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Dhanraj Koranani

2026-05-06T16:10:00Z

AmiePesina:

{{short description|Indian comedian}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhanraj
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Tadepalligudem]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actor, director
| television = ''[[Jabardasth (TV series)|Jabardasth]]''
| spouse = Sirisha
| mother =
| father =
| years_active = 2004-present
}}

'''Dhanraj Koranani''' is an Indian actor and comedian who works in [[Telugu cinema]] and television.

==Career==
He started his career in films with [[Teja (director)|Teja]] film, ''[[Jai (2004 Telugu film)|Jai]]''.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://businessoftollywood.com/2011/09/dhanraj/|title=Dhanraj - Business of Tollywood|work=Business of Tollywood|accessdate=30 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125224054/http://businessoftollywood.com/2011/09/dhanraj/|archive-date=25 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dhanraj entered the film industry with only four hundred rupees, leaving his hometown and parents without notice.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} He worked in a hotel in Hyderabad and attended acting school.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} He was leading a team "Dhanadhan Dhanraj" in a popular TV comedy-show [[Jabardasth (TV series)|''Jabardasth'']] telecast on ETV.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smarttalkies.com/jabardasthcomedyshow.html|title=ETV Telugu Jabardasth Katharnak Comedy Show,Nagababu,Roja,Jabardasth Latest All Episodes Online|publisher=Smarttalkies.com|accessdate=30 November 2014|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221151219/http://www.smarttalkies.com/jabardasthcomedyshow.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tollywoods-new-funny-men/articleshow/28892726.cms|title=Tollywood's new funny men - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 January 2017 }}</ref>

Dhanraj played opposite [[Lakshmi Manchu]] in the unreleased film, ''Pilavani Perantam''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pbs.twimg.com/media/B2ujtljCAAMwxI4.jpg|format=JPG|title=Promotional poster|publisher=Pbs.twimg.com|accessdate=30 November 2014}}</ref> Dhanraj participated in Telugu reality series [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 1)|''Bigg Boss 1'']]. He got eliminated in the 6th week.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-26th-august-217-episode-no-42-update-dhanraj-evicted-from-the-house-siva-balaji-in-safe-zone/articleshow/60242335.cms|title=Bigg Boss Telugu, 26th August 217, episode no 42 update: Dhanraj evicted from the house; Siva Balaji in safe zone - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=27 August 2017 }}</ref> He was team leader of "Dhanraj Blasters" in the comedy-show ''Adhirindhi'' on [[Zee Telugu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Enjoy this super entertaining skit from #Adhirindi!!Please vote and support me by giving missed call to 8291829160 |url=https://twitter.com/DhanrajOffl/status/1236991921127485440 |website=@DhanrajOffl |language=en |date=9 March 2020}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with ''[[Ramam Raghavam]]''.<ref>https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2025/Feb/19/dhanraj-koranani-ramam-raghavam-will-leave-you-disturbed</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Telugu films ===
====As actor====
{{colbegin}}

* ''[[Jai (2004 Telugu film)|Jai]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Godava]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Jagadam]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Yuvatha]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Parugu]]'' (2008)
* ''Pellikaani Prasad'' (2008)
* ''Vaade Kaavali'' (2009)
* ''Saarai Veerraju'' (2009)
*''Adugu'' (2009)
* ''[[Gopi Gopika Godavari]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Bheemli Kabadi Jattu|Bheemli Kabbadi Jattu]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Madatha Kaja]]'' (2011)
* ''Nakoo O Loverundi'' (2011)
* ''Nenu Nanna Abaddam'' (2011)
* ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Ayyare]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Poola Rangadu (2012 film)|Poola Rangadu]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Mem Vayasuku Vacham]]'' (2012)
* ''Housefull'' (2012)
* ''[[Eega]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Gabbar Singh (2012 film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu]]'' (2012)
*''[[Vennela 1½]]'' (2012)
*''[[Adda (2013 film)|Adda]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Abbai Class Ammai Mass]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Jaffa (2013 film)|Jaffa]]'' (2013) as Sujith
* ''Aha Naa Premanta'' (2013)
*''[[Priyathama Neevachata Kushalama]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Athadu Aame O Scooter]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Sukumarudu]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' (2013)
*''[[Dalam]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Music Magic (2013 film)|Music Magic]]'' (2013)
* ''Vintha Katha'' (2014)
* ''[[Basanti (2014 film)|Basanti]]'' (2014)
* ''Nenu Nene Ramune'' (2014)
* ''[[Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi]]'' (2014)
* ''Bhoo'' (2014)
* ''Naa Karma Kaali Poyindi'' (2014)
* ''AK Rao PK Rao'' (2014)
* ''[[Jump Jilani]]'' (2014)
*''[[Ee Varsham Sakshiga]]'' (2014)
*''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' (2015)
*''[[Raju Gari Gadhi]]'' (2015)
*''[[Bham Bolenath]]'' (2015)
*''[[Jyothi Lakshmi (film)|Jyothi Lakshmi]]'' (2015)
*''Dhanalaxmi Thalupu Thadithe'' (2015)
*''[[Jatha Kalise]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/jathakalisey.html|title=Jatha Kalisey review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Ashwin Babu & Tejaswi Madivada|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
*''[[Express Raja]]'' (2016)
*''Parvathipuram'' (2016) (dubbed in 2023 as ''Veera Khadgam'')
*''[[Manamantha]]'' (2016)
*''[[Banthi Poola Janaki]]'' (2016)
*''[[Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada]]'' (2016)
*''[[Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu (2016)|Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu]]'' (2016)
*''[[Naanna Nenu Naa Boyfriends]]'' (2016)
*''Devi Sri Prasad'' (2017)
* ''Nagamani'' (2017)
*''[[London Babulu]]'' (2017)
*''[[C/o Surya]]'' (2017)
*''[[Oye Ninne]]'' (2017)
*''[[Bhaagamathie]]'' (2018)
*''[[Hyderabad Love Story]]'' (2018)
*''[[Seven (2019 Indian film)|Seven]]'' (2019)
*''[[Kathanam]]'' (2019)
*''Sivaranjani'' (2019)
*''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'' (2019)
*''[[Bhagyanagara Veedullo Gamattu]]'' (2019; co-producer)
* ''[[Power Play (2021 film)|Power Play]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Induvadana]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Bujji Ila Raa]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Anukoni Prayanam]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Bhuvana Vijayam (film)|Bhuvana Vijayam]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Vimanam (2023 film)|Vimanam]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Keshava Chandra Ramavath]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Bachchala Malli]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Ramam Raghavam]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani]]'' (2026)
{{colend}}

==== As director ====
* ''[[Ramam Raghavam]]'' (2025); also actor

===Other language films===
* ''[[FM Fun Aur Masti]]'' (2007) (Dakhini)
* ''[[Odipolama]]'' (2009) (Tamil)
*''[[Dalam|Koottam]]'' (2014) (Tamil)
*''[[Durgamati]]'' (2020) (Hindi)

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of television shows and roles
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
|-
|2013–2016
|[[Jabardasth (TV series)|''Jabardasth'']]
|Team Leader
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|-
| 2017
| [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 1)|''Bigg Boss 1'']]
| Contestant
| [[Star Maa]]
|-
|2019–2020
|''Adhirindi''
|Team Leader
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|2022
|''Comedy Stars''
|Team leader
|[[Star Maa]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/interview-dhanraj-i-have-invested-all-my-hard-earned-money.html Interview]
*[https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/interview-dhanraj-i-worked-without-any-remuneration-for-this-film.html Interview]
* {{IMDb name|id=3648279}}
* {{Twitter|DhanrajOffl}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}

[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]

Shandilya Rishi Mandir

2026-05-03T14:28:17Z

AmiePesina: put up a data.

{{Short description|Temple dedicated to Shandilya Rishi}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Shandilya Rishi Mandir|native_name=शांडिल्य ऋषि मन्दिर|native_name_lang=hi|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=Rishi Shandilya|location=Shalin village|district=Kullu district|state=Himachal Pradesh|country=India|image=|caption=Shandilya Rishi Mandir at Shalin village}}
'''Shandilya Rishi Mandir''' ([[Devanagari]]: शांडिल्य ऋषि मंदिर) is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple dedicated to the [[Vedic period|Vedic]] sage [[Brahmarshi]] [[Shandilya (Rishi)|Shandilya]]. It is located at Shalin village in the [[Kullu district]] of the [[Himachal Pradesh]] in [[India]]. The new temple was built in the year 2014. The consecration of the temple was held on 14 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=महर्षि शांडिल्य के मंदिर की प्रतिष्ठा 14 से - |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/kullu-11836650.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> According to the legend of Shalin village, the sage Shandilya is the presiding deity of the village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=महिलाओं और कन्याओं ने निकाली कलश यात्रा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/himachal-pradesh/kullu/women-and-girls-took-out-kalash-yatra-kullu-news-sml4167732192 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-26 |title=फागली उत्सव : शलीण गांव में देव धुनें बजाकर भगाईं आसुरी शक्तियां - mobile |url=https://m.himachal.punjabkesari.in/himachal-pradesh/news/fagli-festival-in-sahlin-village-1338940 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref>

== Description ==
According to the caretaker Keshav Thakur of the temple, Shandilya Rishi is the presiding deity of ''Ujji valley''. The Fagli festival is a major festival celebrated in the temple of the sage Shandilya. In the festival, it is believed that with the divine power of Sage Shandilya and the traditional divine tunes by the villagers drive out the demonic powers from their area.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=K.K. Publications New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/Muht_himachal-prakritik-evam-sanskritik-paryatan-by-prof.-mohan-maitreya-k.-k.-publications-new-delh |title=Himachal Prakritik Evam Sanskritik Paryatan By Prof. Mohan Maitreya K. K. Publications New Delhi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

{{coord missing|Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kullu district]]
[[Category:Rishis]]

Kadhal Sukumar

2026-05-03T06:24:38Z

AmiePesina: creating biography

{{Short description|Indian actor and film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kadhal Sukumar
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor, director
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1997-present
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''Kadhal Sukumar''' is an Indian actor and director who has appeared in Tamil language films as a comedian notably in [[Balaji Sakthivel]]'s romantic film ''[[Kaadhal]]'' (2004).

==Career==
Sukumar, the son of a farmer from Alanganallur near Madurai, came to Chennai in 1997, searching for an opportunity to star in Tamil films. His first on screen appearance was in ''[[Sakthi (1997 film)|Sakthi]]'' (1997), where he featured as a dancer alongside [[Vadivelu]] in a song, with several critics remarking about his resemblance to the actor. Sukumar then first worked as an actor in [[Kasthuri Raja]]'s unreleased film ''Kaadhal Jaathi'', before working on a television show titled ''Oorvambu'' on Raj TV, which garnered attention for him in the film industry. Sukumar received a breakthrough after featuring as [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]]'s friend in [[Balaji Sakthivel]]'s coming-of-age, love story ''[[Kaadhal]]'' (2004). The success of the film prompted the actor to place the film's title as a prefix to his name. In the same year, he worked on two films starring [[Kamal Haasan]] - the village drama ''[[Virumaandi]]'' and the comedy ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/sugumar/tamil-cinema-interview-sukumar.html|title=Behindwoods : Interviews - Comedian Sugumar|publisher=}}</ref>

In 2008, Sukumar received an opportunity to play the leading role in a film titled ''Saamipulla'' opposite actresses [[Karthika Adaikalam|Karthika]] and [[Saranya Mohan]]. Despite a launch event, the film failed to progress and was consequently shelved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Tamil-News_and_Gossips-3,36674.php|title=Kadhal Sukumar dons a new role - Kollywood News & Gossips|publisher=}}</ref>

Sukumar began his career as a director in late 2012 through the production of ''Thirukkural'', but the film was later shelved after a few schedules.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kaadhal-Sugumar-turns-director/articleshow/17597856.cms|title=Kaadhal Sugumar turns director|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=}}</ref> His first release was consequently ''[[Thiruttu VCD]]'' (2015) featuring himself in a key role. The film had a low key release and did not perform well commercially.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Thiruttu-VCD-Review-Apart-From-Title-Little-Else-is-Imaginative-To-Sit-Through/2015/09/27/article3049716.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216010818/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Thiruttu-VCD-Review-Apart-From-Title-Little-Else-is-Imaginative-To-Sit-Through/2015/09/27/article3049716.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2015|title=Thiruttu VCD Review: Apart From Title, Little Else is Imaginative To Sit Through|publisher=}}</ref> Sukumar next made ''Summave Aaduvom'' (2016), focusing on street artistes, starring athlete Arun Balaji and [[Leema Babu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/kadhal-sugumars-summaave-aaduvom-athlete-arun-balaji-hero-420822.html|title='Kadhal' Sugumar's Summaave Aaduvom has athlete Arun Balaji as hero - KOLLY TALK|last=CF|date=9 June 2016|publisher=}}</ref> The film opened to positive reviews, with a critic from The New Indian Express stating "after his disastrous directorial debut in ''Thiruttu VCD'', ''Summave Aaduvom'' comes as a redemption of sorts for the actor-turned-maker".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/A-Lagaan-like-story-on-folk-artists/2016/07/16/article3531102.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717154333/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/A-Lagaan-like-story-on-folk-artists/2016/07/16/article3531102.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2016|title=A Lagaan-like story on folk artists|publisher=}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
|2015 || ''[[Thiruttu VCD]]'' ||
|-
|2016 || ''Summave Aaduvom'' ||
|}

===As an actor===
====Tamil====
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Sakthi (1997 film)|Sakthi]]'' (1997)
*''[[Kalakalappu (2001 film)|Kalakalappu]]'' (2001)
*''[[Ponnana Neram]]'' (2001)
*''[[Itha Oru Snehagatha|Thrill]]'' (2002)
*''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]'' (2002)
*''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004)
*''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' (2004)
*''[[Kaadhal]]'' (2004)
*''[[Remote (2004 film)|Remote]]'' (2004)
*''[[Aadhikkam]]'' (2005)
*''[[Karpanai]]'' (2005)
*''[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]]'' (2005)
*''[[Manthiran]]'' (2005)
*''[[Ilakkanam]]'' (2006)
*''[[Seethakoka Chiluka (2006 film)|Ilavattam]]'' (2006)
*''[[Yuga (2006 film)|Yuga]]'' (2006)
*''[[Mann (2006 film)|Mann]]'' (2006)
*''[[Kasu Irukkanum]]'' (2007)
*''[[Thullal (film)|Thullal]]'' (2007)
*''[[Thee Nagar]]'' (2007)
*''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' (2008)
*''[[Velvi (film)|Velvi]]'' (2008)
*''Iru Nadhigal'' (2009)
*''[[Nesi (film)|Nesi]]'' (2009)
*''[[Oru Kadhalan Oru Kadhali]]'' (2009)
*''[[Suriyan Satta Kalloori]]'' (2009)
*''[[Bayam Ariyaan]]'' (2010)
*''[[Kumari Pennin Ullathile (2010 film)|Kumari Pennin Ullathile]]'' (2010)
*''[[Neethana Avan]]'' (2010)
*''[[Puzhal (film)|Puzhal]]'' (2010)
*''[[Unakkaga Oru Kavithai]]'' (2010)
*''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]'' (2010)
*''[[Minsaram]]'' (2011)
*''[[Naan Sivanagiren]]'' (2011)
*''[[Idhayam Thiraiarangam]]'' (2012)
*''[[Suzhal (film)|Suzhal]]'' (2012)
*''Muthu Nagaram'' (2013)
*''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (2014 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]'' (2014)
*''Angusam'' (2014)
*''[[Kalai Vendhan]]'' (2015)
*''[[Thiruttu VCD]]'' (2015)
*''[[En Aaloda Seruppa Kaanom]]'' (2017)
*''Manushanaa Nee'' (2018)
* ''[[Sandimuni]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Thiruvalar Panchankam]]'' (2020)
* ''Sariya Thavara'' (2021)
* ''[[Thanne Vandi]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Aruvaa Sanda]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Star (2024 film)|Star]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Dappankuthu (film)|Dappankuthu]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Otha Votu Muthaiya]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Paramasivan Fathima]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Desingu Raja 2]]'' (2025)
* ''Police Family'' (2026)<ref>{{Cite web |title=“Police Family” Movie Review |url=https://chennaivision.com/police-family-movie-review/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=Chennai Vision}}</ref>

{{colend}}

====Telugu====
*''[[Neeku Naaku]]'' (2006)
*''[[Mallepuvvu]]'' (2008)
* ''Sweet Heart'' (2009)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|10077007}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sukumar, Kadhal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Madurai]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chhindari Dam

2026-04-27T16:09:27Z

AmiePesina: put up details...

{{short description|Dam in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Chhindari Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| location_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.53|N|80.98|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| dam_crosses = Pipariya River
| location = Chhuikhadan
| dam_type = Embankment, earthen-fill
| dam_length = {{Convert|1953|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{Convert|21|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume =
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1986
| cost =
| owner =
| res_name = Rani Rashmi Devi Reservoir
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|40560000|m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
}}
'''Chhindari Dam''' is a medium irrigation project built across the Pipariya River, about {{Convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of [[Chhuikhadan]] in the [[Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]. It is the largest dam of the district and gets its name from the neighbouring village of Chhindari. The lake that the dam forms behind it is officially known as the '''Rani Rashmi Devi Reservoir''' which extends in a northsouth direction.

The construction of the dam completed in 1986 later the state government in the year placed under the handed over to the [[Chhuikhadan]] Water Resources department division for its repair and maintenance.

==Construction details==

{{Empty section|date=January 2024}}

==Benefits==
The Chhindari dam<ref>{{Cite web |last=of CG |first=Exams |title=Question on Chhindari Dam |url=https://harishmanik.com/chhattisgarh-geography-quiz-and-mcq/ |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=harishmanik|date=5 January 2022 }}</ref> was built in hopes of benefiting the locals with better [[irrigation]] and cultivation systems. The reservoir consists of two major gates which release water of farmers demand any situation through its [[canals]]. The artificial lake is used to store water.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Britannica Article|title=Works|url=http://www.enwiki.net/wiki/eb/15514/|access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref>

* Local water supply
* Distant water supply, if water is sent to cities via aqueducts
* Local source of [[fishing]] & [[boating]]
* [[Wildlife]] [[habitat]]
* Increased water pressure for those living in the valley
* Irrigation
* [[Flood]] water control

==Low utilization of developed water resources==
The actual utilization as compared with the designed potential is very poor, about 61%. The reason could be the low rainfall or the low maintenance of the canal system.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1986]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Ziddi Dil Maane Na

2026-04-27T04:07:36Z

AmiePesina: put up pg

{{Short description|Indian youth drama (2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = ZiddiDilMaaneNaPoster.jpg
| alt_name =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| creator = Seema Sahani Sharma 
Sudhir Sharma
| director = Amit D Malik
| creative_director = Mani Dixit
| story = Shivani Shah
| screenplay = Nishikant Roy Ira Arya
| list_episodes =
| theme_music_composer = Shalin Sharma
| open_theme = Dil Ziddi Hai
| end_theme = Dil Ziddi Hai
| composer = Divya Limbasia
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 233
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2021|08|30}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2022|06|04}}
| executive_producer =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 23-28 minutes
| company = Sunshine Productions
| network = [[Sony SAB]]
}}

'''''Ziddi Dil Maane Na''''' ({{Translation|''The Stubborn Heart Doesn't Agree''}}) is an [[Television in India|Indian]] [[Hindi-language]] youth-based television drama series that aired on [[Sony SAB]]. It stars [[Shaleen Malhotra]], [[Kaveri Priyam]], [[Kunal Karan Kapoor]], Diljot Kaur Chhabra, Aditya Deshmukh and [[Simple Kaul]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shaalien-malhotra-kaveri-priyam-to-kunal-karan-kapoor-meet-the-jodis-of-new-show-ziddi-dil-maane-na/articleshow/85210208.cms|title=Shaalien Malhotra, Kaveri Priyam to Kunal Karan Kapoor; meet the jodis of new show Ziddi Dil - Maane Na - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 August 2021 }}</ref> The plot revolves around a young Special Action Force (SAF) team who find love while fulfilling their aspirations at the camp. The show is made under the banner of Sunshine Productions. It premiered on 30 August 2021 and ended on 4 June 2022.

==Plot==
{{long plot|date=January 2023}}
Colonel Pushpendra Batra, founder of Parakram SAF Academy, comes out of retirement and starts a civil training program due to increased terrorist activities. He promises the minister that if he fails in his mission he will return all his medals to the ministry. He chooses his three best special agents to carry out this program: Special Agent Karan Shergill, Special Agent Sanjana Dubey and Special Agent Faizuddin Siddiqui.

Dr. Monami Mahajan (Monu) is kind-hearted and helpful by nature and has decided to join the training against her father's wishes. She has a misunderstanding with Karan before joining the academy. Her best friend is Siddharth Ganju, arrives at the academy and claims to be her fiancée. She denies it but as Sanjana beats him, she accepts it. Siddharth claims to have a rare heart disease and Mrs. Batra throws an engagement party for Siddharth and Monami. Siddharth likes Sanjana but Sanjana rejects him and his gifts as she is already engaged but fails to mention it. After a few more issues, Siddharth is mistreated of Karan an after a while, thrown out of the academy. Around the same time, Monami stumbles upon an organ trafficking ring and while trying to stop this ring, the cadets, Special Agents and Siddharth start understanding each other. After stopping the ring, Siddharth is also given admission into the SAF Academy.

After a few more incidents, including helping Koel expose her abusive husband, Monami falls in love with Karan while Siddharth and Sanjana also become close. Karan does not reciprocate any feelings for Moani because of his past trauma and once Monami eventually learns about Karan's past, decides to let go of her feeling for Karan. In a twist of events, Karan realizes that he is in love with Monami but before he can express his feeling, Sanjana's regressive fiancé Kundan and Siddharth and Monami's good friend Dr. Aneesh who loves Monami from their college days arrive at the academy. Siddharth is heartbroken upon learning about Kundan and Sanjana and after some contemplation, realises that Sanjana also likes him reaches her village to stop wedding and on the other hand, seeing the camaraderie between Dr. Anees and Monami, Karan becomes jealous and insecure. After a few incidents, Karan and Monami confesses their love to each other.

Around the same time, Siddharth realises that Kundan helps run a women trafficking ring and informs this to Sanju and she does not believe him. During the wedding events, Kundan realises the truth about Siddharth and Sanjana, kidnaps him and vows to make sure the marriage not happen. Sanjana tries to rescue Siddharth and during this process get caught by KD, Kundan's boss and Siddharth gets injured. Karan and Monami find Siddharth, and with the help of Koel and other SAF members rescue Sanjana and the other girls and get Kundan and KD arrested.

Dhanu and Charu, the leaders of an extremist organization, find Karan's look-alike Balli, a truck driver and plan to disguise him as Karan and send him to the academy in his place. Karan shoots Dhanu during a fight causing her to slip into a coma but gets kidnapped by Charu after meeting an accident due to Balli. Balli swaps places with Karan while Monami grows anxious for Karan's safety. Balli's activities makes Monami and others suspicious of him. Their doubts are confirmed after Balli inappropriately touches Monami while Karan kills Dhanu. Batra Sir gives Monami, Faizi and Sanjana two days to find Karan and they start to implement their plan. Karan notices another prisoner captured by Charu and team, who turns out be Param, his brother. Balli betrays Charu which angers her. Monami, Faizi and Sanjana go to rescue Karan with the help of Balli. Charu plants a bomb in Karan's cell which blasts as Balli opens the door. Karan dies in Monami's arms. Monami is shattered upon losing her love and vows vengeance. Batra and team decide to use Balli after he informs them about Charu's misunderstanding and her plan. Monami gets emotional during her birthday celebration and misses Karan while Sanju, Faizi, Ustad Ji and Batra sir support her. Monami has a hard time seeing Balli getting the love and respect Karan used to get.

The terrorist organization plans an attack on CM when he visits Parakram SAF. Monami learns about Param being alive and informs Col. Batra. They rescue Param and it is revealed to the cadets that Karan is dead while Charu and team are caught. They give him a tribute. Everyone in the academy forgive Balli after he saves their lives except Monami. Param behaves strangely with everyone including Baby and Barkha, which makes Balli suspicious and he discovers that the head of PRF is Param himself, after which he decides to join as a cadet to expose Param. Monami too doubts Param and informs Balli about it. Karan is revealed to be alive and is working undercover to gather evidence against Param. Monami discovers the same and the duo share an emotional and romantic time together. Karan informs Monami about what happened to him and replaces Balli in the academy to trick Param with the help of Monami and Balli. First Siddharth and then Faizi learn that Karan is alive. Later Koel proposes marriage to Faizi and he happily agrees. Eventually, everybody discovers that Karan is alive and that Param is the Head of PRF. All of the cadets and trainers decide to expose him at Karan's birthday event and after a confrontation, Param is arrested.

A year later, Monami becomes a special agent and is the new head trainer of Parakram SAF. Karan is the academy head. Balli runs an NGO to help orphans using the money given by Charu and PRF. Sumanji is a karate teacher who runs a karate school for girls. Chitra and Bala are together. Koel, Faizi, and Nikhil are a family and Koel is an agent. Siddharth is also an agent and Sanjana is the academy head of Parakram SAF Bundelkhand. Monami and Karan invite everyone to their marriage party. They have a reunion while Monami and Karan share a romantic dance. Baby and Nikhil recite the academy's anthem and decide to be commandos as well.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Shaleen Malhotra]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shaalien-malhotra-on-playing-a-patriot-in-ziddi-dil-maane-na/articleshow/85534831.cms|title=Shaalien Malhotra on playing a patriot in 'Ziddi Dil Maane Na' – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 August 2021 }}</ref> as special Agent Major Karan Shergill:
** Param's brother, Barkha's brother-in-law, Soumya's uncle and best friend, Faizi's best friend, ustad ji and sanjana's karan sirji, parakram SAF head trainer later turned into academy head, Monami's husband, Anish seen him as rival, dhanu and charu's (PRF) rival (2021–2022)
*** Balli: A Punjabi truck driver, Karan's lookalike, best friend of shanty (2022)
* [[Kaveri Priyam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaveri-opens-up-on-her-role-in-upcoming-show-ziddi-dil-maane-na/articleshow/85124982.cms|title=Kaveri opens up on her role in upcoming show 'Ziddi Dil Maane Na' – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 August 2021 }}</ref> as Dr. Monami Mahajan Shergill:
**Deepak and Juhi's daughter, Siddharth childhood friend, former cadet at Parakram SAF, Aneesh's college friend, Karan's wife. She later becomes the head trainer after passing out her training. (2021–2022)
* [[Kunal Karan Kapoor]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/kunal-karan-kapoor-on-his-role-Siddharth-in-new-show-ziddi-dil-maane-na/videoshow/85625742.cms|title=Kunal Karan Kapoor on his role Siddharth in new show Ziddi Dil-Maane Na | TV – Times of India Videos|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> as Siddharth Ganju aka Sid G :
**Bodhraj's son, Monami's childhood best friend, former cadet at Parakram SAF, Sanjana's boyfriend. He later becomes Head Trainer in Parakram SAF Academy, Bundelkhand branch (2021–2022)
* Diljot Kaur Chhabra<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/my-first-tv-show-is-happening-at-the-right-time-in-life-diljot-chhabra/articleshow/85296495.cms|title=My first TV show is happening at the right time in life: Diljot Chhabra – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=13 August 2021 }}</ref> as Special Agent Sanjana "Sanju" Dubey:
**Kundan's ex-fiancée, Siddharth's girlfriend, Head of Parakram SAF Academy, Bundelkhand Branch. (2021–2022)
*Aditya Deshmukh as Special Agent Faizuddin Siddiqui aka Faizi:
**Karan's childhood best friend, Koel's husband and Nikhil's step-father. (2021–2022)
* [[Simple Kaul]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-simple-kaul-when-i-came-back-on-the-sets-after-a-long-break-i-was-a-little-nervous/articleshow/85101809.cms|title=Exclusive! Simple Kaul: When I came back on the sets after a long break, I was a little nervous – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 August 2021 }}</ref> as Koel Roy Siddiqui:
**Nikhil's mother, Abhay's ex-wife, former cadet at Parakram SAF, later becomes a trainer there, Faizuddin's wife. (2021–2022)

===Recurring===
*[[Abhishek Rawat]] as [[Commander-in-chief|Commander]] and Special Agent Param Shergill: Karan's brother who is assumed a [[Killed in action|martyr]], Barkha's husband, Soumya's father. (2021–2022)
**[[Anand Suryavanshi]] replaced Rawat as Param Shergill (2022)
*Nirbhay Thakur as Nikhil Mehra: Koel and Abhay's biological son, Faizi's step-son who is greatly loved by him. (2021–2022)
*Satyaketi Mishra as Suman Tiwari a.k.a Sumanji: A cadet, Rajesh Tiwari's wife, Koel's rival-turned-friend. After passing out, she opens a karate training academy for girls. (2021–present)
*Nirisha Basnett as Chitra: A cadet, Bala's girlfriend, later wife and a social media fanatic (2021–2022)
*[[Raju Shrestha]] as Prem "Premji" Deshpremi: An actor who joins the academy to show his children that he is something more than his TV shows and that he has an identity of his own (2021–2022)
*Prathmesh Sharma as Bala: An ex-pickpocketer who joins the academy due to Karan, a cadet, Chitra's boyfriend, later husband. (2021–2022)
*Subodh Gulati as Banta Singh aka Ustad Ji: A trainer who admire Karan and param (2021–2022)
* [[Vijay Kashyap]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=18 August 2021|title=Vijay Kashyap in Ziddi Dil…|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/vijay-kashyap-in-ziddi-dil%E2%80%A6-298710|website=Tribune India|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503055143/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/vijay-kashyap-in-ziddi-dil%E2%80%A6-298710|url-status=dead}}</ref> as [[Colonel|Col.]] Pushpinder Batra: Director of Parakram SAF and Civilian Training Project (2021–2022)
* [[Gulfam Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 July 2021|title=Gulfam Khan excited about being part of 'Ziddi Dil Maane Na'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gulfam-khan-excited-about-being-part-of-ziddi-dil-maane-na/articleshow/84787544.cms|website=E Times (Times Of India)}}</ref> as Mrs. Batra: Col. Batra's wife.(2021–2022)
*Amarkant Dubey as Dilbag Ji: A cook and in charge of the mess in Parakram SAF (2021–2023)
*Aarzu Soni as Soumya "Baby" Shergill: Param and Barkha's daughter, Karan's niece and best friend (2021–2022)
*[[Shriya Jha]] as Barkha Shergill: Param's wife, Soumya's mother, Karan's sister-in-law (2021–2022)
*Varsha Dhagat as Sanjana's mother (2021–2022)
*Manohar Teli as Sanjana's father (2021–2022)
*Himanshu Gokani as Chief Minister (2021–2022)
*Sushant Kandya as Special Agent Ambar Rawat : who hated Karan and Param, he wanted to become head trainer of program so had grudges against karan and try to conspire against karan to suspend him (2021)
*[[Ashish Kaul]] as Bodhraj Ganju: Siddharth's father (2021–2022)
*[[Jiten Lalwani]] as Dr. Deepak Mahajan: Monami's father, karan's father-in-law who hated karan Juhi's widower, founder and CEO of Mahajan Multispecialty Hospital (2021–2022)
*Kimmy Kaur as [[Lieutenant general|Lieutenant General]] Dr. Gunjan Bhushan: Late Dr. Juhi Mahajan's friend who motivates Monami and gifts her the brooch which Dr. Juhi gifted her. (2021–2022)
*Dinesh Agarwal as Shunty: Balli's best friend (2022–2022)
*Siraj Mustafa Khan as Dhawan: Member of a terrorist organization, right hand of the leader (2022)
*[[Surbhi]] Talodiya/[[Abigail Jain|Abigail Pande]] as Charu: Dhanu's younger sister and Kanu's daughter (2022)
*Saajan Malhotra as Rajan: Charu and Dhanu's close associate (2022)
*[[Darshan Gurjar]] as Tilli: Dhanu and Charu's close associate who wants to be a commando earlier. He does not identify himself or PRF as terrorists. He later realizes his mistake and leaves them but slips into a coma after being attacked by Param. He later recovers and is hidden by Karan to protect him. (2022)
*Amitt K Singh as Dr. Aneesh Malhotra: A successful doctor who has just returned from U.S.A, Monami's college friend and obsessive one-sided lover, a good poet, newly joined Parakram SAF, Karan's rival who joins hands with Dhanu and Charu to swap Karan and Balli (2021–2022)
*Bhamini Oza Gandhi as Dhanu Pandya aka Pushpa: Leader of PRF Kanu's daughter and Charu's elder sister, Karan's enemy who wants to kill him but is shot by him and slips into coma, later killed by karan (2022)
*Davir Mirza as Jeetu: Karan's informer who is killed by Dhanu (2022) (Dead)
*[[Angad Hasija]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 December 2021|title=Exclusive! Angad Hasija returns to daily soap after four years with Ziddi Dil Maane Na|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-angad-hasija-returns-to-daily-soap-after-four-years-with-ziddi-dil-maane-na/articleshow/88235214.cms|website=E Times}}</ref> as Kundan: Sanjana's orthodox and regressive ex-fiancé, he is involved in human trafficking racket and works under KD (2021–2022)
*Vinay Bhatia as KD: Head of the Women Trafficking Racket, Kundan's boss (2022)
*[[Simran Choudhary]] as Kritika: Lakshmi and Sanjana's best friend in [[Bundelkhand]] who looks up to Sanjana as her inspiration, she has a liking/crush on Siddharthdharth (2022)
*Deepra Mishra as Lakshmi: Sanjana and Kritika's friend, she is kidnapped by Kundan along with many girls for Women trafficking (2022)
* [[Maleeka Ghai]] as Amma Ji: Kundan's mother, a regressive and orthodox lady (2021–2022)
*[[Karan Veer Mehra|Karanveer Mehra]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ziddi Dil - Maane Na: Karan Veer Mehra's entry as Koel's husband Abhay evokes intrigue and emotions - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ziddi-dil-maane-na-karan-veer-mehras-entry-as-koels-husband-abhay-evokes-intrigue-and-emotions/articleshow/87719503.cms|access-date=2021-11-15|website=The Times of India|date=15 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> as Abhay Mehra: Koel's abusive ex-husband who used to beat her, Nikhil's father, a businessman (2021-2022)
*[[Sohaila Kapur]] as Mridula Mehra: Abhay's mother; Koel's ex-mother-in-law; Nikhil's grandmother (2022)
*Sushant Kandya as Ambar Rawat (2021)
*Vinit Kakar<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 October 2021|title=Why Vinit Kakar is 'excited' to play the antagonist in 'Ziddi Dil Maane Na'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/why-vinit-kakar-is-excited-to-play-the-antagonist-in-ziddi-dil-maane-na/articleshow/86778667.cms|website=E Times (Times Of India)}}</ref> as Chirag: A contractor, head of the illegal organ trade racket in the City Care Hospital, a [[Psychopathy|psycho]] (2021)
*Ayushi Khurana as Faizuddin's namesake girlfriend in episode 1 (2021)

===Guest===
*[[Gulki Joshi]] as [[Station House Officer|S.H.O.]] Haseena Malik (from ''[[Maddam Sir]]'')
*[[Tunisha Sharma]] as [[Assistant Superintendent of Police|A.S.P.]] Aditi Jammwal (from [[Hero – Gayab Mode On|''Hero: Gayab Mode On'']])
*[[Rakhi Sawant]] as Begum Chorni
*Ketan Singh as Badshah Chor
*[[Yukti Kapoor]] as [[Sub-inspector|S.I.]] Karishma Singh (from ''[[Maddam Sir]]'')
*[[Sumeet Raghavan]] as Rajesh Wagle (from [[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey|''Wagle Ki Duniya'']])
*Sheehan Kapahi as Atharva Wagle (from [[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey|''Wagle Ki Duniya'']])

==Production==
===Development===
The series was announced by Sunshine Productions and was confirmed to be releasing in August 2021 by [[Sony SAB]]. Its first promo was launched on 26 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaleen Malhotra, Kunal Karan Kapoor-starrer Ziddi Dil Maane Na trailer out. Watch|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/shaleen-malhotra-kunal-karan-kapoor-starrer-ziddi-dil-maane-na-trailer-out-watch-1832856-2021-07-26|access-date=2021-08-03|website=India Today|date=26 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Shaleen Malhotra]] and [[Kaveri Priyam]] were cast to play the leads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/meet-the-cast-of-upcoming-show-ziddi-dil-maane-na-23187366|title=Meet the cast of upcoming show 'Ziddi Dil - Maane Na'|date=11 August 2021|website=www.mid-day.com}}</ref> [[Kunal Karan Kapoor]], Diljot Kaur Chhabra, Aditya Deshmukh and [[Simple Kaul]] were cast in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/ziddi-dil-maane-na-stars-play-guess-the-movie-game-at-the-promotions-1847557-2021-08-31|title=Ziddi Dil Maane Na stars play guess-the-movie game at the promotions|website=India Today|date=31 August 2021 }}</ref>

== Crossover ==
''The Big Shanivaar'' is crossover of all [[Sony SAB]]'s on-going shows (except ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'') on 9 October 2021 to promote Sony SAB telecasting their shows on Saturday also.

''The Big Shanivaar'' is crossover of all [[Sony SAB]]'s on-going shows (except ''Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah'') on 20 November 2021 on the occasion of Diwali in Parakram SAF and to help its Cadet Koel Roy in escaping from her husband.

''Shaam Shaandar'' is the New Year special, a one-hour special episode on 31 December 2021 along with ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]'' and ''[[Maddam Sir]]''.

== See also ==
* [[List of programs broadcast by Sony SAB]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=15138382}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/ziddi-dil-maane-na-1700000783 ''Ziddi Dil Maane Na''] on [[SonyLIV]]
* ''[https://www.sabtv.com/en_in/shows/259/ziddi_dil_maane_na Ziddi Dil Maane Na]'' on [[Sony SAB]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
{{Sony SAB Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ziddi Dil Maane Na}}
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]

Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar Government Medical College, Kannauj

2026-04-26T14:15:53Z

AmiePesina: put up a bio...

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar Government Medical College
| native_name =
| image_name = GMCKannauj_logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| established = {{start date and age|2006}}
| type = State [[Medical College]]
| principal = Dr. C. P. Pal<ref name=affiliation>{{cite web |title=Affiliated Colleges |url=http://www.kgmu.org/affiliated_colleges.php |website=kgmu.org |publisher=[[King George's Medical University]] |accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref>
| students =
| undergrad = 100 per annum<ref name="MCI-MBBS">{{cite web| title=List of Colleges Teaching MBBS. -Medical Council of India (MCI)| website=Medical Council of India (MCI)| url=http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/ForStudents/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607111811/http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/ForStudents/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx| archivedate=7 June 2013}}</ref>
| postgrad = 4 per annum
| city = [[Kannauj]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| campus = [[Kannauj]]
| coor = {{coord|26.9779|79.8084|display=inline,title}}
| free_label =
| free =
| academic_affiliations = *[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]] (2021 – present) 
*[[King George's Medical University]] (2012 – 2021)
| website = {{URL|https://www.gmckannauj.in/}}
}}

'''Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar Government Medical College, Kannauj''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=कन्‍नौज मेडिकल कॉलेज का नाम बदला, लोकसभा चुनाव के पहले सीएम योगी का बड़ा ऐलान |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/kanpur/kannauj-medical-college-name-change-now-be-known-after-bhimrao-ambedkar-says-up-cm-yogi-adityanath/2136117 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> formerly '''Government''' '''Medical College Kannauj''' , is a government [[medical college]] located in Tirwa of [[Kannauj district]], Uttar Pradesh, India.

The college has guidance and mentorship of [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College]].<ref name="LP">{{cite web | title= पुराने मेडिकल कालेजों को सौंपी बड़े भाई की भूमिका | website= लिखाई पढ़ाई(Blog) | date= 18 November 2015 | url=http://likhaipadhai.blogspot.in/2015/11/blog-post_18.html |language=Hindi}}</ref>

==History==
Government Medical College, Kannauj was established by [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|government]] in 2006 as Kannauj Medical College, but classes started only in 2012 when [[Akhilesh Yadav]] become [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|C.M. of Uttar Pradesh]] and the institute become recognized for 100 M.B.B.S. seats by [[Medical Council of India]] (MCI).

==Courses==
Every year 100 students are allowed to take admission in the M.B.B.S. course<ref name="MCI-MBBS">{{cite web| title=List of Colleges Teaching MBBS. -Medical Council of India (MCI)| website=Medical Council of India (MCI)| url=http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/ForStudents/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607111811/http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/ForStudents/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx| archivedate=7 June 2013}}</ref> by two competitive examinations. The [[AIPMT]] accounts for the filling of 15% seats and remaining 85% seats are filled through a state-level entrance examination UP-CPMT. But since 2016, [[NEET]] is the only entrance exam.

==Campus==
The Government Medical College is situated 15 kilometers away from [[Kannauj]] at Tirwa Road of the historic city of Kannauj in [[Uttar Pradesh|U.P.]] The college is at about 3-hour drive from the state capital Lucknow (1.5-hours by expressway) and there is also construction of 4 lane highway along the college for better connectivity to [[Kannauj|Kannauj city]]. The nearest railway station is Kannauj Railway Station (KJN) and [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]] is the nearest airport to the college.

==See also==
*[[Government Medical College, Jalaun]]
*[[Government Medical College, Azamgarh]]
*[[Maharshi Vashishtha Autonomous State Medical College, Basti]]
*[[Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College]]
*[[Government Medical College, Banda]]
*[[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.gmckannauj.org}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Colleges in Kannauj district]]
[[Category:Kannauj]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]

{{UttarPradesh-university-stub}}

FanCode

2026-04-24T03:55:39Z

AmiePesina: put up a pg

{{Not to be confused with|Fancade}}
{{Short description|Indian sports streaming service}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox website
| name = FanCode
| logo = FanCode logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_caption =
| screenshot =
| parent =
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| website_type = {{plainlist|
*[[Sports broadcasting]]
*[[Over-the-top media service|OTT platform]]}}
| language =
| founded = {{start date and age|2019}}<ref name=B/>
| launch_date =
| company_type =
| industry = {{plainlist|
*[[Streaming media|Streaming]]
*[[Entertainment]]
*[[E-commerce]]
*[[Mass Media]]}}
| products = {{flatlist|
* [[Streaming media]]
* [[Video on demand]]
* [[Digital distribution]]
* [[Sports e-commerce]]
}}
| services = On-demand [[streaming media|video streaming]]
| key_people =
| area_served = India
| owner = Dream Sports<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream Sports {{!}} Make Sports Better {{!}} FanCode |url=https://www.dreamsports.group/fancode/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Dream Sports |language=en-US |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624022012/https://www.dreamsports.group/fancode/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| founder = {{ubl
|Yannick Colaco
|Prasana Krishnan
}}<ref name = B>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/digital-sports-platform-fancode-raises-50-million-from-parent-dream-sports/article34664925.ece | title=Digital sports platform FanCode raises $50 million from parent Dream Sports | date=28 May 2021 | access-date=23 June 2023 | archive-date=23 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623045859/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/digital-sports-platform-fancode-raises-50-million-from-parent-dream-sports/article34664925.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
| commercial = Yes
| registration = Optional
| current_status = 2019 - Active
| website = {{URL|https://www.fancode.com/}}
}}

'''FanCode''' Is an Indian [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] sports [[Broadcasting of sports events|streaming]] platform and [[e-commerce]] company.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fancode looks to double user base|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/fancode-looks-to-double-user-base-to-100-mn-11655925512503.html|publisher=Mint|access-date=16 June 2023|archive-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617133931/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/fancode-looks-to-double-user-base-to-100-mn-11655925512503.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was founded in 2019 by Yannick Colaco and Prasana Krishnan.<ref name=":2" /> It is part of the Dream Sports group.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laghate |first=Gaurav |date=2019-04-25 |title=Dream11 launches multi-sports aggregator platform FanCode |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/dream11-launches-multi-sports-aggregator-platform-fancode/articleshow/69042709.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624023429/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/dream11-launches-multi-sports-aggregator-platform-fancode/articleshow/69042709.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> It offers interactive [[live streaming]], sports fan merchandise, [[fantasy sport]]s statistics and analytics, interactive live match scores, live commentary, expert opinions and [[news]] to its users on its website and application.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Venkata Krishna |date=2022-02-14 |title=There is a space for under-served sports events in India: FanCode |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2022/Feb/04/there-is-a-space-for-under-served-sports-events-in-india-fancode-2415392.html |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920085649/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2022/Feb/04/there-is-a-space-for-under-served-sports-events-in-india-fancode-2415392.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2024, FanCode crossed 100 million user base.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In 5 Years, FanCode Has Built A User Base Of 100 Million: Yannick Colaco |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/in-5-years-fancode-has-built-a-user-base-of-100-million-yannick-colaco/93185/1 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Forbes India |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920085649/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/in-5-years-fancode-has-built-a-user-base-of-100-million-yannick-colaco/93185/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
The company was founded in 2019 by Yannick Colaco and Prasana Krishnan.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Laghate |first1=Gaurav |title=Dream11 launches multi-sports aggregator platform FanCode |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/dream11-launches-multi-sports-aggregator-platform-fancode/articleshow/69042709.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=April 25, 2019 |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624023429/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/dream11-launches-multi-sports-aggregator-platform-fancode/articleshow/69042709.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Colaco previously worked with NBA India as managing director,<ref>{{cite news |title='Kobe Bryant inspired kids in India to play basketball' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kobe-bryant-inspired-kids-in-india-to-play-basketball |publisher=[[Telangana Today]] |date=January 27, 2020}}</ref> while Krishnan was a former executive at sports pay-television broadcasters [[Sony Pictures Networks]] and [[Nimbus Communications|Neo Sports]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCullagh |first1=Kevin |title=FanCode acquires NFL streaming rights in India |url=https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/fancode-acquires-nfl-streaming-rights-in-india/ |publisher=SportBusiness.com |date=January 21, 2020 |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624023432/https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/fancode-acquires-nfl-streaming-rights-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2021, Fancode raised $50 million from its parent firm Digital sports' investment arm Dream Sports Investments (DSI). It has 3 D2C lines that are Fancode live (Sports broadcasting), Fancode Stats (Sports insights).<ref name=B/>

FanCode acquired streaming rights for the American football league, [[National Football League]] in January 2020.<ref name=economictimes>{{cite news |title=FanCode to live broadcast National Football League in India |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/fancode-to-live-broadcast-national-football-league-in-india/73431207 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=January 20, 2020 |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624023431/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/fancode-to-live-broadcast-national-football-league-in-india/73431207 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also received streaming rights of the season of [[Indian Football League|I-League]] in India from Lex Sportel Vision in January 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laghate |first1=Gaurav |title=FanCode to live stream I-League matches exclusively |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/fancode-to-live-stream-i-league-matches-exclusively/articleshow/73229940.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624024932/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/fancode-to-live-stream-i-league-matches-exclusively/articleshow/73229940.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=B/><ref>{{cite news |title=FanCode to provide live stream of ongoing season of I-League |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/i-league-live-stream-fancode-2019-20-season/article30558791.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114202437/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/i-league-live-stream-fancode-2019-20-season/article30558791.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It also had exclusive streaming rights in India of [[Bundesliga]].<ref name=B/>

== Notable programming ==
=== Football ===
* [[Indian Super League]] (ISL)
* [[English Football League]] (EFL)
** [[EFL Championship]]
** [[EFL League One|EFL One]]
** [[EFL League Two|EFL Two]]
** [[Carabao Cup]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Women's Super League]] (WSL)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Rory |date=2023-03-14 |title=WSL and FanCode ink Indian broadcast rights deal |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/wsl-fancode-india-broadcast-streaming-rights-deal-fa/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=SportsPro |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624041703/https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/wsl-fancode-india-broadcast-streaming-rights-deal-fa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Scottish Cup]]
* [[CONCACAF]]
**[[CONCACAF W Gold Cup]]
**[[CONCACAF Champions Cup]]
*[[Copa América]]
*[[La Liga]]
*[[RFEF]]
** [[Copa del Rey]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Copa Del Rey LIVE Streaming: After Carabao Cup, FanCode set to LIVE ... |url=https://www.insidesport.in/copa-del-rey-live-streaming-after-carabao-cup-fancode-set-to-live-stream-real-madrid-vs-barcelona-el-clasico-of-copa-del-rey-check-out/&ved=2ahUKEwiyyZXExtj_AhXFUGwGHS0hAZIQFnoECDYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1pKsCCSvlDyLkNdr2GbuOj |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Inside sports | date=March 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
** [[Supercopa de España]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[A-League Men]]
* [[J1 League]]
* [[Saudi Pro League]]
* [[King's Cup (Saudi Arabia)|Saudi King's Cup]]
* [[Saudi Super Cup]]
* [[2023 SAFF Championship]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-20 |title=FanCode secures exclusive digital rights of SAFF Championship |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-fancode-secures-exclusive-digital-rights-of-saff-championship-3133787/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622004544/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-fancode-secures-exclusive-digital-rights-of-saff-championship-3133787/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[UEFA Women's Euro 2025]]
* [[UEFA Women's Champions League]]
* [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-17 |title=FanCode acquires the digital rights of FIFA Women's World Cup 2023 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-fancode-acquires-the-digital-rights-of-fifa-womens-world-cup-2023-3174863/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717153309/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-fancode-acquires-the-digital-rights-of-fifa-womens-world-cup-2023-3174863/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] (until 2028)<ref>{{cite web |date=11 June 2024 |title=AFC partners with Fancode to stream Asian football competitions in India |url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/more/afc_news/news/afc_partners_with_fancode_to_stream_asian_football_competitions_in_india.html |access-date=12 June 2024 |publisher=AFC}}</ref>
** [[AFC Asian Cup]]
** [[AFC U-23 Asian Cup]]
** [[AFC U-20 Asian Cup]]
** [[AFC U-17 Asian Cup]]
** [[AFC Champions League Elite]]
** [[AFC Champions League Two]]
** [[AFC Challenge League]]
** [[AFC Women's Asian Cup]]
** [[AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament]] (final round only)
** [[AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup]]
** [[AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup]]
** [[AFC Women's Champions League]]
* [[Africa Cup of Nations]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Gargi |date=2023-09-13 |title=Dream Sports' FanCode Secures Multi-Year AFC Competition Rights In India |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/dream-sports-fancode-secures-multi-year-afc-competition-rights-in-india/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028095451/https://inc42.com/buzz/dream-sports-fancode-secures-multi-year-afc-competition-rights-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[FIFA World Cup qualification]] (AFC (selected matches in second round, all matches from third until fifth round), CAF (all matches), and CONMEBOL)

=== Cricket ===
* [[England and Wales Cricket Board|English Cricket]]
**[[T20 Blast|Vitality Blast]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thesportsrush.com/cricket-news-vitality-blast-live-streaming-in-india-and-uk-when-and-where-to-watch-t20-blast-2023-matches/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=thesportsrush.com |title=Vitality Blast Live Streaming in India and UK: When and Where to Watch T20 Blast 2023 Matches? |date=20 May 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624042227/https://thesportsrush.com/cricket-news-vitality-blast-live-streaming-in-india-and-uk-when-and-where-to-watch-t20-blast-2023-matches/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
**[[Women's T20 Blast|Vitality Blast Women's]]
**[[County Championship|Rotheasy county Championship]]
**[[One-Day Cup (England)|Metro Bank One Day Cup]]
**[[One Day Cup (women's)|Metro Bank One Day Cup Women's]]
*[[Nepal Premier League]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathour |first=Utkarsh |date=2024-11-23 |title=Nepal Premier League 2024: FanCode Named Official Live Streaming Partner for India Ahead of Inaugural Edition {{!}} 🏏 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/sports/cricket/nepal-premier-league-2024-fancode-named-official-live-streaming-partner-for-india-ahead-of-inaugural-edition-6439834.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=LatestLY |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128155025/https://www.latestly.com/socially/sports/cricket/nepal-premier-league-2024-fancode-named-official-live-streaming-partner-for-india-ahead-of-inaugural-edition-6439834.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Abu Dhabi T10|T10 League]]
* [[Afghan cricket team in Bangladesh in 2023|Afghanistan tour of Bangladesh, 2023]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-14 |title=BAN vs AFG 2023 – Test, ODI and T20I series: Broadcast, Live Streaming details – When and where to watch in India, US, UK & other countries |url=https://crickettimes.com/2023/06/ban-vs-afg-2023-test-odi-and-t20i-series-broadcast-live-streaming-details-when-and-where-to-watch-in-india-us-uk-other-countries/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Cricket Times |language=en-US |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624041905/https://crickettimes.com/2023/06/ban-vs-afg-2023-test-odi-and-t20i-series-broadcast-live-streaming-details-when-and-where-to-watch-in-india-us-uk-other-countries/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to watch the CWC23 Qualifier |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3542389/amp |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621103813/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3542389/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Indian cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2023|India Tour of West Indies]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khosla |first=Varuni |date=2023-06-14 |title=JioCinema, FanCode to broadcast India-West Indies cricket series |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/jiocinema-fancode-to-broadcast-india-west-indies-cricket-series-11686728623693.html |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=www.livemint.com |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624023216/https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/jiocinema-fancode-to-broadcast-india-west-indies-cricket-series-11686728623693.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Afghan cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2023|Afghanistan tour of Sri Lanka]] {{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
* [[West Indian cricket team in the United Arab Emirates in 2023|West Indian tour of UAE]]{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
* [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-02 |title=FanCode bags digital rights for TNPL |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-fancode-bags-digital-rights-for-tnpl-3111469/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624023848/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-fancode-bags-digital-rights-for-tnpl-3111469/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Cricket West Indies|West Indies cricket]]
*[[New Zealand Cricket|New Zealand cricket]] (domestic)
*[[Malaysian Cricket Association|Malaysian Cricket]]<ref name=B/>
*[[Bangladesh Premier League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BPL 2024: Live Streaming, Squads, Schedule And All You Need To Know |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/bpl-2024-live-streaming-squads-schedule-all-you-need-to-know-bangladesh-premier-league-1658316 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=ABP Live |date=21 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121145842/https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/bpl-2024-live-streaming-squads-schedule-all-you-need-to-know-bangladesh-premier-league-1658316 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[2024 Pakistan Super League]]
* Maharashtra Premier League<ref>{{Cite web |title=All you need to about MPL... |url=https://www.insidesport.in/mpl-2023-all-you-need-to-know-about-maharashtra-premier-league-2023-schedule-venues-date-squads/&ved=2ahUKEwjhj6Cex9j_AhVZcGwGHd2bBY04ChAWegQIAhAB&usg=AOvVaw1CSusp087LGvEWXolCxXlX |website=Inside Sports | date=15 June 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Padel ===
*Hexagon Cup

=== Fencing ===
*[[World Fencing League]]

=== Racing ===
*[[Formula One Management|FOM]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Suri |first=Naman |date=14 March 2024 |title=FanCode eyes more users on exclusive F1 deal |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/fancode-eyes-more-users-on-exclusive-f1-deal-11710422456290.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=14 April 2024 |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321150800/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/fancode-eyes-more-users-on-exclusive-f1-deal-11710422456290.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
**[[Formula 1]]
**[[Formula 2]]
**[[Formula 3]]
**[[Porsche Supercup|Porsche Super Cup]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|https://fancode.com/|Official website}}

[[Category:Mass media in India]]
[[Category:Video on demand services]]
[[Category:Indian sports commentators]]
[[Category:Subscription video on demand services]]
[[Category:Subscription video streaming services]]
[[Category:Internet television channels]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-media-stub}}

S. Amir Ali Jinnah

2026-04-23T09:09:34Z

AmiePesina: started a biography with sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Amir Ali Jinnah
| office = Member of [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| president = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| term_end = 2 April 2014
| term_start = 3 April 2008
| birth_name = Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari
| birth_date = 1941
| parents = S Mohammed Sulaiman
}}

'''S. Amir Ali Jinnah''' (also known as '''A. A. Jinnah''') is an Indian politician who served as a Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='Jinnah' elected to Indian Parliament |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jinnah-elected-to-indian-parliament/articleshow/2886128.cms |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=The Times of India |date=21 March 2008 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Members |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/Members/TermsWiseFormerMember?term=1 |website=Rajya Sabha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MEMBERS OF COUNCIL OF STATES (RAJYA SABHA) REPRESENTING TAMIL NADU |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/mp_tn.htm |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born in 1941. His father S Mohammed Sulaiman was a farmer.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jinnah, S Amir Ali}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Ananta Narayan Singh Deo

2026-04-23T07:53:22Z

AmiePesina: New New Bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician (1929–2003)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ananta Narayan Singh Deo
| office = Member of [[9th Lok Sabha]]
| term_end = 13 March 1991
| term_start = 2 December 1989
| term_end1 = 17 February 1980
| term_start1 = 13 February 1980
| predecessor = [[Somanath Rath]]
| successor = [[Somanath Rath]]
| constituency = [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency]]
| office1 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]] in [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = Prahalad Mallick
| successor1 = Sarat Kumar Dev
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1929|09|05}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2003|12|01|1929|09|05}}
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]
| education = [[Stewart School, Cuttack]] and [[The Doon School]]
| spouse = [[Shanti Devi (Odisha politician)|Shanti Devi]]
| children = [[Kishore Chandra Singh Deo]]
| relations = [[Nandini Devi]] (daughter in law)
| image = File:Anant Narayan Singh Deo.jpg
}}

'''Ananta Narayan Singh Deo''' (5 September 1929 – 1 December 2003) was an Indian ruler and politician who served as Member of [[9th Lok Sabha]] from [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of 9th Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=9&search=S |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> 13th Leader of Opposition in [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Surada Assembly constituency]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAME OF THE LEADERS OF OPPOSITION IN ODISHA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1952–2009) |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/451-452.pdf |website=Odisha Annual Reference, Government of Odisha}}</ref> Deputy Minister for Industries, Commerce, Community Development and Panchayat Raj in [[Government of Odisha|Cabinet of Odisha]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF ODISHA (1937–2020) |url=http://cms.neva.gov.in/FileStructure_OR/Notices/98d37b1e-1078-49f7-b4bb-95098302fc00.pdf |website=National eVidhan, Government of India}}</ref> and [[Raja of Dharakote Estate]].<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life ==
Ananta Narayan Singh Deo was born on 5 September 1929.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Late Ananta Narayan Singh Deo |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/image.aspx?img=409 |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Odisha Legislative Assembly}}</ref> He was educated in [[Stewart School, Cuttack]] and passed [[Senior Cambridge]] from [[The Doon School]] and was graduated from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] in 1951.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha Review 1967 |url=https://www.ova.gov.in/IandPRDeptRepository/17012022170159_ODISHA%20REVIEW-(YR-1967)%20(MARCH-1967)%20(PART-3).pdf |website=Odia Virtual Academy}}</ref> He married [[Shanti Devi (Odisha politician)|Shanti Devi]] in April 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member's Bioprofile |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3428.htm |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> His son is [[Kishore Chandra Singh Deo]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2004-04-09 |title=Orissa ex-royals in fray |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/orissa-ex-royals-in-fray/story-bfwBnM1luuJVTZHz0HlilL.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and daughter in law is [[Nandini Devi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIO-DATA OF PRESENT MEMBER OF LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY IN ORISSA |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2005/pdf/Bio_data_of_MLAs_Orissa.pdf |website=Odisha Annual Reference, Government of Odisha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Hrusikesh |title=In Ganjam and Gajapati, family is where loyalty lies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/in-ganjam-and-gajapati-family-is-where-loyalty-lies/articleshow/68745651.cms |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Deo died on 1 December 2003, at the age of 74.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information: Volume 50 |date=2004 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |pages=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDuOAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ananta%20Narayan%20Singh%20Deo%22%202003 |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
On 13 February 1980, he replaced [[Prahallad Mallick]] as [[Leader of the Opposition]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRIEF HISTORY OF ODISHA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=https://cms.neva.gov.in/FileStructure_OR/FooterCommonContent/77d847da-136e-4a65-a0cf-a281e154ac84.pdf |website=National eVidhan, Government of India}}</ref> He was the runner up for [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] and [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PATNAGARH ASSEMBLY ELECTION RESULTS 2019 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/patnagarh-assembly-elections-od-67/ |website=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deo, Ananta Narayan Singh}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Odisha]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1980–1985]]

GTL Infrastructure

2026-04-19T06:02:07Z

AmiePesina: put up a pg...

{{Short description|Indian telecom tower company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = GTL Infrastructure
| type = public company
| traded_as = {{BSE|532775}} {{NSE|GTLINFRA}}
| logo = GTL_Infrastructure_official_logo.jpg
| logo_size = 200px
| key_people =
| foundation = 2004<ref>[https://www.livemint.com/Companies/CyCJbr1f47LSxBm3SDM24H/GTL-Infra-stake-sale-likely-to-value-firm-at-Rs11000-crore.html GTL Infra founded in 2004]</ref>
| location = [[Navi Mumbai]], India
| products = [[Network service provider|Network Services Provider]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees = 1075 <ref>[https://www.gtlinfra.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/14th-Annual-Report-2016-17-with-AGM-Notice.pdf 14th Annual Report 2016-17 with AGM Notice]</ref>
| owner =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| industry =
| services =
| homepage = [http://www.gtlinfra.com GTL Infrastructure Limited]
}}

'''GTL Infrastructure Limited''' (GTL Infra) is an Indian telecom tower company that focuses on shared passive telecom infrastructure.

Headquartered in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, GTL Infra operates approximately 28,000 towers across 22 telecom circles in India, facilitating the provision of 2G, 3G, and 4G services by telecom service providers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/aboutgtl.cms |title=About GTL Infrastructure |publisher=Economictimes Indiatimes |access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> It was incorporated in 2004 by [[Manoj G. Tirodkar]], who serves as the chairman of the company.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/gtl-infrastructure-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-16883.cms |title=GTL Infrastructure Ltd. |publisher=Economictimes Indiatimes |access-date=17 November 2017}}</ref>

==History==
In 2006, GTL Infra was listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE) and the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE), becoming the first company in India’s shared telecom infrastructure sector to be publicly listed. The following year, GTL Infra launched a rights issue valued at US$83.86 million. In 2010, the company acquired 17,500 towers and 21,000 tenants from [[Aircel]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/gtl-infrachennai-network-combined-debt-falls-to-rs-4193-cr/article9767686.ece |title=GTL Infra-Chennai Network combined debt falls to Rs. 4,193 cr |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref>

GTL Infra was also affected by the cancellation of licenses, as its customer base decreased due to issues faced by Aircel and Maxis, along with the subsequent cancellation of the [[Right of first refusal|Right of First Refusal]] (ROFR) by [[Aircel]]. In the subsequent years, GTL Infra undertook [[debt restructuring]] efforts.

==Listing==
The company's equity shares are listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange of India Limited]] (NSE) and the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE). Additionally, its [[Foreign currency convertible bonds|Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds]] are listed on the [[Singapore Exchange|Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/21-cos-may-default-on-fccb-commitments-sp/article3555408.ece |title=21 cos may default on FCCB commitments: S&P |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=21 Jun 2012|access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref>

==Services==
GTL Infra owns urban and rural telecom towers located in all the 22 telecom circles in India, which are shared by all telecom operators in the country. GTL Infra also offers real-time monitoring from its NOC (Network Operations Centre) and operations and maintenance services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/reliance-jio-and-gtl-infra-sign-tower-infrastructure-sharing-deal-116092000305_1.html |title=Reliance Jio and GTL Infra sign Tower Infrastructure Sharing Deal |publisher=indiainfoline.com |date=20 September 2016 |access-date=2012-11-03}}</ref>

==Awards & Recognition==
* GTL Infra received the Best Infrastructure Brands award from Economic Times in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gtlinfra.com/media/|title=GTL Infra received the Best Infrastructure Brands award from Economic Times in 2016 |publisher=GTLinfra.com |access-date=14 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619171922/http://www.gtlinfra.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Coverage-in-TOI.pdf|archive-date=19 Jun 2017 |df=dmy }}</ref>
* GTL Infra received the 'Best Independent Infrastructure Provider' in the Telecom Operator Award 2010 by leading telecom magazine tele.net.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ghc.in/Awards/GTL-Infrastructure-voted-as-the-Best-Independent-Infrastructure-Provider.aspx/ |title=GTL Infrastructure voted as the Best Independent Infrastructure Provider|publisher=Global Endless Possibilities|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>
* GTL Infra was received the 10th Greentech Environment Excellence Silver Award in 2009 by Greentech.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.constructionweekonline.in/scomi-group-bags-greentech-eco-excellence-award/ |title=Scomi Group bags Greentech eco excellence award|publisher=Construction Week Online |date=26 Oct 2009|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gtlinfra.com/ GTL Infrastructure Official Website]

[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2004]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Vinod Rai

2026-04-18T23:28:43Z

AmiePesina:

{{Short description|11th Comptroller and Auditor General of India}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Shri Vinod Rai, taking over the charge of the office of Comptroller and Auditor General of India, in New Delhi on January 07, 2008.jpg
| office = Chairman of [[Banks Board Bureau]]
| term_start = {{start date|2017|1|30|df=y}}
| term_end = {{start date|2018|3|31|df=y}}
| predecessor = ''Position Established''
| successor = [[Bhanu Pratap Sharma]]
| office2 = 11th [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]
| term_start2 = {{start date|2008|1|7|df=y}}
| term_end2 = {{end date|2013|5|22|df=y}}
| predecessor2 = [[VN Kaul]]
| successor2 = [[Shashi Kant Sharma]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1948|05|23}}
| birth_place = [[Ghazipur]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[India]]
| education = [[Economics]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]], [[Masters of Arts|M.A]]) [[Masters in Public Administration]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]] [[Harvard University]]
| known_for = Audits on [[2G spectrum allocation case|2G spectrum allocation]], [[Indian coal allocation scam|coal allocation]]
}}

'''Vinod Rai''' (born 23 May 1948) is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer who served as the 11th [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]. He assumed office on 7 January 2008 till 22 May 2013.<ref name="cag" /><ref name="Vinod Rai appointed CAG" /> He is the current chairman of [[United Nations|UN]] Panel of External Auditors and Honorary Advisor to the [[Indian Railways]] and a member of the Railway Kaya Kalp Council.

The most prominent action of CAG under Vinod Rai was the report that stated that the [[2G spectrum case|2G sprectrum]] allocation by the government had caused a loss of over {{INRConvert|1|lc|year=2007}} to the government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2g-spectrum-verdict-no-proof-of-scam-says-court-a-scam-of-lies-says-congress/articleshow/62201212.cms|title=2G spectrum verdict: no proof of scam, says Court. A scam of lies, says Congress|website=Times of India}}</ref>
Rai was made the chairman of the Banking Board of India under the new government. On 30 January 2017, the [[Supreme Court of India]] appointed Rai as the interim president of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Times News Network (TNN) |title=Supreme Court appoints former CAG Vinod Rai to head BCCI |date=30 January 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/supreme-court-appoints-former-cag-vinod-rai-to-head-bcci/articleshow/56872172.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130163018/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/supreme-court-appoints-former-cag-vinod-rai-to-head-bcci/articleshow/56872172.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Nagraj |last=Gollapudi |title=Supreme Court names administrators to supervise BCCI |date=30 January 2017 |newspaper=ESPNcricinfo |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1080252.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130163003/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1080252.html |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref> He is the head of advisory commission of [[Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board|Kerala Infrastructure and Investment Board]] (KIIFB), appointed by [[Government of Kerala]].

==Early life and education==
He was born in a [[Bhumihar Brahmin|Bhumihar]] family<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-sunday-interview-with-vinod-rai/article6643206.ece|title=The nation needs to know|last=Chowdhury|first=Sonya Dutta|date=2014-11-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> at [[Ghazipur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/XwBXRyhEwFuLWhDGj9vEvN/Vinod-Rai-Auditor-or-crusader.html|title=Vinod Rai: Auditor or crusader?|last=Malik|first=Aman|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=2 April 2013|access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> He did his schooling from [[Birla Public School]] in [[Pilani]], [[Rajasthan]]. He graduated from [[Hindu College, University of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/democracy-at-crossroads-debunk-silent-majority-cag/747604 |title=Democracy at Crossroads, Debunk Silent Majority: CAG |work=Outlook India |date=13 January 2012 |access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> He has a bachelor's and master's degree in economics from [[Delhi School of Economics]], [[University of Delhi]] and [[Master of Public Administration|MPA]] from [[Harvard University]], USA in 1988. He chose to study Financial Administration at Harvard Kennedy school in 1987 while he held the position of District Collector and Magistrate in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="Alumni of the Mason Program Reflect on Their Experiences">{{cite web|url=http://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/alumni/mason-testimonials |title=CAG Vinod Rai at Harvard Alumni Meet |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu |access-date=16 September 2013}}</ref>

He is married and has three children.<ref name="Officials recount Thrissur stories">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/07/11/stories/2005071100391300.htm |title=Officials recount Thrissur stories |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.in |date=11 July 2005 |access-date=16 September 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
Rai is a 1972 batch [[Kerala]] cadre officer of [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS).<ref name="hindubusiness2"/> He started his career as the sub-collector of [[Thrissur District]]. Later, he became the Collector and spent his eight years of career in [[Thrissur]] City. He was called the second [[Sakthan Thampuran]] for his role in the development of the [[Thrissur]] City.<ref name="Officials recount Thrissur stories"/> He was the MD of Kerala State Co-operative Marketing Federation from 1977 to 1980.<ref name="Vinod Rai appointed CAG"/> Later he was appointed as Principal Secretary (Finance) in the State Government of Kerala. He had served senior positions in the Ministries of Commerce and Defence, Government of India. Prior to his appointment as CAG, he served as Secretary, Financial Services and Additional Secretary in the Banking Division including banks and insurance companies under [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]].<ref name="hindubusiness2" />

Rai was instrumental in setting up the India Infrastructure Finance Company and was also on the Board of this company. Apart from serving in both, state and union governments, he has been a director on several Boards, including the [[State Bank of India]], [[ICICI Bank]], [[IDBI Bank]], [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] and Infrastructure Development and Finance Company of India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/about_us/Sh_Vinod_Rai.html |title= CAG of India Sh. VInod rai |access-date= 19 August 2012 |archive-date= 22 January 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130122031239/http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/about_us/Sh_Vinod_Rai.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

In February 2016, Rai was appointed the chairman of Banks Board Bureau (BBB), the body which advises the government on top-level appointments at public sector banks and ways to address the bad loans.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/former-comptroller-and-auditor-general-cag-vinod-rai-appointed-as-the-first-chairman-of-banks-board-bureau/article8292262.ece|title=Vinod Rai appointed Chairman of Banks Board Bureau|newspaper=The Hindu|publisher=[[Business Line]]|date=28 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/govt-moves-to-fix-psu-banks-ex-cag-vinod-rai-to-head-bureau/|title=Govt moves to fix PSU banks, ex-CAG Vinod Rai to head Bureau|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 February 2016}}</ref>

==United Nations Panel of External Auditors==
He is the chairman of United Nations Panel of External Auditors <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/big-ticket-corruption-scandals-a-thing-of-past-former-cag-vinod-rai-759606|title=Big-Ticket Corruption Scandals a Thing of Past: Former CAG Vinod Rai}}</ref> and member of the Governing Board of the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI).<ref name="Press Trust of India">{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/vinod-rai-reelected-as-chair-of-un-auditors-panel/article4191603.ece
| author = Press Trust of India
| author-link = Press Trust of India
| title = Vinod Rai re-elected as Chair of UN auditors panel
| work = [[Business Line]]
| date = 12 December 2012
| access-date = 1 January 2013
}}</ref> The United Nations Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] has appreciated the panel and the yeoman service rendered by the external auditors in improving governance in the United Nations system.<ref name="Press Trust of India"/> The panel headed by Vinod Rai discussed the major business transformations currently under way in the United Nations with Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.<ref name="Press Trust of India"/> The Panel of External Auditors plays an important role in promoting accountability and strengthening governance mechanisms in the UN organisations.<ref name="Press Trust of India"/> Mr. Rai has taken over as the chairman of Governing Board of the Asian Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (ASOSAI) on 29 February 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/about_us/Sh_Vinod_Rai.html |title= CAG of India Sh. Vinod rai |access-date= 19 August 2012 |archive-date= 22 January 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130122031239/http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/about_us/Sh_Vinod_Rai.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==BCCI chief==
{{further|Lodha Committee}}
* The Supreme Court nominated a four-member panel to look after the administration of the BCCI.
* Former CAG Vinod Rai, historian Ramachandra Guha, banker Vikaram Limaye and former captain of women's cricket team Diana Edulji were to look after the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]'s administration until formal elections were held.

==Reforms suggested by Vinod Rai==
Vinod Rai recommended that all private-public partnerships (PPPs), "Panchayti Raj Institutions" and societies benefiting from government funds should come within the ambit of the CAG. The PPP model is a popular medium for the execution of infrastructure projects worth millions of rupees, and these projects are not audited by the CAG. 60 percent of government spending does not currently come under the scrutiny of the CAG.<ref>{{cite web|first=Prahlad |last=Rao |url=http://www.oneindia.com/feature/2013/after-shaking-the-govt-cag-vinod-rai-is-retiring-1221390.html |title=After shaking and hurting the govt he is retiring |publisher=News Oneindia |date=21 May 2013 |access-date=16 September 2013}}</ref>

==Major audits==
===2G Spectrum allocation===
{{main|2G spectrum case}}
He is widely credited for the report on issue of Licences and Allocation of 2G Spectrum by [[United Progressive Alliance]] government which resulted in a huge controversy in India. The report estimated that there was a ''presumptive loss'' of {{INRConvert|1766.45|b}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cag.gov.in/html/reports/civil/2010-11_19PA/Telecommunication%20Report.pdf |title=Performance Audit Report on the Issue of Licences and Allocation of 2G Spectrum |access-date=5 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155418/http://cag.gov.in/html/reports/civil/2010-11_19PA/Telecommunication%20Report.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In a [[chargesheet]] filed on 2 April 2011 by the investigating agency [[Central Bureau of Investigation|Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)]], the agency pegged the loss at {{INRConvert|309845.5|m}}<ref name="Indiatimes 2G loss">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-loss-Govt-gained-over-Rs-3000cr-Trai/articleshow/9890803.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106234144/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-07/india/30122800_1_spectrum-trai-2g|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| title=2G loss? Govt gained over Rs 3,000cr: Trai | date=7 September 2011}}</ref>

On 2 February 2012 the [[Supreme Court of India]] on a [[Public Interest Litigation|public interest litigation (PIL)]] declared allotment of spectrum as ''"unconstitutional and arbitrary"'' and quashed all the 122 licenses issued in 2008 during tenure of [[A. Raja]] (then [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|minister for communications & IT]] in [[United Progressive Alliance]]) the main accused.<ref name="SC quashes 122 licences">{{cite news|title=SC quashes 122 licences|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-SC-scraps-122-licences-granted-under-Rajas-tenure-trial-court-to-decide-on-Chidambarams-role/articleshow/11725097.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-02/india/31016262_1_spectrum-licences-2g-spectrum-allotment-case|url-status=live|archive-date=29 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| date=2 February 2012}}</ref> The court further said that [[A. Raja]] "wanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequer" and "virtually gifted away important national asset".<ref>{{cite news|title=2G verdict: A Raja 'virtually gifted away important national asset', says Supreme Court|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-verdict-A-Raja-virtually-gifted-away-important-national-asset-says-Supreme-Court/articleshow/11728003.cms|newspaper=The Times of India | date=2 February 2012}}</ref> In 2014, Rai named [[Sanjay Nirupam]] as one of the MPs who pressured him to leave former prime minister Dr. Manmohan Singh out of the report. Nirupam filed a defamation case against Rai in the Metropolitan Court in New Delhi’s Patiala house. In October 2021, he tendered unconditional apology to Mr. Sanjay Nirupam for the false accusations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Banerjee|first=Shoumojit|date=2021-10-28|title=Ex-CAG Vinod Rai apologises to Sanjay Nirupam over charges in 2G spectrum case|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ex-cag-vinod-rai-apologises-to-sanjay-nirupam-over-charges-in-2g-spectrum-case/article37211881.ece|access-date=2021-10-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In a written affidavit Rai said: “That I have realised that in answer to questions posed to me by the interviewers, I had inadvertently and wrongly mentioned the name of Sanjay Nirupam as one of the MPs who pressurised me to keep the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s name out of the CAG report on 2G spectrum allocation during the meetings in the PAC or the sidelines of JPC.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Former CAG Vinod Rai apologises to Cong's Sanjay Nirupam|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/former-cag-rai-apologises-to-congs-nirupam-331024|access-date=2021-10-30|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

===CoalGate (coal mines allocation)===
{{main|Indian coal allocation scam}}

===Delhi Commonwealth Games 2010===
{{main |Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games}}

===Padmanabhaswamy Temple Audit===
Based on the recommendations by amicus curiae-senior advocate [[Gopal Subramaniam]] who was investigating the issues of financial irregularities and mismanagement in the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, the Supreme Court of India issued an interim order on 24 April 2014 stating that Mr Vinod Rai will supervise special audit of property of temple. Rai responded by saying that he felt "very humbled" and said "With all sincerity I will take up the task".

==Confrontation with Governments==

As a part of his duty, Rai has many a times raised questions on faulty policy making of several state governments and Union government run by [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] led [[United Progressive Alliance]] and BJP led Governments in Chhattisgarh and Gujarat. CAG criticised the government of [[Goa]] for forest policy delay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-21/goa/31219817_1_forest-policy-forest-commission-state-forest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214024020/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-21/goa/31219817_1_forest-policy-forest-commission-state-forest |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Comptroller and auditor general of India slams govt for forest policy delay}}</ref>

There are certain times when ministers of ruling Congress coalition government criticised CAG. Minister of state in PMO, [[V. Narayanasamy]] said "CAG has no authority or right to comment on the policy of the government but unfortunately it has questioned its authority, which is totally unwarranted and against the mandate given to them".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/cag-overstepping-its-constitutional-mandate-govt_794521.html |title= CAG overstepping its constitutional mandate: Govt|date= 18 August 2012}}</ref> However CAG Vinod Rai defended his position by stating at an Economic Editor's Conference in 2011 "I am making it clear that I do not think the CAG is exceeding its jurisdiction, because the basic responsibility of the CAG is to identify if there is any lapse," and challenged the government to identify the specific breach of mandate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3804405.ece |title= CAG challenges government to identify specific breach of constitutional mandate|newspaper= The Hindu|date= 22 August 2012|last1= Singh|first1= Shalini}}</ref>

==Personal life==
It is noted with irony that while studying at [[Delhi School of Economics]] Vinod Rai was the student of [[Manmohan Singh]] who was serving as the professor during those days in [[Delhi School of Economics|DSE]]. Because years later the same student Vinod Rai turned out to be one of the reasons to not only exposed the corruption but led the downfall of his professor Manmohan Singh government.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 29 December 2024 |title= '54-year-old pic worth 1,000 words': DSE photo shows Manmohan Singh's humility|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/54-year-old-pic-worth-1000-words-dse-photo-shows-manmohan-singhs-humility/articleshow/116751993.cms |access-date= 9 November 2025|website= [[Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 28 December 2024 |title= Amit Mitra shares 1969 picture of Manmohan Singh and Vinod Rai, reflects on UPA fallout|url=https://x.com/DrAmitMitra/status/1872903388725428451 |access-date= 8 November 2025|website= [[Twitter|X]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== 2G scam falsehood ===
On 21 December 2017, a Special CBI Court acquitted all the persons accused in the 2G scam, a case set in motion by Vinod Rai. The Special Judge OP Saini stated in his judgement: "There is no evidence on the record produced before the Court indicating any criminality in the acts allegedly committed by the accused persons.” He added that “the chargesheet of the instant case is based mainly on misreading, selective reading, non-reading and out of context reading of the official record” and that "the chargesheet is based on some oral statements made by the witnesses during investigation, which the witnesses have not owned up in the witness box.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-21 |title=2G case verdict: CBI court acquits A Raja, Kanimozhi and all other accused |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/2g-spectrum-scam-in-a-big-relief-to-a-raja-and-kanimozhi-cbi-court-acquits-all-accused-4992453/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Indian National Congress Allegations ===
In October 2021, after Vinod Rai unconditionally apologized to Sanjay Nirupam, the Indian National Congress's leader [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury|Adhir Ranjan Chaudhary]] said, "Vinod Rai the former CAG has proved himself as a stooge of BJP, who was entrusted upon playing a sinister design to tarnish the image of UPA Government by his quixotic, wilful and deliberate observations in the CAG paras. He should be punished for his dereliction of duties".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-29 |title=Congress steps up attack against former CAG Vinod Rai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cong-steps-up-attack-against-former-cag-rai/article37237547.ece |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Then Congress's Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot accused, "Vinod Rai's false claims on 2G spectrum, Coal scam led to UPA's defeat".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-06 |title=Vinod Rai's false claims on 2G spectrum, coal scam led to UPA's defeat: Rajasthan CM Ashok Gehlot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/vinod-rais-false-claims-on-2g-spectrum-coal-scam-led-to-upas-defeat-rajasthan-cm-ashok-gehlot/articleshow/89376368.cms |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Congress's Pawan Khera accused that, "Imagine a man who can lie to sell a book, what all can he do to push his own agenda and the agenda of his masters."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-29 |title=Ex-CAG Vinod Rai should apologise to nation for conspiring to destabilise UPA govt: Congress |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ex-cag-vinod-rai-should-apologise-to-nation-for-conspiring-to-destabilise-upa-govt-congress/articleshow/87367294.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Published book==
He wrote ''Not Just an Accountant'': The Diary of the Nations Conscience Keeper, which speaks about how the political system was exploited to violate laws in [[2G spectrum case]], Krishna-Godavari gas basin contract, [[Commonwealth Games scam]], [[Indian coal allocation scam]] and the controversial purchase of aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/not-just-an-accountant-s-angst-114092401401_1.html |title=Not just an accountant's angst |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=24 September 2014 |publisher=Business standard |access-date=20 January 2015|last1=Bhattacharya |first1=A. K. }}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! Year !! Name !! Awarding organisation !! Ref.
|-
| 2012
| Alumnus of the Decade
| Old Students Association, Hindu College, University of Delhi
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=747604 |title=Democracy at Crossroads, Debunk Silent Majority: CAG |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=1 January 2012}}</ref>

|-
|2013
|Civil Servant achieving Excellence in Public Administration
|Mannapuram Finance Limited
|
|-
|2013
|Outstanding contribution to the Indian economy
|CNBC TV18
|
|-
|2016
|[[Padma Bhushan]] (Civil Service)<ref>{{cite web|title = Padma awards 2016 declared: Anupam Kher, Rajinikanth, Vinod Rai, Sania Mirza honoured among others {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-padma-awards-2016-declared-anupam-kher-rajinikanth-vinod-rai-sania-mirza-amongst-winners-2170091|website = dna|date = 25 January 2016|access-date = 25 January 2016|language = en-US}}</ref>
|Government of India
|
|}

He figured as one of the Persons of the Year in ''Forbes'' magazine in January 2011.<ref name="forbes"/>

In December 2011, he was chosen as the chief of UN [[external auditor|external audit]] panel.<ref name="CAG Vinod Rai elected U.N. external audit panel chief">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CAG-Vinod-Rai-to-head-UN-audit-panel/articleshow/11039779.cms | title=CAG Vinod Rai elected U.N. external audit panel chief | date=8 December 2011 | access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="CAG Vinod Rai to head UN audit panel">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CAG-Vinod-Rai-to-head-UN-audit-panel/articleshow/11039779.cms | title=CAG Vinod Rai to head UN audit panel | date=9 December 2011 | access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref>

In February 2012, CAG was complimented for professionalism, training and infrastructure by its [[Comptroller General of the United States|US counterpart]].<ref name="CAG receives pat from US counterpart">{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/230474/cag-receives-pat-us-counterpart.html | title=CAG receives pat from US counterpart | date=27 February 2012 | access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Vinod Rai appointed CAG">{{cite news
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/18/stories/2007121855371100.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071219165536/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/18/stories/2007121855371100.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 19 December 2007
| title = Vinod Rai appointed CAG
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| date = 18 December 2007
| access-date = 14 November 2008
| location=Chennai, India
}}</ref>
<ref name="hindubusiness2">{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/12/18/stories/2007121852311001.htm
| title = Vinod Rai appointed as CAG
| work = [[Business Line]]
| date = 18 December 2007
| access-date = 14 November 2008
}}</ref>
<ref name=cag>{{cite web|title=Mr. Vinod Rai|url=http://www.cag.gov.in/html/about1.htm|access-date=2 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155420/http://www.cag.gov.in/html/about1.htm|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="forbes">{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/01/06/forbes-india-person-of-the-year-vinod-rai-auditor-general.html | work=Forbes | first=Dinesh | last=Narayanan | title=A Person of the Year: Vinod Rai | date=7 January 2011}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
*{{wikiquote-inline}}
*{{Commons-inline}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Vinod}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Comptrollers in India]]
[[Category:People from Ghazipur]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Ahimsapuram

2026-04-15T21:24:58Z

AmiePesina: New New Details!

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Ahimsapuram
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Ahimsapuram, Madurai (Tamil Nadu)
|coordinates = {{coord|9.938000|N|78.121600|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai district]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 159
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language]], English language
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language]], English language
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 625002
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code = +91452xxxxxxx
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Neighbourhood]]s
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Madurai]], [[Sellur (Madurai)|Sellur]], [[Tallakulam (Madurai)|Tallakulam]], Goripalayam, Narimedu, B. B. Kulam, Chinnachokkikulam, [[Alwarpuram]], [[Nelpettai]], Shenoy Nagar, Anna Nagar, K. K. Nagar, Arasaradi, [[Arappalayam]], [[Koodal Nagar, Madurai|Koodal Nagar]], [[Vilangudi, Madurai|Vilangudi]], [[Thathaneri]], [[Simmakkal, Madurai|Simmakkal]], East Gate, [[South Gate, Madurai|South Gate]] and [[Yanaikkal, Madurai|Yanaikkal]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Corporation]]
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]]
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]]
|blank3_info_sec1 = Dr. S. Aneesh Sekhar, I. A. S.
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Madurai North Assembly constituency]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[S. Venkatesan]]
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 = [[G. Thalapathi]]
|website = https://madurai.nic.in
|footnotes =
}}

'''Ahimsapuram''' is a neighbourhood in [[Madurai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the peninsular India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-25 |title=Ahimsapuram folk take up water supply issue with minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/ahimsapuram-folk-take-up-water-supply-issue-with-minister/articleshow/70370348.cms |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoW6AAAAIAAJ&q=ahimsapuram |title=Handicrafts India Yearbook |date=1990 |publisher=Handicrafts India |language=en}}</ref> Ahimsapuram has a numerous handloom weaving units that produce towels and export them to several countries.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6FRAQAAMAAJ&q=ahimsapuram |title=Directory of Indian Exporters |date=2002 |publisher=Government of India, Department of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics. |language=en}}</ref> Important streets of Ahimsapuram include:
#Ahimsapuram 1st street<ref>{{Cite web |title=CORPORATION OF MADURAI |url=https://www.maduraicorporation.co.in/aboutus/street-details |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=maduraicorporation.co.in}}</ref>
#Ahimsapuram 2nd street
#Ahimsapuram 3rd street
#Ahimsapuram 4th street
#Ahimsapuram 5th street
#Ahimsapuram 6th street<ref>{{Cite book |author=India Director of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQJAAAAAMAAJ&q=ahimsapuram |title=District Census Handbook: Series 19: Tamil Nadu: Madurai (3 v.) |date=1972 |language=en}}</ref>
#Ahimsapuram 7th street<ref>{{Cite book |author=Confederation of Indian Textile Industry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eo7tAAAAMAAJ&q=ahimsapuram |title=CITI Directory, 2006 |date=2006 |publisher=Confederation of Indian Textile Industry |language=en}}</ref>
#Ahimsapuram 8th street.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenders Online – Government of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.tenders.tn.gov.in/innerpage.asp?choice=tc5&tid=com209466&work=1 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=tenders.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

Ahimsapuram is located at an altitude of about 159 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of {{coord|9.938000|N|78.121600|E}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GeoHack – Ahimsapuram |url=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ahimsapuram&params=9.938000_N_78.121600_E_type:city_region:IN |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=geohack.toolforge.org}}</ref>

Ahimsapuram area falls under the [[Madurai North Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=மதுரை மாநகராட்சி பகுதியில் – வார்டு வாரியாக சட்டப்பேரவை தொகுதிகள் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/todays-paper/regional01/647019-.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> The winner of the election held in the year 2021 as the member of its assembly constituency is [[G. Thalapathi]]. Also, this area belongs to [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency]]. The winner of the election held in the year 2019, as the member of its Lok Sabha constituency is [[S. Venkatesan]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods and suburbs of Madurai]]

{{Madurai-geo-stub}}

P. Santhosh Kumar

2026-04-11T12:41:09Z

AmiePesina: started new biography basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician
Member Of Parliament Rajyasabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Sandosh Kumar
| image = File:P. Sandosh Kumar.jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 April 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[M. V. Shreyams Kumar]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala|Kerala]]
| education = BA economics, LLB.
educated at sn college, Law Academy Law College, university Of kerala, Thiruvanathapuram
| alma_mater = [[Kerala Law Academy]]
| birth_place = [[Padiyoor]], [[Irikkur]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
}}

'''P. Sandosh Kumar''' is a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], from the state of [[Kerala]] and a leader of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A A Rahim, Jebi Mather and P Santhosh Kumar elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/a-a-rahim-jebi-mather-and-p-santhosh-kumar-elected-to-rajya-sabha-1.7375131 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statewise List |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/memberstatewise.aspx |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=malayalam |first=net |title=സന്തോഷ്‌ കുമാർ, ജെബി മേത്തർ ഹിഷാം, എ എ റഹിം എന്നിവർ രാജ്യസഭയിലേക്ക്‌ {{!}} Netmalayalam |url=http://www.netmalayalam.com/aa-rahim-jb-mather-hisham-and-santosh-kumar-to-the-rajya-sabha/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
P. Sandosh Kumar was born to K P Prabhakaran and P V Radha in 1971 at Padiyoor in [[Irikkur|Irikoor]], [[Kerala]]. He is serving as a national executive member of the [[Communist Party of India]]. He was also the former [[All India Youth Federation|AIYF]] national general secretary and president.

P. Sandosh Kumar also served as the CPI Kannur District Secretary and the syndicate member of [[Kannur University]]
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/rs-elections-cpi-to-field-p-santhosh-kumar-cpm-to-announce-candidate-on-friday-1.7346128 | title=RS elections: CPI to field P Santhosh Kumar, CPM to announce candidate on Friday }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/mar/16/cpm-cpi-allotted-onerajya-sabha-seat-each-2430549.html | title=CPM, CPI allotted one Rajya Sabha seat each }}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santhosh Kumar, P.}}
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kannur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Kerala-CPIndia-politician-stub}}

Punya Prasun Bajpai

2026-04-10T02:15:12Z

AmiePesina: started initial data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Distinguish|Wasi-wari|text=[[Prasun language]]}}
{{BLP more footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Punya Prasun Bajpai
| image = File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh presenting the Ramnath Goenka Award for Excellence in Journalism to Shri Punya Prasoon Vajpayee, at a function, in New Delhi on April 12, 2006.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|3|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], India
| occupation = [[News anchor]], journalist, editor, author
| years_active = 1989–present
| employer = Former executive editor at {{lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Tak]]|italic=no}}
| credits = DusTak on {{lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Tak]]|italic=no}}, Master Stroke on [[ABP News]], Badi Khabar on [[Zee News]]
| height = 5ft 7in
| father =
| awards = [[Ramnath Goenka]] 2006 and 2008
| module = {{Infobox social media personality
| child = yes
| youtube_handle = @PunyaPrasunBajpaiindia
| youtube_display_name = Punya Prasun Bajpai

| youtube_years_active =
| youtube_genre =
| youtube_subscribers = 5.2M
| youtube_views = 1.4 billion
| stats_update = 19 June 2025
}}
}}

'''Punya Prasun Bajpai''' (born 18 March 1964) is an Indian journalist. He has worked at several news networks in his career, including {{lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Tak]]|italic=no}}, where he hosted the weekday show known as 10 तक,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/karyakrams/video/das-tak.html|title= 10 तक show at Aaj Tak|publisher=Aajtak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/story/live-chat-with-punya-prasun-bajpai-1-720241.html?Sel=1&PSel=|title=Punya Prasun Bajpai, Aajtak|publisher= Aajtak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-05/news/27413430_1_aaj-tak-star-news-uday-shankar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614063146/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-05/news/27413430_1_aaj-tak-star-news-uday-shankar|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 June 2013|title=Punya Prasun Bajpai joins back Aaj Tak|publisher=The Economics Times}}</ref> and [[ABP News]], where he hosted ''Masterstroke'' for four months in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/889246/is-it-possible-for-abp-signals-to-have-been-during-the-masterstroke-show|title=Could a 'rogue carrier' have disrupted ABP News signals during the 'Masterstroke' show?|date= 5 August 2018|publisher=scroll.in}}</ref>

Bajpai is a well-known name in the field of electronic media, with more than 29 years of experience in electronic and print media. Bajpai has worked with various reputed media agencies such as [[Jansatta]], Sunday Observer, Sunday Mail, [[Lokmat]], [[Zee News]] and [[NDTV]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Early life==
He was born in [[Muzaffarpur]], Bihar. His father is the late Mani Kant Bajpai, who was an IIS ([[Indian Information Service]]) officer.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} He did his schooling at Kendriya Vidyalaya, Kankarbagh, Patna and subsequently did his graduation in Political Science honours from Bihar National College, Patna.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Career==
Bajpai started his career in the electronic media with {{lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Tak]]|italic=no}} in 1996 and worked there until 2003. He then moved to [[NDTV]] for a tenure of fourteen months. In 2007–2008, he was Editor-in-Chief of Sahara Samay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.mobi/story.aspx?news_id=27531|title=Punya Prasun Bajpai joins Sahara Samay|publisher=exchange4media|access-date=7 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708170236/http://www.exchange4media.mobi/story.aspx?news_id=27531|archive-date=8 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> He worked at [[Zee News]] for four years as a prime-time anchor and editor before returning to {{lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Tak]]|italic=no}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/49522_punya-prasun-bajpai-returns-to-aaj-tak%E2%80%99s-fold.html|title=Punya Prasun Bajpai Returns to Aaj Tak|publisher=Exchange4Media|access-date=7 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531065158/http://www.exchange4media.com/49522_punya-prasun-bajpai-returns-to-aaj-tak%E2%80%99s-fold.html|archive-date=31 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/aug/aug469.php|title = Aaj Tak's Punya Prasun Bajpai joins Sahara Samay as editor-in-chief|date = 31 August 2007}}</ref> Bajpai began hosting ''Masterstroke'' on [[ABP News]] in April, but he resigned four months later on 1 August 2018, due to alleged political pressure on the news channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cjr.org/q_and_a/punya-prasun-bajpai.php|title=Punya Prasun Bajpai: 'India is witnessing social collapse'|website=Columbia Journalism Review|language=en|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> In February 2019, he joined [[Surya Samachar]] as Editor-in-Chief, where he also hosted the shows ''Jai Hind'' and ''Satta.'' Recently he gave up Surya Samachar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathe |first=Akshay |date=2014-03-15 |title=Not So Krantikari |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2014/03/15/not-so-krantikari |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref>

In 2015, Bajpai was one of the ten most active Indian journalists on Twitter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techone3.in/10-most-active-indian-journalists-on-twitter-in-2015-4978/|title=10 Most active Indian journalists on Twitter in 2015|work=TechOne3}}</ref>

Since 2019, he runs his own news channel on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/@PunyaPrasunBajpaiindia/about | title=Punya Prasun Bajpai - YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

==Publications==
Bajpai has published six books, including ''राजनीति मेरी जान'' (Raajneeti Meri Jaan), ''डिजास्टरः मीडिया एंड पॉलिटिक्स'' (Disaster: Media and Politics), ''संसदः लोकतंत्र या नजरों का धोखा'' (Sansad: Loktantra ya nazron ka dhokha), ''आदिवासियों पर टाडा'' (Aadivasiyon par TADA), R.S.S. Sangh Ka Safar: 100 varsh <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bookshelf.buuks.com/product/r-s-s-sangh-ka-safar-100-varsh/|title= R.S.S. Sangh Ka Safar: 100 varsh Book|publisher=BUUKS}}</ref> and others. He writes articles for a number of daily and weekly news and literary publications in Hindi, several of which are also published on his blog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prasunbajpai.itzmyblog.com/|title= Punya Prasun Bajpai Blog|publisher=Blog}}</ref>

==Awards==
* He received recognition of his work during the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] when he anchored live for five consecutive hours.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* He won the [[Ramnath Goenka]] award for Hindi print and electronic media in 2005–06 and 2007–08. He is the only journalist to have received this award in TV and print twice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ramnath-goenka-foundation/2005_winners.html|title=Goenka Award Winner 2005–2006|publisher=Indian Express|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624101454/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ramnath-goenka-foundation/2005_winners.html|archivedate=24 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ramnath-goenka-foundation/2007_winners.html|title=Goenka Award Winner 2007–2008|publisher=Indian Express|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624120717/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ramnath-goenka-foundation/2007_winners.html|archivedate=24 June 2013}}</ref>[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh presenting the Ramnath Goenka Award for Excellence in Journalism to Shri Punya Prasoon Vajpayee, at a function, in New Delhi on April 12, 2006.jpg|thumb|Punya Prasun Bajpai receiving the Ramnath Goenka Award for Excellence in Journalism from the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh in 2006]]

==Controversy==
In March 2014 in a leaked video of interview with [[Arvind Kejriwal]], Punya Prasun Bajpai was seen getting instructions from [[Arvind Kejriwal]] on promoting his interview by comparing his resignation to the sacrifice of [[Bhagat Singh]] and dropping a certain portion of interview on privatization of industries which would portray him anti-middle class. Later, when the interview was telecasted it was found that Punya Prasun Bajpai had actually complied to the instructions and raised questions on his journalistic integrity and ethics. This controversy was called "media fixing" at that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/media-fixing-why-leaked-video-of-kejriwal-journalist-is-a-big-deal-1427201.html|title=Media fixing: Why 'leaked' video of Kejriwal, journalist is a big deal|date=10 March 2014}}</ref>

Bajpai hosted a prime-time show on [[ABP News]] called ''Masterstroke''. In July 2018, the channel elicited criticism from the government for its story about a video interaction on 20 June 2018, between [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] Mr. [[Narendra Modi]] and beneficiaries of various government programmes. A participant from [[Chhattisgarh]], Chandramani Kaushik, told Modi on the show that her income had doubled after she switched from cultivating paddy to growing custard apples. Two weeks later, based on reports from ABP News ''Masterstroke'' claims that she had been tutored by BJP officials to make false claims.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2018-08-03 |title=Resignations of two journalists at ABP News cause disquiet in newsrooms and far beyond |url=https://scroll.in/article/889026/resignations-of-two-journalists-at-abp-news-cause-disquiet-in-newsrooms-and-far-beyond |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

Following this, ABP News' satellite link started misbehaving during the airing of Bajpai's show. In an article written by Bajpai for [[The Wire (Indian web publication)|The Wire]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/media/punya-prasun-bajpai-abp-news-narendra-modi|title=Exclusive: Punya Prasun Bajpai Reveals the Story Behind His Exit From ABP News|website=The Wire|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref> he claims that some advertisers, including [[Patanjali Ayurved|Patanjali]], withdrew their advertisements from the channel. Under this pressure, Bajpai was forced to resign from the channel.

== See also ==

* [[Ravish Kumar]]
* [[Abhisar Sharma]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://prasunbajpai.itzmyblog.com/ prasunbajpai.itzmyblog.com]
*{{Twitter|ppbajpai|Punya Prasun Bajpai}}
*{{YouTube|title=|channel=UCXCG3leC3eHChlU2OPWMk_A}}
*{{Facebook|ppbajpai.official|Punya Prasun Bajpai}}
*{{Instagram|prasunbajpaiofficial|Punya Prasun Bajpai}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajpai, Punya Prasun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:India Today people]]
[[Category:Indian male bloggers]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]

Gomathi Priya

2026-04-05T02:59:31Z

AmiePesina: put up article...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gomathi Priya
| image =
| caption =
| birthname = Gomathi Priya Balakumaran
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|2|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = Actress
| education =
| known for =''[[Oviya (TV series)|Oviya]]'' ''[[Hitler Gari Pellam]]'' ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]'' ''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''
| height =
| years active = 2018–present
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}
'''Gomathi Priya''' is an Indian actress who works in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]] television industries. She made her debut in the Tamil [[TV series]] ''[[Oviya (TV series)|Oviya]]'' on [[Colors Tamil]]. She is known for playing the lead roles in the TV series ''[[Hitler Gari Pellam]]'', ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]'' and ''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''.

==Filmography==
===Films===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Varmaa]]''
| Deepa
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Language
! Channel
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2018–2020
| ''[[Oviya (TV series)|Oviya]]''
| Oviya
|rowspan="2"| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Colors Tamil]]
|Replaced by Kushi Sampath Kumar
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/people-insulted-me-for-my-dusky-skin-tone-says-oviya-fame-gomathi-priya/articleshow/68427630.cms|title=People insulted me for my dusky skin tone, says Oviya fame Gomathi Priya|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020–2022
| ''Velaikaran''
| Valli
|[[Star Vijay]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-velaikkaran-fame-gomathi-priya-balakumaran-celebrated-her-birthday-see-pics/articleshow/80769122.cms|title=Here's how Velaikkaran fame Gomathi Priya Balakumaran celebrated her birthday; see pics|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hitler Gari Pellam]]''
| Bhanumathi
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/hitler-gari-pellam-to-be-aired-on-zee-telugu-from-august-17/article32303244.ece|title=Meet Hitler and his wife Bhanumathi on August 17|website=The Hindu|date=8 August 2020 |last1=Murthy |first1=Neeraja }}</ref>
|-
| 2023–present
| ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
| Meena
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Star Vijay]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-gomathi-priya-injures-her-foot-on-the-sets-of-the-tamil-show-siragadikka-aasai-8782556.html|title=Actress Gomathi Priya Injures Her Foot On The Sets of The Tamil Show Siragadikka Aasai|work=News 18}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''Radhaku Neevera Pranam''
| Radhika
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/television-actor-nirupam-paritalas-cop-act-in-radhaku-neevera-pranam-on-zee-telugu/article66784783.ece|title=Nirupam Paritala's cop act in Radhaku Neevera Pranam|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''
| Revathi
| rowspan="2" |[[Malayalam]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Replaced by [[Rebecca Santhosh]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-24 |title=Chempaneer Poovu: A tale of resilience, love, and aspirations set to captivate audiences |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneer-poovu-a-tale-of-resilience-love-and-aspirations-set-to-captivate-audiences/articleshow/107103953.cms |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2026– present
|''Ee Puzhayum Kadannu''
|Kaveri
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-22 |title=மகாநதி தொடர் ரீமேக்கில் சிறகடிக்க ஆசை சீரியல் நாயகி!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Dec/22/the-lead-actress-of-the-siragadikka-aasai-serial-in-the-mahanadi-series-remake|access-date=2025-12-22 |work=[[Dinamani]]}}</ref>
|}

====Reality shows====
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
! Language
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2020
| ''Krishna Krishna''
| Performer
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Telugu]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/from-special-performances-of-mangli-to-hitler-gari-pellams-cast-what-one-can-expect-in-krishna-krishna/articleshow/77375457.cms|title=From special performances of Mangli to Hitler Gari Pellam's cast; what one can expect in 'Krishna Krishna'|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
|''Super Queen''
|Contestant
|
|
|-
|''Asianet Awards''
|Performer
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|[[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions|Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions 4]]''
| rowspan="3" |Guest
| rowspan="3" |[[Star Vijay]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actors-vetri-vasanth-and-gomathi-priya-to-grace-reality-show-kpy-champions-4-as-guest-judges/articleshow/100810923.cms|title=Actors Vetri Vasanth and Gomathi Priya to grace reality show 'KPY Champions 4' as guest judges|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cooku with Comali season 4]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-4-vichithra-steps-into-the-finale-becomes-the-first-finalist-of-the-season/articleshow/101271643.cms|title=Cooku With Comali 4: Vichithra steps into the finale; become the first finalist of the season|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Start Music (season 4)|''Start Music'' (season 4)]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-show-start-music-season-4-comes-to-an-end/articleshow/105185402.cms|title=TV show Start Music season 4 comes to an end|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| [[Start Music season 5|''Start Music'' (season 5)]]
| rowspan="3" |Contestant
|[[Star Vijay]]
|
|
|-
| ''Kirrack Boys Khiladi Girls Season 1''
| rowspan="2" |[[Star Maa]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/star-maas-new-show-kirrack-boys-khiladi-girls-launched-1308469|title=Star Maa's New Show Kirrack Boys Khiladi Girls Launched|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''Cooku with Jathiratnalu season 1''
|WINNER along with Cook [[Sujitha]]
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Star Singer|Star Singer season 10]]''
|Guest
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|
|-
|2026-present
|''Cooku with Jathiratnalu season 2''
|Contestant
| [[Star Maa]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
!Language!! Category !! Show
|-
|2020
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Telugu|Zee Telugu Kudumbam Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |Telugu|| Best Chemistry Couple || rowspan="2" | ''[[Hitler Gari Pellam]]''
|-
|2021|| Best Entertainer
|-
|2023|| Zee Anuragam || ''Radhaku Neevera Pranam''
|-
|Rowspan=3| 2024
|[[Vijay Television Awards]]
|Tamil|| Best Heroine || ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Asianet Television Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam|| Best New Face Female|| rowspan="2" |''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''
|-
|Popular Actress
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:1997 births]]

Ambica Singh Deo

2026-04-04T03:06:08Z

AmiePesina: New New Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1968)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ambica Singh Deo
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1968}}
| birth_place = [[Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh|Baikunthpur]], [[Surguja district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] {{small|(present-day [[Koriya district]], [[Chhattisgarh]])}}
| office = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Baikunthpur]]
| term_start = 11 December 2018
| term_end = 11 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Bhaiyalal Rajwade]]
| successor = [[Bhaiyalal Rajwade]]
| party = {{flagicon image|Indian National Congress Flag.svg}} [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Sivanath Sastri College|Sivanath Shastri College, Kolkata]] (B.Com, 1988)
| profession = Social worker & consultant
| relations = [[Ramchandra Singh Deo]] (uncle)
| majority = 5339 (4.12%)
}}
'''Ambica Singh Deo''' (born 1968) is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from the [[Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Baikunthpur]] constituency in Chhattisgarh. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], she served one term from 2018 to 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कौन हैं कांग्रेस विधायक अंबिका सिंहदेव जिन पर उनके पति ने लगाया है पिटाई करने का आरोप, जानिए उनके बारे में |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/chhattisgarh/raipur/know-congress-mla-ambika-singhdeo-whose-husband-has-accused-her-of-beating-him/photoshow/97604450.cms |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Ambica Singh Deo was born into the erstwhile royal family of [[Korea State|Koriya]]. She completed a Bachelor of Commerce degree from [[Sivanath Sastri College|Sivanath Shastri College]], Kolkata in 1988.

== Political career ==
She entered politics as a Congress candidate and was elected MLA in the [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], defeating BJP's [[Bhaiyalal Rajwade]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-11 |title=Baikunthpur Assembly Election Result: CONG's AMBICA SINGH DEO is won by 5339 Votes |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/chhattisgarh-election/article/baikunthpur-assembly-constituency-election-2018-chhattisgarh-polls-bjp-bhaiya-lal-rajwade-congress/312478 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> During her tenure, she served as a parliamentary secretary and was active in assembly debates, although her attendance and question-asking record fell below the state average.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambica Singh Deo |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/ambica-singh-deo |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> In the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023 Chhattisgarh Assembly election]], Ambica Singh Deo lost her seat to Bhaiyalal Rajwade of the Bharatiya Janata Party. As of March 2025, she no longer holds public office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-11 |title=Baikunthpur election 2018 results: Ambica Singh Deo of Congress leads Bhaiyalal Rajwade of BJP - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/baikunthpur-election-2018-results-ambica-singh-deo-of-congress-leads-bhaiyalal-rajwade-of-the-bjp-1662301.htm |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambika Singh Deo(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BAIKUNTHPUR(KORIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=1634 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Personal and family life ==
Ambica is the niece of [[Ramchandra Singh Deo]], the first Finance Minister of Chhattisgarh and a former cabinet minister in Madhya Pradesh. She married Amitavo Kumar Ghosh—an NRI based in England—in 1996; the couple has two sons.<ref>{{Cite web |title='अंबिका राजनीति चुनें या मुझे': कांग्रेस विधायक के पति बोले- मोहब्बत है, तभी जाने दे रहा हूं, जिद होती तो... |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-congress-mla-husband-amithab-ghosh-on-her-wife-ambika-singh-deo-2023-02-05 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bansalnews.com/ambika-singh-deo-controversy-mla-ambika-singhdevs-husbands-post-again-created-panic-said-wife-beats-pds/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=bansalnews.com}}</ref>

In February 2023, her husband posted on social media urging her to retire from politics, which garnered significant attention. He further alleged that she had physically assaulted him—claims she categorically denied as politically motivated and untrue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-04 |title=Quit politics, return to family life: Chhattisgarh Congress MLA Ambica Singh Deo's hubby on Facebook |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/quit-politics-return-to-family-life-congress-mlas-hubby-on-facebook/articleshow/97590326.cms |access-date=2025-07-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress MLA से पति की अपील- राजनीति छोड़कर परिवार के साथ रहो, पत्नी ने NRI पति को कहा- ना |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/chhattisgarh/raipur/nri-husband-appeals-congress-mla-to-quit-politics-ambika-singhdeo-says-no/articleshow/97595383.cms |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deo, Ambica Singh}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Delhi Capitals (WPL)

2026-04-03T02:34:54Z

AmiePesina: put up new data...

{{Short description|Indian women's cricket team}}
{{About|the women's team|the men's team|Delhi Capitals||}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Delhi Capitals
| image = Delhi Capitals.svg
| image_size = 200px
| league = [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]
| city = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| colours = Blue and red {{color box|mediumblue}} {{color box|#FF0000}}
| coach = [[Jonathan Batty]]
| captain = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
| owner = {{ubl|[[GMR Group]]|[[JSW Group]]}}
| founded = {{start date and age|2023}}
| ground = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| title1 = [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|WPL]]
| title1wins = 0
| h_title = T20 kit
| h_pattern_la =_blueborder
| h_pattern_b = _dc_wpl26
| h_pattern_ra = _blueborder
| h_pattern_pants =
| h_leftarm = FF0000
| h_body = 0116CF
| h_rightarm = FF0000
| h_pants = 1733DD
| current =
| website = {{URL|https://www.delhicapitals.in|delhicapitals.in}}
}}

The '''Delhi Capitals''' is an Indian professional [[women's cricket]] team that competes in the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]], based in [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]. The team is owned jointly by the [[GMR Group]] and the [[JSW Group]], which also own the Capitals men's team. The team is coached by [[Jonathan Batty]] and captained by [[Jemimah Rodrigues]].<ref name="coach"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meg Lanning named Delhi Capitals captain at WPL |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wpl-meg-lanning-named-delhi-capitals-captain-1361426 |access-date=5 March 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The team reached the final of the WPL but lost to [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]].<ref name="23final">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/delhi-capitals-women-vs-mumbai-indians-women-final-1358950/match-report |title=Mumbai Indians become the first WPL champions thanks to Sciver-Brunt and Wong |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=26 March 2023 |access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref>

==History==
In October 2022, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] announced its intentions to hold a five-team women's franchise cricket tournament in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wipl-2023-inaugural-womens-ipl-likely-to-be-played-from-march-3-to-26-1348845 |title=Inaugural Women's IPL likely to be played from March 3 to 26 |date=9 December 2022 |access-date=15 February 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The tournament was named the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] in January 2023, with investors buying the rights to franchises through a closed bidding process during the same month.<ref name="rights">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mumbai-indians-delhi-capitals-royal-challengers-bangalore-adani-group-capri-global-to-own-womens-ipl-teams-1355823 |title=Owners of Mumbai Indians, Delhi Capitals, RCB win bids to own Women's Premier League teams |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=25 January 2023 |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> [[GMR Group]] and [[JSW Group]], the owners of [[Delhi Capitals]] in the [[Indian Premier League]], bought the rights to one of the franchises.<ref name="rights"/>

In February 2023, [[Jonathan Batty]] was announced as head coach of the team.<ref name="coach">{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/cricket/news/jonathan-batty-appointed-delhi-capitals-head-coach-for-wpl-a475/ |title=Jonathan Batty appointed Delhi Capitals head coach for WPL |publisher=Lokmat Times |date=13 February 2023 |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> The inaugural player auction for the WPL was held on 13 February 2023, with Delhi Capitals signing 18 players for their squad.<ref name="auction">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/live-blog/live-blog-2023-wpl-auction-1358703 |title=Bid-by-bid updates - 2023 WPL auction |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 February 2023 |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> At the [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|inaugural tournament]], Delhi Capitals qualified directly for the final after topping the group, winning six of their eight matches.<ref name="23table">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/points-table-standings |title=Women's Premier League 2022/23 - Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref> However, they lost in the final to [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]] by seven wickets.<ref name="23final"/>

Under the leadership of [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] in [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)]], Delhi Capitals defeated [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]] to reach their fourth consecutive WPL final, setting up championship match against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Capitals Crush Gujarat Giants to Reach 4th Consecutive WPL Final |url=https://www.khelwire.com/articles/delhi-capitals-crush-gujarat-giants-to-reach-4th-consecutive-wpl-final |website=KhelWire |date=1 February 2026 |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref>

==Support staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Head coach|| [[Jonathan Batty]]
|-
|Assistant coach || [[Hemlata Kala]]
|-
|Fielding coach || [[Milap Mewada]]
|-
|}
Source: Official website<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.delhicapitals.in/delhi-capitals-announce-coaching-staff-ahead-of-womens-premier-league-2023 |title=Delhi Capitals announce Coaching Staff Ahead of Women's Premier League 2023 |publisher=Delhi Capitals |date=11 February 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Year
!Kit manufacturer
!Main shirt sponsor
!Back sponsor
|-
|2023
|[[Wrogn]]
|[[JSW Group|JSW Paints]]
|SportsBuzz11
|-
|2024
| rowspan="3" |[[Puma SE|Puma]]
| rowspan="3" |[[DP World]]
| rowspan="2" |[[JSW Group|JSW Paints]]
|-
|2025
|-
|2026
|[[Lakmé Cosmetics|Lakmé Sun Expert]]
|}

==Seasons==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Group standings
!Final standings
|-
|[[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]]
|1/5
|style="background: silver;" |Runners-up
|-
|[[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]]
|1/5
|style="background: silver;" |Runners-up
|-
|[[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]]
|1/5
|style="background: silver;" |Runners-up
|-
|[[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]]
|3/5
|style="background: silver;" |Runners-up
|}

==Captaincy record==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Player
! Duration
! Matches
! Won
! Lost
! Best Result
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Meg Lanning]]
| 2023-2025
| 27
| 17
| 10
|bgcolor=silver|'''Runner-up ([[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]],[[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]],[[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]])'''
|}

==See also==
* [[Sport in Delhi]]
* [[India Capitals]]
* [[Pretoria Capitals]]
* [[Dubai Capitals]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's Premier League (cricket)}}
{{Delhi Capitals WPL squad}}
{{Delhi Capitals (WPL)}}

[[Category:Delhi Capitals]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2023]]
[[Category:Women's Premier League (cricket) teams]]
[[Category:JSW Group]]
[[Category:GMR Group]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals (WPL)]]

Public health

2026-03-29T10:04:31Z

AmiePesina:

{{Short description|Promoting health through informed choices}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
{{About|public health|public health care|publicly funded health care}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
<noinclude>{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Community Health Worker treats child (19165929668).jpg
| alt1 = Delivery of malaria treatment by community health worker in Djénébougou, Mali. October 2013.
| image2 = COVID-19 vaccination center, fair grounds Cologne, 1st vaccination-8237.jpg
| alt2 = COVID-19 vaccination center, fair grounds Cologne, 1st vaccination
| image4 = The Addl. Secretary, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Shri Keshav Desiraju addressing at the launch of the media campaign of National Tobacco Control Programme, in New Delhi. The WHO Representative.jpg
| alt4 = The Addl. Secretary, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Shri Keshav Desiraju addressing at the launch of the media campaign of National Tobacco Control Programme, in New Delhi on February 02, 2012. The WHO Representative, Dr. Nata Menabde and other dignitaries are also seen.
| image3 = Seattle - Installing E. 80th Street pipeline, 1931.jpg
| alt3 = Installing E. 80th Street pipeline, Seattle, Washington, USA, 1931
| footer = Various aspects of public health: From top to bottom: [[Community health worker]] in Mali, [[vaccination]] example ([[COVID-19 vaccine|COVID-19 vaccination]] in Germany), historical [[Combined sewer|sewer]] installation photo from the United States, [[anti-smoking campaign]] in India.
}}</noinclude>
{{Public health sidebar}}

'''Public health''' is "the science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals".<ref name="Gatseva">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gatseva PD, Argirova M |title=Public health: the science of promoting health |journal=Journal of Public Health |date= June 2011 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=205–206 |doi=10.1007/s10389-011-0412-8 |s2cid=1126351 |language=en |issn=1613-2238|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Winslow_1920">{{cite journal | vauthors = Winslow CE | title = The untilled fields of public health | journal = Science | volume = 51 | issue = 1306 | pages = 23–33 | date = January 1920 | pmid = 17838891 | doi = 10.1126/science.51.1306.23 | bibcode = 1920Sci....51...23W | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1448241 | author-link = Charles-Edward Amory Winslow }}</ref> Analyzing the determinants of [[health]] of a [[population]] and the threats it faces is the basis for public health.<ref name="Centers for Disease Control Foundation">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdcfoundation.org/content/what-public-health|title=What is Public Health|website=Centers for Disease Control Foundation|publisher=Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> The ''public'' can be as small as a handful of people or as large as a village or an entire city; in the case of a [[pandemic]] it may encompass several continents. The concept of ''health'' takes into account physical, [[psychological]], and [[Well-being|social well-being]], among other factors.<ref name="What is the WHO definition of health">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190307113324/https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are/frequently-asked-questions What is the WHO definition of health?] from the Preamble to the Constitution of WHO as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19 June – 22 July 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of WHO, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. The definition has not been amended since 1948.</ref>

Public health is an [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] field. For example, [[epidemiology]], [[biostatistics]], [[social science]]s and [[management]] of [[health services]] are all relevant. Other important sub-fields include [[environmental health]], [[community health]], [[behavioral health]], [[health economics]], [[public policy]], [[mental health]], [[health education]], [[health politics]], [[occupational safety and health|occupational safety]], [[disability]], [[oral health]], [[gender issues]] in health, and [[sexual and reproductive health]].<ref name="Perdiguero_2001">{{cite journal| vauthors = Perdiguero E |date=2001-07-01|title=Anthropology in public health. Bridging differences in culture and society.|journal=Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health|volume=55|issue=7|pages=528b–528|doi=10.1136/jech.55.7.528b|issn=0143-005X|pmc=1731924}}</ref> Public health, together with [[primary care]], secondary care, and [[tertiary care]], is part of a country's overall [[health care|healthcare]] system. Public health is implemented through the [[Disease surveillance|surveillance]] of cases and [[health indicators]], and through the [[Behavior change (public health)|promotion of healthy behaviors]]. Common public health initiatives include promotion of [[hand washing|hand-washing]] and [[breastfeeding]], delivery of [[vaccination]]s, promoting ventilation and improved air quality both [[indoor air quality|indoors]] and [[air quality|outdoors]], [[suicide prevention]], [[smoking cessation]], [[Obesity|obesity education]], increasing [[Health care|healthcare]] accessibility and distribution of [[condom]]s to control the spread of [[sexually transmitted disease]]s.

There is a significant disparity in access to health care and public health initiatives between [[Developed country|developed countries]] and [[Developing country|developing countries]], as well as within developing countries. In developing countries, public health infrastructures are still forming. There may not be enough trained [[healthcare workers]], monetary resources, or, in some cases, sufficient knowledge to provide even a basic level of medical care and disease prevention.<ref name="Chen_2006" /><ref name="Jamison 15–22" /> A major public health concern in developing countries is poor [[Maternal health|maternal]] and [[Pediatric nursing|child health]], exacerbated by [[malnutrition]] and poverty and limited implementation of comprehensive public health policies. Developed nations are at greater risk of certain public health crises, including childhood obesity, although overweight populations in low- and middle-income countries are catching up.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-25 |title=Obesity catches up with low- and middle-income countries |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/health/article/2023/07/25/obesity-catches-up-with-low-and-middle-income-countries_6067132_14.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |language=en}}</ref>

From the beginnings of [[human civilization]], communities promoted [[health]] and fought [[disease]] at the population level.<ref name="Rosen_2015" /><ref name="Porter_1999" /> In [[Complex society|complex]], [[Pre-industrial society|pre-industrialized societies]], interventions designed to reduce health risks could be the initiative of different stakeholders, such as army generals, the clergy or rulers. Great Britain became a leader in the development of public health initiatives, beginning in the 19th century, due to the fact that it was the first modern [[Urbanization|urban nation]] worldwide.<ref name="Crook_2016" /> The public health initiatives that began to emerge initially focused on [[sanitation]] (for example, the Liverpool and [[London sewerage system]]s), control of [[Infection|infectious diseases]] (including vaccination and [[quarantine]]) and an evolving infrastructure of various sciences, e.g. statistics, [[microbiology]], epidemiology, sciences of engineering.<ref name="Crook_2016" />

{{TOC level|3}}

== Definition ==
[[File:A_community_health_worker_conducting_a_survey_in_the_Korail_slum,_Bangladesh_(8630810827).jpg|thumb|A community health worker in Korail Basti, a slum in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh]]
Public health has been defined as "the science and art of [[Preventive healthcare|preventing disease]]", prolonging life and improving [[quality of life]] through organized efforts and informed choices of [[society]], [[organization]]s (public and private), [[Community|communities]] and [[individual]]s.<ref name="Winslow_1920" /> The ''public'' can be as small as a handful of people or as large as a village or an entire city. The concept of ''health'' takes into account physical, [[psychological]], and [[Well-being|social well-being]]. As such, according to the [[World Health Organization]], "health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".<ref name="What is the WHO definition of health" />

=== Related terms ===
[[File:World_Health_Organisation_building_from_west.jpg|thumb|The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] is the predominant agency associated with [[global health]].]]
Public health is related to [[global health]] which is the health of populations in the worldwide context.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown TM, Cueto M, Fee E | title = The World Health Organization and the transition from "international" to "global" public health | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 62–72 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16322464 | pmc = 1470434 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831 }}</ref> It has been defined as "the area of study, [[research]] and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in "[[Health for all]]" people worldwide".<ref name="Koplan">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, Reddy KS, Rodriguez MH, Sewankambo NK, Wasserheit JN | title = Towards a common definition of global health | journal = Lancet | volume = 373 | issue = 9679 | pages = 1993–1995 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19493564 | pmc = 9905260 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60332-9 | bibcode = 2009Lanc..373.1993K | s2cid = 6919716 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.610.7968 }}</ref> International health is a field of [[health]] care, usually with a public health emphasis, dealing with health across regional or national boundaries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-30 |title=International Health {{!}} Johns Hopkins {{!}} Bloomberg School of Public Health |url=https://publichealth.jhu.edu/departments/international-health |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=publichealth.jhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Public health is not the same as public healthcare ([[publicly funded health care]]).

The term '''preventive medicine''' is related to public health. The American Board of Preventive Medicine separates three categories of preventive medicine: aerospace health, [[Occupational safety and health|occupational health]], and public health and general preventative medicine. Jung, Boris and Lushniak argue that preventive medicine should be considered the medical specialty for public health but note that the American College of Preventive Medicine and American Board of Preventive Medicine do not prominently use the term "public health".<ref name="Jung_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jung P, Lushniak BD | title = Preventive Medicine's Identity Crisis | journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 52 | issue = 3 | pages = e85–e89 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28012813 | doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.10.037 | doi-access = free }}</ref>{{rp|page=1}} Preventive medicine specialists are trained as [[clinician]]s and address complex health needs of a population such as by assessing the need for [[Preventive healthcare|disease prevention]] programs, using the best methods to implement them, and assessing their effectiveness.<ref name="Jung_2017" />{{rp|pages=1,3}}

Since the 1990s many scholars in public health have been using the term '''population health'''.<ref name="Valles_2018">{{cite book | vauthors = Valles SA |title=Philosophy of population health: philosophy for a new public health era |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-351-67078-4 |location=London | publisher = Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |oclc=1035763221}}</ref>{{rp|page=3}} There are no medical specialties directly related to population health.<ref name="Jung_2017" />{{rp|page=4}} Valles argues that consideration of [[health equity]] is a fundamental part of population health. Scholars such as Coggon and Pielke express concerns about bringing general issues of wealth distribution into [[population health]]. Pielke worries about "stealth issue advocacy" in population health.<ref name="Valles_2018" />{{rp|page=163}} Jung, Boris and Lushniak consider population health to be a concept that is the goal of an activity called public health practiced through the specialty preventive medicine.<ref name="Jung_2017" />{{rp|page=4}}

[[Lifestyle medicine]] uses individual lifestyle modification to prevent or revert disease and can be considered a component of preventive medicine and public health. It is implemented as part of [[primary care]] rather than a specialty in its own right.<ref name="Jung_2017" />{{rp|page=3}} Valles argues that the term [[social medicine]] has a narrower and more [[biomedical]] focus than the term population health.<ref name="Valles_2018" />{{rp|page=7}}

== Purpose ==
The purpose of a [[public health intervention]] is to prevent and [[Mitigation|mitigate]] diseases, [[Injury|injuries]], and other health conditions. The overall goal is to improve the health of individuals and populations, and to increase [[life expectancy]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Smith |first1=Peter G. |title=Types of intervention and their development |date=2015-06-01 |work=Field Trials of Health Interventions: A Toolbox. 3rd edition |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305514/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |publisher=OUP Oxford |language=en |last2=Morrow |first2=Richard H. |last3=Ross |first3=David A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Look At Public Health Interventions |url=https://onlinedegrees.kent.edu/college-of-public-health/community/public-health-interventions |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Kent |language=en}}</ref>

== Components ==
Public health is a complex term, composed of many elements and different practices. It is a multi-faceted, [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] field.<ref name="Crook_2016">{{Cite book| vauthors = Crook T |title=Governing systems: modernity and the making of public health in England, 1830–1910|date=2016|isbn=978-0-520-96454-9|location=Oakland, California | publisher = University of California Press |oclc=930786561}}</ref> For example, [[epidemiology]], [[biostatistics]], [[social science]]s and [[management]] of health services are all relevant. Other important sub-fields include [[environmental health]], [[community health]], [[behavioral health]], [[health economics]], [[public policy]], [[mental health]], [[health education]], [[health politics]], [[occupational safety and health|occupational safety]], [[disability]], [[gender issues]] in health, and [[sexual and reproductive health]].<ref name="Perdiguero_2001" />

Modern public health practice requires [[Interdisciplinarity|multidisciplinary]] teams of public health workers and professionals. Teams might include [[epidemiology|epidemiologists]], [[biostatistics|biostatisticians]], [[physician assistant]]s, [[public health nursing|public health nurses]], [[midwives]], [[microbiologist|medical microbiologists]], [[pharmacist]]s, [[economists]], [[sociologists]], [[geneticists]], [[data management|data managers]], [[environmental health officer]]s ([[public health inspector]]s), [[Bioethics|bioethicists]], gender experts, sexual and reproductive health specialists, [[physicians]], and [[veterinarian]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Joint Task Group on Public Health Human Resources|title=Building the public health workforce for the 21st century|author2=Advisory Committee on Health Delivery & Human Resources|author3=Advisory Committee on Population Health & Health Security|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada|year=2005|location=Ottawa|oclc=144167975}}</ref>

The elements and priorities of public health have evolved over time, and are continuing to evolve.<ref name="Crook_2016" /> Common public health initiatives include promotion of [[hand washing|hand-washing]] and [[breastfeeding]], delivery of [[vaccination]]s, [[suicide prevention]], [[smoking cessation]], [[Obesity|obesity education]], increasing [[Health care|healthcare]] accessibility and distribution of [[condom]]s to control the spread of [[sexually transmitted disease]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-06-12 |title=National Health Initiatives, Strategies & Action Plans |url=https://www.cdc.gov/public-health-gateway/php/communications-resources/national-health-initiatives-strategies-action-plans.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Public Health Professionals Gateway |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Methods ==
[[File:Salk headlines.jpg|thumb|Newspaper headlines from around the world about [[polio vaccine]] tests (13 April 1955)]]
Public health aims are achieved through surveillance of cases and the [[health promotion|promotion of healthy behaviors]], [[healthy community design|communities]] and [[environmental protection|environments]]. Analyzing the determinants of [[health]] of a [[population]] and the threats it faces is the basis for public health.<ref name="Centers for Disease Control Foundation" />

Many diseases are [[Preventable causes of death|preventable]] through simple, nonmedical methods. For example, research has shown that the simple act of [[hand washing|handwashing]] with soap can prevent the spread of many [[Infection|contagious diseases]].<ref>Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap. [http://www.globalhandwashing.org/handwashing-resources ''Handwashing research''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216125536/http://globalhandwashing.org/handwashing-resources |date=16 December 2010 }}, accessed 19 April 2011.</ref> In other cases, treating a disease or controlling a [[pathogen]] can be vital to preventing its spread to others, either during an outbreak of [[infectious disease]] or through [[food contamination|contamination of food]] or [[water contamination|water]] supplies.

Public health, together with [[primary care]], secondary care, and [[tertiary care]], is part of a country's overall [[health care]] system. Many interventions of public health interest are delivered outside of [[Health facility|health facilities]], such as [[food safety]] surveillance, distribution of [[condom]]s and [[Needle-exchange programme|needle-exchange programs]] for the prevention of transmissible diseases.

Public health requires [[Geographic information system|Geographic Information Systems]] (GIS) because risk, vulnerability and exposure involve geographic aspects.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang F | title = Why Public Health Needs GIS: A Methodological Overview | journal = Annals of GIS | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–12 | date = 2020-01-02 | pmid = 32547679 | pmc = 7297184 | doi = 10.1080/19475683.2019.1702099 | bibcode = 2020AnGIS..26....1W }}</ref>

== Ethics ==
[[File:Public Health Prayer by Dr Edmond Fernandes.jpg|alt=A Public Health Prayer - Dr Edmond Fernandes|thumb|A Public Health Prayer - Dr Edmond Fernandes]]
A dilemma in public health ethics is dealing with the conflict between [[Individual and group rights|individual rights]] and maximizing [[right to health]].<ref name="Holland_2015">{{Cite book | vauthors = Holland S |title=Public health ethics |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-7456-6218-3 |edition=Second | publisher = Polity Press |location=Cambridge |oclc=871536632}}</ref>{{Rp|page=28}} Public health is justified by [[Consequentialism|consequentialist]] [[Utilitarianism|utilitarian]] ideas,<ref name="Holland_2015" />{{Rp|page=153}} but is constrained and critiqued by [[Liberalism|liberal]],<ref name="Holland_2015" /> [[Deontology|deontological]], [[Principlism|principlist]] and [[libertarianism|libertarian]] philosophies<ref name="Holland_2015" />{{Rp|page=|pages=99,95,74,123}} Stephen Holland argues that it can be easy to find a particular framework to justify any viewpoint on public health issues, but that the correct approach is to find a framework that best describes a situation and see what it implies about public health policy.<ref name="Holland_2015" />{{Rp|page=154}}

The definition of [[health]] is vague and there are many conceptualizations. Public health practitioners definition of health can different markedly from members of the public or [[clinician]]s. This can mean that members of the public view the values behind public health interventions as alien which can cause resentment amongst the public towards certain interventions.<ref name="Holland_2015" />{{Rp|page=230}} Such vagueness can be a problem for [[health promotion]].<ref name="Holland_2015" />{{Rp|page=241}} Critics have argued that public health tends to place more focus on individual factors associated with health at the expense of factors operating at the population level.<ref name="Valles_2018" />{{Rp|page=9}}

Historically, public health campaigns have been criticized as a form of "[[healthism]]",  as moralistic in nature rather than being focused on health. Medical doctors, Petr Shkrabanek and James McCormick wrote a series of publications on this topic in the late 1980s and early 1990s criticizing the UK's ''the Health of The Nation'' campaign. These publications exposed abuse of epidemiology and statistics by the public health movement to support lifestyle interventions and screening programs.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Fitzpatrick M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpqBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |title=The Tyranny of Health: Doctors and the Regulation of Lifestyle |date=2002-01-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-56346-3 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=85}}<ref name="Sim_2011">{{cite book | vauthors = Sim F, McKee M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn8xC6_UW8YC&pg=PA7 |title=Issues In Public Health |date=2011-09-01 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (UK) |isbn=978-0-335-24422-5 |language=en}}</ref> A combination of inculcating a fear of ill-health and a strong notion of individual responsibility has been criticized as a form of "health fascism" by a number of scholars, objectifying the individual with no considerations of emotional or social factors.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Fitzpatrick K, Tinning R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rm3MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Health Education: Critical perspectives |date=2014-02-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-07214-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=8}}<ref name="Sim_2011" />{{rp|page=7}}<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Zembylas M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzorEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |title=Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism: Pedagogies for the Renewal of Democratic Education |date=2021-05-06 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-83840-5 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|page=81}}

== Priority areas ==
=== Original focal areas ===
[[File:Somali boy receives a polio vaccination.jpg|thumb|A [[Somali people|Somali]] boy is injected with inactivated poliovirus vaccine ([[Mogadishu]], 1993).]]
When public health initiatives began to emerge in England in modern times (18th century onwards) there were three core strands of public health which were all related to statecraft: Supply of clean water and [[sanitation]] (for example [[London sewerage system]]); control of [[Infection|infectious diseases]] (including [[vaccination]] and [[quarantine]]); an evolving infrastructure of various sciences, e.g. statistics, microbiology, epidemiology, sciences of engineering.<ref name="Crook_2016" /> Great Britain was a leader in the development of public health during that time period out of necessity: Great Britain was the first modern [[Urbanization|urban nation]] (by 1851 more than half of the population lived in settlements of more than 2000 people).<ref name="Crook_2016" /> This led to a certain type of distress which then led to public health initiatives.<ref name="Crook_2016" /> Later that particular concern faded away.

=== Changing focal areas and expanding scope ===
[[File:Marlboro_warning_death.jpg|thumb|Cigarette packet warnings as part of [[anti-smoking campaign]]s]]
With the onset of the [[epidemiological transition]] and as the prevalence of [[Infectious disease in the 20th century|infectious diseases decreased through the 20th century]], public health began to put more focus on [[chronic diseases]] such as [[cancer]] and [[heart disease]]. Previous efforts in many developed countries had already led to dramatic reductions in the [[infant mortality rate]] using preventive methods. In Britain, the infant mortality rate fell from over 15% in 1870 to 7% by 1930.<ref>{{Cite report | vauthors = Newell AT, Gazeley I | title = The Declines in Infant Mortality and Fertility: Evidence from British Cities in Demographic Transition | work = IZA Discussion Paper No. 6855 | date = 2012 | doi = 10.2139/ssrn.2157997 |url=https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=wps-48-2012.pdf&site=24|access-date=17 December 2012| hdl = 10419/67297 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

A major public health concern in [[Developing country|developing countries]] is poor [[Maternal health|maternal]] and child health, exacerbated by [[malnutrition]] and poverty. The [[WHO]] reports that a lack of [[Breastfeeding#Duration and exclusivity|exclusive breastfeeding]] during the first six months of life contributes to over a million avoidable child deaths each year.<ref name="World Health Organization" />

Public health surveillance has led to the identification and prioritization of many public health issues facing the world today, including [[HIV/AIDS]], [[diabetes]], [[waterborne diseases]], [[zoonosis|zoonotic diseases]], and [[antibiotic resistance]] leading to the reemergence of infectious diseases such as [[tuberculosis]]. [[Antibiotic resistance]], also known as drug resistance, was the theme of [[World Health Day|World Health Day 2011]].

For example, the WHO reports that at least 220 million people worldwide have diabetes. Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and it is projected that the number of diabetes deaths will double by 2030.<ref>World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/ ''Diabetes Fact Sheet N°312'', January 2011]. Accessed 19 April 2011.</ref> In a June 2010 editorial in the medical journal ''[[The Lancet]]'', the authors opined that "The fact that type 2 diabetes, a largely preventable disorder, has reached epidemic proportion is a public health humiliation."<ref>{{cite journal | title = Type 2 diabetes--time to change our approach | journal = Lancet | volume = 375 | issue = 9733 | page = 2193 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20609952 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61011-2 | s2cid = 31166680 |author=The Lancet }}</ref> The risk of [[type 2 diabetes]] is closely linked with the growing problem of [[obesity]]. The WHO's latest estimates {{as of|2016|June|lc=y}} highlighted that globally approximately 1.9 billion adults were [[overweight]] in 2014, and 41 million children under the age of five were overweight in 2014.<ref>World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ ''Obesity and overweight Fact sheet N°311'', Updated June 2016.] Accessed 19 April 2011.</ref> Once considered a problem in high-income countries, it is now on the rise in low-income countries, especially in urban settings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obesity and overweight |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>

Many public health programs are increasingly dedicating attention and resources to the issue of obesity, with objectives to address the underlying causes including [[healthy diet]] and [[physical exercise]]. The [[National Institute for Health and Care Research]] (NIHR) has published a review of research on what [[Local government in England|local authorities]] can do to tackle obesity.<ref name="how-local">{{Cite journal |date=19 May 2022 |title=How can local authorities reduce obesity? Insights from NIHR research |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/how-local-authorities-can-reduce-obesity/ |journal=NIHR Evidence}}</ref> The review covers interventions in the food environment (what people buy and eat), the [[Built environment|built]] and [[natural environment]]s, schools, and the community, as well as those focussing on [[active travel]], [[Leisure centre|leisure services]] and public sports, [[Weight loss programs|weight management programmes]], and [[Systems approach|system-wide approaches]].<ref name="how-local"/>

Health inequalities, driven by the social determinants of health, are also a growing area of concern in public health. A central challenge to securing health equity is that the same social structures that contribute to health inequities also operate and are reproduced by public health organizations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Flynn MA | title = Im/migration, Work, and Health: Anthropology and the Occupational Health of Labor Im/migrants | journal = Anthropology of Work Review | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 116–123 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 31080311 | pmc = 6503519 | doi = 10.1111/awr.12151 }}</ref> In other words, public health organizations have evolved to better meet the needs of some groups more than others. The result is often that those most in need of preventative interventions are least likely to receive them<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Victora CG, Vaughan JP, Barros FC, Silva AC, Tomasi E | title = Explaining trends in inequities: evidence from Brazilian child health studies | journal = Lancet | volume = 356 | issue = 9235 | pages = 1093–1098 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 11009159 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02741-0 | s2cid = 32450895 }}</ref> and interventions can actually aggravate inequities<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Martin White |author2= Jean Adams |author3=Peter Heywood |date=2009 |chapter=How and why do interventions that increase health overall widen inequalities within populations? |editor=Salvatore J. Babones |title=Social inequality and public health |publisher=Bristol University Press |doi=10.51952/9781847423221.ch005}}</ref> as they are often inadvertently tailored to the needs of the normative group.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Flynn MA, Check P, Steege AL, Sivén JM, Syron LN | title = Health Equity and a Paradigm Shift in Occupational Safety and Health | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | page = 349 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 35010608 | pmc = 8744812 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph19010349 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Identifying bias within public health research and practice is essential to ensuring public health efforts mitigate and don't aggravate health inequities.

=== Organizations ===

==== World Health Organization (WHO) ====
The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) is a [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialized agency of the United Nations]] responsible for international public health.<ref name="Jan 24">{{Cite web|date=24 January 2019|title=The U.S. Government and the World Health Organization|url=https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-and-the-world-health-organization/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318223306/https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-and-the-world-health-organization/|archive-date=18 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> The WHO Constitution, which establishes the agency's governing structure and principles, states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health".<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO Constitution, Basic Documents, Forty-ninth edition |website=WHO |date=2020 |url=https://apps.who.int/gb/bd/pdf_files/BD_49th-en.pdf#page=7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401095256/https://apps.who.int/gb/bd/pdf_files/BD_49th-en.pdf#page=7|archive-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> The WHO's broad mandate includes advocating for universal healthcare, monitoring public health risks, coordinating responses to health emergencies, and promoting human health and well-being.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What we do|url=https://www.who.int/about/what-we-do|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317145801/https://www.who.int/about/what-we-do|archive-date=17 March 2020|access-date=17 March 2020|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> The WHO has played a leading role in several public health achievements, most notably the [[Eradication of infectious diseases|eradication]] of [[smallpox]], the near-[[Polio eradication|eradication of polio]], and the development of an [[Ebola vaccine]]. Its current priorities include [[communicable disease]]s, particularly [[HIV/AIDS]], [[Ebola]], [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]], [[malaria]] and [[tuberculosis]]; [[non-communicable disease]]s such as heart disease and cancer; [[Healthy eating|healthy diet]], nutrition, and [[food security]]; [[occupational health]]; and [[substance abuse]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Core priorities |url=https://www.who.int/europe/about-us/our-work/core-priorities |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Harvard Public Health |last2=Ghebreyesus |first2=Tedros Adhanom |date=2023-04-05 |title=75 years of WHO: Tedros' 5 priorities for a healthier world |url=https://harvardpublichealth.org/global-health/global-health-past-and-future-the-who-at-75/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Harvard Public Health Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Others ====
[[File:A local county health department in North Carolina, United States 01.jpg|thumb|A local health department in the United States]]
Most countries have their own governmental public health agency, often called the ministry of health, with responsibility for domestic health issues.

For example, in the [[United States]], state and local [[health department]]s are on the front line of public health initiatives. In addition to their national duties, the [[United States Public Health Service]] (PHS), led by the [[Surgeon General of the United States|Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service]], and the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], headquartered in [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], are also involved with international health activities.<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Alkhuli MA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYZPDwAAQBAJ&q=In+the+United+States,+state+and+local+health+departments+are+on+the+front+line+of+public+health+initiatives.+In+addition+to+their+national+duties,+the+United+States+Public+Health+Service+(PHS),+led+by+the+Surgeon+General+of+the+United+States,+and+the+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention,+headquartered+in+Atlanta,+are+also+involved+with+international+health+activities.&pg=PA242|title=English for Nursing and Medicine|publisher=دار الفلاح للنشر والتوزيع|isbn=978-9957-552-36-7|language=en}}</ref>

=== Public health programs ===

Most governments recognize the importance of public health programs in reducing the incidence of disease, disability, and the effects of [[aging]] and other physical and mental health conditions. However, public health generally receives significantly less government funding compared with medicine.<ref>{{cite report|publisher =World Health Organization |chapter = Public health principles and neurological disorders|title =Neurological Disorders: Public Health Challenges |location = Geneva|date= 2006 |chapter-url =https://www.who.int/mental_health/neurology/neurodiso/en/index.html}}</ref> Although the collaboration of local health and government agencies is considered best practice to improve public health, the pieces of evidence available to support this is limited.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hayes SL, Mann MK, Morgan FM, Kelly MJ, Weightman AL | title = Collaboration between local health and local government agencies for health improvement | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2012 | issue = 10 | article-number = CD007825 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23076937 | pmc = 9936257 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007825.pub6 }}</ref> Public health programs providing [[vaccination]]s have made major progress in promoting health, including substantially reducing the occurrence of [[cholera]] and [[polio]] and eradicating [[smallpox]], diseases that have plagued humanity for thousands of years.<ref name="Butcher">{{cite journal | vauthors = Butcher L |title=Pandemic puts all eyes on public health |journal=Knowable Magazine |date=17 November 2020 |doi=10.1146/knowable-111720-1|doi-access=free |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/health-disease/2020/pandemic-puts-all-eyes-public-health |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Directors of Global Smallpox Eradication Program.jpg|thumb|Three former directors of the [[Smallpox#Eradication|Global Smallpox Eradication Program]] reading the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980]]

The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies core functions of public health programs including:<ref>World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/about/role/en/ ''The role of WHO in public health''], accessed 19 April 2011.</ref>
* providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed;
* shaping a [[research]] agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and [[dissemination]] of valuable knowledge;
* setting a norms
and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation;
* articulating ethical and [[evidence-based policy]] options;
* monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.

In particular, public health surveillance programs can:<ref>World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/topics/public_health_surveillance/en/ ''Public health surveillance''], accessed 19 April 2011.</ref>
* serve as an [[early warning system]] for impending public health emergencies;
* document the impact of an intervention, or track progress towards specified goals; and
* monitor and clarify the epidemiology of health problems, allow priorities to be set, and inform [[public health policy|health policy]] and strategies.
* diagnose, investigate, and monitor health problems and health hazards of the community

=== Behavior change ===
[[File:HarmCausedByDrugsTableDetailed.svg|thumb|The 2010 [[Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs|ISCD]] study "Drug Harms in the UK: a [[Multicriteria decision analysis|multi-criteria decision analysis]]" found that [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] scored highest overall and in '''Economic cost''', '''Injury''', '''Family adversities''', '''Environmental damage''', and '''Community harm'''.]]
{{Main|Behavior change (public health)}}

Many health problems are due to maladaptive personal behaviors. From an [[evolutionary psychology]] perspective, over consumption of novel substances that are harmful is due to the activation of an evolved [[reward system]] for substances such as drugs, tobacco, [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], [[Salt|refined salt]], [[fat]], and [[carbohydrate]]s. New technologies such as modern transportation also cause reduced [[physical activity]]. Research has found that [[Behavior change (public health)|behavior is more effectively changed]] by taking evolutionary motivations into consideration instead of only presenting information about health effects. The marketing industry has long known the importance of associating products with high status and attractiveness to others. Films are increasingly being recognized as a public health tool, with the [[Harvard University]]'s [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|T.H. Chan School of Public Health]] categorizing such films as "impact filmmaking."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=Impact Filmmaking As A Tool For Public Health Change |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/event/impact-filmmaking-as-a-tool-for-public-health-change/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health |language=en-US}}</ref> In fact, [[Public Health Film Festival|film festivals]] and [[International Public Health Film Competition|competitions]] have been established to specifically promote films about health.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Botchway S, Hoang U | title = Reflections on the United Kingdom's first public health film festival | journal = Perspectives in Public Health | volume = 136 | issue = 1 | pages = 23–24 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26702114 | doi = 10.1177/1757913915619120 | s2cid = 21969020 }}</ref> Conversely, it has been argued that emphasizing the harmful and undesirable effects of tobacco smoking on other persons and imposing smoking bans in public places have been particularly effective in reducing tobacco smoking.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Curtis V, Aunger R | chapter = Motivational mismatch: Evolved motives as the source of–and solution to–global public health problems. Applied evolutionary psychology | date = November 2011 | pages = 259–275 | veditors = Roberts SC | title = Applied Evolutionary Psychology | doi = 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.001.0001 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-958607-3 }}</ref> Public libraries can also be beneficial tools for public health changes. They provide access to healthcare information, link people to healthcare services, and even can provide direct care in certain situations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Philbin MM, Parker CM, Flaherty MG, Hirsch JS | title = Public Libraries: A Community-Level Resource to Advance Population Health | journal = Journal of Community Health | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 192–199 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 29995303 | pmc = 6329675 | doi = 10.1007/s10900-018-0547-4 }}</ref>

===Applications in health care===
As well as seeking to improve population health through the implementation of specific population-level interventions, public health contributes to medical care by identifying and assessing population needs for health care services, including:<ref>{{cite book| veditors = Gillam S, Yates J, Badrinath P |title=Essential Public Health: theory and practice |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |oclc=144228591}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | veditors = Pencheon D, Melzer D, Gray M, Guest C |title=Oxford Handbook of Public Health Practice | location = Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |oclc=663666786 | isbn = 978-0-19-158541-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Smith S, Sinclair D, Raine R, Reeves B |title=Health Care Evaluation |series=Understanding Public Health |publisher=Open University Press |year=2005|oclc=228171855}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Sanderson CJ, Gruen, Reinhold R |title=Analytical Models for Decision Making |series=Understanding Public Health |publisher=Open University Press |year=2006 |oclc=182531015 }}</ref>
* Assessing current services and evaluating whether they are meeting the objectives of the [[health care system]]
* Ascertaining requirements as expressed by [[health care provider|health professionals]], the public and other stakeholders
* Identifying the most appropriate interventions
* Considering the effect on resources for proposed interventions and assessing their cost-effectiveness
* Supporting decision making in health care and planning health services including any necessary changes.
* Informing, educating, and empowering people about health issues

=== Conflicting aims ===
Some programs and policies associated with public [[health promotion]] and prevention can be controversial. One such example is programs focusing on the prevention of [[HIV]] transmission through [[safe sex]] campaigns and [[needle-exchange programme|needle-exchange program]]s. Another is the control of [[tobacco smoking]]. Many nations have implemented [[tobacco smoking#Public policy|major initiatives]] to cut smoking, such as increased taxation and bans on smoking in some or all public places. Supporters argue by presenting evidence that smoking is one of the major killers, and that therefore governments have a duty to reduce the death rate, both through limiting [[Passive smoking|passive (second-hand) smoking]] and by providing fewer opportunities for people to smoke. Opponents say that this undermines individual freedom and personal responsibility, and worry that the state may be encouraged to remove more and more choice in the name of better population health overall.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=The pros and cons of a total smoking ban |url=https://theweek.com/news/science-health/957026/the-pros-and-cons-of-a-total-smoking-ban |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

Psychological research confirms this tension between concerns about public health and concerns about personal liberty: (i) the best predictor of complying with public health recommendations such as hand-washing, mask-wearing, and staying at home (except for essential activity) during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] was people's perceived duties to prevent harm but (ii) the best predictor of flouting such public health recommendations was valuing liberty more than equality.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Byrd N, Białek M | title = Your health vs. my liberty: Philosophical beliefs dominated reflection and identifiable victim effects when predicting public health recommendation compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic | journal = Cognition | volume = 212 | article-number = 104649 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 33756152 | pmc = 8599940 | doi = 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104649 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Simultaneously, while communicable diseases have historically ranged uppermost as a [[global health]] priority, [[non-communicable disease]]s and the underlying behavior-related risk factors have been at the bottom. This is changing, however, as illustrated by the [[United Nations]] hosting its first General Assembly Special Summit on the issue of non-communicable diseases in September 2011.<ref>United Nations. [https://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs//2010/100513_Diseases.doc.htm ''Press Conference on General Assembly Decision to Convene Summit in September 2011 on Non-Communicable Diseases''.] New York, 13 May 2010.</ref>

== Global perspectives ==
[[File:Village_health_worker_checks,_Zimbabwe_(36273604714).jpg|thumb|A village health worker in [[Zimbabwe]] conducting a pediatric examination]]

=== Disparities in service and access ===
There is a significant disparity in access to health care and public health initiatives between [[Developed country|developed countries]] and [[Developing country|developing countries]], as well as within developing countries. In developing countries, public health infrastructures are still forming. There may not be enough trained [[health workforce|health workers]], monetary resources or, in some cases, sufficient knowledge to provide even a basic level of medical care and disease prevention.<ref name="Chen_2006">{{cite book | vauthors = Chen LC, Evans D, Evans T, Sadana R, [[Barbara Stilwell|Stilwell B]], Travis P, Van Lerberghe W, Zurn P |title=World Health Report 2006: working together for health |location=Geneva |publisher=WHO |year=2006 |oclc=71199185 }}</ref><ref name="Jamison 15–22">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jamison DT, Mosley WH | title = Disease control priorities in developing countries: health policy responses to epidemiological change | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 81 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–22 | date = January 1991 | pmid = 1983911 | pmc = 1404931 | doi = 10.2105/ajph.81.1.15 }}</ref> As a result, a large majority of disease and mortality in developing countries results from and contributes to extreme [[poverty]]. For example, many African governments spend less than [[United States dollar|$]]100 USD per person per year on health care, while, in the United States, the [[federal government of the United States|federal government]] spent approximately $10,600 USD per capita in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> However, expenditures on health care should not be confused with spending on public health. Public health measures may not generally be considered "health care" in the strictest sense. For example, mandating the use of seat belts in cars can save countless lives and contribute to the health of a population, but typically money spent enforcing this rule would not count as money spent on health care.
[[File:Malaria_rapid_diagnostic_test_3.jpg|thumb|A [[malaria]] test in [[Kenya]]. Despite being preventable and curable, malaria is a leading cause of death in many developing nations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-26|title= Malaria – Malaria Worldwide – Impact of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/impact.html|access-date=2021-10-19|website=CDC |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact sheet about Malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|access-date=2021-10-19|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref>]]
Large parts of the world remained plagued by largely preventable or treatable infectious diseases. In addition to this however, many developing countries are also experiencing an [[Epidemiological transition|epidemiological shift]] and [[Social polarization|polarization]] in which populations are now experiencing more of the effects of chronic diseases as life expectancy increases, the poorer communities being heavily affected by both chronic and infectious diseases.<ref name="Jamison 15–22" /> Another major public health concern in the developing world is poor [[Maternal health|maternal]] and child health, exacerbated by [[malnutrition]] and poverty. The [[WHO]] reports that a lack of [[Breastfeeding#Duration and exclusivity|exclusive breastfeeding]] during the first six months of life contributes to over a million avoidable child deaths each year.<ref name="World Health Organization">{{cite web |publisher=World Health Organization |url=https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/en/index.html |title=10 facts on breastfeeding |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref> [[Intermittent preventive therapy]] aimed at treating and preventing [[malaria]] episodes among pregnant women and young children is one public health measure in [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] countries.

Since the 1980s, the growing field of [[population health]] has broadened the focus of public health from individual behaviors and [[risk factor]]s to population-level issues such as [[health equity|inequality]], poverty, and education. Modern public health is often concerned with addressing determinants of health across a population. There is a recognition that health is affected by many factors including class, race, income, educational status, region of residence, and [[social relation]]ships; these are known as "[[social determinants of health]]". The upstream drivers such as environment, education, employment, income, food security, housing, [[Social exclusion|social inclusion]] and many others effect the distribution of health between and within populations and are often shaped by policy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JxutqCmctUC&q=health+policy+interventions+-+the+United+Nations&pg=PP2|title=Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes |date=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-156397-0}}</ref> A social gradient in health runs through society. The poorest generally have the worst health, but even the middle classes will generally have worse health outcomes than those of a higher social level.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Solid Facts: Social Determinants of Health | veditors = Wilkinson RG, Marmot MG |publisher=WHO |year=2003 |oclc=54966941 }}</ref> The new public health advocates for population-based policies that improve health in an equitable manner.

The health sector is one of Europe's most labor-intensive industries. In late 2020, it accounted for more than 21 million employment in the [[European Union]] when combined with social work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health and social care employees in Europe in 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/554930/health-and-social-care-employment-in-europe/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization|WHO]], several countries began the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] with insufficient health and care professionals, inappropriate skill mixtures, and unequal geographical distributions. These issues were worsened by the pandemic, reiterating the importance of public health.<ref>{{Cite web | author = European Investment Bank |date=2023-02-02 |title=Health Overview 2023 |work=European Investment Bank |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20220314-health-overview-2023 |language=EN}}</ref> In the United States, a history of underinvestment in public health undermined the public health workforce and support for population health, long before the pandemic added to stress, mental distress, job dissatisfaction, and accelerated departures among public health workers.<ref name="Jonathon">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leider JP, Yeager VA, Kirkland C, Krasna H, Hare Bork R, Resnick B | title = The State of the US Public Health Workforce: Ongoing Challenges and Future Directions | journal = Annual Review of Public Health | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 323–341 | date = April 2023 | pmid = 36692395 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071421-032830 | s2cid = 256192725 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Health aid in developing countries ===
{{Further|Aid|Global Health Initiatives}}
[[File:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_A_30_-_Surgery_in_Sara,_Guinea-Bissau_-_Continuing_the_operation_-_1974.tif|thumb|A Cuban doctor performs an open air operation in [[Guinea-Bissau]]. Cuba [[Cuban medical internationalism|sends more medical personnel]] to the developing world than all [[G8]] countries combined.<ref name="HuishKirk07">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huish R, Kirk JM | date = 2007 | title = Cuban Medical Internationalism and the Development of the Latin American School of Medicine | journal = Latin American Perspectives | volume = 34 | issue = 6 | pages = 77–92 | doi = 10.1177/0094582X07308119 }}</ref>]]
[[Aid|Health aid]] to developing countries is an important source of public health funding for many developing countries.<ref name="Bendavid_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bendavid E, Bhattacharya J | title = The relationship of health aid to population health improvements | journal = JAMA Internal Medicine | volume = 174 | issue = 6 | pages = 881–887 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24756557 | pmc = 4777302 | doi = 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.292 }}</ref> Health aid to developing countries has shown a significant increase after World War II as concerns over the spread of disease as a result of [[globalization]] increased and the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa surfaced.<ref name="Twumasi_1981">{{cite journal | vauthors = Twumasi PA | title = Colonialism and international health: a study in social change in Ghana | journal = Social Science & Medicine. Medical Anthropology | volume = 15B | issue = 2 | pages = 147–151 | date = April 1981 | pmid = 7244686 | doi = 10.1016/0160-7987(81)90037-5 }}</ref><ref name="Afridi_2013">{{Cite journal|date=1 March 2013|title=Impact of health aid in developing countries: The public vs. the private channels|journal=Economic Modelling|volume=31|pages=759–765|doi=10.1016/j.econmod.2013.01.009|issn=0264-9993| vauthors = Afridi MA, Ventelou B }}</ref> From 1990 to 2010, total health aid from developed countries increased from 5.5 billion to 26.87 billion with wealthy countries continuously donating billions of dollars every year with the goal of improving population health.<ref name="Afridi_2013" /> Some efforts, however, receive a significantly larger proportion of funds such as HIV which received an increase in funds of over $6 billion between 2000 and 2010 which was more than twice the increase seen in any other sector during those years.<ref name="Bendavid_2014" /> Health aid has seen an expansion through multiple channels including private philanthropy, [[non-governmental organization]]s, private foundations such as the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] or the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]], bilateral donors, and multilateral donors such as the [[World Bank]] or [[UNICEF]].<ref name="Afridi_2013" /> The result has been a sharp rise in uncoordinated and fragmented funding of an ever-increasing number of initiatives and projects. To promote better strategic cooperation and coordination between partners, particularly among bilateral development agencies and funding organizations, the [[Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency]] (Sida) spearheaded the establishment of ESSENCE,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/tdr/partnerships/essence/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161203233606/https://www.who.int/tdr/partnerships/essence/en/| archive-date = 3 December 2016 |title=ESSENCE on Health Research | work = Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases | publisher = World Health Organization }}</ref> an initiative to facilitate dialogue between donors/funders, allowing them to identify synergies. ESSENCE brings together a wide range of funding agencies to coordinate funding efforts.

In 2009 health aid from the [[OECD]] amounted to $12.47 billion which amounted to 11.4% of its total bilateral aid.<ref name="Shwank">{{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wess/wess_bg_papers/bp_wess2012_schwank.pdf |website=UN |title=Global Health Initiatives and Aid Effectiveness in the Health Sector| vauthors = Shwank O }}</ref> In 2009, Multilateral donors were found to spend 15.3% of their total aid on bettering public healthcare.<ref name="Shwank" />

==== International health aid debates ====
Debates exist questioning the efficacy of international health aid. Supporters of aid claim that health aid from wealthy countries is necessary in order for developing countries to escape the [[poverty trap]]. Opponents of health aid claim that international health aid actually disrupts developing countries' course of development, causes dependence on aid, and in many cases the aid fails to reach its recipients.<ref name="Bendavid_2014" /> For example, recently, health aid was funneled towards initiatives such as financing new technologies like [[antiretroviral medication]], [[insecticide-treated mosquito net]]s, and new vaccines. The positive impacts of these initiatives can be seen in the eradication of smallpox and [[polio]]; however, critics claim that misuse or misplacement of funds may cause many of these efforts to never come into achievement.<ref name="Bendavid_2014" />

Economic modeling based on the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] and the [[World Health Organization]] has shown a link between international health aid in developing countries and a reduction in adult mortality rates.<ref name="Afridi_2013" /> However, a 2014–2016 study suggests that a potential confounding variable for this outcome is the possibility that aid was directed at countries once they were already on track for improvement.<ref name="Bendavid_2014" /> That same study, however, also suggests that 1 billion dollars in health aid was associated with 364,000 fewer deaths occurring between ages 0 and 5 in 2011.<ref name="Bendavid_2014" />

=== Sustainable development goals for 2030 ===
{{Further|Sustainable Development Goals#Health}}
To address current and future challenges in addressing health issues in the world, the [[United Nations]] have developed the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] to be completed by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2015 – United Nations sustainable development agenda|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/|access-date=25 November 2015|website=United Nations Sustainable Development |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151127081930/https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/ |archive-date= Nov 27, 2015 }}</ref> These goals in their entirety encompass the entire spectrum of development across nations, however Goals 1–6 directly address [[health disparities]], primarily in developing countries.<ref name="UN2015">{{Cite web|title=Sustainable development goals |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/|access-date=25 November 2015|website=United Nations Sustainable Development |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126091509/https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ |archive-date= Nov 26, 2015 }}</ref> These six goals address key issues in [[Global health|global public health]], [[poverty]], hunger and [[food security]], health, education, [[gender equality]] and [[women's empowerment]], and [[Drinking water|water]] and [[sanitation]].<ref name="UN2015" /> Public health officials can use these goals to set their own agenda and plan for smaller scale initiatives for their organizations. These goals are designed to lessen the burden of disease and inequality faced by developing countries and lead to a healthier future. The links between the various sustainable development goals and public health are numerous and well established.<ref name="UNhealth2015">{{Cite web|title=Health |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/|access-date=25 November 2015|website=United Nations Sustainable Development |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202122238/https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/ |archive-date= Dec 2, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=World Development Report|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2124|access-date=25 November 2015|website=Open Knowledge Repository |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113162318/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2124 |archive-date= Jan 13, 2016 }}</ref>

==History==
{{Further|History of water supply and sanitation}}

===Until the 18th century===
[[File:Doutielt3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Mass burials during the second plague pandemic (a.k.a. [[Black Death|the Black Death]]; 1346–1353) intensified urban responses to disaster on the basis of earlier practices. Miniature from "The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis" (1272–1352). Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, MS 13076–77, f. 24v.|alt=]]

From the beginnings of [[human civilization]], communities promoted [[health]] and fought [[disease]] at the population level.<ref name="Rosen_2015">{{Cite book| vauthors = Rosen G |title=A history of public health (Revised expanded)|date=2015|isbn=978-1-4214-1601-4|location=Baltimore | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press |oclc=878915301}}</ref><ref name="Porter_1999">{{Cite book|title=Health, Civilization and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times| vauthors = Porter D |publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=978-0-415-20036-3|location=London and New York}}</ref> Definitions of health as well as methods to pursue it differed according to the medical, religious and natural-[[philosophical]] ideas groups held, the resources they had, and the changing circumstances in which they lived. Yet few early societies displayed the hygienic stagnation or even apathy often attributed to them.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Storia della medicina e della sanità in Italia: dalla peste nera ai giorni nostri| vauthors = Cosmacini G |publisher=Laterza|year=2005|location=Bari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Shephard RJ |title=An illustrated history of health and fitness, from pre-history to our post-modern world |publisher=Springer |date=2015|isbn=978-3-319-11671-6|location=Cham|oclc=897376985}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Berridge V |title=Public Health: A Very Short Introduction |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, United Kingdom; New York, NY, United States of America |isbn=978-0-19-968846-3 |edition=First}}</ref> The latter reputation is mainly based on the absence of present-day [[bioindicator]]s, especially [[Immunology|immunological]] and [[Statistics|statistical]] tools developed in light of the [[germ theory of disease]] transmission.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-25 |title=Public Health During the Industrial Revolution Facts, Worksheets & Issues |url=https://schoolhistory.co.uk/industrial/industrial-revolution/public-health-during-the-industrial-revolution/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=School History |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=National Center for Biotechnology Information |date=2004 |work=Science, Medicine, and Animals |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK24649/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en}}</ref>

Public health was born neither in [[Europe]] nor as a response to the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Preventive health interventions are attested almost anywhere historical communities have left their mark. In [[Southeast Asia]], for instance, [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medicine and subsequently [[Buddhism]] fostered occupational, dietary and sexual regimens that promised balanced bodies, lives and communities, a notion strongly present in [[Traditional Chinese medicine#Concept of disease|Traditional Chinese Medicine]] as well.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Chattopadhyay A |date=1968|title=Hygienic Principles in the Regulations of Food Habits in the Dharma Sūtras|journal=Nagarjun|volume=11|pages=194–99}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Leung AK | chapter = Hygiène et santé publique dans la Chine pré-moderne | trans-chapter = Hygiene and public health in pre-modern China | title = Les hygienists. Enjeux, modèles et practiques | trans-title = The hygienists. Issues, models and practices | language = fr | veditors = Bourdelais P | pages = 343–371 | location = Paris | publisher = Belin | date = 2001 }}</ref> Among the [[Maya peoples|Mayans]], [[Aztecs]] and other early civilizations in the [[Americas]], population centers pursued hygienic programs, including by holding [[Medicinal plants|medicinal herbal]] markets.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Harvey HR | title = Public health in Aztec society | journal = Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 157–165 | date = March 1981 | pmid = 7011458 | pmc = 1805201 }}</ref> And among [[Aboriginal Australians]], techniques for preserving and protecting water and food sources, micro-zoning to reduce pollution and fire risks, and screens to protect people against [[flies]] were common, even in temporary camps.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Memmott P |date= September 2008 |title=Gunyah, Goondie + Wurley: the Aboriginal architecture of Australia | publisher = University of Queensland Press | isbn = 978-0-7022-3245-9 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines made Australia.| vauthors = Gammage B |date=2014|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=978-1-74269-352-1|oclc=956710111}}</ref>
[[File:Aztec_smallpox_victims.jpg|thumb|A depiction of Aztec [[smallpox]] victims]]
Western European, [[Byzantium|Byzantine]] and [[Muslim world|Islamicate]] civilizations, which generally adopted a [[Hippocrates|Hippocratic]], [[Galen]]ic or [[Four temperaments|humoral]] medical system, fostered preventive programs as well.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious ideas: contagion in premodern Islamic and Christian thought in the Western Mediterranean| vauthors = Stearns JK |date=2011|publisher=Johns Hopkins Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-8018-9873-0|oclc=729944227}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Urban Bodies - Communal Health in Late Medieval English Towns and Cities.| vauthors = Rawcliffe C |date=2019|publisher=Boydell & Brewer, Limited|isbn=978-1-78327-381-2|oclc=1121393294}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Roads to Health: Infrastructure and Urban Wellbeing in Later Medieval Italy| vauthors = Geltner G |isbn=978-0-8122-5135-7|oclc=1076422219|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Plague and Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean World| vauthors = Varlik M |date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-00404-6|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139004046|s2cid=197967256 }}</ref> These were developed on the basis of evaluating the quality of local [[climate]]s, including [[topography]], wind conditions and exposure to the sun, and the properties and availability of water and food, for both [[human]]s and nonhuman [[animal]]s. Diverse authors of [[Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum|medical]], [[De architectura|architectural]], [[De re aedificatoria|engineering]] and [[Byzantine military manuals|military manuals]] explained how to apply such theories to groups of different origins and under different circumstances.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McVaugh MR | title = Arnald of Villanova's ''Regimen Almarie (Regimen Castra Sequentium'') and Medieval Military Medicine | journal = Viator | volume = 23 | date = 1992 | pages = 201–214 | doi = 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301280 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Les régimes de santé au Moyen Âge Naissance et diffusion d'une écriture médicale en Italie et en France (XIIIe- XVe siècle)| vauthors = Nicoud M |date=2013|publisher=Publications de l'École française de Rome|isbn=978-2-7283-1006-7|oclc=960812022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Medieval Islamic medicine: Ibn Riḍwān's treatise "On the prevention of bodily ills in Egypt.|last=Ibn Riḍwān|first='Alī Abū al-Ḥasan al-Miṣrī|author-link=Ali ibn Ridwan|orig-date=11th century|date=1984|publisher=University of California Press|oclc=469624320|translator-first=Michael W.|translator-last=Dols| veditors = Gamal AS }}</ref> This was crucial, since under Galenism bodily constitutions were thought to be heavily shaped by their material [[Biophysical environment|environments]], so their balance required specific regimens as they traveled during different [[seasons]] and between climate zones.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Rather LJ | title = The ''Six Things Non-Natural'': A Note on the Origins and Fate of a Doctrine and a Phrase | series = Clio Medica | date = 1968 | volume = 3 | pages = 337–347 }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference | vauthors = García-Ballester L | title = On the Origins of ''the Six Non-Natural Things'' in Galen | veditors = Kollesch J, Nickel D | conference = ''Galen und das hellenistische Erbe:'' Verhandlungen des IV. Internationalen Galen-Symposiums veranstaltet vom Institut für Geschichte der Medizin am Bereich Medizin (Charité) der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 18.-20. September 1989 | location = Stuttgart | date = 1993 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Geltner G, Coomans J | title = On the Street and in the Bath-House: Medieval Galenism in Action?= | journal = Anuario de Estudios Medievales | date = 2013 | volume = 43 | pages = 53–82 }}</ref>

In [[Complex society|complex]], [[Pre-industrial society|pre-industrialized societies]], interventions designed to reduce health risks could be the initiative of different stakeholders. For instance, in [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman antiquity]], army generals learned to provide for soldiers' wellbeing, including off the [[battlefield]], where most combatants died prior to the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Israelovich I | chapter = Medical Care in the Roman Army during the High Empire | title = Popular Medicine in Graeco-Roman Antiquity: Explorations | veditors = Harris MV | pages= 126–146 | location = Leiden | publisher = Brill | date = 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Geltner G | title = In the Camp and on the March: Military Manuals as Sources for Studying Premodern Public Health | journal = Medical History | volume = 63 | issue = 1 | pages = 44–60 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30556517 | pmc = 8670759 | doi = 10.1017/mdh.2018.62 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Monastery|monasteries]] across the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] and western Europe since at least the fifth century [[Common Era|CE]], [[monk]]s and [[nun]]s pursued strict but balanced regimens, including nutritious [[Diet (nutrition)|diets]], developed explicitly to extend their lives.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Living and dying in England, 1100–1540: the monastic experience| vauthors = Harvey BF |date=2002|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=0-19-820431-0|oclc=612358999}}</ref> And [[Royal court|royal]], princely and [[Papal household|papal courts]], which were often mobile as well, likewise adapted their behavior to suit environmental conditions in the sites they occupied. They could also choose sites they considered salubrious for their members and sometimes had them modified.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Bagliani AP | chapter = La Mobilità della Curia romana nel Secolo XIII: Riflessi locali | trans-chapter = The Mobility of the Roman Curia in the 13th Century: Local Reflections| title = Società e Istituzioni dell'Italia comunale: l'Esempio di Perugia (Secoli XII-XIV) | series = Quaderni Storici | trans-title = Society and Institutions of Municipal Italy: the Example of Perugia (12th-14th Centuries) | publisher = Società editrice Il Mulino S.p.A. | language = it | volume = 1–2 | location = Perugia | date = 1988 | issue = 61 (1) | pages = 313–316 | jstor = 43777964 }}</ref>

In [[City|cities]], residents and rulers developed measures to benefit the general [[population]], which faced a broad array of recognized [[Risk#Health|health risks]]. These provide some of the most sustained evidence for preventive measures in earlier civilizations. In numerous sites the upkeep of [[infrastructure]]s, including roads, canals and marketplaces, as well as [[zoning]] policies, were introduced explicitly to preserve residents' health.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Coomans J |date=February 2019|title=The king of dirt: public health and sanitation in late medieval Ghent|journal=Urban History|language=en|volume=46|issue=1|pages=82–105|doi=10.1017/S096392681800024X|issn=0963-9268|doi-access=free}}</ref> Officials such as the [[muhtasib]] in the Middle East and the [[Road master]] in Italy, fought the combined threats of [[pollution]] through [[sin]], [[Visual perception#Early studies|ocular intromission]] and [[Miasma theory|miasma]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Glick TF | title = New Perspectives on the Hisba and its Hispanic Derivatives | journal = Al-Qantara | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | date = 1992 | pages = 475–489 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16540700">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kinzelbach A | title = Infection, contagion, and public health in late medieval and early modern German imperial towns | journal = Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences | volume = 61 | issue = 3 | pages = 369–89 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16540700 | doi = 10.1093/jhmas/jrj046 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18831288">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jørgensen D | title = Cooperative sanitation: Managing streets and gutters in late Medieval England and Scandinavia | journal = Technology and Culture | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 547–567 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18831288 | doi = 10.1353/tech.0.0047 | url = https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-5405 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Henderson J | chapter = Public Health, Pollution and the Problem of Waste Disposal in Early Modern Tuscany | title = Le interazioni fra economia e ambiente biologico nell'Europa preindustriale. Secc. XIII-XVIII | veditors = Cavaciocchi S | pages = 373–382 | location = Florence | publisher = Firenze University Press | date = 2010 }}</ref> Craft [[guild]]s were important agents of waste disposal and promoted [[harm reduction]] through honesty and [[Occupational safety and health|labor safety]] among their members. Medical practitioners, including public physicians,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Nutton V | chapter = Continuity or Rediscovery? The City Physician in Classical Antiquity and Mediaeval Italy | title = The Town and State Physician in Europe | veditors = Russell AW | pages = 9–46 | location = Wolfenbüttel | publisher = Herzog August Bibliothek | date = 1981 }}</ref> collaborated with urban governments in predicting and preparing for calamities and identifying and isolating people perceived as [[Leprosy|lepers]], a disease with strong moral connotations.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Leprosy in medieval England| vauthors = Rawcliffe C |date=2009|publisher=The Boydell Press|isbn=978-1-84383-454-0|oclc=884314023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Leprosy in premodern medicine: a malady of the whole body| vauthors = Demaitre LE |date=2007|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8613-3|oclc=799983230}}</ref> [[Neighbourhood|Neighborhoods]] were also active in safeguarding local people's health, by monitoring at-risk sites near them and taking appropriate social and legal action against artisanal polluters and neglectful owners of animals. Religious institutions, individuals and charitable organizations in both [[Islam]] and Christianity likewise promoted moral and physical wellbeing by endowing urban amenities such as wells, fountains, schools and bridges, also in the service of [[pilgrim]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Poverty and charity in medieval islam: mamluk egypt, 1250–1517.| vauthors = Adam S |date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-03474-4|oclc=712129032}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Cascoigne AL | chapter = The Water Supply of Tinnīs: Public Amenities and Private Investments | title = Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World: The Urban Impact of Religion, State and Society | veditors = Bennison AK, Gascoigne AL | pages = 161–176 | location = London | publisher = Routledge | date = 2007 }}</ref> In western Europe and Byzantium, religious [[procession]]s commonly took place, which purported to act as both preventive and curative measures for the entire community.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Horden P | chapter = Ritual and Public Health in the Early Medieval City". | title = Body and City: Histories of Urban Public Health | veditors = Sheard S, Power H | pages = 17–40 | location = Aldershot, UK | publisher = Ashgate | date = 2000 }}</ref>

Urban residents and other groups also developed preventive measures in response to calamities such as [[war]], [[famine]], [[flood]]s and [[Epidemic|widespread disease]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Falcón I | title = Aprovisionamiento y sanidad en Zaragoza en el siglo XV | trans-title = Provisioning and health in Zaragoza in the 15th century | language = es | journal = Acta Historica et Archaeologica Mediaeval | volume = 19 | date = 1998 | pages = 127–144 | url = https://www.raco.cat/index.php/ActaHistorica/article/download/193939/288132 }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference | vauthors = Balestracci D | title = The Regulation of Public Health in Italian Medieval Towns | veditors = Hundsbichler H, Jaritz G, Kühtreiber T | conference = Die Vielfalt der Dinge: Neue Wege zur Analyse mittelaltericher Sachkultur | location = Vienna | date = 1998 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ewert UC | title = Water, Public Hygiene and Fire Control in Medieval Towns: Facing Collective Goods Problems while Ensuring the Quality of Life | journal = Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung | volume = 32 | date = 2007 | pages = 222–252 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21674275">{{cite journal | vauthors = Petaros A, Skrobonja A, Culina T, Bosnar A, Frkovic V, Azman J | title = Public health problems in the medieval statutes of Croatian Adriatic coastal towns: from public morality to public health | journal = Journal of Religion and Health | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 531–7 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 21674275 | doi = 10.1007/s10943-011-9503-7 }}</ref> During and after the [[Black Death]] (1346–53), for instance, inhabitants of the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] and [[Western Europe]] reacted to massive population decline in part on the basis of existing medical theories and protocols, for instance concerning meat consumption and burial, and in part by developing new ones.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sanitation in urban Britain, 1560–1700| vauthors = Skelton LJ |isbn=978-1-317-21789-3|oclc=933433427|year=2016|publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref name="pmid6365216">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carmichael AG | title = Plague legislation in the Italian Renaissance | journal = Bulletin of the History of Medicine | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 508–25 | date = 1983 | pmid = 6365216 | doi = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Geltner G |title=The Path to Pistoia: Urban Hygiene Before the Black Death|url=https://academic.oup.com/past/advance-article/doi/10.1093/pastj/gtz028/5580562|journal=Past & Present|language=en|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtz028|year=2019|issue=246|pages=3–33|doi-access=free|hdl=11245.1/3cff1e5a-78b1-4f40-a754-a28ffbb456cf|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The latter included the establishment of [[quarantine]] facilities and health boards, some of which eventually became regular urban (and later national) offices.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Expelling the plague: the health office and the implementation of quarantine in Dubrovnik, 1377–1533|isbn=978-0-7735-4539-7|oclc=937888436| vauthors = Blažina-Tomić Z, Blažina V |year=2015|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press }}</ref><ref name="pmid27303653">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gall GE, Lautenschlager S, Bagheri HC | title = Quarantine as a public health measure against an emerging infectious disease: syphilis in Zurich at the dawn of the modern era (1496-1585) | journal = GMS Hygiene and Infection Control | volume = 11 | issue = | pages = Doc13 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27303653 | pmc = 4899769 | doi = 10.3205/dgkh000273 }}</ref> Subsequent measures for protecting cities and their regions included issuing health [[passport]]s for travelers, deploying guards to create [[Cordon sanitaire (medicine)|sanitary cordons]] for protecting local inhabitants, and gathering morbidity and mortality statistics.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cristofanoplague0000cipo|title=Cristofano and the plague: a study in the history of public health in the age of Galileo| vauthors = Cipolla CM |date=1973|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02341-2|oclc=802505260|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Plague and the poor in Renaissance Florence| vauthors = Carmichael AG |isbn=978-1-107-63436-7|oclc=906714501|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-date=1986}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultures of plague: medical thinking at the end of the Renaissance| vauthors = Cohn S |date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957402-5|oclc=825731416}}</ref> Such measures relied in turn on better transportation and communication networks, through which news on human and animal disease was efficiently spread.

===After the 18th century===
With the onset of the [[Industrial Revolution]], living standards amongst the working population began to worsen, with cramped and unsanitary urban conditions. In the first four decades of the 19th century alone, [[London]]'s population doubled and even greater growth rates were recorded in the new industrial towns, such as [[Leeds]] and [[Manchester]]. This rapid [[urbanisation|urbanization]] exacerbated the spread of disease in the large [[conurbation]]s that built up around the [[workhouse]]s and [[factory|factories]]. These settlements were cramped and primitive with no organized [[sanitation]]. Disease was inevitable and its incubation in these areas was encouraged by the poor lifestyle of the inhabitants. Unavailable housing led to the rapid growth of [[slum]]s and the [[per capita]] [[death rate]] began to rise alarmingly, almost doubling in [[Birmingham]] and [[Liverpool]]. [[Thomas Malthus]] warned of the dangers of overpopulation in 1798. His ideas, as well as those of [[Jeremy Bentham]], became very influential in government circles in the early years of the 19th century.<ref name="Britannica" /> The latter part of the century brought the establishment of the basic pattern of improvements in public health over the next two centuries: a social evil was identified, private philanthropists brought attention to it, and changing public opinion led to government action.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482384/public-health/35547/National-developments-in-the-18th-and-19th-centuries|title=Public Health | vauthors = Rhodes P, Bryant JH |date = 20 May 2019 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The 18th century saw rapid growth in voluntary hospitals in [[England]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Carruthers GB, Carruthers LA |title=A History of Britain's Hospitals |date=2005|publisher=Book Guild Publishers|isbn=978-1-85776-905-0}}</ref>

The practice of [[vaccination]] began in the 1800s, following the pioneering work of [[Edward Jenner]] in treating [[smallpox]]. [[James Lind]]'s discovery of the causes of [[scurvy]] amongst sailors and its mitigation via the introduction of [[fruit]] on lengthy voyages was published in 1754 and led to the adoption of this idea by the [[Royal Navy]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vale B | title = The Conquest of Scurvy in the Royal Navy 1793–1800: A Challenge to Current Orthodoxy | journal = [[The Mariner's Mirror]] | volume = 94 | issue = 2 | date = May 2008 | pages = 160–175 | doi = 10.1080/00253359.2008.10657052 }}</ref> Efforts were also made to promulgate health matters to the broader public; in 1752 the British physician Sir [[John Pringle (physician)|John Pringle]] published ''Observations on the Diseases of the Army in Camp and Garrison'', in which he advocated for the importance of adequate ventilation in the [[military]] [[barracks]] and the provision of [[latrine]]s for the soldiers.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Selwyn S | title = Sir John Pringle: hospital reformer, moral philosopher and pioneer of antiseptics | journal = Medical History | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 266–274 | date = July 1966 | pmid = 5330009 | pmc = 1033606 | doi = 10.1017/s0025727300011133 | publication-date = July 1966 }}</ref>

====Public health legislation in England====
[[File:SirEdwinChadwick.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Sir [[Edwin Chadwick]] was a pivotal influence on the early public health campaign.]]

The first attempts at sanitary reform and the establishment of public health institutions were made in the 1840s. [[Thomas Southwood Smith]], physician at the [[London Fever Hospital]], began to write papers on the importance of public health, and was one of the first physicians brought in to give evidence before the [[Poor Law Commission]] in the 1830s, along with [[Neil Arnott]] and [[James Phillips Kay]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Thomas AJ |title=The Lambeth cholera outbreak of 1848–1849: the setting, causes, course and aftermath of an epidemic in London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGLd5hQ1-8UC&pg=PA56|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-3989-8|pages=55–6}}</ref> Smith advised the government on the importance of [[quarantine]] and sanitary improvement for limiting the spread of infectious diseases such as [[cholera]] and [[yellow fever]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Stacey M |title=The Sociology of Health and Healing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IAUjCaEtCoC&pg=PA69|date=1 June 2004|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-0-203-38004-8|page=69}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Finer SE |title=The Life and Times of Sir Edwin Chadwick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JycOAAAAQAAJ|orig-year=1952 |date=1980 |publisher=Methuen|isbn=978-0-416-17350-5|pages=424–5|author-link=Samuel Edward Finer}}</ref>

The Poor Law Commission reported in 1838 that "the expenditures necessary to the adoption and maintenance of measures of prevention would ultimately amount to less than the cost of the disease now constantly engendered". It recommended the implementation of large scale government [[engineering]] projects to alleviate the conditions that allowed for the propagation of disease.<ref name=Britannica/> The [[Health of Towns Association]] was formed at Exeter Hall London on 11 December 1844, and vigorously campaigned for the development of public health in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=Ashton>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ashton J, Ubido J | title = The healthy city and the ecological idea | journal = Social History of Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 173–180 | date = April 1991 | pmid = 11622856 | doi = 10.1093/shm/4.1.173 | url = http://www.johnrashton.securemachines.co.uk/documentbank/the%20healthy%20city%20and%20the%20ecological%20idea.pdf | access-date = 8 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102422/http://www.johnrashton.securemachines.co.uk/documentbank/the%20healthy%20city%20and%20the%20ecological%20idea.pdf | archive-date = 24 December 2013 }}</ref> Its formation followed the 1843 establishment of the Health of Towns Commission, chaired by Sir [[Edwin Chadwick]], which produced a series of reports on poor and insanitary conditions in British cities.<ref name=Ashton/>
[[File:Disease Prevention Bristol 1900.jpg|left|thumb|Public Health Office, Bristol, 1900]]
These national and local movements led to the [[Public Health Act 1848|Public Health Act]], finally passed in 1848. It aimed to improve the sanitary condition of towns and populous places in England and Wales by placing the supply of water, sewerage, drainage, cleansing and paving under a single local body with the General Board of Health as a central authority. The Act was passed by the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] [[First Russell ministry|government]] of [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord John Russell]], in response to the urging of Edwin Chadwick. Chadwick's seminal report on ''The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population'' was published in 1842<ref>{{cite book | title=excerpt from ''Report...from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain'' (pp. 369–372) (online source)|chapter-url=https://www.victorianweb.org/history/chadwick2.html| vauthors = Chadwick E |chapter=Chadwick's Report on Sanitary Conditions | year=1842| publisher=to The Victorian Web|location=added by Laura Del Col|access-date=8 November 2009}}</ref> and was followed up with a supplementary report a year later.<ref>{{cite book | title=Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. A Supplementary Report on the results of a Special Inquiry into The Practice of Interment in Towns|url=https://archive.org/details/reportonsanitary00chaduoft| vauthors = Chadwick E | year=1843| publisher=Printed by R. Clowes & Sons, for Her Majesty's Stationery Office| location= London}} Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)</ref> During this time, [[James Newlands]] (appointed following the passing of the 1846 Liverpool Sanatory Act championed by the Borough of Liverpool Health of Towns Committee) designed the world's first integrated sewerage system, in Liverpool (1848–1869), with [[Joseph Bazalgette]] later creating [[London sewerage system|London's sewerage system]] (1858–1875).

The Vaccination Act 1853 introduced compulsory [[Smallpox vaccine|smallpox vaccination]] in England and Wales.<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Brunton D |title=The Politics of Vaccination: Practice and Policy in England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, 1800–1874|publisher=University Rochester Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-58046-036-1|page=39}}</ref> By 1871 legislation required a comprehensive system of registration run by appointed vaccination officers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue?sn=4127 |title=Decline of Infant Mortality in England and Wales, 1871–1948: a Medical Conundrum|access-date=17 December 2012}}</ref>

Further interventions were made by a series of subsequent [[Public Health Acts]], notably the [[Public Health Act 1875|1875 Act]]. Reforms included the building of [[sanitary sewer|sewer]]s, the regular [[waste disposal|collection of garbage]] followed by [[incineration]] or disposal in a [[landfill]], the [[History of water supply|provision of clean water]] and the draining of standing water to prevent the breeding of mosquitoes.

The [[Infectious Disease (Notification) Act 1889]] ([[52 & 53 Vict.]] c. 72) mandated the reporting of infectious diseases to the local sanitary authority, which could then pursue measures such as the removal of the patient to hospital and the disinfection of homes and properties.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Intrusive Interventions: Public Health, Domestic Space, and Infectious Disease Surveillance in England, 1840–1914| vauthors = Mooney G |publisher = University of Rochester Press|year = 2015|isbn = 978-1-58046-527-4|location = Rochester, NY}}</ref>

==== Public health legislation in other countries ====
[[File:Illustrated Current News-1918-Thompson, Paul.png|thumb|Example of historical public health recommendations during the [[1918 flu pandemic]] in [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], Connecticut, United States]]
In the United States, the first public health organization based on a state health department and local boards of health was founded in [[New York City]] in 1866.<ref>United States Public Health Service, ''Municipal Health Department Practice for the Year 1923'' (Public Health Bulletin # 164, July 1926), pp. 348, 357, 364</ref>

During [[The Weimar Republic]], Germany faced many public health catastrophes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Health under the Third Reich |url=https://perspectives.ushmm.org/collection/public-health-under-the-third-reich |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=perspectives.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> The [[Nazi Party]] had a goal of modernizing health care with ''Volksgesundheit'', German for ''people's public health''; this modernization was based on the growing field of [[eugenics]] and measures prioritizing group health over any care for the health of individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eckart |first=W. U. |date= May 1989|title=[Public health service in the Weimar Republic and in the early history of West Germany] |journal=Das Offentliche Gesundheitswesen |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=213–221 |issn=0029-8573 |pmid=2525688}}</ref> The end of World War 2 led to the [[Nuremberg Code]], a set of research ethics concerning human experimentation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bachrach S | title = In the name of public health--Nazi racial hygiene | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 351 | issue = 5 | pages = 417–420 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15282346 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp048136 | url = https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/07192004-nazi-racial-hygiene-bachrach.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240114095559/https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/07192004-nazi-racial-hygiene-bachrach.pdf | archive-date = Jan 14, 2024 }}</ref>

====Epidemiology====
[[File:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|thumb|Early [[Epidemiology|epidemiologist]] John Snow mapped [[Cluster (epidemiology)|clusters]] of cholera cases in London.]]
The science of [[epidemiology]] was founded by [[John Snow (physician)|John Snow]]'s identification of a polluted public water well as the source of an 1854 [[cholera]] outbreak in London. Snow believed in the [[germ theory]] of disease as opposed to the prevailing [[Miasma theory of disease|miasma theory]]. By talking to local residents (with the help of [[Reverend Henry Whitehead]]), he identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now [[Broadwick Street]]). Although Snow's chemical and microscope examination of a water sample from the [[Broad Street pump]] did not conclusively prove its danger, his studies of the pattern of the disease were convincing enough to persuade the local council to close the well pump by removing its handle.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Vinten-Johansen P, Brody H, Paneth N, Rachman S, Rip M, Zuck D | date = 2003 | title = Cholera, Chloroform, and the Science of Medicine: A Life of John Snow | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | isbn = 0-19-513544-X}}</ref>

Snow later used a [[dot distribution map|dot map]] to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the pump. He also used statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases. He showed that the [[Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company]] was taking water from sewage-polluted sections of the [[Thames]] and delivering the water to homes, leading to an increased incidence of cholera. Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography. It is regarded as the founding event of the science of [[epidemiology]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = [[Steven Berlin Johnson|Johnson S]] | date = 2006 | title = [[The Ghost Map]]: The Story of London's Most Terrifying Epidemic – and How it Changed Science, Cities and the Modern World | publisher = [[Riverhead Books]] | isbn = 1-59448-925-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Porta M |title=A Dictionary of Epidemiology |url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-dictionary-of-epidemiology-9780199976737?cc=us&lang=en |edition=6th |year=2014 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-997673-7}}</ref>

====Control of infectious diseases====
[[File:Paul-Louis Simond injecting plague vaccine June 4th 1898 Karachi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Paul-Louis Simond]] injecting a plague vaccine in Karachi, 1898]]

With the pioneering work in [[bacteriology]] of French chemist [[Louis Pasteur]] and German scientist [[Robert Koch]], methods for isolating the [[bacteria]] responsible for a given disease and vaccines for remedy were developed at the turn of the 20th century. British physician [[Ronald Ross]] identified the [[mosquito]] as the carrier of [[malaria]] and laid the foundations for combating the disease.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Chowdhury JL | location = India | publisher = Eastern Panorama |url=http://easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1123&Itemid=10|title= Laboc Hospital – A Noble Prize Winner's Workplace|access-date=11 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105175214/http://easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1123&Itemid=10|archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Joseph Lister]] revolutionized [[surgery]] by the introduction of [[antiseptic]] [[surgery]] to eliminate [[infection]]. French epidemiologist [[Paul-Louis Simond]] proved that [[plague (disease)|plague]] was carried by [[flea]]s on the back of [[rat]]s,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Marriott E | date = 1966 | title = Plague. A Story of Science, Rivalry and the Scourge That Won't Go Away | isbn = 978-1-4223-5652-4}}</ref> and Cuban scientist [[Carlos J. Finlay]] and U.S. Americans [[Walter Reed]] and [[James Carroll (scientist)|James Carroll]] demonstrated that mosquitoes carry the virus responsible for [[yellow fever]].<ref name = "Pineo_1996">{{cite book | vauthors = Pineo RF | chapter = Public Health | title =m Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture | volume = 4 | location = New York | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | date = 1996 }}</ref>{{rp|481}}<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Pierce JR, Writer J |title=Yellow Jack: How Yellow Fever Ravaged America and Walter Reed Discovered its Deadly Secrets |date=2005 |publisher=J. Wiley |location=Hoboken, NJ |isbn=978-0-471-47261-2}}</ref> Brazilian scientist [[Carlos Chagas]] identified a [[Chagas disease|tropical disease]] and its vector.<ref name = "Pineo_1996" />{{rp|481}}

== Society and culture ==

===Education and training===
Education and training of public health professionals is available throughout the world in Schools of Public Health, Medical Schools, Veterinary Schools, Schools of Nursing, and Schools of Public Affairs. The training typically requires a [[university degree]] with a focus on core disciplines of [[biostatistics]], [[epidemiology]], [[Health administration|health services administration]], [[health policy]], [[health education]], [[behavioral science]], gender issues, sexual and reproductive health, public health nutrition, and [[occupational health|occupational]] and [[environmental health]].<ref name="mmwr4850">{{cite magazine|date=24 December 1999|title=Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm4850.pdf|magazine=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services|volume=48|number=50}}</ref><ref>Public Health Agency of Canada. [http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/php-psp/mphpg-mhplg/mphp-mhpp04-eng.php Canadian Public Health Workforce Core Competencies], accessed 19 April 2011.</ref>

In the global context, the field of public health education has evolved enormously in recent decades, supported by institutions such as the [[World Health Organization]] and the [[World Bank]], among others. Operational structures are formulated by strategic principles, with educational and career pathways guided by competency frameworks, all requiring modulation according to local, national and global realities. Moreover, integrating technology or digital platforms to connect to low health literacy LHL groups could be a way to increase health literacy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Murugesu L, Heijmans M, Rademakers J, Fransen MP | title = Challenges and solutions in communication with patients with low health literacy: Perspectives of healthcare providers | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | article-number = e0267782 | date = 2022-05-04 | pmid = 35507632 | pmc = 9067671 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0267782 | bibcode = 2022PLoSO..1767782M | doi-access = free | veditors = Nayyar A }}</ref> It is critically important for the health of populations that nations assess their public health human resource needs and develop their ability to deliver this capacity, and not depend on other countries to supply it.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = White F | title = The Imperative of Public Health Education: A Global Perspective | journal = Medical Principles and Practice | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 515–529 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23969636 | pmc = 5586806 | doi = 10.1159/000354198 }}</ref>

====Schools of public health: a US perspective====
In the [[United States]], the Welch-Rose Report of 1915<ref>{{Cite report|title=Institute of Hygiene: Being a report by Dr. William H. Welch and Wickliffe Rose to the General Education Board, Rockefeller Foundation| vauthors = Welch WH, Rose W |pages=660–668|year=1915}} reprinted in {{Cite book| vauthors = Fee E |url=http://www.deltaomega.org/documents/WelchRose.pdf|title=The Welch-Rose Report: Blueprint for Public Health Education in America|publisher=Delta Omega Honorary Public Health Society|year=1992|location=Washington, DC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507022011/http://www.deltaomega.org/documents/WelchRose.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref> has been viewed as the basis for the critical movement in the history of the institutional schism between public health and medicine because it led to the establishment of schools of public health supported by the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].<ref name="PHP">{{cite book| vauthors = Patel K, Rushefsky ME, McFarlane DR |title=The Politics of Public Health in the United States|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7656-1135-2|page=91}}</ref> The report was authored by [[William H. Welch|William Welch]], founding dean of the [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]], and [[Wickliffe Rose]] of the Rockefeller Foundation. The report focused more on research than practical education.<ref name="PHP" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brandt AM, Gardner M | title = Antagonism and accommodation: interpreting the relationship between public health and medicine in the United States during the 20th century | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 90 | issue = 5 | pages = 707–715 | date = May 2000 | pmid = 10800418 | pmc = 1446218 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.90.5.707 }}</ref> Some have blamed the Rockefeller Foundation's 1916 decision to support the establishment of schools of public health for creating the schism between public health and medicine and legitimizing the rift between medicine's laboratory investigation of the mechanisms of disease and public health's nonclinical concern with environmental and social influences on health and wellness.<ref name="PHP" /><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = White KL |url= https://archive.org/details/healingschismepi00whit|title=Healing the schism: Epidemiology, medicine, and the public's health|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=1991|isbn=978-0-387-97574-0|location=New York}}</ref>

Even though schools of public health had already been established in [[Canada]], [[Europe]] and [[North Africa]], the United States had still maintained the traditional system of housing faculties of public health within their medical institutions. A $25,000 donation from businessman [[Samuel Zemurray]] instituted the [[Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine|School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine at Tulane University]] in 1912 conferring its first doctor of public health degree in 1914.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Darnell R |title=Histories of anthropology annual|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8032-6664-3|page=36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Dyer JP |title=Tulane: the biography of a university, 1834-1965|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1966|page=136}}</ref> The [[Yale School of Public Health]] was founded by [[Charles-Edward Amory Winslow]] in 1915.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Burrow GN |title=A history of Yale's School of Medicine: passing torches to others|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-13288-5|location=New Haven|oclc=182530966|url=https://archive.org/details/yalesschoolofmed00burr}}</ref> The [[Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health]] was founded in 1916 and became an independent, degree-granting institution for research and training in public health, and the largest public health training facility in the United States.<ref>Education of the Physician: International Dimensions. ''Education Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates''., Association of American Medical Colleges. Meeting. (1984 : Chicago, Ill), p. v.</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Terris M | chapter = The Profession of Public Health | title = Conference on Education, Training, and the Future of Public Health | date = March 1987 | location = Washington, DC | publisher = Board on Health Care Services, National Academy Press | page = 53 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Sheps CG |year=1973|title=Schools of Public Health in Transition|journal=The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society|volume=51|issue=4|pages=462–468|doi=10.2307/3349628|jstor=3349628}}</ref> By 1922, schools of public health were established at [[Columbia University|Columbia]] and [[Harvard]] on the Hopkins model. By 1999 there were twenty nine schools of public health in the US, enrolling around fifteen thousand students.<ref name="mmwr4850" /><ref name="PHP" />

Over the years, the types of students and training provided have also changed. In the beginning, students who enrolled in public health schools typically had already obtained a medical degree; public health school training was largely a second degree for [[physician|medical professionals]]. However, in 1978, 69% of American students enrolled in public health schools had only a [[bachelor's degree]].<ref name="mmwr4850" />

====Degrees in public health====
{{Main|Professional degrees of public health}}

[[File:London_School_of_Hygiene_and_Tropical_Medicine_Library_2017-09-12_2.jpg|thumb|The [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]] is the oldest school of public health in the [[Anglosphere]].<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Kar SB |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chJbDwAAQBAJ&q=London+School+of+Hygiene+and+Public+Health+oldest|title=Empowerment of Women for Promoting Health and Quality of Life|date=2018-05-18|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-938467-9|page=69|language=en}}</ref>]]
Schools of public health offer a variety of degrees generally fall into two categories: professional or academic.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 March 2011|title=Schools of Public Health and Public Health Programs|url=http://www.ceph.org/pdf/Master_List.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611212645/http://www.ceph.org/pdf/Master_List.pdf|archive-date=11 June 2012|access-date=30 March 2011|publisher=[[Council on Education for Public Health]]}}</ref> The two major postgraduate degrees are the [[Master of Public Health]] (MPH) or the [[Master of Science]] in Public Health (MSPH). Doctoral studies in this field include [[Doctor of Public Health]] (DrPH) and [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PhD) in a subspecialty of greater Public Health disciplines. DrPH is regarded as a professional degree and PhD as more of an academic degree.

Professional degrees are oriented towards practice in public health settings. The [[Master of Public Health]], [[Doctor of Public Health]], [[Doctor of Health Science]] (DHSc/DHS) and the [[Master of Health Administration|Master of Health Care Administration]] are examples of degrees which are geared towards people who want careers as practitioners of public health in health departments, managed care and community-based organizations, hospitals and consulting firms, among others. Master of Public Health degrees broadly fall into two categories, those that put more emphasis on an understanding of epidemiology and statistics as the scientific basis of public health practice and those that include a more wide range of methodologies. A Master of Science of Public Health is similar to an MPH but is considered an academic degree (as opposed to a professional degree) and places more emphasis on scientific methods and research. The same distinction can be made between the DrPH and the DHSc: The DrPH is considered a professional degree and the DHSc is an academic degree.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Communications |first=Bouvé |date=2023-06-04 |title=Doctor of Health Science vs. Medical Science: Which Is Better? |url=https://bouve.northeastern.edu/news/doctor-of-health-science-vs-medical-science-which-is-better/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Bouvé College of Health Sciences |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bridgeport |first=University of |date=2021-08-25 |title=Ph.D. vs. Doctor of Health Science {{!}} University of Bridgeport |url=https://www.bridgeport.edu/news/phd-vs-doctor-of-health-science/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=University of Bridgeport News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=DrPH vs. PhD: What's the Difference? |url=https://publichealth.tulane.edu/blog/drph-vs-phd/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=publichealth.tulane.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

Academic degrees are more oriented towards those with interests in the scientific basis of public health and [[preventive medicine]] who wish to pursue careers in research, university teaching in graduate programs, policy analysis and development, and other high-level public health positions. Examples of academic degrees are the [[Master of Science]], [[Doctor of Philosophy]], [[Doctor of Science]] (ScD), and Doctor of Health Science (DHSc). The doctoral programs are distinct from the MPH and other professional programs by the addition of advanced coursework and the nature and scope of a [[dissertation]] research project.

=== Notable people ===
* [[John Graunt]] (1620–1674) was a British citizen scientist who laid the foundations for epidemiology.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Berke O, Sobkowich K, Bernardo TM|date= November 2020 |title=Celebration day: 400th birthday of John Graunt, citizen scientist of London|journal=Environmental Health Review|volume=63|issue=3|pages=67–69|doi=10.5864/d2020-018|s2cid=228938397|issn=0319-6771|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Edward Jenner]] (1749–1823) created the [[smallpox vaccine]], the first vaccine in the world. He is often known as "the father of [[immunology]]".
* [[Benjamin Waterhouse]] (1753–1846) introduced the [[smallpox vaccine]] in the United States.
* [[Lemuel Shattuck]] (1793–1859) has been described as an "architect" and "prophet" of American public health<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Winkelstein W | title = Lemuel Shattuck: architect of American public health | language = en-US | journal = Epidemiology | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | page = 634 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18552594 | doi = 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31817307f2 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[John Snow]] (1813–1858) was 'the father of modern epidemiology'.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=The Commonwealth Fund |title=Snow on cholera: A reprint of two paper: John Snow, M.D |journal=The Health Officer |date=1936 |volume=1 |issue=8 |page=306}}</ref>
* [[Joseph Bazalgette|Sir Joseph William Bazalgette]] (1819–1891) created a [[London sewerage system|sewer network for central London]] in response to the [[Great Stink]] of 1858. This proved instrumental in relieving the city from [[cholera]] epidemics.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Halliday S |title=The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Metropolis|publisher=The History Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-7524-9378-7}}</ref>
* [[Louis Pasteur]] (1822–1895) conducted research that laid the foundation for our understanding of the causes and preventions of diseases.
* [[Robert Koch]] (1843–1910) used his discoveries to establish that germs "could cause a specific disease"<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK24649/#:~:text=In%20the%20final%20decades%20of,and%20suspected%20they%20caused%20anthrax | title=Science, Medicine, and Animals | chapter=A Theory of Germs | date=4 January 2024 | publisher=National Academies Press (US) }}</ref> and directly provided proofs for that [[germ theory of diseases]], therefore creating the scientific basis of public health,<ref name="Lakhtakia_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lakhtakia R | title = The Legacy of Robert Koch: Surmise, search, substantiate | journal = Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = e37–e41 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24516751 | pmc = 3916274 | doi = 10.12816/0003334 }}</ref> saving millions of lives.<ref>{{cite web | title = On this day (11.12.1843): Robert Koch: The Man who Saved Millions of Lives | url = https://history.info/on-this-day/1843-robert-koch-man-saved-millions-lives/ | work = history.info | date = 10 December 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Charles V. Chapin]] (1856–1941) public health advocate and researcher credited with planting "the roots of quality in public health" in the United States<ref name="Beitsch">{{cite journal | vauthors = Beitsch LM, Yeager VA, Moran J | title = Deciphering the imperative: translating public health quality improvement into organizational performance management gains | journal = Annual Review of Public Health | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 273–287 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25494050 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122810 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Sara Josephine Baker]] (1873–1945) was an "instrumental force in child and maternal health"<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hansen B | title = Public careers and private sexuality: some gay and lesbian lives in the history of medicine and public health | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 92 | issue = 1 | pages = 36–44 | date = January 2002 | pmc = 1470556 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2005.079145 | pmid = 11772756 }}</ref>
* [[Nora Wattie]] (1900–1994) led the development of public health services and sanitation, and education in improving women and child health in the poorest [[slum]]s of [[Glasgow]], for which she received the [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]].<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Mackie EM, Wilson TS |date=12 November 1994|title=Obituary N.I.Wattie|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=309|page=1297}}</ref>
* [[Jonas Salk]] (1914–1995) developed one of the first [[polio vaccine]]s and campaigned vigorously for mandatory vaccinations.
* [[Ruth Huenemann]] (1910–2005) She became a pioneer in the study of [[childhood obesity]] in the 1960s studying the diet and exercise habits of Berkeley teenagers.<ref name="Asimov">{{cite news | vauthors = Asimov N |title=Ruth Huenemann – pioneer in study of childhood obesity |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Ruth-Huenemann-pioneer-in-study-of-childhood-2578534.php |access-date=7 September 2022 |agency=SF Gate |publisher=Hearts Newspapers |date=1 September 2005}}</ref>
* [[Dilip Mahalanabis]] - Credited to have evolved and utilized [[Oral rehydration therapy|ORS]] to save thousands of lives during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|liberation war]].

== Country examples ==

{{World topic|Public health in|title=Public health by country|noredlinks=yes|state=show}}

=== Canada ===
In Canada, the [[Public Health Agency of Canada]] is the national agency responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and [[chronic disease]] control and prevention.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canada: International Health Care System Profiles|url=https://international.commonwealthfund.org/countries/canada/|access-date=2020-05-25|website=international.commonwealthfund.org}}</ref>

=== Cuba ===
Since the 1959 [[Cuban Revolution]], the [[Cuban government]] has devoted extensive resources to the improvement of [[Healthcare in Cuba|health conditions]] for its entire population via universal access to health care. Infant mortality has plummeted.<ref name = "Pineo_1996" />{{rp|483}} [[Cuban medical internationalism]] as a policy has seen the Cuban government sent doctors as a form of aid and export to countries in need in Latin America, especially [[Mission Barrio Adentro|Venezuela]], as well as Oceania and Africa countries.

===Colombia and Bolivia===
Public health was important elsewhere in Latin America in consolidating state power and integrating marginalized populations into the nation-state. In Colombia, public health was a means for creating and implementing ideas of citizenship.<ref>{{cite thesis | vauthors = Jalil H | title = Curing a Sick Nation: Public Health and Citizenship in Colombia, 1930–1940 | degree = PhD | publisher = University of California, Santa Barbara | date = 2015 | url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/8857409366fdb10eb0deed2d240e299d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y }}</ref> In Bolivia, a similar push came after their 1952 revolution.<ref>{{cite thesis | vauthors = Pacino N | title = Prescription for a Nation: Public Health in Post-Revolutionary Bolivia, 1952–1964 | degree= PhD dissertation | publisher = University of California, Santa Barbara | date = 2013 | url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/1ecc715c16bd995ff30d8b8dc73ecb0c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750 }}</ref>

=== Ghana ===
[[File:Children_received_ITNs_during_a_school_distribution_in_Ghana_(14011793910).jpg|thumb|Ghanaian children receive insecticide-treated bed nets to prevent exposure to [[malaria]] transmitting mosquitos. ]]
Though curable and preventive, malaria remains a major public health issue and is the third leading cause of death in Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Ghana|url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/countries/ghana/|access-date=9 April 2018|website=CDC Global Health }}</ref> In the absence of a vaccine, [[mosquito control]], or access to [[Antimalarial medication|anti-malaria medication]], public health methods become the main strategy for reducing the prevalence and severity of malaria.<ref name="Agyepong_1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Agyepong IA, Manderson L | title = Mosquito avoidance and bed net use in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana | journal = Journal of Biosocial Science | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 79–92 | date = January 1999 | pmid = 10081239 | doi = 10.1017/S0021932099000796 | s2cid = 42129995 }}</ref> These methods include reducing breeding sites, screening doors and windows, insecticide sprays, prompt treatment following infection, and usage of insecticide treated mosquito nets.<ref name="Agyepong_1999" /> Distribution and sale of insecticide-treated mosquito nets is a common, cost-effective anti-malaria public health intervention; however, barriers to use exist including cost, household and family organization, access to resources, and social and behavioral determinants which have not only been shown to affect malaria prevalence rates but also mosquito net use.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2014|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/fr307/fr307.pdf|access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Agyepong_1999" /> Modern surveillance now integrates spatial statistics to address inequities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghanem |first=V. G. |date=2026 |title=Spatial and Machine Learning Analysis of District-Level Health Insurance Inequities in Ghana |journal=Cureus |volume=18 |issue=1 |article-number=e101984 |doi=10.7759/cureus.101984 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== France ===
{{excerpt|Health care in France#Public health initiatives (1871–1914)|paragraphs=1,2}}

===Mexico===
{{excerpt|Healthcare in Mexico#Public health|paragraphs=1,2|file=no}}

=== United States ===
{{Further|Public health in American history}}
Led by Massachusetts, the states developed public health programs in the late 19th century.<ref>John B. Blake, "The origins of public health in the United States." ''American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health'' 38.11 (1948): 1539-1550. [https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.38.11.1539 online]</ref><ref>Barbara Gutmann Rosenkrantz, ''Public health and the State; changing views in Massachusetts, 1842-1936'' (1972) [https://archive.org/details/publichealthstat0000rose online]</ref><ref>George Rosen, ''A history of public health'' (1958) [https://archive.org/details/historyofpublich0000geor/page/n6/mode/1up online]</ref><ref>David A. Loving, "The development of American public health, 1850–1925" (PhD dissertation, University of Oklahoma; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2008. 3303520).</ref>

{{excerpt|United States Public Health Service|paragraphs=1,2|file=no}}

The United States lacks a coherent system for the governmental funding of public health, relying on a variety of agencies and programs at the federal, state and local levels.<ref name="Leider">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leider JP, Resnick B, Bishai D, Scutchfield FD | title = How Much Do We Spend? Creating Historical Estimates of Public Health Expenditures in the United States at the Federal, State, and Local Levels | journal = Annual Review of Public Health | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 471–487 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29346058 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013455 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
Between 1960 and 2001, public health spending in the United States tended to grow,
based on increasing expenditures by state and local government, which made up 80–90% of
total public health spending. Spending in support of public health in the United States peaked in 2002 and declined in the following decade.<ref name="Himmelstein">{{cite journal | vauthors = Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S | title = Public Health's Falling Share of US Health Spending | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 106 | issue = 1 | pages = 56–57 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26562115 | pmc = 4695931 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302908 }}</ref> State cuts to public health funding during the [[Great Recession]] of 2007–2008 were not restored in subsequent years.<ref name="Alfonso">{{cite journal | vauthors = Alfonso YN, Leider JP, Resnick B, McCullough JM, Bishai D | title = US Public Health Neglected: Flat Or Declining Spending Left States Ill Equipped To Respond To COVID-19 | journal = Health Affairs | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 664–671 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33764801 | pmc = 9890672 | doi = 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01084 | s2cid = 232367227 }}</ref>
As of 2012, a panel for the [[U.S. Institute of Medicine]] panel warned that the United States spends disproportionately far more on clinical care than it does on public health, neglecting "population-based activities that offer efficient and effective approaches to improving the nation's health."<ref name="IOM2012">{{cite book |last1=Institute of Medicine |title=For the Public's Health: Investing in a Healthier Future |date=2012 |publisher=The National Academies Press |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-309-22107-8 |page=2 |doi=10.17226/13268 |pmid=24830052 |bibcode=2012nap..book13268I |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Himmelstein"/> {{as of|2018}}, about 3% of government health spending was directed to public health and prevention.<ref name="Butcher"/><ref name="California">{{cite web |title=Health Care Costs Accounted for 17.7 Percent of GDP in 2018 |url=https://www.chcf.org/blog/health-care-costs-accounted-17-7-percent-gdp-2018/#related-links-and-downloads |website=California Health Care Foundation |access-date=2 March 2022 |date=2 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Nunn">{{cite web | vauthors = Nunn R, Parsons J, Shambaugh J |title=A dozen facts about the economics of the US health-care system |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/a-dozen-facts-about-the-economics-of-the-u-s-health-care-system/ |website=Brookings Institution |access-date=2 March 2022 |date=10 March 2020}}</ref> This situation has been described as an "uneven patchwork"<ref name="Wallace">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wallace M, Sharfstein JM | title = The Patchwork U.S. Public Health System | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 386 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–4 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 34979071 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp2104881 | s2cid = 245640052 }}</ref> and "chronic underfunding".<ref>{{cite web |title=Explore Public Health Funding in the United States {{!}} 2021 Annual Report |url=https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/annual/measure/PH_funding/state/ALL |website=America's Health Rankings |access-date=2 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Yale">{{cite news |title=GHJP Report Calls for Reinvestment to Revive Public Health in the U.S. |url=https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/ghjp-report-calls-reinvestment-revive-public-health-us |access-date=2 March 2022 |work=Yale Law School |date=June 7, 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Eager">{{cite book | vauthors = Eager W, Herman D, House M, Robinson L, Williams C |title=Confronting a legacy of scarcity: a plan for America's reinvestment in U.S. public health |date=2021 |publisher=Yale School of Public Health |url=https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/center/ghjp/documents/publichealthfunding_final_6.7.21.pdf}}</ref><ref name="tfah">{{cite web |title=The Impact of Chronic Underfunding on America's Public Health System: Trends, Risks, and Recommendations, 2021 |url=https://www.tfah.org/report-details/pandemic-proved-underinvesting-in-public-health-lives-livelihoods-risk/ |website=Trust for America's Health |date=May 7, 2021 |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>
The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] has been seen as drawing attention to problems in the public health system in the United States and to a lack of understanding of public health and its important role as a [[common good]].<ref name="Butcher"/>

=== Taiwan ===
{{Further|Healthcare in Taiwan}}
[[File:ROC National Health Insurance Emblem.svg|thumb|Emblem of Taiwan's National Health Insurance]]
[[Taiwan]] has a well-established public health infrastructure anchored by the [[National Health Insurance]] (NHI) system that was introduced in 1995 and provides nearly universal coverage, reaching an estimated 99.9% of residents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Tsung-Ling |last2=Lee |first2=Yi-Li |title=Maintaining the Right to Health: A Democratic Process in Taiwan |journal = Health and Human Rights |volume = 27 |pages = 125–128 |date = 13 May 2025 |issue=1 |pmid=40703588 |pmc=12282878 }}</ref> Health expenditure is traditionally moderate; public and private funding combined accounted for 6.1–6.5% of GDP in recent years, below the OECD average of over 9%. The NHI is financed through a balanced mix of income-based premiums—shared roughly equally among individuals, employers, and government—and supplementary levies on savings and lottery winnings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/countries/taiwan|title=International Health Care System Profiles – Taiwan|website=commonwealthfund.org|first=Tsung-Mei|last=Cheng|date=5 June 2020 |access-date=15 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> Despite high utilization, administrative costs are exceedingly low, at around 1–1.6%, allowing for efficient resource allocation and system-wide effectiveness.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhi.gov.tw/en/cp-1058-9d702-123-2.html|title=Important Statistics|website=nhi.gov.tw|access-date=15 July 2025|language=en}}</ref>

Taiwan's public health system is supported by strong institutions like the [[Taiwan Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC) and the [[Central Epidemic Command Center]] (CECC), created after the [[2002–2004 SARS outbreak]]. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan|COVID-19 pandemic]], these agencies quickly enacted travel screenings, contact tracing, mask rationing, digital quarantine systems, and daily transparent communications via text alerts and social media.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/taiwan-coronavirus-covid-response/|title=How Taiwan beat Covid-19|magazine=WIRED|date=November 14, 2020|first=Kate|last=O'Flaherty|access-date=15 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> Taiwan was recognized in 2020 as one of the most effective pandemic responses globally, with minimal lockdowns and exceptionally low infection and death rates according to assessments by Wired, Time, the Commonwealth Fund, and other international observers.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5851633/best-global-responses-covid-19/|title=The Best Global Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic, 1 Year Later|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=February 23, 2021|first=Ian|last=Bremmer|access-date=15 July 2025|language=en}}</ref>

Beyond epidemics, public health priorities have included ongoing vaccine campaigns—reaching over 90% first-dose COVID coverage by 2022 — immunization against infectious diseases, and chronic disease management.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/09/once-a-zero-covid-poster-child-taiwan-learns-to-live-with-the-virus|title=Once a zero-Covid poster child, Taiwan learns to live with the virus|work=[[The Guardian)]]|date=9 May 2022 |first1=Helen|last1=Davidson|first2=Chi-hui|last2=Lin|access-date=15 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> However, Taiwan faces pressing challenges such as an aging demographic, with projections indicating nearly 37% of the population will be over 65 by 2050. Additionally, the health system grapples with issues like hospital overcrowding due to patient preference for large medical centers, and growing fiscal pressures on NHI sustainability amid rising utilization and medical costs. These challenges are driving a shift toward bolstering primary care, refining referral systems, and balancing revenue mechanisms to preserve Taiwan's high-performing public health framework.

== See also ==
{{offline|med}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|content=
* [[Basic needs]]
* [[Effects of climate change on human health]]
* [[European Public Health Association]]
* [[Global health]]
* [[Harm reduction]]
* [[Health care]]
* [[Health equity]]
* [[Health law]]
* [[Health policy]]
* [[Health system]]
* [[History of public health in the United Kingdom]]
* [[History of public health in the United States]]
* [[History of water supply and sanitation]]
* [[Human right to water and sanitation]]
* [[List of national public health agencies]]
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== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Berridge, Virginia. ''Public Health: A Very Short Introduction'' (Oxford UP, 2016)
* Breslow, L., ed. ''Encyclopedia of Public Health'' (MacMillan, 2002).
* Carney, Jan Kirk. ''A History of Public Health: From Past to Present'' (Jones & Bartlett, 2022)
* Hollingsworth, J. Rogers, Jerald Hage, and Robert Hanneman. ''State intervention in medical care: consequences for Britain, France, Sweden, and the United States, 1890-1970'' (Cornell University Press, 2019).

===United Kingdom===
{{Further|Health in the United Kingdom#Further reading}}
* Eyler, John M. Eyler. ''Sir Arthur Newsholme and State Medicine, 1885-1935'' (Cambridge University Press, 1997).
* Harris, James Jeffrey. "Body Politics: A History of Public Health and Politics in Britain, 1885-1922" (PhD dissertation, . The Ohio State University, 2017) [https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/ws/send_file/send?accession=osu1510659104333359&disposition=inline online].
* Rosen, George ''A History of Public Health'' (1958). [https://archive.org/details/historyofpublich00rose/page/n6/mode/1up online], a standard scholarly history.
* Schneider, Dona, and David E. Lilienfeld, eds. ''Public Health: The Development of a Discipline, From the Age of Hippocrates to the Progressive Era'' (2008), Long excerpts from. 24 major documents. before 1920, from the United States and United Kingdom. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4xv0scbWSAUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Schneider,+Dona,+and+David+E.+Lilienfeld&ots=j-GP3XunKj&sig=0SKekWocw8u5gK7nKY0CNp1kzZE excerpts]
** ''Public health: the development of a discipline. Vol. 2 Twentieth century challenges'' (2011), covers 1920 to 2010.
* Sigsworth, Michael, and Michael Worboys. "The public's view of public health in mid-Victorian Britain." ''Urban History'' 21.2 (1994): 237–250. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/urban-history/article/abs/publics-view-of-public-health-in-midvictorian-britain/99DACDB6503272A553D2F353AD16771C online]
* Wohl, Anthony S. ''Endangered lives: public health in Victorian Britain'' (1983) [https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19842015295 online].

===United States===
{{Further|History of public health in the United States#Further reading}}
* Duffy, John. ''The sanitarians : a history of American public health'' (1992) [https://archive.org/details/sanitarianshisto0000duff_h1v9/mode/1up online]
* Schneider, Dona, and David E. Lilienfeld, eds. ''Public Health: The Development of a Discipline, From the Age of Hippocrates to the Progressive Era'' (2008), Long excerpts from. 24 major documents. before 1920, from the United States and United Kingdom. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4xv0scbWSAUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Schneider,+Dona,+and+David+E.+Lilienfeld&ots=j-GP3XunKj&sig=0SKekWocw8u5gK7nKY0CNp1kzZE excerpts]
** ''Public health: the development of a discipline. Vol. 2 Twentieth century challenges'' (2011), covers 1920 to 2010.

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Saffron

2026-03-26T05:27:29Z

AmiePesina: slightly add references for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Spice made from crocus flowers}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}
{{other uses}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Saffron - premium spice.jpg|alt=Saffron|thumb|Saffron crocus, ''Crocus sativus'', with its vivid crimson stigmas and styles]]

'''Saffron''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|f|r|ə|n|,_|-|r|ɒ|n}} <ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|saffron|access-date=2012-11-21}}</ref> , [[Persian language|Persian]]: زعفران) is a [[spice]] derived from the flower of ''[[Crocus sativus]]'', commonly known as the "saffron [[crocus]]". The vivid crimson [[stigma (botany)|stigma]] and [[style (botany)|styles]], called threads, are collected and dried for use mainly as a [[seasoning]] and [[Food coloring|colouring agent]] in food. Saffron crocus was slowly propagated throughout much of Eurasia and later brought to parts of North Africa, North America, and [[Oceania]].

Saffron's taste and [[iodoform]]-like or [[hay]]-like fragrance result from the [[phytochemical]]s [[picrocrocin]] and [[safranal]].{{Sfn|McGee|2004|p=423}}<ref name="Katzer2010">{{cite web |last=Katzer |first=G. |date=2010 |title=Saffron (''Crocus sativus'' L.) |work=Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages |url=http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com//engl/Croc_sat.html |access-date=1 December 2012}}</ref> It also contains a [[carotenoid]] pigment, [[crocin]], which imparts a rich golden-yellow hue to dishes and textiles. Its quality is graded by the proportion of red stigma to yellow style, varying by region and affecting both potency and value. As of 2024, [[Iran]] produced some 90% of the world's saffron.<ref name="menia">{{cite journal |vauthors=Menia M, Iqbal S, Zahida R, Tahir S, Kanth RH, Saad AA, Hussian A |title=Production technology of saffron for enhancing productivity (see PDF)|journal=Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry |date=2018 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1033–1039 |url=https://www.phytojournal.com/archives?year=2018&vol=7&issue=1&ArticleId=2634 |language=en |issn=2349-8234}}</ref><ref name="hooker">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-41110151|title=The problem for the world's most expensive spice|last=Hooker|first=Lucy|publisher=bbc.co.uk|date=13 September 2017|access-date=12 January 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/56456/Iran-Produces-90-of-World-s-Saffron|title=Iran Produces 90% of World's Saffron |date=3 January 2001 }}</ref> At US$5,000 per [[Kilogram|kg]] or higher, saffron has long been the world's costliest spice by weight,{{Sfn|Rau|1969|p=53}}{{Sfn|Hill|2004|p=272}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-pics-world-s-costliest-spice-blooms-in-kashmir/20121109.htm|title=World's COSTLIEST spice blooms in Kashmir|publisher=[[rediff]]|access-date=7 January 2013}}</ref> for which it is often dubbed "red gold".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Red gold: Afghanistan saffron production grows |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-12-red-gold-afghanistan-saffron-production.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250720132714/https://phys.org/news/2018-12-red-gold-afghanistan-saffron-production.html |archive-date=2025-07-20 |access-date=2026-03-26 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Can 'red gold' saffron replace poppy in Afghanistan? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/can-red-gold-saffron-replace-poppy-in-afghanistan/video-51516930 |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

The [[English language|English]] word saffron likely originates from the [[Old French]] ''safran'', which traces back through [[Latin]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] to the word ''zarparān'', meaning "gold strung". It is a [[Sterility (physiology)|sterile]], human-propagated, [[autumn]]-flowering plant descended from wild relatives in the eastern [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], cultivated for its fragrant purple [[Flower|flowers]] and valuable red stigmas in sunny, [[temperate climates]]. Saffron is primarily used as a culinary [[spice]] and natural [[colourant]], with additional historical uses in [[traditional medicine]], [[dyeing]], [[Perfume|perfumery]], and [[Ritual|religious rituals]].

Saffron originated in [[Iran]] especially in the [[Khorasan]] region and later spread to [[Kashmir]], the [[Mediterranean basin|Mediterranean region]], and [[Asia Minor]]. It has been cultivated and traded for over 3,500 years across [[Eurasia]], spreading through [[Asia]] via [[Cultural diplomacy|cultural exchange]] and [[conquest]]. [[History of saffron|Its recorded history]] is attested in a 7th-century BC [[Assyria]]n botanical treatise.{{Sfn|Russo|Dreher|Mathre|2003|p=6}} Saffron is an essential ingredient in [[Iranian cuisine|Persian cuisine]], used in dishes such as chelow and [[tahdig]], stews like khoresh-e [[Fesenjān|fesenjan]], and desserts including [[Sholezard|sholeh-zard]] and [[Bastani|bastani sonnati]].

==Etymology==
{{Further|History of saffron}}
The English word ''saffron'' is a borrowing from French, first found in a [[Middle English]] text written around 1200 as ''saffran''.<ref name="OED">{{Cite OED|last1=OED |date=2025 |Saffron, N. & Adj. |1177171640 }}</ref> It derives from the 12th-century [[Old French]] term ''safran'', which comes from the [[Medieval Latin]] word {{Lang|la|safranum}}, and from the [[Persian language|Persian]] (زعفران, ''Zaferan'').<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kumari |first=Leena |title=Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Analysis |publisher=Spices Production to Products |year=2025 |pages=23}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Nawab |first=Khalid |date=2022 |title=SAFFRON PRODUCTION IN AFGHANISTAN |journal=Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=744–757}}</ref> which itself originated from an older [[Persian language|Persian]] word “زرپران, Zarparan” <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asgari |first=Motahareh |date=2022 |title=Survey of the History and Applications of Saffron |url=https://journals.lww.com/cmc/fulltext/2022/03000/survey_of_the_history_and_applications_of_saffron.5.aspx |journal=Chinese Medicine and Culture |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=31–38 |doi=10.1097/MC9.0000000000000006 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganaie |first=Daawar Bashir |date=2019 |title=Saffron in Jammu & Kashmir |journal=International Journal of Research in Geography (IJRG) |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=1–12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fotovati |first=Mohsen |date=2023 |title=Isolating valuable ingredients of saffron using extraction and preparative chromatography |url=https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_3596377/component/file_3610136/content |journal=Diss. Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg |pages=161 pages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganaie |first=Daawar Bashir |date=2019 |title=Cultivation Practices and Waning Production of Saffron in Jammu & Kashmir |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363917143 |journal=Agricultural Research & Technology |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=148–153}}</ref> meaning “gold-strung” a reference to the flower’s golden filaments or the rich golden hue it imparts as a spice.

==Species==
{{Main|Crocus sativus}}

===Description===
[[File:860808-Saffronfarm-01-IMG 7707-2.jpg|alt=Saffron Flowers|thumb|Crocus flowers which yield red saffron stigmas]]
[[File:Saffron onions-IMG 7549-2.jpg|alt=Saffron onions|thumb|Corms]]


The domesticated saffron crocus, ''Crocus sativus'', is an autumn-[[flowering plant|flowering]] [[perennial plant]] unknown in the wild. It possibly descends from the eastern Mediterranean autumn-flowering ''[[Crocus cartwrightianus]]'' which is also known as "wild saffron"{{Sfn|Kafi et al.|2006|p=24}} and is native to [[mainland Greece]], [[Euboea]], [[Crete]], [[Skyros]] and some islands of the [[Cyclades]].<ref name="Atticasaffron">{{cite journal |last1=Jacobsen |first1=Niels |last2=Ørgaard |first2=Marian |title=Crocus cartwrightianus on the Attica Peninsula |journal=[[ISHS Acta Horticulturae]] |date=2004 |volume=650 |issue=6 |pages=65–69 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.650.6 |url=https://safranerio.fr/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/650_6.pdf |access-date=6 April 2024 |ref=Cartwright}}</ref> The similar species ''[[Crocus thomasii|C. thomasii]]'' and ''[[Crocus pallasii|C. pallasii]]'' were considered as other possible ancestors.{{Sfn|Grilli Caiola|2003|p=1}}{{Sfn|Negbi|1999|p=28}} As a genetically monomorphic clone incapable of seed production, it was slowly propagated by humans throughout much of [[Eurasia]].{{Sfn|Rubio-Moraga|Castillo-López|Gómez-Gómez|Ahrazem|2009}} Various origins have been suggested for saffron, including [[Iran]],<ref name="Ghorbani et al.">{{Cite book |first1=R. |last1=Ghorbani |first2=A. |last2=Koocheki |s2cid=28214061 |chapter=Sustainable Cultivation of Saffron in Iran |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdksDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 |title=Sustainable Agriculture Reviews |editor-last=Lichtfouse |editor-first=Eric |year=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-58679-3 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-58679-3 |pages=170–171|url=https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02801642/file/Sustainable%20Agriculture%20Reviews%2014%20-%20Front%20Matter_1.pdf }}</ref> [[Mesopotamia]],<ref name="Ghorbani et al." /> [[Kashmir]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |title=Saffron: science, technology and health |date=2020|page=16 |vauthors=Koocheki A, Khajeh-Hosseini M|isbn=9780128187401 |location=Duxford, United Kingdom |oclc=1140113593|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8i2DwAAQBAJ|publisher=Woodhead Publishing, Elsevier}}</ref> and [[Greece]].<ref name="Gresta et al.">{{Cite journal |last1=Gresta |first1=F. |last2=Lombardo |first2=G. M. |last3=Siracusa |first3=L. |last4=Ruberto |first4=G. |year=2008 |title=Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems. A review |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886393/document |journal=[[Agronomy for Sustainable Development]] |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=95–112 |bibcode=2008AgSD...28...95G |doi=10.1051/agro:2007030 |s2cid=44054590}}</ref>

It is a sterile [[polyploidy|triploid]] form, which means that three homologous sets of [[chromosome]]s make up each specimen's genetic complement; ''C. sativus'' bears eight chromosomal bodies per set, making for 24 in total.{{Sfn|Kafi et al.|2006|p=23}} Being sterile, the purple flowers of ''C. sativus'' fail to produce viable seeds; reproduction hinges on human assistance: clusters of [[corm]]s, underground, bulb-like, starch-storing organs, must be dug up, divided, and replanted. A corm survives for one season, producing via vegetative division up to ten "cormlets" that can grow into new plants in the next season.{{Sfn|Deo|2003|p=1}} The compact corms are small, brown globules that can measure as large as {{Convert|5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, have a flat base, and are shrouded in a dense mat of parallel fibres; this coat is referred to as the "corm tunic". Corms also bear vertical fibres, thin and net-like, that grow up to {{Convert|5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} above the plant's neck.{{Sfn|Kafi et al.|2006|p=23}}

The plant sprouts 5–11 white and non-[[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] leaves known as [[cataphyll]]s. These membrane-like structures cover and protect 5 to 11 true leaves as they bud and develop on the crocus flower. The latter are thin, straight, and blade-like green foliage leaves, which are {{Convert|1|–|3|mm|in|frac=32|abbr=on}}, in diameter, which either expand after the flowers have opened ("hysteranthous") or do so simultaneously with their blooming ("synanthous"). ''C. sativus'' cataphylls are suspected by some to manifest prior to blooming when the plant is irrigated relatively early in the growing season. Its floral axes, or flower-bearing structures, bear [[bract]]eoles, or specialised leaves, that sprout from the flower stems; the latter are known as [[pedicel (botany)|pedicels]].{{Sfn|Kafi et al.|2006|p=23}} After [[Aestivation (botany)|aestivating]] in spring, the plant sends up its true leaves, each up to {{Convert|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in length. Only in October, after most other flowering plants have released their seeds, do its brilliantly hued flowers develop; they range from a light pastel shade of lilac to a darker and more striated mauve.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=3}} The flowers possess a sweet, honey-like fragrance. Upon flowering, the plants are {{Convert|20|–|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in height and bear up to four flowers. A three-pronged [[style (botany)|style]] {{Convert|25|–|30|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} in length, emerges from each flower. Each prong terminates with a vivid crimson [[stigma (botany)|stigma]], which is the distal end of a [[carpel]].{{Sfn|Deo|2003|p=1}}{{Sfn|Kafi et al.|2006|p=23}}

===Cultivation===
The saffron crocus, unknown in the wild, probably descends from ''[[Crocus cartwrightianus]]''. It is a [[polyploid|triploid]] that is "self-incompatible" and male sterile; it undergoes aberrant [[meiosis]] and is hence incapable of independent sexual reproduction—all propagation is by [[vegetative reproduction|vegetative multiplication]] via manual "divide-and-set" of a starter clone or by interspecific hybridisation.{{Sfn|Negbi|1999|p=30–31}}{{Sfn|Grilli Caiola|2003|p=1}}

''Crocus sativus'' thrives in the Mediterranean [[Maquis shrubland|maquis]], an ecotype superficially resembling the North American [[chaparral]], and similar climates where hot and dry summer breezes sweep semi-arid lands. It can nonetheless survive cold winters, tolerating frosts as low as {{Convert|−10|C|0}} and short periods of snow cover.{{Sfn|Deo|2003|p=1}}{{Sfn|Willard|2002|pp=2–3}} Some reports suggest saffron can tolerate an air temperature range from −22 to 40 °C.<ref>{{Citation |last=Rezvani-Moghaddam |first=Parviz |title=Chapter 8. Ecophysiology of saffron |date=2020-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128186381000083 |work=Saffron |pages=119–137 |editor-last=Koocheki |editor-first=Alireza |access-date=2023-02-22 |series=Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |language=en |isbn=978-0-12-818638-1 |editor2-last=Khajeh-Hosseini |editor2-first=Mohammad}}</ref> Irrigation is required if grown outside of moist environments such as Kashmir, where annual rainfall averages {{Convert|1000|–|1500|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}; saffron-growing regions in Greece ({{Convert|500|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=or}} annually) and Spain ({{Convert|400|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=or}}) are far drier than the main cultivating Iranian regions. What makes this possible is the timing of the local wet seasons; generous spring rains and drier summers are optimal. Rain immediately preceding flowering boosts saffron yields; rainy or cold weather during flowering promotes disease and reduces yields. Persistently damp and hot conditions harm the crops,{{Sfn|Deo|2003|p=2}} and rabbits, rats, and birds cause damage by digging up corms. [[Nematode]]s, leaf [[rust (fungus)|rusts]], and corm rot pose other threats. Yet ''[[Bacillus subtilis]]'' inoculation may provide some benefit to growers by speeding corm growth and increasing stigma biomass yield.{{Sfn|Sharaf-Eldin|Elkholy|Fernández|Junge|2008}}

The plants fare poorly in shady conditions; they grow best in full sunlight. Fields that slope towards the sunlight are optimal (i.e., south-sloping in the Northern Hemisphere). Planting is mostly done in June in the Northern Hemisphere, where corms are lodged {{Convert|7|–|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} deep; its roots, stems, and leaves can develop between October and February.{{Sfn|Kafi et al.|2006|p=23}} Planting depth and corm spacing, in concert with climate, are critical factors in determining yields. Mother corms planted deeper yield higher-quality saffron, though they form fewer flower buds and daughter corms. Italian growers optimise thread yield by planting {{Convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} deep and in rows {{Convert|2|–|3|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} apart; depths of {{Convert|8|–|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} optimise flower and corm production. Greek, Moroccan, and Spanish growers employ distinct depths and spacings that suit their locales.

''C. sativus'' prefers friable, loose, low-density, well-watered, and well-drained clay-[[calcareous]] soils with high organic content. Traditional raised beds promote good drainage. Soil organic content was historically boosted via application of some {{Convert|20|–|30|t/ha|ST/acre|0|abbr=off}} of manure. Afterwards, and with no further manure application, corms were planted.{{Sfn|Deo|2003|p=3}} After a period of dormancy through the summer, the corms send up their narrow leaves and begin to bud in early autumn. Only in mid-autumn do they flower. Harvests are by necessity a speedy affair: after blossoming at dawn, flowers quickly wilt as the day passes.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|pp=3–4}} All plants bloom within a window of one or two weeks.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=4}} Stigmas are dried quickly upon extraction and (preferably) sealed in airtight containers.{{Sfn|Negbi|1999|p=8}}

===Harvesting===
[[File:Saffron-sargol-zafaranic.jpg|thumb|Sargol saffron, the strongest Iranian grade]]
The high retail value of saffron is maintained on world markets because of labour-intensive harvesting methods, which require some {{convert|200000|/lb|/kg|order=flip|disp=preunit|stigmas|hand-picked saffron stigmas }} – equivalently, {{convert|70000|/lb|/kg|order=flip|disp=preunit|flowers|crocus flowers }}.<ref name=hooker/><ref name="cnn">{{cite news |last=Monks |first=Keiron |date=3 September 2015 |title=Iran's homegrown treasure: the spice that costs more than gold |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/03/middleeast/iran-saffron-red-gold/ |newspaper=CNN |access-date=22 January 2016}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hill|2004|p=273}}{{Sfn|Rau|1969|p=35}} Forty hours of labour are needed to pick 150,000 flowers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lak |first=Daniel |date=11 November 1998 |title=Kashmiris pin hopes on saffron |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/212491.stm |access-date=11 September 2011}}</ref>

One freshly picked crocus flower yields on average 30 mg of fresh saffron or 7 mg dried; roughly 150 flowers yield {{Convert|1|g|oz|frac=32|abbr=on}} of dry saffron threads; to produce {{Convert|12|g|oz|frac=16|abbr=on}} of dried saffron, {{Convert|1|lb|g|order=flip|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} of flowers are needed; the yield of dried spice from fresh saffron is only {{convert|0.2|oz/lb|g/kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}.{{Sfn|Deo|2003|p=3}}

==Spice==

===Phytochemistry and sensory properties===
[[File:Picrocrocin.svg|thumb|Structure of [[picrocrocin]]:{{Sfn|Deo|2003|p=4}}
{|
|-
|{{Legend|#AEAEFF|[[Anomer|β]]–[[Monosaccharide#Isomerism|D]]-glucopyranose derivative}}
|-
|{{Legend|#F5D76C|safranal moiety}}
|}
]]
[[File:Crocetin safranal esterification.png|thumb|[[Esterification]] reaction between [[crocetin]] and [[gentiobiose]]. Components of α–crocin:<ref name=dhar/>
{|
|-
|{{Legend|#A6CAF0|[[Anomer|β]]–[[Monosaccharide#Isomerism|D]]-gentiobiose}}||{{Legend|#000000|crocetin}}
|}
]]
Saffron contains some 28 [[Volatile organic compound|volatile and aroma-yielding compounds]], dominated by [[ketone]]s and [[aldehyde]]s.<ref name="Amanpour">{{cite journal | last1=Amanpour | first1=Asghar | last2=Sonmezdag | first2=A. Salih | last3=Kelebek | first3=Hasim | last4=Selli | first4=Serkan | title=GC–MS–olfactometric characterization of the most aroma-active components in a representative aromatic extract from Iranian saffron (''Crocus sativus'' L.) | journal=Food Chemistry| volume=182 | year=2015 | issn=0308-8146 | doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.005 | pages=251–256|pmid=25842335}}</ref> Its main aroma-active compounds are [[safranal]] – the main compound responsible for saffron aroma – 4-ketoisophorone, and dihydrooxophorone.<ref name="dhar">{{cite journal | last1=Dhar | first1=Manoj K | last2=Sharma | first2=Munish | last3=Bhat | first3=Archana | last4=Chrungoo | first4=Nikhil K | last5=Kaul | first5=Sanjana | title=Functional genomics of apocarotenoids in saffron: insights from chemistry, molecular biology and therapeutic applications (Review)| journal=[[Briefings in Functional Genomics]] | volume=16 | issue=6 | date=28 March 2017 | issn=2041-2649 | doi=10.1093/bfgp/elx003 | pages=336–347|pmid=28369196}}</ref><ref name=Amanpour/> Saffron also contains nonvolatile [[phytochemical]]s,{{Sfn|Abdullaev|2002|p=1}} including the [[carotenoid]]s [[zeaxanthin]], [[lycopene]], various α- and β-[[carotene]]s, as well as [[crocetin]] and its [[glycoside]] crocein, which are the most biologically active components.<ref name=dhar/><ref name="pmid29134501">{{cite journal | vauthors=Hosseini A, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H | title=Pharmacokinetic Properties of Saffron and its Active Components | journal=European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics | volume=43 | issue=4 | pages=383–390 | year=2018 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623820302926 | doi=10.1007/s13318-017-0449-3 | pmid=29134501| s2cid=23836415 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Because crocetin is smaller and more water-soluble than the other carotenoids, it is more rapidly absorbed.<ref name="pmid29134501" />

The yellow-orange colour of saffron is primarily the result of α-crocin.<ref name=dhar/> This [[crocin]] is trans-[[crocetin]] di-(β-D-[[gentiobiose|gentiobiosyl]]) [[ester]]; it bears the [[IUPAC nomenclature|systematic (IUPAC) name]] 8,8-diapo-8,8-carotenoic acid. This means that the crocin underlying saffron's aroma is a digentiobiose ester of the carotenoid crocetin.{{Sfn|Abdullaev|2002|p=1}} Crocins themselves are a series of [[hydrophile|hydrophilic]] carotenoids that are either [[glycosyl|monoglycosyl]] or diglycosyl [[polyene]] esters of crocetin.{{Sfn|Abdullaev|2002|p=1}} Crocetin is a [[conjugated system|conjugated]] polyene [[carboxylic acid|dicarboxylic acid]] that is [[Hydrophobe|hydrophobic]], and thus oil-soluble. When crocetin is [[esterification|esterified]] with two water-soluble gentiobioses, which are [[carbohydrate|sugars]], a product results that is itself water-soluble. The resultant α-crocin is a carotenoid pigment that may make up more than 10% of dry saffron's mass. The two esterified gentiobioses make α-crocin ideal for colouring water-based and non-fatty foods such as rice dishes.{{Sfn|McGee|2004|p=422}}

The bitter [[glucoside]] [[picrocrocin]] is responsible for saffron's [[pungency|pungent flavour]].<ref name=dhar/> Picrocrocin ([[chemical formula]]: {{Chem2|C16H26O7}}; systematic name: 4-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde) is a union of an [[aldehyde]] sub-molecule known as [[safranal]] (systematic name: 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carbaldehyde) and a carbohydrate. It has insecticidal and pesticidal properties, and may comprise up to 4% of dry saffron. Picrocrocin is a truncated version of the carotenoid [[zeaxanthin]] that is produced via [[redox|oxidative]] cleavage, and is the [[glycoside]] of the [[terpene]] [[aldehyde]] safranal.{{Sfn|Leffingwell}}

When saffron is dried after its harvest, the heat, combined with enzymatic action, splits picrocrocin to yield [[Monosaccharide#Isomerism|D]]–[[glucose]] and a free safranal molecule.{{Sfn|Deo|2003|p=4}} Safranal, a [[essential oil|volatile]] oil, gives saffron much of its distinctive aroma.{{Sfn|McGee|2004|p=423}}{{Sfn|Dharmananda|2005}} Safranal is less bitter than picrocrocin and may comprise up to 70% of dry saffron's volatile fraction in some samples.{{Sfn|Leffingwell}} A second molecule underlying saffron's aroma is [[Lanierone|2-hydroxy-4,4,6-trimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one]], which produces a scent described as saffron, dried hay-like.{{Sfn|Leffingwell}} Chemists find this is the most powerful contributor to saffron's fragrance, despite its presence in a lesser quantity than safranal.{{Sfn|Leffingwell}} Dry saffron is highly sensitive to fluctuating [[pH]] levels, and rapidly breaks down chemically in the presence of light and [[redox|oxidising]] agents. It must, therefore, be stored in air-tight containers to minimise contact with atmospheric oxygen. Saffron is somewhat more resistant to heat.

===Grades and ISO 3632 categories===
[[File:Iran saffron threads.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Red threads and yellow styles from Iran]]
[[File:Safran-Weinviertel Niederreiter 2 Gramm 8285.jpg|thumb|left|upright|High quality red threads from Austrian saffron]]
[[File:Pure Kashmiri saffron pack 08.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Kashmir]]i saffron package]]

Saffron is not all of the same quality and strength. Strength is related to several factors, including age and the amount of yellow style picked relative to red stigma, as colour and flavour are concentrated in the latter.

Saffron from [[Iran]], [[Spain]], and [[Kashmir]] is classified into various grades according to the proportion of stigma to style it contains. Grades of Iranian saffron are: ''sargol'' ({{langx|fa|سرگل}}, red stigma tips only, strongest grade), ''pushal'' or ''pushali'' (red stigmas plus some yellow style, lower strength), "bunch" saffron (red stigmas plus large amount of yellow style, presented in a tiny bundle like a miniature wheatsheaf) and ''konge'' (yellow style only, claimed to have aroma but with very little, if any, colouring potential). Grades of Spanish saffron are ''coupé'' (the strongest grade, like Iranian sargol), ''mancha'' (like Iranian pushal), and in order of further decreasing strength ''rio'', ''standard'' and ''sierra'' saffron. The word ''mancha'' in the Spanish classification can have two meanings: a general grade of saffron or a very high quality Spanish-grown saffron from a specific geographical origin. Real Spanish-grown La Mancha saffron has [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union#Protected designation of origin (PDO)|PDO]] protected status, which is displayed on the product packaging. Spanish growers fought hard for Protected Status because they felt that imports of Iranian saffron re-packaged in Spain and sold as "Spanish Mancha saffron" were undermining the genuine La Mancha brand. {{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} Similar was the case in Kashmir where imported Iranian saffron is mixed with local saffron and sold as "Kashmir brand" at a higher price.<ref name="husaini">{{Citation|title=Sustainable Saffron (''Crocus sativus'' Kashmirianus) Production: Technological and Policy Interventions for Kashmir |author1=Amjad Masood Husaini |author2=Azra N. Kamili |author3=M. H. Wani |author4=Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva |author5=G. N. Bhat |editor-last=Husaini |editor-first=Amjad M. |journal=Functional Plant Science & Biotechnology|issn=1749-0472 |volume=4 |issue=2 |publisher=Global Science Books |year=2010 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232607451_Sustainable_Saffron_Crocus_sativus_Kashmirianus_Production_Technological_and_Policy_Interventions_for_Kashmir|location=UK |page=118}}</ref> In Kashmir, saffron is mostly classified into two main categories called ''mongra'' (stigma alone) and ''lachha'' (stigmas attached with parts of the style).<ref name=husaini/> Countries producing less saffron do not have specialised words for different grades and may only produce one grade. Artisan producers in Europe and New Zealand have offset their higher labour charges for saffron harvesting by targeting quality, only offering extremely high-grade saffron.

In addition to descriptions based on how the saffron is picked, saffron may be categorised under the international standard [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] 3632 after laboratory measurement of crocin (responsible for saffron's colour), picrocrocin (taste), and safranal (fragrance or aroma) content.{{Sfn|Verma|Middha|2010|p=1–2}} However, often there is no clear grading information on the product packaging and little of the saffron readily available in the UK is labelled with ISO category. This lack of information makes it hard for customers to make informed choices when comparing prices and buying saffron.

Under ISO 3632, determination of non-stigma content ("floral waste content") and other extraneous matter such as inorganic material ("[[Ash (analytical chemistry)|ash]]") are also key. Grading standards are set by the [[International Organization for Standardization]], a federation of national standards bodies. ISO 3632 deals exclusively with saffron and establishes three categories: III (poorest quality), II, and I (finest quality). Formerly there was also category IV, which was below category III. Samples are assigned categories by gauging the spice's crocin and picrocrocin content, revealed by measurements of specific spectrophotometric [[absorbance]]. Safranal is treated slightly differently and rather than there being threshold levels for each category, samples must give a reading of 20–50 for all categories.

These data are measured through [[spectrophotometry]] reports at certified testing laboratories worldwide. Higher absorbances imply greater levels of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal, and thus a greater colouring potential and therefore strength per gram. The absorbance reading of crocin is known as the "colouring strength" of that saffron. Saffron's colouring strength can range from lower than 80 (for all category IV saffron) up to 200 or greater (for category I). The world's finest samples (the selected, most red-maroon, tips of stigmas picked from the finest flowers) receive colouring strengths in excess of 250, making such saffron over three times more powerful than category IV saffron. Market prices for saffron types follow directly from these ISO categories. Sargol and coupé saffron would typically fall into ISO 3632 category I. Pushal and Mancha would probably be assigned to category II. On many saffron packaging labels, neither the ISO 3632 category nor the colouring strength (the measurement of crocin content) is displayed.

However, many growers, traders, and consumers reject such lab test numbers. Some people prefer a more holistic method of sampling batches of threads for taste, aroma, pliability, and other traits in a fashion similar to that practised by experienced [[wine]] tasters.{{Sfn|Hill|2004|p=274}}

===Adulteration===
Despite attempts at quality control and standardisation, an extensive history of saffron [[adulteration]], particularly among the cheapest grades, continues into modern times. Adulteration was first documented in Europe's Middle Ages, when those found selling adulterated saffron in [[Nuremberg]] were executed under the ''Safranschou'' code.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|pp=102–104}} Typical methods include mixing in extraneous substances like [[beetroot]], [[pomegranate]] fibres, red-dyed silk fibres, or the saffron crocus's tasteless and odourless yellow stamens. Other methods included dousing saffron fibres with viscid substances like [[honey]] or vegetable oil to increase their weight. Powdered saffron is more prone to adulteration, with [[turmeric]], [[paprika]], and other powders used as diluting fillers. Adulteration can also consist of selling mislabelled mixes of different saffron grades. Thus, high-grade Kashmiri saffron is often sold and mixed with cheaper Iranian imports; these mixes are then marketed as pure Kashmiri saffron.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/kashmirs-saffron-harvest-sees-sharp-decline-4216123.html|title=Kashmir's saffron harvest sees sharp decline |website=Firstpost|date=18 November 2017 |access-date=1 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rashid|first=Afshan|date=22 September 2018|title=From 35kgs earlier to 1kg yield now, 'successful' Saffron Mission paves way for apples in Pampore|url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2018/09/22/from-35kgs-earlier-to-1kg-yield-now-successful-saffron-mission-paves-way-for-apples-in-pampore/|access-date=1 January 2019|website=Free Press Kashmir|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2003 |title=Kashmiri Saffron Producers See Red over Iranian Imports |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|Australian Broadcasting Corp.]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/1504154 |access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hussain |first=A. |date=28 January 2005 |title=Saffron Industry in Deep Distress |work=BBC News |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4216493.stm |access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref> [[Safflower]] is a common substitute sometimes sold as saffron. The spice is reportedly counterfeited with [[horse hair]], [[corn silk]], or shredded paper. [[Tartrazine]] or [[sunset yellow]] dyes have been used to colour counterfeit powdered saffron.<ref name=hooker/>

In recent years, saffron adulterated with the colouring extract of [[gardenia]] fruits has been detected in the European market. This form of fraud is difficult to detect due to the presence of [[flavonoids]] and [[crocin]]es in the gardenia-extracts similar to those naturally occurring in saffron. Detection methods have been developed by using [[HPLC]] and [[mass spectrometry]] to determine the presence of [[geniposide]], a compound present in the fruits of gardenia, but not in saffron.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guijarro-Díez |first1=Miguel |last2=Castro-Puyana |first2=María |last3=Crego |first3=Antonio Luis |last4=Marina |first4=María Luisa |title=Detection of saffron adulteration with gardenia extracts through the determination of geniposide by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry |journal=[[Journal of Food Composition and Analysis]] |date=1 January 2017 |volume=55 |pages=30–37 |doi=10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.004 }}</ref>

===Types===

The various saffron crocus cultivars give rise to thread types that are often regionally distributed and characteristically distinct. Varieties (not varieties in the botanical sense) from Spain, including the tradenames "Spanish Superior" and "Creme", are generally mellower in colour, flavour, and aroma; they are graded by government-imposed standards. Italian varieties are slightly more potent than Spanish. Greek saffron produced in the town of [[Krokos]] is [[Protected designation of origin|PDO]] protected due to its particularly high-quality colour and strong flavour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/food-safety-and-quality/certification/quality-labels/eu-quality-food-and-drink/krokos-kozanis|title=Krokos Kozanis PDO |last=Bishop |first=Stephen|date=26 April 2018|website=[[European Commission]]|access-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181117024010/https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/food-safety-and-quality/certification/quality-labels/eu-quality-food-and-drink/krokos-kozanis |archive-date= Nov 17, 2018 }}</ref> Various "boutique" crops are available from New Zealand, France, Switzerland, England, the United States, and other countries—some of them organically grown. In the US, Pennsylvania Dutch saffron—known for its "earthy" notes—is produced in small quantities.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=143}}{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=201}}

Consumers may regard certain cultivars as "premium" quality. The "Aquila" saffron, or ''zafferano dell'Aquila'', is defined by high safranal and crocin content, distinctive thread shape, unusually pungent aroma, and intense colour; it is grown exclusively on eight hectares in the Navelli Valley of Italy's [[Abruzzo]] region, near [[L'Aquila]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wright |first=Susan |date=2020-05-12 |title=An Intimate Look at Italy’s Saffron Harvest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/12/travel/italy-saffron.html |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It was first introduced to Italy by a Dominican friar from inquisition-era Spain.{{when|date=October 2016}} But the biggest saffron cultivation in Italy is in [[San Gavino Monreale]], Sardinia, where it is grown on 40 hectares, representing 60% of Italian production; it too has unusually high crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal content.

Another is the "Mongra" or "Lacha" saffron of Kashmir (''Crocus sativus'' 'Cashmirianus'), which is among the most difficult for consumers to obtain.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vlahova |first1=Veselka |title=Saffron (''Crocus Sativus'') as an Alternative Crop in Sustainable Agricultural Systems. a Review |journal=Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development|date=2022 |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=778 |url=https://managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/vol.22_2/Art91.pdf |access-date=22 September 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922221935/https://managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/vol.22_2/Art91.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2022 }}</ref> Repeated droughts, blights, and crop failures in Kashmir combined with an Indian export ban, contribute to its prohibitive overseas prices. Kashmiri saffron is recognizable by its dark maroon-purple hue, making it among the world's darkest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassan |first=Firdous |date=2020-02-19 |title=Farmers Pitch For GI Tag For Kashmiri Saffron, World's Most Expensive Spice |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/farmers-pitch-for-gi-tag-for-kashmiri-saffron-worlds-most-expensive-spice/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=IndiaSpend |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, [[Kashmir Valley]] saffron was certified with a [[geographical indication]] from the Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2020|title=Kashmir's saffron gets GI tag|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kashmir-s-saffron-gets-gi-tag/story-N7VfEu6mG5vlti0lHr6MpN.html|access-date=27 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==World production==
[[File:SaffMHD.jpg|thumb|Saffron market in [[Mashad]], [[Iran]]]]

Almost all saffron grows in a belt stretching from [[Spain]] in the west to [[India]] in the east. [[Iran]] is responsible for around 88% of global production,<ref name="menia" /> and in 2024 was the largest producer, followed by [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="islami">{{Cite news |title=Afghanistan bets on 'red gold' for global market presence |last=Islami |first=Modaser |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2580482/amp |date=23 November 2024 |access-date=13 February 2025 |work=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> Saffron is cultivated in 26 of Afghanistan's 34 [[provinces of Afghanistan|provinces]], with most production concentrated in [[Herat Province|Herat]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tolonews.com/business-197393 |title=Herat Saffron Named World's Best for 10th Consecutive Year |last=Salehi |first=Naseer Ahmad |publisher=TOLOnews |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1602281/world |title=Afghanistan's red gold 'saffron' termed world's best |last=Salahuddin|first=Sayed |publisher=Arab News |date=22 December 2019 |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

[[Greece]] is the third largest producer, followed by [[Spain]], which was once the largest producer in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Sam |date=2023-01-22 |title=Climate crisis and neglect threaten Spain’s saffron crop |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/22/climate-crisis-and-neglect-threaten-spains-saffron-crop |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Other producers include the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[Indian subcontinent]] (particularly [[Kashmir]]),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-15 |title=The uncertain future of the world's most expensive spice |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/kashmir-saffron-spice-harvest-climate |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Environment |language=en}}</ref> and [[Morocco]].<ref name=menia/><ref>{{cite news |title=Moroccan saffron farmers battle knockoff spices |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1421946/offbeat |date=December 17, 2018 |publisher=Arab News |location=Saudi Arabia}}</ref>

===Trade===
{{Main|Saffron trade}}

Saffron prices at wholesale and retail rates range from {{cvt|500-5000|$/lb|$/kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}. In Western countries, the average retail price in 1974 was {{cvt|1000|$/lb|$/kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}.{{Sfn|Hill|2004|p=272}} In February 2013, a retail bottle containing {{cvt|1.7|g|oz|frac=64|abbr=on}} could be purchased for $16.26 or the equivalent of {{cvt|4336|$/lb|$/kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}, or as little as about {{cvt|2000|$/lb|$/kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} in larger quantities. There are between {{cvt|70000|and|200,000|/lb|/kg|order=flip|disp=preunit|threads|threads }}. Vivid crimson colouring, slight moistness, elasticity, and lack of broken-off thread debris are all traits of fresh saffron.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

==Uses==
{{Main|Use of saffron}}
[[File:Saffron soak.jpg|thumb|Saffron threads soaked in hot water prior to use in food preparation]]

The primary use of saffron is in food and drink preparation. Saffron has a long history of use in [[traditional medicine]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mousavi |first1=S. Z. |last2=Bathaie |first2=S. Z. |title=Historical uses of saffron: Identifying potential new avenues for modern research |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=27–66 |year=2011 |url=http://ajp.mums.ac.ir/pdf_122_fa0adab83a39198419c20125f89ee8bf.html |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055609/http://ajp.mums.ac.ir/pdf_122_fa0adab83a39198419c20125f89ee8bf.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Basker |first1=D |last2=Negbi |first2=M |s2cid=40880131 |title=Uses of saffron |journal=Journal of Economic Botany |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=228–236 |year=1983 |doi=10.1007/BF02858789 |jstor=4254486 |bibcode=1983EcBot..37..228B }}</ref> Saffron has also been used as a fabric [[dye]], particularly in China and India, and in perfumery.{{Sfn|Dalby|2002|p=138}} It is used for religious purposes in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mousavi|first1=Z.M.|last2=Bathaie, S.|date=Autumn 2011|title=Historical uses of saffron: Identifying potential new avenues for modern research |url=http://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_122_fa0adab83a39198419c20125f89ee8bf.pdf| journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine|volume=1|page=63}}</ref>

In the European [[E number]] categorisation for food elements and additives, Saffron is coded as '''E164'''.

{{Infobox nutritional value
| name = Dried saffron
| serving_size = {{tbspUS|1}} (2.1 g)
| kJ = 27
| carbs = 1.37 g
| fibre = 0.10 g
| fat = 0.12 g
| satfat = 0.03 g
| transfat = 0.00 g
| monofat = 0.01 g
| polyfat = 0.04 g
| protein = 0.24 g
| water = 0.25 g
| vitA_iu = 11
| thiamin_mg = 0
| riboflavin_mg = 0.01
| niacin_mg = 0.03
| vitB6_mg = 0.02
| folate_ug = 2
| vitB12_ug = 0
| vitC_mg = 1.7
| vitD_ug = 0
| vitD_iu = 0
| calcium_mg = 2
| copper_mg = 0.01
| iron_mg = 0.23
| magnesium_mg = 6
| manganese_mg = 0.6
| phosphorus_mg = 5
| potassium_mg = 36
| selenium_ug = 0.1
| sodium_mg = 3
| zinc_mg = 0.02
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/170934/nutrients Full Link to USDA database entry]
}}
===Nutrition===
Dried saffron is 65% [[carbohydrates]], 6% fat, 11% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]] (table) and 12% water. In one [[tablespoon]] (2 grams; a quantity much larger than is likely to be ingested in normal use) [[manganese in biology|manganese]] is present as 29% of the [[Daily Value]], while other [[micronutrient]]s have negligible content (table).

===Consumption===
Saffron's aroma is often described by connoisseurs as reminiscent of metallic honey with grassy or hay-like notes, while its taste has also been noted as hay-like and sweet. Saffron also contributes a luminous yellow-orange colouring to foods. Saffron is widely used in Persian,<ref>{{cite book|last=Simmons|first=Shirin|title=A Treasury of Persian Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87KOW40HThAC&pg=PT37|date=October 2007|publisher=Stamford House Publishing|isbn=978-1-904985-56-3|pages=37–38}}</ref> Indian, European, and Arab cuisines. Confectioneries and liquors also often include saffron. Saffron is used in dishes ranging from the jewelled rice and ''[[khoresh]]'' of Iran,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepersianfusion.com/persian-jewelled-rice-with-lamb-gheymeh-nesar/ |date=11 July 2017 |title=Persian Jewelled Rice with Lamb (Gheymeh Nesar)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepersianfusion.com/chicken-aubergine-stew-bademjan-ghooreh-mosama/ |date=20 August 2017 |title=Persian Chicken & Aubergine Stew (Bademjan-Ghooreh Mosama)}}</ref> the Milanese ''[[risotto]]'' of Italy, the ''[[paella]]'' of Spain, the ''[[bouillabaisse]]'' of France, to the ''[[biryani]]'' with various meat accompaniments in South Asia. Saffron is also used in the preparation of the ''Golden Ham'', a precious dry-cured [[ham]] made with saffron from [[San Gimignano]] in Tuscany.{{cn|date=January 2024}} Common saffron substitutes include [[safflower]] (''Carthamus tinctorius'', which is often sold as "Portuguese saffron" or "açafrão"), [[annatto]], and [[turmeric]] (''Curcuma longa''). In [[Middle Ages|Medieval Europe]], turmeric was also known as "Indian saffron" because of its yellow-orange colour.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Prance |editor1-first=Ghillean |editor2-last=Nesbitt |editor2-first=Mark |last1=Pickersgill |first1=Barbara |author-link=Barbara Pickersgill |date=2005 |title=The Cultural History of Plants |publisher=Routledge|page=170 |isbn=0-415-92746-3}}</ref>

===Toxicity===
Ingesting less than {{convert|1.5|g|oz|frac=32|abbr=on}} of saffron is not toxic for humans, but doses greater than {{convert|5|g|oz|frac=16|abbr=on}} can become increasingly toxic.<ref name="pmid24848002">{{cite journal | vauthors=Moshiri M, Vahabzadeh M, Hosseinzadeh H | title=Clinical Applications of Saffron (''Crocus sativus'') and its Constituents: A Review | journal=Drug Research| volume=56 | issue=6 | pages=287–295 | year=2015 | doi=10.1055/s-0034-1375681 | pmid=24848002| doi-access=free }}</ref> Mild toxicity includes dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, whereas at higher doses there can be reduced [[platelet]] count and spontaneous bleeding.<ref name="pmid24848002" />

===Research===

Saffron is under preliminary research to assess its potential effect on [[depression (mood)|depression]] and anxiety.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Marx|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Lane|first2=Melissa|last3=Rocks|first3=Tetyana|last4=Ruusunen|first4=Anu|last5=Loughman|first5=Amy|last6=Lopresti|first6=Adrian|last7=Marshall|first7=Skye|last8=Berk|first8=Michael|last9=Jacka|first9=Felice|last10=Dean|first10=Olivia M|display-authors=3|date=1 August 2019|title=Effect of saffron supplementation on symptoms of depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis|language=en|volume=77|issue=8 |pages=557–571|doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuz023 |url=https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/77/8/557/5499264|journal=Nutrition Reviews|pmid=31135916|issn=0029-6643}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dai|first1=Lili |last2=Chen |first2=Lingyan|last3=Wang|first3=Wenjing|date=2020|title=Safety and Efficacy of Saffron (''Crocus sativus'' L.) for Treating Mild to Moderate Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|language=en|volume=208|issue=4|pages=269–276|doi=10.1097/NMD.0000000000001118|pmid=32221179 |s2cid=210119504}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tóth |first1=Barbara |last2=Hegyi |first2=Péter |last3=Lantos |first3=Tamás |last4=Szakács |first4=Zsolt |last5=Kerémi |first5=Beáta |last6=Varga |first6=Gábor |last7=Tenk |first7=Judit |last8=Pétervári |first8=Erika |last9=Balaskó |first9=Márta |last10=Rumbus |first10=Zoltán |last11=Rakonczay |first11=Zoltán |last12=Bálint |first12=Emese Réka |last13=Kiss |first13=Tivadar |last14=Csupor |first14=Dezső|display-authors=3|date=2019 |title=The Efficacy of Saffron in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Depression: A Meta-analysis |journal=Planta Medica |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=24–31 |doi=10.1055/a-0660-9565 |issn=1439-0221 |pmid=30036891 |bibcode=2019PlMed..85...24T |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shafiee |first1=Arman |last2=Jafarabady |first2=Kyana |last3=Seighali |first3=Niloofar |last4=Mohammadi |first4=Ida |last5=Rajai Firouz Abadi |first5=Shahryar |last6=Abhari |first6=Faeze Soltani |last7=Bakhtiyari |first7=Mahmood|display-authors=3 |date=2025-03-01 |title=Effect of Saffron Versus Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=e751–e761 |doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuae076 |issn=1753-4887 |pmid=38913392}}</ref>

A 2024 review reported that consuming saffron supplements for 8-12 weeks was associated with lowering of some [[Metabolic syndrome|cardiometabolic]] markers, such as [[fasting blood glucose]], [[glycated hemoglobin]], and [[blood lipids]], in overweight [[Diabetes|diabetic]] or [[Prediabetes|prediabetic]] people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karim |first1=Mehdi |last2=Pirzad |first2=Samira |last3=Shirsalimi |first3=Niyousha |last4=Hosseini |first4=Mohammad Hossein |last5=Ebrahimi |first5=Pouya |last6=khoshdooz |first6=Sara |last7=Rashidian |first7=Pegah|display-authors=3 |date=2024-11-27 |title=Effects of saffron (''Crocus sativus'' L.) supplementation on cardiometabolic indices in diabetic and prediabetic overweight patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs |journal=Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=286 |doi=10.1186/s13098-024-01530-6 |doi-access=free |issn=1758-5996 |pmc=11600967 |pmid=39593185 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13098-024-01530-6}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of saffron}}

[[File:Cueilleuse de safran, fresque, Akrotiri, Grèce.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|A detail from the "Saffron Gatherers" fresco of the "Xeste 3" building in the Bronze Age settlement of [[Akrotiri (prehistoric city)|Akrotiri]] on the Aegean island of Santorini. It is one of many depicting saffron preserved at the excavation site]]

Saffron likely originated in Iran,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koocheki |first=Alireza |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=q8i2DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Saffron: Science, Technology and Health |last2=Khajeh-Hosseini |first2=Mohammad |date=2020-01-16 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |isbn=978-0-12-818740-1 |language=en|page=23}}</ref><ref name="Ghorbani et al." /> Greece,<ref name="Gresta et al." /> Mesopotamia,<ref name="Ghorbani et al." /> or Kashmir.<ref name="auto"/> Harold McGee<ref>Harold McGee. On Food and Cooking, 2004 edition, pg 422. Scribner, New York, NY,</ref> states that it was domesticated in or near Greece during the Bronze Age. ''C. sativus'' is probably a [[triploid]] form of ''[[Crocus cartwrightianus]]'',{{Sfn|Grilli Caiola|2003|p=1}}<ref name="Schmidt et al.">{{Cite journal|last1=Schmidt|first1=Thomas|last2=Heitkam|first2=Tony|last3=Liedtke|first3=Susan|last4=Schubert|first4=Veit|last5=Menzel|first5=Gerhard|title=Adding color to a century-old enigma: multi-color chromosome identification unravels the autotriploid nature of saffron (''Crocus sativus'') as a hybrid of wild ''Crocus cartwrightianus'' cytotypes|journal=New Phytologist|volume=222|issue=4|pages=1965–1980|doi=10.1111/nph.15715|issn=1469-8137|pmid=30690735|year=2019|bibcode=2019NewPh.222.1965S |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Harpke et al.">{{Cite journal|last1=Harpke|first1=Dörte|last2=Meng|first2=Shuchun|last3=Rutten|first3=Twan|last4=Kerndorff|first4=Helmut|last5=Blattner|first5=Frank R.|date=1 March 2013|title=Phylogeny of ''Crocus'' (Iridaceae) based on one chloroplast and two nuclear loci: Ancient hybridization and chromosome number evolution|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=66|issue=3|pages=617–627|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.007|pmid=23123733|bibcode=2013MolPE..66..617H |issn=1055-7903}}</ref><ref name="Attica saffron">{{cite journal |last1=Nemati |first1=Zahra |last2=Harpke |first2=Dörte |last3=Gemicioglu |first3=Almila |last4=Kerndorff |first4=Helmut |last5=Blattner |first5=Frank R. |title=Saffron (Crocus sativus) is an autotriploid that evolved in Attica (Greece) from wild Crocus cartwrightianus |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=2019 |volume=136 |pages=14–20 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.022 |pmid=30946897 |bibcode=2019MolPE.136...14N |ref=Atticsaff|doi-access=free }}</ref> which is also known as "wild saffron".{{Sfn|Kafi et al.|2006|p=24}} Saffron crocus was slowly propagated by humans throughout much of [[Eurasia]] and was later brought to parts of North Africa, North America, and Oceania.

Several wild species of ''Crocus'' similar to the commercial plant are known to have been harvested in recent times for use as saffron. ''[[Crocus ancyrensis]]'' was used to make saffron in Sivas in Central Turkey, the corms were also eaten. ''Crocus cartwrightianus'' was harvested on Andros in the islands of the Cyclades, for medicinal purposes and the stigmas for making a pigment called Zafran. ''[[Crocus longiflorus]]'' stigmas were used for saffron in Sicily. ''Crocus thomasii'' stigmas were used to flavour dishes around Taranto, South Italy. In Syria the stigmas of an unknown wild species were collected by women and children, sun-dried and pressed into small tablets which were sold in the Bazaars.<ref name="Maw Saffron">{{cite book |last1=Maw |first1=George |title=A Monograph of the Genus Crocus |date=1886 |publisher=Dulau and Co. |location=Soho Square, London |pages=87, 164, 207, 250 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52656#page/101/mode/1up |access-date=6 April 2024 |ref=Maw Saffron}}</ref> Not all ancient depictions or descriptions of saffron spice or flowers are certain to be the same species as the modern commercial species used for spice.<ref name="Ancient Saffron">{{cite journal |last1=Kazemi-Shahandashti |first1=Seyyedeh-Sanam |last2=Mann |first2=Ludwig |last3=El-nagish |first3=Abdullah |last4=Harpke |first4=Dörte |last5=Nemati |first5=Zahra |last6=Usadel |first6=Björn |last7=Heitkam |first7=Tony |title=Ancient Artworks and Crocus Genetics Both Support Saffron's Origin in Early Greece |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=2022 |volume=13 |article-number=834416 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.834416 |doi-access=free |pmid=35283878 |ref=Ancient Saffron|pmc=8913524 |bibcode=2022FrPS...1334416K }}</ref>

===West Asia===
Documentation of saffron's use over the span of 3,500 years has been uncovered.<ref name=Honan2004>{{cite news |last=Honan |first=W. H. |date=2 March 2004 |title=Researchers Rewrite First Chapter for the History of Medicine |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/02/science/02MEDI.html?ex=1393563600 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Saffron-based pigments have indeed been found in 50,000-year-old depictions of prehistoric places in northwest Iran.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=2}}{{Sfn|Humphries|1998|p=20}} The Sumerians later used wild-growing saffron in their remedies and magical potions.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=12}} It was also known in [[ancient Egypt]], as indicated by a 2000 BC [[papyrus]].<ref name=":12">{{Citation |last=Walton |first=Joshua AU - Santini, Lauren M. |title=Spices, Herbs, and Sweeteners |date=2022 |work=T&T Clark Handbook of Food in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel |pages=163–164 |editor-last=Fu |editor-first=Janling |url=https://www.bloomsburyfoodlibrary.com/encyclopedia-chapter?docid=b-9780567679826&tocid=b-9780567679826-chapter9 |access-date=2025-07-28 |series=T&T Clark Handbooks |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=T&T Clark |language=en |isbn=978-0-567-67982-6 |editor2-last=Shafer-Elliott |editor2-first=Cynthia |editor3-last=Meyers |editor3-first=Carol}}</ref> Saffron was an article of long-distance trade before the [[Minoan palace]] culture's 2nd millennium BC peak. Ancient Persians cultivated Persian saffron (''Crocus sativus'' var. ''haussknechtii'' now called ''[[Crocus haussknechtii]]'' by botanists) in [[Derbent]], [[Isfahan]], and [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] by the 10th century BC. At such sites, saffron threads were woven into textiles,{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=2}} ritually offered to divinities, and used in dyes, perfumes, medicines, and body washes.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|pp=17–18}} Saffron threads would thus be scattered across beds and mixed into hot teas as a curative for bouts of melancholy. Non-Persians also feared the Persians' usage of saffron as a drugging agent and aphrodisiac.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=41}}

Saffron is featured in trade lists from [[Mari, Syria]],<ref name=":12" /> is described in a 7th-century BC Assyrian botanical reference compiled under [[Ashurbanipal]],{{Sfn|Russo|Dreher|Mathre|2003|p=6}} and is listed among other aromatic plants in the [[Hebrew Bible]], in [[Song of Songs 4|''Song of Songs'' 4]]:14.<ref name=":12" /> During his Asian campaigns, [[Alexander the Great]] used Persian saffron in his infusions, rice, and baths as a curative for battle wounds. Alexander's troops imitated the practice from the Persians and brought saffron-bathing to Greece.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|pp=54–55}}

=== South Asia ===
[[File:Maitreya Bodhisattva and Monks Singapore.jpeg|thumb|right|Buddhist adepts wearing saffron-coloured robes, pray in the Hundred Dragons Hall, [[Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum]], Singapore.]]

Conflicting theories explain saffron's arrival in South Asia. Kashmiri and Chinese accounts date its arrival anywhere between 2500 and 900 years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lak |first=D. |date=23 November 1998 |title=Gathering Kashmir's Saffron |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/213043.stm |access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fotedar |first=S. |date=1999 |title=Cultural Heritage of India: The Kashmiri Pandit Contribution |periodical=Vitasta |publisher=Kashmir Sabha of Kolkata |volume=32 |issue=1 |page=128 |url=http://vitasta.org/1999/index.html |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929225731/http://vitasta.org/1999/index.html |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Dalby|2002|p=95}} Historians studying ancient Persian records date the arrival to sometime prior to 500 BC,{{Sfn|McGee|2004|p=422}} attributing it to a Persian transplantation of saffron corms to stock new gardens and parks.{{Sfn|Dalby|2003|p=256}} Phoenicians then marketed Kashmiri saffron as a dye and a treatment for melancholy. Its use in foods and dyes subsequently spread throughout South Asia. Buddhist monks wear saffron-coloured robes; however, the robes are not dyed with costly saffron but [[turmeric]], a less expensive dye, or [[jackfruit]].{{Sfn|Finlay|2003|p=224}} Monks' robes are dyed the same colour to show equality with each other, and turmeric or ochre were the cheapest, most readily available dyes. [[Gamboge]] is also used to dye the robes.{{Sfn|Hanelt|2001|p=1352}}{{clear left}}

=== East Asia ===
Some historians believe that saffron came to China with Mongol invaders from Persia.{{Sfn|Fletcher|2005|p=11}} Yet it is mentioned in ancient Chinese medical texts, including the forty-volume ''[[Shennong Bencaojing]]'', a pharmacopoeia written around 300–200 BC. Traditionally credited to the legendary [[Yan Emperor]] and the deity [[Shennong]], it discusses 252 plant-based medical treatments for various disorders.{{Sfn|Hayes|2001|p=6}} Nevertheless, around the 3rd century AD, the Chinese were referring to it as having a Kashmiri provenance. According to the herbalist Wan Zhen, "the habitat of saffron is in Kashmir, where people grow it principally to offer it to the Buddha". Wan also reflected on how it was used in his time: "The flower withers after a few days, and then the saffron is obtained. It is valued for its uniform yellow colour. It can be used to aromatise wine."{{Sfn|Dalby|2002|p=95}}

===South East Mediterranean===
Minoan depictions of saffron are now considered to be ''[[Crocus cartwrightianus]]''.<ref name="Ancient Saffron"/> The [[Minoan civilization|Minoans]] portrayed saffron in their palace frescoes by 1600–1500 BC; they hint at its possible use as a therapeutic drug.<ref name=Honan2004/>{{Sfn|Ferrence|Bendersky|2004|p=1}} Ancient Greek legends told of sea voyages to [[Cilicia]], where adventurers sought what they believed were the world's most valuable threads.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|pp=2–3}} Another legend tells of Crocus and Smilax, whereby Crocus is bewitched and transformed into the first saffron crocus.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=2}} Ancient perfumers in Egypt, physicians in [[Gaza City|Gaza]], townspeople in [[Rhodes]],{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=58}} and the Greek ''[[hetaerae]]'' courtesans used saffron in their [[scented water]]s, perfumes and potpourris, mascaras and ointments, divine offerings, and medical treatments.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=41}}

In late [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic Egypt]], [[Cleopatra VII of Egypt|Cleopatra]] used saffron in her baths so that lovemaking would be more pleasurable.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=55}} Egyptian healers used saffron as a treatment for all varieties of gastrointestinal ailments.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|pp=34–35}} Saffron was also used as a fabric dye in such [[Levant]]ine cities as [[Sidon]] and [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]] in Lebanon.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=59}} [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] prescribes saffron in medicines for wounds, cough, colic, and scabies, and in the [[mithridatium]].{{Sfn|Celsus|1989}}

===Western Europe===
[[File:Crocus sativus 003.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Preserved "Safran", Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany]]
Saffron was a notable ingredient in certain Roman recipes such as [[jusselle]] and [[conditum]].<ref name="Way 1843 p. 268">{{cite book | last=Way | first=A. | title=Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum, lexicon Anglo-Latinum princeps, recens. A. Way | series=Camden soc | issue=v. 1 | year=1843 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0UAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA268 | access-date=18 May 2016 | page=268}}</ref><ref name="Pratt 1855 p. 180">{{cite book | last=Pratt | first=A. | title=The Flowering Plants of Great Britain | publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge | issue=v. 3 | year=1855 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA180 | access-date=18 May 2016 | page=180}}</ref><ref name="Napier 1882 p. 104">{{cite book | editor-last=Napier | editor-first=R. | title=A Noble Boke Off Cookry Ffor a Prynce Houssolde Or Eny Other Estately Houssholde | publisher=Elliot Stock | year=1882 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPspAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA104 | access-date=18 May 2016 | pages=104–105}} (Reprinted verbatim from a rare manuscript in the Holkham Collection.)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.klassischearchaeologie.phil.uni-erlangen.de/realia/essen/rezepte/conditum.html |title=Conditum Paradoxum – Würzwein |translator-first=R. |translator-last=Maier |year=1991 |language=de |trans-title=Conditum Paradoxum – Spiced Wine |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308040216/http://www.klassischearchaeologie.phil.uni-erlangen.de/realia/essen/rezepte/conditum.html }}</ref> Such was the Romans' love of saffron that Roman colonists took it with them when they settled in southern [[Gaul]], where it was extensively cultivated until Rome's fall. With this fall, European saffron cultivation plummeted. Competing theories state that saffron only returned to France with 8th-century AD Moors or with the [[Avignon]] papacy in the 14th century AD.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=63}} Similarly, the spread of Islamic civilisation may have helped reintroduce the crop to Spain and Italy.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=70}}

The 14th-century [[Black Death]] caused demand for saffron-based [[medicament]]s to peak, and Europe imported large quantities of threads via Venetian and Genoan ships from southern and Mediterranean lands such as Rhodes. The theft of one such shipment by noblemen sparked the fourteen-week-long [[Saffron War]].{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=99}} The conflict and resulting fear of rampant saffron piracy spurred corm cultivation in [[Basel]]; it thereby grew prosperous.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=101}} The crop then spread to [[Nuremberg]], where endemic and insalubrious adulteration brought on the ''Safranschou'' code—whereby culprits were variously fined, imprisoned, and executed.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|pp=103–104}} Meanwhile, cultivation continued in southern France, Italy, and Spain.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=133}}

Direct archaeological evidence of mediaeval saffron consumption in Scandinavia comes from the wreck of the royal Danish-Norwegian flagship, [[Gribshunden]]. The ship sank in 1495 while on a diplomatic mission to Sweden. Excavations in 2021 revealed concentrations of saffron threads and small "pucks" of compressed saffron powder, along with fresh ginger, cloves, and pepper. Surprisingly, the saffron retained its distinctive odour even after more than 500 years of submersion in the Baltic Sea.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Larsson |first1=Mikael |last2=Foley |first2=Brendan |date=2023-01-26 |title=The king's spice cabinet–Plant remains from Gribshunden, a 15th century royal shipwreck in the Baltic Sea |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |article-number=e0281010 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0281010 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=9879437 |pmid=36701280|bibcode=2023PLoSO..1881010L }}</ref>

The [[Essex]] town of [[Saffron Walden]], named for its new specialty crop, emerged as a prime saffron growing and trading centre in the 16th and 17th centuries but cultivation there was abandoned; saffron was re-introduced around 2013 as well as other parts of the UK (Cheshire).<ref name=BBCessex2014>{{cite news|last1=Granleese|first1=Bob|title=Interview: Meet the saffron producer: 'It seemed ridiculous that the UK didn't grow it' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/nov/16/meet-the-saffron-producer-uk |work=The Guardian|date=16 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Saffron spice returns to Essex after 200 years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-29943720 |work=BBC News|date=7 November 2014}}</ref>

===The Americas===
Europeans introduced saffron to the Americas when immigrant members of the [[Schwenkfelder Church]] left Europe with a trunk containing its corms. Church members had grown it widely in Europe.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=143}} By 1730, the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] cultivated saffron throughout eastern Pennsylvania. Spanish colonies in the Caribbean bought large amounts of this new American saffron, and high demand ensured that saffron's list price on the Philadelphia commodities exchange was equal to gold.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=138}} Trade with the Caribbean later collapsed in the aftermath of the War of 1812, when many saffron-bearing merchant vessels were destroyed.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|pp=138–139}} Yet the Pennsylvania Dutch continued to grow lesser amounts of saffron for local trade and use in their cakes, noodles, and chicken or trout dishes.{{Sfn|Willard|2002|pp=142–146}} American saffron cultivation survives into modern times, mainly in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]].{{Sfn|Willard|2002|p=143}}

=== Afghanistan ===
Saffron has a long history in [[Afghanistan]], with cultivation believed to date back to before [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquest of the Persian Empire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saffron in History: A Deep-Rooted Heritage of Persia and Its Cultural |url=https://saffronice.com/blogs/saffron-value-heritage/saffron-in-history-a-deep-rooted-heritage-of-persia-and-its-cultural-footprint?srsltid=AfmBOorR03CFen8AzsuA0amCITsrAq21xoH9SxnhielibibFkb0G05bf |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Saffronice |language=en}}</ref> Due to prolonged droughts, conflict, and shifts in agricultural focus, saffron farming declined for centuries. Cultivation resumed in the early 2000s as an alternative to [[Papaver somniferum|opium poppy]] farming,<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/07/06/484894669/afghan-governor-wants-government-to-control-poppy-crop |title=Afghan Governor Wants Government To Control Poppy Crop |date=6 July 2016 |medium=Radio broadcast |publisher=NPR |time=0:10 |access-date=11 February 2025 |quote=Afghanistan's poppy production… accounts for more than 91 percent of the world's heroin. |people=David Greene (host, Morning Edition), Hayatullah Hayat (Governor of Helmand Province, Afghanistan), Tom Bowman (reporter), Dianne Feinstein (U.S. Senator, Chair of the Caucus on International Narcotics Control)}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Saffron Manual for Afghanistan |url=http://www.icarda.org/RALFweb/PDFs/SaffronManualForAfghanistan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909224926/http://www.icarda.org/RALFweb/PDFs/SaffronManualForAfghanistan.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-09 }}</ref> supported by international organizations and the Afghan government.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024-05-23 |title=Afghanistan Saffron and Potential for the Economy: An Overview of International Trade and Domestic Well Being |url=https://arccjournals.com/journal/agricultural-reviews/RF-290 |journal=Agricultural Reviews |language=en |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=297–303 |issn=0253-1496}}</ref> According to Afghanistan's [[Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock|Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, and Livestock]], production increased from 20 metric tons in 2022 to 46 metric tons in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghan Saffron Attracts Global Buyers, Secures Million-Dollar Deal |url=https://tolonews.com/business-191530#:~:text=Akhundzada%20Abdul%20Salam%20Jawad,%20spokesperson,valued%20at%20over%20$36%20million. |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=TOLOnews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan's Saffron on Media {{!}} AfGOV |url=https://www.mail.gov.af/en/afghanistan%E2%80%99s-saffron-media |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=www.mail.gov.af}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Saffron in Afghanistan |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/saffron/reporter/afg |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |language=en}}</ref> Key export markets include India, Europe, and the United States, where Afghan saffron is prized for its high quality.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-20 |title=ITC - Trade Impact for Good |url=https://www.intracen.org/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=www.intracen.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Quality saffron poised to spice up Afghanistan's exports (en) {{!}} ITC |url=https://www.intracen.org/es/noticias-y-eventos/noticias/quality-saffron-poised-to-spice-up-afghanistans-exports-en |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=www.intracen.org |language=es}}</ref>

Saffron cultivation contributes significantly to Afghanistan's economy, supporting thousands of farmers, particularly women. Over 80% of the saffron workforce consists of women, who primarily handle harvesting and processing. The sector has provided employment opportunities for over 40,000 people, playing a role in agricultural sustainability and rural development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saffron Production Rises in Afghanistan |url=https://tolonews.com/business-192377 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=TOLOnews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=EFE |first=Agencia |date=2024-06-12 |title=Harvesting Gold: Afghan women cultivate hope from saffron strands - EFE |url=https://efe.com/en/other-news/2024-06-12/harvesting-gold-afghan-women-cultivate-hope-from-saffron-strands/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=EFE Noticias |language=en-US}}</ref>

Afghan saffron is known for its deep red color, strong aroma, and high crocin content, a compound that determines color intensity.<ref name=":3" /> It has been ranked among the highest quality saffron varieties in recent years with a 310 Crocin color quality based on ISO 3632.2 standards.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=EFE |first=Agencia |date=2024-06-12 |title=Harvesting Gold: Afghan women cultivate hope from saffron strands - EFE |url=https://efe.com/en/other-news/2024-06-12/harvesting-gold-afghan-women-cultivate-hope-from-saffron-strands/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=EFE Noticias |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center">
File:860808-Saffronfarm-04-IMG 7840-2.jpg|Crocus flowers, early bloom
File:Saffronfarm-860808.jpg|Crocus farming
File:860808-Saffronfarm-10-IMG 8033-2.jpg|Saffron Flowers, [[Torbat-e Heydarieh County|Torbat-e Heydarieh]]
File:860808-Saffronfarm-09-IMG 8077-2.jpg|Saffron Flowers, [[Torbat-e Heydarieh County|Torbat-e Heydarieh]]
File:860808-Saffronfarm-06-IMG 7879-2.jpg|Saffron Flowers
File:860808-Saffronfarm-08-IMG 7959-2.jpg|Saffron Honey
File:860808-Saffronfarm-07-IMG 7888-2.jpg|Saffron Farm, Harvest time
File:860808-Saffronfarm-02-IMG 7674-2.jpg|Saffron Flowers, [[Torbat-e Heydarieh County|Torbat-e Heydarieh]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation|last=Abdullaev|first=F. I.|year=2002|title=Cancer Chemopreventive and Tumoricidal Properties of Saffron (''Crocus sativus'' L.)|periodical=Experimental Biology and Medicine|volume=227|issue=1|pmid=11788779|url=http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/227/1/20|access-date=11 September 2011|pages=20–5|doi=10.1177/153537020222700104|bibcode=2002ExpBM.227...20A |s2cid=40798771|archive-date=3 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203181241/http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/227/1/20|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Citation|last=Celsus|first=Aulus Cornelius|translator-last=Spencer|translator-first=W. G.|year=1989|title=De Medicina|series=[[Loeb Classical Library]]|volume=L292|issue=1–4|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-99322-8|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Celsus/home.html|access-date=15 September 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Dalby|first=A.|author-link=Andrew Dalby|year=2002|title=Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices|edition=1st|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23674-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7IHcZ21dyjwC}}
* {{Citation|last=Dalby|first=A.|author-link=Andrew Dalby|year=2003|title=Food in the Ancient World from A to Z|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-23259-3}}
* {{Citation|last=Dharmananda|first=S.|year=2005|title=Saffron: An Anti-Depressant Herb|periodical=Institute for Traditional Medicine |url=http://www.itmonline.org/arts/saffron.htm|access-date=10 January 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926130959/http://www.itmonline.org/arts/saffron.htm|archive-date=26 September 2006}}
* {{Citation|last=Deo |first=B.|year=2003|title=Growing Saffron—The World's Most Expensive Spice|periodical=Crop and Food Research|issue=20|publisher=New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research|url=http://www.crop.cri.nz/home/products-services/publications/broadsheets/020Saffron.pdf|access-date=10 January 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227004245/http://www.crop.cri.nz/home/products-services/publications/broadsheets/020Saffron.pdf|archive-date=27 December 2005}}
* {{Citation|last1=Ferrence |first1=S. C.|last2=Bendersky|first2=G.|year=2004|title=Therapy with Saffron and the Goddess at Thera|periodical=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine|volume=47|issue=2|pmid=15259204|pages=199–226|doi=10.1353/pbm.2004.0026|s2cid=32711986}}
* {{Citation|last=Finlay|first=V.|year=2003|title=Colour: A Natural History of the Palette|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-8129-7142-2}}
* {{Citation|last=Fletcher|first=N.|year=2005|title=Charlemagne's Tablecloth: A Piquant History of Feasting|edition=1st|publisher=Saint Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-34068-1}}
* {{Citation|last=Francis|first=S.|year=2011|title=Saffron: The Story of England's Red Gold, With Delicious Saffron Recipes that Family and Friends will Love|publisher=Norfolk Saffron|isbn=978-0-9550466-7-4}}
* {{Citation|last=Grigg|first=D. B.|year=1974|title=The Agricultural Systems of the World|edition=1st|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-09843-4}}
* {{citation |last=Grilli Caiola|first=M.|s2cid=89990377|year=2003|title=Saffron Reproductive Biology |journal=Acta Horticulturae |publisher=ISHS |volume=650| issue=650 |pages=25–37 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.650.1}}
* {{Citation|editor-last=Hanelt|editor-first=P.|year=2001|title=Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops|edition=1st|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-41017-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC}}
* {{Citation|last=Hayes|first=A. W.|year=2001|title=Principles and Methods of Toxicology|edition=4th|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-1-56032-814-8}}
* {{Citation|last=Hill|first=T.|year=2004|title=The Contemporary Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices: Seasonings for the Global Kitchen|edition=1st|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-21423-6}}
* {{Citation|last=Humphries|first=J.|year=1998|title=The Essential Saffron Companion|publisher=Ten Speed Press|isbn=978-1-58008-024-8}}
* {{Citation|editor1-last=Kafi|editor1-first=M.|editor2-last=Koocheki|editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Rashed|editor3-first=M. H. |editor4-last=Nassiri|editor4-first=M.|year=2006|title=Saffron (''Crocus sativus'') Production and Processing|edition=1st|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-57808-427-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kO8prjfiiCEC|ref={{Sfnref|Kafi et al.|2006}}}}
* {{citation |last=Leffingwell |first=John C. |title=Saffron |website=leffingwell.com |url=http://www.leffingwell.com/saffron.htm}}
* {{Citation|last=McGee|first=H.|author-link=Harold McGee|year=2004|title=On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-0-684-80001-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C}}
* {{Citation|editor-last=Negbi|editor-first=M.|year=1999|title=Saffron: ''Crocus sativus'' L.|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-90-5702-394-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-QJaUp31T4C}}
* {{Citation|last=Rau|first=S. R.|year=1969|title=The Cooking of India|series=Foods of the World|publisher=[[Time-Life]] Books|isbn=978-0-8094-0069-0}}
* {{Citation|last1=Rubio-Moraga |first1=A.|last2=Castillo-López|first2=R.|last3=Gómez-Gómez |first3=L. |last4=Ahrazem |first4=O. |year=2009 |title=Saffron Is a Monomorphic Species as Revealed by RAPD, ISSR, and Microsatellite Analyses |periodical=BMC Research Notes |volume=2 |article-number=189 |pmc=2758891 |doi=10.1186/1756-0500-2-189 |pmid=19772674 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Citation|last1=Russo|first1=E.|last2=Dreher|first2=M. C.|last3=Mathre|first3=M. L.|year=2003|title=Women and Cannabis: Medicine, Science, and Sociology|edition=1st|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7890-2101-4}}
* {{citation | vauthors = Sharaf-Eldin M, Elkholy S, Fernández JA, Junge H, Cheetham R, Guardiola J, Weathers P | title = Bacillus subtilis FZB24 affects flower quantity and quality of saffron (Crocus sativus) | journal = Planta Medica | volume = 74 | issue = 10 | pages = 1316–20 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18622904 | pmc = 3947403 | doi = 10.1055/s-2008-1081293 | bibcode = 2008PlMed..74.1316S }}
* {{citation |last1=Verma |first1=Ranjit Singh |last2=Middha |first2=Deepak |date=2010 |title=Analysis of Saffron (Crocus sativus L. Stigma) Components by LC–MS–MS |journal=Chromatographia |volume=71 |issue=1–2 |pages=117–123 |doi=10.1365/S10337-009-1398-Z|s2cid=97327822 }}
* {{Citation|last=Willard|first=P.|year=2002|title=Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-5009-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsUaFT7l3QsC}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==

{{Cookbook}}
{{Americana Poster}}
* {{Citation|title=Saffron|work=Darling Biomedical Library|publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]]|url=http://unitproj.library.ucla.edu/biomed/spice/index.cfm?displayID=22}}
* {{Citation|title=''Crocus sativus''|work=Germplasm Resources Information Network|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]]|url=http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=318|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041110054340/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=318|archive-date=10 November 2004}}

{{Navboxes
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{{Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators}}
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}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Saffron| ]]
[[Category:Crocus|Saffron]]
[[Category:Food colorings]]
[[Category:Incense material]]
[[Category:Arab spices]]
[[Category:Greek cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
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[[Category:Iraqi cuisine]]
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Subhapradam

2026-03-23T21:05:41Z

AmiePesina: put up new pg.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Subhapradam
| image = Shubhapradam.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = [[K. Viswanath]]
| producer = Hari Gopalakrishna Pheela Neela Thilak
| writer =
| screenplay = K. Viswanath
| story = K. Viswanath
| starring = [[Allari Naresh]] [[Manjari Phadnis]] Ananth
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Venugopal Madathil]]
| editing =
| studio = Sri Rajeswari Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2010|7|16||df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Subhapradam''''' ({{translation|Auspicious}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[K. Viswanath]]. It is his last directorial project and stars [[Allari Naresh]] and [[Manjari Phadnis]].

==Plot==
Indu ([[Manjari Phadnis]]) is a music loving girl. Her mother is a Malayali, and her father ([[Vizag Prasad]]) is Telugu. She has two paternal uncles ([[Ashok Kumar (Telugu Actor)|Ashok Kumar]] and [[Gundu Sudharshan]]), whose wives are from Chennai and Kolkata, respectively. Thus entire India lives in her family. She is good at speaking Telugu, Malayalam, Bengali and Tamil. She happens to see Chakri ([[Allari Naresh]]), who is a good singer but not a professional one. Chakri and Indu fall in love with each other. However, Chakri has a peculiar profession that gets revealed in the middle of the movie. It is to carry the old and disabled on his back for climbing the hill, the abode of a goddess.

Eventually, Indu happens to encounter a rich man, Sathyanarayana Reddy ([[Sarath Babu]]), who turns her life around. He had a granddaughter by name Sindhu who looks exactly like Indu. Sindhu dies in an acid attack, followed by ragging and hence when he sees the look-alike of his granddaughter in Indu, he follows her. What happens later becomes the rest of the movie.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Allari Naresh]] as Chakri
* [[Manjari Phadnis]] as Indu / Sindhu
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Sathyanarayana Reddy garu, Sindhu's grandfather
* [[Pavala Syamala]] as Mutyalu, Sindhu's grandmother
* [[Vizag Prasad]] as Chandra Shekhar, Indu's father
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Priyamvada, Indu's mother
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Parvathi, Chakri's mother
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Rajyalakshmi, Sindhu's mother
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Lakshmi Narayana, Sindhu's father
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy, Chakri's friend
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Ram Babu, Chakri's father
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Raghu, Chakri's friend
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
* [[Jenny (Telugu Actor)|Jenny]]
* [[Ashok Kumar (Telugu Actor)|Ashok Kumar]]
* [[Gundu Sudharshan]]
* Vamsee Chaganti
* [[Devadas Kanakala]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Subhapradam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 20 June 2010
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 32:02
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Maanja Velu]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Don Seenu]]
| next_year = 2010
}}

The film has music scored by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Subhapradam - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/subhapradam/cfJQ94JokfQ_ |date=30 June 2010}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog!]]'' wrote, "Barely functional soundtrack that begs the question, 'Vishwanath gaaru, why not Ilayaraja? Or even Keeravani?'"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://milliblog.com/2010/06/28/subhapradam-music-review-telugu-mani-sharma/|title=Subhapradam (Music review), Telugu – Mani Sharma – Milliblog!}}</ref>

{{tracklist|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline = Track-List
|total_length= 32:02
|title1=Tappatloi Taalaloi|extra1=[[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]|length1= 4:14
|title2=Mouname Chebutondi|extra2=[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Pranavi| lyrics2 =[[Ananta Sriram]] |length2=5:00
|title3=Yelelo Yelelo|extra3=S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Shankar Mahadevan]] | lyrics3 = Ananta Sriram|length3=5:57
|title4=Nee Chupe Kadadaka|extra4=[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]] | lyrics4 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]|length4= 4:58
|title5=Bailele Bailele Pallaki|extra5=[[Mallikarjun]], Vijaya Lakshmi, [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]| lyrics5 = Ram Batla|length5=4:14
|title6=Orimi Chalamma O Bhumatoi|extra6=[[Rita Thyagarajan]]| lyrics6 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|length6=5:16
|title7=Ambaparaku Deviparaku|extra7=D.S.V. Sastry| lyrics7 = Kuchipudi traditional invocatory|length7=2:23
}}

== Reception ==
Radhika Rajamani of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "Vishwanath sticks to his usual style of filmmaking. Fans will perhaps relate to Subhapradam, but others, particularly the younger generation, will find the film outdated".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-subhapradam-is-jaded/20100719.htm|title=Subhapradam is jaded|first=Radhika|last=Rajamani|website=Rediff}}</ref> Raghu Chaitanya of ''[[IBN Live]]'' wrote, "''Subhapradam'' is clearly a misfit. It is a dream that not only fails to draw the audience to the cinema hall but also manages to put the audience watching it to sleep".<ref>https://www.news18.com/news/india/telugu-review-5-344681.html</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110129061753/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/28/stories/2010072863550300.htm The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh / Visakhapatnam News : Showering praise for ‘Subhapradam']

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1722634}}

{{Kasinathuni Viswanath}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Viswanath]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:2010 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2010 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Yenepoya University

2026-03-23T00:20:18Z

AmiePesina: small adjusted lead as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Educational institution in Mangalore, Karnataka, India}}
{{Promotional|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Yenepoya University
| native_name =
| image = Yenepoya University logo.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = Rabbi Zidni Ilma
| mottoeng = O Lord! Increase me in knowledge
| established = {{start date|2008}}
| closed =
| type = [[Deemed university]]
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman = Dr. Yenepoya Abdullah Kunhi
| chancellor = Farhaad Yenepoya
| president =
| vice-president =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = Dr. K. S Gangadhara Somayaji
| rector =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students = 25000
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Mangaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus = Multiple
| campus_size = 44 acres (Main Campus)
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| website = {{URL|yenepoya.edu.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Yenepoya University''' is a private [[Deemed to be University|deemed-to-be university]] in [[Deralakatte]], [[Mangaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India. It was granted deemed university status in 2008 by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), bringing together several pre-existing institutions under a unified academic framework. The oldest of these is the Yenepoya Dental College, established in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genesis {{!}} Yenepoya University |url=https://yenepoya.edu.in/genesis |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=yenepoya.edu.in}}</ref>

The university comprises a range of constituent colleges offering programs in disciplines such as Medicine, Dentistry, [[Allied Health Sciences]], [[Physiotherapy]], [[Pharmacy]], Nursing, Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Naturopathy, Engineering, and Arts, Science, Commerce, and Management.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of deemed universities|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemeduniv.html|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|access-date=22 November 2010}}</ref>

Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) has been recognized by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], New Delhi, India under 3(A) of the UGC Act, 1956 and received [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] Grade " A+".{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Mr. Farhaad Yenepoya is the [[Pro-chancellor|Pro-Chancellor]] of Yenepoya Group of Institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro Chancellor {{!}} Yenepoya University |url=https://yenepoya.edu.in/administration/pro-chancellor |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=yenepoya.edu.in}}</ref>

== Yenepoya Medical College ==
Yenepoya Medical College is located at about 11 kms from Mangalore City. The college was established in 1999. Post-graduate courses are being offered by the university since 2005. The [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|M.B.B.S.]] (Bachelor of Medicine & Bachelor of Surgery) course lasts for about 4.5 years plus a one year mandatory internship as per set standards of the [[National Medical Commission]] for India. The courses are mainly oriented for earning a degree.

Courses offered for MS/MD (PG medical courses):

*MD ([[General Medicine]], [[Public health|Community Medicine]], [[Paediatrics]], [[Pathology]], TB & Chest, [[Forensic Medicine]] and [[Toxicology]], Pharmacology, Microbiology, Biochemistry)
*MS ([[Obstetrics and gynaecology|OBG]], [[Orthopaedics]], [[General surgery]], [[Ophthalmology]], [[Otolaryngology|ENT]])

== Yenepoya Dental College ==
The B.D.S. (Bachelor of Dental Surgery) course is offered by the Yenepoya Dental College as per norms laid out by Dental Council of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Yenepoya Dental College |url=https://ydc.yenepoya.edu.in/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=ydc.yenepoya.edu.in |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629112949/https://ydc.yenepoya.edu.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Yenepoya Dental College organizes day-long workshop |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=999142 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Debmitra |date=2022-07-21 |title=DCI hopes for participation of All Dental Colleges in NIRF Rankings From 2023 Onwards |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/education/dentistry/dci-hopes-for-participation-of-all-dental-colleges-in-nirf-rankings-from-2023-onwards-96328 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en}}</ref>

MDS (Master of Dental Surgery) courses are three years. The examinations and awarding of degrees are regulated by Yenepoya University.<ref>{{Cite web |author=News Desk |date=2023-06-16 |title=Dr B H Sripathi Rao Gold medal Award Ceremony held at Yenepoya Dental College |url=https://www.mysoorunews.com/dr-b-h-sripathi-rao-gold-medal-award-ceremony-held-at-yenepoya-dental-college/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Welcome to Mysooru News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and College

|NIRF_U_2023=85|NIRF_O_2023=101-150}}

The university was ranked 85 among universities in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2023<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/Ranking.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.nirfindia.org |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306081331/https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/Ranking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in the 101–150 band overall.<ref name=":0" />

== Notable alumni ==

{{Empty section|date=March 2026}}

== Strategic MoUs ==
The University from time to time engages in strategic MoUs for furthering higher education prospects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yenepoya (Deemed-to-be-University) Mangalore |url=https://www.yenepoya.edu.in/memoranda.php |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=www.yenepoya.edu.in}}</ref>

In May 2024, the University signed a strategic educational and healthcare diplomacy MoU with the High Commission of the Republic of the [[Gambia–India relations|Gambia]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Arun |date=2024-05-28 |title=Yenepoya (University) and Gambia sign MoU for Education and Empowerment |url=https://newskarnataka.com/education/yenepoya-university-and-gambia-sign-mou-for-education-and-empowerment/28052024/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=News Karnataka |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Sports ==
Yenepoya University has participated in inter-university sports competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yenepoya |title=Best Universities in Karnataka {{!}} Yenepoya University |url=https://www.yenepoya.edu.in/news-details.php?id=1328 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=www.yenepoya.edu.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yenepoya University triumphs in AIU South East Zone Football Championship 2025–26 |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1303487 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> In January 2026, the university's football team emerged champions in the [[Association of Indian Universities]] (AIU) South-East Zone Inter-University Football Championship held in [[Hyderabad]], thereby qualifying for the All India Inter-University Football Championship to be held in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-01-13 |title=Yenepoya University team qualifies for the All India Football Championship |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/yeneopoya-universitys-team-qualifies-for-the-all-india-football-championship/article70505287.ece |access-date=2026-01-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karnataka |first=News |date=2026-01-13 |title=Yenepoya University clinches AIU South East Zone football title |url=https://newskarnataka.com/education/yenepoya-university-clinches-aiu-south-east-zone-football-title/13012026/ |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=News Karnataka |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|www.yenepoya.edu.in}}

{{Universities in Karnataka}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:Universities in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]

Ektara

2026-03-21T07:50:08Z

AmiePesina: fixed issues

{{italic title}}
{{Short description|Stringed musical instrument}}
{{about|a modern one-stringed musical instrument|a medieval one-stringed musical instrument|Ekatantri veena|the rural municipality in Nepal|Ekdara|the album by Kuldeep Manak|Ik Tara|2009 Indian film song|Iktara (song)|the 2015 Indian film|Ek Tara}}
{{distinguish|Tumbi|text=[[Tumbi|Iktara]]}}
[[File:Ektara_2.jpg|thumb|An Ektara from Bangladesh]]

The '''''ektara''''' ({{langx|bn|একতারা}}, {{langx|ne|एकतारे}}; literally 'one-string', also called, ''ektar'', ''golki'' {{langx|ne|गोल्}}) is a one-stringed musical instrument used in the [[traditional music]] of [[Bengal]],<ref name="Barthakur2003">{{cite book|author=Dilip Ranjan Barthakur|title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oP4vH-4oSEcC&pg=PA129|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-881-5|pages=129–}}</ref> and used in modern-day music of [[Music of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], and [[East India|eastern India]].<ref name="Barthakur2003"/>

Two-stringed versions are called '''''dotara''''' (two strings), a name which also [[dotara|applies to another instrument]] of the same name.

In origin, the ''ektara'' was a regular [[string instrument]] of [[Baul|Bauls]] and is plucked with one finger. The ''ektara'' is a drone [[lute]] consisting of a gourd resonator covered with skin, through which a bamboo neck is inserted. It is used in parts of India and Nepal today by [[Yogi]]s and wandering holy men to accompany their singing and prayers. In Nepal, the instrument accompanies the singing of the [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]].<ref name=MusINstrNepal/>

{{Culture of Bengal}}

There are three other instruments used in South Asia which sometimes go by the same name as the ektara but are not related. One form resembles a lute. To make that version, a bamboo stick (90 cm long) is inserted through the side of a wooden bowl (called a "tumbo") and the top of the bowl is covered with deerskin. The instrument has a single string running from a peg at the top, down the length of the stick-neck, across a bridge on the deerhide soundboard, and is tied at the "spike" where the stick pokes through the bowl. The instrument's string is plucked with the musician's index fingernail.<ref name=museum>{{cite web |publisher=Nepali Folk Musical Instrument Museum |place=Kathmandu |title=Photo Gallery |url= http://musicmuseumnepal.org/gallery-9/}}</ref><ref name=MusINstrNepal>{{cite book |title=Musical Instruments of Nepal |last=Kadel |first=Ram Prasad |publisher=Nepali Folk Instrument Museum |place=Katmandu, Nepal| date=2007 |pages=220, 229|isbn= 978-9994688302}}</ref>

A second instrument (the gopichanta) uses a drum-like body, a one-piece bamboo neck consisting of a pegbox and two laths formed out of a carved section of hollow bamboo (with a wooden peg on the side of the pegbox at the upper end), as well as a skin soundboard with a string attached in the centre. The two bamboo laths are attached to the side of the drum shell and the string goes from the soundboard to a peg at the end of the neck where the laths join the pegbox. This version of the instrument may be played either by plucking the string or by tapping the drumhead. Squeezing and releasing the bamboo laths changes the tension of the string and bends the pitch down and back up. This form is associated with the [[Baul]]s of West Bengal, as well as the [[Tharu people]] of [[Udayapur District]], Nepal.

A third instrument sometimes called ''ektara'', also called the ''tuṇtuṇe'', consists of a drum with a stick attached along the outer wall.<ref>{{Cite sign |title=Tuntina |type=Sign describing museum exhibit |publisher= The Egmore Museum, Chennai |location= Chennai, India|quote= [[:file:Tuntina.jpg]]}}</ref> A string runs from a hole in the drumhead to the a power in the end of the stick. It is played to accompany song, held under the left arm, "tuned to the tonic" and played for rhythm and as a drone. This is an instrument of a of Western India, used by "Hindu Sadhus and Islamic Sufi saints" and by [[Bhil people|Bhil]], [[Kokni, Kokna, Kukna Tribe|Kukna]] and [[Warli]] tribes.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |entry= Tuṇtuṇe |encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 3 |page= 681 }}</ref>

==Performance==
''Grove Music Online'' describes the playing of an ektara as: "The ektārā player holds his instrument upright, gripping the neck just above the resonator and plucking the playing string or strings with the index finger of the same hand. If he is dancing, he supports the gourd resonator with his other hand, in which he carries clusters of small bells which sound as he beats his hand against the gourd."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Babiracki |first1=Carol M. |last2=Dick |first2=Alastair |last3=Helffer |first3=Mireille |date=20 January 2001 |title=Ektār |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000051699 |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |access-date=2014-09-18 |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51699|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pressing the two halves of the neck together loosens the string, thus lowering its pitch. The modulation of the tone with each slight flexing of the neck gives the ektara its distinctive sound. There are no markings or measurements to indicate what pressure will produce what note, so the pressure is adjusted by ear.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ektara|publisher=Musical Instruments Archives|url=http://www.smtagorecentre.com/Repository/category/musical-instruments/|access-date=2014-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908043058/http://www.smtagorecentre.com/Repository/category/musical-instruments/|archive-date=2014-09-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> The various sizes of ''ektara'' are soprano, tenor, and bass. The bass ''ektara'', sometimes called a ''[[dotara]]'' often has two strings<ref>{{cite web|author=Lillian Henry |title=What is Kirtan Music |publisher=Entertainment Scene 360 |url=http://www.entertainmentscene360.com/index.php/what-is-kirtan-music-4560/ |access-date=2014-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701010244/http://www.entertainmentscene360.com/index.php/what-is-kirtan-music-4560/ |archive-date=2014-07-01 }}</ref> (as literally implied by ''do'', 'two').

==Use==
The ektara is a common instrument in [[Baul]] music from Bengal. Some controversy has arisen in recent years over the adoption and alleged corruption of Baul music by popular bands and films in Bengal. It has become common to mix traditional instruments like the ektara with more modern sounds in an attempt to appeal to a wide audience, which according to [[Purna Das Baul Samrat|Purna Das Baul]] is "destroying the true beauty" of Baul music.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baul Songs - From Ektara to Fusion Music|publisher=INdo-Asian News Service|year=2011|url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=AWNB&p_text_direct-0=document_id=(%201352AE44BAC1A040%20)&p_docid=1352AE44BAC1A040&p_theme=aggdocs&p_queryname=1352AE44BAC1A040&f_openurl=yes&p_nbid=D71M62SYMTQxMTYxNjAzMS4zOTEyNzk6MToxMDpFQlNDTzYxMDY0&&p_multi=IANB|access-date=2014-09-24}}</ref>

===Kirtan and Sufi chanting===
The ektara is commonly used in [[kirtan]] chanting, a Hindu devotional practice of singing the divine names and mantras in an ecstatic [[call and response]] format.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kirtan|publisher= Dictionary.com|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kirtan%20?&o=100074&s=t|access-date=2014-09-16}}</ref> The ektara is used by Sadhus (wandering holy men) for [[Sufi]] chanting, as well as by the [[Baul]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stringed Instruments|publisher=Gandharva Loka|url=http://www.gandharvaloka.co.nz/instruments/stringed.html|access-date=2014-09-16|archive-date=2014-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021044731/http://www.gandharvaloka.co.nz/instruments/stringed.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The use of a stringed drone instrument to accompany the voice in religious settings can be documented in images as far back as the 4th-5th century, when a singer was painted in the [[Ajanta Caves]]. He was singing or chanting to [[Indra]], and was accompanied by a one-stringed zither that is structurally the same as the [[alapini vina]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Parvati Baul at Ruhaniyat, Purana Qila.JPG|[[Parvathy Baul]] at ''[[Ruhaniyat – The All India Sufi & Mystic Music Festival|Ruhaniyat]]'' mystic music festival, at [[Purana Qila]], Delhi
File:Ektara1.jpg|Ektara of [[Bangladesh]]
File:Lalon Tomb0018.JPG|Musician from Bangladesh playing the Ektara
File:Srirangam1362010 025.jpg|The tradition of a holy man with a one-stringed veena was preserved in this 16th-18th century C.E. sculpture of Sage [[Agastya]]. The instrument has some resemblance to the [[eka-tantri vina]], also one-stringed.
File:Alapini vina, Ajanta Caves, Cave 17.jpg|India, 5th century C.E. [[Ajanta Caves]], Cave 17. Image of a one-string drone accompanying religious singing. The musician plucks an [[alapini vina]], a stick-zither style veena resting on his shoulder.
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Tumbi]], Punjabi musical instrument
*[[Kendara]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Musical instruments of Nepal}}
{{Strings (music)}}

[[Category:Monochords]]
[[Category:Musical bows]]
[[Category:Plucked membranophones]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi musical instruments]]
[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Bengali words and phrases]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Sufi music]]
[[Category:Stringed instruments of Nepal]]
[[Category:Lute family instruments]]

Aurat Ka Pyar

2026-03-20T19:59:50Z

AmiePesina:

{{short description|1933 film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aurat Ka Pyar
| image = Aurat Ka Pyar.jpg
| caption = Handbill
| director = [[Abdul Rashid Kardar]]
| producer =
| writer = Agha Hashar Kashmiri
| starring = [[Gul Hamid]] [[Mukhtar Begum]] [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]] Anwari Bai
| narrator =
| music = Mushtaq Ahmed
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = East India Film Company
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1933}}
| runtime =
| country = [[British India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aurat Ka Pyar''''' ({{Translation|"A Woman's Love"}}) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1933|1933]] Indian film directed by [[A. R. Kardar]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA1826|year=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|page=1}}</ref> The film was produced by the [[East India Film Company]], in [[Calcutta, India|Calcutta]]. Kardar had moved from [[Lahore]] to Calcutta where he directed several films for the company from 1933–36, including ''Aurat Ka Pyar''.<ref name="Narwekar1994">{{cite book|author=Sanjit Narwekar|title=Directory of Indian film-makers and films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Flicks Books|isbn=9780948911408}}</ref> The music composer was Mushtaq Ahmed and lyrics were by [[Agha Hashar Kashmiri]], who also scripted the film.<ref name=LyricsBogie>{{cite web|title=Aurat Ka Pyar|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/category/movies/aurat-ka-pyaar-1933|website=lyricsbogie.com|publisher=Lyrics Bogie|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref> It starred [[Gul Hamid]], [[Mukhtar Begum]], [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]], Anwari Bai, Bacha, Abdul Sattar and Athar.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Aurat Ka Pyar |url=http://www.citwf.com/film23825.htm |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |accessdate=24 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152655/http://www.citwf.com/film23825.htm |archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref>

The film was a commercial success at the box office and proclaimed Kardar as a "talented film-maker".<ref name="Garga1996">{{cite book|author=Bhagwan Das Garga|title=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Eminence Designs|isbn=978-81-900602-1-9}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Gul Hamid]]
* [[Mukhtar Begum]]
* Anwari Bai
* Bacha
* Athar
* [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]]
* A. R. Pahelwan

== Soundtrack ==
One of the notable songs from this film was the classical, "Chori Kahin Khule Na Naseem-e-Bahar Ki", sung by the famous singer and actress [[Mukhtar Begum]] in [[Raag Darbari|Raga Darbari]]. The music director was Mushtaq Ahmed and the lyricist was Agha Hashar Kashmiri.<ref name=Muvyz>{{cite web|title=Aurat Ka Pyar|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/zl144839/songs/#tabs |website=muvyz.com|publisher=Muvyz, Ltd.|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref>

=== Song List ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title
|-
| 1
| "Aaya Hoon Main Lekar Bahaar"
|-
| 2
| "Ae main Toh Lut Gayi Aake Tere Baagh Mein"
|-
| 3
| "Bekas Ki Naav Bhanwar Mein Maula Paar Lagaana"
|-
| 4
| "Chori Kahin Khule Na Naseem-e-Bahar Ki"
|-
| 5
| "Daali Daali Dulhan Bani"
|-
| 6
| "Dil Teer-E-Nazar ka Nishana Hua"
|-
| 7
| "Jo Khiza Hui Who Bahar Hoon"
|-
| 8
| "Karke Chale Teere Gham Ka Nishana Mujhe"
|-
| 9
| "Mohabbat Hi Hai Baag-eDuniya Ko Bahar"
|-
| 10
| "Shums-e-Qamar Ki Hai Shaadi Gao Khushi Ka Tarana"
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0231198|title=Aurat Ka Pyar (1933) }}

{{A. R. Kardar}}

[[Category:1933 films]]
[[Category:1933 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. R. Kardar]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1930s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Tanhaji

2026-03-17T12:18:13Z

AmiePesina:

{{short description|2020 epic historical action film directed by Ajay Devgn}}
{{for|the real life Military General of the [[Maratha Empire]]|Tanaji Malusare}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tanhaji
| image = Tanaji film poster.jpg
| alt =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Om Raut]]
| producer = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Ajay Devgn]]|[[Bhushan Kumar]]|[[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]}}
| writer = {{Unbulleted_list|Prakash Kapadia|Ajay Devgn}}
| narrator = [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Ajay Devgn]]|[[Kajol]]|[[Saif Ali Khan]]}}
| music = '''Score:''' [[Sandeep Shirodkar]] '''Songs:''' [[Ajay–Atul]] [[Sachet–Parampara]] Mehul Vyas Prasenjit Kosambi
| cinematography = Keiko Nakahara
| editing = Dharmendra Sharma
| studio = {{Unbulleted_list|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]|[[Ajay Devgn FFilms]]}}
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|01|10|India}}
| runtime = 135 minutes<ref name="BBFC">{{Cite web |title=Tanhaji (2020) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/tanhaji-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00otg5mzi |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India<ref name="BBFC" />
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|125 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=Drishyam 2 box office prediction + what Ajay Devgn's last 6 releases made |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/drishyam-2-box-office-prediction-what-ajay-devgns-last-6-releases-made-2298398-2022-11-17 |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2020 |title=Ajay Devgn's Tanhaji emerges most profitable film of 2020 with 100% returns |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/ajay-devgns-tanhaji-emerges-most-profitable-film-of-2020-with-100-returns-4919181.html |website=moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अजय देवगन की 'तान्हाजी' ने 10 दिन में लागत निकाली, फिल्म की कमाई 160 करोड़ के पार |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bollywood/news/news/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-box-office-10-days-collection-film-collects-22-crore-on-10th-day-of-release-126562832.html |website=bhaskar.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|367.65 crore}}<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=14 March 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
}}

'''''Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[epic film|epic]] [[Historical film|historical]] [[action film]] directed by [[Om Raut]] and produced by [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] and [[Ajay Devgn]] under [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] and [[Ajay Devgn FFilms]]. Tracing the life of Maratha warrior [[Tanaji Malusare]], it stars Ajay Devgn as the eponymous lead, [[Kajol]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]]. It also features [[Neha Sharma]], [[Sharad Kelkar]] and [[Luke Kenny]] in supporting roles.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} Set in the 17th century, it revolves around Tanaji's attempts to recapture the [[Kondhana]] fortress once it passed on to [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] who transfers its control to his trusted guard [[Battle of Sinhagad|Udaybhan Singh Rathore]]. It marks as Devgn's 100th film since joining Bollywood 20 years ago.

The film was originally named ''Taanaji: The Unsung Warrior'' but the name was later changed to ''Tanhaji''.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Ajay Devgn's Taanaji: The Unsung Warrior will now be called Tanhaji due to numerological reasons |date=27 March 2019 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior-will-now-be-called-tanhaji-due-to-numerological-reasons-1487495-2019-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Here's why Ajay Devgn's Taanaji: The Unsung Warrior will now be called Tanhaji |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/here-s-why-ajay-devgn-s-taahaji-the-unsung-warrior-will-now-be-called-tanhaji/story-nRUVuQZvHfRGWxcQIEDs8M.html |access-date=14 October 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The film was launched on 20 July 2017, with Raut making his directorial debut in [[Bollywood]]. Raut previously directed ''[[Lokmanya: Ek Yugpurush|Lokmanya: Ek Yug Purush]]'' (2015), for which he received acclaim. The film was simultaneously dubbed in Marathi following popular demand.<ref name=":6" /> [[Principal photography]] commenced on 25 September 2018,<ref>{{Citation |title=Ajay Devgn's much-anticipated war film Taanaji finally goes on floors |date=26 September 2018 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/260918/ajay-devgns-much-anticipated-war-film-taanaji-finally-goes-on-floor.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Mukeshwar |date=22 June 2018 |title=Taanaji The Unsung Warrior movie Wiki, News, Cast and Crew and Release Date |url=https://moviealles.com/movies/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-wiki-news-cast-crew-release-date/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905214721/https://moviealles.com/movies/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-wiki-news-cast-crew-release-date/ |archive-date=5 September 2018 |access-date=22 October 2018 |work=Movie Alles}}</ref> and completed within May 2019. Filming took in mostly across the [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] in [[Mumbai]], and few scenes shot at [[Pune]]. The cinematography and editing were handled by Keiko Nakahara and Dharmendra Sharma. The background score was composed by [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]; the soundtrack album was composed by [[Ajay–Atul]], [[Sachet–Parampara]] and Mehul Vyas and released under the label T-Series.

''Tanhaji'' was released in India in [[3D film|3D]], 2D and conventional formats on 10 January 2020.<ref name="rd">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2019 |title='Tanhaji': Ajay Devgn looks intensely fierce as the 'unsung Maratha warrior' on the first poster of the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tanhaji-ajay-devgn-looks-intensely-fierce-as-the-unsung-maratha-warrior-on-the-first-poster-of-the-film/articleshow/71686025.cms |access-date=21 December 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film received wide critical and public praise for Devgn and Khan's performances, the visual effects, cinematography, action sequences, art direction, music, score, and editing.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tanhaji_the_unsung_warrior}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|367.65|c|lk=off|year=2020}} worldwide and was declared a major success at the box office, thus becoming the [[List of Hindi films of 2020|highest grossing Hindi film of 2020]] as well as [[List of Indian films of 2020|highest grossing Indian film of 2020]].<ref name="bo" /> The film was selected as one of the Best Foreign Film to be screened at the [[Golden Globe Awards|78th Golden Globe Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2020 |title='Soorarai Pottru', 'Asuran', 'Jallikattu' to be screened at the Golden Globes 2021 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/soorarai-pottru-asuran-jallikattu-be-screened-golden-globes-2021-139981 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> At the [[68th National Film Awards]], the film won the awards for [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]], [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Devgn) and [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]. At the [[66th Filmfare Awards]], ''Tanhaji'' received 13 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Devgn), and won four awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Raut) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Khan).

==Plot==
In 1647, young [[Tanaji Malusare|Tanhaji Malusare]] is trained in swordsmanship by his father, Kaloji Malusare, who is later killed during a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] raid on their village of [[Umrat]]. Seventeen years later, in 1664, Tanhaji, now a military commander in the service of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj|Shivaji Maharaj]], leads forces alongside his younger brother Suryaji in defeating a Mughal cavalry detachment.

In 1665, the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] dispatches his uncle, the [[Maharaja of Amber]] [[Jai Singh I]], to check Shivaji’s territorial expansion in the [[Deccan Plateau]]. Following the [[Battle of Purandar]], Shivaji is compelled to cede control of 23 forts to the Mughal Empire, including the strategic [[Sinhagad Fort|Kondhana Fort]]. Subsequently, the Mughal general Beshak Khan insults Shivaji’s mother, [[Jijabai]], who vows to remain barefoot until Kondhana is recaptured.

By 1670, Shivaji’s spies report Aurangzeb’s plan to place Kondhana under the command of Rajput general [[Udaybhan Rathod]], who will use it as a base for Mughal advances in southern India. Udaybhan is transporting a massive cannon, ‘‘Naagin’’, intended to target Maratha positions. Shivaji formulates a plan to retake Kondhana but withholds the details from Tanhaji, whose son Rayba’s wedding is imminent. During the [[Holi]] festival, Tanhaji visits [[Rajgad Fort]] to invite Shivaji and Jijabai to the wedding. However, Maratha noble Chandraji Pisal, secretly allied with Udaybhan, informs Tanhaji of the planned campaign in an attempt to draw him into a trap. Tanhaji insists on leading the mission, postponing his son’s wedding despite Shivaji’s initial reluctance.

Pisal warns Udaybhan of the Maratha strategy. Using this intelligence, Udaybhan deceives Tanhaji into attacking Maratha soldiers disguised as Mughals. Udaybhan reaches Kondhana unopposed, positions ‘‘Naagin’’ toward Rajgad, and reinforces the fort’s defenses. Tanhaji infiltrates Kondhana through a concealed passage and rallies local villagers to resist Mughal control. During [[Maha Shivaratri|Shivratri]] celebrations, he kills Pisal’s nephew Chultya for treachery but is captured and tortured by Udaybhan. Jagat Singh, Udaybhan’s subordinate and the brother of captive Kamal Devi, secretly frees Tanhaji and informs him of Udaybhan’s intention to marry Kamal Devi by force. Tanhaji vows to rescue her and reclaim Kondhana.

On the night of 4 February 1670, coinciding with [[Ashtami]], Tanhaji leads a surprise assault on Kondhana. His forces scale the fort’s steep walls and engage the Mughal garrison in fierce combat. Amid the chaos, Jagat Singh and Kamal Devi escape. As Udaybhan prepares to fire ‘‘Naagin’’ at Rajgad, Tanhaji intercepts him. In the ensuing duel, Tanhaji loses an arm but kills Udaybhan, pushing him and the cannon over a cliff. Mortally wounded, Tanhaji plants the [[Bhagwa Dhwaj]] on Kondhana before succumbing to his injuries.

When Shivaji arrives, the fort is back under Maratha control. Mourning his fallen commander, Shivaji remarks, “’‘Gad aala, pan sinh gela’’” (“The fort has been captured, but the lion is lost”). Shivaji personally oversees Rayba’s wedding, while Savitribai, Tanhaji’s widow, fulfills her promise to dress as a bride in private as she awaits his return. Aurangzeb’s plan to consolidate Mughal control in southern India is delayed for another eighteen years until he personally campaigns in the Deccan.

==Cast==
{{cast list|
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as Subhedar [[Tanaji Malusare]]
* [[Kajol]] as Savitri Bai
* [[Saif Ali Khan]] as Udaybhan Singh Rathore
* [[Sharad Kelkar]] as [[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]
* [[Neha Sharma]] as Kamla Devi
* [[Luke Kenny]] as Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]
* [[Vipul Gupta]] as Jagat Singh
* [[Padmavati Rao]] as [[Jijabai|Rajmata Jijabai]]
* Elakshi Gupta as [[Soyarabai]]
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Narrator
* [[Shashank Shende]] as Shelaar Mama
* [[Devdatta Nage]] as [[Suryaji Malusare]]
* [[Ajinkya Deo]] as Chandraji Pisal
* Yuri Suri as [[Jai Singh I]]
* Jagannath Nivangune as Kaloji Malusare
* Trisha Patil as Parvati Bai
* Hardik Sangani as Gondya
* Nissar Khan as Beshak Khan
* Prasanna Ketkar as Ghersarnaik
* Kailash Waghmare as Chultiya
* Harsh Sharma as Young Tanaji
* Ranav Sharma as Young Suryaji
* Arush Nand as Rayaba Malusare
* Dhairyasheel Gholap as Shrubhau
* Nilesh Lalwani as Tatya
* [[Pramod More]] as Leader of Gondia
* Bhagyashree Nhalve as Suryaji's wife
* Devendra Gaikwad as Rayaba's father-in-law
* Rajesh Ahir as Raja Sangram Singh
* Angad Mhaskar as Pant
* [[Nikhat Khan]] as Udaybhan's mother
* Antima Sharma as Nafeesa
* Niranjan Jadhao as Trimbak Rao
* Shivraj Walvekar as Pratap Rao
* Rajveer Ankur Singh as Khaibar Khan
* Ramchandran Singh as Raja Kaka
* Myrah Dandekar as Rayaba's wife
* Tufali Khan as Munawar Khan
* Mridul Kumar as Noor Khan Baig
* Sandeep Juwatkar as Gujar
* Ajay Kumar Nain as Rajput Vakil
* Rakesh Bhavsar as peshwa
* Nitesh Kalbande as Divya Malusare
* Tareeq Ahmed Khan as Mughal Soldier
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
After completing his work on the directorial venture ''[[Shivaay]]'' (2016), [[Ajay Devgn]], announced his next film on 29 July 2016, titled ''Sons of Sardaar: Battle of Saragarhi'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Ajay Devgn shares Sons of Sardaar: The Battle of Saragarhi first look; Diwali 2017 release planned |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ajay-devgn-shares-sons-of-sardaar-the-battle-of-saragarhi-first-look-diwali-2017-release-planned-2922284.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sons of Sardaar First Look: Ajay Devgn's Tribute to 21 Brave Sikhs – NDTV Movies |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sons-of-sardaar-first-look-ajay-devgns-tribute-to-21-brave-sikhs-1437675 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=NDTVMovies.com}}</ref> a big-budget war film based on the [[Battle of Saragarhi|1897 Saragarhi battle]] between 21 Sikhs and 10,000 Afghans.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=July 30, 2016 |title=Ajay Devgn's Sons of Sardaar: The Battle of Saragarhi will be an epic, big-budget, war film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ajay-devgn-sons-of-sardaar-the-battle-of-saragarhi-first-look-332176-2016-07-29 |access-date=25 December 2020 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> Made on a huge scale, Devgn planned to start the production work in late 2016, and decided to release the film on Diwali next year;<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Ajay Devgn unveils Sons Of Sardaar poster and it is all about love and rage |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ajay-devgn-unveils-sons-of-sardaar-poster-and-it-is-all-about-love-and-rage/story-NvpaDE5YuUBiZWmFIIw7BN.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> However, when [[Karan Johar]] announced ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'', another film based on the battle of Saragarhi, Devgn decided to postpone the project after September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2017 |title=Ajay Devgn confirms Sons of Sardar: Battle of Saragarhi delayed; clash with Karan Johar's film averted |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/ajay-devgn-confirms-sons-of-sardar-battle-of-saragarhi-delayed-clash-with-karan-johars-film-averted-3998297.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> In late February 2019, it was reported that Devgn had shelved the project.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Meanwhile, Ajay Devgn, decided to do another period film with [[Om Raut]], based on the life of Maratha warrior [[Tanaji Malusare]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2017 |title=Taanaji First Look Poster: Ajay Devgn to Play the Great Maratha Warrior |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior-ajay-devgn-to-play-the-great-maratha-warrior-1466793.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=News18}}</ref> which was titled officially as ''Taanaji: The Unsung Warrior''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2017 |title=Ajay Devgn reveals first look of Taanaji: The Unsung Warrior |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ajay-devgn-reveals-first-look-of-taanaji-the-unsung-warrior/story-JLG1bg6gPEWhTGhRZ0PIuJ.html |access-date=13 January 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The first look of ''Taanaji'' was released on 20 July 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=20 July 2017 |title=WOW! Ajay Devgn rocks in the first look of Taanaji – The Unsung Warrior : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/wow-ajay-devgn-rocks-first-look-taanaji-unsung-warrior/ |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> through Devgn's official Twitter account,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2017 |title=Taanaji – The Unsung Warrior first look: Ajay Devgn looks heroic in Maratha warrior avatar |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior-first-look-ajay-devgn-looks-heroic-in-maratha-warrior-avatar-3832863.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> and pre-production work commenced the following day. In August 2017, a report from [[The Asian Age|Asian Age]], claimed that the film will also be made simultaneously in Marathi language, due to the demand of the story, and also Raut's popularity in Marathi, after the success of ''[[Lokmanya: Ek Yugpurush|Lokmanya: Ek Yug Purush]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramasubramanian |first=Uma |date=31 August 2017 |title=Ajay Devgn's Taanaji to be a bilingual film? |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/310817/ajay-devgns-taanaji-to-be-a-bilingual-film.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

A source claimed that the film's pre-production work wouldgo on for 6–8 months, and Ajay Devgn would start the shoot of the film in March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bhatnagar |first=rohit |date=30 August 2017 |title=Taanaji film will be mother of all, even bigger than Baahubali: Ajay Devgn |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/300817/taanaji-film-will-be-mother-of-all-even-bigger-than-baahubali-ajay-devgn.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref> However, the team undertook heavy VFX works for the film for 6–8 months, and Devgn's [[NY VFXWAALA]] was brought on board for the film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |date=16 April 2018 |title=Ajay Devgn's ambitious plans for Taanaji |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ajay-devgn-s-ambitious-plans-for-taanaji-2605249 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=DNA India}}</ref> whereas filmmakers planned to release the film in [[3D film|3D]] formats, thus delaying the film's shoot to September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=@RahulRautwrites |date=10 June 2018 |title=Ajay Devgn's #Taanaji will be made on the whopping budget of 150 crore. The shooting begins in mid-September for which the pre-production is going in full swing. Devgn's own VFX company, NY VFXWaala will be working on the visual effects of the movie. |url=https://twitter.com/Rahulrautwrites/status/1005774884050358272 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=Twitter}}</ref> On 2 August 2018, [[Bhushan Kumar]] of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2018 |title=Taanaji: Ajay Devgn and Bhushan Kumar team up for the magnum opus |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/020818/ajay-devgn-taanaji-movie-bhushan-kumar.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> undertook the project in collaboration with Ajay Devgn's production company and planned to start the shoot in end of September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Update On Ajay Devgn's Taanaji |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/an-update-on-ajay-devgns-taanaji-1894000 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In March 2019, the film's title ''Taanaji: The Unsung Warrior'' was changed to ''Tanhaji'',<ref>{{Cite news |title=The title of Ajay Devgn's film 'Taanaji' has been changed to 'Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior' – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-title-of-ajay-devgns-film-taanaji-has-been-changed-to-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior/articleshow/68584609.cms |access-date=25 December 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> due to numerological reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Ajay Devgn's Taanaji: The Unsung Warrior will now be called Tanhaji due to numerological reasons |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior-will-now-be-called-tanhaji-due-to-numerological-reasons-1487495-2019-03-27 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Here's why Ajay Devgn's Taanaji: The Unsung Warrior will now be called Tanhaji |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/here-s-why-ajay-devgn-s-taahaji-the-unsung-warrior-will-now-be-called-tanhaji/story-nRUVuQZvHfRGWxcQIEDs8M.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
In October 2018, Kajol was reported to play the role of Taanaji's wife in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2018 |title=Taanaji -The Unsung Warrior: Kajol to play an important role in husband Ajay Devgn's film |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior-kajol-to-play-an-important-role-in-husband-ajay-devgns-film-2150213.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Taanaji-The Unsung Warrior': Is Kajol part of Ajay Devgn's most awaited project? – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tanaji-the-unsung-warrior-is-kajol-part-of-ajay-devgns-most-awaited-project/articleshow/66051137.cms |access-date=25 December 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In January 2019, [[Saif Ali Khan]] was reported to play the role of Udaybhan Singh Rathore, one of the main antagonists of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=4 January 2019 |title=Saif Ali Khan plays the villain in Ajay Devgn starrer Taanaji : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-plays-villain-ajay-devgn-starrer-taanaji/ |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> For his role, Khan had to practise sword fighting and horse-riding, as part of the character. In an interview with ''[[Mid-Day]]'', he stated "A chunk of the research has been done by Om, who has done a thorough job. Since it is an action-packed film, I was required to look leaner. I had to be adept in horse riding. The fact that I was coming straight off Navdeep's [Singh] film (''[[Laal Kaptaan]]'') made it easier. The physical prep has been rigorous for this film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2019 |title=Saif Ali Khan on Playing Villain in Taanaji: He Just Happens to be on the Wrong Side |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/saif-ali-khan-on-playing-villain-in-taanaji-he-just-happens-to-be-on-the-wrong-side-2050057.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=News18}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography began on 25 September 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2018 |title=Ajay Devgn begins shooting for Taanaji The Unsung Warrior |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ajay-devgn-begins-shooting-for-taanaji-the-unsung-warrior/story-hvN5ivTvXIUcTzbtKNe78I.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> with a [[muhurat shot]] given by [[Om Raut]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2018 |title=Taanaji – The Unsung Warrior: Ajay Devgn begins shooting for Om Raut's period drama |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior-ajay-devgn-begins-shooting-for-om-rauts-period-drama-5257271.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=TSeries on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/TSeries/status/1044483007912992769/ |access-date=22 October 2018 |work=Twitter}}</ref> The film's first schedule was commenced in October 2018, with Kajol filming her portions in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kajol starts Taanaji shoot in Mumbai |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-kajol-starts-taanaji-shoot-in-mumbai-2677987/amp |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref>

''Tanhaji'' was filmed mainly at the [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] in Mumbai. Director Om Raut claimed that in the movie, visual effects played a major part. The director also said that making the [[Sandhan Valley]] set was the biggest challenge for them. The makers had to create a {{Convert|300|ft|adj=on}} long set to make it look like the Sandhan Valley.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} In the making video of the film, Raut stated: "Creating the {{Convert|300|ft|adj=on}} long gorge inside a theatre was extremely difficult," adding that the production designers "went and took moulds of the stones and rocks which are there in the valley and they built a wall. And what we did in the effects after that is we put in effects on it."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanhaji Behind-The-Scenes Video Shows How A 300-Feet Gorge Was Created On Sets |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tanhaji-behind-the-scenes-video-shows-how-a-300-feet-gorge-was-created-on-sets-2160336 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

The team of the film also shot some parts at Chitrakoot Ground in [[Andheri]]. Some parts of the film were also filmed at [[Pune]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} In January 2019, the team kicked off a song shoot which has been mounted on a lavish scale and that a special set was erected for this number.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=29 January 2019 |title=Taanaji – The Unsung Warrior: Kajol shoots for a lavishly mounted song in the film : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/taanaji-unsung-warrior-kajol-shoots-lavishly-mounted-song-film/ |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Kajol, however, shot for this number last year, in the last week of December. As the song was so elaborate that the shooting schedule for the same was as long as a week and the number will feature some amazing [[Diya (lamp)|diya]] and [[rangoli]] setup representing that era. Keeping in the mind the period that the film is set up in, Kajol sported wearing a traditional Maharashtrian outfit in the song.<ref name=":3" />

In March 2019, a source claimed that 60% of the shoot was completed, and the team took a break, after Devgn being busy for the promotions of his film ''[[Total Dhamaal]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2019 |title=Ajay Devgn works at a frenetic pace for 'Taanaji' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/020319/ajay-devgn-works-at-a-frenetic-pace-for-taanaji.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> In April 2019, a climax shoot featuring Devgn and Khan was filmed in a huge scale, and the stunt sequence was choreographed by Ramazan Bulut, who worked in the stunt department for Hollywood films ''[[Rush (2013 film)|Rush]]'' (2013) and ''[[Inferno (2016 film)|Inferno]]'' (2016).<ref name=":4">{{Cite magazine |date=April 8, 2019 |title=Saif Ali Khan and Ajay Devgn begin Tanhaji climax shoot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/saif-ali-khan-and-ajay-devgn-begin-tanhaji-climax-shoot-1496804-2019-04-08 |access-date=25 December 2020 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> The principal photography wrapped up in May 2019.<ref name=":4" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tanhaji
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ajay–Atul]], [[Sachet–Parampara]] Mehul Vyas and Prasenjit Kosambi
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 8 January 2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/tanhaji---the-unsung-warrior/4VLd5839cJ8_ |publisher=Jio Saavn}}</ref>
| recorded = 2018–2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| length = 17:27
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|TtjflM-NJ9Y|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

The film's soundtrack album was composed by [[Ajay–Atul]], [[Sachet–Parampara]] Mehul Vyas and Prasenjit Kosambi with lyrics written by [[Swanand Kirkire]] Anil Verma and Abhijit Kosambi. The background score of the film is composed by [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]. The album features four tracks with vocals by Mehul Vyas, [[Adarsh Shinde]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sachet Tandon]], [[Parampara Thakur]], Ganesh Chandanshive, [[Harshdeep Kaur]] and Prasenjit Kosambi. It was released on 20 December 2019 by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Tanhaji – The Unsung Warrior (Hindi) – All Songs – Download or Listen Free – JioSaavn |date=20 December 2019 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/tanhaji---the-unsung-warrior/4VLd5839cJ8_ |access-date=26 December 2020}}</ref> The soundtrack album for the Marathi version had reused the same set of vocals, excluding for some songs, whose vocals were provided by [[Avadhoot Gupte]] and Kirti Killedar.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tanhaji – The Unsung Warrior (Marathi) – Avadhoot Gupte, Adarsh Shinde – Download or Listen Free – JioSaavn |date=24 January 2020 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/tanhaji---the-unsung-warrior/6L,yZq8likQ_ |access-date=26 December 2020}}</ref>

Debarati Sen of ''[[The Times of India]]'', writing for the soundtrack album in her review, praised "Maay Bhavani" stating "Ajay-Atul has excelled in the beautiful merging of different tempos, and deftly woven in the varied nuances of classical and folk in one single package."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Debarati S. |title=Music review – Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/music-review-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior/articleshow/73083565.cms |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Vipin Nair, in his review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', stated "With three hummable numbers, the film's music is enjoyable but nothing out of the ordinary."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=14 January 2020 |title='Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior' music review: Strike three for melodies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-music-review-strike-three-for-melodies/article30568226.ece |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' reviewed "The soundtrack of ''Tanhaji – The Unsung Warrior'' delivers as expected. Though there aren't many memorable songs out there, they do well enough to keep the film's narrative engaging."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji – The Unsung Warrior Music Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior/songs/music-critic-review/ |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 17:27
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Shankara Re Shankara
| extra1 = Mehul Vyas
| music1 = Mehul Vyas
| lyrics1 = Anil Verma
| length1 = 3:31
| title2 = Maay Bhavani
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Ajay Gogavale]]
| music2 = [[Ajay–Atul]]
| lyrics2 = [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| length2 = 4:18
| title3 = Ghamand Kar
| extra3 = [[Sachet Tandon]], [[Parampara Thakur]]
| music3 = [[Sachet–Parampara]]
| lyrics3 = Anil Verma
| length3 = 4:42
| title4 = Tinak Tinak
| extra4 = [[Harshdeep Kaur]]
| music4 = Sachet–Parampara
| lyrics4 = Anil Verma
| length4 = 3:54
| title5 = Asa Mard Maratha Tanhaji
| extra5 = Prasenjit Kosambi
| music5 = Prasenjit Kosambi
| lyrics5 = Abhijit Kosambi
| length5 = 1:02
}}

== Marketing and release ==
''Tanhaji'', considered to be one of the most anticipated Hindi films of the year,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2019 |title=Revealed! Ajay Devgn's ferociously intriguing look from Taanaji – The Unsung Warrior {{!}} Bollywood News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/revealed-ajay-devgns-ferociously-intriguing-look-from-taanaji-the-unsung-warrior/340215 |access-date=2 January 2019 |website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=June 2023|reason=[[BP:EXTRAORDINARY]]}} was initially scheduled to release on 29 November 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Here's why Ajay Devgn's Taanaji: The Unsung Warrior will now be called Tanhaji |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/here-s-why-ajay-devgn-s-taahaji-the-unsung-warrior-will-now-be-called-tanhaji/story-nRUVuQZvHfRGWxcQIEDs8M.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> post-[[Diwali]], but the release was postponed to the necessity of VFX works in a large scale needed for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2019 |title=Is this why Ajay Devgn postponed the release date of Tanhaji The Unsung Warrior? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/is-this-why-ajay-devgn-postponed-the-date-of-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-1488542-2019-03-28 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref> On 28 March 2019, the makers rescheduled the release date to 10 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Here's why Ajay Devgn decided to release Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior in January – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-why-ajay-devgn-decided-to-release-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-in-january/articleshow/73058197.cms |access-date=25 December 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Prior to the release of the film, the [[Sambhaji Brigade]] faced objection of some scenes from the trailer which released in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Nov 20, 2019 |title=Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior faces objection from Sambhaji Brigade |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-faces-objection-from-sambhaji-brigade/articleshow/72140411.cms |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=The Hindu Net Desk |date=19 November 2019 |title='Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior' trailer pits mighty battle between Ajay Devgn and Saif Ali Khan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-trailer-pits-mighty-battle-between-ajay-devgn-and-saif-ali-khan/article30017600.ece |access-date=25 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In a letter written to the crew members, dated 20 November 2019, the organization had alleged that the film has intentionally tried to erase [[Shivaji]] Maharaj's secular image. They had also taken objection to the dialogues of Kajol who plays the role of Savitribai Malusare.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=23 November 2019 |title=Now, Sambhaji Brigade objects to scenes in Tanhaji |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/now-sambhaji-brigade-objects-to-scenes-in-tanhaji/article30055813.ece |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The organization had also demanded a special screening of the film ahead of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=Quint |date=20 November 2019 |title=Sambhaji Brigade Raises Objections to Ajay's 'Tanhaji' Trailer |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/sambhaji-brigade-raises-objections-to-tanhaji-trailer |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=TheQuint}}</ref> Later, [[Nationalist Congress Party]] leader [[Jitendra Awhad|Jitendra Ahwad]], threatened the makers of the film to make several changes to the trailer of the film,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanhaji trailer controversy: NCP leader Jitendra Awhad threatens makers of Tanhaji; asks director Om Raut to stop wrong depiction of history |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tanhaji-trailer-controversy-ncp-leader-jitendra-awhad-threatens-makers-of-tanhaji-asks-director-om-raut-to-stop-wrong-depiction-of-history/articleshow/72146326.cms |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com}}</ref> also accused filmmaker [[Om Raut]] of depicting history inaccurately and unethically and showing the Maratha warrior [[Tanaji Malusare]] in a wrong way.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2019 |title=Tanhaji: NCP MLA Jitendra Awhad threatens makers of Tanhaji, says 'stop wrong depiction of history' {{!}} India News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/ncp-mla-jitendra-awhad-threatens-makers-of-tanhaji-says-stop-wrong-depiction-of-history/517547 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Alok |date=21 November 2019 |title=NCP MLA warns makers of 'Tanhaji-The Unsung Warrior' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ncp-mla-warns-makers-of-tanhaji/article30031341.ece |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The ''Akhil Bhartiya Kshatriya Koli Rajput Sangh'' had filed a petition in [[Delhi High Court]] on 13 December 2019, claiming that its director Om Raut has concealed the true lineage of the great warrior [[Tanaji Malusare]] in the movie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2019 |title=Petition in Delhi High Court against Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior, hearing on Dec 19 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/petition-in-delhi-high-court-against-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-hearing-on-dec-19-1628130-2019-12-13 |access-date=2 February 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=Ajay Devgn speaks on petition filed against Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior and unrest due to Citizenship Amendment Act : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ajay-devgn-speaks-petition-filed-tanhaji-unsung-warrior-unrest-due-citizenship-amendment-act/ |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> In January 2020, the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] deleted controversial references in the film, and ensured multiple disclaimers in the beginning to avoid controversies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2020 |title=CBFC deletes 'controversial' references in Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior; also gets multiple disclaimers added : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/cbfc-deletes-controversial-references-tanhaji-unsung-warrior-also-gets-multiple-disclaimers-added/ |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

''Tanhaji'' opened up to 4,540 screens worldwide, which included 3,880 screens in [[3D film|3D]] and conventional formats in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] versions and 660 screens overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2020 |title=Is Tanhaji The Unsung Warrior a bigger hit than Chhapaak? What box office says |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/is-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-a-bigger-hit-than-chhapaak-what-box-office-says-1636480-2020-01-13 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref> A day before its release, the makers premiered a special screening of the film on 9 January,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji The Unsung Warrior screening: Nysa, Yug cheer for parents Ajay Devgn and Kajol. See pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-screening-nysa-yug-cheer-for-parents-ajay-devgn-and-kajol-see-pics/story-2qe9i4CLneDnSZmqFLFIBI.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> featuring Devgn and his family, along with the cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ajay Devgn and Kajol host a special screening of 'Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior' for close friends and family; view pictures – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ajay-devgn-and-kajol-host-a-special-screening-of-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-for-close-friends-and-family-view-pictures/articleshow/73174550.cms |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Later on 13 January, Devgn hosted special screening of the film, for 600 school children at the Inox Megaplex in Mumbai, to know about the history of Tanaji Malusare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior: Ajay Devgn hosts special screening of his historical drama for school kids {{!}} PINKVILLA |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/tanhaji-unsung-warrior-ajay-devgn-hosts-special-screening-his-historical-drama-school-kids-499077?amp |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=www.pinkvilla.com}}</ref> Another special screening was held on 20 January for the army and navy officials.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior: Ajay Devgn holds a special screening for Army, Navy and Chief of military : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tanhaji-unsung-warrior-ajay-devgn-holds-special-screening-army-navy-chief-military/ |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The [[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]] had tied up an association with the Directorate of Tourism and the film's team to attract tourists to know about the history of Tanaji Malusare and its legacy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Govt partners with Ajay Devgn's Tanhaji – ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/maharashtra-govt-partners-with-ajay-devgns-tanhaji/73272464 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=ETBrandEquity.com}}</ref> The film was declared tax-free in [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=Yogi Adityanath makes Tanhaji tax-free in UP, Samajwadi Party claims government is engaging in politics in movies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/yogi-adityanath-makes-tanhaji-tax-free-in-up-samajvadi-party-claims-government-is-engaging-in-politics-in-movies/story-JfvWyRvl2tPtAZjnBhFjsL.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> [[Haryana]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2020 |title=After UP, 'Tanhaji' declared tax-free in Haryana; movie also enters Rs 100 cr-club – The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/after-up-tanhaji-to-be-made-tax-free-in-maharashtra-movie-also-enters-rs-100-cr-club/articleshow/73287483.cms |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> and [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Alok |date=23 January 2020 |title='Tanhaji' declared tax-free in Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tanhaji-declared-tax-free-in-maharashtra/article30628776.ece |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This film was also released dubbed in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]]-language following popular demand.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2019 |title=Tanhaji The Unsung Warrior: Ajay Devgn film to get a Marathi release |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-ajay-devgn-film-to-get-a-marathi-release-1625749-2019-12-06 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref>

''Tanhaji''{{'}}s world television premiere took place on 26 July 2020 at [[StarPlus|Star Plus]],{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} and registered 1.2 crore impressions on its first airing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajay Devgn's Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior Records Over 1.2 Crore Impressions On TV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ajay-devgns-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-records-over-1-2-crore-impressions-on-tv-2280214 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The film released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 6 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2020 |title=Tanhaji and Chhapaak are streaming on this OTT platform |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tanhaji-ajay-devgn-chhapaak-deepika-padukone-watch-online-on-hotstar-6301833/ |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=75|count=12|average=6|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=December 13, 2023}}

A review over the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted it to be a magnificent work, which had exceptional individual performances, a captivating story-line and excellent virtual effects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji The Unsung Warrior movie review: Ajay Devgn's classic century, Saif Ali Khan goes bad in style |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-review-ajay-devgn-s-classic-century-saif-ali-khan-goes-bad-in-style/story-q2rRPCQkpzDK3XiFpUo2EL.html |access-date=13 January 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted of the film to have started off well, before floundering in the middle but regaining brilliance at the end, delivering a catharsis and adrenaline rush.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=10 January 2020 |title='Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior' movie review: Between fervour and fatigue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-review-between-fervour-and-fatigue/article30532489.ece |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Uday Bhatia of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|The Mint]]'' noted it to be a silly cartoon history, which borrowed its physics from ''[[Prince of Persia]]'', but nonetheless consisted of fluent actions and interesting individual performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=10 January 2020 |title=Film review: 'Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior' is cartoon history |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/film-review-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-is-cartoon-history-11578653459902.html |access-date=13 January 2020 |website=Livemint}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' noted it to be a historically inauthentic work that ironed out any and all nuances in its portrayal of a saffronized Hindu-Muslim binary; however, he noted the overall production to be crisp and backed by powerful individual performances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior Movie Review – Ajay Devgn's Film Is A Treat For The Eye, If Not For The Mind |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-review-ajay-devgns-film-is-a-treat-for-the-eye-if-not-for-the-mind-2161723 |access-date=13 January 2020 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Tanul Thakur of ''[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]]'' noted it to be a work that had excellent cinematography but was intensely buoyed down by its ahistorical religio-nationalist propaganda, catering to the overall saffronization of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Tanhaji' Review: Propaganda Weighs Down an Already Mediocre Film |url=https://thewire.in/film/tanhaji-movie-review |access-date=13 January 2020 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] over ''[[The Indian Express]]'' noted it to offer a "simplistic, dressed-up slice of the past" that painted hyperbolic tales of Maratha bravery with a Hindu fervor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji movie review: A simplistic, dressed-up slice of the past |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/tanhaji-movie-review-rating-kajol-ajay-saif-6209397/ |access-date=13 January 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' noted it to be a mythical retelling of history with a bout of saffron fervor; individual performances and choreography of combat sequences were praised.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-review/20200110.htm |access-date=13 January 2020 |website=Rediff}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] noted it to be a dubiously stereotyped fictional work, which appealed to the hyper-nationalistic climate but had robust filmography, visceral battle scenes, and superb individual performances.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} A critic from ''[[The Economic Times]]'' praised the visual effects, computer graphics and editing of the film, making it a must-watch film.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=13 January 2020 |title='Tanhaji' review: Spectacular CGI effects, crisp editing make it a must-watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tanhaji-review-spectacular-cgi-effects-crisp-editing-make-it-a-must-watch/articleshow/73222409.cms |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Stutee Ghosh of ''[[The Quint]]'' noted it to be a visually stunning film with strong individual performances, despite its broad liberties with historical accuracy and problematic prejudices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2020 |title=Historical Inaccuracies Aside, 'Tanhaji' Is Visually Stunning |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-ajay-devgn-saif-ali-khan-movie-review |access-date=13 January 2020 |website=The Quint}}</ref> Jyoti Kanyal of ''[[India Today]]'' gave two-and-a-half out of five stars stating "''Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior'' is an exaggerated and slow-paced ode to the great Maratha warrior Tanaji Malusare."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Jyoti Kanyal |date=January 10, 2020 |title=Tanhaji The Unsung Warrior Movie Review: Saif Ali Khan shines as anti-hero in Ajay Devgn and Kajol film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-review-saif-ali-khan-shines-as-anti-hero-in-ajay-devgn-and-kajol-film-1635522-2020-01-10 |access-date=14 January 2020 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

Writing for the ''[[Firstpost]]'', [[Devanesh Sharma]] gave two-and-a-half out of five stars and praised Kajol and Khan's performance while criticizing Devgn's characterization as the review stated "The leading man, though undoubtedly an unsung warrior, as the title suggests, comes across as rather one-dimensional, as Devgn fails to take his character beyond the written word."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior movie review — Saif Ali Khan, Kajol's performances elevate Ajay Devgn's tepid film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-review-saif-ali-khan-kajols-performances-elevate-ajay-devgns-tepid-film-7885131.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Harshada Rege of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave four out of five stars and stated "''Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior'' scores on various counts – superior performances, powerful action, visual impact, and most of all, it unfolds a story from the pages of history that deserved to be told, with just this kind of intensity, passion and vigor."<ref>{{Citation |title=Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior/movieshow/61980446.cms |access-date=26 December 2020}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating "''Tanhaji'' is substantially enriched by its technical crew that has worked to create a splendid canvas for the cast to shine upon. It tells the story of a lesser known hero from the chapters of Indian history, which makes this an intriguing film."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanhaji – The Unsung Warrior review: A well-crafted film |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tanhaji---the-unsung-warrior-review-a-well-crafted-film-review-bollywood-ubkjMTbbbdihc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110073048/https://www.sify.com/movies/tanhaji---the-unsung-warrior-review-a-well-crafted-film-review-bollywood-ubkjMTbbbdihc.html |archive-date=10 January 2020 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote in her review stating "''Tanhaji'' is a complete package. It’s magnificent, high on visual effects and has powerful action backed by rock solid performances."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji The Unsung Warrior movie review: Ajay Devgn's classic century, Saif Ali Khan goes bad in style |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-review-ajay-devgn-s-classic-century-saif-ali-khan-goes-bad-in-style/story-q2rRPCQkpzDK3XiFpUo2EL.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> Rohit Vats of ''[[News18]]'' gave three-and-a-half out of five stars stating "Devgn and Khan ensure that the viewers get enough dose of high-voltage dialogues, along with fascinating action scenes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji Movie Review: Ajay Devgn, Saif Ali Khan's Film Has the Best VFX in Hindi Cinema Till Date |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tanhaji-movie-review-ajay-devgn-saif-ali-khans-technically-sound-film-has-a-lot-to-offer-2452871.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=News18}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]'' stated "''Tanhaji'' loudly sings its hero’s praises, creating a spectacle that is thrilling when in battle mode and troubling when considering the dynamic between the Marathas and the Mughals."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=10 January 2020 |title='Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior' movie review: Rousing battle scenes lift one-dimensional period piece |url=https://scroll.in/reel/949199/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-review-rousing-battle-scenes-lift-one-dimensional-period-piece |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave three out of five stars stating "In ''Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior'', we get to see iconic warriors of India shed tears copiously. We get to see jingoism masked as Maratha valor. There are a lot of things going for ''Tanhaji'', but, deep inside, it is unsettling to see such polarizing historical dramas."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2020 |title='Tanhaji-The Unsung Warrior' review: A jingoistic history lesson that boasts path-breaking visuals – The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/Jan/10/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-review-a-jingoistic-history-lesson-that-boasts-path-breaking-visuals-2087720.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated four out of five stars and stated ''Tanhaji'' is an entertaining and a paisa-vasool film that would be loved by the masses as well as classes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji – The Unsung Warrior Review 4.0/5 : Ajay Devgn's TANHAJI: THE UNSUNG WARRIOR is an entertaining paisa-vasool film that would be loved by the masses as well as classes. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior/critic-review/taanaji-the-unsung-warrior-movie-review/ |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Suparna Sharma of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave three out of five stars stating "''Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior'', whose plot is essentially a march towards the battle, is not a bad film. It is, in fact, quite entertaining when it is at war."<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior -Thrilling action flick marred by twisted agenda |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/120120/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-thrilling-action-flick-marred-by-twisted.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave three out of five stars stating "Watch it for the magnificent performances by Kajol and Khan who clearly outshine this Devgn-led vehicle."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior' Review: Saif Ali Khan delivers his best performance till date in Ajay Devgn's magnum opus |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-review-saif-ali-khan-delivers-his-best-performance-till-date-in-ajay-devgn-s-magnum-opus-2808701/amp |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Tanhaji'' earned {{INRConvert|15.10|c|year=2020|mode=historical}} at the domestic box office on its opening day. On the second day, the film collected {{INRConvert|20.57|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}. On the third day, the film collected {{INRConvert|26.26|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}, taking total opening weekend collection to ₹619.3 million {{INRConvert|61.93|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}.<ref name="bo" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji vs Chhapaak box office day 3: Ajay Devgn film crosses Rs 60 crore in first weekend, Deepika Padukone-starrer makes Rs 19 cr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tanhaji-vs-chhapaak-box-office-day-3-ajay-devgn-film-crosses-rs-60-crore-in-first-weekend-deepika-padukone-starrer-makes-rs-19-cr/story-jVv0EsMv5lay140HVUeyCN.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> On the fourth day (13 January), the film collected {{INRConvert|13.75|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}, and film's collection stood at {{INRConvert|75.63|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji vs Chhapaak box office collection day 4: Ajay Devgn's film crosses Rs 75 cr, Deepika Padukone-starrer struggles at Rs 21.37 cr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tanhaji-vs-chhapaak-box-office-collection-day-4-ajay-devgn-s-film-nears-rs-75-cr-deepika-padukone-starrer-struggles-at-rs-21-cr/story-JgdTZB6K0ijL3Ojsoic8qK.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> On the fifth day (14 January), the collection stood much higher after the long holiday weekend owing to [[Makar Sankranti]] and the film collected {{INRConvert|15.28|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}, totalling the first five-day collection to {{INRConvert|90.96|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji vs Chhapaak box office day 5: Ajay Devgn film heads towards Rs 100 cr club, Deepika Padukone's movie collects Rs 23.92 cr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tanhaji-vs-chhapaak-box-office-day-5-ajay-devgn-film-heads-towards-rs-100-cr-club-deepika-padukone-s-movie-collects-rs-23-cr/story-VhdYjrztltJsP5KwYjpX6H.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> On 15 January, the film hit the {{Indian Rupee|}}100-crore mark,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji The Unsung Warrior crosses Rs 100 crore. Ajay Devgn thanks fans for bhayankar success |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-crosses-rs-100-crore-ajay-devgn-thanks-fans-for-bhayankar-success-1637664-2020-01-17 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref> as the six-day collections stood up to {{INRConvert|107.68|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior crosses Rs 100 cr at domestic box office, lifetime collection of Ajay Devgn's previous hits |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-crosses-rs-100-cr-at-domestic-box-office-lifetime-collection-of-ajay-devgns-previous-hits-7914171.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji Box Office Collection Day 6: Ajay Devgn, Saif Ali Khan's Film Crosses the Rs 100 Crore Mark |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ajay-devgns-tanhaji-crosses-rs-100-crore-mark-at-box-office-2460131.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=News18}}</ref> At the end of the first week (16 January),<ref>{{Cite news |title='Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior' box office collection Week 1: Ajay Devgn, Kajol and Saif Ali Khan's film has a phenomenal run; reaches a total of Rs 116 crore – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-box-office-collection-week-1-ajay-devgn-kajol-and-saif-ali-khans-film-has-a-phenomenal-run-reaches-a-total-of-rs-116-crore/articleshow/73322672.cms |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> the film collected {{INRConvert|118.91|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji vs Chhapaak box office day 7: Ajay Devgn film roars with Rs 118.91 cr in first week, Deepika Padukone starrer collects Rs 28.38 cr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tanhaji-vs-chhapaak-box-office-day-7-ajay-devgn-film-roars-with-rs-119-cr-in-first-week-deepika-padukone-starrer-collects-rs-28-cr/story-RaApgKF5DpUo9fiOc4tEpN.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> The film collected {{INRConvert|128.97|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}, on the eighth day of its release,<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji The Unsung Warrior box office collection Day 8: Ajay Devgn film earns Rs 128.97 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-box-office-collection-day-8-1637954-2020-01-18 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref> with a strong opening on the second Friday.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior' box office collection Day 8: Ajay Devgn starrer holds strong on second Friday – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-box-office-collection-day-8-ajay-devgn-starrer-holds-strong-on-second-friday/articleshow/73348950.cms |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The film crossed the {{INR}}150 crore mark on the tenth day of its release.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Tanhaji: The unsung Warrior' Box office collection Day 10: Ajay Devgn starrer sees a huge second Sunday and garners Rs. 21 crore nett – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-box-office-collection-day-10-ajay-devgn-starrer-sees-a-huge-second-sunday-and-garners-rs-21-crore-nett/articleshow/73420059.cms |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji box office day 10: Ajay Devgn's film collects Rs 166 cr, to become his second Rs 200 cr film soon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tanhaji-box-office-day-10-ajay-devgn-s-film-collects-rs-166-cr-to-become-his-second-rs-200-cr-film-soon/story-HYWAKxZROtr1aNPzwOl8ZK.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> On 25 January, the film crossed the {{INR}}200 crore mark,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji The Unsung Warrior enters Rs 200-crore club, Ajay Devgn says 'Marching towards glory with all your love' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-enters-rs-200-crore-club-ajay-devgn-says-marching-towards-glory-with-all-your-love/story-PfVEtpwdNwk2QBY1OK5hLK.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> as the overall collection stood up to {{INRConvert|202.83|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2020 |title=Tanhaji box office: 'Tanhaji' enters Rs 200 cr-club, becomes Ajay Devgn's highest-grossing film – The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tanhaji-enters-rs-200-cr-club-becomes-ajay-devgns-highest-grossing-film/articleshow/73611781.cms |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> On 3 February, the film collected {{INRConvert|250|c|year=2020|mode=historical}} at the box office.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} At the end of its seventh week, the film collected {{INRConvert|276.90|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanhaji – The Unsung Warrior Box Office Collection Week 7: Ajay Devgn's Film Crosses Rs 275 Crore Mark |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-box-office-collection-week-7-ajay-devgns-film-crosses-rs-275-crore-mark-2184998 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The film managed to earn {{INRConvert|279.60|c|year=2020|mode=historical}},<ref>{{Cite news |title=First-quarter box office report: Ajay Devgn's 'Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior' dominates as Bollywood earns a total of Rs 732.63 crore – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/first-quarter-box-office-report-ajay-devgns-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-dominates-as-bollywood-earns-a-total-of-rs-732-63-crore/articleshow/74963277.cms |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> at the domestic box office, within 50 days of its release.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} As of 13 March 2020, with theatres closure due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the film had accumulated {{INRConvert|332.8|c|year=2020|mode=historical}},<ref name="tgww:bo2" /> in India and {{INRConvert|34.85|c|year=2020|mode=historical}} overseas,<ref name="tgww:bo2" /> thus collecting {{INRConvert|367.65|c|year=2020|mode=historical}} worldwide, it became the [[List of Bollywood films of 2020|highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2020]].<ref name="tgww:bo2">{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grosser Worldwide |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2020/ |access-date=14 March 2020 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref name="bo" />

== Historical inaccuracy ==

In the final fight against Udaybhan Rathod, Tanhaji lost his shield, not his arm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2019 |title=Shelar Mama killed Udaybhan |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/all-you-need-to-know-about-tanaji-malusare-before-tanhaji-the-unsung-warrior-hits-the-screens/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=Eastern Eye |publisher=Murtuza Nullwala}}</ref> Tanhaji's brother Suryaji Malusare also fought bravely. Tanhaji never a threw stick at Chhtrapati Shivaji Maharaj as depicted in this film. In 17th century [[Maratha]] warriors used shields made up of the back of tortoise, they did not use shields made up of metals as shown in this movie. In one scene a barber helps Udaybhan but this incident has no historical truth. Tanhaji was never captured and held captive by Udaybhan Rathod as depicted in this film. Moreover, some sources reveal that Udaybhan was killed by Shelar Mama, and not by Tanhaji, as depicted in the movie.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ATHALE |first=Colonel ANIL A. |title=Tanhaji and the distortions of history |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/tanhaji-and-the-distortions-of-history/20200121.htm |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=तान्हाजी: 11 ठिकाणी इतिहासाची मोडतोड करत सनातनी राष्ट्रवादाची पायाभरणी? |url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-51259911 |access-date=2022-05-23 |work=BBC News मराठी |language=mr}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2024}}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="13"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="13"| [[66th Filmfare Awards|27 March 2021]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| [[Ajay Devgn FFilms]], [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="13"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2021 |title=Nominations For The 66th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021_-47279.html |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=Filmfare}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2021 |title=66th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2021: Complete Winners' List |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2020-complete-winners-list/articleshow/81723905.cms |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[Om Raut]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Ajay Devgn]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Saif Ali Khan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| Prakash Kapadia, Om Raut
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
| Prakash Kapadia
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| Keiko Nakahara
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Production Design]]
| Sriram Kannan Iyengar, Sujeet Sawant
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| Nachiket Barve, Mahesh Sheria
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
| Ramazan Bulut, Rp Yadav
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| [[Ganesh Acharya]] – ("Shankara Re Shankara")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
| Prasad Sutar
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[IIFA Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[22nd IIFA Awards|4 June 2022]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|[[Ajay Devgn FFilms]], [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-04-01 |title=IIFA 2022 Nominations: Shershaah takes the lead with 12 Nominations, Ludo and 83 emerge as strong contenders; check out the complete list : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Sound Design
|Lochan Kanvinde
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" | [[68th National Film Awards|22 July 2022]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
|[[Ajay Devgn FFilms]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-22 |title=68th National Film Awards winners list: Suriya's Soorarai Pottru wins big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/68th-national-film-awards-winners-list-8045178/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Ajay Devgn{{efn|shared with [[Suriya]] for ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2022 |title=68th National Film Awards | Soorarai Pottru wins Best Film award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/soorarai-pottru-dominates-68th-national-film-awards/article65671204.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|Nachiket Barve & Mahesh Sherla
|{{won}}
|}

=== Legacy and social impact ===
''Tanhaji'' became the highest-rated film of the year.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} A report from [[Google Trends]] stated that the film is the third most searched film on Google.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Bechara Tops Google's List Of 10 Most Searched Films In India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dil-bechara-tops-googles-list-of-10-most-searched-films-in-india-2337383 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title=Dil Bechara, Soorarai Pottru, Tanhaji, Sadak 2, Laxmii among the most searched films on Google in 2020 in India : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dil-bechara-soorarai-pottru-tanhaji-sadak-2-laxmii-among-searched-films-google-2020-india/ |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The film was selected as one of the Best Foreign Film to be screened at the [[78th Golden Globe Awards]] in January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2020 |title='Soorarai Pottru', 'Asuran', 'Jallikattu' to be screened at the Golden Globes 2021 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/soorarai-pottru-asuran-jallikattu-be-screened-golden-globes-2021-139981 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{IMDb title|8108274}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|tanhaji_the_unsung_warrior}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|taanaji-the-unsung-warrior}}

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[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 3D films]]
[[Category:2020 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2020 action drama films]]
[[Category:2020s historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Ajay Devgn]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sachet–Parampara]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ajay–Atul]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:Biographical action films]]
[[Category:2010s historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Action films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Epic films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set in the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1670s]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Tanaji Malusare]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Shivaji]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Aurangzeb]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:2010s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Om Raut]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pune]]
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on Marathi people]]
[[Category:Devgn Films films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Raavan (2022 film)

2026-03-10T13:25:24Z

AmiePesina: started new entry from scratch

{{Short description|2022 Indian Bengali action-thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raavan
| image = Raavan 2022 film poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = MN Raj
| producer = [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] Gopal Madnani Amit Jumrani
| story = MN Raj
| based_on = [[Ramayana]]
| screenplay = MN Raj Arnab Bhaumik Anubhab
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl | Arnab Bhaumik Anubhab}}
}}
| starring = [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] Lahoma Bhattacharya [[Tanusree Chakraborty]]
| music = [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]], The Red Kettle
| cinematography = Manas Ganguly
| editing = [[Md Kalam]]
| studio = Jeetz Filmworks CAG Studios
| distributor = Grassroot Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|4|29}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Raavan''''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ɑː|v|ə|n}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Action film|vigilante action thriller film]] written and directed by MN Raj marking his directorial debut<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raavan Movie (2022) {{!}} Release Date, Cast, Trailer, Songs, Streaming Online at Hotstar |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/raavan-785790.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.digit.in |language=en}}</ref> and produced by [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], Gopal Madnani and Amit Jumrani under the banner of Jeetz Filmworks. It stars [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] in the titular role alongside, Lahoma Bhattacharya (in her debut), [[Tanusree Chakraborty]], [[Shataf Figar]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] and [[Biswanath Basu]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeets-raavan-teaser-brings-back-memories-of-abhishek-bachchans-raavan-look/articleshow/88025978.cms|title=Jeet's 'Raavan' teaser brings back memories of Abhishek Bachchan's 'Raavan' look - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=December 2021 }}</ref> The film is partially adapted from the Indian epic ''[[Ramayana]]''.

The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]], The Red Kettle while the background score was by Anbu Selvan.The action sequences were designed by [[Ravi Varma (stunt director)|Ravi Varma]], with dance choreographed by [[Imran Sardhariya]].

''Raavan'' was theatrically released on April 29, 2022 during the festive season of [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]].<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==
The plot revolves around several gruesome murders that took place in [[Kolkata]], like that of the editor of a newspaper, a corrupt MLA involved in women trafficking and an industrialist, all of them credited to be involved in corruption. The format of these crimes are considered to be none other than [[Serial killer|serial killing]], as all of them were done by a killer named Raavan. On the other hand, the assigned lady police officer Sumaiyaa Jahan investigates the case and suspects a Professor Ram Mukherjee to be the killer as he resembles Raavan''.''<ref name=":0" />

==Cast==
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as
** Ram Mukherjee, A College Professor.
** Raavan, A notorious killer
* Lahoma Bhattacharya as Rai, Ram's student-turned-lover
* [[Tanusree Chakraborty]] as ACP Sumaiya Jahan
* [[Biswanath Basu]] as Inspector Chayan Pandey
* [[Shataf Figar]] as Joint Commissioner Rajiv Sharma
* Alok Jain as Gangster Om Damani
* Rana Mitra as MLA Amar Chowdhury
* Jack Bhattacharya as Sudhir Dutta, Chief Editor of Bhorer Kagaj
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Vinod Ghoshal, college vice principal
* Subhadra Mukherjee as Sushoma, Vinod's wife
* Arindam Ganguly as Ram's father
* Swagata Basu as Ram's mother
* Rohit Mukherjee as Police Commissioner Subrata Sen
* Bhavna Banerjee as Ena, Call girl
* Somnath Kar as Khalid Aslam
* Subhasish Ganguly as College Principle
* Nanak Madnani as ACP Younus Khan
* Buddhadeb Bhattacharya as ACP Dibyendu Sinha Roy

==Production==
'''Announcement'''

After Baazi (2021), Jeet's next film was reported to be another action-thriller directed by a debutant. The film was announced under the title 'Raavan' with a first look poster on Dussera.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeet-starts-shooting-for-his-next-raavan/articleshow/87204830.cms|title=Jeet starts shooting for his next 'Raavan' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/actor-jeet-turns-raavan-for-upcoming-film/|title=লাল চোখে কুটিল হাসি, 'রাবণ'-এর চরিত্রে চমকে দিলেন অভিনেতা জিৎ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/jeet-introduces-his-new-heroine-lahoma-while-announcing-the-release-date-of-raavan-425954/lahoma2-425956|title=লহমার পাশে জিৎ|website=Zee24Ghanta.com|language=bn}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raavan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]The Red Kettle (you are my love )
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:47
| language = Bengali
| label = Grassroot Entertainment
| producer =
| misc = {{External media | video1 ={{YouTube|WC0OJogYB-w|"Keu Jaane Naa"}} | video2 ={{YouTube|10UJYSvAlzk|"You Are My Love"}} | video3 = {{YouTube|5ywXQBLCtrw|"Ami Tor"}} }}
{{Singles
| name = Raavan
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Keu Jaane Naa
| single1date = 1 April 2022
| single2 = You Are My Love
| single2date = 14 April 2022
| single3 = Ami Tor
| single3date = 21 April 2022
| single4 =
| single4date =
}}
}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]] The Red Kettle with lyrics written by Prosen, [[Budhaditya Mukherjee]] and Ritam Sen.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 16:47
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Keu Jaane Naa
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| length1 = 4:39
| title2 = You Are My Love
| extra2 = [[Ash King]]
| length2 = 3:58
| title3 = Ami Tor
| extra3 = [[Javed Ali]] [[Antara Mitra]]
| length3 = 3:31
| title4 = Keu Jaane Naa (Reprised Version)
| extra4 = [[Yasser Desai]]
| length4 = 4:39
}}

== Reception ==
Shamayita.Chakraborty of ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewed the film and gave it 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Such brutality is not often seen in the Bengali film spectrum. Raavan is for those who love action and have an appetite for violence. Jeet as Raavan will not let them down."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/raavan/movie-review/91238782.cms|title=Raavan Movie Review: Raavan's appetite for action overwhelms Ram this time|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' and ''[[Ei Samay]]'' both rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/actor-jeets-new-bengali-movie-ravaan-fail-to-impress-audinece/|title='রাবণ' রূপে তাক লাগালেন জিৎ! কতটা জমল এই ছবি?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/jeet-raavan-is-still-popular-than-dev-kishmish-according-to-movie-ticket-booking-platform/articleshow/91292563.cms|title=Kishmish vs Raavan: বক্স অফিসে 'কামাল' দেবের, তবু এগিয়ে জিৎ!|website=EI Samay|date=3 May 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/jeets-ravaan-successfully-hits-box-office-audience-response-is-huge-dgtl/cid/1341570|title=Ravaan: হলে সিটি, তালি পড়ছে! 'রাবণ'-বাণে বক্স অফিস ভেদ দেখতে পাচ্ছেন অভিনেতা-প্রযোজক জিৎ|first=নিজস্ব|last=সংবাদদাতা|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15760296}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Jeetz Filmworks films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime action films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime drama films]]

{{2020s-romantic-drama-film-stub}}
{{2020s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Maharashtra Institute of Medical Science and Research

2026-03-09T12:38:28Z

AmiePesina:

{{Short description|Medical school in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Maharashtra Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
|other_names = MIMSR
|image_name = Maharashtra Institute of Medical Education and Research Logo.png
|image_size =
|caption = Maharashtra Institute of Medical Sciences & Research
|latin_name =
|motto = Service before Self
|tagline =
|established = 1989
|type = Private Medical College
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty =
|president =
|provost =
|principal =
|rector =
|chancellor =
|vice_chancellor =
|dean = [[Nawab Pashasaheb Jamadar]]
|director = [[Ramesh Karad]], [[Hanumant Karad]]

|head_label =
|head =
|students =
|undergrad = 150 per academic year
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|profess =
|city = [[Latur]]
|state = [[Maharashtra]]
|country = India
|campus =
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|colours =
|mascot =
|fightsong =
|nickname = MIMSR
|affiliations = Maharashtra University of Health Sciences; Medical Council of India
|footnotes =
|website = {{url|https://mimsr.edu.in}}
|address = Ambajogai Highway, Latur
|publictransit =
|coor =
|logo =
}}

'''Maharashtra Institute of Medical Sciences & Research''' is a [[medical school]] located in [[Latur]], [[Maharashtra]], India. It is affiliated to the [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]] and recognised by the [[Medical Council of India]]. It was established in 1989 and principally offers a graduate degree in medicine namely [[MBBS]] (Bachelor of [[Medicine]] Bachelor of [[Surgery]]). It has a total student intake capacity of 150. Postgraduate (MD/MS) courses are also offered.

The division of seats for students from the state of Maharashtra & Rest of India is as follows:
*Students from [[Maharashtra Health and Technical Common Entrance Test|MHTCET]](Maharashtra Health Sciences Common Entrance test): 85%
*Students from PMT(All India Pre Medical Test): 15%

The detailed division of seats can be seen on the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences website and is subject to change.

The college campus is located on the outskirts of the Latur city. The Hospital attached to the college is Yeshwantrao Chavan Rural Hospital, Latur.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://mimsr.edu.in/}}

{{coord|18.4295|76.5783|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Education in Latur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Maharashtra]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}
{{Maharashtra-university-stub}}

Yaadgaar (1984 film)

2026-03-03T23:57:38Z

AmiePesina: minor changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yaadgaar
| image = Yaadgaar 1984 poster.jpg

| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| producer = Prakash.R.C
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Dasari Narayana Rao,
* Dr. Rahi Masoom Reza {{small|(dialogue)}}
}}
| narrator =
| story = Rajbabu
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Poonam Dhillon]]
* [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
}}
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = M. Kannappa
| editing = D. Raja Gopal
| studio = Shiv Shakti Films
| distributor = Aasia Films
| released = {{Film date|1984|07|20|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Yaadgar''''' is a 1984 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]],<ref name="rao">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-dasari-narayan-rao-passes-away-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-mahesh-bahu-condolences-twitter-383927 |title=Dasari Narayan Rao passes away: Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan, Mahesh Bahu pay their tributes |date=31 May 2017 |work=[[India TV]] |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> starring [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Poonam Dhillon]] and [[Sanjeev Kumar]]. The film featured lyrics penned by [[Indivar]] and [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]], music by [[Bappi Lahiri]].

==Plot==
Rajnath "Raju" is a liar; he used to lie to everyone in his village for money. One day a fire erupted in a function in a village, his father was badly injured, he tried to convince the doctor and other villagers to come and help him save his father, but due to his lying habits no one believed him, Eventually, his father died due to lack of medical care. The next day he ends up at his sister's home who was married, his in-laws let him stay in the house in return for helping in household chores, but he ends up as full-time servant and he gets rotten food to eat. One day, when his in-law has an accident, he holds him responsible for being very unlucky for him and the whole family. The next day when he is sent to buy groceries, he saves a blind women from thugs and he ends up losing all the groceries. When he goes home, he gets insulted by his own sister because she does not believe his story and thinks that he must have spent the money for himself. Later, he is given a task to repair a family clock which he accidentally breaks; to buy a replica of the clock, he takes part in a race to earn some money. He wins the race and buys the clock, but when he returns home he is beaten by his in-laws because his sister's husband had lost his job and he again blames him for being so unlucky. His sister cannot tolerate this and just asks her brother to go away and leave the house. He learns that the blind girl's mother is seriously ill so he brings a doctor, but it's too late and her mother died. The story shifts to Rai Sahib Kalpnath Rai, a superstitious rich man who was losing his everything in betting and gambling. One day he encounters Raju while going for a bet and he wins the bet for the very first time in his life. He brings him home as he finds him lucky, as he has no kids, he adopts Raju after various profitable deals. Raju marries the blind girl and gives her treatment at a hospital for her eyesight, she gets her eyesight back and Kalpnath eventually becomes a father. Everything was going well until Raju gets cancer due to eating rotten food for such a long time at his in-laws house. Later, he is blamed for poisoning his new-born brother for inheritance, but when his mother learns that he is already suffering from cancer, she is sorry. Later, her own brother is guilty and then Raju dies in his parents' arms.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Rai Sahib Kalpnath Rai
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Rajnath "Raju"
* [[Poonam Dhillon]] as Naina "Naini"
* [[Tanuja]] as Malti
* [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Laxmi Rai
* [[Dina Pathak]] as Suresh's mother
* [[Purnima (Hindi actress)|Purnima]] as Parvati "Paro"
* [[Baby Meena]]
* [[Sujit Kumar]] as Suresh
* [[Rajendra Nath|Rajendranath]] as Chhotelal
* [[Bhagwan Dada]] as Bhagwan
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Munim Govardhan
* [[Dinessh Hingoo]] as Rajnath's friend
* [[Vijay Arora]] as Dr. Bhatnagar
* [[Raza Murad]] as Balwant
* [[Mohan choti]] as Rajnath's friend
* [[Raj Kishore]] as Chatur Singh
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yaadgaar
| type = film
| artist = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cover =
| released = 1984
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| length = 24:48
| label = Music India Limited (MIL)
| producer =
}}

The music was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Yaadgaar Vinyl LP Records|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/Yaadgaar-Bollywood-Vinyl-Lp-Record-OST-Music-India-Music-by-Bappi-Lahiri-l2274-/261353432262?pt=Music_on_Vinyl&hash=item3cd9e0e4c6|access-date=2013-12-15}}</ref> Bangladeshi playback singer [[Runa Laila]] sang in this film soundtrack.<ref>{{cite web|title=I'm still learning: Runa Laila |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/47502/im-still-learning-runa-laila |date=2 August 2018 |work=newagebd.net |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Aate Hain, Chale Jate Hain"-1
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Aate Hain, Chale Jate Hain"-2
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Raju Mera Naam"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Sa Se Banta Hai Saathi"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Thare Mare Naina Lad Gaye"
| [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|-
| "Yeh Mere Dil Ki Dua"
| Bappi Lahiri
|-
| "Ae Dilwale Aao"
| [[Runa Laila]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0262913|title=Yaadgaar}}

{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yaadgar (1984 Film)}}
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1984 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:1984 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Jeevan (film)

2026-03-03T23:15:21Z

AmiePesina: creating a article

{{One source|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Jeevan
| image =

| caption =
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1944}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Jeevan''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1944|1944]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=25 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0036971 |title=Jeevan}}

[[Category:1944 films]]
[[Category:1944 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1944 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ansh: The Deadly Part

2026-03-03T11:49:07Z

AmiePesina: improve layout after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ansh: The Deadly Part
| director = Sai Thalvar
| writer = Sandeep Joshi
| starring = [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] [[Ashutosh Rana]] [[Om Puri]] [[Milind Gunaji]] [[Rajat Bedi]] [[Sharbani Mukherjee]] [[Shama Sikander]] [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| music = [[Nadeem–Shravan]]
| editing = Arun-Shekhar
| cinematography = V. Subbarao
| producer = Suresh Sharma
| studio = Rukamanee Arts
| released = {{Film date|2002|04|26|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Ansh : The Deadly Part''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime thriller]] film written and directed by Rajan Jori, starring [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] (In his Hindi film debut), [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Om Puri]] and [[Rajat Bedi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/12ansh.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: The Rediff Review: Ansh -- The Deadly Part|website=www.rediff.com|accessdate=26 March 2023|archive-date=16 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016002143/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/12ansh.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date= |title=Ansh Movie Review: On the whole, ANSH is an ordinary fare that may find some patronage at small centres. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ansh/critic-review/ansh-movie-review/ |website=Bollywood |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

==Plot==
Deputy Superintendent of Police Bhagat Pandey, is thorough, and honest, having an excellent track record of apprehending criminals. This background creates problems for him with other criminals, who are closely connected to powerful politicians. As a result, he is transferred to Bombay (now known as Mumbai). He takes charge of his post, and transforms everything into a diligent and honest policing machine. Unfortunately, politicians and criminals alike do not like his diligence, and talk about transferring him to Kashmir, where he will be killed in an encounter with a terrorist. Bhagat also comes in touch with suspended Police Inspector Sukhdev Singh, and gang leader, Rajnath Guru, the son of a freedom-fighter, Dinanathji.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Rajnaath Guru
*[[Om Puri]] as Bhagath Pandey
*[[Ashutosh Rana]] as Sukhdev Singh
*[[Sharbani Mukherji]] as Shweta
*[[Shama Sikander]] as Kusum
*[[Rajat Bedi]] as Munna
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Dawoo
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as Govind Edda
*[[Milind Gunaji]] as Babu Bakshi
*[[Alok Nath]] as Dina Nathji
*[[Ravi Kishan]] as Dhoble
*[[Pankaj Berry]] as Inspector Patil
*[[Ishrat Ali]] as Bhawani Chaudhary
*[[Mushtaq Khan]] as M. P. Patel
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Yadav
*Ram Awana as a gangster}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ansh: The Deadly Part
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Nadeem–Shravan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2001
| recorded = 2001
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 44:00
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[Nadeem–Shravan]] with the lyrics written by [[Sameer Anjaan]].
{| class="wikitable sortable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1.
| "Masoom Chehra"
| [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 2.
| "Hum Apni Taraf Se"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], Alka Yagnik
|-
| 3.
| "Dhoom Machi Hai"
| [[Udit Narayan]], Dimple
|-
| 4.
| "Mumbai Mein"
| [[K. K.]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Hozef & Tausif
|-
| 5.
| "Beech Bajaria"
| [[Sapna Awasthi]]
|-
| 6.
| "Sirf Sunday Ko"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 7.
| "Desh Ko Yaaro"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
|8.
|"Masoom Chehra" (Male)
|Sonu Nigam
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0315777}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]
[[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2002 action thriller films]]

Romeo Juliet (2015 film)

2026-03-03T10:08:02Z

AmiePesina:

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Lakshman}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Romeo Juliet
| image = Romeo Juliet 2015 .jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Lakshman (director)|Lakshman]]
| producer = S. Nanthagopal
| writer = Lakshman
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ravi Mohan]]
* [[Hansika Motwani]]
}}
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = [[Soundararajan (cinematographer)|Soundararajan]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = Madras Enterprises
| distributor = Cosmo Village [http://www.antennaentertainment.com/ Antenna Entertainments] (Malaysia)
| released = {{Film date|2015|06|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes<ref name="BBFC">{{Cite web |date=8 June 2015 |title=''ROMEO JULIET'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/romeo-juliet-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotc5otk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218140422/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/romeo-juliet-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotc5otk |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=9 June 2015 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Romeo Juliet''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film<ref name=BBFC/> written and directed by [[Lakshman (director)|Lakshman]] in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Ravi Mohan]] (credited as Jayam Ravi) and [[Hansika Motwani]], with music composed by [[D. Imman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hansika & Jayam Ravi in Romeo and Juliet |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-jayam-ravi-in-romeo-and-juliet-imagegallery-kollywood-oelnsBcfcgb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412002542/http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-jayam-ravi-in-romeo-and-juliet-imagegallery-kollywood-oelnsBcfcgb.html |archive-date=12 April 2014 |access-date=11 January 2016 |website=Sify.com}}</ref> The title alludes to [[William Shakespeare]] play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' though the film is not based on it. The film was released on 12 June 2015.

==Plot==
Aishwarya is a [[flight attendant]], and having grown up in an orphanage, she believes marrying into a wealthy family is the only way to find happiness. After meeting Karthik on a flight, she assumes he is rich and continues to dig for more information on where he lives and what he does for work. On the other hand, Karthik falls in love with Aishwarya for her charm and beauty, but when she finds out that Karthik is only a [[personal trainer]] renting bachelor quarters, she breaks up with him. Although Karthik tries to convince Aishwarya that their relationship can work out even without riches, Aishwarya is persistent on money being the essential factor. She humiliates Karthik on a day out when he can prove that he can look after her.

A few months later, Aishwarya enters into a relationship with Arjun, a wealthy rich [[business magnate]] and his family agrees to their wedding. Karthik comes to her engagement party with a gift and lets her know the next day that he's ecstatic that she's moved on, but her job now is to find him a suitable girl to move on with, or he'll let Arjun know of their past together. Aishwarya tries to get out of it but eventually takes the task seriously. After many failed attempts, she connects him with Nisha. Karthik and Nisha hit it off right away, but Aishwarya finds that she has enjoyed spending time with Karthik again, and they part amicably, promising to hang out again soon.

As Aishwarya's wedding approaches, she feels suffocated by the restrictive lifestyle imposed by her wealthy family. One day, she runs into Karthik at a temple, and he tells her that he's on his way home to his village and getting engaged to Nisha the night before [[Valentine's Day]]. Aishwarya's wedding is set to take place in [[London]] the night before Valentine's Day. Karthik takes Aishwarya to his village with him, where she meets his family; when they go home, Aishwarya finds it hard to say goodbye.

On the night Aishwarya is supposed to leave, she finally realises that she doesn't want to be with Arjun or his strict family and tells him she wants to go. Arjun tells her that from now on, she is free to live the way she chooses. His family won't try, and control her anymore, but when Aishwarya still appears hesitant, Arjun firmly questions her to open up. Aishwarya admits she's in love with Karthik. Crying, she heads to Karthik and Nisha's engagement party. She confesses her feelings to him but gets rejected harshly. Karthik leaves the party early with Nisha, leaving a distraught Aishwarya behind. The DJ starts playing another song to start a [[flash mob]] and reveals Karthik at the back, where he reveals that he and Nisha orchestrated the relationship to make Aishwarya realise her mistake and love for him. Karthik and Aishwarya finally reunite.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravi Mohan]] as Karthik
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Subbulakshmi aka Aishwarya
* [[Poonam Bajwa]] as Nisha
* [[Vamsi Krishna]] as Arjun
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as VTV Ganesh
* Shankara Narayanan as Karthik's father
* [[Uma Padmanabhan]] as Karthik's mother
* [[Madhumila]] as Priya
* Shreya Gupto as Tina
* [[Myna Nandhini]] as Divyashree
* Mathew Varghese as Arjun's relative
* Bhawana Aneja as Arjun's relative
* Jeevitha Shankar as Arjun's relative
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Himself ([[cameo appearance]])
}}

== Production ==
Lakshman, who had previously ventured into films as producer of ''[[Kalvanin Kadhali (2006 film)|Kalvanin Kadhali]]'' (2006), announced that he would make his first venture as a director with a film titled ''Romeo Juliet'' featuring [[Jayam Ravi]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2016 |title="Jayam Ravi, Hansika, Director Lakshman and Myself has united as a family through Bogan..." says Producer Prabhudeva – ChennaiVision |url=https://chennaivision.com/jayam-ravi-hansika-director-lakshman-united-family-bogan-says-producer-prabhudeva/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103165340/https://chennaivision.com/jayam-ravi-hansika-director-lakshman-united-family-bogan-says-producer-prabhudeva/ |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=ChennaiVision |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="dm">{{Cite web |title=Dandanakka - Romeo Juliet 2015 |url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2ibduf_dandanakka-romeo-juliet-2015-anirudh-d-imman_shortfilms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160734/http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2ibduf_dandanakka-romeo-juliet-2015-anirudh-d-imman_shortfilms |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=29 December 2014 |website=[[Dailymotion]] |publisher=Anirudh D Imman Shortfilms}}</ref> Despite its title, it is not based on the [[William Shakespeare]] play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Groves |first=Don |date=31 January 2017 |title=Can Tamil Stars Jayam Ravi And Arvind Swamy Repeat Their Box Office Magic in 'Bogan?' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2017/01/31/can-tamil-stars-jayam-ravi-and-arvind-swamy-repeat-their-box-office-magic-in-bogan/#15ed8ee7253c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702094815/https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2017/01/31/can-tamil-stars-jayam-ravi-and-arvind-swamy-repeat-their-box-office-magic-in-bogan/#15ed8ee7253c |archive-date=2 July 2018 |access-date=2 July 2018 |work=Forbes}}</ref> The director had initially finalised/convinced [[Nayantara]] to play the leading female role but did not want to repeat her pairing with Jayam Ravi, as the pair were working on another production, [[M. Raja|Raja]]'s ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'', at the time of casting. Subsequently, he chose to cast [[Hansika Motwani]] in a leading role instead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2014 |title=Hansika replaces Nayanthara ... - E-Iway News |url=http://eiway.com/2014/04/11/hansika-replaces-nayanthara/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104190112/http://eiway.com/2014/04/11/hansika-replaces-nayanthara/ |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=11 January 2016 |website=Eiway.com}}</ref> A photo shoot was then held and promotional stills featuring the lead pair were released to the media in late March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi and Hansika are the new 'Romeo and Juliet' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ravi-and-hansika-are-the-new-romeo-and-juliet-news-tamil-odzkfMihahb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328151727/http://www.sify.com/movies/ravi-and-hansika-are-the-new-romeo-and-juliet-news-tamil-odzkfMihahb.html |archive-date=28 March 2014 |access-date=11 January 2016 |website=Sify.com}}</ref> Hansika revealed that she would play a girl with a "futuristic attitude", while Jayam Ravi's character would be more conservative in the romantic comedy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2014 |title=More on Jayam Ravi – Hansika starrer Romeo Juliet |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/more-on-jayam-ravi-hansika-starrer-romeo-juliet.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071706/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/more-on-jayam-ravi-hansika-starrer-romeo-juliet.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=11 January 2016 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>

The film's first official poster released on 14 April 2014 coinciding with [[Tamil New Year]]s Day and indicated that filming had begun. The team held their first schedule in May 2014, with [[Poonam Bajwa]] joining the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2014 |title=Poonam Bajwa joins the 'Romeo Juliet' team |url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/poonam-bajwa-joins-romeo-juliet-team-jayam-ravi-hansika/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092628/http://www.onlykollywood.com/poonam-bajwa-joins-romeo-juliet-team-jayam-ravi-hansika/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=11 January 2016 |publisher=Only Kollywood}}</ref> The team shot a sequence where real life actors approach Jayam Ravi's character, a fitness trainer, to help them achieve six pack abs with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] making a guest appearance.<ref name="dm" />

The first look teaser was released on 29 December 2014 with only the lead cast appearing on it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romeo Juliet Tamil Movie Teaser- Jayam Ravi |url=http://viralmediawire.com/romeo-juliet-tamil-movie-teaser-launched/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229172405/http://viralmediawire.com/romeo-juliet-tamil-movie-teaser-launched/ |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Romeo Juliet
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = D. Imman
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2015
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:58
| language = Tamil
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Valiyavan]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga]]
| next_year = 2015
}}
[[D. Imman]] composed the soundtrack album and score for the film. G. [[Rokesh]], Madhan Karky and Thamarai wrote the lyrics.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:58
| title1 = Dandanakka
| length1 = 4:20
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| lyrics1 = [[Rokesh]]
| title2 = Thoovaanam
| length2 = 4:26
| extra2 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| lyrics2 = [[Thamarai]]
| title3 = Idarkuthaane Aasaipattai Balakumari
| length3 = 4:01
| extra3 = [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
| lyrics3 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| title4 = Romeo Romeo
| length4 = 4:32
| extra4 = Vishal Dadlani, Hyde Karty
| lyrics4 = Madhan Karky
| title5 = Adiye Ivale
| note5 = Arakki
| length5 = 4:47
| extra5 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| lyrics5 = Madhan Karky
| title6 = Thoovaanam
| note6 = Reprise
| length6 = 4:52
| extra6 = Sunitha Sarathy
| lyrics6 = Thamarai
}}

== Release ==
The film was released worldwide 12 June 2015. The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2015 |title=Sun TV Romeo Juliet Premier Movie Coming Sunday @6.30pm Promo |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EE_JTWXOL4g |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204210006/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EE_JTWXOL4g |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=3 November 2015 |publisher=Youtube}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The film is a disaster...it's impossible to digest the overall preposterousness...''Romeo Juliet'' just cannot make up its mind whether it wants to be a screwball comedy or a melodrama — the tone is all over the place. And the writing is painfully inconsistent".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2015 |title=Review of Romeo Juliet by Baradwaj Rangan, starring Jayam Ravi and Hansika Motwani |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/romeo-juliet-a-preposterous-mix-of-comedy-and-melodrama/article7309949.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204210006/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/romeo-juliet-a-preposterous-mix-of-comedy-and-melodrama/article7309949.ece |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=11 January 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2/5 and wrote, "here is a film that could prove to be a worthy challenger to ''[[Valiyavan]]'' for the title of the Most Preposterous Movie of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-13 |title=Romeo Juliet Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Romeo-Juliet/movie-review/47651964.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624083657/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Romeo-Juliet/movie-review/47651964.cms |archive-date=24 June 2015 |access-date=2016-01-11 |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> [[Rediff]] also gave it 2/5 and wrote, "Lakshman's ''Romeo Juliet'' is just a rehash of old clichés. He pitches love against money and there are no prizes for guessing which one wins".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2015 |title=Review: Romeo Juliet is too predictable – Rediff.com Movies |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-romeo-juliet-is-too-predictable/20150612.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205032804/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-romeo-juliet-is-too-predictable/20150612.htm |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 January 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote, "Lakshman has packaged the film in a glossy manner but it is unable to find any spark or chemistry between the lead pair. His direction is amateurish and so are the characters half-baked. The best thing about ''Romeo Juliet'' is Jayam Ravi and Hansika who does their best to rise above the flawed script".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Romeo Juliet |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/romeo-juliet-review-tamil-pgnk27gjdjgdh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613092207/http://www.sify.com/movies/romeo-juliet-review-tamil-pgnk27gjdjgdh.html |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=11 January 2016 |website=Sify.com}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The film, an average entertainer, would have been more engaging if only the screenplay had been coherent and the episodes interesting".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Just too Predictable Story Line to Keep Audience Interest Alive |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Just-too-Predictable-Story-Line-to-Keep-Audience-Interest-Alive/2015/06/14/article2865178.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213110621/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Just-too-Predictable-Story-Line-to-Keep-Audience-Interest-Alive/2015/06/14/article2865178.ece |archive-date=13 December 2015 |access-date=11 January 2016 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4446258|Romeo Juliet}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Romeo Juliet}}
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2015 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ellam Sheriyakum

2026-03-03T09:43:45Z

AmiePesina: put up stub...

{{short description|2021 Malayalam language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ellam Sheriyakum
| image = Ellam Sheriyakum.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jibu Jacob]]
| producer = Thomas Thiruvalla Dr. Paul Varghese
| writer = Sharis Mohammed
| starring = [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] [[Rajisha Vijayan]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = Sreejith Nair
| editing = E. S. Sooraj
| studio = Thomas Thiruvalla Films Dr. Paul's Entertainment
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2021|11|19|}}
| runtime = 174 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = ₹ 5.50 crore
| gross = ₹2.45 crore
}}

'''''Ellam Sheriyakum''''' ({{transliteration|en|Everything will be fine}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[political]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Jibu Jacob]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jibu Jacob 'energises' with post on Ellam Sheriyakum - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jibu-jacob-energises-with-post-on-ellam-sheriyakum/articleshow/76662092.cms|access-date=2021-10-27|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Mathews |first1=Anna }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dr-paul-varghese-producer-of-poomaram-and-upcoming-movie-ellam-sheriyakum-1.5831418 |title='പൂമരം' കഴിഞ്ഞ് 'എല്ലാം ശരിയാകും'; നിര്‍മ്മാണ രംഗത്ത് പുതിയ പ്രതീക്ഷയുമായി ഡോ.പോള്‍ വര്‍ഗ്ഗീസ്.|trans-title='Everything will be alright' after 'Poomaram'; Dr. Paul Varghese with new hope in the field of construction|access-date= 27 October 2021 |website=Mathrubhumi|date=15 July 2021 |language=ml}}</ref> The film stars [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Rajisha Vijayan]] and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]. Set in central Travancore and parts of Kannur, the film revolves around a politician and his family and how politics plays a role in their personal lives.<ref name="The Hindu">[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jibu-jacob-on-ellam-sheriyakum-malayalam-cinema-asif-ali-rajisha-vijayan/article37560408.ece "‘Ellam Sheriyakum’ is a family drama with politics as the backdrop, says director Jibu Jacob"]. ''The Hindu''. 18 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.</ref> The film released in theatres on 19 November 2021 and became a [[box office bomb|box office failure]].
== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Party Loyalist Sakhavu Vineeth
* [[Rajisha Vijayan]] as Ancy Chacko, Chacko's daughter
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] K. C. Chacko, Ancy's father
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi Shivamani]] as Mariyamma, Ancy's mother
* [[Indrans]] as dressmaker (tailor)
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] V. M Satheesan [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
* [[Balu Varghese]] as Sakhavu Nivin George
* [[Sruthy Jayan]] as Sakhavu Ajitha Narayanan
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Sakhavu Vijayan (local committee secretary)
* Abhiram V as News Reporter (Visual Media)
* [[G. Suresh Kumar]] as UPF [[Chief Minister]] Sukumaran Nair
* [[Johny Antony]] as Johnson, Asst. of Chacko
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]]
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as LPF Party Leader
* [[Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
* Kottayam Ramesh as Kerala Congress Leader and Current Revenue Minister K.M.Johny
* [[Ouseppachan]] as quarry owner
* Abdul Majeed as KPCC leader
* Abhiram V as News Reporter
* [[Monisha Arshak]] as Party officer staff member
* [[Sethulakshmi (actress)|Sethulakshmi]] as Reethama
* Jordy Poonjar
* Kichu Tellas as Rony
* Neeraja Rajendran
* Jiffin George
}}

==Release==
The film was scheduled for release on 17 September 2021 but was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/teaser-of-ellam-sheriyakum-starring-asif-ali-and-rajisha-vijayan-is-out-ellam-sheriyakum-movie-1.6060953|title=Teaser of 'Ellam Sheriyakum' starring Asif Ali and Rajisha Vijayan is out|website=Mathrubhumi|date=5 October 2021|access-date=5 November 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201101357/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/teaser-of-ellam-sheriyakum-starring-asif-ali-and-rajisha-vijayan-is-out-ellam-sheriyakum-movie-1.6060953|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was eventually released in theatres on 19 November 2021, distributed by Central Pictures.<ref name=Release>[https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/-ellam-sheriyakum-to-aaha-3-malayalam-films-to-hit-theatres-on-friday-movie-1.6189436 "‘Ellam Sheriyakum’ to ‘Aaha’, 3 Malayalam films to hit theatres on Friday"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124113930/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/-ellam-sheriyakum-to-aaha-3-malayalam-films-to-hit-theatres-on-friday-movie-1.6189436 |date=24 January 2022 }}. ''Mathrubhumi''. 18 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 4 on a scale of 5, noting that the film is "a thought-provoking political drama", and that the success of the film is in "how it does not support any ideology, but shows a mirror to the problems in both political parties, and is not pedantic while doing so."<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/==malayalam/movie-reviews/ellam-sheriyakum/movie-review/87801767.cms "Ellam Sheriyakum"]. ''The Times of India''. 19 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'''s S. R. Praveen wrote that the director Jibu Jacob is "on the lookout for that perfect balance between a family drama and a political commentary" like in his earlier film ''[[Vellimoonga]]'', but "take the light-heartedness, humour, and engaging script out of that film [''Vellimoonga''], and you would be left with ''Ellam Sheriyakum''."<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hardly-anything-goes-right-for-this-movie/article37588739.ece "Hardly anything goes right for this movie"]. ''The Hindu''. 19 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.</ref> ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote: "A stale plot, unconvincing situations and sloppy scripting is the bane of formulaic filmmaking. ''Ellam Sheriyakum'', roughly translated as 'everything will be all right', fails to tackle all of these common errors."<ref>[https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2021/11/19/ellam-sheriyakum-movie-asif-ali-rajisha-vijayan-movie-review-rating-updates.html "Ellam Sheriyakum review: Sprinkling of politics with a dash of familial bonding in a lacklustre drama"]. ''Malayala Manorama''. 19 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated the film with 2 stars out of 5 and was critical of screenplay stating, "[it] is overstuffed with too many issues bordering on caricature". Rajendran felt that last 30 minutes of film were dull to the point that she had the urge to leave. Concluding, she wrote, "Maybe on paper everything sounded great, but what the audience witnesses and understands is a total misfire".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ellam-sheriyakum-review-rajisha-asif-alis-political-romance-film-misfire-157833? |title= Ellam Sheriyakum review: Rajisha, Asif Ali's 'political romance' film is a misfire|first=Sowmya |last= Rajendran|website=The News Minute|date= 19 November 2021 |access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was a [[Box-office failure]].

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack is composed by [[Ouseppachan]] on lyrics of B. K. Harinarayanan. It is Ouseppachan's 200th film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-24|title=ഔസേപ്പച്ചന്റെ 200ാമത്തെ സിനിമ; 'എല്ലാം ശരിയാകും' ചിത്രത്തിലെ മനോഹരമായ മെലഡി|trans-title= Ouseppachan {{!}} Ouseppachan's 200th film; Beautiful melody from the movie 'Everything Will Be Alright'|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/asif-ali-rajisha-vijayan-jibu-jacob-movie-ellam-sheriyakum-song-by-ouseppachan-ks-harishankar-rv-462567.html|access-date=2021-10-29|website= News18 Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> The first song "Pinnenthe" was released on 24 October 2021 by [[Satyam Audios]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pinnenthe
| extra1 = [[K. S. Harisankar]], [[Ouseppachan]]
| length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Ilapeythu Moodumi
| extra2 = [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara Krishnakumar]]
| length2 = 1:56
| title3 = Thanne Thanne
| extra3 = William Francis
| length3 = 4:20
| title4 = Election Song
| extra4 = Rahul R Nath
| length4 = 3:51
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt11295974}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pathanamthitta]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:2021 drama films]]

Namo (film)

2026-03-03T09:13:00Z

AmiePesina: Adding a entry...

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Aditya Reddy Kunduru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Namo (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Aditya Reddy Kunduru
| writer = Aditya Reddy Kunduru
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = A. Prashant
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Viswant Duddumpudi]]
* Vismaya Sri
* Anuroop Katari
}}
| cinematography = Rahul Shrivatsav
| editing = Sanal Anirudhan
| music = Kranthi Acharya Vadluri
| studio = {{plain list|
* Sri Nethra Creations
* Aarms Film Factory
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|6|7|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Namo''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Adventure film|adventure]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] film written and directed by Aditya Reddy Kunduru. The film features [[Viswant Duddumpudi]], Vismaya Sri and Anuroop Katari in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmmaker Bhimaneni Rao Praises Namo Director Aditya Kunduru At Pre-release Event |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/filmmaker-bhimaneni-rao-praises-namo-director-aditya-kunduru-at-pre-release-event-8921784.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 7 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-06-04 |title='Namo'gathers momentum ahead of June 7th release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/namogathers-momentum-ahead-of-june-7th-release-882805 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802012517/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/namogathers-momentum-ahead-of-june-7th-release-882805 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2025}}

==Cast==
* [[Viswant Duddumpudi]] as Nagesh
* Vismaya Sri as Ganga
* Anuroop Katari as Mohan
* Virendra Chauhan
* Mayanand Thakur
* Meka Rama Krishna
* Vadlamani Srinivas
* Srinivas Bogireddy
* Pawan

== Music ==
The film's music is composed by Kranthi Acharya Vadluri.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Kranthi Acharya Vadluri
| title1 = Nallamalla Adavilo
| length1 = 5:12
| lyrics1 = Rahman
| extra1 = Aditya Tadepalli
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Namo'' was released on 7 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2024-05-26 |title=Namo: సర్వైవల్ కామెడీ చిత్రానికి విడుదల తేదీ ఫిక్సయింది {{!}} Viswant Duddumpudi and Vismaya Sri Starring Namo Release Date Fixed KBK |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/cinema-news/viswant-duddumpudi-and-vismaya-sri-starring-namo-release-date-fixed-kbk-53626.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614224234/https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/cinema-news/viswant-duddumpudi-and-vismaya-sri-starring-namo-release-date-fixed-kbk-53626.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Sakshi Post]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 stating, "While it is not perfect, ''Namo'' has many merits going for it".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-08 |title=Review: Namo |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/review-namo-305235 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' praised the performance of leas actors and the work of the director Aditya Reddy Kunduru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-06-08 |title='Namo' review: A refreshing journey into the wild with comedy and emotion |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/namo-review-a-refreshing-journey-into-the-wild-with-comedy-and-emotion-883546 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903154259/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/namo-review-a-refreshing-journey-into-the-wild-with-comedy-and-emotion-883546 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=31151548|title=Namo}}
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 adventure films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy films]]
[[Category:2020s adventure comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]

Simmarasi

2026-03-03T05:03:22Z

AmiePesina: refined intro for clarity and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Distinguish|Simharasi}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Simmarasi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Erode Soundar]]
| writer = Erode Soundar
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]]|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]}}
| cinematography = G. Kicha
| editing = V. Jaishankar
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1998|10|19}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Simmarasi''''' ({{translation|[[Leo (astrology)|Leo]]}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed and written by [[Erode Soundar]]. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]. [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Anandaraj]] and [[Vineeth]] play supporting roles. It was released on 19 October 1998, during [[Diwali]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2020 |title=தீபாவளிக்கு வெளியான தமிழ் படங்கள் - 2 |url=https://screen4screen.com/news/diwali-released-tamil-movies-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119115137/https://screen4screen.com/news/diwali-released-tamil-movies-2 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=ta}}</ref> and became a success.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} Sarathkumar won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]]. A sub-plot of the film went on to be used in the Telugu film ''[[Siva Rama Raju]]'' and the Kannada film ''[[Paramashiva (film)|Paramashiva]]'', both of which were remakes of ''[[Samudhiram]],'' another Sarathkumar film.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2023}}
A man named Manickavasagam happens to stop a caste fight in a village. The villagers ask him to stay and help with their conflicts, thus inciting the wrath of Marudhanayagam, a wealthy villager who is obsessed with caste limitations, and who has even killed his own brother for marrying into a different caste. Lakshmi's son Kathir wants to build a factory, which Manickavasagam will not allow. This makes Kathir ally with Marudhanayagam. Finally Manickavasagam kills Marudhanayagam.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sarathkumar]] as Manickavasagam
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Sivagami, Manickavasagam's wife
*[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] as Lakshmi
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Manickavasagam's adopted mother
*[[Anandaraj]] as Marudhanayagam
*[[Vineeth]] as Kathir, Lakshmi's son
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Police Inspector
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Lakshmi's husband
*[[Fathima Babu]] as Marudhanayagam's wife
*[[Easwari Rao]] as Rasathi
*[[Manivannan]]
*[[R. Sundarrajan]]
*[[Bala Singh]]
*[[Singamuthu]]
*[[Thalapathy Dinesh]]
}}

== Production ==

[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] replaced [[Nagma]] in the film during July 1998 after her relationship with [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]] ended.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gobichetipal |first=Chandra |title=Love's labor lost |url=https://chandrag.tripod.com/july98/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504101011/https://chandrag.tripod.com/july98/ |archive-date=4 May 2022 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=Minnoviyam}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1998 |title=Simmarasi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/simmarasi/hprHhIl2ICY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622025403/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/simmarasi/hprHhIl2ICY_ |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:02
| title1 = Thaayae Thirisooli
| extra1 = Krishnaraj, [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| lyrics1 = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| length1 = 6:09
| title2 = Vanathu Nilaveduthu
| lyrics2 = Kalai Kumar
| extra2 = [[P. Unni Krishnan]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| length2 = 4:16
| title3 = Kumbakonam Santhayile
| lyrics3 = Vasan
| extra3 = [[Arunmozhi]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length3 = 4:30
| title4 = Paru Thambi Paru
| lyrics4 = Erode Soundar
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length4 = 4:02
| title5 = Pacha Manna Thottu
| lyrics5 = [[Mu. Metha]]
| extra5 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length5 = 4:05
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Dinakaran]]'' noted that "some of the scenes have come out good. But there is very, very long flash back scenes that among them some of the scenes really don't have that much relevance to the story line".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 1998 |title=Film Review "Simma Raasi" |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/reviews/27-11-98/simmara.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030804153210/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/reviews/27-11-98/simmara.htm |archive-date=4 August 2003 |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> Kala Krishnan-Ramesh of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "''Simmarasi'' deserves a response because its themes, its emotions, its sounds and colours are grander than those we are accustomed to."<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 1998 |title=Simha Rasi (Tamil) |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/B1B03240AE8F5FF6652569400062A3E6?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204151829/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/B1B03240AE8F5FF6652569400062A3E6?OpenDocument |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Good performance by the principal players and the dialogue and screenplay of director Erode Sounder sustain the momentum in Supergood Films', ''Simmaraasi''. The emotional content of the human drama, told in two parts, one taking place in the city and the other in a village, has been adequately supported by situations".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=6 November 1998 |title=Film Reviews: Simmaraasi \ Kuch Kuch Hota Hai \ Prem Aggan |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981106/09/09060223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010407075249/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981106/09/09060223.htm |archive-date=7 April 2001 |access-date=5 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
Sarathkumar won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]] (also for his role in ''[[Natpukkaga]]''), and Mohan Rajendran won for [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2000 |title=Tamil Nadu state film awards announced; "Natpukkaga" bags best film award |url=http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-July.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030430210643/http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-July.html |archive-date=30 April 2003 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Erode Soundar]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

2009 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh

2026-02-27T18:28:52Z

AmiePesina: general refined article per sources further

{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{For|Assembly election|2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2009 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh
| country = India
| ongoing = no
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 2004 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh
| previous_year = 2004
| next_election = 2014 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh
| next_year = 2014
| election_date = April–May 2009
| seats_for_election = 42 seats
| turnout = 72.70%
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy in Delhi on 10 December 2008 (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=N. Chandrababu Naidu (cropped)1.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Chiranjeevi at Amitabh Bachchan's 70th birthday celebration (cropped) (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=K. Chandrasekhar Rao as Union Minister.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| leaders_seat1 = ''None''
| seats1 = 33
| last_election1 = 29
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 4
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 = 39.68%
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 8.72%
| leader2 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| leaders_seat2 = ''None''
| party2 = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| alliance2 = [[Maha Kutami (2009)|Maha Kutami]]
| seats2 = 6
| last_election2 = 5
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 1
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 = 24.93%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 16.57%
| leader4 = [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]]
| party4 = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| alliance4 = [[Maha Kutami (2009)|Maha Kutami]]
| leaders_seat4 = [[Mahabubnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahbubnagar]]
| last_election4 = 5
| seats4 = 2
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 3
| popular_vote4 =
| percentage4 = 6.14%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 0.69%
| map_image = 2009 Indian General Election in Andhra Pradesh.png
| map_size = 400px
| map_caption = Seatwise Result Map of the 2024 general election in Andhra Pradesh
| leader5 = [[Chiranjeevi]]
| leader_since5 = 2008
| leader_since4 = 2001
| party5 = Praja Rajyam Party
| alliance5 = ''None''
| leaders_seat5 = [[Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hyderabad]]
| last_election5 = ''New party''
| seats_needed5 =
| seats5 = 0
| seat_change5 =
| popular_vote5 =
| percentage5 = 6.10%
| swing5 = {{increase}} 6.10%
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}

The [[2009 Indian general election]] polls in [[Andhra Pradesh]] were held for 42 seats in the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Election 2009 Schedule |url=http://documents.gov.in/central/11948.pdf |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate=18 May 2019 |page=13 |format=PDF}}</ref> The major contenders in the polls were the [[Third Front (India)|Third Front]], [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Praja Rajyam]]. The assembly elections were held simultaneously with the general elections in the state.

[[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) left the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) after the losses in 2004, and now joined the [[Third Front (India)|Third Front]]. [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] who were part of the UPA, in the 2004 election, also now allied with the Third Front. But after voting took place in Andhra Pradesh, and before votes were counted, the TRS joined the NDA. These were the first elections for the movie star [[Chiranjeevi]] led [[Praja Rajyam]].

The results were a repeat of the last election, where the [[Indian National Congress]] and the UPA, won 34 out of 42 seats, resulting in a landslide victory. The popularity of Chief Minister Rajasekhar Reddy earned him a landslide victory in the national election and winning his re-election, in the state election.

== Parties and alliances ==
===[[United Progressive Alliance]]===
{{legend2|{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|[[United Progressive Alliance]]}}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
| [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| 42
|}
===[[Maha Kutami (2009)|Maha Kutami]]===
{{legend2|{{party color|Left Front}}[[Third Front (India)#Third Front (2009)|Third Front]]}}{{br}}
[[File:2009 Indian General Election Maha Kutami (Third Front) seat sharing.png|350px]]
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| [[File:Telugu Desam Party Flag.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]]
| [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| 29 + 2{{efn|name=TDP|Friendly contest between [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] in [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|PC 8 Secunderabad]] and [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|PC 15 Warangal]]}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|}}
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| [[File:Flag of Bharat Rashtra Samithi (India Nation Council).svg|50px]]
|
| [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]
| 7 + 2{{efn|name=TDP|Friendly contest between [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] in [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|PC 8 Secunderabad]] and [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|PC 15 Warangal]]}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
| [[D. Raja]]
| 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
| [[Sitaram Yechury]]
| 2
|-
!
! colspan=4 | '''Total'''
! 40 + 4{{efn|name=TDP|Friendly contest between [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] in [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|PC 8 Secunderabad]] and [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|PC 15 Warangal]]}}
|}

==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |[[Maha Kutami (2009)|Maha Kutami]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Praja Rajyam Party}}" |[[Praja Rajyam Party|PRP]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kotnak Ramesh
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Ramesh Rathod]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Mesram Nago Rao
|-
!2
|[[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalle]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Gaddam Vivekanand]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|Gomasa Srinivas
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Arepelli David Raju
|-
!3
|[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Boianapalli Vinod Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Velichala Rajender Rao
|-
!4
|[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Madhu Yaskhi Goud]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|Bigala Ganesh Gupta
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|P. Vinay Kumar
|-
!5
|[[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Suresh Kumar Shetkar]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|Syed Yousuf Ali
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Malkapuram Shiva Kumar
|-
!6
|[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Narendra Nath Chengala
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Vijaya Shanthi]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Khaja Quayum Anwar
|-
!7
|[[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sarvey Sathyanarayana]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|T. Bheemsen
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|[[Tulla Devender Goud]]
|-
!rowspan="2"|8
|rowspan="2"|[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[M. Anjan Kumar Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|S. Sudhish Rambhotla{{efn|name=TDP|Friendly contest between [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] in [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|PC 8 Secunderabad]] and [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|PC 15 Warangal]]}}
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Dasoju Sravan Kumar|Dr. Dasoju Sravan Kumar]]
|-
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Mahmood Ali (Indian politician)|M. D. Mahmood Ali]]{{efn|name=TDP|Friendly contest between [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] in [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|PC 8 Secunderabad]] and [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|PC 15 Warangal]]}}
|-
!9
|[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|P. Laxman Rao Goud
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|Zahid Ali Khan
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|A. Fatima
|-
!10
|[[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jaipal Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[A. P. Jithender Reddy]]
|rowspan=2 style="background:white;"|
|rowspan=2 colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
!11
|[[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Devarakonda Vittal Rao
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
|-
!12
|[[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Manda Jagannath]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Guvvala Balaraju]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Devani Satyanarayana
|-
!13
|[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Paduri Karuna
|-
!14
|[[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhongir]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Komatireddy Raj Gopal Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Nomula Narsimhaiah Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Chandra Mouli
|-
!rowspan="2"|15
|rowspan="2"|[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Siricilla Rajaiah]]
|{{party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|Ramagalla Parameshwar{{efn|name=TDP|Friendly contest between [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] in [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|PC 8 Secunderabad]] and [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|PC 15 Warangal]]}}
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|Dr. Chandragiri Rajamouly
|-
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|Dommati Sambaiah{{efn|name=TDP|Friendly contest between [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] in [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|PC 8 Secunderabad]] and [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|PC 15 Warangal]]}}
|-
!16
|[[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubabad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Balram Naik
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Kunja Srinivasa Rao
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|D.T. Naik
|-
!17
|[[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Renuka Chowdary]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Jalagam Hemamalini
|-
!18
|[[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kishore Chandra Deo]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Babu Rao Mediyam]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Meenaka Simhachalam
|-
!19
|[[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Killi Krupa Rani]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Yerrannaidu Kinjarapu]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Kalyani Varudu
|-
!20
|[[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Botcha Jhansi Lakshmi]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Kondapalli Appala Naidu]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Kimidi Ganapathi Rao
|-
!21
|[[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[M. V. V. S. Murthi]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Palla Srinivasa Rao
|-
!22
|[[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sabbam Hari]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|Nookarapu Surya Prakasa Rao
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|[[Allu Aravind]]
|-
!23
|[[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mallipudi Mangapathi Pallam Raju]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|Vasamsetty Satya
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Chalamalasetty Sunil
|-
!24
|[[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[G. V. Harsha Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|Gedela Varalakshmi
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Pothula Prameela Devi
|-
!25
|[[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vundavalli Aruna Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|Murali Mohan
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Krishnam Raju
|-
!26
|[[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapuram]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kanumuri Bapiraju]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|Thota Sita Rama Lakshmi
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Gubbala Tammaiah
|-
!27
|[[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|[[Kolusu Peda Reddaiah Yadav]]
|-
!28
|[[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Badiga Ramakrishna]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Konakalla Narayana Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|[[C. Ramachandraiah]]
|-
!29
|[[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Rajagopal Lagadapati]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Vamsi Mohan Vallabhaneni]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Rajiv Chanumolu
|-
!30
|[[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|Rajendra Madala
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Thota Chandra Sekhar
|-
!31
|[[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Balashowry Vallabhaneni]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Modugula Venugopala Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Shaik Syed Saheb
|-
!32
|[[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Malyadri Sriram]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Nuthakki Rama Rao
|-
!33
|[[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Madduluri Malakondaiah Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Pidathala Sai Kalpana
|-
!34
|[[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[S. P. Y. Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[N. M. D. Farooq]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|[[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
|-
!35
|[[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|B. T. Naidu
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Dr. Dandiya Khaja Peera
|-
!36
|[[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Kalava Srinivasulu]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|G. S. Mansoor
|-
!37
|[[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|P. Khasim Khan
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Kristappa Nimmala]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Kadapala Sreekanta Reddy
|-
!38
|[[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|Palem Srikanth Reddy
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Dr. Khaleel Basha
|-
!39
|[[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|Vanteru Venu Gopala Reddy
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Jana Ramachandraiah
|-
!40
|[[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Chinta Mohan]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|Varla Ramaiah
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|[[Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli]]
|-
!41
|[[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sai Prathap Annayyagari]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|Ramesh Kumar Reddy Reddappagari
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|D. A. Srinivas
|-
!42
|[[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[M. Thippeswamy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]
|{{party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|Talari Manohar
|-
|}

==Voting and results==
===Results by Alliance===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
!rowspan="5" style="background:#fef3e8"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP+]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| 1,04,81,659
| 24.93
| {{decrease}}8.19
| 29 + 2{{efn|name=TDP|Friendly contest between [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] in [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|PC 8 Secunderabad]] and [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|PC 15 Warangal]]}}
| 6
| {{increase}}1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| 25,82,326
| 6.14
| {{decrease}}0.69
| 7 + 2{{efn|name=TDP|Friendly contest between [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] in [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|PC 8 Secunderabad]] and [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|PC 15 Warangal]]}}
| 2
| {{decrease}}3
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 6,66,357
| 1.58
| {{increase}}0.24
| 2
| 0
| {{decrease}}1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 5,32,229
| 1.26
| {{increase}}0.22
| 2
| 0
| {{decrease}}1
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8" | Total
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 1,42,62,571
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 33.91
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{Steady}}
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 40 + 4{{efn|name=TDP|Friendly contest between [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] in [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|PC 8 Secunderabad]] and [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|PC 15 Warangal]]}}
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 8
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 1,63,77,941
| 38.95
| {{decrease}}2.61
| 42
| 33
| {{increase}}4
|-
| {{Party color cell|Praja Rajyam Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Praja Rajyam Party|PRP]]
| 65,90,046
| 15.67
| ''New''
| 40
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| colspan="3"|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
| 3,08,061
| 0.73
| {{decrease}}0.44
| 1
| 1
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 15,77,512
| 3.75
| {{decrease}}4.66
| 41
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | [[2009 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh#Others|Others]]
| 15,45,628
| 3.67
| {{increase}}1.28
| 177
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 13,85,698
| 3.29
| {{decrease}}0.86
| 224
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 4,20,47,457
! 100%
! -
! 569
! 42
! -
|}

== List of elected members ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
|[[Ramesh Rathod]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|372,268
|43.11
|Kotnak Ramesh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|257,181
|29.78
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|115,087
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|13.33
|-

!2
|[[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalle]]
|[[G. Vivekanand]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|313,748
|34.70
|Srinivas Gomase
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|264,731
|29.28
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|49,017
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5.42
|-

!3
|[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
|[[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|317,927
|32.14
|[[B. Vinod Kumar]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|267,684
|27.06
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|50,243
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5.08
|-

!4
|[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
|[[Madhu Goud Yaskhi]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|296,504
|33.33
|Bigala Ganesh Gupta
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|236,114
|26.54
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|60,390
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6.79
|-

!5
|[[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
|[[Shetkar Suresh Kumar]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|395,767
|38.90
|Syed Yousuf Ali
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|378,360
|37.19
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17,407
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1.71
|-

!6
|[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
|[[Vijaya Shanthi]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|388,839
|36.67
|C. Narendranath
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|382,762
|36.10
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|6,077
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|0.57
|-

!7
|[[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|[[Sarve Satyanarayana]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|388,368
|32.21
|T. Bheemsen
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|295,042
|24.47
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|93,326
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.74
|-

!8
|[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secundrabad]]
|[[Anjan Kumar Yadav]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|340,549
|39.37
|[[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|170,382
|19.70
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|170,167
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19.67
|-

!9
|[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|308,061
|42.14
|Zahid Ali Khan
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|194,196
|26.56
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;"|113,865
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;"|15.58
|-

!10
|[[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chelvella]]
|[[Jaipal Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|420,807
|38.78
|[[A. P. Jithender Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|402,275
|37.08
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|18,532
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1.70
|-

!11
|[[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
|[[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|366,569
|39.56
|[[Devarakonda Vittal Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|346,385
|37.39
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|20,184
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|2.17
|-

!12
|[[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
|[[Manda Jagannath]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|422,745
|41.23
|[[Guvvala Balaraju]]
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|374,978
|36.57
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|47,767
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4.66
|-

!13
|[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
|[[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|493,849
|45.78
|[[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|340,867
|31.60
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|152,982
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14.18
|-

!14
|[[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhongir]]
|[[Komatireddy Raj Gopal Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|504,103
|44.70
|[[Nomula Narsimhaiah Yadav]]
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|364,215
|32.29
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|139,888
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12.41
|-

!15
|[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]]
|[[Rajaiah Siricilla]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|396,568
|38.48
|Ramagalla Parameshwar
|{{Party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|271,907
|26.39
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|124,661
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12.09
|-

!16
|[[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubabad]]
|P. Balram
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|394,447
|39.59
|Kunja Srinivasa Rao
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|325,490
|32.67
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|68,957
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6.92
|-

!17
|[[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|469,368
|45.39
|[[Renuka Chowdhury]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|344,920
|33.36
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|124,448
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|12.03
|-

!18
|[[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Aruku]]
|[[Kishore Chandra Deo]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|360,458
|45.49
|[[Babu Rao Mediyam]]
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|168,014
|21.20
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|192,444
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24.29
|-

!19
|[[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
|[[Killi Krupa Rani]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|387,694
|42.20
|[[Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|304,707
|33.16
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|82,987
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9.04
|-

!20
|[[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
|[[Botsa Jhansi Lakshmi]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|411,584
|40.36
|[[Kondapalli Appala Naidu]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|351,013
|34.42
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|60,571
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5.94
|-

!21
|[[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
|[[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|368,812
|36.43
|[[Palla Srinivasa Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|[[Praja Rajyam Party|PRP]]
|302,126
|29.85
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|66,686
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6.58
|-

!22
|[[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
|Sabbam Hari
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|369,968
|35.30
|Nookarapu Surya Prakasa Rao
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|317,056
|30.25
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|52,912
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5.05
|-

!23
|[[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
|[[M. M. Pallam Raju]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|323,607
|33.51
|Chalamalasetty Sunil
|{{Party color cell|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|[[Praja Rajyam Party|PRP]]
|289,563
|29.99
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|34,044
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.52
|-

!24
|[[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]]
|[[G. V. Harsha Kumar]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|368,501
|35.99
|Pothula Prameela Devi
|{{Party color cell|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|[[Praja Rajyam Party|PRP]]
|328,496
|32.09
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|40,005
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.90
|-

!25
|[[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
|[[Vundavalli Aruna Kumar]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|357,449
|35.12
|[[Murali Mohan]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|355,302
|34.91
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,147
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|0.21
|-

!26
|[[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narsapuram]]
|[[Kanumuri Bapi Raju]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|389,422
|39.30
|Thota Sita Rama Lakshmi
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|274,732
|27.72
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|114,690
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11.58
|-

!27
|[[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
|[[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|423,777
|39.28
|[[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|380,994
|35.31
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|42,783
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.97
|-

!28
|[[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
|[[Konakalla Narayana Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|409,936
|39.19
|[[Badiga Ramakrishna]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|397,480
|38.00
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|12,456
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|1.19
|-

!29
|[[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
|[[Lagadapati Rajagopal]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|429,394
|39.46
|[[Vallabhaneni Vamsi Mohan]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|416,682
|38.29
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12,712
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1.17
|-

!30
|[[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
|[[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|403,937
|38.66
|Madala Rajendra
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|364,582
|34.90
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|39,355
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.76
|-

!31
|[[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
|[[Modugula Venugopala Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|463,358
|42.83
|[[Vallabhaneni Balashowry]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|461,751
|42.69
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|1,607
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|0.14
|-

!32
|[[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
|[[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|460,757
|44.15
|Malyadri Sriram
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|391,419
|37.51
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|69,338
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6.64
|-

!33
|[[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
|Magunta Srinivasulu Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|450,442
|44.10
|[[Madduluri Malakondaiah Yadav]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|371,919
|36.41
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|78,523
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.69
|-

!34
|[[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
|[[S. P. Y. Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|400,023
|40.21
|[[N. Md. Farooq]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|309,176
|31.08
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|90,847
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9.13
|-

!35
|[[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
|[[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|382,668
|43.92
|B. T. Naidu
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|308,895
|35.45
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|73,773
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.47
|-

!36
|[[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
|[[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|457,876
|45.78
|Kalava Srinivasulu
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|379,955
|37.99
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|77,921
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.79
|-

!37
|[[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
|[[Kristappa Nimmala]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|435,753
|42.45
|P. Khasim Khan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|412,918
|40.23
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|22,835
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|2.22
|-

!38
|[[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|542,611
|52.87
|Palem Srikanth Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|363,765
|35.44
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|178,846
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17.43
|-

!39
|[[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
|[[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|430,235
|42.92
|Vanteru Venu Gopala Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|375,242
|37.43
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|54,993
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5.49
|-

!40
|[[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]
|[[Chinta Mohan]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|428,403
|40.36
|Varla Ramaiah
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|409,127
|38.54
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19,276
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1.82
|-

!41
|[[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
|[[Annayyagari Sai Prathap]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|423,910
|42.58
|Ramesh Kumar Reddy Reddappagari
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|313,533
|31.49
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|110,377
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11.09
|-

!42
|[[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
|[[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|434,376
|41.59
|[[M. Thippeswamy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|423,717
|40.57
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|10,659
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|1.02
|-

|}

== By-elections (2009-2014) ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|38
|8 May 2011
|[[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|39
|12 June 2012
|[[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
|[[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
|[[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
|}

==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from Andhra Pradesh==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!#
!Name
!Constituency
!Designation
!Department
!From
!To
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
!rowspan="3"|1
|rowspan="3"|[[Jaipal Reddy]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chelvella]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|[[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Urban Development]]
|28 May 2009
|19 Jan 2011
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=22}}
|-
|[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
|19 Jan 2011
|28 Oct 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Science and Technology]]; [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Earth Sciences]]
|28 Oct 2012
|26 May 2014
|-
!rowspan="3"|2
|rowspan="3"|[[Jairam Ramesh]]
|rowspan="3"|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh (Rajya Sabha)]]
|[[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|MoS(I/C)]]
|[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Environment and Forests]]
|28 May 2009
|12 July 2011
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development]]
|12 July 2011
|26 May 2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Jal Shakti|Drinking Water and Sanitation (Addl. Charge)]]
|13 July 2011
|28 Oct 2012
|-
!3
|[[Kishore Chandra Deo]]
|[[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Aruku]]
|[[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Tribal Affairs]]; [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Panchayati Raj]]
|12 July 2011
|26 May 2014
|-
!rowspan="2"|4
|rowspan="2"|[[M. M. Pallam Raju]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
|[[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|MoS]]
|[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]]
|28 May 2009
|28 Oct 2012
|-
|[[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|[[Ministry of Education (India)|Human Resource Development]]
|28 Oct 2012
|26 May 2014
|-
!5
|[[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
|[[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
|[[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|[[Ministry of Textiles|Textiles]]
|17 June 2013
|3 Apr 2014
|-
!6
|[[Chiranjeevi|K. Chiranjeevi]]
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh (Rajya Sabha)]]
|[[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|MoS(I/C)]]
|[[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]]
|28 Oct 2012
|26 May 2014
|-
!rowspan="2"|7
|rowspan="2"|[[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
|rowspan="11"|[[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|MoS]]
|[[Minister of Education (India)|Human Resource Development]]
|28 May 2009
|28 Oct 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce and Industry]]
|28 Oct 2012
|11 Mar 2014
|-
!rowspan="2"|8
|rowspan="2"|[[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
|[[Ministry of Textiles|Textiles]]
|28 May 2009
|31 Oct 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
|31 Oct 2012
|26 May 2014
|-
!rowspan="2"|9
|rowspan="2"|[[Annayyagari Sai Prathap]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
|[[Ministry of Steel|Steel]]
|28 May 2009
|19 Jan 2011
|-
|[[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises]]
|19 Jan 2011
|12 July 2011
|-
!10
|[[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
|[[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
|[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways]]
|rowspan="4"|28 Oct 2012
|rowspan="4"|26 May 2014
|-
!11
|[[Killi Krupa Rani]]
|[[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
|[[Minister of Communications (India)|Communications and Information Technology]]
|-
!12
|[[Sarve Satyanarayana]]
|[[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Road Transport and Highways]]
|-
!13
|[[Balram Naik]]
|[[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubabad]]
|[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Social Justice & Empowerment]]
|-
!14
|[[Jesudasu Seelam]]
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh (Rajya Sabha)]]
|[[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance]]
|17 June 2013
|26 May 2014
|-
|}

== Assembly Segment wise lead ==

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in Assembly (as of 2009 election)
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
| 194
| 156
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
! [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 61
| 92
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Praja Rajyam Party}}"|
! [[Praja Rajyam Party]]
| 14
| 18
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
! [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 17
| 10
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}"|
! [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| 6
| 7
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
! [[Communist Party of India]]
| 1
| 4
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1
| 2
|-
|bgcolor=#FAF8FA|
! Others
| 0
| 5
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2|294
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://eci.nic.in/ Website of Election Commission of India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090303040541/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/stats.php CNN-IBN Lok Sabha Election History]
{{Indian elections}}
{{Andhra Pradesh general elections|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2000s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2009 Indian general election by state or union territory|Andhra]]

Operation Accomplishment

2026-02-26T07:48:35Z

AmiePesina: started basic stub first draft

{{Short description|1967 Indian forced resettlement plan during the Mizo Insurgency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

'''Operation Security''' also known as '''Operation Accomplishment''' ({{langx|lus|Khawkhawm}}) was a military plan devised by [[India|Indian]] Field Marshall [[Sam Manekshaw]] during the [[Mizo Insurgency]] in 1967.

Between 1967 and 1969, the rural population of Mizoram, comprising 80% of the district, was forcibly removed from their homes. From a total of 764 villages, 516 were evacuated, and 138 remained ungrouped.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=194}}

==Background==
Operation Jericho was launched by the [[Mizo National Front]] and led to the [[Mizo National Front uprising]] on 28 February 1966. The Indian Home Minister, [[Gulzarilal Nanda]], declared the MNF would be crushed by the military efforts of the state. The emergency legislation crafted for the Naga insurgency was extended to the [[Mizo district]]. By March 1966, a degree of order had been established.{{sfn|Holt|2025|p=411}} By the Summer of 1966, the MNF transitioned into archetypal insurgent operations, which the Indian Army described as "attempting to paraylize its [Government's] functions".{{sfn|Holt|2025|p=412}} The Indian Army was forced to engage in counterinsurgency and could only cover limited ground across a difficult, mountainous and heavily forested terrain.{{sfn|Holt|2025|p=413}} The Indian Army originally responded with a different counterinsurgency strategy codenamed "Operation Blanket". In Operation Blanket, the army tried to isolate the guerrillas by deploying 20-man pickets outside every village in Mizoram. The squad pickets were intended to prevent the entry of guerrillas into villages, provide civic assistance, and show the flag. However, due to the territory and sheer number of villages, the programme failed.{{sfn|Rajagopalan|2020|p=}}{{pn|date=November 2025}}

Earlier, grouping had been tried in [[Nagaland]] during the [[Naga Conflict |Naga Insurgency]]. In the period of 1956–1959, villagers were burnt, and the populations were grouped into camps guarded by the military.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=49}} However, unlike Nagaland, which lasted 2–3 years, Mizoram faced grouping for almost 15 years.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=49}} A result of this led to high urbanisation in Mizoram in India as most stayed in grouping centres or moved to [[Aizawl]].{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=51}}
==Planning==
Following the [[Mizo National Front uprising]] and the insurgency that continued, the Indian military and government developed a school of [[counter-insurgency]] thought.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=62}} This happened after the failure of "Operation Blanket". Operation Blanket allowed for a company of security personnel equivalent to the Assam Rifles of the Army to establish two posts of twenty men at villages. The posts were established to be self-contained, fortnightly, and allow for quick responses to threats of the MNF. The failure of Operation Blanket led to a reappraisal of the strategy and proposed for isolation of villages from MNF influence.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=65}} The Indian Army replicated the plans made by the British Army in Malaya in the [[Briggs Plan]] during the [[Malayan Emergency]] and the United States regrouping policy in the [[Strategic Hamlet Program]] during the [[Vietnam War]]. The government recognised that this policy would prevent MNF cadres from relying on villages in terms of food and shelter. A plan was proposed to relocate 60,000 people and to resettle them at new locations. The plan mentioned that "there would be no tinge of force and people will be allowed o join the group voluntarily". The planning commission member [[Tarlok Singh (economist)|Tarlok Singh]] visited the [[Mizo district]] and approved the regrouping plan on the basis that it would be economically viable. [[Nari Rustomji]], Chief Secretary of Assam, supported the scheme, citing that increasing harassment, looting, and killings were occurring and isolation from MNF contact would be safer. He further argued that the families could take whatever belongings they could and the army would help transport all other belongings.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=62}}

The rebels, who relied on civilians for support such as food, shelter, information and manpower, were to be separated.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=62}} In October 1966, Lieutenant General (later Field Marshall) [[Sam Manekshaw]], who was the GOC-in-C, Eastern Command in Calcutta, recommended the grouping plan to be able to intern a large, if not complete, population of the Mizo district. He expanded on the scheme to propose grouping to be done on the 10-mile belt of the Vairengte-Aizawl-Lungleh road to make the road secure and ensure logistics. Villagers would be made to work on making new roads, and the new belt constructed could restrict hostile insurgents from making border crossings in [[East Pakistan]]. The control of food supplies in villages would make the MNF rebels focus on procuring survival rather than fighting the security forces.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=63}} Manekshaw further argued that the grouping policy would enable stronger civil oversight of the population with the provision of administrative facilities, including shops, roofing materials, dispensaries, schools and food. The Indian Army lobbied for the scheme as a means of cutting off the MNF's lifeline and securing supply lines.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=64}}

Army sources credit Lieutenant General [[Sagat Singh]] for the planning of the regrouping scheme. Singh decided to group villages along the road between Aizawl and Lungleh. The civil administration opposed the plan on legal and administrative grounds. However, Singh, who was on good terms with Assam Chief Minister [[Bishnuram Medhi|B.K. Medhi]] and Governor [[B.K. Nehru]], allowed for the plan to be implemented. The Government of Assam used the results of a limited regrouping policy in the [[Nagaland|Naga Hills district]] to separately propose a grouping plan of 75 centres north of Aizawl, totalling 36,517 people. This civilian regrouping scheme was proposed by the Mizo Hills Deputy Commissioner R. Natarajan. Natarajan believed the army scheme to be too drastic and wished to implement a civilian scheme rather than a military one.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=64}}

As a result, the Union Cabinet rejected the military scheme on 20 October 1966. However, the Army continued with intense lobbying and launched a public relations exercise with Assa to agree to their scheme. The scheme was approved by the [[Government of India]] on 5 December 1966. The Indian press called the scheme "Operation Security" and was described by a civil servant noting the press being supportive of it. The Army codenamed the scheme "Operation Accomplishment".{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=65}}
==Implementation==
===Four Stages===
The grouping was carried out in four stages. The three later stages utilised the Assam Maintenance of Public Order (Amendment) Act, 1968, rather than the Defence of India Rules, as its legal standing was challenged in the Assam High Court. This case was known as ''Chhuanvawra versus the State of Assam and others''.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=56}} The legal dispute was brought by K. Zahlira, Lenghaia, and Chhuanvawra, challenging the regrouping scheme as a violation of the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution. The [[Gauhati High Court]] directed the suspension of all further grouping and asked the Government of Assam to propose any argument for making the order obsolete. On 6 January 1971, the matter was dropped by the High Court after the Assam Government reassured that no further regrouping of villages would be planned.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=197}}
====Progressive Protective Villages (PPV)====
The first stage of grouping was called Protective and Progressive Villages (PPVs). These were built in 10 weeks along the Silchar-Kolasib-Aizawl-Lungleh national highway. A total of 106 villages were grouped together into 18 grouping centres of a total of 52,210 people. In February 1967, the centres were placed under civilian administration while security matters and daily maintenance was placed in the responsibility of Indian security forces. The civilian administration was led by a member of the Assam civil service delegated as an administrative officer or area administrative officer.{{sfn|Nag|2011|p=10}}

The PPV grouping was carried out under the Defence of India Rules 1962 provisions. The PPVs created were: Vairengte, Lungdai, Thingdawl, Kawnpui, Bilkhawthlir, Sihpir, Durtlang, Zemabawk, Tlungvel, Thingsulthliah, Pangzawl, Baktawng, Chhingchhip, Chhiahtlang, Serchhip, Bungtlang, Hnahthial and Zobawk. Kolasib was an administrative centre that provided security protection during this phase. I.A.S. or A.C.S. officers would manage and look after two or more PPVs under an Area's Administrative Officer. Each PPV would be assigned an Administrative Officer of A.C.S rank or equivalent, such as BDO. Administrative officers would also have a sub-administrative officer, typically of the rank of extension officer in Agriculture or a similar position.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=252}} The administrative officer was also assigned two Gram Sevaks; a Pharmacist, Midwife and Health Assistant; Female Searcher; UDA and LDA clerks; five porters to work under him. Public workers such as teachers, conservation staff and Forest Guard were to report to the administrative officer. A Post Commandant was assigned for all matters related to the security forces.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=253}}

Each PPV hosted an Administrative Advisory Committee with the administrative officer as chairman. The rest of the members consisted of village council presidents, local political leaders of the Mizo Union and Mizo Congress, Church leaders and individuals selected by the administrative officer. To alleviate the unpopular policy, free rations were provided for a year, one bundle of G.C.I. sheet per family was granted and employment in the Border Road Task Force. Government investments into the PPVs consisted of water supply improvements, schools, new curriculum, road development distribution of livestock and poultry.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=253}}

====New Grouping Centre (NGC)====
The second phase of grouping was called the New Grouping Centre. It was established in August 1969 under the Assam Maintenance of Public Order Act 1953 (AMPOA). It managed five population sectors, mainly the Tripura border, Lungleh-Lawngtlei road, Darngawn-Bungzung North, Vanlaiphai-Serchhip Road and Seling-Champhai Road. It involved 184 villages grouped together into 40 grouping centres with a total population of 97,339.{{sfn|Nag|2011|p=10}}{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=176}} The NGCs included Zobawk. The other 39 NGCs were: Tuipuibari, Phuldungsei, Marpara, Darngawn, Puankhai, Kawnpui, Demagiri, Kalaichari, Borapansuri, Jarulchari, Vaseitlang, Parva, Lokicherra, Rengdil, Lungsei, Kawrtethawveng, Haurruang, Lawngtlai, Thingfal, Ruantlang, Bungzung, Vanzau, Tawipui, Zote, Ruallang, Saitual, Kawlkulh, Khawzawl, Champhai, Chawngtlai, Vaphai, Bungzung, [[Farkawn]], Khawbung, Lungdar, North Vanlaiphai, Cherhlun, Khawlailung, Neihdawn. The administrative arrangements in the NGCs were identical to the PPVs. The grouped families were given around {{currency|500|INR}} to cover the costs of difficult relocations.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=254}}
====Voluntary Grouping Centres (VGC)====
The third phase, Voluntary Grouping Centres, was established in August 1970 under the AMPOA. It was responsible for several villages in different parts of the Mizo Hills and consisted of 26 grouping centres for a total population of 47,156.{{sfn|Nag|2011|p=10}} This was carried out by the 59 Mountain brigade in Manipur.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=176}} VGCs were not voluntary. Grouping had begun in 1968 before declared finished in August 1970. A rehabilitation grant was given to all families.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=254}}
====Extended Loop Areas (ELA)====
The fourth and final phase was called Extended Loop Areas ordered in 1970 under AMPOA. It planned for 63 villages with a population of 34,219 into 17 grouping centres.{{sfn|Nag|2011|p=10}} This was handled by the 61 Mountain Brigade in pocketed areas such as the Pawi-Lakher region.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=176}} It was initiated in 1968–69 and finished in 1970. A rehabilitation grant was given to the families.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=254}}

===List of centres===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Village Regroupings
|-
! Serial No
! Name
! Population
|-
! colspan=3|Protected and Progressive Village (PPV)
|-
| 1.
| Vairengte
| 1,988
|-
| 2.
| Bilkhawthlir
| 2,709
|-
| 3.
| Thingdawl
| 2705
|-
| 4.
| Kawnpui
| 3,650
|-
| 5.
| Lungdai
| 2,048
|-
| 6.
| Sihpir
| 2,635
|-
| 7.
| Durtlang
| 2,825
|-
| 8.
| Zemabawk
| 1,958
|-
| 9.
| Thingsulthliah
| 3,662
|-
| 10.
| Tlungvel
| 2,757
|-
| 11.
| Baktawng
| 3,049
|-
| 12.
| Chhingchhip
| 3,933
|-
| 13.
| Chhiahtlang
| 3,269
|-
| 14.
| Serchhip
| 3,615
|-
| 15.
| Bungtlang
| 2,499
|-
| 16.
| Pangzawl
| 2,580
|-
| 17.
| Hnahthial
| 3,921
|-
| 18.
| Zobawk
| 2,699
|-
!colspan=2|'''Total PPV Population:'''
|52,519
|-
!colspan=3|New Grouping Centres (NGC)
|-
| 1.
| Lokicherra
| 5,910
|-
| 2.
| Rengdil
| 4,493
|-
| 3.
| Kawrtethawveng
| 2,254
|-
| 4.
| Tuipuibari
| 4,061
|-
| 5.
| Phuldungsei
| 834
|-
| 6.
| Marpara
| 1,507
|-
| 7.
| Darngawn (W)
| 627
|-
| 8.
| Kawnpui (W)
| 1,515
|-
| 9.
| Puankhai
| 1,367
|-
| 10.
| Demagiri
| 5,560
|-
| 11.
| Kalaichari
| 599
|-
| 12.
| Borapansuri
| 1,079
|-
| 13.
| Jarulchari
| 1,090
|-
| 14.
| Vaseitlang
| 3,572
|-
| 15.
| Parva
| 1,941
|-
| 16.
| Lungsei (N)
| 2,579
|-
| 17.
| Jauruang
| 1,114
|-
| 18.
| Lawngtlai
| 2,514
|-
| 19.
| Thingfal
| 1,598
|-
| 20.
| Tawipui
| 2,481
|-
| 21.
| Ruallang
| 1,876
|-
| 22.
| Saitual
| 2,301
|-
| 23.
| Kawlkulh
| 2,183
|-
| 24.
| Khawzawl
| {{Approx.|5,000}}
|-
| 25.
| Chawngtlai
| 2,169
|-
| 26.
| Champhai
| 2,822
|-
| 27.
| Bungzung
| 3,190
|-
| 28.
| Vanzau
| 2,671
|-
| 29.
| Vaphai
| 2,357
|-
| 30.
| Farkawn
| 2,548
|-
| 31.
| Khawbung
| 3,067
|-
| 32.
| Lungdar
| 3,830
|-
| 33.
| North Vanlaiphai
| 1,915
|-
| 34.
| Khawlailung
| 1,534
|-
| 35.
| Cherhlun
| {{Approx.|2,800}}
|-
| 36.
| South Vanlaiphai
| 3,084
|-
| 37.
| Neihdawn
| 2,078
|-
| 38.
| Zote
| 2,184
|-
| 39.
| Ruantlang
| 2,790
|-
!colspan=2|'''Total NGC Population:'''
|97339
|-
!colspan=3|Voluntary Grouping Centres (VGC)
|-
| 1.
| Lallen
| 718
|-
| 2.
| Lengpui
| 1,126
|-
| 3.
| Hmunpui
| 774
|-
| 4.
| Bukpui
| 1,247
|-
| 5.
| Sairang
| 2,207
|-
| 6.
| Hlimen
| 1,647
|-
| 7.
| Khawrihnim
| 964
|-
| 8.
| Reiek
| 1,488
|-
| 9.
| Rawpuichhip
| 827
|-
| 10.
| Hortoki
| 1,995
|-
| 11.
| Bairabi
| 1,757
|-
| 12.
| Phaileng
| 1,231
|-
| 13.
| Lungpho
| 2,726
|-
| 14.
| Khawhai
| 3,726
|-
| 15.
| Sialhawk
| 2,289
|-
| 16.
| Chhipphir
| 1,795
|-
| 17.
| Mualthuam
| 1,377
|-
| 18.
| Haulawng
| 2,127
|-
| 19.
| Thingsai
| 2,201
|-
| 20.
| Thenzawl
| 3,441
|-
| 21.
| Darlung
| 1,412
|-
| 22.
| Kanghmun
| 945
|-
| 23.
| Buarpui
| 1,461
|-
| 24.
| Sialsuk
| 2,281
|-
| 25.
| Bunghmun
| 2,461
|-
| 26.
| Chawngte
| 3,113
|-
!colspan=2|'''Total VGC Population:'''
|47,156
|-
!colspan=3|Extended Loop Areas (ELA)
|-
| 1.
| Darlawn
| 3,102
|-
| 2.
| Ngopa
| 1,952
|-
| 3.
| Suangpuilawn
| 2,322
|-
| 4.
| Kepran
| 2,136
|-
| 5.
| Ratu
| 1,498
|-
| 6.
| Hnahlan
| 2,270
|-
| 7.
| Changzawl
| 2,815
|-
| 8.
| Khawdungsei
| 1,425
|-
| 9.
| Vevek
| 2,098
|-
| 10.
| Zohmun
| 2,325
|-
| 11.
| Vanbawng
| 1,603
|-
| 12.
| Khawruhlian
| 3,058
|-
| 13.
| Phullen
| 2,051
|-
| 14.
| Mimbung
| 1,557
|-
| 15.
| Khawlian
| 1,843
|-
| 16.
| Phuaibuang
| 1,687
|-
| 17.
| Kawlbem
| 477
|-
!colspan=2|'''Total ELA Population:'''
|34,219
|-
!colspan=3|Other centres
|-
| 1.
| Mamit
| 2,573
|-
| 2.
| Tuipang
| 1,365
|-
| 3.
| Sangau
| {{approx|1,000}}
|-
!colspan=2|'''Total Misc Population:'''
|4,938
|-
!colspan=2|'''Total Population:'''
|236,162
|}

===Centre designs===
The main factors in selecting a site for the regrouping centre were a good water supply, good hygienic condition, sufficient land for agriculture, communication facilities, minimum mobilisation of the people and security. Grouping of villages also considered if historically they were ruled under the same chiefs during the era of [[Mizo chieftainship]]. Smaller villages were regrouped into larger ones.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=174}}
Grouping centres were typically surrounded by high bamboo fences, with some towering at 24 feet around the entire village. Some cases had a second layer of spikes 60 feet or more. The fencing process took months, and the men were ordered to do unpaid labour. Army camps were located at the top of the village for surveillance and security purposes.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=20}}

With the new grouping centres identity cards were established which were required to be shown to the security post. To meet with kin and family from other villages, permission had to be taken from the village commander with a genuine reason. Individuals were only permitted to go to the jungle for the purposes of [[jhum]]ming and agriculture. If a location did not have any jhums or any inhabitants then the army classified it as a prohibited area. A policy of curfew was also introduced from dawn to dusk. This was to curb nighttime activities and contacts with the MNF while also preventing absenteeism. Patrols would regularly check the houses for all the inhabitants. Food and rations were not permitted to be taken out of the centre to prevent supplies from reaching the MNF. On 12 January 1967, 100 MNF rebels attacked the security post at Tualpung which was east of Aizawl. The security forces suffered casualties from the attack. Villagers coming to Aizawl from the rural countryside reported that the MNF had banned [[All India Radio]] broadcasting in the villages.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=175}}

==Facilitation==
Under the Defense of India Rules, the specified date and time for all immovable buildings to be burned or rendered useless was before 1 November 1967. At times, villagers were left homeless because the villages had been destroyed before the grouping centres were ready. Such was the case for Lungdai village, which was burnt in 1967, and the villagers waited a whole year within the jungles and fields.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=16}} However, some villages with houses built from tin and corrugated tin sheets were sometimes permitted to dismantle their house and take some materials to the grouping centre.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=18}} Despite the Lungdai church standing unburnt, the army would occupy it instead until a church elder known as Romingliana, who was an Assam Rifles soldier, intervened for them to leave. Some villages, such as Rulpui, were bombed as an MNF battalion had formed in the village. The village wasn't ordered to move on this basis, as it was deemed unsafe to move them. In the grouping centres, the original residents would take in families or have them relocated to church or school buildings, or makeshift bamboo shelters. The local residents would also participate in [[coolie]] labour to help move the belongings of relocated villagers.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=17}}

==Social development==
The civil administration took over the PPVs from the army in 1967 while the army maintained responsibility for security operations. The civil administration posted Administrative officers at various regrouping centres. Their responsibilities includes opening of schools, systemized water supply, and arrangements from agricultural activities. New jobs were made and test relief schemes were introduced with rehabilitation grants offered. The supply issue in the hills were resolved with the help of Air Force which improved the storage of rations.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=177}} Between 1966–1967, the government spent {{currency|300900561|INR}} on agricultural development. The funds saw distribution of seeds, plants and fertilisers, plant protection, minor irrigation, land reclamation and fruit processing. The Community Development Department also began to develop the PPVs. Up to 1969, it distributed pesticides, insecticides and fungicides freely. In the veterinary field, 180 units of improved birds were released. Rural Arts and Crafts centres distributed essential skills in areas such as blacksmithing, carpentry, knitting, sugar cane manufacturing, oil manufacturing, sewing machines and expellers.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=178}}

The Government invested in the fields of communications, rural health and education. The Public Works Department and Tasks Forces took up road construction. In 1972, mule paths decreased by 432 miles while paved roads increased by 352 miles. Army Engineers opened up the airstrip at Tuirial village near Aizawl. Before it was stopped, Kalinga airlines began a cargo service between Aizawl and Silchar in 1969. Helipads were also constructed on PPVs for officers to visit and inspect grouping centres. The number of posts offices and telegraph offices also increased. The Aizawl telephone exchange was improved and radio telephone was introduced in 1968 to Aizawl between Shillong and Silchar. The government of India also established an All India Radio Station in Aizawl.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=179}} Schools were also built. All grouping centres consisted of schools with middle English standard. Bigger grouping centres had high schools.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Development of Educational Institutions
|-
! Year !! Colleges !! High Schools !! Middle Schools !! Elementary Schools
|-
| 1947 || 0 || 2 || 22 || –
|-
| 1969 || 2 || 27 || 130 || 310
|-
| 1972 || 3 || 90 || 190 || 2426
|}

The formation of grouping centres led to an increase in suspicion of MNF sympathisers. A system devised by the security forces known as ''Kawktu'' ({{literal translation|pointer}}). A kawktu was usually a man from the grouped village centre who would help security forces identify MNF personnel or supporters of the MNF. The identities of Kawktu were kept secret via cloth masks. They would supply information and sometimes accompany soldiers while wearing a mask and pointing out a supposed MNF member. Some successful kawktu were taken across villages or in helicopters to aid missions.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=222}} However since most kawktu feared the security personnel or benefitted from preferential treatment the position became abused. Many kawktu would begin to point at innocent people at random or complete personal vendettas. The victims of the kawktus branded as suspects would be tortured. There were to types of kawktu, former MNF members who surrendered to the security forces and victims of the MNF who lost loved ones to the insurgency. Many Chakmas also joined as kawktus to reap the benefits.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=223}}

Men would be used as coolies to transport goods and work for the army. However, it would also lead to a risk of facing a clash between the MNF and the army. An incident recounts how the army had captured MNF insurgents and was transporting them with coolies. The MNF made a gunshot to distract the army and free the prisoners, but this was not achieved. Major Nathan, who was angered by the provocation, gave the order to shoot the prisoners and coolies. Most of the prisoners were killed, and 11 of the 17 coolies were killed.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=27}}

==Impact==
The grouping scheme was not successful. This was primarily due to the fact that the underground MNF forces retreated to [[East Pakistan]] and established their headquarters there. Nunthara argues that the scheme also exposed the villages to misbehaviour of the Indian military personnel which gave a disdain and distrust towards the wider Indian government. The disdain coupled with the food shortages of the grouping centres led to an increase in support for the MNF.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=113}} Despite reports claiming a decrease in opposition, the antipathy of the grouping scheme did not diminish. The scarcity of land forced many individuals to disperse back to their original village sites after the policy of grouping was relaxed in 1972. Despite the various investments and urban development of the grouping scheme, the help was not adequate to compensate for the difficulties under the scheme. Furthermore, the total amount of compensation and rehabilitation grants amounted to {{currency|16.6|INR}} lakhs for a population of 236,162, which was considered insignificant. The new ungrouped villages post-1972 were known as ''thlawhbawks'' and were deprived of village councils, schools and medical facilities. This issue would become a central policy topic during the 1978 elections to recognise the villages.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=114}} As a Thlawhbawk was a temporary hut on jhum fields, the villagers were legally obligated to attain temporary permits renewed every month to live on their jhums.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=20}} In 1978, Brig T. Sailo attempted to give recognition to the ''thlawhbawks'' but was stopped by the Lieutenant Governor.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=114}} In 1986 people began to move to Aizawl or back to their original village sites. However most of them especially the younger generation stayed for employment opportunities. After the grouping centres were declared a town anybody could be given a land settlement ceterficate by the village council president. This attracted many wealthy individuals from Aizawl to buy up land in the new towns.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=18-19}}

===Agriculture===
Under the grouping policy, nearly 80% of the rural population was shifted from their villages and resettled along the highways. The old villages were burnt, and the new settlements were kept under the control of the security forces until 1970. The Indian Army gained greater freedom of action and successfully isolated the insurgents from the people, thereby cutting the insurgents' supply chain. This grouping of villages resulted in a great deal of suffering for the indigenous populace as their farms and houses were burnt, and they could not have enough farmland while being interned in these camps. Animal husbandry was limited, and food rations were kept within the PPVs to prevent sympathisers from providing the MNF with food. A curfew was enforced for seven years, which limited the working distance of Jhum cultivations and errands for economic stimulation. Confiscation of arms also limited the capacity of grouped communities to procure food sources.{{sfn|Rangasami|1978|p=654}} From 1967 to 1972, farming output went down a cliff and people had to face near-famine conditions. In one year, farming output was 35,000 tonnes for a demand of 75,000 tonnes.{{sfn|Rangasami|1978|p=657}} The grouping policy also impacted the cultural values of Mizo society in relation to jhumming, such as the obsolescence of ''Tlawbawk'' (huts on the jhum land for camping and harvest).{{sfn|Rangasami|1978|p=660}} Inconsistent policies in the PPV, such as the stopping of the food ration system in 1968, increased prices of basic commodities such as rice and sugar, which further exacerbated starvation among the population.{{sfn|Rangasami|1978|p=657}} The grouping and urbanisation of villages under the scheme also shortened the jhumming cycle. Most families in the scheme could not cultivate enough paddy to last a whole year as traditional practices did. The civil administrative apparatus of the grouping centres also s aw village councils in dispute over village rivalry who were grouped together.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=112-113}} Furthermore, despite rations being provided, the portions were small or not able to be distributed. At Ruantlang grouping centre, the rations provided by the army were unfit for consumption. Diseases would spread in the villages, cause death, and force graves to be dug. In other cases individuals would simply beg for food in a practice known as ''Pur Phur''.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=24}} Abrupt unplanned evacuations would also see one rice bag issued as blankets not allowed to be cut. Furthermore only one issued per family regardless of member size.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=25}} Men would also be taken under force labour for projects such as building roads in Kashmir. This would weaken manpower for agriculture and aggravate food shortage.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=26}}

===Cultural===
The regrouped villages led to changes in Mizo cuisine and culinary. The Mizos began to use mustard oil in cooking and began to integrate onions and potatoes more into their dishes. This has been attributed to the ingredients supplied in rations and influence on non-Mizos in contact with them at the PPvs. Daily markets for produce were also established on main roads in villages which sold vegetable, eggs and chickens.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=182}} The number of shops have also increased. In 1970 the number of shops were 36 out of a total of 65 requests to the Deputy Commissioner to open one. With the improved logistics of PPVs, the shops were also better stocked than traditional vendors before. The impact of the PPV ID system also introduced photography on a large scale to Mizos. The Mizos began to culturally use photography for family photos, gatherings and weddings.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=183}}

The traditional form of house construction and design had also changed. Mizos now began to build modern designs with even some two storey buildings. Furthermore the kitchen has been separated from the bedroom. While in 1957 the abolishment of chieftainship left some chiefs with relationships with other villagers, the regrouping of villages have completely changed that premise and erased those links.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=185}} Leadership was now placed in village councillors while social influence was granted to Christian leaders and retired politicians.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=188}}

Agriculture also changed as an influence of regrouping. The difficulties of jhumming emerged from curfew laws and restrictions on movement. Jhums began to become further away from village while retaining the custom of lot allocation. In 1970 complaints of food shortages arose which the administration denied by claiming that harvests had been good.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=189}}

The traditional system of Mizo courtship known as ''Nula rim'' was also impacted. This was due to the curfew laws and frequent night patrols. Men could not go meet unmarried women to court and gossip. As a result, love songs were composed from 1966 onwards, known as curfew songs. The songs blamed the security forces for the separation of lovers rather than the MNF.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=190}}

Faith and Christianity also grew throughout the unrest. the number of churches began to decrease but patterns showed an increase in followers and the sizes of church buildings. Pastors traditionally were in charge of 14 churches or so but after regrouping were now responsible for 2–3. This made pastors more influential with their followers and closer to their people as well. In 1968 after a bad weather and harvest the prices of goods and foods were raised. This led to starvation, death and malnutrition.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=191}} The Synod Standing Committee sanctioned {{currency|100000|INR}} for distribution to relieve the suffering of the dying people. In 1969 a relief fund from Wales consisting of {{currency|40000|INR}} was also distributed. The Mizo Sunday School Union also began to train teachers for the schools in the PPVs using courses. Women also began to take on leadership roles in Presbyterian Churches as a result of the Mizo Presbyterian Church Women's Meeting being recognised by the Synod in 1969.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=192}} Furthermore Mizo burial customs changed as burials were now done outside of villages and headstones now had epitaphs that told of the person's life.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=194}}

==Human Rights issues==
The villages were set on fire according to orders. One event submitted to the memorandum of the Human Rights Commission in Mizoram recounts in 1967 how the village of Hnahchang was set on fire and burnt down by the 3rd Bihar Regiment.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=115}} After the villagers scattered, some went into the jungle and made houses out of tree leaves. Major Bakshi and his soldiers came to the sheds and ordered the people to sit in a line. Everyone in the line was shot dead. A total of nine were killed and four wounded. Among the killed was a three-year-old girl shot in front of her mother and sister. An 80-year-old man and a 67-year-old woman were also victims of this event. The bodies were placed within the sheds and burned down{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=116}} In ''A Mizo Civil Servant's Random Reflections'', an army members confession details the process for the village of Darzo. Orders were given to villagers at 10 am to collect whatever movable property they could before the village would be set on fire by 7 pm. During this time, the personnel carried out orders to burn paddy and other grain storages and stockades, not allowing the MNF to collect food. However, in the case recounted, the officer instead opted to hide the excess paddy and food grain in the caves and to return for it under military escort. At nightfall, orders were given to villagers to burn their homes. Upon non-compliance, they were forced out, and the officers and personnel lit the houses on fire instead. Upon the village being burned, the villagers were marched out with soldiers leading in front and trailing behind them. The Darzo villagers were assigned Hnathial as their grouping centre which was a 15 mile walk with very few rests and stops. However upon reaching the centre a document had to be signed. The document would detail that the village had voluntarily asked to be resettled into the Hnahthial PPV under security forces protection from the insurgents in return for new facilities. Another document detailed that the villagers burned down their own village and that no force or coersion was used by the security forces. On refusal to sign both documents the officers used revolvers and stationed soldiers at gunpoint to comply.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=}}{{pn|date=November 2025}}{{sfn|Lalkhama|2006|p=}}{{pn|date=November 2025}} In other cases, such as Kelzam in 1968, a village which no longer exists, the villagers were instructed to walk without escort as the personnel gave orders and left. However, the MNF patrols forced the villagers to return. To avoid the risk of a shootout, the villagers instead left for Aizawl before being detained in Sihphir for three months and Durtlang. In 1972, in Aizawl, the villagers were given land passes or ownership papers.{{sfn|Sundar|2011|p=19}}

Due to traditional Mizo customs of women fetching water for the army camps, this led to abuse and rape. In some camp,s the rapes became so egregious that men had to be supplemented for the fetching of water instead. Coolies and forced labour oversaw men required to carry equipment and military supplies for several days and forego domestic duties and agriculture. The army also believed that the MNF would not attack patrols with Mizo coolies. In January 1967, coolies from Kelkang and Buang were taken alongside 14 MNF prisoners to Champhai. The MNF skirmishes with the patrol before retreating. As a result, Captain Grewal Singh took his revenge on the prisoner and coolies instead, leading to the deaths of 18 men. The coolies were made to kneel as they were shot at point-blank range. As he was reloading, the remaining survivors escaped into the jungles.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=159}}

According to MNF secretary S. Lianzuala, in the grouping phase for Operation Accomplishment, the Indian Army burnt down 21 villages, gutted 2,133 houses, and raped 54 women (with three dying in the process of the assault). A total of 17 churches were burnt down, while others were occupied, with access to worship restricted as the army used them as local headquarters. Several accounts also record the desecration of religious buildings and materials, such as the destruction of the Bible and Hymn books.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=198}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
===Books===
*{{cite book |last=Goswami |first=B.B |date=1979 |title=The Mizo Unrest: A Study of Politicisation of Culture |location=Jaipur |publisher=Aalekh Publishers|url=https://ia801404.us.archive.org/30/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.148268/2015.148268.The-Mizo-Unrest.pdf}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hluna |first1=Dr. J.V |last2=Tochhawng |first2=Rini|date=2012 |title=The Mizo Uprising: Assam Assembly Debates on the Mizo Movement, 1966–1971|location=Newcastle, UK |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-44384042-2|url=https://archive.org/details/mizouprisingassa0000hlun/mode/1up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lalkhama |title=A Mizo Civil Servant's Random Reflections |date=2006 |publisher=Express print House |location=Ghaziabad}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nag |first1=Sajal |title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Delhi |isbn=978-1-317-12538-9 |pages=57–78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ |access-date=8 November 2025|chapter=Disciplining Villages and Restoring Peace in the Countryside|editor-last=Samaddar|editor-first=Ranabir|url-access=limited}}
*{{cite book |last=Nunthara |first=C |date=1996 |title=Mizoram: Society and Polity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PA24 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |page=42 |isbn=81-7387-059-4|url-access=limited}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Rajesh |title=Fighting Like a Guerrilla: The Indian Army and Counterinsurgency |date=2020 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=New Delhi |isbn=((0-415-45684-5)) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuYJEAAAQBAJ |access-date=12 November 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sinh |first1=Ramdhir |title=A Talent for War: The Military Biography of Lt Gen Sagat Singh |date=2013 |publisher=Vij Books India |location=Delhi |isbn=978-93-82652-23-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hASqCQAAQBAJ |access-date=12 November 2025}}

===Conference===
*{{cite conference |url=http://www.mcrg.ac.in/PP46.pdf |title=A Gigantic Panopticon: Counter Insurgency Operation and Modes of Discipline and Punishment in North East India |last1=Nag |first1=Sajal|date=2011 |location=Kokatta|conference=Development, Logistics, And, Governance: Fourth Critical Studies conference |id=}}
===Journals===
*{{cite journal |last1=Holt |first1=Benjamin |title=An 'Elephant Trying to Chase a Rat': Indian COIN in the Mizo Hills, 1967–1970 |journal=War in History |date=2025 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=406–425 |doi=10.1177/09683445241296844|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rangasami |first1=Amritha |date=15 April 1978 |title=Mizoram: Tragedy of Our Own Making |journal= Economic and Political Weekly|volume=13 |issue=15 |pages=653–662 |jstor=4366529 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sundar |first1=Nandini |title=Interning Insurgent Populations: the buried histories of Indian Democracy |journal= Economic and Political Weekly|date=2011 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=47–57 |jstor=27918119 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27918119 |access-date=13 February 2025|url-access=subscription}}

[[Category:Forced migration in Asia]]
[[Category:Internments]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Mizo National Front uprising]]

Janoji of Nagpur

2026-02-21T05:54:07Z

AmiePesina: creating a info

{{Short description|Raja of Nagpur from 1755 to 1772}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Janoji I
| title = [[Maharaja]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8r_BXh0tueMC&q=%22janoji%22+%22maharaja%22 | title=A Hand-book to the Records of the Government of India in the Imperial Record Department: 1748 to 1859 | date=1925 }}</ref><ref>A History of Orissa, Volume 2, p.307 [https://books.google.com/books?id=BxpDAAAAYAAJ&q=%22maharaja+janoji%22]</ref> Senasahib Subha
| titletext =
| more =
| image = Janoji Bhosale, Sena Saheb Subha, 1756-72.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Equestrian portrait of Janoji Bhonsle
| succession = 2nd [[Maharaja]] of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]]
| moretext =
| reign = 14 February 1755 – 21 May 1772
| reign-type =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Raghuji I]]
| pre-type =
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = [[Mudhoji I]]
| suc-type =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maratha Empire]] (present-day Nagpur, [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = 21 May 1772
| death_place = Nagpur, [[Maratha Confederacy]] (present-day Nagpur, Maharashtra, India)
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| consort =
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| issue =
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| full name =
| era name =
| era dates =
| regnal name =
| posthumous name =
| temple name =
| house = [[Bhonsles of Nagpur]]
| house-type =
| father = [[Raghuji I]]
| mother = Sulā Bai [[Mohite (clan)|Mohite]]<ref name="state">{{cite web |title="Mahratta (Maratha) states- Nagpur": Indian Princely States K–Z |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Nagpur |website=World statesmen |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226221028/https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Nagpur |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name= "mehta">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA48 |language=en}}</ref>
| occupation =
| signature =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| type =
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| battles =
{{Hidden begin}}
* [[Fourth Maratha invasion of Bengal]]
* [[Fifth Maratha invasion of Bengal]]
* [[Battle of Rani Sarai]]
{{Hidden end}}
}}
}}
[[File:Handwriting of Janoji Bhonsle.jpg|thumb|Handwriting of Janoji Bhonsle]]
'''Janoji I''' (Janoji Bhonsle, {{IPA|mr|d͡ʒaːɳod͡ʒi bʱoːsəleː}}; reigned 14 February 1755{{snd}}21 May 1772) was the second [[Maharaja]] of [[Kingdom of Nagpur|Nagpur]] from the [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Bhonsle dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saswadkar |first=P. L. |date=1977 |title=An Eighteenth Century Diplomat from Nagpur: Devajipant Chorghade |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42936585 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=37 |issue=1/4 |pages=155–162 |jstor=42936585 |issn=0045-9801}}</ref> He was one of the four legitimate sons of [[Raghuji I]]. Following a succession dispute with his brothers, Janoji ascended the throne in 1755, succeeding his father as the ruler of Nagpur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malik |first=Zahiruddin |date=1975 |title=Side Lights on the Administrative System of the Bhonsle State of Nagpur (1740–1772) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138856 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=36 |pages=310–320 |jstor=44138856 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> He also participated in the conflict between [[Peshwa Madhavrao]] and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], aligning himself with [[Raghunathrao]]. In 1765, both Madhavrao and Raghunathrao later turned against him and jointly sacked and burned the city of [[Nagpur]]. Janoji eventually agreed to pay tribute to Madhavrao.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Divekar |first=V. D. |date=July 1982 |title=The Emergence of an Indigenous Business Class in Maharashtra in the Eighteenth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/emergence-of-an-indigenous-business-class-in-maharashtra-in-the-eighteenth-century/DDA7C6E45AAC2D92D6D2FD022A16CD74 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=427–443 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00015250 |issn=1469-8099|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He died in 1772 without leaving an heir and was succeeded by his brother, [[Mudhoji I]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saswadkar |first=P. L. |date=1975 |title=Royal Weddings at Nagpur at the End of the Eighteenth Century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930952 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=35 |issue=1/2 |pages=138–144 |jstor=42930952 |issn=0045-9801}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1755 births]]
[[Category:1772 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]

Taambdi Chaamdi

2026-02-19T15:20:18Z

AmiePesina:

{{orphan|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Taambdi Chaamdi
| cover = Taambdi Chaamdi.jpg
| alt = Taambdi Chaamdi by Kratex, Shreyas and Spinnin' Records. Seen is the neck of a brown-skinned man that is shining.
| type = single
| artist = Shreyas ,Kratex
| album =
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| B-side =
| released = {{Start date|2024|05|}}
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Electronic dance music|EDM]]
| length = 2:38
| label = [[Spinnin' Records]]
| writer = Shreyas Sagvekar
| producer = Kratex
| prev_title = 
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|kmjeMrjOjFA|"Taambdi Chaamdi"}}}}
}}
'''"Taambdi Chaamdi"''' ({{Translation|"Brown Skin"}}) is a song by Indian [[DJ]] Kratex and Indian [[rapper]] Shreyas. The song was released in May 2024. [[Spinnin' Records]] released its music video on its [[YouTube]] channel on 25 August 2024. The song is written by Shreyas and Kratex, with Kratex handling its music and production. It is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] rap with [[Electronic dance music|EDM]] bass. The music video is directed by Omkar Kanerkar and Karan Hanskar.

== Writing and composition ==
[[File:Kratex in 2025.jpg|thumb|Kratex in 2025]]
Kratex was initially requested to compose a song by a South Indian actor, who later got busy. Kratex, who had composed the initial beat within an hour, then requested Shreyas to share some [[Marathi language|Marathi]] rap to accompany the beat. Shreyas and Kratex had previously met at a songwriting bootcamp. While Kratex had initially intended the song to be a South Indian-Marathi-[[House music|House]] collaboration, he was impressed by Shreyas's response and decided to go ahead without the South Indian actor's collaboration.<ref name="ShaikhVogueRap24">{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Sadaf |date=2024-09-20 |title=Taambdi Chaamdi: The Marathi rap song making the whole world go 'lakalakalaka' |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/taambdi-chaamdi-the-marathi-rap-song-making-the-whole-world-go-lakalakalaka |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Vogue India}}</ref>

The song's lyrics refer to being comfortable in one's own skin. Shreyas described that the song's hook comes from his realisation that his brown skin does not just burn when exposed to the [[Sun]], but also shines. The term "Lakalakalaka" is used by Marathi speakers to describe something that shines or glimmers. Shreyas describes:<ref name="ShaikhVogueRap24" />

{{Blockquote|There were a variety of trees outside the house in my village in [[Ratnagiri]]. In the evening, a swarm of fireflies would descend on the cashew trees. My grandfather would point them out to me and say, "''Lakh lakh karun chamaktoy''" which means "See how they’re 'shining'". So that’s where the term "lakh lakh" comes from. I extended it to "lakalakalakalakalaka" for the song.}}

Shreyas further describes:<ref>{{Cite web |first=Ravina |last=Warkad |date=2024-06-06 |title=With hip hop and house music youth adopt western genres to tell stories rooted in Maharashtra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/hip-hop-house-music-marathi-9375488/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=The Indian Express |url-access=registration}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|It is about a middle-class Marathi boy going about his day, stopping in the middle of the commute to splash water on his face to feel better.}}

== Music video ==
[[Spinnin' Records]] released its music video on its [[YouTube]] channel on 25 August 2024. It is directed by Karan Hanskar and Omkar Kanerkar,<ref name="ShaikhVogueRap24" /> with the concept proposed by [[influencers]] Tejas Shetye and Aakash Salunkhe.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Mihir |last=Bhanage |date=2024-09-23 |title=Kratex: Taambdi Chaamdi's popularity confirms that music has no language barrier |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/kratex-taambdi-chaambdis-popularity-confirms-that-music-has-no-language-barrier/articleshow/113588159.cms |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''Vogue'' describes the video's premise as "Don’t teach your father how to make babies."<ref name="ShaikhVogueRap24" />

The video features Marathi influencers Tejas and Manish Shetye, Aakash Salunkhe, Mrunali Shirke and Malhar Jadhav. It follows a father (Manish), who is fed up with the partying habits of his son (Tejas) and decides to try it out himself. He wears an iridescent suit and shiny sneakers and ends up partying even harder than his son.<ref name="ShaikhVogueRap24" />

While Kratex had initially intended to release the song on his own [[YouTube]] channel, he was then approached by the head of Spinnin' Records. Kratex describes that he wanted the video to demonstrate that Indians don't always wear ''[[sari]]s'' and ''[[kurta]]s'' and are normal people who go to parties.<ref name="ShaikhVogueRap24" />

Directors Kanerkar and Hanskar shot the video in public places, attracting the attention of the public. They also faced problems with the rental polychromatic suit worn by Manish after it was bought by someone else; they later stitched a new set. This led to shooting delays.<ref name="ShaikhVogueRap24" />

== Commercial performance ==
{{As of|2024|September}}, the song had 4.2 million streams on [[Spotify]] and was ranked at twenty on the Daily Viral Songs India on Spotify charts. It also featured on popular Spotify playlists like Rap 91 and Hot Hits Marathi. The song also had more than 53 [[lakh]] views on its YouTube video and had over 37,000 reels on [[Instagram]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nascimento |last=Pinto |date=2024-09-26 |title=Know all about the viral Marathi song 'Taambdi Chaamdi' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/taambdi-chaamdi-the-viral-marathi-song-you-need-to-know-about-23400369 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Mid-day}}</ref>

== Remix ==
[[Kshmr]] remixed the song in December 2024, stating that he was "moved by the track's authenticity and cultural pride."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2024-12-10 |title='Taambdi Chaamdi' Gets a Sizzling New Remix from Kshmr |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/taambdi-chaamdi-kshmr-remix-shreyas-kratex/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 songs]]
[[Category:2024 singles]]
[[Category:Spinnin' Records singles]]
[[Category:Marathi music]]

Meitei novel

2026-02-18T17:09:35Z

AmiePesina: Adding a details

{{Short description|20th century and afterward Meitei novels}}

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

[[File:An illustration of a Modern Meitei language classic novel "Meiri", by Borkanya (in Bengali script).jpg|thumb|An illustration of a [[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]] classic novel ''Meiri'', by Borkanya]]

'''Modern Meitei novels''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯅꯣꯚꯦꯜ / ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯅꯣꯚꯦꯜ}}) constitute a significant segment of [[Meitei literature]], developing steadily from the early 20th century onward. While narrative prose works existed prior to [[World War II]], the post-war period marked a more defined emergence of the novel as a distinct literary form. Early novels often reflected traditional values and moral instruction, whereas later works began to explore social, political, and psychological themes shaped by historical events, including the war and subsequent societal changes. The genre encompasses a range of narrative styles, from conventional storytelling to experimental forms, and addresses issues such as caste, gender, identity, displacement, and the tensions between continuity and change within Meitei society.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234">Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). "The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel". A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234, 265–275. ISBN 978-81-260-1586-3.</ref><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel">{{Cite web|title=Debunking modern Manipuri novel|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel|access-date=2025-06-13|website=}}</ref>

After the war, Meitei novels slowly developed, starting with idealistic love stories and social themes. Writers like Shitaljit, Guno Singh, and Thoibi Devi built the base. Later, Pacha Meitei brought modern, bold changes. Though not always successful, their works show a society trying to find its voice through fiction.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

== Before World War II ==

=== Kamal's Madhabi (1930) ===

Kamal's Madhabi ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯥꯙꯕꯤ}}) is considered the first Meitei novel. It was well-received when it came out. Before this, Manipuri literature did not have any realistic stories reflecting the society of the time. Earlier works like Dhananjoy Laibu Ningbā and Sanamanik were imaginative but not true novels.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" /><ref name=":Lamabam Damodar. L. Kamal Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi">Singh, Lamabam Damodar. L. Kamal Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi, 2000.</ref>

Kamal, influenced by other literatures, wrote Madhabi while still a medical student. Although he did not directly deal with serious social or political issues, he created a romantic story with a subtle message.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" /><ref name=":Lamabam Damodar. L. Kamal Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi" />

The novel focuses on two couples. Urirei, a poor girl, loves Biren, a wealthy young man. Madhabi, another girl, loves Dhiren, Biren's friend, but chooses a selfless life helping others. Biren goes to Calcutta to study for six years. During his absence, Urirei suffers abuse from a man named Bhubon who wants to marry her. Madhabi saves Urirei more than once. In the end, Urirei reunites with Biren, but Madhabi disappears.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" /><ref name=":Lamabam Damodar. L. Kamal Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi" />

Though written simply, the novel is praised for its heartfelt portrayal of love, changing society, humor, and vivid descriptions. However, Madhabi's character is too idealized to feel real in the small Manipuri setting.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" /><ref name=":Lamabam Damodar. L. Kamal Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi" />

=== Chaōba's Labanga Lata (1940) ===

This novel is set during the reign of King Khāgemba ({{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯥꯒꯦꯝꯕ}}). It tells the story of a conflict between two half-brothers: Khwairākpā ({{Script|Mtei|ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯔꯥꯛꯄꯥ}}) and Yāiskullākpā Sanongba ({{Script|Mtei|ꯌꯥꯏꯁ꯭ꯀꯨꯜꯂꯥꯛꯄꯥ ꯁꯥꯅꯣꯡꯕ}}). The conflict begins when Khwairākpā refuses to marry his daughter Kunjalatā Latāsanā ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯟꯖꯂꯇꯥ ꯂꯇꯥꯁꯅꯥ}}) to Labanga ({{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯕꯪꯒ}}), a brave warrior who loves her and serves Sanongba. In revenge, Sanongba picks a petty fight about a damaged boat, which escalates.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" /><ref name=":Rajkumar Mani. Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi">Singh, Rajkumar Mani. Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi, 2002.</ref>

The king, unaware of the real cause, believes Sanongba is plotting to take the throne. As a result, Sanongba and Labanga are exiled. Latāsanā follows them out of love.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" /><ref name=":Rajkumar Mani. Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi" />

Sanongba later rebels using Cachari mercenaries. In the battle, both he and Labanga are killed. Latāsanā becomes a widow and spends her life in prayer.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" /><ref name=":Rajkumar Mani. Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi" />

The novel cleverly blends love and politics to explain a historical conflict. Sanongba is the most striking character—proud, emotional, and courageous. However, other characters feel incomplete. There are also historical inaccuracies, like mixing flowers from different seasons or having characters worship Rama before Hinduism had spread in that form.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" /><ref name=":Rajkumar Mani. Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi" />

=== Angāhal's Jahera ===
[[File:ꯍꯤꯖꯝ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯍꯜ.jpg|thumb|Author Anganghal]]

In Jahera ({{Script|Mtei|ꯖꯍꯦꯔꯥ}}), Angāhal writes about love between two people from different religions—Kunjo ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯟꯖꯣ}}), a [[Meitei Hindu]] boy, and Jahera, a Muslim girl—at a time when religious divisions were strict in Meitei society.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" /><ref name=":Dīnamaṇi Siṃha, Elaṃbama., Akademi, Sahitya. Hijam Anangal Singh (Manipuri Writer). India: Sahitya Akademi">Dīnamaṇi Siṃha, Elaṃbama., Akademi, Sahitya. Hijam Anangal Singh (Manipuri Writer). India: Sahitya Akademi, 1997.</ref>

They fall in love at first sight, but religious and social pressures keep them apart. Kunjo tries hard to reach out to her with the help of a kind woman named Ibemcha and a man named Gopal. Jahera is also in love, but does not show it due to practical fears.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" /><ref name=":Dīnamaṇi Siṃha, Elaṃbama., Akademi, Sahitya. Hijam Anangal Singh (Manipuri Writer). India: Sahitya Akademi" />

Because of rumors spread by a Muslim woman named Fatiman, Jahera and her mother are expelled from their community. They move to her sister's house, then return to Manipur. Jahera sees Kunjo one last time before she dies.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" /><ref name=":Dīnamaṇi Siṃha, Elaṃbama., Akademi, Sahitya. Hijam Anangal Singh (Manipuri Writer). India: Sahitya Akademi" />

Most of the novel's events take place in one small neighborhood. Though the characters are emotionally rich, the writer struggles to fully bring them to life. Jahera especially feels deeply but remains trapped by her situation. She is not weak though—she shows strength in resisting manipulation.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" /><ref name=":Dīnamaṇi Siṃha, Elaṃbama., Akademi, Sahitya. Hijam Anangal Singh (Manipuri Writer). India: Sahitya Akademi" />

Supporting characters like Ibemcha, Gopal, and Amir are realistically portrayed. The novel also beautifully blends nature into the story and uses a mix of everyday and poetic language, keeping the reader engaged throughout.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" /><ref name=":Dīnamaṇi Siṃha, Elaṃbama., Akademi, Sahitya. Hijam Anangal Singh (Manipuri Writer). India: Sahitya Akademi" />

=== Shitaljit's Thādokpā (Sacrifice) ===

Shitaljit's first novel, Thādokpā ({{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄ}}), is a social critique of his time. He points out the growing divide between the rich/powerful and the common people. Social status had become all-important, and respect was mostly given to those with wealth or high positions.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

Shitaljit challenges these values through the character Sadananda. He also uses simple language, rejecting the flowery style common then.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

==== Plot summary ====
Sadananda ({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯗꯥꯅꯟꯗꯥ}}), born into poverty, earns an M.A. degree and marries Mukhra ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯨꯈ꯭ꯔꯥ}}), a woman from a modest background. Unable to find a job, they move in with Mukhra's parents. Later, her greedy family marries her off to a rich widower. Sadananda does not resist. He starts tutoring children and even sends money to Mukhra. His kindness becomes well known, and the king, breaking tradition, appoints him to top government posts.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

Even with such success, Sadananda never remarries. When he is dying, Mukhra returns and asks for forgiveness, which he gives without hesitation. His story symbolizes selflessness and true love.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

Though the novel might seem simple, it thoughtfully critiques social values and literary norms of the time.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

== After World War II ==

While other parts of India saw rapid growth in novel writing after World War II, Manipur's progress was slow. Drama and poetry were more popular than novels, and even big events like the war or peasant revolts did not inspire many powerful stories.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

=== R.K. Shitaljit ===

Shitaljit ({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯤꯇꯜꯖꯤꯠ}}) was one of the first serious Meitei novelists, known for his idealistic and emotional stories, especially about women's purity and sacrifice.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* Ima ({{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯃꯥ}}, 1947): A complex story about a boy (Ranjit) raised by foster parents. His real mother, in disguise, watches over him secretly. The novel focuses on justice, identity, and sacrifice but suffers from unrealistic events and confusing plotlines.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* Rohini ({{Script|Mtei|ꯔꯣꯍꯤꯅꯤ}}, 1948): Tells the story of an orphaned girl and her younger brother. She faces false rumors, leaves her foster home, and lives under a new name. The story ends with a family reunion.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

His characters often seem like puppets in a moral tale rather than real people.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

=== Other notable early novels ===

* Jat Onba ({{Script|Mtei|ꯖꯥꯠ ꯑꯣꯟꯕ}}, 1954) by Ram Singh Leitanthem: A love story where caste prevents marriage, leading the couple to run away. It critiques unfair social traditions.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* Khangani Poloida ({{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯪꯒꯅꯤ ꯄꯣꯂꯣꯏꯗꯥ}}, 1963) by Ram Singh: A love story with misunderstandings.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

=== R.K. Elangbam's Marup Anee (1967) ===

Elangbam's Marup Anee ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯅꯤ}}) focuses on Manipur during the war, as seen by two children. It tries to show the emotional and social impact of the war but falls short in depth.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

=== Hijam Guno Singh ===

Hijam Guno Singh ({{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯤꯖꯝ ꯒꯨꯅꯣ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}) wrote romantic novels set during the war:

* Khudol ({{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯜ}}, 1964): A student gets injured during the war, falls in love with a nurse, and moves on from past love. The plot feels forced but emotional.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* Aroiba Paodam ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝ}}, 1965): About a boy and his mother escaping war, living with a poor village family. He falls in love, but confusion and responsibilities change everything. The story mixes romance and war, but not always clearly.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* Laman ({{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯃꯟ}}, 1958): Meant to fight slavery but turns into a typical love story in a tribal setting.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* Eikhoi Tada ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ ꯇꯥꯗꯥ}}, 1966): About two lost boys, but lacks social depth.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

=== Women novelists ===

==== Thoibi Devi ====

The first woman novelist in Meitei literature, Thoibi Devi ({{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯗꯦꯕꯤ}}) wrote simple, emotional stories focusing on women's lives.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* Radha ({{Script|Mtei|ꯔꯥꯙꯥ}}, 1965): A woman quietly loves her childhood fiancé, now a doctor, even after marrying someone else. Their eyes meet one last time years later.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* Nungshi Eechel ({{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤ ꯏꯆꯦꯜ}}, 1967): A comparison of two women—one emotional, one practical—who serve society in different ways.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* Lamja ({{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯝꯖꯥ}}, 1979): A brave story of a single mother who refuses to marry another man and is eventually accepted with her child.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* Chingda Satpi Eengellei ({{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯥꯠꯄꯤ ꯏꯉꯦꯜꯂꯩ}}, 1979): A fairy-tale-like story with a twist: a tribal woman turns out to be the biological mother of a noble man.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

==== M.K. Binodini Devi ====

A more modern and bold writer, Binodini Devi's famous novel is Bor Saheb Ongbi Sanatombi ({{Script|Mtei|ꯕꯣꯔ ꯁꯥꯍꯦꯕ ꯑꯣꯡꯕꯤ ꯁꯅꯥꯇꯣꯝꯕꯤ}}, 1976): A princess leaves her husband to live with a British officer. The story divided readers—some praised her courage, others criticized her. It paints a vivid picture of royal life, culture, and society.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

=== Socially critical novels ===

* Khumanthem Ibohal Singh ({{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯨꯃꯟꯊꯦꯝ ꯏꯕꯣꯍꯜ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}): His novels like Imana Eibu Manghanbani ({{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯃꯥꯅ ꯑꯩꯕꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ}}, 1951) and Eidi Oktabini ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯩꯗꯤ ꯑꯣꯛꯇꯕꯤꯅꯤ}}, 1953) deal with moral decline and confusion in post-war Manipur.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* A. Chitreshwar Sarma ({{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯁ꯭ꯋꯔ ꯁꯔꯃꯥ}}): Wrote more realistic stories about rural and urban youth.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

=== Modern, experimental writings of Pacha Meitei ===

[[File:Loitongbam Pacha Meetei - A writer of literature in Modern Meitei Language - Portrait.jpg|thumb|Loitongbam Pacha Meetei]]

Pacha Meitei ({{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯆꯥ ꯃꯩꯇꯩ}}) changed the style of Meitei novels. His writing was experimental, using stream-of-consciousness and monologues (characters talking to themselves).<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* Na Tathiba Ahal Ama ({{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯍꯜ ꯑꯃ}}, 1969): A story told from one character's mind, using memories and reflections. It breaks traditional storytelling.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* Imphal amasung Magi Eesing Nungsitki Phibham ({{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯝꯐꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ}}, 1972): A scholar visits Manipur and is shocked by its moral decay. He decides to share only dry facts, not his disappointment.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* Later works became darker and more fragmented, showing personal frustration, possibly due to alcoholism.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

* Thanil ({{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯅꯤꯜ}}, 1979): His last novel, long and traditional, about a rich man and a married servant. It lacked focus and seemed tired.<ref name=":The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | The Novel ; | Post-World War II Literature | The Novel. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 229–234" /><ref name=":Arts_and_Culture.Debunking_modern_Manipuri_novel" />

=== Works of BM Maisnamba ===
BM Maisnamba is a significant figure in contemporary Meitei literature, recognized for his distinctive narrative style and engagement with historical, social, and cultural themes. His body of work comprises fifteen novels, including ''Atithi Amagi Ahing (1978), Sorarengi Machanupi (1980), Ahinggi Nupi (1989), Kangla Diary (1999), Imphal Turel Mapalgi Rajkumari (1995), and Imashi Nurabi (2004). His Ningthemnubi trilogy—Pongi Uchek (2006), Ahinggi Laibar (2006), and Konung Mihaat (2006)''—is widely regarded as his major literary achievement. He also authored a five-part series comprising ''Shridham Nabadwip Ogbi (2008), Shrimati Kumarika (2008), Shrimati Kumari Devadasi (2009), Basantagi Kokil Amom (2012), and two sequels to Imashi Nurabi titled Nurabi Sayon (2013) and Chittagong Reporter''. Among these, Imashi Nurabi and the Ningthemnubi trilogy have attained particular prominence within the corpus of Meitei literature. Imashi Nurabi was awarded the Manipur State Kala Akademy Award in 2006 and the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2007. In 2008, Maisnamba became the first recipient of the Manipur State Award for Literature, also for Imashi Nurabi. These two works have been further recognized by various literary and cultural organizations through additional honours.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sorarengi Machanupi Novels of BM Maisnamba Part 1 By Sarangthem Sobharani|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.Sorarengi_Machanupi_Novels_of_BM_Maisnamba_Part_1_By_Sarangthem_Sobharani|access-date=2025-06-13|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|Bangladesh|Books|Civilization|India|Language|Literature|Myanmar|Society|Writing}}

* [[Modern Meitei poetry]]

== Bibliography ==
* Nahakpam Aruna, A Collection of Critical Essays in Manipuri Literature, Imphal, 2001.
* Joseph Warren Beach, 20th Century Novel Studies in Techniques, New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts, ©1932.
* John Barth. "The Literature of Replenishment". The Friday Book. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.
* Stream-of-consciousness technique in the modern novel, Port Washington, N.Y. : Kennikat Press, 1979.
* The cultural forum, Manipur, Ritu Literary Journal, April, 1999.
* Manipur Sahitya Parishad, Glimpse of Manipuri Language and Literature, Imphal 1970.
* Pacha, Na Tathiba Ahal Ama 1969, Imphal and its climatic conditions, 1972
== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian literature]]
[[Category:Novel forms]]

Palaruvi

2026-02-15T06:23:31Z

AmiePesina: fixes

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''Palaruvil''' is a tiny village in [[Kollam district, Kerala]] in [[South India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> Palaruvi falls is situated in Palaruvi and Palaruvi is famous for [[Palaruvi Falls|Palaruvi waterfalls]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kollam district]]

{{Kollam-geo-stub}}

T. S. R. Prasada Rao

2026-02-12T03:10:52Z

AmiePesina: refine formatting after review and updated info based on references

{{short description|Indian engineer (1939–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = T. S. R. Prasada Rao
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1939|1|20}}
| birth_place = [[Pedapudi]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2022|4|7|1939|1|20}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], India
| fields = {{ublist | [[Petroleum]] engineering }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | Sarasijam Technologies | [[Indian Institute of Petroleum]] | [[Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited]] }}
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| awards = {{ublist| 2014 Petrotech Lifetime Achievement Award | 1998 Chemtech Outstanding Scientist Award (1998) | 1996 [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] | 1996 CSI Eminent Scientist Award | 1996 K. G. Naik Gold Medal | 1995 K. Kumari National Award for Science & Technology | 1995 S.K. Lal Memorial Science & Technology Award | 1994 Bharatiya Sanskriti Puraskar | 1994 Delhi Telugu Academy Eminent Scientist Award | 1993 FICCI Award for Physical Sciences | 1992 IICE Kuloor Memorial Award | 1985 ICMA Forward Technology Development Award | CSIR Technology Award }}
}}
[[File:Manmohan Singh presenting the Life Time Achievement Award 2014 to the former Director, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dr. T.S.R. Prasada Rao.jpg|thumb|'''Manmohan Singh presenting the Life Time Achievement Award 2014 to the former Director, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dr. T.S.R. Prasada Rao.jpg''']]

'''Turaga Sundara Rama Prasada Rao''' (20 January 1939 – 7 April 2022) was an Indian engineer, known for his contributions in the fields of [[petroleum refining]] and [[heterogeneous catalysis]]. He was a former director of the [[Indian Institute of Petroleum]]<ref name="Life Time Achievement Award for Dr. T.S.R. Prasada Rao">{{Cite web |url=http://www.psuconnect.in/news/life-time-achievement-award-for-dr.-t.s.r.-prasada-rao/2347 |title=Life Time Achievement Award for Dr. T.S.R. Prasada Rao |date=2018-11-28 |website=PSUConnect |language=en-US |access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> and a former deputy general manager of the [[Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited]].<ref name="Profile on Sarasijam">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sarasijam.com/docs/Prasada%20Rao%20Sarasijam%20Chairman%20Bio%20Jan%202009.pdf |title=Profile on Sarasijam |date=2018-11-28 |website=Sarasijam |access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> He was known for his studies in heterogeneous catalysis for petrochemical and refining processes; his studies have been documented by way of a number of articles{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[Google Scholar]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 123 of them.<ref name="T.S.R. Prasada Rao - Google Scholar Citations">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=DZvRXxMAAAAJ&hl=en |title=T.S.R. Prasada Rao - Google Scholar Citations |date=2018-11-28 |website=scholar.google.co.in |access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> He also co-edited a book, ''Recent Advances in Basic and Applied Aspects of Industrial Catalysis'', published by [[Elsevier]].<ref name="RaoDhar1998">{{cite book|author1=T.S.R. Prasada Rao|author2=G. Murali Dhar|title=Recent Advances in Basic and Applied Aspects of Industrial Catalysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zLl55UWDI0C|date=25 February 1998|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-054038-2}}</ref>

Born on 20 January 1939, Rao was an elected fellow of [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]],<ref name="Search for Fellow INAE">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-for-fellow/ |title=Search for Fellow INAE |date=2018-11-28 |website=Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE) |language=en-US |access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Prasada_Rao,_Dr_Turaga_Sundara_Rama |title=Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences |date=2018-11-28 |language=en}}</ref> He was also a member of Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences, [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers]], and [[New York Academy of Sciences]]. He shared the 1996 [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] for Engineering with [[M. R. Srinivasan]] and [[C. G. Krishnadas Nair]].<ref name="Engineering - OM PRAKASH BHASIN AWARDS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.opbfawards.com/engineering.html |title=Engineering - OM PRAKASH BHASIN AWARDS |date=2018-11-28 |website=www.opbfawards.com |access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> He received the Petrotech Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004.<ref name="Dr. Rao Receives Lifetime Achievement Award - GTC Technology US, LLC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gtctech.com/dr-rao-receives-lifetime-achievement-award/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625233619/http://www.gtctech.com/dr-rao-receives-lifetime-achievement-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 June 2018 |title=Dr. Rao Receives Lifetime Achievement Award - GTC Technology US, LLC |date=2014-01-28 |website=GTC Technology US, LLC |access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> He was also a recipient of several other honors including Chemtech Outstanding Scientist Award, K. G. Naik Gold Medal, [[FICCI]] Award Technology Award of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]].<ref name="Profile on Sarasijam" />

Rao died in Hyderabad on 7 April 2022, at the age of 83.<ref name="Former IIP Director Dr TSR Prasada Rao passes away">{{Cite news |last=Post |first=Garhwal |title=Former IIP Director Dr TSR Prasada Rao passes away |language=en-US |url=https://garhwalpost.in/former-iip-director-dr-tsr-prasada-rao-passes-away/ |access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author1=T.S.R. Prasada Rao|author2=G. Murali Dhar|title=Recent Advances in Basic and Applied Aspects of Industrial Catalysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zLl55UWDI0C|date=25 February 1998|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-054038-2}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last1=Maity |first1=S.K |last2=Rana |first2=M.S |last3=Srinivas |first3=B.N |last4=Bej |first4=S.K |last5=Murali Dhar |first5=G |last6=Prasada Rao |first6=T.S.R |date=March 2000 |title=Characterization and evaluation of ZrO2 supported hydrotreating catalysts |journal=Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical |volume=153 |issue=1–2 |pages=121–127 |doi=10.1016/s1381-1169(99)00311-8 |issn=1381-1169}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Maity |first1=S.K. |last2=Rana |first2=M.S. |last3=Bej |first3=S.K. |last4=Ancheyta-Juárez |first4=J. |last5=Murali Dhar |first5=G. |last6=Prasada Rao |first6=T.S.R. |date=January 2001 |title=Studies on physico-chemical characterization and catalysis on high surface area titania supported molybdenum hydrotreating catalysts |journal=Applied Catalysis A: General |volume=205 |issue=1–2 |pages=215–225 |doi=10.1016/s0926-860x(00)00567-6 |issn=0926-860X}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Sahoo |first1=S.K. |last2=Viswanadham |first2=N. |last3=Ray |first3=N. |last4=Gupta |first4=J.K. |last5=Singh |first5=I.D. |date=January 2001 |title=Studies on acidity, activity and coke deactivation of ZSM-5 during n-heptane aromatization |journal=Applied Catalysis A: General |volume=205 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/s0926-860x(00)00543-3 |issn=0926-860X}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Rana |first1=M.S. |last2=Srinivas |first2=B.N. |last3=Maity |first3=S.K. |last4=Murali Dhar |first4=G. |last5=Prasada Rao |first5=T.S.R. |date=October 2000 |title=Origin of Cracking Functionality of Sulfided (Ni) CoMo/SiO2–ZrO2 Catalysts |journal=Journal of Catalysis |volume=195 |issue=1 |pages=31–37 |doi=10.1006/jcat.2000.2968 |issn=0021-9517}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Rana |first1=M.S. |last2=Maity |first2=S.K. |last3=Ancheyta |first3=J. |last4=Dhar |first4=G.Murali |last5=Prasada Rao |first5=T.S.R. |date=October 2003 |title=TiO2–SiO2 supported hydrotreating catalysts: physico-chemical characterization and activities |journal=Applied Catalysis A: General |volume=253 |issue=1 |pages=165–176 |doi=10.1016/s0926-860x(03)00502-7 |issn=0926-860X}}

{{portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgDd6Ix7fpI |title=Dr. TSR Prasad Rao Speech |last=Dr. Anil Garg |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2016-04-01 |access-date=2018-11-28}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVVstv87d6Y |title=PETROTECH Lifetime Achievement Award 2014 to Dr. T. S. R. Prasada Rao |last=Uday Turaga |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2014-01-24 |access-date=2018-11-28}}
* {{cite book|author1=G.F. Froment|author2=B. Delmon|title=Catalyst Deactivation 1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GiCJo8q6JUC&pg=PA366|date=8 September 1994|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-088738-8|pages=366–}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, T. S. R.}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Petroleum engineers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:People from Machilipatnam]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Pooja Mor

2026-02-09T06:10:05Z

AmiePesina: started initial details more to come

{{short description|Indian fashion model (born 1991)}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox model
| name = Pooja Mor
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|11|06}}
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Model
| years_active =2013 - present
| height = {{height|m=1.75}}
| haircolor = Brown
| eyecolor = Brown
| agency = [[Elite Model Management]] (New York, Los Angeles) [[VIVA Model Management]] (Paris, London) Special Management (Milan) Amina Creative Management (Mumbai) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://models.com/models/Pooja-Mor|title=Pooja Mor - Model}}</ref>
| website =
}}

'''Pooja Mor''' is an Indian fashion [[Model (person)|model]] . Mor debuted at [[Louis Vuitton]]'s Cruise 2016 runway show in [[Palm Springs]] in 2015.

== Career ==

Whilst at university, Pooja Mor won the [[Ahmedabad]] regional finals for the Clean & Clear Ahmedabad Times Fresh Face in 2012. After her studies she left [[Gujarat]] and told her parents she was going on vacation, instead went to [[Delhi]] to try fashion modelling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150514/lifestyle-offbeat/article/risk-paid|title=A risk that paid off|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=14 May 2015|access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref> During this time she entered her second beauty pageant, Indian Princess 2013 and represented her city of Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianprincessfashion.com/contestants2013.asp#!prettyPhoto|title=Indian Princess : Contestants - 2012|website=www.indianprincessfashion.com|access-date=2016-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524050742/http://www.indianprincessfashion.com/contestants2013.asp#!prettyPhoto|archive-date=24 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pooja Mor went unplaced at Indian Princess International & Indian Princess which was won by [[Jannatul Ferdoush Peya]] & [[Sharan Fernandes]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aplatestnews.com/pressrelpic.php?idx=Indian-Princess-International-Winners-2013-Models-Sizzle-at-Grand-Finale|title=Indian Princess International Winners 2013 - Models Sizzle at Grand Finale - Pictures - APLatestNews|website=www.aplatestnews.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianprincessfashion.com/pastEvent-2013.asp|title=Indian Princess : Past Events|website=www.indianprincessfashion.com|access-date=2016-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524050757/http://www.indianprincessfashion.com/pastEvent-2013.asp|archive-date=24 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pooja Mor and [[Jannatul Ferdoush Peya|Jannatul Peya]] crossed paths again after Indian Princess 2013, both women sharing the October 2016 [[Vogue India]] cover.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/these-talented-and-driven-women-are-the-perfect-ambassadors-for-diversity/|title=These talented and driven women are the perfect ambassadors for diversity|date=2016-10-07|work=VOGUE India|access-date=2018-09-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

Working as a freelance model in [[Delhi]], Mor was featured in the November issue of ''[[Femina (India)|Femina India]]'' in 2013.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Femina India|publisher=Femina India|date=November 2013|location=India}}</ref> She was later contacted and signed by her current Indian mother agency, Anima Creative Management.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=http://couturerani.com/interview/2015/05/model-crush-pooja-mor/|title=Model Crush: Pooja Mor {{!}} Couture Rani|date=2015-05-15|website=Couture Rani|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref> Whilst working in India, another model with [[Elite Model Management]] took a photo of Pooja and posted it on [[Instagram]], from there came interest from Elite who signed her in 2015.<ref name=":22" />

In Spring/Summer 2016, Mor walked for [[Givenchy]] in New York. Mor's catwalk fall went viral across the web.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/fashion/candice-swanepoel-falls-runway-givenchy-show-article-1.2358028|title=Candice Swanepoel falls on runway during Givenchy show|website=NY Daily News|access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pophangover.com/49149/candice-swanepoel-pooja-mor-fall-down-runway-nyfw/|title=Candice Swanepoel and Pooja Mor Fall Down on the Runway|date=2015-09-12|website=POPHANGOVER|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027105357/http://www.pophangover.com/49149/candice-swanepoel-pooja-mor-fall-down-runway-nyfw/|archive-date=27 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Hot News|title=Models Candice Swanepoel & Pooja Mor fall down during Givenchy Spring/Summer 2016 fashion show|date=2015-09-13|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_8BNGjX_vU|access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref> In 2016, Mor relocated to New York City to pursue further opportunities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/pooja-mor|title=Pooja Mor is One of the 500 People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry in 2017|work=The Business of Fashion|access-date=2018-09-01|language=en-GB}}</ref>

As a fashion model, Mor has walked for [[Stella McCartney]], [[Roberto Cavalli]], Louis Vuitton, Givenchy, [[Alexander McQueen (brand)|Alexander McQueen]], [[JW Anderson]], Dolce & Gabbana, Prabal Gurung, Altuzarra, Elie Saab and [[Topshop]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lofficielsingapore.com/Filles/top-indian-female-models-in-fashion-meet-pooja-mor-from-ahmedabad-gujarat|title=Top Indian female models in fashion: Meet Pooja Mor from Ahmedabad, Gujarat|website=www.lofficielsingapore.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref>
Mor has appeared on covers of ''[[Vogue Italia]]'', ''Vogue'' Arabia, ''[[Vogue India]]'', ''[[Numéro]]'' China, ''[[Simon Magazine|Simon]]'', ''[[Verve India|Verve]]'' and ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'' India. .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://models.com/models/Pooja-Mor|title = Pooja Mor - Model}}</ref>

Mor became embroiled in controversy in 2014, when she was depicted as part of the [[Delhi Gang Rape Photo Shoot|Delhi Gang Rape photoshoot]], titled ‘The Wrong Turn’ which went viral on the internet for glamorising the gang rape and subsequent [[2012 Delhi gang rape|death of an Indian medical student]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-28670663|title=Delhi gang rape: India outrage over fashion shoot|work=BBC News|date=6 August 2014|access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/regajha/this-glamorous-fashion-photo-shoot-depicts-an-indian-woman|title = This Fashion Photo Shoot Depicts an Indian Woman Being Abused by Several Men on a Bus| website=[[BuzzFeed]] | date=5 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/delhi-gang-rape-photoshoot-bus-idINKBN0G810W20140808|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306223946/http://in.reuters.com/article/delhi-gang-rape-photoshoot-bus-idINKBN0G810W20140808|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016|title=Parents of Delhi gang rape victim decry fashion shoot that evokes attack|website=Reuters India|date=8 August 2014|language=en-IN|access-date=2016-05-19|last1=Kataria|first1=Sunil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Fashion-shoot-on-Nirbhaya-rape-triggers-outrage/articleshow/39701128.cms|title='Fashion shoot' on Nirbhaya rape triggers outrage - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=5 August 2014 |access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/delhi-gang-rape-fashion-shoot-triggers-outrage_952938.html|title='Delhi gang-rape' fashion shoot triggers outrage|date=2014-08-06|website=Zee News|access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref>[http://www.premium-models.com/index.php?model_department=1&model_category=1&lang=en&model_id=1867#]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mor, Pooja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female models from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]

Gul Khan (producer)

2026-02-04T20:59:27Z

AmiePesina: added info

{{Short description|Indian producer, writer and director (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gul Khan
| image = Gul Khan.jpg
| caption = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|03|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| years_active = 2008{{ndash}}present
| spouse = Gorky M
| relatives =
| occupation = {{hlist|Producer|director|writer}}
| website = {{URL|gulenaghmakhan.com}}
| alma_mater = [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
}}

'''Gul Khan''' (born 5 March 1974) is an Indian producer, writer and director known for producing shows like ''[[Geet (TV series)|Geet]]'', ''[[Qubool Hai]]'', ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? (2011 TV series)|Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'', ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'', ''[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]'', ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]'', ''[[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!]]'', ''[[Imlie]]'', ''[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]'' and ''[[Aashiqana]]''. She is co-creative head and co-producer of [[4 Lions Films]].<ref name="QH">{{cite web|title='Qubool Hai': Yet to reveal real plot|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/qubool-hai-yet-to-reveal-real-plot_139508.html|accessdate=6 April 2014|publisher=Zee News}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Khan has studied in [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], New Delhi.<ref name="OpEd" /> She is married to Gorky M.<ref name="OpEd">{{cite web|title=Her name is khan|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/her-name-is-khan/|accessdate=6 April 2014|work=The Indian Express|date=9 August 2013 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
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|[[:id:Dan_(sinetron)|Dan]]
|Director
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|[[:id:Hidayah|Hidayah]]
|Director
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|[[:id:Cinta_Memang_Gila|''Cinta Memang Gila'']]
|Director
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|Director
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|Goal(indonesian)
|Director
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|[[:id:Mimpi_Manis|''Mimpi Manis'']]
|Director
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|[[:id:Senyumku_Tangisku|''Senyumku Tangisku'']]
|Director
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|[[:id:Impian_Cinderella|Cinderella]]
|Director
|[[RCTI]]
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|[[Superhit Muqabla]]
|Writer
|[[DD National]]
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|[[Panaah (TV series)]]
|Director
|[[DD National]]
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|[[Rishtey (TV series)]]
|Director
|[[Zee TV]]
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|[[Shaheen (Indian TV series)|Shaheen (TV series)]]
|Director
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
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|[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)]]
|Director
|[[StarPlus|Star Plus]]
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|[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]
|Director
|[[StarPlus|Star Plus]]
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|[[Bawang Merah Bawang Putih (TV series)]]
|Director
|[[RCTI]]
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| 2008–2009
| ''[[Chand Ke Paar Chalo (TV series)|Chand Ke Paar Chalo]]''
| Producer
|[[NDTV Imagine]]
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|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Geet (TV series)|Geet]]''
| Producer
|[[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]
|
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''
| Producer
| rowspan="2"|[[Star Plus]]
| <ref name="TOI-Walunjkar">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Will-Barun-Sobti-get-third-time-lucky-in-B-Town/articleshow/32475219.cms?|title=Will Barun Sobti get third time lucky in B-Town?|last=Somashukla Walunjkar|date=22 March 2014|work=The Times of India|accessdate=6 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2012–2014
| ''[[Arjun (TV series)|Arjun]]''
|Writer
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|-
| 2012–2016
| ''[[Qubool Hai]]''
| Writer Producer Director
| [[Zee TV]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Qubool Hai|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2013/qubool-hai-gul-khan-scared-to-get-asad-zoya-married-123121.html|access-date=6 April 2014|website=Oneindia|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085305/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2013/qubool-hai-gul-khan-scared-to-get-asad-zoya-married-123121.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2013–2016
|''[[Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)|Bojhena Se Bojhena]]''
| Writer
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|
|-
| 2014–2015
|''[[Humsafars]]''
| Producer Director
| [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Adhuri Kahaani Hamari (TV series)|Adhuri Kahaani Hamari]]''
|Producer
| rowspan="2"|[[&TV]]
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| 2016
| ''[[Kahani Hamari... Dil Dosti Deewanepan Ki]]''
| Producer
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|-
| 2016–2019
| ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
| Producer
|[[Star Plus]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsx.com/entertainment/33625-television-actor-nakuul-mehtas-new-show-ishqbaaaz-to-hit-tv-screen-today|title=Television actor Nakuul Mehta's new show 'Ishqbaaaz' to hit TV screen today - NewsX|date=27 June 2016|publisher=News X|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929001328/http://www.newsx.com/entertainment/33625-television-actor-nakuul-mehtas-new-show-ishqbaaaz-to-hit-tv-screen-today|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan ="3"|2017
| ''[[Tanhaiyan]]''
| Producer
| [[Hotstar]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/barun-sobti-and-surbhi-jyoti-working-together-for-gul-khan/article_a521d892-fcee-11e5-ac03-9fdef834412b.html|title=Barun Sobti and Surbhi Jyoti Working Together for Gul Khan and Gorky M.|first=ARIELLE, Special to|last=India-West|website=www.indiawest.com|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929043927/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/barun-sobti-and-surbhi-jyoti-working-together-for-gul-khan/article_a521d892-fcee-11e5-ac03-9fdef834412b.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]''
| Producer
| rowspan="4"|[[Star Plus]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ishqbaaz-spin-off-to-replace-nikhil-advani-pow-bandhi-hum-yudh-ke-star-plus-4487490|title=Ishqbaaaz's spin-off to replace Nikhil Advani's POW Bandhi Hum Yudh Ke|date=23 January 2017|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3]]''
| Producer
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 actor Barun Sobti speaks on fans missing Sanaya Irani: Shivani Tomar is perfect fit|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-3-actor-barun-sobti-sanaya-irani-trolls-shivani-tomar-is-perfect-fit-4703842/|accessdate=14 June 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=14 June 2017 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan ="2"| 2018–2020
| ''[[Kulfi Kumar Bajewala ]]''
|Producer
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| ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]''
|Producer
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|rowspan ="2"| 2019
| ''[[Nojor]]''
|Writer
| [[Star Jalsha]]
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|''[[Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji]]''
|Producer, Director
|rowspan="4"|[[Star Plus]]
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| 2019–2020
| ''[[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!]]''
| Producer
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| 2020
| ''[[Nazar 2]]''
|Producer
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|2020–2024
|''[[Imlie]]''
|Producer
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|2020–2021
|''[[Namak Issk Ka]]''
|Producer
|[[Colors TV]]
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|rowspan="2"|2021
|''[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]''
|Producer
|[[Sony TV (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]
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|''Ankahee Dastaan''
|Producer
|rowspan="2"|[[Star Plus]]
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|2021–2022
|''[[Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei]]''
|Co-Producer with Nilanjana P.
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Video: Star Plus unveils promo of 'Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei'|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/in-video-star-plus-unveils-promo-of-chikoo-ki-mummy-durr-kei/|website=Biz Asia|date=28 July 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2021–2023
|''[[Sindoor Ki Keemat]]''
|Producer
|[[Dangal TV]]
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|2022
|''[[Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawaan|Fanaa Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
|Co-Producer with Dipti Kalwani and Karishma Jain (Sunny Side Up Films Pvt Ltd)
|[[Colors TV]]
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|2022–2023
|''Aashiqana – Murder Ke Mausam Mein Pyaar (Seasons 1–4)''
|Director/Producer
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
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|2023
|''[[Sindoor Ki Keemat|Sindoor Ki keemat 2]]''
|Producer
|[[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal TV]]
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|rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Shamshaan Champa]]''
|Producer
|[[Shemaroo Umang]]
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|''Badi Heroine Banti Hai'' (Seasons 1–2)
|Producer
|Amazon MX Player
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|rowspan="2"|2024–2025
|''Prem Leela''
|Producer
|Dangal TV
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|''[[Apollena – Sapno Ki Unchi Udann]]''
|Producer
|[[Colors TV]]
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|2025
|''[[Jaadu Teri Nazar – Daayan Ka Mausam]]''
|Producer
|[[Star Plus]]
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|}

== See also ==
* [[List of accolades received by Ishqbaaaz]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons Category}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Gul}}
[[Category:Indian women television producers]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Delhi]]

{{India-tv-bio-stub}}
{{tv-director-stub}}

Pillaiyar Suḻi

2026-01-31T05:10:59Z

AmiePesina: quick improved section per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Hindu iconography}}
[[File:Pillayar Suli.svg|thumb|''Pillaiyar Suḻi'' is a sacred textual symbol attributed to [[Hindu]] god [[Ganesha]]]]
{{Hinduism}}
'''Pillaiyar Suḻi''' ({{Langx|ta|பிள்ளையார் சுழி}}), also rendered '''Ganesha's curl''' or '''Ganesha's circle''', is a sacred textual symbol. It is dedicated to the [[Hindu]] deity [[Pillaiyar]] (Ganesha), who is ritually worshiped first with prayers for success and is used to symbolize an auspicious beginning. The symbol consists of a circle and a curve similar to the [[Tamil script |Tamil letter]] ''உ''(u) with two lines and a dot below. It is used primarily by [[Tamil Hindu]]s , who usually use it before writing anything new.

==Nomenclature and Symbol==
Pillayar Suli in [[Tamil language]] can be roughly translated to "Ganesha's curl" in English with ''[[Pillayar]]'' denoting the [[Hindu]] god "[[Ganesha]]" and ''Suli'' meaning "curl". It is also known as "Ganesha's circle".<ref name="Patnaik"/> The symbol consists of a circle and a curve similar to the fifth [[vowel]] of the [[Tamil script]] ''உ''(u) accompanied by two straight horizontal lines and a dot below.<ref name="Patnaik">{{cite book |title=99 Thoughts on Ganesha By Devdutt Pattanaik |isbn=978-8-184-95152-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wh22qvzQuowC&dq=pillaiyar+suzhi&pg=RA1-PA62-IA3 |last1=Pattanaik |first1=Devdutt |date=27 January 2015|publisher=Jaico Publishing House }}</ref>

==History and theology==
The symbol is used to denote the [[Hindu]] god [[Ganesha]], who himself was a scribe helping [[Maharishi]] [[Vyasa|Veda Vyasa]] to write the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="Patnaik"/> As Ganesha is ritually worshiped first with prayers for success, the symbol is written to herald auspiciousness and to remove any obstacles in the path towards success.<ref name="Patnaik"/><ref name="Natesan"/> The origin of the symbol has various explanations.

Pillayar Suli is considered as a truncated version of the Hindu auspicious symbol and mantra ''[[Aum]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Flipside of Hindu Symbolism: Sociological and Scientific Linkages in Hinduism By M. K. V. Narayan |isbn=978-1-596-82117-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewRfp4qpvt4C&dq=pillayar+suzhi&pg=PA37 |last1=Narayan |first1=M. K. V. |date=April 2007|publisher=Fultus Corporation }}</ref> ''Aum'' is considered a fusion of five forms, the letters signifying ''Akhara'' symbolizing lord [[Shiva]], ''Ukhara'' symbolizing [[Parvati|Shakti]] and ''Makhara'' representing [[Pasha (Hinduism)|Malam]] (taints that adhere to the soul) to go with the fourth and fifth letters in sound form representing [[Maya (religion)|Maya]] (reality and existence) and [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]] (the soul).<ref name="Natesan"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/religion-seek-him-with-humility/article6704884.ece|title=Seek Him with humility|date=18 December 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Ganesha as the son of Shiva and Shakthi is denoted by the Pillayar Suli, which combines the first two forms namely ''Akhara'' and ''Ukhara''.<ref name="Natesan"/>

As per the [[Puranas]], ''Aum'' symbolizes the [[Trimurti]] with ''Akhara'' symbolizing the creator god [[Brahma]], ''Ukhara'' symbolizing the protector god [[Vishnu]] and ''Makhara'' symbolizing destroyer god Shiva. Pillayar Suli represents the fusion of Brahma and Vishnu, as a means to create and protect any new creation.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.advan-kt.com/Hinduism/Hinduism.pdf|title=Hinduism|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Advan}}</ref> According to [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham|Kanchi]] [[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati|Sankaracharya]], there are various meanings of the symbol. The symbol similar to the Tamil letter ''உ''(u) may be derived from Umayaval or Uma, a name of Parvati who is considered as a sister of Vishnu. As Parvati created Ganesha, the symbol became associated with him. He further explains that the curve emanating from a circle indicates that everything arises from the [[universe]] (represented by the circle) and the curve may represent Ganesha's trunk. The curve followed by straight lines may also indicate that any work that deviates will be set right on worship to Ganesha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/why-pillaiyar-suzhi-before-we-start-writing-anything-261931.html|title=Why Pillayar Suli before start of anything?|work=OneIndia|access-date=1 December 2023|lang=ta}}</ref>

Tamil saint and [[Nayanmar]] [[Tirumular]] gives a varied explanation in his [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] treatise ''[[Tirumantiram]]''. In the fourth section of the tenth [[Thirumurai]], he explains that ''Agharam'' denotes the soul and ''Ugharam'' denotes the body and the combination them represents life.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilvu.org/slet/l41A0/l4130son.jsp?subid=2448|title=Tirumantiram|lang=ta|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Tamilvu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=5747|title=Nangam Thanthiram|work=[[Dinamalar]]|lang=ta|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

The symbol might have had a different realistic usage during the ancient period. Before the advent and widespread usage of [[paper]], [[palm leaves]] were used to write [[manuscript]]s. The symbol consisting of a circle, a curved line, straight lines and a dot might have been used to test the quality of palm leaves before writing other contents.<ref name="Patnaik"/> It later came to be associated with Ganesha.

==Usage==
The symbol is a sacred textual symbol primarily used by [[Tamil Hindu]]s.<ref name="Natesan">{{cite book |title=The Indian Review, Volume 65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-D_jAAAAMAAJ&q=pillayar+suzhi |last1=Natesan |first1=G. A. |year=1966| page=299,300}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=D. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC&dq=pillaiyar+su%E1%B8%BBi&pg=PA93 |title=Indian Epigraphy |date=1996 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications |isbn=978-81-208-1166-9 |pages=93}}</ref> The symbol is used to denote auspiciousness and good luck, it is often used before writing anything new.<ref name="Patnaik"/> The symbol is often used in day-to-day activities such as writing a letter, document or a diary.<ref>{{cite book| title=Worship of Deities in Hindu Religion| first=Subramanya |last=Balakrishnan |year=1991 |page=12 |publisher=University of California}}</ref> Students often write the symbol before writing exams or tests.<ref name="Patnaik"/>

The practice is similar to writing [[Shri]] (Tamil:ஸ்ரீ, Sanskrit:श्री) prevalent in [[North India]] where the word is used to denote lord Ganesh.<ref name="Patnaik"/> [[Sri Vaishnavism |Sri Vaishnavas]] believe that “௳” sign represents the goddess [[Lakshmi]], and it is an alternative for writing Shri.<ref>{{cite web |last=Limited |first=Alamy |title=Vaishnavite symbol, Ulagalandha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-vaishnavite-symbol-ulagalandha-perumal-temple-kanchipuram-kanchi-kancheepuram-83604503.html |access-date=1 December 2021 |work=Aalamy }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Hindu symbols]]
[[Category:Tamil languages]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Ganesha]]
[[Category:Hindu iconography]]
[[Category:Indian iconography]]
[[Category:Indian art]]
[[Category:Hindu art]]
[[Category:Tamil art]]

Rudranath

2026-01-24T03:57:09Z

AmiePesina: started new data basic info

{{short description|Hindu temple in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{dablink|Not to be confused with the Rudranath Temple at [[Rudraprayag]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Rudranath Temple
| image = Rudranath temple.jpg
| alt = Rudranath Temple
| caption = Rudranath Temple
| map_type = India Uttarakhand
| map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|30|32|0|N|79|20|0|E|type:landmark_region:IN-UL|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Chamoli district|Chamoli Garhwal]]
| location = Rudranath (village), [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]]
| elevation_m = 2,290
| deity = Shiva
| festivals = [[Maha Shivratri|Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = North-indian Himalayan Architecture
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = unknown
| creator = [[Pandavas]], according to legend
| website =
}}

'''Rudranath Temple''' ({{langx|sa|रुद्रनाथ}}) is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]], located in the [[Garhwal Himalaya|Garhwal]] [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] mountains in [[Uttarakhand]], India. Located at {{convert|3600|m|ft}} above sea level,<ref name = "chamoli"/><ref name="temple">{{cite web |url=http://www.badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/content-kedar.aspx?id=35 |title=Panch Kedar: Rudranath |year=2006 |publisher=Shri Badrinath -Shri Kedarnath Temple Committee |access-date=16 July 2009}}</ref> this natural rock temple is situated within a dense forest of [[rhododendron]] dwarfs and Alpine pastures.<ref name=bisht/> The temple is the fourth temple to be visited in the [[Panch Kedar]] pilgrimage circuit, comprising five Shiva temples in the Garhwal region visited in a strict order starting with [[Kedarnath]] (Sanskrit: केदारनाथ) at an altitude of 3,583 m (11,755 ft), the [[Tungnath]] (तुंगनाथ)(3,680 m or 12,070 ft), Rudranath (रुद्रनाथ) (3,550 m or 11,500 ft), [[Madhyamaheshwar]] (मध्यमहेश्वर) (3,490 m or 11,450 ft) and [[Kalpeshwar]] (कल्पेश्वर) (2,200 m or 7,200 ft).

[[File:View from naola pass.jpg|right|thumb|View from Naola Pass]]

==Legends and worship==
The Rudranath Temple is believed to be established by the [[Pandavas]], of the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]].
After the Pandavas had defeated and killed their cousins — the [[Kauravas]] in the [[Kurukshetra war]], they wished to atone for the sins of committing [[fratricide]] (''[[gotra]] [[hatya]]'') and [[Brāhmanahatya]] (killing of [[Brahmin]]s — the priest class) during the war. Thus, they handed over the reins of their kingdom to their kin and left in search of lord [[Shiva]] and to seek his blessings. First, they went to the holy city of [[Varanasi]] (Kashi), believed to be Shiva's favourite city and known for its [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]]. But, Shiva wanted to avoid them as he was deeply incensed by the death and dishonesty at the Kurukshetra war and was, therefore, insensitive to Pandavas' prayers. Therefore, he assumed the form of a bull ([[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]) and hid in the Garhwal region.

Not finding Shiva in Varanasi, the Pandavas went to [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] [[Himalayas]]. [[Bhima]], the second of the five Pandava brothers, then standing astride two mountains started to look for Shiva. He saw a bull grazing near [[Guptakashi]] (“hidden Kashi” — the name derived from the hiding act of Shiva). Bhima immediately recognized the bull to be Shiva. Bhima caught hold of the bull by its tail and hind legs. But the bull-formed Shiva disappeared into the ground to later reappear in parts, with the hump appearing in [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnath]], the arms appearing in [[Tungnath]], the face appearing at '''Rudranath''', the nabhi (navel) and stomach appearing in [[Madhyamaheshwar]] and the hair appearing in [[Kalpeshwar]]. The Pandavas pleased with this reappearance in five different forms, built temples at the five places for venerating and worshipping Shiva. The Pandavas were thus freed from their sins.<ref name=bisht/><ref name=travel>{{Cite web |url=http://traveluttarakhand.com/panchkedar.html#madhyamaheshwar#madhyamaheshwar |title=Panch Kedar Yatra |access-date=2009-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524085601/http://traveluttarakhand.com/panchkedar.html#madhyamaheshwar |archive-date=24 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ecology>{{Cite book |author= Kapoor. A. K. |author2=Satwanti Kapoor |title= Ecology and man in the Himalayas |year=1994 |pages=250 |publisher= M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788185880167}}</ref>

A variant of the tale credits Bhima of not only catching the bull, but also stopping it from disappearing. Consequently, the bull was torn asunder into five parts and appeared at five locations in the Kedar Khand of Garhwal region of the Himalayas.<ref name=travel/> After building the Panch Kedar Temples, the Pandavas meditated at Kedarnath for salvation, performed [[yagna]] (fire sacrifice) and then through the heavenly path called the Mahapanth (also called Swargarohini), attained heaven or salvation.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} The Panch Kedar Temples are constructed in the North-Indian Himalayan Temple architecture with the Kedarnath, Tungnath and Madhyamaheshwar temples looking similar.

After completing the pilgrimage of Lord Shiva's [[Darśana|darshan]] at the Panch Kedar Temples, it is an unwritten religious rite to visit [[Lord Vishnu]] at the [[Badrinath Temple]], as a final affirmatory proof by the devotee that he has sought blessings of Lord Shiva.<ref name=jyoti>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jyotirlinga.com/panchakedar.htm |title=Panch Kedar |access-date=2009-07-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831110615/http://www.jyotirlinga.com/panchakedar.htm |archive-date=31 August 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In winter, a symbolic image of Shiva is brought from Rudranath to [[Gopinath Mandir]] in [[Gopeshwar]] for worship.
The Doli Yatra starts from [[Gopeshwar]] via Sagar. The Doli Yatris cross Lyuti Bugyal and Panar and finally reach Pitradhar. The worship of ancestors is done here. Then, after crossing Dhalabni Maidan, the Doli or the symbolic image of Shiva, reaches Rudranath.Here first the Vandevi is worshipped. The local belief is that Vandevi protects the area. The place is protected by Vandevi or Vandevatas.
The temple celebrates an annual fair on the [[full moon]] day in the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu month]] of [[Shraavana|Sravan]] (July–August) that is mostly on the day of [[Raksha Bandhan|Rakshabandhan]]. The fair is attended mainly by locals.<ref name=bisht>{{Cite book |author= Harshwanti Bisht |title= Tourism in Garhwal Himalaya |access-date=5 July 2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C6DGU73WzsC&q=rudranath+Capildeo&pg=PA84 |pages=84–86 |publisher= Indus Publishing |year=1994 |isbn= 9788173870064}}</ref> The priests at the Rudranath temple are Bhatts and Tiwaris of [[Gopeshwar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Jha|first=Makhan |title=India and Nepal |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |pages=143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jk6oE4sh18C&q=rudranath+-Capildeo&pg=PA143 |isbn=9788175330818 |year=1998 }}</ref>

At Nandikund ({{convert|2439|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}}), on the trekking route to Rudranath (if coming via Madhmaheshwar), devotees worship old historic swords protruding from the rocks, believed to be that of Pandavas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/pilgrimage/rudranath.php |title=Panch Kedar – Rudranath |access-date=15 July 2009 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191109/http://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/pilgrimage/rudranath.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
There are numerous [[Sacred waters|sacred water]] [[Temple tank|tank]]s ("Kund") near the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Panch Kedar Trek - A Complete Guide - Uttarakhand Trips |url=https://uttarakhandtrips.com/blogs/panch-kedar-trek-a-complete-guide/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> These include Surya-kund, Chandra-kund, Tara-kund, Mana-Kund etc. Nanda Devi, Trishul and [[Nanda Ghunti]] are the famous mountain peaks, which provide the backdrop to the temple.<ref name = "bansal"/> The holy river [[Vaitarani]] or Baitarani or Rudraganga flows near the temple, which has a grey stone idol of Rudranath.<ref name="chamoli">{{cite web |url=http://chamoli.nic.in/Rudranath1.htm |title=Rudranath Temple |work=Part of "National portal of India" (Govt. of India) |publisher=National Informatics Centre, District Uni Chamoli, Uttarakhand |access-date=15 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225102107/http://chamoli.nic.in/Rudranath1.htm |archive-date=25 December 2008 }}</ref><ref name="roma"/> The river is identified with the "river of salvation", where souls of the dead cross to reach the other world. Thus, devotees visit Rudranath to perform rituals of the dead, such as performing a ''pind'' offering. Some believe that offering a ''pind'' to ancestors here equals offering a hundred million at the holy city of [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].<ref name = "chamoli"/><ref name = "bansal"/> The mountain peaks of [[Trisul]], [[Nanda Devi]], Devasthan, Hathi Parbat and Nanda Ghunti are visible from Rudranath.<ref name=bisht/>

==Access==
[[File:R'nath Map.JPG|thumb|left|350px|Map of Rudranath]]
Rudranath is sometimes considered the most difficult Panch Kedar temple to reach.<ref name = "bansal">{{cite book |last=Bansal|first=Sunita Pant |title=Hindu Pilgrimage |publisher=Pustak Mahal |pages=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F303Zb7EC0kC&q=rudranath+-Capildeo&pg=PT105 |isbn=9788122309973 |year=2008 }}</ref>

Most trekking routes to Rudranath are from [[Gopeshwar]] or nearby places. A motorable road ends at the village Sagar after which visitor walk through oak and rhododendron forests.<ref name="roma">{{cite book |last=Bradnock|first=Roma |title= Indian Himalaya handbook |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |year=2000 |pages=114–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyZGp_YVzb8C&q=rudranath+-Capildeo&pg=PA114 |isbn=9781900949798 }}</ref> Other routes include: an uphill, {{convert|17|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} trek from Gangolgaon — {{convert|3|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from [[Gopeshwar]] — through the forest and Panar and Naila shepherd settlements.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sharma|first=K P |title= Garhwal & Kumaon |publisher=Cicerone Press Limited |year=1998 |pages=83}}</ref> Another trek route from [[Gopeshwar]] to Rudranath passes via [[Mandal, Uttarakhand|Mandal]] ({{convert|13|km|mi|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and then additional {{convert|6|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} to the Anusuya Devi Temple and then another {{convert|20|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} to Rudranath.<ref name="temple"/> A {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} trek path from [[Joshimath]] is considered strenuous.<ref name = "chamoli"/>

==Notes==
*Distance from Anusuya Devi to Rudranath is 20 km approximately
*[http://uttaranchal-tourism.com/rudranath-temple.html uttaranchal-tourism website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325225450/http://uttaranchal-tourism.com/rudranath-temple.html |date=25 March 2019 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090831110615/http://www.jyotirlinga.com/panchakedar.htm Locations of Panch Kedar - Schematic sketch]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=L4knycWWbqgC&pg=PA77&dq=Tungnath&lr=&ei=QDthSriJMoOulASOraWoDg Panch Kedar, trek map, page 78]
* [https://templeknowledge.com/rudranath-temple/ Rudranath Temple Complete Information]

{{Panch Kedar}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Panch Kedar]]
[[Category:Chamoli district]]

Rezang La

2026-01-23T16:14:54Z

AmiePesina: improve content to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|China–India border pass in Ladakh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Rezang La
| other_name = Rechin La
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| map = Ladakh#India
| map_relief = 0
| elevation_m = 5500
| elevation_ref =
| location = [[Leh district]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]] - [[Rutog County]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[China]]
| range = [[Himalaya]], [[Ladakh Range]]
| coordinates = {{coord|33.4188|78.8494||display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| topo =
}}

'''Rezang La'''<ref name="GoI">[[iarchive:dli.pahar.3148/page/n1413|Note given by the Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi, to the Embassy of China in India, 26 July 1963]]. "The location of Rezang La (E 78° 51' 10" N 33° 25' 30" [{{coord|33|25|30|N|78|51|10|E|display=inline|name=Rezang La (GoI)}}]) is well known... "</ref> (site of 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]]),<ref name=Panag/> '''Rechin La''', and '''Rezang La II''',<ref name="Sina" /> listed west to east, are mountain passes on the watershed ridge which lies east of Indian-administered [[Chushul Valley]] in [[Ladakh]] and west of Chinese-administered [[Spanggur Lake]] basin. [[China]] claims that the [[Line of Actual Control]] between the two countries passes along the top of this ridge, while India's LAC and border claim lines are further east.

About 3 km southeast of Rechin La ({{coord|33.4144|78.8748|format=dms|display=inline|type:pass|name=Rèzàng Shānkǒu}}) on the same ridge is a pass leading to an adjacent valley, which China recognizes as Rezang La ({{lang-zh|t=热藏山口|p=Rèzàng Shānkǒu}}) [labelled as the "Rezang La II" in some sources].<ref name=Sina>
{{citation |title=Zhōng yìn tǎnkè yí zài bān gōng hú yǐ nán rè qīn shānkǒu duìzhì xiāngjù jǐn shǔ mǐ |script-title=zh:中印坦克疑在班公湖以南热钦山口对峙相距仅数米 |trans-title=Chinese and Indian tanks are suspected to be facing off at Rechin Pass, south of Pangong Lake, just a few meters apart |newspaper=Sina Military News |date=11 January 2021 |url=https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/zhengming/2021-01-11/doc-iiznctkf1469296.shtml}}
</ref>

About 3 km northwest of Rechin La ({{coord|33.4440|78.8300|format=dms|display=inline|type:pass|name=Rezang La (1962)}}) is a pass, [labelled as the "[Old] Rezang La", "Rezang La I" or "Rezang La (1962)" in some sources], that was the site of a [[Battle of Rezang La|major battle]] of the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref name=Panag/> The "C" Company of India's [[Kumaon Regiment|13 Kumaon]] battalion under Major [[Shaitan Singh]], fought to the last man in an effort to block the Chinese PLA troops from crossing the ridge into the Chushul Valley. Indian sources state 120 men killed over 1500 PLA troops out of 3000. The battle was the last event of the Sino-Indian War, as the pass was the Chinese claim line and upon overrunning the ridge, a ceasefire was called.<ref name=":0" />

During the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]], wider Rezang La area was again the site of conflict between the two nations.

==Geography==
{{see also | Tangtse#Geography | l1= Geography of Tangtse | Pangong_Tso#Geography | l2= Geography of Pangong Tso | Spanggur_Tso#Geography | l3= Geography of Spanggur Tso | Chushul#Geography | l4= Geography of Chushul }}
[[File:Spanggur Lake basin (US AMS, 1954).jpg|thumb|290px|Map-1: Spanggur Lake basin showing Rezang La and two "Rezang Lungpa" streams ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1954).]]
[[File:Ladakh LAC Pangong Tso Spanggur Tso Landmarks.jpg|thumb|290px|Map-2: Rezang La, Rechin La, and two "Rezang Lungpa" streams leading to the Spanggur Lake.]]

The watershed ridge (Map-1 and Map-2), a subrange of 60 km long [[Kailash Range]], is located on the LAC, west of [[Spanggur Tso]] and east of Chushul Valley. From west to east, has the following features: [[Spanggur Gap]] (4,900 m or 16,100 ft), [[Gurung Hill#1962|Magar Hill]], Mukhpari peak (5,545 m or 18,192 ft), Refan Pass (5,144 m or 16,877 ft), Rezang La (5,005 m or 16,420 ft), Rechin Top (5,204 m or 17,073 ft), Rechin La (5,005 m or 16,420 ft), Rezang La II (5,500 m or 18,045 ft). Refan Pass, Rezang La, and Rechin Top are served by the Indian patrol road from the Gualchung Barma campsite. Rechin La and Rezang La II are served by a separate Indian patrol road from the Tsaka La in the south.

To the north of Rechin La along the LAC are various strategic hill peaks (Map-2), Mukhpari, Magar Hill, and north of Spanggur Gap is the [[Gurung Hill]]. To the south of Rezang La is [[Mount Sajum]] (6,064 m or 19,895 ft).<ref name=Panag>
Lt. Gen. [[H. S. Panag]], [https://theprint.in/opinion/india-sits-on-black-top-with-helmet-under-its-boots-a-1962-tactics-by-china-is-now-likely/498462/ India sits on Black Top with Helmet under its boots], ''The Print'', 9 September 2020. See "Map 1 – Kailash Range Chushul Sector".
</ref>

The confusion about the "Rezang La" ("Rezang La I" or "Rezang La (1962)") and "Rezang La II" arose due to the old 1954 survey map (Map-1) of region by the American Army, which labeled two adjacent valleys leading to the Spanggur Lake as "Rezang Lungpa". The pass at the head of the western valley ({{Coord|33.4188|78.8494|name=Rechin La}}) at an elevation of {{cvt|16420|ft}} is labelled "Rezang La". The pass at the head of the eastern valley ({{Coord|33.3888|78.9290|name=Rezang La|notes=}}), unlabelled in the survey map [now labelled as the "Rezang La II" in some sources], is at a much higher elevation of {{cvt|20670|ft}}. The streams from these two passes (Map-1 and Map-2), which flow into Spanggur Tso, are both named as "Rezang Lungpa" on the American survey map. In 1963, the Government of India used the name "Rezang La" for pass marked on the American survey map, the one at the head of the western valley.<ref name=GoI/> References to "Rezang La" ["Rezang La I" or "Rezang La (1962)"] in the literature on 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] in English language, refer to this pass.

Chinese sources use the name "Rechin La" for another saddle between the western pass ["Rezang La", "Rezang La I" or "Rezang La (1962)"] and eastern pass ["Rezang La II"],<ref name="Sina" /> which has also been adopted by the Indian news media in 2020.

Rechin La as well as the present Rezang La are mountain passes on the ridge line adjoining the Chushul Valley, which China claims as its border. India's claimed border is further east, and it coincides with the border shown on most British and international maps prior to [[Partition of India|Indian independence]]. The [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) resulting from the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] coincides with the Chinese claim line in this region. The [[Chushul]] village is 27 km northwest of Rezang La.

==Military operations==
{{anchor | Battle }}
{{see also|Galwan River#Sino-Indian_border_dispute|l1=Battle of Galwan|Dhan Singh Thapa#Battle_of_Pangong|l2=Battle of Pangong|Gurung Hill#1962|l3=Battle of Gurung Hill|Jaswant Singh Rawat#Nuranang|l4=Battle of Nuranang & Sela Pass}}

===1962 battle of Rezang La===
{{main|Battle of Rezang La}}

[[File:Shaitan Singh.jpg|thumb|right|A statue of Major Shaitan Singh in a central square of his native city of Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.]]

During the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, Rechin La (then called Rezang La) was the site of the [[last stand]] of the Charlie "C" company <ref>{{cite book|title=Living Life Loving Life|author=Brig Chitranjan Sawant|date=2021|isbn= 9788184303995 |publisher= Prabhat Prakashan|pages= 150–151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7KaDAAAQBAJ&dq=13+kumaon+ahir+Living+Life+Loving+Life&pg=PA150}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bisht |first1=Rachna |title=The Brave Param Vir Chakra Stories|date=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=9789351188056|page=all |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgEWBAAAQBAJ&dq=13+Kumaon+ahir&pg=PT94 |access-date=15 Aug 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Arora |first1=Dr. N. D. |title=Political Science for Civil Services Mains
|date=2017 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9789352604906|page=all |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yM8mDwAAQBAJ&dq=13+Kumaon+ahir&pg=PT1990 |access-date=15 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref> of [[Kumaon Regiment|13 Kumaon]], consisting of 124 Indian soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://penguin.co.in/book/the-battle-of-rezang-la/ | title=The Battle of Rezang la }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/micro-review-the-battle-of-rezang-la-by-kulpreet-yadav/articleshow/89972077.cms | title=Micro review: 'The Battle of Rezang La' by Kulpreet Yadav | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> According to the official Indian history of the war, the Rezang La picket of Charlie company was located at an elevation of {{convert|5500|m|ft}}, 11 km south of the [[Spanggur Gap]], on the same ridge line as Rezang La.{{sfn|Sinha|Athale|1992|p=334}} Rezang La had the drawback that an intervening feature blocked artillery operation, so that the Indian infantry had to do without artillery cover.<ref name="Guruswamy" />
The Indian side was led by Major [[Shaitan Singh]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Neha |date=2023-12-01 |title=Remembering Major Shaitan Singh Bhati: The Hero of Rezang La |url=https://pune.news/trending/remembering-major-shaitan-singh-bhati-the-hero-of-rezang-la-96632/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=PUNE.NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> who perished in battle and posthumously won India's highest military decoration, the [[Param Vir Chakra]], for his actions.<ref name="Remembering Rezang La heroes">
{{cite news |author=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | title=Remembering Rezang La heroes |date=7 January 2007 |newspaper=Sainik samachar |url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/oct01-07/h4.htm}}
</ref><ref name="Heroes of Rezang La">
{{cite news |author= Col Dilbag Dabas (Retd) | title=Heroes of Rezang La 1962 |date=15 December 2018 |newspaper=The Tribune |url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/heroes-of-1962-rezang-la-battle-698535}}
</ref><ref name="Guruswamy">
{{cite news |author=Mohan Guruswamy | title=Don't forget the heroes of Rezang La |date=20 November 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/dont-forget-the-heroes-of-rezang-la/article4112584.ece}}
</ref>

The Chinese employed [[Human wave attack|human wave]] tactics, sending up to eight waves against the Indian troop positions.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |date=30 October 2022|title=Soldier who won respect of enemy; tale of Rezang La 1962 battle|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/soldier-who-won-respect-from-enemy/articleshow/95174853.cms|newspaper=TOI| access-date= 5 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Quint">{{cite news |date=21 November 2020|title=The 1962 War at Rezang La: A Story of Raw Courage and Spirit|url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/india-china-war-1962-heroic-stories|newspaper=Quint| access-date= 5 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Print">{{cite news |date=22 October 2022|title=Rezang La, 1962: When 120 Indian soldiers fought to the end & wiped out over 1,000 Chinese troops|url=https://theprint.in/world/rezang-la-1962-when-120-indian-soldiers-fought-to-the-end-wiped-out-over-1000-chinese-troops/1176198/|newspaper=Print| access-date= 5 October 2023}}</ref> Eventually, the Indian position was overrun, and Indian troops were forced to withdraw to high mountain positions. After the conclusion of battle, their valor was recognized by the Chinese, who had covered the bodies of the Indian soldiers with blankets and even placed bayonets over them so that the makeshift covers do not fly off. This mark of respect is exceptional and atypical of practices of that time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2001-02-09 |title=BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR Volume 3(3) |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-3/lns.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010209084245/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-3/lns.html |archive-date=9 February 2001 }}</ref>

Both sides took overwhelming casualties, though both countries disagree over how many were killed. It is generally accepted 114 Indian soldiers out of a total of 120 lost their lives.<ref name="Official Page of Army">
{{cite news |author=Gen Dalbir Singh |date=20 November 2014 |title=Coas Paid Homage to Heroes of Battle of Rezangla |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/NewsDetail/frmNoticeDetails.aspx?ParentID=7/x1LDTCjEC27tHLLhKSLg==&MnId=7/x1LDTCjEC27tHLLhKSLg==&n=bniEtbbo9LN7kb4q3kupGg==&NewsID=YPthZ5C+a0gvZXWTGROrIw== |website=Indian Army}}
</ref><ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news |author=Shekhar Gupta |date=30 October 2012 |title='Nobody believed we had killed so many Chinese at Rezang La. Our commander called me crazy and warned that I could be court-martialled' |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-nobody-believed-we-had-killed-so-many-chinese-at-rezang-la.-our-commander-called-me-crazy-and-warned-that-i-could-be-courtmartialled-/1023745/0 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> However, Indian sources claim upwards of 1,300 Chinese troops were killed in Rezang La alone, while Chinese sources claim only 722 died in the entire war.

Upon successfully overrunning the mountain and reaching their claim line, the Chinese declared a ceasefire. Indian troops were ordered to withdraw from the area, marking the end of the war in Aksai Chin.<ref name=":0" />

===2020 border standoff===
During the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|border standoff]] in the summer, the Indian Army deployed troops along the Line of Actual Control south of the [[Pangong Tso]], including at Rezang La and Rechin La. This was said to give them a commanding view of the Spanggur Gap and China's "Moldo sector" (the deployments around the [[Spanggur Lake]]).<ref>Manu Pubby, [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/chushul-tense-chinese-troops-within-firing-range-of-indian-soldiers/articleshow/77881760.cms Chushul tense: Chinese troops within firing range of Indian soldiers], The Economic Times, 1 September 2020.</ref>

==War memorials ==
{{anchor | Rezang La war memorial | Rezangla war memorial | Rezang La War Memorial | Rezangla War Memorial }}

=== Battlefield tourism ===

Rezang La war memorial is part of the [[India–China border infrastructure#Tourism|Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan]] initiative of the Indian Military which will boost border tourism, patriotism, local infrastructure and economy while reversing civilian outward migration from these remote locations, it entails 77 battleground war memorials in border area including the [[Battle of Longewala|Longewala War Memorial]], [[Battle of Longewala|Sadhewala War Memorial]],<ref name=bdp2>[https://www.indiatimes.com/news/here-is-the-story-of-tanot-mata-the-diety-who-protected-indian-soldiers-from-pakistani-bombs-at-longewala-in-1971-war-259867.html The Story Of Tanot Mata, The Deity Who Protected Our Soldiers From Pakistani Bombs In 1971 War], India Times, 16 Dec 2020.</ref> [[Siachen Base Camp (India)|Siachen base camp]], [[Kargil]], [[Galwan]], [[Pangong Tso]], [[Doklam]], [[Bum La]], [[Cho La (Sikkim and Tibet)|Cho La]], [[Kibithu]], etc.<ref name=bdp1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/battleground-tourism-india-indian-army-ministry-of-tourism-galwan-siachel-kargil-longewala-battle-2665110-2025-01-15. Add Galwan, Siachen to holiday plan. India is opening battle tourism bunker], India Today, 15 Jan 2025.</ref>

=== Rezang La War Memorial ===
{{anchor | Chushul Rezang La war memorial | Rezang La war memorial at Chushul | Rezang La war memorial, Chushul }}

The inscription on the War Memorial at [[Chushul]], [[Ladakh]] raised by the [[Indian Army]] in memory of the soldiers who died in the Battle of Rezang La, reads as below.<ref>
{{cite web |title=Photograph of the memorial |publisher=bharat-rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Galleries/Wars/Memorials/Monuments/0206.jpg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128085401/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Galleries/Wars/Memorials/Monuments/0206.jpg.html |archive-date=28 January 2014}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |title=War Memorial of 13 Kumaon
|publisher=Bharat Rakshak |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Galleries/129-5/0521.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202144712/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Galleries/129-5/0521.jpg |archive-date=2 February 2014}}
</ref> The first four lines are quoted from ''[[s:Horatius|Horatius]]'', a poem by [[Thomas Babington Macaulay]], member of the Governor-General of India's Supreme Council from 1834 to 1838<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/847/847-h/847-h.htm|title=Lays of Ancient Rome|author= Thomas Babbington Macaulay|website=Gutenberg.org|access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref>
[[File:Rezang La war memorial site.jpg|alt=Rezang La war memorial at Ahir Dham, Chushul, Ladakh, India|thumb|Rezang La war memorial at Ahir Dham, Chushul, Ladakh, India]]
[[File:Rezang La War Memorial Plaque.jpg|alt=Plaque at the Rezang La war memorial|thumb|Plaque at the Rezang La war memorial]]<blockquote><poem>How can a man die better,
Than facing fearful odds,
For the ashes of his fathers,
And the temples of his gods.
To the sacred memory of
the heroes of Rezang-La
114 martyrs of 13 Kumaon
who fought
to the last man, last round
against hordes of Chinese
on
18 November 1962.
Built by all ranks
13th Battalion the Kumaon Regiment.
</poem></blockquote>

[[Major-General]] [[Ian Cardozo]] writes in his book ''Param Vir, Our Heroes in Battle'': {{blockquote|When Rezang La was later revisited, dead jawans were found in the trenches still holding on to their weapons... every single man of this company was found dead in his trench with several bullets or splinter wounds. The 2-inch mortar man died with a bomb still in his hand. The medical orderly had a syringe and a bandage in his hands when the Chinese bullet hit him... Of the thousand mortar bombs with the defenders, all but seven had been fired, and the rest were ready to be fired when the (mortar) section was overrun.}}

General [[T.N. Raina]] lauded:<ref name="Tribune India">
Atul Yadav, [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov18/edit.htm "Injustice to Ahir martyrs of 1962 war"], ''Tribune India'', 18 November 1999.</ref> {{blockquote|You rarely come across such an example in the annals of world military history when braving such heavy odds, the men fought till the last bullet and the last man. Certainly, the Battle of Rezang La is such a shining example.}}

===Rezang La War Memorial at Rewari===
{{anchor | Rewari Rezang La war memorial | Rezang La war memorial at Rewari | Rezang La war memorial, Rewari }}
[[File:Capt. Ram Chander and Hav Nihal Singh, Sena medal.jpg|thumb]]

General [[K S Thimayya]] wished for a memorial to be built in [[Haryana]] in the memory of soldiers who were mostly from this area. He felt generations to come would seek inspiration from the immense courage and valour of their forefathers.<ref name="Tribune India"/> Consequently, another Rezang La war memorial was constructed by ''Rezangla Shaurya Samiti'' inside Rezang La Park near [[Dharuhera]] Chowk in [[Rewari]] city. Annual memorial function is held by the Samiti in collaboration with district administration, the [[Kumaon Regiment]] and family members of those who died at Rezang La also participate.
In every special and cultural event in Delhi-NCR and Rewari, the two "bravest soldiers", Capt. Ram Chander Singh and Hav Nihal Singh, Sena Medal, will be the chief guests as they tell the story of Rajangla. On 24 February 2023, they were the chief guests on Rao Bal Kishan Shaurya Diwas. They also unveiled the portrait of "Rao Bal Kishan".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/rohtak/rewari/news/martyrs-day-of-veer-amar-shaheed-rao-balkishan-celebrated-in-nangal-pathani-128254998.html|title=नांगल पठानी में मनाया वीर अमर शहीद राव बालकिशन का शहीदी दिवस|access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[National Highway 3 (India)|National Highway 3]] is the closest NH for this location. One can reach to via Loma Bridge/Loma ITBP Check Post and Mahe Bridge. Both were built over the Indus River. Distance is 170 km. It meets to [[Miru, Ladakh|Miru]], where proposed [[Bhanupli–Leh line]] will connect.

==See also==
* [[Border Personnel Meeting point]]
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Sino-Indian border dispute]]
* [[Gurung Hill]]
* [[Shaitan Singh]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |first1=P.B. |last1=Sinha |first2=A.A. |last2=Athale |title=History of the Conflict with China, 1962 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |year=1992 |url=http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/documents/WarWithChina_1962_000.pdf}}

==External links==
* [http://ladakhexpert.com/rezang-la-war-memorial-chushul/ Rezang La War Memorial in Chushul]
* [http://www.rezanglass.com/ Rezangla Shaurya Samiti]

{{Mountain passes of China}}
{{Mountain passes of India}}
{{Ladakh}}

[[Category:Mountain passes of China]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of Tibet]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Sino-Indian War]]
[[Category:Borders of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Rutog County]]

2017 Thane Municipal Corporation election

2026-01-18T13:19:26Z

AmiePesina: improved article

{{Short description|Indian local election}}
{{one source|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2017 Thane Municipal Corporation election
| seats3 = 23
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 16
| image4 = [[File:Hand INC.svg|120x120px]]
| leader4 =
| party4 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since4 =
| leaders_seat4 =
| last_election4 = 18
| seats4 = 3
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 15
| image5 = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|150px|kite]]
| leaders_seat3 =
| leader5 =
| party5 = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| leader_since5 =
| leaders_seat5 =
| last_election5 =
| seats5 = 2
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 2
| ongoing = No
| title = TMC majority
| before_election = [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
| last_election3 = 7
| leader_since3 =
| country = India
| leaders_seat1 =
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 2012 Thane Municipal Corporation election
| previous_year = 2012
| election_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|02|21}}
| next_election = 2022 Thane Municipal Corporation election
| next_year = 2022
| seats_for_election = All 131 seats in Thane Municipal Corporation
| majority_seats = 65
| image1 = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|120x120px]]
| leader1 =
| party1 = Shiv Sena
| leader_since1 =
| last_election1 = 54
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| seats1 = 67
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 13
| image2 = [[File:Nationalist Congress Party Election Symbol.png|120x120px]]
| leader2 =
| party2 = Nationalist Congress Party
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 34
| seats2 = 34
| seat_change2 = {{no change}}
| image3 = [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|120x120px]]
| leader3 =
| after_election = [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
}}

The '''Thane Municipal Corporation election''' was held on 21 February 2017, for the City of [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. The main contenders for the election were the ruling [[Shiv Sena]], [[Nationalist Congress Party]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Results ==
The ruling [[Shiv Sena]] became the largest party with gaining Majority, The [[Nationalist Congress Party]] won the same number of seats it won in 2012 in Thane Municipal Corporation Election, The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] improved its performance.

{{Election results
|party1=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes1=|seats1=67|sc1=+13
|party2=[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|votes2=|seats2=34|sc2=0
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=|seats3=23|sc3=+16
|party4=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes4=|seats4=3|sc4=–15
|party5=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|votes5=|seats5=2|sc5=+2
|party6=Independents|votes6=|seats6=2|sc6=–5
|total_sc=0
}}

===By ward===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Ward No.
!Seats
! colspan="2" |Shivsena
! colspan="2" |Nationalist Congress Party
! colspan="2" |Bharatiya Janata Party
! colspan="2" |Indian National Congress
! colspan="2" |All India Majilis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
!Other
|-
|1.
|4
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 1
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|2.
|4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|3.
|4
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|4.
|4
|01
|{{Increase}} 1
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|'''03'''
|{{Increase}} 3
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|5.
|4
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|6.
|4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|7.
|4
|'''03'''
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|01
|{{Increase}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|8.
|4
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|9.
|4
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|10.
|4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 4
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|11.
|4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|12.
|4
|02
|{{Increase}} 1
|00
|{{Decrease}} 2
|02
|{{Increase}} 1
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|13.
|4
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|14.
|4
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|15.
|4
|01
|{{Decrease}} 3
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|'''03'''
|{{Increase}} 3
|00
|{{Decrease}} 2
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|16.
|4
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 1
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|17.
|4
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 1
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|18.
|4
|'''04'''
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|19.
|4
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 2
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|20.
|4
|'''03'''
|{{Increase}} 2
|00
|{{Decrease}} 4
|01
|{{Increase}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|21.
|4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|22.
|4
|02
|{{Increase}} 2
|00
|{{No change}}
|02
|{{Increase}} 2
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|23.
|4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 4
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|24.
|4
|'''02'''
|{{Increase}} 2
|01
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{Increase}} 2
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|01
|-
|25.
|4
|01
|{{Decrease}} 1
|'''03'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|26.
|4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 4
|01
|{{Increase}} 1
|00
|{{No change}}
|'''02'''
|{{Increase}} 2
|00
|{{No change}}
|01
|-
|27.
|4
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 2
|00
|{{Decrease}} 4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|28.
|4
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 2
|00
|{{Decrease}} 4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|29.
|4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 2
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|01
|-
|30.
|4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|31.
|4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|32.
|4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|-
|33.
|4
|00
|{{Decrease}} 1
|02
|{{Decrease}} 4
|00
|{{No change}}
|00
|{{No change}}
|02
|{{Increase}} 2
|00
|-
!Total
!131
!67
!{{Increase}} 13
!34
!{{No change}}
!23
!{{Increase}} 16
!3
!{{Decrease}} 15
!2
!{{Increase}} 2
!
|-
|align=left colspan=13|Source: India.com<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Sohit|title=TMC Elections Results 2017 Ward Wise Winners List: View names of winning candidates of Congress, BJP, Shiv Sena, MNS, NCP & AIMIM {{!}} India.com|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/tmc-elections-results-2017-ward-wise-winners-list-view-names-of-winning-candidates-of-congress-bjp-shiv-sena-mns-ncp-aimim-1866970/|access-date=2021-12-30|website=www.india.com|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra municipal corporation elections}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Thane]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in Maharashtra|Thane]]
[[Category:2017 elections in India]]
[[Category:Thane Municipal Corporation]]

Indrani Rahman

2026-01-17T15:58:59Z

AmiePesina: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer (1930–1999)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Indrani Rahman
| image = Indrani Rahman (1930-1999).jpg
| imagesize = 120px
| caption = Indian Classical Dancer, who brought Kuchipudi Dance from the village to India's Capital, Delhi
| birthname = Indrani Bajpai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1930|9|19}}<ref name="Indrani">{{cite web|url=https://sukanyarahman.com/tag/ragini-devi/page/3/|title=Remembering Indrani|date=24 September 2009|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref>

| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1999|2|5|1930|9|19}}
| death_place = New York City, U.S.
| occupation = [[Indian classical dance]]r, choreographer,
| yearsactive =
| spouse = [[Habib Rahman (architect)|Habib Rahman]]
| mother = [[Ragini Devi]]
| children = [[Ram Rahman]] 
[[Sukanya Rahman]]
| othername =
| awards = 1969: [[Padma Shri]] 1981:[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
}}
[[File:Indrani Rahman with her portrait "Indrani" by M. F. Husain.jpg|thumb|Indrani Rahman with her portrait Indrani by [[M. F. Husain]]]]
'''Indrani Rahman''' ([[birth name|née]] '''Bajpai''', 19 September 1930 – 5 February 1999) was an Indian [[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]] of [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Kathakali]], [[Odissi]] and the country's first beauty pageant titleholder. She later became popular in the West and settled in New York City in 1976.

In 1952, she won the Miss India pageant and then represented India in the first [[Miss Universe 1952|Miss Universe pageant]]. Later, she joined her mother Ragini Devi's company. She popularised the Indian classical dance form, Odissi during her international tours. Indrani had received the [[Padma Shri]] in 1969 and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in the performing arts and also the Taraknath Das Award.

==Background and family==
Indrani Rahman was born in [[Chennai]] (then Madras), the daughter of Ramalal Balram Bajpai (1880–1962), sometime president of the Indo-American League, by his wife [[Ragini Devi]] (née Esther Luella Sherman). Her father, Ramalal Bajpai, was a Maharashtrian from Nagpur, a chemist who went to the US for higher education. Here he met and married Esther Luella Sherman, an American by birth. Born in [[Petoskey, Michigan]] in 1893,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WSaMu4F06AQC&dq=Indrani+Rahman&pg=PA172 Ragini Devi Biography] ''Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century'', by Susan Ware, Stacy Lorraine Braukman, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Harvard University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-674-01488-X}}, 9780674014886. ''Page 172-173''.</ref> (died 1982),<ref>[http://www.sawf.org/newedit/edit03042002/bookreview.asp Book Review] South Asian Women Forum</ref> Esther embraced Hinduism upon her wedding and took the name 'Ragini Devi.'<ref name=inde>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990218/ai_n14213909 Obituary: Indrani Rehman] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915160047/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990218/ai_n14213909 |date=15 September 2008 }} by Kuldip Singh, '' [[The Independent]] '' (London), 18 February 1999</ref>

The couple moved to India in the 1920s. Ramalal then took a job as assistant editor of ''[[Young India]],'' the magazine founded by [[Lala Lajpat Rai]]. After [[Independence of India|Independence]], he became the [[Consulate General|Consul General]] of India at New York,<ref>[http://members.authorsguild.net/sukanya/imagelib/Nagpur-final-ve.jpg Ramalal Balram Bajpai – Biography]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and president of the Indo-American League. Meanwhile, Ragini became a passionate proponent of [[Indian classical dance]] and devoted her life to their revival and nurture. This happened after a fateful meeting with the great ''rajadasi,'' (royal courtesan) Jetti Tayamma of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], from whom she started learning [[Bharata Natyam]]. She then honed her dancing talents under the tutelage of Gauri Amma, a courtesan of Chennai.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20030211051048/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2001/10/28/stories/2001102800130501.htm Rhythm of the new millennium]}} Leela Venkatraman, ''[[The Hindu]]'', 28 October 2001.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107160728/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2002/09/22/stories/2002092200110400.htm Dancing through their lives] ''[[The Hindu]]'', 22 September 2002.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1944/12/09/archives/hindu-dances-presented-ragini-devi-seen-in-theatre-of-all-nations.html?sq=Indrani%2520Rehman&scp=8&st=cse HINDU DANCES PRESENTED; Ragini Devi Seen in Theatre of All Nations Performance] ''[[New York Times]]'', 9 December 1944.</ref> Ragini then became a celebrated dancer herself, and was among the most feted performers of the 1930s.<ref name=ny/> Ragini also championed the revival of [[Kathakali]] during the same period.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Indrani was born in Chennai to this couple and grew up in a mixed-race household. She was brought up to be uninhibited and independent by her American mother, who encouraged her to participate in beauty pageants. As one of very few participants from across the country who could be persuaded to contest the pageant, Indrani was crowned 'Miss India' in the year 1952.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
[[File:Miss India Indrani Rehman, S.K. Patil, and two of the sponsors of the contest.jpg|thumb|[[Indrani Rehman]] after being crowned [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] 1952, with Indian Congress leader [[S.K. Patil]], and two of the sponsors of the contest]]
[[File:Miss India 1952 participants.jpg|thumb|Indrani Rehman (third from left) and the runner-up Miss Suryakumari (sixth from left) with Miss India 1952 participants]]

==Career==
[[File:Dinner in Honor of President John F. Kennedy Given by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (2).jpg|thumb|right|Dinner in Honor of President John F. Kennedy Given by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Rahman fourth from left]]
Indrani started learning dance in her mother's company, at age nine, and accompanied her as she travelled through, Americas, and Europe. Professionally, she first started with [[Bharata Natyam]], having learnt the [[Pandanallur style]] of [[Bharata Natyam]] from Guru Chokkalingam Pillai (1893–1968) in the 1940s. Soon she was in [[Vijaywada]], learning [[Kuchipudi]] from [[Korada Narsimha Rao]] with whom she later toured many parts of the world.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ibPELNiEhKwC&dq=Indrani+Rahman&pg=PA190 Indrani Rahman] ''Kuchipudi: Kūcipūdi : Indian Classical Dance Art'', by Sunil Kothari, Avinash Pasricha. Abhinav Publications, 2001. {{ISBN|81-7017-359-0}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7017-359-5}}. ''190''.</ref>

In 1947, Indrani attracted the attention of India's leading dance and art critic [[Charles Fabri]], who later encouraged her to go to Orissa and learn the little-known classical dance form of [[Odissi dance|Odissi]], making her the first professional dancer to learn Odissi. After learning Odissi for three years, from Guru Sri Deba Prasad Das, she went on to popularise it, through performance in various parts of India and the world.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Lif-Ct05aVgC&dq=%22Indrani+Rehman%22&pg=PA210 Indrani Rahman] ''India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire'', by Reginald Massey. Abhinav Publications, 2004. {{ISBN|81-7017-434-1}}. ''page 210.''</ref><ref>[http://www.indischerverein-stuttgart.de/guest503.htm Guests] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043820/http://www.indischerverein-stuttgart.de/guest503.htm |date=19 July 2011 }} '' [[Stuttgart]] – Bharatiya Mujlis. ''</ref>

In 1952, although married, and with a child, she became the first [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]],<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0917F6395F177B93C6A9178FD85F468585F9&scp=4&sq=Indrani%20Rehman&st=cse MISS INDIA' IS PICKED; Architect's Wife Wins Boycotted Beauty Contest's Final] ''[[The New York Times]]'', 4 April 1952.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1952/04/05/archives/indian-press-hails-national-beauty-contest-won-by-shapely.html?sq=Indrani%2520Rehman&scp=6&st=cse Indian Press Hails National Beauty Contest Won by Shapely Half-American in Her Sari] ''[[The New York Times]]'', 5 April 1952.</ref> and went on to compete in [[Miss Universe 1952]], held in [[Long Beach, California]].{{cn|date=December 2025}} Soon, she was travelling along with her mother and performing all over the world.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.cs-pa-http%253A%252F%252Fnaa12.naa.gov.au%252Fscripts%252FSearchOld.asp%253FO%253DPSI2%2526Number%253D8888373 Indrani Rahman] [[National Library of Australia]].</ref> In 1961, she was the first dancer presented on a national tour by the Asia Society, and also performed for US President [[John F. Kennedy]] and Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], during Nehru's official visit to Washington, D.C.,<ref name=ny>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9804E4D9153BF93BA35751C0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print Indrani, Performer of Classical Indian Dance, Dies at 68] ''[[New York Times]]'', 8 February 1999.</ref> and in the following years she also performed for Emperor [[Haile Selassie]], Queen [[Elizabeth II]], [[Mao Zedong]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]], and [[Fidel Castro]].<ref name=inde/><ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990415/ile15112.html In Remembrance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721062312/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990415/ile15112.html |date=21 July 2010 }} ''[[Indian Express]]'', 15 April 1999.</ref> In 1976 she became a faculty member of the dance division at the [[Juilliard School]] at New York's [[Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts]], taught in various American universities, including [[Harvard]], and spent her remaining two decades in the United States, touring extensively.

==Personal life==
At the age of 15 she eloped and married [[Habib Rahman (architect)|Habib Rahman]] (1915–1995), a well-known architect, in 1945, the couple had a son, artist, [[Ram Rahman]], and a daughter, [[Sukanya Rahman]] (Wicks),<ref>[http://www.sukanyarahman.com/ Sukanya Rahman Website]</ref> who also danced with her mother and grandmother. Her grandsons are Wardreath Wicks and Habib Wicks.

==Death==
Indrani Rahman died on 5 February 1999 in [[Manhattan]], New York.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kisselgoff |first=Anna |date=1999-02-08 |title=Indrani, Performer of Classical Indian Dance, Dies at 68 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/08/arts/indrani-performer-of-classical-indian-dance-dies-at-68.html |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1952: [[Femina Miss India]]
* 1969: [[Padma Shri]]<ref>[http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php Padma Shri – Indrani Rahman] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131221505/http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php |date=31 January 2009 }} Padma Shri Official listing at ''[[Govt. of India]]'' website.</ref>
* 1981: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<ref>[http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition&honours_dance_bharatanatyam.html Sangeet Natak Akademi Award – "Bharata Natyam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212112723/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition%26honours_dance_bharatanatyam.html |date=12 February 2009 }} [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] official listing.</ref>

==Further reading==
* ''Dancing in the Family'', by Sukanya Rahman. 2001, HarperCollins India, {{ISBN|81-7223-438-4}}.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KRz5ykKRVAEC&dq=Indrani+Rahman&pg=PA7 Dance dialects of India]'', by Ragini Devi. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1990. {{ISBN|81-208-0674-3}}, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0674-0}}.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons category|Indrani Rahman}}
* [http://danceinteractive.jacobspillow.org/dance/indrani Archival footage of Indrani Rahman performing in ''Tarangam'' in 1979 at Jacob's Pillow.]
* [http://www.ramrahman.com/Sites-Pages/Indrani%20Habib%20Intro.html Photo feature on Indrani and Habib Rahman at Ram Rahman website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901031855/http://www.ramrahman.com/Sites-Pages/Indrani%20Habib%20Intro.html |date=1 September 2019 }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Miss Universe 1952 delegates}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Indrani}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:American female dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century American dancers]]
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Dancers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Femina Miss India winners]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Women educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Juilliard School faculty]]
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:Miss Universe 1952 contestants]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Female models from Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century American educators]]
[[Category:20th-century American women educators]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women academics]]
[[Category:American performers of Indian classical dance]]

Singareni Thermal Power Plant

2026-01-10T05:33:49Z

AmiePesina: put up pg.

{{Short description|Power plant in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Singareni Thermal Power Plant
| name_official =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.837231|N|79.574766|E|display=title}}
| country = India
| location = [[Jaipur mandal|Jaipur]], [[Mancherial]], [[Telangana]]
| status = O
| construction_began = 11 Nov 2011
| commissioned = Unit-1: 25 Sep 2016<ref name="Unit1">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bhel-commissions-600-mw-power-plant-in-telangana-116032500322_1.html|title=BHEL commissions 600 Mw power plant in Telangana|last=IANS|date=25 March 2016|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Unit-2: 2 Dec 2016<ref name="Unit2">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bhel-commissions-another-600-mw-thermal-unit-in-telangana-116122900598_1.html|title=Bhel commissions another 600 Mw thermal unit in Telangana|author=Press Trust of India|location=New Delhi|date=29 December 2016|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
| decommissioned =
| cost = Rs 8250 Crores
| owner = [[Singareni Collieries Company|SCCL]]
| operator = Power Mech Projects Ltd. (Hyderabad, India) w.e.f 01.05.2021
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_cooling_source =
| ps_units_operational = 2× 600 MW
| ps_units_manu_model = [[BHEL]]
| ps_cogeneration =
| ps_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 1200 MW
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website = {{URL|http://scclmines.com}}
| extra =
}}

The '''Singareni Thermal Power Plant''' (STPP) is a [[coal power plant|coal-fired]] power station in [[Pegadapalli]], a village in [[Jaipur mandal]] in [[Mancherial district]] of [[Telangana]], [[India]]. The power plant has an installed capacity of 1200 MW, consisting of two 600 MW units, and is operated by the [[Singareni Collieries Company]].

== History ==
===Coal mining===
[[Singareni Collieries Company]] (SCCL), a government-owned coal mining company, was established in 1920 under the Hyderabad Companies Act. The company is jointly owned by the [[Telangana government]] (51%) and the [[Government of India|Union Government]] (49%). It was named after the village of [[Singareni]] in the [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district]] of [[Telangana]] State.

In the year 1871, the state's first coal reserves were discovered in Singareni village near [[Yellandu]] by Dr. William King of the geological Survey of India during the British era. In 1889 Hyderabad Deccan company Limited incorporated in England and stocks were traded in London Stock Exchange and coal mining started. On 23 December 1920 coal mining operations transferred to the new company and renamed as Singareni Collieries Company Limited and the day is celebrated as Singareni day in the company every year. In 1945 Nizam of Hyderabad took over, thus singareni became first government managed company. In 1960 Government of India participated with 49% equity.

SCCL now operates 18 [[Open-pit mining|open-pit]] mines and 29 underground mines across 6 Telangana districts: Bhadradri Kothagudem, [[Khammam district|Khammam]], [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Jayashankar Bhupalpally]], [[Peddapalli district|Ramagundam]], [[Mancherial district|Mancheriyal]] and [[Komaram_Bheem_Asifabad_district]]. The Company produced 61.34 Million Tonnes (MT) of the coal in the year 2016-17 and 62.01 MT in the year 2017–18. SCCL purchases about 60 MU (Million units) power from the state distribution companies.

N. Sridhar, Singareni Collieries Chairman and managing director expects STPP to bring down the deficit in power generation in Telangana State. Under his leadership Sanjay Kumar Sur, executive director (Power Projects) is currently leading the power plant operations and future expansion.

===Thermal power plant===
While SCCL had an extensive background in coal mining, the company decided to enter the power industry as part of the new Bangaru Telangana initiative. This decision made SCCL the first Indian coal [[Public sector undertakings in India|PSU]] to make a large-scale entrance into the power generation industry. SCCL began the Singareni power plant project, to consist of two 600 MW units, on 11 November 2011 at [[Jaipur mandal]], Mancherial District.

[[NTPC Limited]] was contracted to handle erection and commissioning for the project. Contracts for the Boiler Turbine Generator (BTG) and the Balance of Plant (BOP) were granted to [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] and McNally Bharat Engineering Company Limited, Kolkata, respectively.

Power plant synchronisation was completed on 13 March 2016 for Unit 1 and on 1 September 2016 for Unit 2.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/singareni-thermal-600-mw-unit-synchronised-in-telangana/article8348797.ece|title=Singareni 600 MW power unit synchronised in Telangana|last=Singh|first=S. Harpal|date=13 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref> Stage I of the power plant project was completed with Unit 1 being [[Power purchase agreement#Commercial operation|commissioned]] on 25 September 2016<ref name="Unit1" /> and Unit 2 on 2 December 2016. The power plant was dedicated to nation by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 7 August 2016.

PV Solar Plant

STPP Established 10 MW Solar PV cell power plant and it is now in operartion, STPP is also planning to establish Floating Solar Power Plant of 15 MW capacity on its Reservoir.

==Future Expansion==
SCCL is planning on expanding the power plant with a third 800 MW unit as part of a Stage II.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/singareni-gives-800-mw-thermal-plant-work-to-bhel/article19951922.ece | title=Singareni gives 800 MW thermal plant work to BHEL | date=31 October 2017 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> SCCL has separate 127.31 hectares of land adjacent to the same existing plant for 800 MW and estimated cost of the project is Rs.5879.62 Crore. MoEF has given clearance for the project on 18 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/dec/23/sccl-thermal-plant-gets-eco-clearance-2079835.html|title=SCCL thermal plant gets eco clearance in Mancherial|date=23 December 2019|work=newindianexpress|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Energy}}
{{Power Plants of Telangana}}

[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Singareni_Thermal_Power_Plant_Jaipur.png]

[[Category:Mancherial district]]
[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Telangana]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Telangana]]

Tashicholing Gewog

2025-12-17T17:10:40Z

AmiePesina: put up new stub.

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name= Tashicholing Gewog
|other_name = Sipsu Gewog
|native_name= བཀྲིས་ཙོས་གླིང་
|settlement_type= [[Gewogs of Bhutan|Gewog]]
|image_skyline=
|imagesize=
|image_caption=
|image_flag=
|flag_size=
|image_seal=
|seal_size=
|pushpin_map = Bhutan Samtse
|pushpin_map_caption = Sipsu in the Samtse District of Bhutan
|pushpin_mapsize = 300px
|coordinates = {{coord|27.0074|88.8799|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
|subdivision_type= Country
|subdivision_name= {{flag|Bhutan}}
|subdivision_type1= [[Districts of Bhutan|District]]
|subdivision_name1= [[Samtse District]]
|subdivision_type2=
|subdivision_name2=
|government_footnotes=
|government_type=
|leader_title=
|leader_name=
|established_title=
|established_date=
|area_magnitude=
|unit_pref= Metric
|area_footnotes=
|area_total_km2= 27.67
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2012
|population_footnotes=
|population_note=
|population_total= 4087
|population_density_km2=auto
|timezone= [[Bhutan Time|BTT]]
|utc_offset= +6
|timezone_DST=
|utc_offset_DST=
|elevation_footnotes=
|elevation_m=
|elevation_ft=
|postal_code_type=
|postal_code=
|area_code=
|footnotes=
}}
'''Tashicholing'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Tashichholing''' and '''Tashichhoeling'''.}} ({{langx|dz|བཀྲིས་ཙོས་གླིང་|translit=bkris tsos gling }}) or '''Sipsu''' Gewog<ref>
{{citation |title=Tashichholing Gewog |publisher=Samtse Dzongkhag Administration |url=http://www.samtse.gov.bt/index.php/gewog/tashichholing-sibsoo-gewog/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312231341/http://www.samtse.gov.bt/index.php/gewog/tashichholing-sibsoo-gewog/ |archive-date=12 March 2018}}
</ref><ref name="Dzongkhag"/>{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Sibsu''', '''Sibsoo''' and '''Sibchoo'''.}}
is a [[gewog]] (village block) of the [[Samtse District]], [[Bhutan]].<ref name="delimitation"/>

== Geography ==
[[File:Sibsu post office 03 2009 DSC03810 439kb.jpg|thumb|left|Post office in the Sipsu town]]
{{maplink |frame=yes|frame-lat=27.00|frame-long=88.89
|frame-width=310 |frame-height=300 |frame-style="text-align:left;"|text= Tashicholing Gewog (Sipsu Gewog)
|zoom=11 |type=shape |id=Q7687205
|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|title=Leh district
}}

The gewog is to the south of [[Pemaling Gewog|Pemaling]] gewog and southwest of [[Namgaychhoeling Gewog|Namgaychhoeling]] gewog. It is bordered by India's [[West Bengal]] state in the west and the south ([[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]] and [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] districts). The [[Dichu River|Dichu]] (or Jaldhaka) River forms the western border of the gewog, and the rivers Sipsu Jhora and Sati Khola flow through it before joining Dichu at the southwestern corner.

The Tashichholing Gewog occupies an area of {{convert|27.67|km2}}.
It has 11 villages in 4 chiwogs.<ref name=Dzongkhag/>
In 2012, it had a population of 4,087.<ref name="eleventh plan"/>

== History ==
The village of Sipsu (also spelt Sibsu, Sibsoo and Sipchoo) had some encounters in history, as it appears to have been the seat of administration of the surrounding Dichu basin. In the 19th century, it was governed by [[Dzongpen|deputy Dzongpön]], perhaps under the control of a main Dzongpön at [[Dalingkot]] to the west.{{sfnp|Rennie, Bhotan and the Dooar War|1866|pp=74–75}} The official spent the winter months at Sipsu and the summer months at '''Dzongsa Dzong''',{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Jongtsa''', '''Jonksa''', '''Dzongsar''' and '''Jumsatar'''. It is currently in the Dawathang_Kuengaling chiwog in the [[Tendu Gewog]].}} which was six miles to the north.<ref>
{{citation |last=Eden |first=Ashley |title=Report on the State of Bootan and on the Progress of the Mission of 1863–1864 |publisher=Government of India |year=1864 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99245/page/n83 |via=archive.org |page=67}}</ref>
Sipsu was bordered in the east by [[Sangbay]], which also had a Dzongpön. The two districts were separated by the Tulela ridge.{{sfnp|Rennie, Bhotan and the Dooar War|1866|pp=76–78}}

In 1863, the [[Ashley Eden#Public life|Eden Mission]] of British India, sent to negotiate an agreement with Bhutan regarding border relations, passed through Sipsu. The Bhutanese were reluctant to receive Eden and placed obstacles in his path. The porters hired by Eden in [[Darjeeling]] came as far as Sipsu, where they deserted him for fear of the Bhutanese.{{sfnp|Phuntsho, The History of Bhutan|2013|loc="The mission took the route to Haa via Sibsoo, where coolies again deserted them and Eden had to reduce his escort to fifteen men. The main reason for desertion, Eden says, was the fear of the Bhutanese, whom 'they looked upon as a race of murderers and robbers'."}} Eden was given the impression that he would be able to obtain new porters at Sipsu, but the village was too small to offer any.{{sfnp|Rennie, Bhotan and the Dooar War|1866|pp=73–74}} The Deputy Dzongpön of Sipsu told Eden that he had no orders to allow him entry into Bhutan, and could offer no assistance. Undeterred, Eden left most of his entourage and supplies at Sipsu, and proceeded with a smaller contingent via Tule La and Sangbay, towards [[Ha, Bhutan|Ha]].{{sfnp|Rennie, Bhotan and the Dooar War|1866|pp=74–75}} The Mission eventually reached the Bhutanese capital [[Punakha]], but it was not successful, and led to further frictions and the [[Anglo-Bhutan War]] of 1864.

The war did not see any action at Sipsu, but Dalingkot faced an attack by British troops, and quickly fell, while there was a serious battle at [[Samtse]].<ref>{{harvp|Rennie, Bhotan and the Dooar War|1866|pp=178–179}}. Samtse is spelt "Sumchee" and it is clubbed with "Chamoorchee" (Chamurchi).</ref> At the end of the war, the Treaty of Sinchula (1865) was signed, in which unspecified "hill territory" of Dalingkot was ceded to the British as were all the [[duars]] to the south in return for an annual payment.<ref name="Darjeelingnews.net">{{cite web |title=History of Kalimpong |publisher=Darjeeling News Service |url=http://www.darjeelingnews.net/kalimpong_history.html |access-date=17 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205043810/http://darjeelingnews.net/kalimpong_history.html |archive-date=5 February 2007 }}</ref> In 1866–1867 an Anglo-Bhutanese commission demarcated the borders, and set the Dichu and Nichu{{efn|Nichu is a tributary of Dichu, flowing east from the Sikkim–Bhutan border ridge. It joins Dichu near Dzongsa, where also Bindu Khola joins it from the east.}} rivers as the boundary of the Dalingkot area, making Sipsu a border district of Bhutan.<ref>
{{cite book |first=Amiya K. |last=Samanta |title=Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7648-166-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4GqdfG0EU8C |page=43}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Hunter |first=W. W. |title=A Statistical Account Of Bengal, Vol. X: Districts of Darjiling and Jalpaiguri, State of Kuch Behar |publisher=Trubner & Co |location=London |year=1876 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281462/ |via=archive.org |page=19}}: "In August 1866, by a Government Resolution, the hilly tract situated east of the Tista, west of the Ne-chu and De-chu rivers, and south of Independent Sikkim, being part of the territory acquired as the result of the Bhutan campaign of 1864, was added to the jurisdiction of Darjiling, and now forms the tract known as '''Damsang''' or '''Dalingkot'''."
</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Dzongkhag">
{{citation |title=Tashichholing Gewog |publisher=Samtse Dzongkhag Administration |url=http://www.samtse.gov.bt/gewogs/tashichhoelingsibsoo-gewog |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="delimitation">{{cite web |title=Chiwogs in Samtse |publisher=Election Commission, [[Government of Bhutan]] |year=2011 |url=http://www.election-bhutan.org.bt/2011/finaldelimitation/Samtse.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002185843/http://www.election-bhutan.org.bt/2011/finaldelimitation/Samtse.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-02 |url-status=dead |pages=21–22}}</ref>
<ref name="eleventh plan">{{citation |title=Eleventh Five-Year Plan, Samtse Dzongkhag |publisher=Gross National Happiness Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan |year=2013 |id={{ISBN|978-99936-55-01-5}} |at=Sec. 2 (Dzongkhag at a glance, 2012) |url=https://www.gnhc.gov.bt/en/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Samtse1.pdf}}</ref>
</references>

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Phuntsho |first=Karma |title=The History of Bhutan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUDAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT405 |year=2013 |publisher=Random House India |ISBN=978-81-8400-411-3 |pages=405– |ref={{sfnref|Phuntsho, The History of Bhutan|2013}}}}
* {{citation |last=Rennie |first=Surgeon |title=Bhotan and the Dooar War |publisher=John Murray |year=1866 |url=https://archive.org/details/b29352150 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Rennie, Bhotan and the Dooar War|1866}}}}

==External links==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12165769#map=12/27.0140/88.9292 Tashichoeling Gewog], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 2 August 2022.

{{Gewogs of Bhutan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gewogs of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Samtse District]]

Subdoluseps pruthi

2025-12-16T04:01:33Z

AmiePesina: put up a details.

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>[[species:Chelmala Srinivasulu|Srinivasulu C]], [[species:Bhargavi Srinivasulu|Srinivasulu B]] (2013). "''Subdoluseps pruthi'' ". The [[IUCN]] Red List of Threatened Species 2013: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172583A1346440.en. Accessed on 17 February 2024.</ref>
| genus = Subdoluseps
| species = pruthi
| authority = ([[species:Ramesh Chandra Sharma|Sharma]], 1977)
| synonyms = *''Riopa pruthi'' {{small|Sharma, 1977}}
*''Lygosoma pruthi'' {{small|— [[species:Indraneil Das|Das]], 1996}}
*''Subdoluseps pruthi'' {{small|— [[species:Elyse S. Freitas|Freitas]] et al., 2019}}
*''Dravidoseps pruthi'' {{small|— [[species:Ishan Agarwal|Agarwal]] et al., 2024}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref name=RDB>{{EMBL species|genus=Subdoluseps|species=pruthi}}. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
}}

'''''Subdoluseps pruthi''''', known [[Common name|commonly]] as '''Pruthi's skink''' or '''Pruthi's supple skink''', is a [[species]] of [[diurnality|diurnal]], [[terrestrial animal|terrestrial]], [[insectivorous]], [[lizard]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Scincidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the southern part of the [[Eastern Ghats]] in [[South India]]. The species was first described based on the [[type specimen]] from [[Chitteri]] hills in [[Dharmapuri]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Further surveys reveal the presence of similar-looking skinks in nearby hill ranges. Though described in 1977, the [[holotype]] was collected in 1929, and yet very little is known or has been published about this species.

==Etymology==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''pruthi'', is in honor of Indian [[Entomology|entomologist]] [[Hem Singh Pruthi]] (1897–1969), who collected the [[holotype]] from [[Chitteri]] Hills of central [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[[species:Bo Beolens|Beolens B]], [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins M]], [[species:Michael Grayson|Grayson M]] (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Lygosoma pruthi'', p. 212).</ref>

==Geographic range==
''S. pruthi'' is found in the southern part of the [[Eastern Ghats]] in [[Dharmapuri]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]], in [[South India]]. This species has been sighted in other ranges of the [[Eastern Ghats]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Further work is necessary to fully chart its geographic range.<ref name=RDB/>

==Habitat==
The preferred natural [[habitat]] of ''S. pruthi'' is [[forest]], at altitudes around {{cvt|250|m|ft}}.<ref name=iucn/>

==Reproduction==
''S. pruthi'' is [[Viviparity|viviparous]]. <ref>[[species:Ishan Agarwal|Agarwal]] et al., 2024.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[species:Ishan Agarwal|Agarwal I]], [[species:Tejas Thackeray|Thackeray T]], [[species:Akshay Khandekar|Khandekar A]] (2024). "A non-adaptive radiation of viviparous skinks from the seasonal tropics of India: Systematics of ''Subdoluseps'' (Squamata: Scincidae), with description of a new genus and five cryptic new species". ''Vertebrate Zoology'' '''74''': 23–83. (''Dravidoseps pruthi'', new combination).
*[[species:Ramesh Chandra Sharma|Sharma RC]] (1977). "[http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/records/073/01-04/0041-0042.pdf A new lizard of the genus ''Riopa'' Gray (Scincidae) from Tamil Nadu, India]". ''Records of the Zoological Survey of India'' '''73''' (1-4): 41–42. (''Riopa pruthi'', new species).
*[[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das I]] (2003). "Growth of Knowledge on the Reptiles of India, with an Introduction to Systematics, Taxonomy and Nomenclature". ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society'' '''100''' (2-3): 446–502.
*[[species:Aniruddha Datta-Roy|Datta-Roy A]], [[species:Mewa Singh|Singh M]], [[species:K. Praveen Karanth|Karanth KP]] (2014). "Phylogeny of endemic skinks of the genus ''Lygosoma'' (Squamata: Scincidae) from India suggests an in situ radiation". ''Journal of Genetics'' '''93''' (1): 163–167. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-014-0321-z
*[[species:Elyse S. Freitas|Freitas ES]], Datta-Roy A, Karanth P, [[species:Larry Lee Grismer|Grismer LL]], [[species:Cameron D. Siler|Siler CD]] (2019). "Multilocus phylogeny and a new classification for African, Asian and Indian supple and writhing skinks (Scincidae: Lygosomonae)". ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''186''' (4): 1067–1096. (''Subdoluseps pruthi'', new combination, p. 1088).
*[[species:Sumaithangi Rajagopalan Ganesh|Ganesh SR]], [[species:Munusami Arumugam|Arumugam M]] (2016). "Species Richness of Montane Herpetofauna of Southern Eastern Ghats, India: A Historical Resume and a Descriptive Checklist". ''Russian Journal of Herpetology'' '''23''' (1): 7-24.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3007671}}

[[Category:Subdoluseps]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1977]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ramesh Chandra Sharma]]

{{Lygosominae-stub}}