryan''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ithiri Neram Othiri Karyam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kelkatha Shabdam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Palangal''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kilukilukkam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Swarna Gopuram''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ithu Njangalude Kadha''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ormakkayi]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Thuranna Jail''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="9"|1983|| ''[[Koodevide]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Shesham Kaazhchayil''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kolakomban''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Onnu Chirikkoo''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kattathe Kilikkoodu]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Naseema''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Thamburu''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thavalam (1983 film)|Thavalam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ivide Thudangunnu]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|1984||''[[Parannu Parannu Parannu]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sandarbham''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ente Upasana]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Swanthamevide Bandhamevide]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="12"|1985|| ''Akkacheede Kunjivava''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nerariyum Nerathu''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Oru Kudakkeezhil''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Makan Ente Makan''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kadha Ithu Vare''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mounanombaram''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Upaharam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sannaham''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Jwalanam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Oduvil Kittiya Vartha''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Aa Neram Alpa Dooram''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ozhivukalam''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="9"|1986||''[[Namukku Parkkan Munthiri Thoppukal]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Katha Oru Nunnakkatha]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Neram Pularumpol''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Akalangalil''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kariyila Kattu Pole]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ice Cream (1986 film)|Ice Cream]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Malamukalile Daivam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ente Entethu Mathrem|Ente Entethumathram]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Thidambu''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="8"|1987||''[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sruthi (film)|Sruthi]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Athinumappuram]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ithente Needhi''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Arinjo Ariyatheyo''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Onnam Manam Poomanam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Archana Pookkal''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kathirippinte Thudakkam''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|1988||''[[Aparan (film)|Aparan]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Unnikrishnante Adyathe Christmas]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ponmuttayidunna Tharavu]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Isabella (1988 film)|Isabella]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="13"|1989||''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Varavelpu]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Varnatheru''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Radham''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nerunnu Nanmakal''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Lal Americayil''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Artham]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Dasaratham''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vadakkunokkiyantram]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mazhavilkavadi]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pradeshika Varthakal''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pandu Pandoru Desathu''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="25"|1990|| ''Nanma Niranjavan Sreenivasan''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Malootty]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Paavakkoothu''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Varthamanakaalam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Muppathi Randam Naal''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shubhayathra]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sunday 7 PM''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sandram''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dr. Pasupathy]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kalikkalam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Gajakesariyogam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rajavazhcha]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kouthuka Vaarthakal''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ee Kanni Koodi''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Cheriya Lokavum Valiya Manushyarum]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Niyamam Endu Cheyyum''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Orukkam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thalayanamanthram]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pavam Pavam Rajakumaran''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kaattukuthira''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sasneham]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mridula''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mukham''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ananthanum Appukkuttanum Anayundu''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Khalasi''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="23"|1991||''Kakka Thollayiram''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sundari Kakka''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nettipattam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Beli''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Chanchaattam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Perumthachan (film)|Perunthachan]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kankettu''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ezhunnaallathu''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mimics Parade''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Athiradhan''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Arangu''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kanal Kaattu''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Innathe Program''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Karpoora Deepam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aanaval Mothiram]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sandhesam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Apoorvam Chilar''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ennum Nanmakal]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Njaan Gandharvan]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nagarathil Samsaaravishayam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Venal Kinavukal''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Cheppukilukkana Changaathi''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nayam Vyakthamakkunnu]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="17"|1992||''[[My Dear Muthachan]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thalasthanam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kunukkkitta Kozhi''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mahanagaram''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kasargode Khadarbhai''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Snehasaagaram''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oottyppattanam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aadharam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Maanthrika Cheppu''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ezharapponnana''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Savidham''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kudumba Sametham''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Neelakkurukkan''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sadayam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Poochaikkaru Manikettum''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Aayaram Gayaram''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ambathu Lakshavum Maruthi Carum''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="15"|1993||''Addheham Enna Iddheham''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Golanthara Vartha]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Samooham]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ghoshayaathra''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ente Sreekuttiku''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Maanavam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Samaagamam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chenkol]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Agneyam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[O' Faby]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Meleparambil Aanveedu]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chamayam (1993 film)|Chamayam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Naaraayam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Thalamura''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Paamaram''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="14"|1994||''[[CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed.]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Rajadhaani''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pakshe]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ponthan Mada]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''The City''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kudumba Visesham''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sandanagopaalam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Manathe Vellitheru''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Bhagyavan''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Chakoram''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pingami]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Malappuram Haji Mahanaaya Joji''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kunjikkili''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Leader''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="8"|1995||''Ezharakuttam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saadaram]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ormakal Undaayirikkanam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kaattile Thadi Thevarude Aana''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mangalam Veettil Manaseswari Gupta''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sunny Scooter''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sakshyam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Thovala Pookkal''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="7"|1996||''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kanchanam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thooval Kottaram]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Udhyanapalakan]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sallapam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aayiram Naavulla Ananthan]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kalyana Sougandhikam (1996 film)|Kalyana Sougandhikam]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="18"|1997|| ''[[Irattakuttikalude Achan]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Killikurisiyile Kudumbhamela''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Adivaaram''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhoothakannadi]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manthra Mothiram]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kudamattam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sankeerthanam Pole''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Guru Sishyan''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oral Mathram]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Itha Oru Snehagatha]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Churam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manasam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nee Varuvolam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Snehasindhooram''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Rishyasringan''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Athyunnathangalil Koodaram Panithavar''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vachalam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sammanam''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="8"|1998||''Aayushmaanbhava''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Manjukaalavum Kazhinju''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vismayam''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ormacheppu]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kusrithikuruppu''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Thirakalkkappuram''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mangamma (film)|Mangamma]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|1999||''Angane Oru Avadikkalathu''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2000||''[[Swayamvara Panthal]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Susanna (2000 film)|Susanna]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ee Mazha Thenmazha''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Cheru Punchiri]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2001||''[[Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Uthaman''<br />
|-<br />
| ''The Gift of God''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Police Academy''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2002||''[[Yathrakarude Sradhakku]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Stop Violence]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Suvarna Mohangal''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2003||''[[Parinamam]] (The Change)''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2006||''[[Kisan (film)|Kisan]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Photographer (film)|Photographer]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || ''AKG''<br />
|-<br />
|2008||''Gulmohar'' <br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || ''[[Vellathooval]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2011||''[[Nadakame Ulakam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Anandhan Pillai Adhava Arjunan Pillai''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Bharyamar Adharikkapedunnu''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Khilafath'' <br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Navagatharkku Swagatham]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Original scores===<br />
The following lists out the films in which Johnson composed the background score but not songs.<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
*''Aakaashakottayile Sulthaan''<br />
*''Aalorungi Arangorungi''<br />
*''Aaraante Mulla Kochumulla''<br />
*''Aaravam''<br />
*''Aaryan''<br />
*''Arabikkadal''<br />
*''Abhimanyu''<br />
*''Adimachangala''<br />
*''Agnisharam''<br />
*''Ambada Njaane''<br />
*''[[Amaram]]''<br />
*''[[Amrutham (film)|Amrutham]]''<br />
*''[[Arayannangalude Veedu]]''<br />
*''Avidatheppole Ivideyum''<br />
*''[[Bharatham]]''<br />
*''Chamaram''<br />
*''[[Chithram]]''<br />
*''Chakravalam Chuvannappol''<br />
*''Chithrathoonukal''<br />
*''Dhanam''<br />
*''Dheem Tharikidathom''<br />
*''Ee Kaikalil''<br />
*''Ekantham''<br />
*''English Medium''<br />
*''Ente Hridayathinte Udama''<br />
*''Ente Kaanakkuyil''<br />
*''Ithum Oru Jeevitham''<br />
*''Iniyum Kurukshethram''<br />
*''Kaanaakkinaavu''<br />
*''Kaarunyam''<br />
*''Kaaryam Nissaaram''<br />
*''[[Kadathanadan Ambadi]]''<br />
*''[[Kadaksham]]''<br />
*''Kamaladalam''<br />
*''Kazhukan''<br />
*''Keli''<br />
*''Kaikudanna Nilavu''<br />
*''[[Kissan]]''<br />
*''Kinnarippuzhayoram''<br />
*''Kodumudikal''<br />
*''Koodum Thedi''<br />
*''Krishnapakshakkilikal''<br />
*''Kudumbapuraanam''<br />
*''Kunjaattakkilikal''<br />
*''Maayamayooram''<br />
*''Madhya Venal''<br />
*''Manasiloru Manimuthu''<br />
*''[[Manichithrathazhu]]''<br />
*''Mankamma''<br />
*''Mizhineerppoovukal''<br />
*''[[Mukunthetta Sumitra Vilikkunnu]]''<br />
*''[[Mizhi Randilum]]''<br />
*''Mounanombaram''<br />
*''[[No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North]]''<br />
*''[[Nokketha Dhoorathu Kannum Nattu]]''<br />
*''[[Nombarathi Poovu]]''<br />
*''Nyayavidhi''<br />
*''[[Orma Mathram]]''<br />
*''Ottayal Pattaalam''<br />
*''Oru Cheru punchiri''<br />
*''Puzha''<br />
*''Paadamudra''<br />
*''Parinayam''<br />
*''Pooram''<br />
*''Post Box Number 27''<br />
*''Pradakshinam''<br />
*''Raagam Thaanam Pallavi''<br />
*''Shreeraagam''<br />
*''Snehapoorvam Meera''<br />
*''[[Sukrutham]]''<br />
*''Susanna''<br />
*''Soorya Gaayathri''<br />
*''[[Thalavattam]]''<br />
*''[[Thazhvaram]]''<br />
*''[[Thakara]]''<br />
*''[[Thaniyavarthanam]]''<br />
*''Theekkaattu''<br />
*''[[Thoovanathumbikal]]''<br />
*''[[Uncle Bun]]''<br />
*''Uthara''<br />
*''[[Utharam]]''<br />
*''Vadhu Doctoraanu''<br />
*''Vaadakaveettile Athidhi''<br />
*''[[Vandanam]]''<br />
*''Valkannadi''<br />
*''[[Vellanakalude Nadu]]''<br />
*''Vedikkett''<br />
*''Venkalam''<br />
*''Vishnulokam''<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
===As Playback Singer===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"<br />
|+ As Playback Singer<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Track !! Album !! Composer !! Lyricist !! Language<br />
|-<br />
| 1982 || ''Aasane Ponnasane'' || [[Football (film)|Football]] || Johnson || [[Shyam Krishna]] || [[Malayalam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1991 || ''Aduppoodhum'' || Naathu Nattaachu || [[Rajamani]] || [[Kalidasan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1992 || ''Verumoru Moshtavaya Enne'' || [[Cheppadividya]] || [[S. P. Venkatesh|S.P. Venkatesh]] || [[Ayyappa Paniker|K. Ayyappa Panicker]] || [[Malayalam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || ''Paadippokaam'' || [[Samagamam]] || Johnson || [[O.N.V. Kurup]] || [[Malayalam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || ''Naadodi Koothadan Vaa'' || [[Paamaram]] || Johnson || [[Bichu Thirumala]] || [[Malayalam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1995 || ''Aaraaro Aariraro'' || [[Thovalappookkal]] || Johnson || [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] || [[Malayalam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ''Mookkilla Naakkilla'' || [[Vismayam (1998 film)|Vismayam]] || Johnson || [[Raghunath Paleri]] || [[Malayalam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''Himabinduvayi'' || [[Susanna (2000 film)|Susanna]] || Johnson || [[K. Jayakumar]] || [[Malayalam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || ''Theekuruvi'' || [[Kangalal Kaidhu Sei]] || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Thenmozhi]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''Pulchaadi'' || [[Photographer (film)|Photographer]] || Johnson || [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] || [[Malayalam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''Ammaanam Chemmaanam'' || [[Kisan (film)|Kisan]] || Johnson || [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] || [[Malayalam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || ''Thaazhe Paadam'' || Gulmohur || Johnson || [[O.N.V. Kurup]] || [[Malayalam]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Non-film albums===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"<br />
|+ Independent Albums<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Album !! Lyricist !! Label<br />
|-<br />
| 1987 || Sabarigeetham || [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]], [[N. K. Ravendran]], [[Muttom Gopinath]] || RJ Series<br />
|-<br />
| 1989 || Sneha Deepika || || [[Tharangini Records]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1992 || Onathappam || [[Bichu Thirumala]] || Ranjini<br />
|-<br />
| 2002 || Nandipoorvam Johnson || || Tichus Audios<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || Parishudhan || [[O.N.V Kurup]], [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] || Zion Classics<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || Rajavu Ezhunnallunnu || || Manorama Music<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Notable songs===<br />
In an interview with ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', Johnson listed the following 13 songs as his favourite songs.<ref name="Manorama interview"/><br />
* "Aadivaa Katte" (''[[Koodevide]]'')<br />
* "Nee Nirayoo Jeevanil" (''Premageethangal'')<br />
* "Swapnam Verumoru Swapnam" (''Premageethangal'')<br />
* "Poo Venam" (''[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]]'')<br />
* "Melle Melle Mukhapadam" (''[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]]'')<br />
* "Gopike Nin Viral" (''Kattathe Kilikkoodu'')<br />
* "Devankanangal" (''[[Njan Gandharvan]]'')<br />
* "Swarna mukile" (''Ithu Njangaludey Kadha'')<br />
* "Thankathoni" (''[[Mazhavilkavadi]]'')<br />
* "Sundari Poovinu Naanam" (''Ente Upasana'')<br />
* "Shyamambharam" (''[[Artham]]'')<br />
* "Enthe Kannanu Karuppu Niram" (''[[Photographer (film)|Photographer]]'')<br />
* "Oru Naal" (''[[Gulmohar (2009 film)|Gulmohar]]'')<br />
<br />
==Accolades==<br />
<br />
===[[National Film Awards]]===<br />
{|class= "wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Category <br />
!Film<br />
!Notes <br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]<br />
|''[[Ponthan Mada]]''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]<br />
|''[[Sukrutham]]''<br />
|Background score only<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===[[Kerala State Film Awards]]===<br />
{|class= "wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Category <br />
!Film<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Direction]]<br />
|''[[Ormakkayi]]''<br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Direction]]<br />
|''[[Mazhavilkavadi]], [[Vadakkunokkiyanthram]]''<br />
|-<br />
|1992<br />
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]<br />
|''[[Sadayam]]''<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]<br />
|''[[Sallapam]]''<br />
|-<br />
|1999<br />
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Direction]]<br />
|''[[Angene Oru Avadhikkalathu]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]===<br />
{|class= "wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Category <br />
!Film<br />
|-<br />
|1983<br />
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<ref name="Film Critics Award">[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്സ് അവാര്ഡ് 1977 - 2012"]. Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</ref><br />
|''[[Koodevide]]''<br />
|-<br />
|1988<br />
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<ref name="Film Critics Award"/><br />
|''[[Isabella (1988 film)|Isabella]]'', ''[[Ponmuttayidunna Tharavu]]''<br />
|-<br />
|1992<br />
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<ref name="Film Critics Award"/><br />
|''[[Savidham]]'', ''[[Kudumbasametham]]''<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<ref name="Film Critics Award"/><br />
|''[[Sallapam]]'', ''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<ref name="Film Critics Award"/><br />
|''Gulmohar''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|2}}21.^ https://youtube.com/VVc3qiSW0gc?si=pq-uxaTwd-kSNKBd Medley of Jhonson Master's Background scores by www.m3db.com (Malayalam Movie & Music Database)<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|0424420|Johnson}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721223113/http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/php/displayProfile.php?category=musician&artist=Johnson Johnson] at the Malayalam Movie Database<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721223122/http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/php/createSongIndex.php?txt=Johnson&stype=musician A list of 700 songs by Johnson]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110819030102/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=208219 Johnson Master Passed away]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820034940/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/story.php?id=1122&cat_id=503 'കുന്നിമണിച്ചെപ്പ് തുറന്ന് – രവി മേനോന്' in Mathrubhumi Online]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110819030134/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/static/others/newspecial/index.php?cat=806 'ആരോടും മിണ്ടാതെ' in Mathrubhumi Online]<br />
* [http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/Music/Tribute-to-Johnson/index.htm 'ഓര്മ്മയ്ക്കായ്' in Manorama Online]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120223193002/http://www.globalindianewswire.com/index.php/20110824251/Features/Entertainment/malayalam-film-industry-never-recognized-johnsons-worth.html Malayalam film industry never recognized Johnson's worth: G. Venugopal]<br />
<br />
{{NationalFilmAwardBestMusicDirection}}<br />
{{KeralaStateFilmAwardBestMusicDirection}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson}}<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Best Music Direction National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Best Background Score National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]<br />
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:1953 births]]<br />
[[Category:2011 deaths]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloydius_chambensis&diff=500638Gloydius chambensis2025-12-16T03:52:06Z<p>Amit raj: new initial pg w/ infobox.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of snake}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| taxon = Gloydius chambensis<br />
| authority = Kuttalam, Santra, Owens, Selvan, Mukherjee, Graham, Togridou, Bharti, Shi, Shanker & Malhotra, 2022<ref name = "Kuttalam et al. 2022"/><br />
}}<br />
'''''Gloydius chambensis''''', the '''Chamba pitviper''', is a species of [[venomous snake]] belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Viperidae]] and the [[subfamily]] [[Crotalinae]], the pit vipers. It was [[Species description|described]] in 2022 from the [[Chamba district|Chamba District]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in the southern Himalayas of northern India.<ref name = "Kuttalam et al. 2022"/><ref name=RDB/> It was identified as a separate species from ''[[Gloydius himalayanus]]'' by genetic differences and by differences in the counts of scales in some tracts.<ref name = "Kuttalam et al. 2022">{{cite journal | author1 = Kuttalam, S. | author2 = Santra, V. | author3 = Owens, J. B. | author4 = Selvan, M. | author5 = Mukherjee, N. | author6 = Graham, S. | author7 = Togridou, A. | author8 = Bharti, O. K. | author9 = Shi, J. | author10 = Shanker, K. | author11 = Malhotra, A. | display-authors = 3 | year = 2022 | title = Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of ''Gloydius himalayanus'' (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue=852 | pages = 1–30 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2022.852.2003| s2cid = 254676412 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2022EJTax.852.2003K }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species |genus=Gloydius |species=chambensis |access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q116446391}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Gloydius|chambensis]]<br />
[[Category:Snakes of India]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]<br />
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2022]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{snake-stub}}</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2025_Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Council_election&diff=4833462025 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council election2025-11-30T10:37:17Z<p>Amit raj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sources exist|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Short description|Elections for the Upper House of Andhra Pradesh Legislature}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox legislative election<br />
| country = India<br />
| previous_election = [[2023 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council elections|2023]]<br />
| next_election = 2027<br />
| election_date = 2025<br />
| seats_for_election = 8 seats in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]<br />
| ongoing = no<br />
| nopercentage = yes<br />
| party1 = [[YSR Congress Party]]<br />
| leader1 = [[Botsa Satyanarayana]]<br />
| current_seats1 = <br />
| seats1 = <br />
| last_election1 = <br />
| party2= [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br />
| leader2 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]<br />
| current_seats2 = <br />
| seats2 = <br />
| last_election2 = <br />
| party3= [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| leader3 = [[Somu Veerraju]]<br />
| current_seats3 = <br />
| seats3 = <br />
| last_election3 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The 2025 '''Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council elections''' were held as part of a routine six-year cycle among different types of Legislative Council Constituencies in [[Andhra Pradesh]] in March 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=AP & TS Graduate MLC Elections Notification Released 2023 {{!}} AP / TS Election Commission Graduate MLC's - TeacherNews |url=https://teachernews.in/ap-ts-graduate-mlc-elections-notification/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> to elect 8 of its 58 members, of which 8 are appointed by the governor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview - Legislative Council - Liferay DXP |url=https://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/overview |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.aplegislature.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Elections ==<br />
List according to poll dates<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Constituency type<br />
!Members retiring<br />
!Date of poll<br />
!Date of retirement<br />
|-<br />
| Graduates constituency<br />
| 2<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2025<br />
| rowspan="3" | 29 March 2025<br />
|-<br />
| Teachers constituency<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| MLA's constituency<br />
| 5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members Elected ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Elected from Graduates constituencies|Graduates constituencies]] ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!#<br />
!Name <br />
!Previous MLC<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!Term end<br />
! Elected MLC<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!Term start<br />
|- <br />
|1<br />
| [[Krishna-Guntur Graduates constituency|Krishna-Guntur]]<br />
|[[K. S. Lakshmana Rao]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" rowspan=1|<br />
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|29-03-2019<br />
|[[Perabathula Rajasekharam]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Telagu Desam Party}}" rowspan=1|<br />
| [[Telagu Desam Party|TDP]]<br />
|30-03-2025<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| [[East Godavari-West Godavari Graduates constituency|East Godavari-West Godavari]]<br />
|Illa Venkateswara Rao"<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|<br />
| <br />
|29-03-2019<br />
|<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" rowspan=1|<br />
|30-03-2025<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== [[Elected from Teachers constituencies|Teachers constituencies]] ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!#<br />
!Name <br />
!Previous MLC<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!Term end<br />
! Elected MLC<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!Term start<br />
|- <br />
|1<br />
| [[Vizianagaram-Visakhapatnam-Srikakula Teachers constituency|Vizianagaram-Visakhapatnam-Srikakulam]]<br />
|Pakalapati Raghu Varma<ref>{{Cite news |last=|first=|date=2019-03-26 |title=Raghu Varma elected MLC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/raghu-varma-elected-mlc/article26646995.ece |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" rowspan=1|<br />
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|29-03-2019<br />
|[[Somu Veerraju]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|30-03-2025<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[2025 elections in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council}}<br />
[[Category:State Legislative Council elections in India]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]<br />
[[Category:2023 elections in India]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panchapakesa_Jayaraman&diff=464936Panchapakesa Jayaraman2025-11-30T00:50:16Z<p>Amit raj: slightly reworked intro per standard format additionally and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian writer and scholar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Panchapakesa Jayaraman<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1932|06|20}}<br />
| birth_place = India<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|11|28|1932|06|20}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| othername = <br />
| occupation = Writer<br>Scholar<br />
| yearsactive = <br />
| known for = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| domesticpartner = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
| website = <br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br>[[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]<br>AAC Hall of Fame<br />
}}<br />
'''Panchapakesa Jayaraman''' is an Indian writer, scholar, vedic priest and a former executive director of the [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], USA.<ref name="Professor Appleby to speak in U.N. discussion of Islamophobia">{{cite web | url=http://news.nd.edu/news/7823-professor-appleby-to-speak-in-un-discussion-of-islamophobia/ | title=Professor Appleby to speak in U.N. discussion of Islamophobia | publisher=University of Notre Dame | date=2 December 2004 | access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Sital Kalantry, Eduardo Penalver">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/06/style/sital-kalantry-eduardo-penalver.html | title=Sital Kalantry, Eduardo Penalver | work=New York Times | date=6 July 1997 | access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref> He is a known academic in [[Vedanga|Vedic Studies]] and Indian philosophy.<ref name="Saraswati Lineage">{{cite web | url=http://www.vidya-samyogah.com/#!lineage/c74h | title=Saraswati Lineage | publisher=Vidya Samyogah | date=2016 | access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref> He has edited six and authored 12 books including, ''Subrahmaṇya Bhāratī: Bhārata sapūta'', published in 1967 by Kshitija Prakāśana.<ref name="Subrahmaṇya Bhāratī: Bhārata sapūta">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kM5EAQAAIAAJ | title=Subrahmaṇya Bhāratī: Bhārata sapūta | publisher=Kshitija Prakāśana | author=Panchapakesa Jayaraman | year=1967 | pages=55}}</ref><br />
<br />
Jayaraman served as a faculty member in various Indian academic institutions since 1948 before moving to US and founded the ''Institute of Indian Culture'', New York,<ref name="Fourth Conglomeration of AAC and Hall of Fame Awards fete held">{{cite web | url=http://indiatribune.com/fourth-conglomeration-of-aac-and-hall-of-fame-awards-fete-held/ | title=Fourth Conglomeration of AAC and Hall of Fame Awards fete held | publisher=India Tribune | date=10 February 2011 | access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref> as a branch of the [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] in 1980.<ref name="Speakers">{{cite web | url=https://www.un.org/wcm/webdav/site/dpingorelations/shared/Documents/PDF%20Documents/Final%20Programme%20Hinduism%20Briefing%2021%20Jan%202010.pdf | title=Speakers | publisher=United Nations | date=21 January 2010 | access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref> He held the post of the executive director of the organization till his retirement in 2007 and continues his association with the organization as an honorary consultant. He headed the Department of Indian Languages at the [[Reserve Bank of India]] for sixteen years and has presented several literary programs in [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="Speakers" /> He was a delegate at the ''Seminar on Confronting Islamophobia'', conducted by the [[United Nations]] in Geneva on 7 December 2004<ref name="Unlearning Intolerance">{{cite web | url=http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/en/pressrels/2004/hr4798.html | title=Unlearning Intolerance | publisher=University of Vienna | date=11 November 2004 | access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref> where he delivered a keynote address.<ref name="Annan calls for steps to combat Islamophobia">{{cite web | url=http://www.dawn.com/news/376456/annan-calls-for-steps-to-combat-islamophobia | title=Annan calls for steps to combat Islamophobia | publisher=Dawn | date=9 December 2004 | access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Jayaraman received the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] from the [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs]] of the Government of India in 2007.<ref name="Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award">{{cite web | url=http://moia.gov.in/writereaddata/pdf/recipients_2003_2015.pdf | title=Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award | publisher=Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs | date=2016 | access-date=February 17, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128094230/http://moia.gov.in/writereaddata/pdf/recipients_2003_2015.pdf | archive-date=28 January 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The Government of India followed it up with the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2009, for his contributions to Literature and Education<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=January 3, 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the ''Asian American Coalition USA'' (AAC) inducted him into their Hall of Fame in 2011.<ref name="Fourth Conglomeration of AAC and Hall of Fame Awards fete held"/><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]<br />
{{portal|India|Literature}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayaraman, Panchapakesa}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:American religious writers]]<br />
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]<br />
[[Category:1932 births]]<br />
[[Category:2023 deaths]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bapuji_Bhangare&diff=489704Bapuji Bhangare2025-11-16T04:58:39Z<p>Amit raj: starting the article first draft.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of [[Devgaon]]<br />
| name = Bapujirao Bhangare<br />
| caption = Bapuji Bhangare Tombstone<br />
| image = Raghoji_Bhangre_Jayanti_celebration_by_maharashtra_police_2007.jpg<br />
| honorific_suffix = Bandkari<br />
| other_names = Bapuji Patil<br />
| birth_name = Bapujirao Bhangare<br />
| birth_place = Satewadi village, [[Akole Taluka]], [[Bombay Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] ([[Maharashtra]], [[India]])<br />
| death_cause = Hanged<br />
| occupation = [[Jagir]]dar<br />
| years_active = 1844 - 1848<br />
| era = [[British Raj|British era]]<br />
| organization = Bandkari<br />
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]<br />
| criminal_charges = [[Murder]]s, [[Robbery|Gang Robbery]]s, [[Blackmail]]ing, [[Plundering]]<br />
| partner = [[Raghoji Bhangare]] (brother)<br />
| parents = Ramjirao Bhangare (father)<br />
| relatives = [[Javji Bamble]] (cousin)<br />
}}<br />
'''Bapuji Bhangare'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gāre |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9hGAAAAMAAJ |title=Sahyādrītīla ādivāsī, Mahādevakoḷī |publisher=Ādima Sāhitya |year=2003 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=76–127 |language=mr}}</ref> was a [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of [[Devgaon|Deogaon]] and Indian freedom fighter who challenged the [[British Raj|British]] [[Bombay Presidency|government]] in [[Maharashtra]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulkarni-Pathare |first=Dr Ravindra Thakur Translated From MARATHI to ENGLISH by Reshma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtDQDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bapu+Bhangare&pg=PT94 |title=MAHATMA JYOTIRAO PHULE- english |date=2020-02-17 |publisher=Mehta Publishing House |isbn=978-93-5317-404-0 |location=New Delhi, India |language=en}}</ref> Bapuji Bhangare breakdown the British government strongly in [[Pune district|Pune]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmadnagar]] and [[Nashik district|Nashik]] [[List of districts of Maharashtra|districts]] of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6U5AQAAIAAJ |title=Itihas |year=1973 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=139 |isbn=9789854420769 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
When he was captured by [[British Army|British]] [[troop]]s, he was only 26 years old.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hardiman |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EsfAQAAIAAJ |title=Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India |last2=Hardiman |first2=Professor of History David |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-563956-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=226 |language=en}}</ref> The young [[Jyotirao Phule]] may have been inspired by Bapuji Bhangare, among others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Hanlon |first=Rosalind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC&dq=Bapu+Bhangare&pg=PA111 |title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India |date=2002-08-22 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-52308-0 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=111 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Bhangare was born to Ramji Bhangare who was [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of [[Devgaon]], [[Jemadar]] of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]] police.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sunthankar |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoNuAAAAMAAJ |title=Nineteenth Century History of Maharashtra: 1818-1857 |publisher=Shubhada-Saraswat Prakashan |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-85239-50-7 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=408: In 1844 again the tribes organised a rebellion under the leadership of Raghu Bhangre and Bapu Bhangre , the two sons of a jamadar of the Ahmadnagar police , who was a Koli by caste . Their headquarters were the hilly country north |language=en}}</ref> Bapuji was grown up in [[Jawhar State]] because his elder brother '''Rama Rao Bhangare''' was married to the sister of [[Raja]] of Jawhar State.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Frederick Bruce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9dmbS_n9UEC |title=Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |year=1978 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=289 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Rebellion ==<br />
In February 1844, challenged the [[British Army|British]] government in hilly tract of [[Western Ghats]] of [[Konkan]] region of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Sashi Bhusan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9h4dAAAAMAAJ |title=Civil Disturbances During the British Rule in India, 1765-1857 |publisher=[[World Press]] |year=1955 |isbn=978-0-598-57785-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=168 |language=en}}</ref> Bapuji along with his [[revolutionary]] army, attacked and looted the British supporting [[Sahukars]], [[Moneylenders]] and village [[Patil (title)|Patils]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghodke |first=H. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRpuAAAAMAAJ |title=Mahārāshṭragāthā |publisher=Rājahãsa Prakāśana |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7434-186-0 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=205 |language=mr}}</ref> In May month, attacked and plundered the villages in [[Akola]], [[Igatpuri]] and [[Khed taluka, Ratnagiri|Khed]] [[Tehsil|talukas]] because of controlled by [[British Raj|British government]]. He based his revolutionary army in [[List of Koli states and clans|Koli]] country of [[Jawhar State]] in [[Konkan]] because his brother '''Rama Rao Bhangare''' was married to sister of Koli [[Raja]] of [[Jawhar]] [[Princely state|State]]. He was fully support and shielded by ruler of Jawhar. Bapuji Bhangare along with other Koli chief '''Bhau Kengle''' levied tribute from British controlled territory. In January 1845, Bapuji attacked at [[Police station]] of [[Vada, Palghar|Vada]] and captured the station but two of revolutionaries were killed in action.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=111–112–132–147 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Large numbers of Kolis [[agriculturist]]s of the above ghat villages who were suspected of helping the Koli revolutionaries were called into [[Rajur]] and ordered to give active help to the British authorities, while their families were detained as so-called 'security' to ensure that they carried out this task. These Koli peasants were forced to abandon their villages at the time when they should have been busy preparing their fields for the first rains. The conditions in the detention centres were moreover notoriously bad: the prisoners suffered from malnourishment and there were deaths from [[Cholera]]. Put into this intolerable situation, many other Kolis also [[Revolution|revolted]] against British government. By 21 June 1845, British [[troop]]s sent to capture revolutionaries and around 150 revolutionaries had been either captured or killed. Most prominent amongst them was Bhau Kengle captured at that time. In August Bapu Bhangare was double-crossed by a member of [[Mahar]] caste and captured by [[captain]] Liddel.<ref name=":0" /> after capture of Bapuji, the rebellion was continued by his brother [[Raghoji Bhangare]] till 1848 and 2 May 1848, Raghoji also was hanged.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keer |first=Dhananjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFY9fz68KEsC&q=Bapu+Bhangare |title=Mahatma Jotirao Phooley: Father of the Indian Social Revolution |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-7154-066-2 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Bapuji Bhangare was captured by [[Captain]] Liddel on 18 August 1845 and sent to [[Ahmednagar]] central [[Prison|jail]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Divekar |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZNuAAAAMAAJ |title=South India in 1857 War of Independence |date=1993 |publisher=Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Trust |pages=62: In 1844 , anti - British uprisings in [[Pune]] area were led by two brothers , namely , Raghu Bhangre and Bapu Bhangre . Their followers included people of Koli caste. Bapu was caught by the British on 18 August 1845 |language=en}}</ref> In November, he was tried for [[treasury]] and [[Hanging|hanged]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:1848 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghar_Bachao_Ghar_Banao_Andolan&diff=500339Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Andolan2025-11-14T15:30:15Z<p>Amit raj: new some post and citations.</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Aandolan''' ({{langx|hi|घर बचाओ घर बनाओ आंदोलन}}, 'save homes, make homes movement') is a people's movement that emerged in the backdrop of massive [[slum]] demolitions in [[Mumbai]] in 2003–04.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/ghar-bachao-ghar-banao-andolan-launches-awaas-haq-satyagrah| work= Sadda Haq| title=Mumbai: Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Andolan launches Awaas Haq Satyagrah|date=2016-05-26|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref> It started in 2005 as a struggle for housing rights in Mumbai, and continues to fight for rights of slum-dwellers and those cheated by the builders in various rehabilitation and redevelopment projects, including slum-dwellers, those affected by the [[Slum Rehabilitation Act]] and the unorganised sector workers. It is a part of the [[National Alliance of People's Movements]] and is led by [[Medha Patkar]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
A demolition on 2 and 3 April 2013 in the Golibar area, Mumbai, Maharashtra evicting 43 houses and displacing more than 200 people, was the backdrop against which the movement was born. The resident communities demanded in-situ and participatory housing rights. [[Medha Patkar]] with more than 500 slum-dwellers sat on an indefinite fast to protest against any further demolition until an inquiry into the matter was completed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/medha-patkar-enters-day-8-of-indefinite-fast/article1-1043023.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413020151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/mumbai/Medha-Patkar-enters-Day-8-of-indefinite-fast/Article1-1043023.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 13, 2013| work= Hindustan Times| title=Medha Patkar enters Day 8 of indefinite fast}}</ref> Patkar had alleged corruption and "atrocities" by builders in the city's slum rehabilitation scheme, and called for the halting of six projects by the [[Slum Rehabilitation Authority]], until a proper inquiry was conducted. The inquiry was conducted, that gave only a partial solution, hence communities continued with their struggle.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-12/india/38490454_1_slum-dwellers-medhapatkar-golibar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417022518/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-12/india/38490454_1_slum-dwellers-medhapatkar-golibar|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-17|work=[[The Times of India]]| title=Aruna Roy seeks Sonia's help to end Medha Patkar's fast}}</ref> Following the demolition of 75,000 houses of the poor by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] in 2005, Medha Patkar and others addressed a public meeting at [[Azaad Maidan]] Mumbai advocating mass action, that the communities re-build their houses on the same sites, and continue to assert and attain their right to shelter, water, electricity, sanitation, and livelihood.<br />
<br />
==Jeevan Bachao Aandolan, Mahul==<br />
{{See also|Mahul}}<br />
Jeevan Bachao Aandolan (save lives movement) is a 150-plus-day ongoing protest by the residents of Mahul, Mumbai with the basic demand that rehabilitation is supposed to encompass the restoration of livelihood, education opportunities and all basic amenities in an environment that is safe and liveable.<br />
The successful outcome of protest with the Bombay High Courts judgment in favour of the residents is a landmark victory for citizen housing movements in Mumbai.<br />
<br />
===Background===<br />
<br />
In December 2016 and on 13 May 2017, over one thousand slum houses along the Tansa water pipeline in Vidyavhar were demolished. This was done by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) in accordance to the 2009 [[Bombay High Court]] order to remove slums along the main water pipelines in the city and keep a 10-metre buffer zone around them.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/in-mumbai-vidyavihar-sloum-dwellers-fear-loss-of-livelihood-refuse-to-move/story-0aoWLMit1AECr1iXemJ9TL.html|access-date=2019-04-07|title=In Mumbai: Vidyavihar slum dwellers fear loss of livelihood, refuse to move |date=15 May 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Some of the families received alternate Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA) accommodation in Mahul village nearly 15&nbsp;km away despite the National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy 2007 which mandates the government to provide alternate accommodation to these people within a 3&nbsp;km radius of their old homes. Apart from the location, Mahul is one of the most polluted areas in Mumbai due to the large number of polluting and toxic industries like Hindustan Petroleum, Bharat Petroleum refineries, Sea Lord Containers, Aegis Logistics Ltd, Tata Power and Rashtriya Chemical and Fertilizers, among others. Moreover, there were no municipal hospitals and municipal schools in the area.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/politics/mumbais-mahul-classic-case-rehabilitation-gone-horribly-wrong|access-date=2019-04-07|title=Mumbai's Mahul is a Classic Case of Rehabilitation Gone Horribly Wrong }}</ref><br />
<br />
This caused a spike in the number of illnesses and diseases faced by residents in Mahul post rehabilitation to the colony. The spike in the respiratory, heart and skin diseases and deaths post rehabilitation has been proved by independent experts and the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board's Comprehensive Environment Pollution Index which categorises Mahul as “severely polluted". The high level of [[toluene]] in the air led to the 2015 interim judgement by the [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]] (NGT) that stated Mahul was “unfit for human habitation."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Ki7VXzsgdtebWpHmXQPuMI/Life-and-death-in-Mumbais-human-dumping-ground.html|access-date=2019-04-07|title=Life and death in Mumbai's 'human dumping ground' |date=28 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/civic-issues/article/mahul-s-toxic-hell-mirror-now-campaign-pays-off-2-polluting-factories-to-be-shut/239408|access-date=2019-04-07|title=Mahul's toxic hell: Mirror Now campaign pays off, 2 polluting factories to be shut }}</ref><br />
As per an [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] query in 2018, there have been 87 deaths in Mahul due to respiratory illnesses.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/041218/mahul-residents-to-stage-protest-before-cmo.html|access-date=2019-04-07|title=Mahul residents to stage protest before CMO |date=4 December 2018 }}</ref><br />
A report by NGO Vishwashanti Lokkalyan in July 2018 found that 60% of the residents faced a health issue because of the polluted environment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-60-percent-of-mahul-residents-have-skin-disease-or-asthma-trouble/19572163|access-date=2019-04-07|title=Mumbai: 60 percent of Mahul residents have skin disease or asthma trouble |date=3 July 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Mahul-2.jpg|thumb|Residents receiving documents from Maharashtra Environment Minister]]<br />
<br />
===Timeline of events===<br />
This was:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/a-hellhole-called-mahul/article25649926.ece|access-date=2019-04-07|title=A hellhole called Mahul |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 December 2018 |last1=Deshpande |first1=Tanvi }}</ref><br />
<br />
* March 2018: the protesters moved the Bombay High Court to take action<br />
* July 2018: BMC offers a Rs. 29 crore in-situ development plan for residents which is rejected by residents<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mahul-residents-reject-bmcs-29-crore-development-plan/article24393150.ece|access-date=2019-04-07|title=Mahul residents reject BMC's ₹29-crore development plan |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 July 2018 }}</ref><br />
* August 8, 2018: HC interim order to move protesters out of Mahul till a solution is found<br />
* October 23, 2018: Residents plan to meet his Sena President [[Uddhav Thackeray]], handover a signed petition to DCP Rajendra Patil<br />
* October 28, 2018: Residents start "Jeevan Bachao Aandolan", goes on for over 150 days.<br />
* November 12, 2018: Protesters meet State Housing Minister [[Prakash Mehta]], who assures he will move them to Kurla<br />
* November 27, 2018: CM tells Yuva Sena leader [[Aditya Thackeray]] shifting residents to Kurla not possible, say protesters<br />
* December 16, 2018: Residents march to Azad Maidan<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gbgbandolan.org/articles/mahul-reisdents-forced-to-sleep-without-shelter-on-a-cold-windy-night|accessdate=2019-04-07|title=Mahul {{as written|rei|sdents [sic]}} forced to sleep without shelter on a cold windy night |date=17 December 2018 }}</ref><br />
* December 2018: Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] appoints panel to relocate Mahul residents post mass protests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/civic/devendra-fadnavis-appoints-panel-to-relocate-mahul-residents/articleshow/67202195.cms|access-date=2019-04-07|title=Devendra Fadnavis appoints panel to relocate Mahul residents }}</ref><br />
* April 4, 2019: Bombay HC directed Govt of Maha to pay monthly rent of Rs. 15000 to Mahul residents and other PAPs along with a deposit of Rs. 45000 as long as the finding of NGT regarding pollution remain intact. Major victory for protestors.<br />
* September 2019: Case remains embroiled in court as Government of Maharashtra refuses to act on Bombay HC decision for compensation<br />
* March 6, 2020: State Environment Minister distributes first batch of 288 houses with assurance that remaining allotment will happen soon.<ref>{{cite news|title= 288 project-affected families who were allotted homes in 'toxic hell' of Mahul will now get flats in Gorai |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/paps-get-keys-to-a-better-life/articleshow/74520583.cms|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Citizen-led movement===<br />
<br />
Residents who were forced into the unliveable conditions and faced the consequences of the injustice and hazardous conditions came forward to take collective action that resulted in a citizens movement. Bilal Khan the convener of Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Aandolan coordinated protests and legal processes along with support from [[Medha Patkar]] and several social activists.<br />
<br />
==Awas Haq Satyagraha, Mandala==<br />
[[File:Mandala slum demolition.jpg|thumb|right|Mandala slum demolition]]<br />
The Ghar Bachao Ghar Banaoo (GBGB) movement currently works in those slums of Mumbai which have been demolished in or after 2004. It works with the affected community and inculcates leadership from within the community. In 2015, Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Andolan launched the Awaas Haq Satyagraha (Struggle for Right to Housing) along with residents of Mandala, supported by dwellers from across the city and at least five thousand slum-dwellers continue to be on satyagraha in Mandala, Mankhurd, Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/ghar-bachao-ghar-banao-andolan-launches-awaas-haq-satyagrah| work= Sadda Haq| title=Mumbai: Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Andolan launches Awaas Haq Satyagrah|date=2016-05-26|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref> The demands included that the [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana|Rajiv Awas Yojana]] proposal be approved and 3,000 families be allowed to stay put till then, all basic amenities be provided to all slum communities as per section 5(A) of Slum Act, especially water and toilets and that there should be no eviction before monsoon, and never without an alternative. GBGBA has raised a constant demand that SRA projects wherein corruption has been exposed, needs to be reviewed with priority and justice should be done to people through due process with transparency and people's participation.<br />
<br />
==Community activities==<br />
GBGB believes in building the community and empowering people in informal settlements. Activists and experts from within and outside the community conduct various activities to further this initiative<br />
<br />
===Children Learning Centre===<br />
The Children learning centre is an initiative taken forward by GBGBA for the benefit of the children from the lower stratum of the society. As the name suggests it is a centre for providing basic education to the children residing in slums so that they are well prepared for the formal education process. The presently active centre is in Shivaji Nagar in Chembur West coordinated by Mr. Gulab Ansari, who is a resident of the respective slum. Also, known as Balwadi, the centre provides education free of cost and has a nominal monthly expense of only Rs 12000. Recently four children from this centre have been successfully admitted in a school authorized by Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. Legal and child rights activists have also conducted constitution classes for children in the informal settlements.<br />
<br />
==Budgetary allocations for rehabilitation==<br />
In 2017–2018, GBGB raised the issue of budget cuts for housing projects in the Maharashtra state budget.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-budget-2017-18-14-cut-in-housing-budget-2367031| work= DNA India| title=Maharashtra Budget 2017-18: 14% cut in housing budget|date=2017-04-24|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Ideology and Demands==<br />
The movement believes that the right to housing is a basic human right and the Government cannot deny it just on the basis of 'illegality'. It advocates the Constitution of India, fundamental rights<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/Right-to-housing/article16640873.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date= 2009-03-29|access-date=2017-11-30|title=Right to housing}}</ref> and directive principles of state policy—which includes the constitutional guarantee of shelter and other basic services, and right to livelihood. It believes in the framework of equity and justice which is required to be the basis for development planning as a whole and housing projects in particular. It fights corruption, malpractices, and protests against the accumulation of resources like land in the hands of a few, and advocates for better implementation of laws related to slum rehabilitation.<br />
It believes that poor localities in urban areas need to be seen not as illegal encroachments but as service guilds, that slum-dwellers make vital contributions to the life of the city and thus advocates that they be involved in an equitable and inclusive urban planning and development process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gbgb.in/|title=Welcome to Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Andolan |publisher=Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Aandolan|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{URL|http://gbgbandolan.org/}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Political organisations based in India]]</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Narahari&diff=506949K. Narahari2025-10-21T21:51:08Z<p>Amit raj: Put up some stub w/ sources!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1932–2025)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]<br />
| term_start = 1 July 1984<br />
| term_end = 30 June 2002<br />
| successor = Puttanna<br />
| constituency = ''Bangalore Teachers''<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1932|5|25}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], Mysore State, India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2025|10|8|1932|5|25}}<br />
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India<br />
| profession = Professor, politician<br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]], [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| source = https://www.kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/EXMEMBERS/NarahariK.htm<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''K. Narahari''' (25 May 1932 – 8 October 2025) was an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Karnataka]] who was the Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Council]] representing Bangalore Teachers constituency from 1984 till 2002 when he lost to Puttanna of [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=25 June 2005 |title=HK Patil wins Legislative Council poll |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/hk-patil-wins-legislative-council-poll/articleshow/14098402.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India |language=}}</ref> Narahari died on 8 October 2025, at the age of 93.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/veteran-rss-leader-and-former-mlc-k-narahari-passes-away-in-bengaluru/article70138336.ece Veteran RSS leader and former MLC K. Narahari passes away in Bengaluru]</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Narahari, K.}}<br />
[[Category:1932 births]]<br />
[[Category:2025 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Karnataka Legislative Council]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bengaluru Urban district]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]<br />
<br />
{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>Amit rajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kara%E1%B9%87a_(pa%C3%B1c%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga)&diff=508541Karaṇa (pañcāṅga)2025-09-24T23:38:38Z<p>Amit raj: Put up new post from scratch!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Duration of time in Indian astronomy}}<br />
In Indian astronomy, a '''''karaṇa''''' is a half of a ''[[tithi]]''. It is the duration of time in which the difference of the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon is increased by 6 degrees.<ref name="Sewell">{{cite book |last1=Robert Sewell and Sankara Balakrishna Dikshit |title=The Indian Calendar |date=1896 |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwithtablesofconversionrobertsewellsankarabalkrishnadikshit_587_x/page/n17/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Rao">{{cite book |last1=S. Balachandra Rao |title=Indian Astronomy: An Introduction |date=2000 |publisher=Universities Press |location=Hyderabad |page=69 |url=https://archive.org/details/indianastronomyanintroductionbalachandraraos._425_y/page/69/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=2 January 2024 |ref=Rao}}</ref> A lunar month has 30 ''tithi''-s and so the number of ''karaṇa''-s in a lunar month is 60. These sixty ''karaṇa''-s are not individually named. Instead, the originators of the concept have chosen 11 names to be associated with the ''karaṇa''-s which means several ''karaṇa''-s will be associated with the same name. Of these 11 names, four are fixed or immovables (or ''sthira''-s) in the sense that they are associated with four unique ''karaṇa''-s in a lunar month. These constant names are ''Śakuni'', ''Catuṣpāda'', ''Nāga'' and ''Kimstughna''. The remaining seven names are variable or movable (or, ''cara''-s) in the sense that there are several ''karaṇa''-s associated with each of them. These names are ''Bava'', ''Bālava'', ''Kaulava'', ''Taitila'', ''Gara'', ''Vaṇij'' and ''Vṛṣṭi''. <br />
<br />
==Assignment of names==<br />
<br />
The four fixed names are assigned as follows:<br />
<br />
::{|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kṛṣṇa pakṣa caturdasi'' second half<br />
| : &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br />
| ''Śakuni''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Amāvāsya'' first half <br />
| : <br />
| ''Catuṣpāda''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Amāvāsya'' second half <br />
| : <br />
| ''Nāga''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Śukla pakṣa pratipad'' first half <br />
| :<br />
| ''Kimstughna''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The fifty-six half ''tithi''-s starting from ''Śukla pakṣa pratipad'' second half to ''Kṛṣṇa pakṣa caturdasi'' first half are given the variable names ''Bava'', ''Bālava'', ''Kaulava'', ''Taitila'', ''Gara'', ''Vaṇij'' and ''Vṛṣṭi'' in a cyclical order. These names are repeated in the same order eight times so that the same name is assigned to eight different half ''tithi''-s. <br />
<br />
The fixed and variable names are assigned as in the following table.<br />
<br />
::{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Names of ''karaṇa''-s<br />
|-<br />
! ''Pakṣa'' !! ''Tithi'' !! Half !! Name !! &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; !! ''Pakṣa'' || ''Tithi'' !! Half !! Name <br />
|-<br />
| style="background: #BCD4E6;"|'''''Śukla''''' ||style="background: #BCD4E6;" | ''Pratipad'' ||style="background: #BCD4E6;"| First || style="background: #BCD4E6;"|''Kimstughna'' || || '''''Kṛṣṇa''''' || ... || ... || ...<br />
|-<br />
| ,, || ,,|| Second || ''Bava''|| || ,,|| ''Ekādasi''|| First || ''Bava''<br />
|-<br />
| ,, || ''Dvitīya'' || First || ''Bālava'' || ||,,|| ,, || Second || ''Bālava''<br />
|-<br />
| ,, ||,, || Second || ''Kaulava'' || || ,,||''Dvādaśī'' || First || ''Kaulava''<br />
|-<br />
| ,, ||''Tṛtīya'' || First || ''Taitila'' || ||,,|| ,, || Second || ''Taitila''<br />
|-<br />
| ,, || ,, || Second || ''Gara''|| || ,,|| ''Trayodaśī''|| First || ''Gara''<br />
|-<br />
| ,, || ''Caturthi'' || First || ''Vaṇij'' || || ,,|| ,,|| Second|| ''Vaṇij''<br />
|-<br />
| ,, || ,,|| Second || ''Vṛṣṭi'' || || ,,|| ''Caturdaśī'' || First || ''Vṛṣṭi''<br />
|-<br />
| ,, || ''Pañcami'' || First || ''Bava'' || || style="background: #BCD4E6;"|,,|| style="background: #BCD4E6;"|,, ||style="background: #BCD4E6;"| Second ||style="background: #BCD4E6;"| ''Śakuni''<br />
|-<br />
| ,, || ,,|| Second || ''Bālava'' || ||style="background: #BCD4E6;"| ,, ||style="background: #BCD4E6;"|''Amāvāsya'' ||style="background: #BCD4E6;"| First || style="background: #BCD4E6;"|''Catuṣpāda''<br />
|- <br />
| ,, || ... || ... || ... || ||style="background: #BCD4E6;"| ,, ||style="background: #BCD4E6;"| ,, ||style="background: #BCD4E6;"| Second ||style="background: #BCD4E6;"| ''Nāga''<br />
|}<br />
==Algorithm to determine the ''karaṇa''==<br />
<br />
The name of the ''karaṇa'' at a particular moment on any given day can be determined by the following algorithm.<ref name="Rao"/><br />
<br />
# Let the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon be S and M respectively at a particular moment on a given day. <br />
# If M >= S, then D = M - S. <br />
# If M < S, then D = (M - S) + 360°.<br />
# Divide D by 6°. Let K be the quotient (an integer).<br />
# If K = 57, 58, 59, or 0 then the ''karaṇa'' is ''Śakuni'', ''Catuṣpāda'', ''Nāga'', or ''Kimstughna'' in that order.<br />
# Otherwise, if K > 7, subtract the nearest multiple of 7 from K and let K be the resulting number.<br />
# Then the ''karaṇa'' at the particular moment is the K-th ''karaṇa'' in the list of seven variable ''karaṇa''-s, namely, ''Bava'', ''Bālava'', ''Kaulava'', ''Taitila'', ''Gara'', ''Vaṇij'' and ''Vṛṣṭi''.<br />
<br />
==''Karaṇa'' names in Malayalam==<br />
<br />
In the Malayalam astronomical literature, the eleven ''karaṇas'' are assigned names which are words for various animals. The English equivalents of the animal words representing the various ''karaṇas'' are given below.<ref>{{cite book |last1=K. Pappootty |title=ജ്യോതിഷവും ജ്യോതിശ്ശാസ്ത്രവും (Astronomy and astrology) |date=June 2006 |publisher=Kerala Sastra Sahithya Parishad |location=Thrissur, Kerala |page=78 |url=https://ml.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_2 |access-date=3 January 2024}} (in Malayalam)</ref><br />
<br />
::{|<br />
|-<br />
|'''''Karaṇa'' name'''<br />
|<br />
|'''Malayalam name'''<br />
|<br />
|'''Meaning of Malayalam'''<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|'''name in English'''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Śakuni''<br />
|&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
| പുള്ള്<br />
|&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
| [[Shikra]] <br />
|-<br />
| ''Catuṣpāda''<br />
|<br />
| നാൽക്കാലി<br />
|<br />
| [[Quadruped]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nāga''<br />
|<br />
| പാമ്പ്<br />
|<br />
| [[Snake]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kimstughna''<br />
|<br />
| പുഴു<br />
|<br />
| [[Worm]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Bava''<br />
|<br />
| സിംഹം<br />
|<br />
| [[Lion]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Bālava''<br />
|<br />
| പുലി<br />
|<br />
| [[Tiger]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kaulava''<br />
|<br />
| പന്നി<br />
|<br />
| [[Pig]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Taitila''<br />
|<br />
| കഴുത<br />
|<br />
| [[Donkey]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Gara''<br />
|<br />
| ആന<br />
|<br />
| [[Elephant]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Vaṇij''<br />
|<br />
| പശു<br />
|<br />
| [[Cow]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vṛṣṭi''<br />
|<br />
| പട്ടി<br />
|<br />
| [[Dog]] <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
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==Origin and history of the concept of ''karaṇa''==<br />
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Most probably the concept of ''karaṇa'' arose almost simultaneously with the concept of ''tithi''. ''Tithi''-s are related to lunar-days and lunar-days are similar in concept to solar days or ''sāvana'' days. A ''sāvana'' day is the duration of time from one sunrise to the next sunrise. Roughly one half of a ''sāvana'' day is the duration of time from sunrise to the next sunset and the other half is the duration of time from sunset to the next sunrise. Before the introduction of the modern concept of ''tithi'', the concept of a lunar day was in vogue. It was the duration of time from one moon-rise to the next moon-rise. Similar to the division of a ''sāvana'' day, the lunar-day can also be divided into two halves: One half being the duration of time from moon-rise to the next moon-set (the lunar day time) and the other half being the duration of time from moon-set to the next moon-rise (lunar night time). The concept of ''karaṇa'' has originated in this division of the lunar day. Later, when the concept of ''tithi'' got established, the concepts of the lunar day time and lunar night time got replaced by the modern artificial concept of half-''tithi''-s. The works of the ''Vedāṅga'' period - ''Atharva Jyotiṣa'' and ''Ṛk-pariśiṣṭa'' mention the ''karaṇa''-s. So the origination of the concept of ''karaṇa''-s can be traced to as early as the period of ''Vedāṅga Jyotiṣa'', that is, around 500 BCE.<ref name="Dikshit">{{cite book |last1=Sankar Balakrishna Dikshit |title=English translation of "Bharatiya Jyotish Shastra" (History of Indian Astronomy) Part II |date=1981 |publisher=India Metereological Department, Govt of India |location=Kolkota |page=277 - 279 |url=https://archive.org/details/BharatiyaJyotishSastra2/page/276/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=3 January 2024}} (Translated by R. V. Vaidya from Marathi originally published in 1896.)</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shakti Dhara Sharma |title=Development of Pancanga from vedic times upto the present |journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India |date=1998 |volume=26 |pages=75–90 |url=https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1998BASI...26...75S/0000075.000.html |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
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* [[Nakshatra]]<br />
* [[Tithi]]<br />
* [[Nityayoga]]<br />
* [[Vāra (astronomy)|Vāra]]<br />
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==References==<br />
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[[Category:History of astronomy]]</div>Amit raj