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James Macdonald (British Army officer)

2026-05-02T03:39:41Z

AmieLearmonth67: Adding Initial Article Needs Work - done

{{Short description|British engineer, explorer, military officer and cartographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Sir James Macdonald
|image= James Ronald Leslie Macdonald c1898.png
|image_size=
|alt=
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1862|02|08|df=y}}
|birth_place= [[Rajamundry]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=James Ronald Leslie Macdonald, 8 Feb 1862; citing reference v 43 p 18, FHL microfilm 521852|url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/FG4B-KZB|work=India, Births and Baptisms, 1786–1947|publisher=Familysearch|access-date=27 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite work|title=Parish: New Machar; ED: 4; Page: 5; Line: 3; Roll: CSSCT1871_41. Source Information: Ancestry.com. 1871 Scotland Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2007. Original data: Scotland. 1871 Scotland Census. Reels 1–191. General Register Office for Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland.}}</ref>
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1927|06|27|1862|02|08|df=y}}
|death_place= [[Bournemouth]], England
|burial_place=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[British Army]]
|service_years= 1882–1912
|rank= [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major General]]
|unit=
|commands=
|battles= [[Mahdist War]] [[Second Boer War]] [[Boxer Rebellion]] [[British Expedition to Tibet|Tibetan expedition]]
|awards= [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]]
|relation=
|other_work=
}}
[[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major General]] '''Sir James Ronald Leslie Macdonald''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|KCSI|KCIE|CB|DL|FRGS}} (8 February 1862 – 27 June 1927) was a British engineer, explorer, military officer and [[Cartography|cartographer]]. Born in the [[Madras Presidency]], he was a balloon observer as a young man, surveyed for railways in [[British India]] and [[East Africa]], explored the [[upper Nile region]], commanded balloon sections during the [[Second Boer War]] and [[Boxer Rebellion]] and led the [[British expedition to Tibet]] in 1903–1904.

==Early career==
Macdonald was born on 8 February 1862 in [[Rajahmundry]] in the Madras Presidency, India, the son of Surgeon-Major James Macdonald (1828–1906) of Aberdeen and Margaret Helen Leslie ''née'' Collie (1841–1876); his younger sister was the Egyptologist and archaeologist [[Nora Griffith]]. He was educated at [[Aberdeen Grammar School]] and the [[University of Aberdeen]].{{sfn|Macdonald|Pringle|1892}}
He passed through the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]] and was gazetted as a lieutenant to the [[Royal Engineers]] in February 1882.{{sfn|Geographical Journal 1927}}<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25082|page=1065|date=10 March 1882}}</ref>

As a lieutenant, on 15 May 1885, Macdonald was appointed to the corps of Bengal Sappers and Miners, Torpedo service, [[Calcutta]] on special duty as a balloon photographer.{{sfn|India Office 1888}} He served in the Hazara campaign of 1888, and also working in the Indian railway organization.{{sfn|Geographical Journal 1927}} Macdonald had spent seven years in service in India and was in Bombay in 1891 ready to embark for England on leave when he was offered the job of Chief Engineer of "the proposed railway survey from Mombasa to the [[Lake Victoria|Victoria]] [[Nyanza Province|Nyanza]]". He accepted, and continued to England to find out what would be involved.{{sfn|NY Times 1897}} In November 1891 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106015214775&view=1up&seq=773|title=Second Meeting, 23rd November, 1891. Election of Fellows|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society|year=1891|volume=13|page=731}}</ref>

==Uganda railway==
The [[Imperial British East Africa Company]] (IBEA Co) commission was to survey a railway route from [[Mombasa]] on the Indian Ocean to Port Florence on the shores of [[Lake Victoria]], roughly following the existing caravan route.{{sfn|Maina|Oboka|Makong'o|2004|pp=78}} The Survey began in December 1891, and took more than a year.{{sfn|Nicholls|2005|pp=17–18}} Macdonald encountered many difficulties in his survey of 27,000 miles of possible route for the railway including sickness, attacks by ants, bees, lions and elephants, formidable physical obstacles and hostile Africans. All these took their toll on his carriers and other followers.{{sfn|Gann|Duignan|1978|pp=326}}

The survey's findings confirmed that the caravan route to the [[Great Rift Valley, Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] was the best path for the line, followed by the easiest gradient to be found over the [[Mau Escarpment]] and down to Lake Victoria. Macdonald and [[John Wallace Pringle]], his second in command, recommended construction of a three-foot six-inch gauge railway. They suggested that Kikuyuland would be a suitable place for whites to live, and their civilizing effect would drive out slavery, but the railway was needed to give access to the new colony.{{sfn|Nicholls|2005|pp=18}} The IBEA Co did not have enough money to undertake construction before handing over the protectorate to the British government in 1895.{{sfn|Maina|Oboka|Makong'o|2004|pp=78}} Construction of the line began in 1895 under the direction of George Whitehouse, a young English engineer.{{sfn|Ellis|2001|pp=69}}
[[File:Africaorientalbritanica1895-1896.PNG|thumb|300px|British East Africa 1895–1896. The Nile runs northwest from Lake Victoria to Lake Albert, then north into Sudan]]
While conducting the survey, Macdonald had been favorably impressed by the intelligent and sophisticated [[Baganda people]] living to the north of the lake.{{sfn|Mozer}}
In May 1893 Macdonald was appointed Acting British Commissioner of the Uganda Protectorate by General [[Gerald Herbert Portal]] with directions to stay away from the internal affairs of [[Buganda]].{{sfn|Okoth|2006|pp=188}} He accordingly withdrew all the Sudanese troops from the west of the country.{{sfn|Ingham|1975|pp=77}}
In 1894 he was chief Staff Officer of an expedition to the neighboring kingdom of [[Bunyoro]], now in northern Uganda.{{sfn|Sharf|2005|pp=13}} Later he was posted back to India.{{sfn|Geographical Journal 1927}}

==Nile expedition==
In 1897 Macdonald was in London when he was appointed leader of another expedition to Uganda, ostensibly to review the northern boundaries.{{sfn|Sharf|2005|pp=13}}
Although Uganda had been declared a British Protectorate the British were concerned that France or Italy would claim some of the unoccupied territory.{{sfn|Naval & Military Press}} General [[Herbert Kitchener]] was advancing up the Nile towards [[Khartoum]], which he would capture at the [[Battle of Omdurman]] on 2 September 1898. However, a French column under [[Jean-Baptiste Marchand]] was striking across Africa from [[Senegal]] to [[Fashoda]], south of Khartoum on the Nile, and would get there well before Kitchener. Macdonald's instructions were to reach Fashoda first.{{sfn|Collins|1996|pp=59}}

The expedition's officers reached Mombasa in July 1897. After moving inland to a base camp at Ngara Nyuki, in September the force was divided into three columns. Captain Herbert H. Austin would lead 300 men north to uncover the source of the [[Juba River]], thought to be connected with [[Lake Rudolph]]. The second column, under Macdonald, would go northwest to the Nile and then downstream to [[Fashoda]], arriving there before the French. A third column would supply the first two.
However these plans were thrown into disarray when the escort of [[Nubian people|Nubian]] troops from [[Sudan]] deserted and fled to Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Sharf|2005|pp=16}}

The Nubian troops had been the Egyptian garrison of [[Equatoria]] in the south of Sudan under the leadership of [[Emin Pasha]]. In 1885 they were threatened by the forces of [[Muhammad Ahmad]], the self-proclaimed [[Mahdi]] whom Kitchener was now preparing to attack, and retreated south to Lake Albert. Emin was "rescued" in 1888 by [[Henry Morton Stanley]]. With nowhere else to go, the Nubians had accepted the offer of Captain [[Frederick Lugard]] to sign up with the British in 1891, but over the years they had accumulated many grievances.{{sfn|Collins|1996|pp=59}} Macdonald spent the next seven months trying to suppress their mutiny, finally handing over responsibility for this task in May 1898 to troops that had been dispatched from India.{{sfn|Sharf|2005|pp=17}}After the mutiny was put down under the leadership of the Protectorate consul-general [[George Wilson (Chief Colonial Secretary of Uganda)|George Wilson CB]], Macdonald recommended retaining a force of Indians in the country on the basis that the Sudanese troops could be useful, but only if there was an independent body of sepoys.{{sfn|Metcalf|2008|pp=212}}

By the end of May 1898, Macdonald decided he did not have enough people or supplies to reach his original objective of Fashoda. Instead, his column would aim for [[Lado, Sudan|Lado]], further south on the Nile, while Austin's column would pursue its original objective of exploring around [[Lake Rudolf]].{{sfn|Sharf|2005|pp=17}}
On the route to Lado Macdonald's column passed through [[Lotuko people|Lotuko]] country in what is now the [[Eastern Equatoria]] state of South Sudan, where he was given a friendly reception by the Lotuko chief Lomoro Xujang.{{sfn|Hill|1967|pp=216}} Macdonald saw a resemblance between the [[Maasai people]] and the Lotuko, and for this reason later recommended incorporation of the Lotuko lands into Uganda.{{sfn|Simonse|1992|pp=83}}

Both of Macdonald's columns managed to return to Mombasa by December 1898, having completed their revised tasks, and the force was disbanded early in 1899.{{sfn|Sharf|2005|pp=17}} This was one of the last incidents in the [[Scramble for Africa]], in which almost the entire continent was brought under European rule.{{sfn|Naval & Military Press}} He was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]] (CB) in the [[1900 New Year Honours]] list on 1 January 1900<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=New Year Honours |date=1 January 1900 |page=9 |issue=36027}}</ref> (the order was gazetted on 16 January 1900),<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27154 |date=16 January 1900 |page=285}}</ref> and invested by [[Queen Victoria]] at [[Windsor Castle]] on 1 March 1900.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular|date=2 March 1900 |page=6 |issue=36079}}</ref>

==Interlude==
[[File:QF 4.7 inch field guns Boer War LOC 3a48781.jpg|thumb|British artillery during Boer War – 4.7 inch field guns]]
Macdonald had become a fellow of the [[Royal Geographical Society]] in 1891, and gave an account of his African Expedition to the society at a meeting in June 1899.{{sfn|Geographical Journal 1927}} He was next posted to [[South Africa]], where he was responsible for introducing most of the new sections of balloon observers, which made a significant contribution to British progress in the [[Second Boer War]].{{sfn|Driver|1997|pp=177}} In this war, the British required over 450,000 men to subdue settlers of Dutch origin who were seeking to preserve their independence. The Boer forces never numbered more than 60,000.{{sfn|Fremont-Barnes|2003|pp=7}}
The war introduced innovations such as the field telephone, searchlights and barbed wire. Creeping artillery barrages supported infantry advances against entrenched opponents armed with rifles and machine guns, a technique later developed to the extreme during the [[First World War]].{{sfn|Fremont-Barnes|2003|pp=8–9}}

Macdonald left in August 1900 to take up the command of the fourth Balloon section with the British imperial troops fighting the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in China.{{sfn|Driver|1997|pp=177}} He was then appointed Director of Railways for the China expeditionary force.{{sfn|Macdonald|Pringle|1892}} The fighting in China was the result of growing assertiveness by European powers in China over trade, religion and control of territory during the dying days of the Manchu [[Qing Dynasty]], aggravated by poverty due to harvest failures. A widespread popular uprising led to a siege of Europeans in [[Beijing]]. The European colonial powers cooperated in military action to suppress the uprising and imposed harsh indemnities and conditions.{{sfn|Bodin|1979|pp=1ff}} From China, Macdonald was posted to [[Mauritius]] as general officer commanding later in 1900.{{sfn|Macdonald|Pringle|1892}}

==Tibet expedition==
[[File:FrancisYounghusband.jpg|thumb|[[Francis Younghusband]]]]
In 1903 the British were suspicious of the intentions of the [[Russian Empire]] in the lands bordering India. As a demonstration of strength, the British determined to send a diplomatic and trade mission to [[Tibet]] under Colonel [[Francis Younghusband]]. Originally peaceful, the project was transformed into an armed invasion when the Tibetans refused to accept the mission.{{sfn|Waddell|2007|pp=55–56}} In October 1903 the strength of the mission's escort was brought up to a brigade with about 2,500 British and Indian troops under Macdonald, who had been temporarily promoted from Colonel to Brigadier-General.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} He was instructed to avoid aggression and act in a strictly defensive role as the mission advanced into Tibet to [[Gyantse]] and occupied the [[Chumbi valley]].{{sfn|Waddell|2007|pp=58–59}}
10,000 unskilled laborers were attached to the expedition.{{sfn|Grunfeld|1996|pp=56}}

The British army left [[Sikkim]] on 11 December 1903, and occupied Phari at the northern end of the 60-mile long Chumbi Valley on 22 December. They reached Tuna in mid-January and remained there until the end of March hoping to negotiate with the Tibetans.{{sfn|Raugh|2004|pp=321}} On 31 March the force advanced, soon coming in contact with a force of about 3,000 Tibetans armed with antique matchlock muskets defending the Guru (or Gura) Pass on the road to Gyantse, about {{convert|15000|ft|m}} above sea level. Macdonald insisted that the Tibetans surrender their arms, a brawl broke out, the British opened fire and the Tibetans were forced to retreat leaving 600–700 dead. The British-led troops had superior discipline and greatly superior weapons including machine guns. The engagement was completely one-sided and the British themselves expressed disgust with the slaughter of their helpless opponents. About 200 Tibetan wounded were carried to makeshift hospitals. Many had been shot in the back.{{sfn|Waddell|2007|pp=154ff}}

The advance continued, reaching the original destination of Gyantse on 12 April 1904. Macdonald then took half the force back 150 miles to [[New Chumbi]] to check communications and arrangements for supply, earning the nickname "Retiring Mac".{{sfn|Raugh|2004|pp=322}} There may have been tensions between MacDonald as military leader, backed by [[Herbert Kitchener]], and the younger and more junior Younghusband as political leader, backed by [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|George Curzon]]. One of the officers in the expedition thought that Macdonald was much more timid than his reputation had led him to expect, perhaps due to illness.{{sfn|Gould|1999|pp=169}} Younghusband was so exasperated by Macdonald's cautious approach that he twice threatened to resign. However, caution may have been justified by the extremely challenging terrain and climate, with logistical problems increasing exponentially as the supply chain lengthened.{{sfn|Meyer|Brysac|2006|pp=298}} According to one account, {{convert|40000|lb|kg}} of supplies were needed daily.{{sfn|Grunfeld|1996|pp=56}}
[[File:Gyantse Fortress.jpg|thumb|right|The Gyantse Dzong today]]
In Macdonald's absence, Younghusband authorized more aggressive action. He achieved some tactical successes, but the situation remained confused. On the grounds of having exceeded his authority, Younghusband was made subordinate to Macdonald, returning to New Chumbi to report to Macdonald on 10 June 1904. The reinforced escort advanced again, reaching the powerful fortress of [[Gyantse Dzong]] by 24 June 1904.{{sfn|Raugh|2004|pp=322}} On 6 July a breach was made in the fortress walls and troops stormed in, forcing the Tibetans to abandon the position. Macdonald had succeeded in his mission of clearing the road, and handed over command to Younghusband for the advance to [[Lhasa]].{{sfn|Waddell|2007|pp=265ff}} He received a [[K.C.I.E.]] (Knight Commander of the Indian Empire) decoration for his services in Tibet.{{sfn|Geographical Journal 1927}}

==Later life==
Macdonald, promoted in January 1905 to substantive colonel and temporary brigadier general in order to command a brigade in India,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27786|page=2975|date=21 April 1905}}</ref> was the general officer commanding in Mauritius from 1900 until he retired from active service in 1912.{{sfn|Macdonald|Pringle|1892}}{{sfn|Geographical Journal 1927}} On 22 July 1908 the [[University of Aberdeen]] conferred an honorary decree in the Faculty of Law on Macdonald.{{sfn|British Medical Journal 1908}}

Macdonald, appointed [[colonel commandant]] of the Royal Engineers in July 1924,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32967|page=6353|date=22 August 1924}}</ref> died on 27 June 1927 in [[Bournemouth]], Hampshire, England at the age of 65.{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite journal|author=Macdonald, James|title=East central African customs|journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=22|year=1893|pages=99–122|doi=10.2307/2842114|jstor=2842114|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951p00542690v&view=1up&seq=123|url-access=subscription|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite book |title=Soldiering and surveying in British East Africa, 1891–1894|author=Macdonald, James Ronald Leslie|publisher=Dawsons of Pall Mall|pages=xvi+333 |year=1897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-o4SAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{cite journal|author=MacDonald, James R. L.|title=Journeys to the North of Uganda. I.|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=14|issue=2|year=1899|pages=129–148|doi=10.2307/1774333|jstor=1774333|bibcode=1899GeogJ..14..129M |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b231033&view=1up&seq=145&q1=uganda}}

==See also==
* [[Scramble for Africa]]
* [[Fashoda incident]]
* [[The Great Game]]

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|publisher=BRILL
|year=1992
|isbn=978-90-04-09560-1
}}
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MzeIBeoCdQC&pg=PA59
|title=Lhasa and Its Mysteries: With a Record of the Expedition of 1903–1904
|last=Waddell
|first=Laurence A.
|publisher=Cosimo
|year=2007
|isbn=978-1-60206-724-0
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
|title=With Macdonald in Uganda: a narrative account of the Uganda mutiny and Macdonald expedition in the Uganda Protectorate and the territories to the north
|author=Austin, Herbert Henry 1868–1937
|pages=xiv+314
|publisher=Edward Arnold, London
|year=1903
|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008585367}}
* William John Ottley (Brevet-Major 34th Sikh Pioneers): [https://archive.org/stream/withmountedinfan00ottlrich#page/n9/mode/2up W''ith mounted infantry in Tibet'']. Publisher: Smith, Elder & Co. London, 1906
* Sir Francis Edward Younghusband: [https://archive.org/stream/indiatibethistor00younrich#page/n3/mode/2up India and Tibet; a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904]. Publisher: J. Murray London, 1910

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macdonald, James Ronald Leslie}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1927 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British explorers]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish people]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Aberdeen]]
[[Category:People educated at Aberdeen Grammar School]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:19th century in Uganda]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the British expedition to Tibet]]
[[Category:Scottish civil engineers]]
[[Category:Scottish aviators]]
[[Category:British balloonists]]
[[Category:Scottish cartographers]]
[[Category:Scottish geographers]]
[[Category:Scottish explorers]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:Scottish surveyors]]
[[Category:Scottish knights]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Writers from Rajahmundry]]

Sadashiv Marathe

2026-04-27T01:11:02Z

AmieLearmonth67: made new stub w/ infobox.

{{short description|Indian politician and social worker (1942–2010)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sadashiv Marathe
| birth_name = Sadashiv Vaman Marathe
| image = Sadashiv Vaman Marathe.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Official portrait, 1977
| birth_place = [[Dharbandora]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_date = {{circa|1942}}
| death_date = {{Death date|2010|11|27|df=y}} (aged 67–68)
| majority = 5,239 (50.18%)
| death_place = Goa, India
| constituency = [[Sanguem Assembly constituency|Sanguem]]
| successor = [[Gurudas Naik Tari]]
| predecessor = [[Vasudev Morajkar]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1980
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| spouse = Vasanti Tamhankar
| party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (1977–1980)
| committees = {{plainlist|
* Block Advisory
* Library
* Estimates
* Delegated Legislation}}
| occupation = Politician
| profession = [[Social worker]]
}}

'''Sadashiv Vaman Marathe''' (1942 – 27 November 2010) was an Indian politician and social worker. He was a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Sanguem Assembly constituency]] from 1977 to 1980.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=150 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Joaquim |date=31 January 2011 |title=The Goa Legislative Assembly Monday paid glowing tributes to several personalities from in the field of politics, literature, music and theatre who passed away recently. Obituary references were made to former Sanguem MLA, Sadashiv Marathe, who passed away on November 27, 2010, Dr Subhash Bhende, a prominent figure in Marathi literature of Goan origin who passed away on January 16, 2011 and Pandit Bhimsen Joshi, the legendary Hindustani vocalist and recipient of the Bharat Ratna, who passed away on January 24, 2011. - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-goa-legislative-assembly-monday-paid-glowing-tributes-to-several-personalities-from-in-the-field-of-politics-literature-music-and-theatre-who-passed-away-recently-obituary-references-were-made-to-former-sanguem-mla-sadashiv-marathe-who-passed-away-on-november-27-2010-dr-subhash-bhende-a-prominent-figure-in-marathi-literature-of-goan-origin-who-passed-away-on-january-16-2011-and-pandit-bhimsen-joshi-the-legendary-hindustani-vocalist-and-recipient-of-the-bharat-ratna-who-passed-away-on-january-24-2011-/articleshow/7398631.cms |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Sadashiv Vaman Marathe was born at [[Dharbandora]] in [[Sanguem]] ''taluka'' (now Dharbandora ''taluka''). He was married to Vasanti Tamhankar, an [[agriculturist]]. Marathe had a special interest in agriculture and [[hunting]] being one of his hobbies. He resided at Dharbandora, Goa.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
Marathe died on 27 November 2010. He was one of the few prominent people that were made obituary references and was given tributes by the then [[legislators]] of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=1 Feb 2011 |title=House pays tributes to prominent personalities {{!}} Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/house-pays-tributes-to-prominent-personalities/articleshow/7400868.cms |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Positions held==
* Chairman of Service Society of [[Dharbandora]]
* Member of Dharbandora Panchayat from 1967
* Secretary of Sarvodaya Education Society [[Usgaon]]
* Vice-Chairman of Bhausaheb Bandodkar Shikshan Prasarak Sanstha, Dharbandora
* Vice Chairman Vijaya Dugdh Sahakari Society, Dharbandora
* Member of Block advisory Committee [[Sanguem]]
* Chairman of Sanguem Taluka Krida Samiti
* Member of Committee on Delegated Legislation 1977–78
* Member of Library Committee 1977–78
* Member of Estimates Committee 1977–78<ref name=":0" />

==Bibliography==
* ''Shree Akkalakotnivasi Swamimaharaj Yanche Sachitra va Sagra Charitra (Marathi)''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shree Akkalakotnivasi Swamimaharaj Yanche Sachitra va Sagra Charitra |url=https://akshardhara.com/catalog/product/view/id/31880/s/31880-shree-akkalakotnivasi-swamimaharaj-sadashiv-marathe-punarvasu-prakashan-buy-marathi-books-online-at-akshardhara/category/4363/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=akshardhara.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathe, Sadashiv}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]
[[Category:Social workers from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian hunters]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]

Suchitra Sen

2026-04-24T12:22:09Z

AmieLearmonth67: cleanup structure per sources

{{Short description|Indian actress (1931–2014)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Sen|lang=Bengali}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahanayika Suchitra Sen
| image = File:Suchitra Sen.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Roma Dasgupta AKA Krishna<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-06 |title=পাবনার রমা দাশগুপ্ত থেকে যেভাবে কিংবদন্তি নায়িকা হন সুচিত্রা সেন |url=https://www.dhakatimes24.com/2024/04/06/349353 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=Dhakatimes24 }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1931|04|06}}
| birth_place = Hemsagor lane, [[Pabna]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British India]]<ref name="Mindat.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-11285941.html|title=Bhangabari, Belkuchi Sirajganj, Rajshahi Division|work=[[Mindat.org]]}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2014|01|17|1931|4|6}} 
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| othername =
| website =
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1953–1978
| works = [[#Filmography|Filmography]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (1972) [[Banga Bibhushan]] (2012)
| spouse = {{marriage|Dibanath Sen|1947|1970|end=died}}
| children = [[Moon Moon Sen]]
| relatives = [[Raima Sen]] (granddaughter) [[Riya Sen]] (granddaughter)
| signature = Suchitra Sen English signature.jpg
}}
{{Copyedit|date=March 2026}}

'''Suchitra Sen''',{{efn|({{IPA|bn|ʃuˈt͡ʃitːra ˈʃen|lang|Suchitra_sen.ogg}}; born '''Roma Dasgupta''', {{IPA|bn|ˈrɔma ˈdaʃɡupto|lang|Ramadg.ogg}}; 6 April 1931 – 17 January 2014)}} widely known as the '''Mahanayika'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Neera |date=2019-01-17 |title=Suchitra Sen, Bengali cinema's 'mahanayika' who remains an enigma |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/suchitra-sen-bengali-cinemas-mahanayika-who-remains-an-enigma/178872/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-22 |title=Suchitra Sen: Reclusive legend |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/reclusive-legend/article23581728.ece |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> ({{Literal translation|Great actress}}), was an Indian actress who worked in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] and [[Hindi cinema]]. The movies in which she was paired opposite actor [[Uttam Kumar]] became classics in the history of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref name="Women's rights and world development">{{cite book |author=Vijay Kaushik |author2=Bela Rani Sharma |title=Women's rights and world development |year=1998 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7625-015-5 |page=368}}</ref>

Sen was the first Indian actress to receive an award at an international film festival when, at the 1963 [[Moscow International Film Festival]], she won the Silver Prize for Best Actress for ''[[Saat Pake Bandha (1963 film)|Saat Pake Bandha]]''.<ref name=ndtv>{{cite news |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/suchitra-sen-bengal-s-sweetheart-472105 |title=Suchitra Sen, Bengal's sweetheart |date=17 January 2014 |access-date=17 January 2014 |publisher=NDTV |archive-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140118062214/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/suchitra-sen-bengal-s-sweetheart-472105 }}</ref><ref name="Moscow1963">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1963 |title=3rd Moscow International Film Festival (1963) |access-date=1 December 2012 |work=MIFF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116210707/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1963 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> She was catapulted to stardom after she was cast as [[Vishnupriya]] by Devaki Kumar Bose in his ''Bhagaban Shree Krishna Chaitanya'' (1953).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bhagwan-shri-krishna-chaitanya-33811 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809054042/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bhagwan-shri-krishna-chaitanya-33811 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |title=Bhagwan Shri Krishna Chaitanya (1953) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |website=Cinestaan |url-status=live |access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref>

In 1972, she was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award in India.<ref name=pad>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2013) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |quote=1972: 130: Smt Suchitra Sen |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf}}</ref> From 1979 on, she retreated from public life and shunned all forms of public contact; for this she is often compared to [[Greta Garbo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-suchitra-sen-became-a-recluse-and-other-stories-472323 |title=Why Suchitra Sen became a recluse and other stories |last=Bannerjee |first=Monideepa |date=17 January 2014 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=17 January 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201202907/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-suchitra-sen-became-a-recluse-and-other-stories-472323 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/39-india-39-greta-garbo-39-suchitra-sen-124555498.html#C8ynAKT |title=India's Greta Garbo' Suchitra Sen dies |agency=Agence France-Presse |publisher=17 January 2013 |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> In 2005, she refused the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], the highest cinematic award in India, to stay out of the public eye.<ref name="Suchitra Sen awarded Banga-Bibhusan">{{cite news |title=Suchitra Sen awarded Banga-Bibhusan |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/suchitra-sen-awarded-banga-bibhusan_111742.htm |access-date=2 June 2012 |newspaper=Zee News India |date=20 May 2012}}</ref> In 2012, she was conferred the West Bengal Government's highest honour: [[Banga Bibhushan]].<ref name="The perils of a packed prize podium Ravi Shankar declines award">{{cite news |title=The perils of a packed prize podium Ravi Shankar declines award |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120521/jsp/frontpage/story_15513026.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521230535/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120521/jsp/frontpage/story_15513026.jsp |archive-date=21 May 2012 |access-date=2 June 2012 |newspaper=Telegraph, Kolkata |date=20 May 2012 |location=Calcutta, India |first1=Mohua |last1=Das}}</ref> Her first official release was Sukumar Dasgupta's ''[[Saat Number Kayedi]]'' (1953).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.147757/231798/002 |title=Saat Number Kayedi |author=Dasgupta, Sukumar |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life and education==
Suchitra Sen was born on 6 April 1931, in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suchitra sen Filmography {{!}} Biography of Suchitra sen |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/celeb-details/suchitra-sen |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref> of Bhanga Bari village of [[Belkuchi Upazila|Belkuchi Thana]] in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] of British India (now in [[Rajshahi Division]], Bangladesh).<ref name="Mindat.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-11285941.html|title=Bhangabari, Belkuchi Sirajganj, Rajshahi Division|work=[[Mindat.org]]}}</ref><ref name="tripura">{{cite web |url=http://www.tripurainfo.com/citizen_services/helping_bytes/april_born.html |title=APRIL BORN a few PERSONALITIES |publisher=tripurainfo.com |access-date=23 October 2008 |last=Deb |first=Alok Kumar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210082337/http://www.tripurainfo.com/citizen_services/helping_bytes/april_born.html |archive-date=10 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="Garbo meets Sen Two women bound by beauty and mystery">{{cite news |title=Garbo meets Sen Two women bound by beauty and mystery |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080302/jsp/entertainment/story_8968619.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629010731/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080302/jsp/entertainment/story_8968619.jsp |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=2 June 2012 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=8 July 2008 |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> Her father, Korunamoy Dasgupta, was a Sanitary Inspector of Pabna Municipality and her mother, Indira Devi, was a homemaker. Sen was their fifth child and second daughter. She was a granddaughter of the poet [[Rajanikanta Sen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sirajganj.gov.bd/node/367534 |title=প্রখ্যাত ব্যক্তিত্ব |access-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013638/http://www.sirajganj.gov.bd/node/367534 |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> She received her formal education in [[Pabna Government Girls High School]]. The violence of Partition in 1947 brought her family to West Bengal.<ref name="Frontline">{{cite web |url=http://www.frontline.in/other/obituary/reclusive-legend/article5601465.ece |title=Suchitra Sen: Reclusive legend |work=Frontline |date=7 February 2014 |access-date=30 January 2014 |author=Suhrid Sankar Chattopadhyay}}</ref> Here she married Dibanath Sen, son of wealthy industrialist Adinath Sen, in 1947, at the age of 16 years.<ref name="Actress Suchitra Sen's secrets out!">{{cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Ajanta |title=Actress Suchitra Sen's secrets out! |newspaper=TNN (Times of India) |date=18 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 July 2022 |title=Suchitra Sen: অন্তরালে থাকার সময় কে ছিল সুচিত্রা সেনের দৈনন্দিন জীবনের সঙ্গী, উত্তমকুমার নাকি অন্য কেউ? |work=The Bengali Chronicle |url=https://thebengalichronicle.com/with-whom-suchitra-sen-kept-contact-after-isolation-from-limelight-act/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> She had one daughter, [[Moon Moon Sen]], who is a former actress. Suchitra's father-in-law, Adinath Sen, was supportive of her acting career in films after her marriage.<ref>{{cite news |author=Deepanjana Pal |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rip-suchitra-sen-it-is-the-end-of-a-fairytale-1345169.html |title=RIP Suchitra Sen. It is the end of a fairytale |work=Firstpost |access-date=20 January 2014}}</ref> Her industrialist husband invested greatly in her career and supported her.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/bengali-actress-suchitra-sen-passes-away-kolkata-177204-2014-01-17 |title=Bengali cinema's golden queen Suchitra Sen no more: Movies, News |work=India Today |date=17 January 2014 |access-date=20 January 2014}}</ref> He died in 1970.

Sen had made a successful entry into Bengali films in 1952, and then a less successful transition into the Hindi movie industry. According to persistent but unconfirmed reports in the Bengali press, her marriage was strained by her success in the film industry.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rip-suchitra-sen-it-is-the-end-of-a-fairytale-1345169.html |title=RIP Suchitra Sen. It is the end of a fairytale |last=Pal |first=Deepanjana |date=17 January 2014 |work=Firstpost |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
Suchitra Sen made her debut in films with ''Shesh Kothaay'' in 1952, but it was never released.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema">{{cite book |editor1=Gulazāra |editor2=Govind Nihalani |editor3=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema |year=2003 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7991-066-0 |pages=PT647 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC}}</ref> The following year saw her act opposite [[Uttam Kumar]] in ''[[Sharey Chuattor]]'', a film by Nirmal Dey. It was a box-office hit and is remembered for launching Uttam-Suchitra as a leading pair. They went on to become the icons for Bengali dramas for more than 20 years, becoming almost a genre unto themselves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/uttam-kumar-and-mrs-sen-the-magical-hypnotic-uttamsuchitra-years/445961-8-73.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119221852/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/uttam-kumar-and-mrs-sen-the-magical-hypnotic-uttamsuchitra-years/445961-8-73.html |archive-date=19 January 2014 |title=Uttam Kumar and 'Mrs Sen': The magical, hypnotic Uttam-Suchitra years |last=Nag |first=Amitava |date=17 January 2014 |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> She has acted in 30 of her 60 films with Uttam Kumar. Her first [[Hindi]] movie was ''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]'' (1955). [[Dilip Kumar]] won the [[Filmfare Award]] best actor award and [[Vyjayantimala]] won best supporting actress award but Sen was not enominated for best actress award due to political reason, she is later only nominated by Filmfare award for ''[[Mamta (1966 film)|Mamta]]'' (1966) and ''[[Aandhi]]'' (1974). Her Bengali melodramas and romances, especially with Uttam Kumar, made her the most famous Bengali actress ever.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/why-suchitra-sen-is-a-part-of-every-bengalis-favourite-memories-1344895.html |title=Why Suchitra Sen is a part of every Bengali's favourite memories |last=Dasgupta |first=Piyashree |date=17 January 2014 |work=Firstpost |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref>

Her films ran through the 1960s and '70s. Suchitra went on to act in films such as in the Hindi film ''[[Aandhi]]'' (1974). ''[[Aandhi]]'' was inspired by India's Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-best-films-of-suchitra-sen/20140117.htm |title=The Best Films of Suchitra Sen |date=17 January 2014 |publisher=Rediff |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> Sen this time same due to politics in film industry even though she had more powerful rules than [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and her acting was praised, she only received a [[Filmfare Award]] nomination as Best Actress where [[Sanjeev Kumar]], who played the role of her husband, won the [[Filmfare]] as Best Actor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/suchitra-sen-a-superstar-in-bengal-an-accidental-tourist-in-mumbai/ |title=Suchitra Sen: A superstar in Bengal, an accidental tourist in Mumbai |last=Gupta |first=Subhra |date=17 January 2014 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> [[Rishi Kapoor]] once said in his interview his [[Filmfare]] award been bought with Rs30,000 for film ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'', if the award not bought then it would be won by [[Amitabh Bachchan]] for film ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-when-rishi-kapoor-admitted-to-buying-best-actor-award-for-bobby-for-rs-30000-amitabh-bachchan-was-sulking-3039402/|title=Rishi Kapoor film Bobby's Filmfare award bought for RS30,000|access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref>

One of her best known performances was in ''[[Deep Jwele Jaai]]'' (1959). She played in a character named Radha Mitra, a hospital nurse employed by a progressive psychiatrist, Pahadi Sanyal, who is expected to develop a personal relationship with male patients as part of their therapy. Sanyal diagnoses the hero, [[Basanta Choudhury]], as having an unresolved Oedipal dilemma. He orders Radha to play the role though she is hesitant as in a similar case she had fallen in love with the patient. She finally agrees and bears up to Choudhury's violence, impersonates his mother, sings his poetic compositions and in the process falls in love again. In the end, even as she brings about his cure, she suffers a nervous breakdown. The film is noted for its partly lit close-ups of Sen, which set the tone of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sukanyaverma.com/columns-and-reviews/2013/khamoshi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220105529/http://www.sukanyaverma.com/columns-and-reviews/2013/khamoshi |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 December 2013 |title=Waheeda Rehman's haunting melancholy in Khamoshi. |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=2 December 2013 |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]] remade the film in Hindi as ''[[Khamoshi (1970 film)|Khamoshi]]'' (1969), with [[Waheeda Rehman]] in the Suchitra Sen role.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-waheeda-rehmans-haunting-melancholy-in-khamoshi/20131121.htm |title=Waheeda Rehman's haunting melancholy in Khamoshi |date=21 November 2013 |publisher=Rediff |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref>

Suchitra Sen's other landmark film with Asit Sen was ''[[Uttar Falguni]]'' (1963). She plays the dual role of a courtesan, Pannabai, and her daughter Suparna, a lawyer. Critics note that she brought a great deal of poise, grace and dignity to the role of a fallen woman determined to see her daughter grow up in a good, clean environment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/suchitra-sen-bengal-s-sweetheart-472095 |title=Suchitra Sen, Bengal's sweetheart |last=Ray |first=Gitanjali |date=17 January 2014 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/bengali-actress-suchitra-sen-passes-away-kolkata-177204-2014-01-17 |title=Bengali cinema's golden queen Suchitra Sen no more |date=17 January 2014 |magazine=India Today |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/suchitra-sen-7055 |title=Endearments of boundless charm |last=Jamil |first=Maqsud |date=17 January 2014 |work=Daily Star |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref>

Suchitra Sen's international success came in 1963, when she won the best actress award at the [[Moscow International Film Festival]] for the movie ''Saat Paake Bandha'', becoming the first Indian actress to receive an international film award.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-12 |title=Thursday throwback: 'Let me die in peace!' Suchitra Sen's last words before she passed away left doctors & medical attendants in tears |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/thursday-throwback-let-me-die-in-peace-suchitra-sens-last-words-before-she-passed-away-left-doctors-medical-attendants-in-tears/articleshow/104369146.cms |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rizvi |first=Iqbal |date=2018-04-06 |title=Suchitra Sen: Remembering the timeless Bengali beauty |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/people/remembering-the-timeless-bengali-beauty-on-her-birth-anniversary |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==In retirement==
[[File:Suchitra Sen Tribute Exhibition - Smritituku Thak Pavilion - 38th International Kolkata Book Fair - Milan Mela Complex - Kolkata 2014-01-29 8065-8067.JPG|thumb|''Smritituku Thak'' a tribute to Sen at the [[Kolkata Book Fair]] in 2014. 29 Jan 2014.]]

Suchitra Sen refused [[Satyajit Ray]]'s offer due to a scheduling problem. As a result, Ray never made the film ''[[Debi Chowdhurani (1974 film)|Debi Chowdhurani]]'', based on the novel written by Rishi [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]. She also refused [[Raj Kapoor]]'s offer for a film under the RK banner.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/suchitra-said-no-to-satyajit-ray-raj-kapoor-114011700874_1.html |title=Suchitra said 'no' to Satyajit Ray, Raj Kapoor |agency=Press Trust of India |date=17 January 2014 |newspaper=Business Standard |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref>

Sen continued to act after her husband's death in 1970, but called it a day when ''Pronoy Pasha'' flopped,<ref>{{cite web |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Suchitra-Sen-The-quintessential-enigma-despite-59-films/articleshow/28935237.cms |title=Suchitra Sen: The quintessential enigma despite 59 films |work=The Times of India |date=6 April 1931 |access-date=20 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118030348/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Suchitra-Sen-The-quintessential-enigma-despite-59-films/articleshow/28935237.cms |archive-date=18 January 2014}}</ref> and retired from the screen in 1978 after a career of over 25 years to a life of quiet seclusion. She was to do a film project; ''Nati Binodini'', also starring [[Rajesh Khanna]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Uttam-wanted-to-meet-Suchitra-Sen-a-week-before-his-death/articleshow/28971702.cms |title=Uttam wanted to meet Suchitra Sen a week before his death |work=The Times of India |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=20 January 2014}}</ref> but the film was shelved mid-way after shooting when she decided to quit acting.

She assiduously avoided the public gaze after her retirement and devoted her time to the [[Ramakrishna Mission]].<ref name="tripura"/>

==Death==
[[File:Suchitra Sen Remembrance - Rabindra Sadan - Kolkata 2014-01-19 6823.JPG|thumb|Suchitra Sen remembrance at [[Rabindra Sadan]], Kolkata, on 19 January 2014.]]

Sen was admitted to the hospital on 24 December 2013 and was diagnosed with a lung infection. She was reported to have been recovering well in the first week of January.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/veteran-actor-suchitra-sens-health-improves/article5538269.ece |title=Veteran actor Suchitra Sen's health improves |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 January 2014 |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> But her condition worsened later and she died at 8.25 am on 17 January 2014, due to a heart attack. She was 82 years old.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/veteran-actress-suchitra-sen-dies-in-kolkata-hospital-after-massive-heart-attack/1218792 |title=Veteran actress Suchitra Sen dies in Kolkata hospital after massive heart attack |newspaper=The Financial Express |date=12 June 2012 |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-suchitra-sen-suffers-massive-heart-attack-passes-away-1952306 |title=Suchitra Sen suffers massive heart attack, passes away – Entertainment – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=22 October 2013 |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref>

Sen's death was condoled by many leaders, including the president of India [[Pranab Mukherjee]], the [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]], the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]], [[Sheikh Hasina]], and BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Leaders Condole the Sad Demise of Suchitra Sen |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/indian-leaders-condole-the-sad-demise-of-suchitra-sen/ |work=Biharprabha News |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> A gun salute was given before her cremation, upon the orders of [[Mamata Banerjee]], the Chief Minister of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-25648140 |title=Suchitra Sen: Iconic Indian Bengali actress dies |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=17 January 2014 |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref>

Respecting her desire for complete privacy, her last rites were performed at Kolkata's Kaioratola crematorium, barely five and half hours after she died, with her coffin reaching the crematorium in a flower-decked hearse with dark-tinted windows. Despite being one of Bengal's stars, referred to as "Mahanayika", she had chosen to step into oblivion and she remained an enigma till her last, although thousands of fans had converged at the crematorium to catch one last glimpse of their idol. Her entire medical treatment had also been done in seclusion and secrecy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learningandcreativity.com/rahe-na-rahe-humlegendary-actress-suchitra-sen-bids-adieu/ |title=Rahe na rahe hum...Legendary Actress Suchitra Sen Bids Adieu |publisher=Learning and Creativity |date=17 January 2014 |access-date=22 January 2014}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Sen is best known for her acting, beauty and grace. She was noted for her unique ability to convincingly portray both an Indian girl as well as the anglicised city sophisticate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sometimes-a-homebody-sometimes-a-diva-the-many-shades-of-suchitra-sen/cid/2011651#goog_rewarded|title=Many shades of Suchitra Sen|website=The Telegraph|date=6 April 2024}}</ref> [[Rediff]] wrote about Sen, "Suchitra Sen is not just a yesteryear heroine, who produced numerous box office hits. She is a cult figure, an integral part of Bengali fantasy. Her affair with Hindi films was a short one. But whatever the role, she performed it with an intensity that kept audiences glued to their seats. It is this magnetism that has made her a legend. Together with [[Uttam Kumar]], she gave us Bengali movies that speak to our hearts even today."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-magic-that-was-suchitra-sen/20140117.htm|title=The magic that was Suchitra Sen|date=17 January 2014}}</ref> Film critic [[Saibal Chatterjee]] summed up Sen's career saying "one half of one of Indian cinema's most popular and abiding screen pairs, Suchitra Sen redefined stardom in a way that few actors have done, combining understated sensuality, feminine charm and emotive force and a no-nonsense ''gravitas'' to carve out a persona that has never been matched, let alone surpassed in Indian cinema".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-25648140 |title=Suchitra Sen: Iconic Indian Bengali actress dies |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=17 January 2014 |publisher=BBC |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref>

==Filmography==
From 1953 to 1978, both in Bengali and Hindi, Suchitra Sen acted in 61 films.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="2%" | No
! width="3%" | Year
! width="14%" | Movie
! width="12%" | Release date
! width="10%" | Role
! width="14%" | Director
! width="15%" | Hero
! width="38%" | Notes
|-
|1
|1952
|''Shesh Kothaay''
|NA
|NA
| Bireswar Basu (??)
|NA
|Never released. However, after 22 years in January 1974 this movie was finally released in different name as " Shrabana Shandhya ", directed by may be Bireswar Basu (??).
|-
| 2 || rowspan="4" | 1953 || ''[[Saat Number Kayedi]]''|| 7 Feb 1953 || Aruna || Sukumar Dasgupta || Samar Roy || This was her first officially released film.
|-
| 3 || ''[[Sharey Chuattor]]''|| 20 Feb 1953 || Romola || Nirmal Dey || [[Uttam Kumar]]|| First hit of "Uttam-Suchitra's".
|-
| 4 || ''Bhagaban Srikrishna Chaitanya''|| 11 Dec 1953 || Bishnupriya || Debaki Bose ||[[Basanta Choudhury|Basanta Chaudhury]]||First hit of legendary "Basanta-Suchitra" pair. And it was one of the first Suchitra Sen's Hindu Vaishnab Philosophy based movies. She acted the role of "Vishnu Priya', the wife of Sri Cahaitanya Mahaprobhu
|-
| 5 || ''Kajori''|| 10 April 1953 || || [[Niren Lahiri]]|| No major hero ||
|-
| 6 || rowspan="9" | 1954 || ''Atom Bomb''|| 1 Jan 1954 || || Taru Mukherjee || Robin Majumdar || She appeared as an [[Extra (acting)|extra]] in this film. It was shot in 1951 but released in 1954. Sabitri Chatterjee was the actual heroine of this small film
|-
| 7 || ''[[Ora Thake Odhare]]''|| 5 Feb 1954 || Nilu || Sukumar Dasgupta || [[Uttam Kumar]]||
|-
| 8 || ''Dhuli''|| 3 Jun 1954 || Minati || Pinaki Mukherjee || Prasanta Kumar ||
|-
| 9 || ''Maraner Parey''|| 25 Jun 1954 || Tanima || Satish Dasgupta || [[Uttam Kumar]]||
|-
| 10 || ''[[Sadanander Mela]]''|| 16 Jul 1954 || Sheela || Sukumar Dasgupta || [[Uttam Kumar]]||
|-
| 11 || ''[[Annapurnar Mandir]]''|| 6 Aug 1954 || Sati || Naresh Mitra || [[Uttam Kumar]]|| Music Director's name is unavailable and unfortunately was NOT even mentioned on the Title-Card of this movie
|-
| 12 || [[Agni Pariksha (1954 film)|''Agnipariksha'']]|| 3 Sep 1954 || Taposhi || Agradoot || [[Uttam Kumar]]|| Suchitra-Uttam starring first Box Office Superhit Movie. That was the beginning of their Bengali film iconic image of "Sonar-Juti"
|-
| 13 || ''Grihaprabesh''|| 12 Nov 1954 || || Ajoy Kar || [[Uttam Kumar]]||
|-
| 14 || ''Balaygras''|| 17 Dec 1954 || Manimala || || ||
|-
| 15 || rowspan="7" | 1955 || ''Sanjher Pradip''|| 28 Jan 1955 || Raju || Sudhanshu Mukherjee || [[Uttam Kumar]]||
|-
| 16 || ''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]''|| 1 Jan 1955 || Parvati (Paro) || [[Bimal Roy]]|| [[Dilip Kumar]]|| Her First Hindi language film Based on [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s novel "Devdas"
|-
| 17 || ''Snaajhghar''|| 11 Mar 1955 || || || ||
|-
| 18 || [[Shap Mochan|''Shapmochan'']]|| 27 May 1955 || Madhuri || Shudhir Mukherjee || [[Uttam Kumar]]|| Suchitra-Uttam starring Second Box Office Superhit Movie based on Phalguni Mukhopadhyay's novel " Sandhya Raag".
|-
| 19 || ''Mejo Bou''|| 30 Sep 1955 || || || ||
|-
| 20 || ''Bhalobasa''|| 6 Oct 1955 || || || [[Basanta Choudhury|Basanta Chaudhury]]||
|-
| 21 || ''[[Sabar Uparey]]''|| 1 Dec 1955 || Rita || Agradoot || [[Uttam Kumar]]|| Based on Scottish Writer A. J. Cronin's novel, "Beyond This Place". From this novel Bengali Movie "Sabar Uparey" was made in 1955. Then in 1958 Dev Anand made the same story in Hindi name "Kala Pani" directed by Raj Khoshla. However, the English film with the same title of the book was released in 1959 directed by Jack Cardiff
|-
| 22 || rowspan="6" | 1956 || ''[[Sagarika (1956 film)|Sagarika]]''|| 1 Feb 1956 || Sagarika || Agradoot|| [[Uttam Kumar]]||
|-
| 23 || ''Subharaatri''|| 30 Mar 1956 || Shanti/Sudha || Sushil Majumdar || [[Basanta Choudhury|Basanta Chaudhury]]
||
|-
| 24 || ''[[Ekti Raat]]''|| 11 May 1956 || Santana || Chitta Bose || [[Uttam Kumar]]||
|-
| 25 || ''[[Trijama]]''|| 28 June 1956 || Swarupa || Agradoot || [[Uttam Kumar]]||
|-
| 26 || ''[[Shilpi]]''|| 30 Nov 1956 || Anjana || Agragami || [[Uttam Kumar]]||
|-
| 27 || ''Amar Bou''|| 14 Dec 1956 || || || Bikash Roy ||
|-
| 28 || rowspan="6" | 1957 || ''[[Harano Sur]]''|| 6 Sep 1957 || Dr. Roma Banerjee || Ajoy Kar || [[Uttam Kumar]]|| Based on James Hilton's immortal Novel "Random Harvest" a 1942 Hollywood hit movie starring Ronald Colman and Greer Garson
|-
| 29 || ''[[Chandranath]]''|| 15 Nov 1957 || Saraju || Kartik Chattopadhyay || [[Uttam Kumar]]|| Based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel "Chandranath". It is also the first Bengali movie ever released in Calcutta Metro Cinema.
|-
| 30 || ''[[Pathe Holo Deri]]''|| 5 Dec 1957 || Mallika Banerjee || Agradoot || [[Uttam Kumar]]||A novel by then novelist Ms. Prativa Basu.
|-
| 31 || ''Jeeban Trishna''|| 25 Dec 1957 || Shakuntala || Ashit Sen || [[Uttam Kumar]]||
|-
| 32 || [[Musafir (1957 film)|''Musafir'']]|| 26 April 1957 || Shakuntala Verma ||[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]|| Shekhar Kumar || Hindi language
|-
| 33 || ''Champakali''|| 31 Dec 1957 ||Rajo || Nandlal Jaswantlal || Bharat Bhushan || Hindi language
|-
| 34 || rowspan="3" | 1958 || ''[[Rajlakshmi O Srikanta]]''|| 28 Feb 1958 || Rajlakshmi || Haridas Bhattacharya || [[Uttam Kumar]]|| Based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel "[[Srikanta (book)|Srikanta]]"
|-
| 35 || ''Suryatoran''|| 21 Nov 1958 || Anita Chatterjee || Agradoot || [[Uttam Kumar]]|| Based on the 1949 Warner Brothers film "[[The Fountainhead (film)|The Fountain Head]]" written by then Russian-American writer [[Ayn Rand]]. Starring Garry Cooper, Patricia Neal, Raymond Messy, Kent Smith, the film was directed by Mr. King Vidor. In the Bengali film "Suryatoran", Suchitra Sen did the role of "Dominique" the main female character which was portrayed by Ms. Patricia Neal in "The Fountainhead".
|-
| 36 || ''[[Indrani (film)|Indrani]]''|| 10 Oct 1958 || Indrani || Niren Lahiri || [[Uttam Kumar]]||
|-
| 37 || rowspan="2" | 1959 || ''[[Deep Jwele Jaai]]''|| 1 May 1959 || Radha Mitra || Ashit Sen || [[Basanta Choudhury|Basanta Chaudhury]]||Block-buster movie.
|-
| 38 || ''[[Chaowa Pawa (1959 film)|Chaowa Paowa]]''|| 27 Feb 1959 || Manju || Yatrik || [[Uttam Kumar]]|| The Story was taken from Samual Hopkins Adams's one of the short stories " Night Bus" publishes in 1933. Director Frank Capra made it later a 1934 Oscar-winning block-buster Hollywood movie "It Happened One Night", starring Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert.
|-
| 39 || rowspan="4" | 1960 || ''Hospital''|| 16 Sep 1960 || Dr. Sarbari Roy || Shushil Majumdar || [[Ashok Kumar]]||
|-
| 40 || ''Smriti Tuku Thak''|| 23 Sep 1960 || Shobha/Utpala || Yatrik || Ashit Baran / Bikash Roy || She first time acted in Double Role in her career
|-
| 41 || ''[[Bombai Ka Baboo]]''|| 2 Dec 1960 || Maya || [[Raj Khosla]]||[[Dev Anand]]|| Hindi language
|-
| 42 || ''Sarhad'' || 9 Sep 1960 || Mala || Shankar Mukherjee || [[Dev Anand]] || Hindi language
|-
| 43 || 1961 || ''[[Saptapadi (1961 film)|Saptapadi]]'' || 20 Oct 1961 || Rina Brown || Ajoy Kar || [[Uttam Kumar]] ||
|-
| 44 || 1962 || ''[[Bipasha (film)|Bipasha]]'' || 26 Jan 1962 || Bipasha || Agradoot || [[Uttam Kumar]] || This was the first film where Suchitra Sen charged Rs. one lakh for doing her role., and this was the first time any Bengali actor received Rs.1 Lakh for doing any film acting role.
|-
| 45 || rowspan="2" | 1963 || ''[[Saat Pake Bandha (1963 film)|Saat Pake Bandha]]'' || 22 Mar 1963 || Archana || Ajay Kar || [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] ||
|-
| 46 || ''[[Uttar Falguni]]'' || 11 Oct 1963 || Debjani / Pannabai / Suparna || Ashit Sen || Dilip Mukherjee, [[Bikash Roy]] || Based on well known Bengali Writer Dr. Nihar Ranjan Gupta's Novel "Uttar Falguni".
|-
| 47 || 1964 || ''Sandhya Deeper Sikha'' || 2 Oct 1964 || Jayanti Bannerjee ||Haridas Bhattacharya ||Dilip Mukherjee, Bikash Roy ||It was based on Bengali novelist Tarun K. Bhaduri's book ''Sandhya Deeper Shikha''. The movie was also produced by Dilip Mukherjee.
|-
| 48 || 1966 || ''[[Mamta (1966 film)|Mamta]]'' || 27 Feb 1966 || Devyani / Pannabai / Suparna || Asit Sen || [[Dharmendra]], [[Ashok Kumar]] || Hindi version of Bengali film "Uttar Phalguni"
|-
| 49 || 1967 || ''Grihadaha'' || 5 May 1967 || Achala || Subodh Mitra || [[Uttam Kumar]] || Based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel "Grihadaha"
|-
| 50 || 1969 || ''Kamallata'' || 2 Oct 1969 || Kamallata || Haridas Bhattacharya || [[Uttam Kumar]] || Based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel "Kamallata"
|-
| 51 || 1970 || ''Megh Kalo'' || 4 Sep 1970 || Dr. Nirmalya Roy || Shushil Mukherjee || [[Basanta Choudhury|Basanta Chaudhury]]
||
|-
| 52 || rowspan="2" | 1971 || ''Nabaraag'' || 4 Feb 1971 || ||Bijoy Bose || [[Uttam Kumar]] ||
|-
| 53 || ''Fariyad'' || 5 Nov 1971 || Chapa/Ratanmala || Bijoy Basu || [[Utpal Dutta]] ||
|-
| 54 || rowspan="2" | 1972 || ''Alo Amaar Alo'' || 17 Mar 1972 || Atashi || || [[Uttam Kumar]] ||
|-
| 55 || ''Har Mana Har'' || 19 Dec 1972 || Neera || || [[Uttam Kumar]] ||
|-
| 56 || rowspan="2" | 1974 || ''[[Devi Chowdhurani (1974 film)|Devi Chowdhurani]]'' || 6 Sep 1974 || Prafullamukhi / Devi Chowdhurani || Dinen Gupta || [[Ranjit Mallick]]||
|-
| 57 || ''Srabana Sandhya'' || 25 Jan 1974 || ||Bireswar Basu (??) || || However,"Shrabana Shandhya's" original name was "Shesy Kothaay" it was half done in 1952 and was never released at that time, after 22 years later it came out and released in Jan 1974, may be it was directed by Bireswar Basu, who was the original Director of "Shesy Kothaay" film in 1952 .

|-
| 58 || rowspan="2" | 1975 || ''[[Priyo Bandhabi]]'' || 3 Oct 1975 || || || [[Uttam Kumar]] ||
|-
| 59 || ''[[Aandhi (1975 film)|Aandhi]]'' || 13 Feb 1975 || Aarti Devi || [[Gulzar]] || [[Sanjeev Kumar]] || Hindi language
|-
| 60 || 1976 || ''[[Datta (1976 film)|Datta]]'' || 30 Jul 1976 ||Datta || Ajoy Kar || Soumitra Chatterjee || Based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel ''Datta''
|-
| 61 || 1978 || ''Pranay Pasha'' || 9 June 1978 ||Taposhi || Mangal Chakraborty ||Soumitra Chatterjee || This was her last movie released
|}

== Honours ==

Suchitra Sen received 10 awards during her lifetime. In 1963, she became the first Indian actress to receive an international award.
* 1962 – Won [[BFJA Award]] for Best Actress for ''[[Saptapadi (1961 film)|Saptapadi]]''
* 1964 – Won [[BFJA Award]] for Best Actress for ''Uttar Phalguni''
* 1973 – Won [[BFJA Award]] for Best Actress for ''Alo Amaar Alo''
* 1976 – Won [[BFJA Award]] for Best Actress (Hindi) for ''[[Aandhi]]''
* 1963 – Won [[3rd Moscow International Film Festival]] for Best Actress for ''Saat Paake Badha''
* 1967 – Nominated [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for ''[[Mamta (1966 film)|Mamta]]''
* 1972 – Won [[Padma Shri]] for notable contribution in arts
* 1975 – Won [[Filmfare Awards Bangla]] for Best Actress for cinema [[Priyo Bandhabi]]<ref>{{cite news|url =https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1975/101|title=List of Filmfare Award winners of 1975|newspaper=The Times of India |agency=Times of India |publisher=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref>
* 1976 – Nominated [[Filmfare Best Actress Award|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for ''[[Aandhi]]''
* 2012 – Won [[Banga Bibhushan]] for lifetime achievement in film acting
* 2014 – Won [[Filmfare Awards East]] Lifetime Achievement Award (Posthumous)

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|q =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = India
|portal4 = Film
}}
* {{IMDb name|0784042}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|suchitra-sen}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100102073600/http://calcuttaweb.com/cinema/suchitrasen.shtml Calcuttaweb article on Suchitra Sen]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen Suchitra}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:People from Sirajganj District]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Newlai Tingkhatra

2026-04-20T05:59:57Z

AmieLearmonth67: done!

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Newlai Tingkhatra
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1953}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death year and age|2014|1953}}
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| office1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Kanubari Assembly constituency|Kanubari]]
| term_start1 = 1999
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| father = Late Bosa Tingkhatara
| education = B.A.
| alma_mater = JN College, Pasighat
| profession = Business
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Newlai Tingkhatra''' (1953–2014), was an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. He was elected to the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kanubari Assembly constituency]] in 1999, 2004, 2009 and [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Congress wins 42 seats in Arunachal Assembly polls">{{cite news |date=17 May 2014 |title=Congress wins 42 seats in Arunachal Assembly polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/congress-wins-42-seats-arunachal-2193627 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524082818/https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/congress-wins-42-seats-arunachal-2193627 |archive-date=24 May 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025 |publisher=Deccan Herald |language=en |issue=}}</ref> Tingkhatra has also served as Transport and Cooperation Minister in Nabam Tuki ministry before dying from heart attack in 2014.<ref name="Congress gamble">{{cite news |title=Congress gamble |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/congress-gamble/article6053055.ece |access-date=29 May 2025 |publisher=Frontline |date=28 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529132707/https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/congress-gamble/article6053055.ece |archive-date=29 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tuki reshuffles portfolios of cabinet ministers">{{cite news |title=Tuki reshuffles portfolios of cabinet ministers |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/tuki-reshuffles-portfolios-of-cabinet-ministers-114030300327_1.html |access-date=29 May 2025 |publisher=Business Standard |date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529132910/https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/tuki-reshuffles-portfolios-of-cabinet-ministers-114030300327_1.html |archive-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>

Newlai Tingkhatra also served as Forest and Environment minister in Dorjee Khandu's Ministry.<ref name="Four new faces in Khandu Cabinet">{{cite news |title=Four new faces in Khandu Cabinet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/four-new-faces-in-khandu-cabinet/ |access-date=29 May 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=3 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529133255/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/four-new-faces-in-khandu-cabinet/ |archive-date=29 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Khandu inducts 11 cabinet ministers, including 4 new faces">{{cite news |title=Khandu inducts 11 cabinet ministers, including 4 new faces |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/khandu-inducts-11-cabinet-ministers-including-4-new-faces/articleshow/5189756.cms |access-date=29 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529133744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/khandu-inducts-11-cabinet-ministers-including-4-new-faces/articleshow/5189756.cms |archive-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>

==Death==
Newlai Tingkhatra died on 8 May 2014 in Gurgaon. He was survived by his wife, three sons and four daughters.<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh minister dies of heart attack">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh minister dies of heart attack |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/arunachal-pradesh-minister-dies-of-heart-attack-114050800783_1.html |access-date=29 May 2025 |publisher=Business Standard |date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529132026/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/arunachal-pradesh-minister-dies-of-heart-attack-114050800783_1.html |archive-date=29 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Former minister Newlai Tingkhatra passes away">{{cite news |title=Former minister Newlai Tingkhatra passes away |url=https://www.arunachaltimes.in/archives/may14%2009.html |access-date=29 May 2025 |publisher=The Arunachal Times |date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529132335/https://www.arunachaltimes.in/archives/may14%2009.html |archive-date=29 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Former Arunachal Minister passes away">{{cite news |title=Former Arunachal Minister passes away |url=https://assamtribune.com/former-arunachal-minister-passes-away |access-date=29 May 2025 |publisher=Assam Tribune |date=15 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529132216/https://assamtribune.com/pageview_candidate.html?id=1510706 |archive-date=29 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:People from Longding district]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Kāśikāvṛttī

2026-04-17T05:26:45Z

AmieLearmonth67: Adding Initial Entry W/ Refs - done

{{Short description|7th-century commentary on Pāṇini}}
{{italic title}}
The '''''{{IAST|Kāśikāvṛtti}}''''' ("the commentary of [composed or used in] Kāśi, i.e. [[Varanasi]]") is a commentary on [[Pāṇini]], attributed to Jayāditya and Vāmana, composed in c. the 7th century.

It is considered one of the great grammar texts of [[Sanskrit]] after [[Pāṇini]]'s [[Aṣṭādhyāyī]] (4th century BCE), [[Kātyāyana]]'s [[Varttikakara|Vārtikās]] (6th-4th century BCE-unclear), [[Patanjali]]'s [[Mahabhasya]] (2nd century BCE), and [[Bhartṛhari]]'s [[Vākyapadīya]] (6th century CE). Ekavrutti and Prachin Vrutti are the other names used for ''Kāśikāvṛttī. Nyasa by Jinendra Buddhi and Padamanjari by Haradatta Mishra are the famous commentaries on Kāśikāvṛtti.''{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Importance ==
Vruttis prior to Kashika did not contain Ganapatha. Whereas Kashika contains Ganapatha. Kashika quotes different extinct Vruttis of scholars from the pre-paninian period. Which are not mentioned anywhere else. Examples and counterexamples included in Kashika are taken from ancient Vruttis. Hence, it provides knowledge about ancient historical facts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarvahitkari |url=http://archive.org/details/sanskrit-vyakaran-shastra-ka-itihas-yudhishthir-mimansak |title=Sanskrit Vyakaran Shastra ka Itihas - Yudhishthir Mimansak |date=2021-03-16}}</ref>

== Structure ==
It it a commentary on the Ashtadhyayi. It follows the same structure. Kashika contains 8 adhyayas. These 8 adhyayas are divided into 4 [[wiktionary:pada|pada]]s, giving a total of 32 padas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarvahitkari |url=http://archive.org/details/sanskrit-vyakaran-shastra-ka-itihas-yudhishthir-mimansak |title=Sanskrit Vyakaran Shastra ka Itihas - Yudhishthir Mimansak |date=2021-03-16}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Pāṇini]]
*[[Sanskrit grammarians]]
*''[[Bhaṭṭikāvya]]''
*[[Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Aryendra Sharma, ''Kasika - a commentary on Pāṇini's grammar by Vamana and Jayaditya''. Hyderabad : Osmania University, Sanskrit Academy 1969–1985.
*P. Haag and V. Vergiani (eds.), ''Studies in the Kāśikāvṛtti : the section on pratyāhāras; critical edition, translation and other contributions'', Firenze : Società Editrice Fiorentina; New Delhi : Manohar, 2009, {{ISBN|978-88-6032-114-5}}.
*Apurba Chandra Barthakuria, ''India in the Age of the Kasikavrtti'' (2000).
*Yudhishthir Mimansak , Sanskrit Vyakaran Shastra Ka Itihas,Part-1, Ramlal Kapoor Trust, Hariyana, Third edition 1973

==External links==
*[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/SAN0012/ online edition]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasikavrtti}}
[[Category:Vyakarana]]
[[Category:7th-century Indian books]]

Indore-5 Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:45Z

AmieLearmonth67: Adding First Data Added Tags - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Indore-5
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 208
| map_image = 208-Indore-5.svg
| mla = [[Mahendra Hardia]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Satyanarayan Patel]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Indore district|Indore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Mahendra hardia.jpg
}}

'''Indore-5 Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[central India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=9 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Overview ==

Indore-5 Assembly constituency is one of the 8 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Indore district]] which comes under [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Constituency includes Ward No.9, 31, 34 to 40 and 62 to 65 of [[Indore]] city.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/indore-5.html|website=elections.in|access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" | Suresh Seth
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Ashok Shukla
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Bhanwar Singh Shekhawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Satyanarayan Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Mahendra Hardia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Indore-5<ref name="election2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/mp/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 5 May 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mahendra Hardia]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:144733}}
|percentage = 51.43
|change = +3.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Satyanarayan Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:129062}}
|percentage = 45.86
|change = -1.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1549}}
|percentage = 0.55
|change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15671}}
|percentage = 5.57
|change = +5.11
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:281428}}
|percentage = 68.3
|change = +2.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Indore-5<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mahendra Hardia]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:117836}}
|percentage = 48.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Satyanarayan Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:116704}}
|percentage = 47.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2786}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1132}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:243949}}
|percentage = 65.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Indore]]
* [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.751|75.877|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Indore]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indore]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Mahidpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:08Z

AmieLearmonth67: made the pg from scratch...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahidpur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 213
| map_image = 213-Mahidpur.svg
| mla = [[Dinesh Jain Boss|Dinesh Jain]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Bahadur Singh Chouhan
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ujjain district|Ujjain]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
}}

'''Mahidpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 assembly constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] a central Indian state. [[Mahidpur]] is also part of [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/ghatiya.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Ghatiya (SC) Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref><ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Totala Rameshwar Dayal Mahadeo
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Durgadas Bhagwandas
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Ramchandra
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Narayan Prasad Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Shiv Narayan Choudhry
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Anandilal Chhajalani
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Nathulal Sisodiya
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Babulal Jain]]
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Kalpana Parulekar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Bahadur Singh Chouhan
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Kalpana Parulekar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="2" |Bahadur Singh Chouhan
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| [[Dinesh Jain Boss|Dinesh Jain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahidpur<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dinesh Jain Boss]]
|votes = {{formatnum:75454}}
|percentage = 42.57
|change = +28.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bahadur Singh Chouhan
|votes = {{formatnum:75164}}
|percentage = 42.41
|change = -2.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pratap Singh Arya
|votes = {{formatnum:20662}}
|percentage = 11.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1417}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change = -0.62
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:290}}
|percentage = 0.16
|change = -9.51
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:177232}}
|percentage = 82.36
|change = +1.26
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahidpur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhadur Singh Chouhan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:70241}}
|percentage = 44.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Dinesh Jain Boss]]
|votes = {{formatnum:55052}}
|percentage = 35.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sardarsingh Chouhan
|votes = {{formatnum:22393}}
|percentage = 14.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shakir Kha
|votes = {{formatnum:4238}}
|percentage = 2.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rameshchandra Bamanawat
|votes = {{formatnum:1515}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2225}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15189}}
|percentage = 9.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:157187}}
|percentage = 81.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ujjain]]
* [[Mahidpur]]
* [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|23.49|75.66|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Ujjain]]
[[Category:Ujjain district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Rahul Sadasivan

2026-04-07T05:29:11Z

AmieLearmonth67: info

{{short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rahul Sadasivan
| image = RahulSpic 2024 - jpg.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|12|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2022-01-24 |title="Everything in 'Bhoothakaalam' relied on performances and the atmosphere," says director Rahul Sadasivan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhoothakaalam-malayalam-horror-thriller-director-rahul-sadasivan/article38318950.ece |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| other_names =
| occupation = Filmmaker
| yearsactive = 2013{{Endash}}present
| education = {{indented plainlist|
* [[London Film Academy]]
* [[University of South Wales]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2024-02-19 |title=Creating a believable setting was important, says director Rahul Sadasivan about the Malayalam horror thriller, 'Bramayugam' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rahul-sadasivan-talks-about-his-black-and-white-horror-thriller-bramayugam-starring-mammootty/article67862597.ece |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
}}
| spouse =
| children =
| father =
| website =
| awards =
}}
'''Rahul Sadasivan''' is an Indian filmmaker and screenwriter who works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He is notable for directing horror films.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=2024-02-15 |title=Bramayugam Review: Allegorical Horror At Its Best In This Eerie Commentary About Power Struggle |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/bramayugam-review-allegorical-horror-at-its-best-in-this-eerie-commentary-about-power-struggle-mammootty-arjun-ashokan-rahul-sadasivan |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Bramayugam review: Mammootty strikes terror in this fascinating horror film |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/bramayugam-review-mammootty-in-malayalam-horror-film-12287811.html |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rahul was born in [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He completed his schooling from [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], [[Kanjikode]]. He studied filmmaking from [[London Film Academy]], and went on to complete his master's degree in animation and VFX from [[University of South Wales]].<ref name="auto"/>

== Career ==
Rahul made his directorial debut soon after his [[London Film Academy]] course with ''[[Red Rain (2013 film)|Red Rain]]'' (2013), a science fiction film based on the [[Red rain in Kerala|red rain phenomenon]] in Kerala.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Dipankar |date=2022-02-25 |title=Interview with 'Bhoothakaalam' Director Rahul Sadasivan |url=https://vaguevisages.com/2022/02/25/bhoothakaalam-interview-rahul-sadasivan/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Vague Visages |language=en-US}}</ref> While the film was lauded by genre fans, it did not achieve mainstream success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abhiram |first=Jinjil |date=2020-05-29 |title=Red Rain (2013) |url=https://bloodybrilliant.in/redrain/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Bloody Brilliant Reviews |language=en-GB}}</ref>
Rahul's sophomore film, ''[[Bhoothakaalam]]'' (2022), came 9 years later, in a direct to streaming release on [[SonyLIV]]. It helped the horror film gain national attention and was widely praised for its atmospheric treatment and complex themes.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-03 |title=Bhoothakaalam: Stunning Malayalam horror film is an antidote to the toxic Conjuring franchise |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/bhoothakalam-stunning-malayalam-horror-film-sonyliv-7751674/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-21 |title=Bhoothakaalam review: A moving mental health drama disguised as horror |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/bhoothakaalam-movie-review-shane-nigam-and-revathy-s-film-is-moving-mental-health-drama-disguised-as-horror-101642687495518.html |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=2022-01-25 |title=Bhoothakaalam: How the Malayalam horror film reinvents the haunted house |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/bhoothakaalam-how-malayalam-horror-film-reinvents-haunted-house-160224 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
His third film, ''[[Bramayugam]]'' (2024), a big-budget period horror was produced by ''Night Shift Studios'', a film production company exclusively created to produce horror-thriller features.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Night Shift Studios' debut film, Mammootty's 'Bramayugam' goes on floors|url=https://telanganatoday.com/night-shift-studios-debut-film-mammoottys-bramayugam-goes-on-floors|website=News Minute}}</ref> The film gained pre-release attention due to star [[Mammootty]]'s negative role and Rahul's choice to present the film wholly in [[black-and-white]]. It was well received by critics and became a box-office success upon release.<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammootty's 'Bramayugam' emerges as blockbuster hit; weekend earnings skyrocket |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/02/19/bramayugam-mammootty-rahul-sadasivan-blockbuster-box-office.html |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> Mammootty won the Kerala State Film Award for the Best Actor for his performance in the movie.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Story
!Screenplay
!Notes
|-
|2013
|[[Red Rain (2013 film)|''Red Rain'']]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Debut film
|-
|2022
|''[[Bhoothakaalam]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|OTT release
|-
|2024
|''[[Bramayugam]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam]]
|
|-
| 2025
|''[[Diés Iraé]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|6572056}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam}}

[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of South Wales]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

Indian independence movement

2026-03-29T07:19:51Z

AmieLearmonth67:

{{Short description|Movement to end British rule in India}}
{{mcn|date=February 2026}}
{{for|independence movements of indigenous American people|Native American self-determination}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Colonial India}}

The '''Indian independence movement''' was a series of political efforts from the middle of the nineteenth century to 1947, that took place in the [[Indian subcontinent]] with the aim of ending [[British Raj|British colonial rule]].

The first [[Indian independence movement|nationalistic movement]] took root when the [[Indian National Congress]] was formed in 1885. Prominent [[moderate leaders]] of the INC worked on such demands as the right to appear for [[Indian Civil Service]] examinations in British India, more economic rights for the Indians, among other rights.

The first half of the 20th century saw a progressively radical approach towards self-rule. From the protests against the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] (1905) that exposed the limits of the reformist agenda of the moderate leaders to the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non cooperation movement]] (1919-1922) that saw demands for not cooperating with the colonial authorities through the Civil Disobedience Movement (1929-1931) that called for active disobedience to the colonial government to the [[Quit India Movement]] (1942) that categorically demanded the end of British colonial presence in India, the independence movement gathered momentum steadily and ultimately resulted in the transfer of power in 1947.<ref name=":6" />

The stages of the independence struggle in the 1920s were characterised by the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and Congress's adoption of Gandhi's policy of [[non-violence]] and [[Salt March|civil disobedience]]. Some of the leading followers of Gandhi's ideology were [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[Maulana Azad]], and others. Intellectuals such as [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Subramania Bharati]], and [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] spread patriotic awareness. Female leaders like [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]], [[Pritilata Waddedar]], and [[Kasturba Gandhi]] promoted the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in the freedom struggle.

Few leaders followed a more violent approach, which became especially popular after the [[Rowlatt Act]], which permitted [[indefinite detention]]. The Act sparked protests across India, especially in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], where they were violently suppressed in the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]].

The Indian independence movement was in constant ideological evolution. Essentially [[anti-colonial nationalism|anti-colonial]], it was supplemented by visions of independent, economic development with a secular, democratic, republican, and civil-libertarian political structure. After the 1930s, the movement took on a strong socialist orientation. It culminated in the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], which ended [[British Crown|Crown]] [[suzerainty]] and [[Partition of India|partitioned]] British India into the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. On 26 January 1950, the [[Constitution of India]] established the Republic of India. Pakistan adopted its first constitution in 1956.<ref name="e610">{{cite book | last=Svensson | first=T. | title=Production of Postcolonial India and Pakistan: Meanings of Partition | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=ISSN | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-135-02214-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wqw3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT43 | access-date=2024-08-11 | page=43}}</ref> In 1971, [[East Pakistan]] [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence|declared]] its own independence as [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="v195">{{cite book | last=Hashmi | first=T. | title=Fifty Years of Bangladesh, 1971-2021: Crises of Culture, Development, Governance, and Identity | publisher=Springer International Publishing | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-030-97158-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWBsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 | page=100}}</ref>

==Background==
{{Main|Colonial India|East India Company|Company rule in India|British Raj}}

The first European to reach India via the Atlantic Ocean was the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]], who reached [[Calicut]] in 1498 in search of spice.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vasco da Gama reaches India|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/vasco-da-gama-reaches-india|website=History.com|date=9 February 2010 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref> Just over a century later, the Dutch and English established trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent, with the first English trading post set up at [[Surat]] in 1613.<ref>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1998|p=9}}</ref>

Over the next two centuries, the British{{#tag: ref|The [[English colonial empire]], including the territories and trading posts in Asia, came under [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] control following the [[Acts of Union 1707|union of England and Scotland in 1707]].|group=note}} defeated the Portuguese and Dutch but remained in conflict with the French. The decline of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the first half of the eighteenth century allowed the British to establish a foothold in Indian politics.<ref>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1998|pp=9–10}}</ref> During the [[Battle of Plassey]], the East India Company's Army defeated [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], the [[Nawab of Bengal]], and the company established itself as a major player in Indian affairs. After the [[Battle of Buxar]] of 1764, it gained administrative rights over [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and the Midnapur part of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1998|pp=11–12}}</ref>

After the defeat of [[Tipu Sultan]], most of southern India came either under the company's direct rule, or under its indirect political control in a [[subsidiary alliance]]. The Company subsequently seized control of regions ruled by the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]], after defeating them in a series of wars. Much of Punjab was annexed in the year 1849, after the defeat of Sikh armies in the [[First Anglo-Sikh War|First]] (1845–46) and [[Second Anglo-Sikh War|Second]] (1848–49) Anglo-Sikh Wars.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Wars {{!}} Indian history|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikh-Wars|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|Robert Clive with [[Mir Jafar]] after the [[Battle of Plassey]]. Mir Jafar's betrayal of the [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawab]] [[Siraj ud-Daulah|Siraj-ud-Daulah]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] in Plassey made the battle one of the main factors of [[Company rule in India|British supremacy]] in the sub-continent.
File:Tipu death.jpg|''[[The Last Effort and Fall of Tippoo Sultaun]]'' by [[Henry Singleton (painter)|Henry Singleton]], c. 1800. After the defeat of [[Tipu Sultan]] of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], most of South India was now either under the company's direct rule, or under its [[princely state|indirect political control]].
</gallery>

== Early resistance to Company rule==
[[File:Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] was declared the "Emperor of Hindustan" during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].]]

[[Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone]] was an early revolutionary against the British presence in Tamil Nadu. He became a military leader in the town of [[Ettayapuram]] and was defeated in battle against the British and Maruthanayagam's forces. He was executed in 1757.<ref>{{Cite news |title=P Chidambaram releases documentary film on Alagumuthu Kone {{!}} Madurai News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/P-Chidambaram-releases-documentary-film-on-Alagumuthu-Kone/articleshow/17737324.cms|access-date=2020-10-01|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2023}} [[Puli Thevar]] opposed the [[Nawab of Arcot]], who was supported by the British.<ref name="p049">{{cite book | last=Muthiah | first=S. | title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India | publisher=Palaniappa Brothers | issue=v. 1 | year=2008 | isbn=978-81-8379-468-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&pg=PA211 | access-date=2024-08-09 | page=211}}</ref> Maruthanayagam Pillai was a commandant of the British East India Company's [[Madras Army]]. He was born in a Tamil [[Vellalar|Vellalar caste]] family in a village called Panaiyur in [[British India]], what is now in Nainarkoil Taluk, [[Ramanathapuram District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He converted to Islam and was named Muhammad Yusuf Khan. He was popularly known as Khan Sahib when he became the ruler of Madurai. He became a warrior in the [[Arcot]] troops, and later a commandant for the [[British East India Company]] troops. The [[British Empire|British]] and the [[Arcot Nawab]] employed him to suppress the [[Polygar]] (a.k.a. Palayakkarar) uprising in [[South India]]. Later, he was entrusted to administer the [[Madurai]] country when the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai Nayak]] rule ended. He later fought a war against the British and the Arcot Nawab. A dispute arose with the British and the Arcot Nawab, and three of Khan's associates were bribed to capture him. He was captured during his morning prayer (Thozhugai) and hanged on 15 October 1764 at Sammatipuram near Madurai. Local legends state that he survived two earlier attempts at hanging, and that the Nawab feared Yusuf Khan would come back to life and so had his body dismembered and buried in different locations around Tamil Nadu.
In [[East India|Eastern India]] and across the country, Indigenous communities organised numerous uprising against the British and their fellow members, especially [[Zamindar|landlords]] and moneylenders.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Horo|first=Albert|date=2013|title=Jharkhand Movement|url=http://www.ijhssi.org/papers/v2(4)/version-2/A240106.pdf|journal=International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention|volume= 2| issue = 4|pages=1–6|via=Google Scholar}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Sanjukta Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDGIpkJ9BgwC|title=Narratives from the Margins: Aspects of Adivasi History in India|last2=Basu|first2=Raj Sekhar|date=2012|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-10-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-20|title=Summary of the Tribal Rebellions during British rule in India|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/summary-of-the-tribal-rebellions-during-british-rule-in-india-1521541943-1|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> One of the earliest of these on record was led by Binsu Manki around 1771 over the transfer of [[Jharkhand]] to the [[East India Company]].<ref name=":0" /> The Rangpur Dhing took place from 1782 to 1783 in nearby [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur, Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lees |first=James |date=2015|title='A Character to lose': Richard Goodlad, the Rangpur dhing, and the priorities of the East India Company's early colonial administrators|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43307694|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=25|issue=2|pages=301–315|jstor=43307694|issn=1356-1863}}</ref> Following Binsu Manki's revolt in Jharkhand, numerous uprisings across the region took place, including the rebellion led by [[Tilka Majhi|Tilka Manjhi]] in 1784; [[Bhumij rebellion|Bhumij Revolt]] of [[Manbhum]] from 1798 to 1799; the [[Chero]] Uprising of [[Palamu district|Palamu]] in 1800 under the leadership of Bhukan Singh, and two uprising of the [[Munda people|Munda]] community in Tamar region, during 1807 led by Dukan Mank, and 1819–20 under the leadership Bundu and Konta.<ref name=":0" /> The Ho Rebellion took place when the [[Ho people|Ho community]] first came in contact with the British, from 1820 to 1821 near [[Chaibasa]] on the Roro River in [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]], but were defeated by the technologically enhanced colonial cavalry.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Sanjukta Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8McrAwEACAAJ|title=Adivasis and the Raj: Socio-economic Transition of the Hos, 1820–1932|date=2011|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-4198-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Akshay|date=2021-06-18|title=Ho Rebellion & Kol Rebellion {{!}} Jharkhand|url=https://edvnce.com/blog/ho-rebellion-kol-rebellion/|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Edvnce|language=en-US}}</ref> A larger [[Bhumij rebellion|Bhumij Revolt]] occurred near [[Midnapore|Midnapur]] in Bengal, under the leadership of [[Ganga Narayan Singh|Ganga Narain Singh]] who had previously also been involved in co-leading the [[Chuar Rebellion]]s in these regions from 1771 to 1809.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jha|first=Jagdish Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPjNAQAACAAJ|title=The Bhumij Revolt (1832–33): (Ganga Narain's Hangama Or Turmoil)|date=1967-01-01|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-215-0353-2|language=en}}</ref> [[Syed Mir Nisar Ali Titumir]] was an Islamic preacher who led a peasant uprising against the [[Zamindars of Bengal|Hindu Zamindars of Bengal]] and the British during the 19th century. Along with his followers, he built a bamboo fort (''Bansher Kella'' in Bengali) in Narkelberia Village, which gained a prominent place in Bengali folk legend. After the storming of the fort by British soldiers, Titumir died of his wounds on 19 November 1831.<ref>Khan, Muazzam Hussain. "Titu Mir". Banglapedia. Bangladesh Asiatic Society. Retrieved 4 March 2014.</ref> These rebellions lead to larger regional movements in Jharkhand and beyond such as the [[Kol uprising|Kol Insurrection]] led by Singhray and Binray Manki, where the [[Kol people|Kol]] ([[Munda people|Munda]], [[Kurukh people|Oraon]], [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] and [[Ho people|Ho]] communities) united to rebel against the "outsiders" from 1830 -1833.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jha|first=Jagdish Chandra|date=1958|title=The Kol Rising of Chotanagpur (1831–33) – Its Causes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145239|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=21|pages=440–446|jstor=44145239|issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

[[File:Birsa Munda, photograph in Roy (1912-72).JPG|alt=Birsa Munda, leader of Munda rebellion (Ulgulan)|left|thumb|[[Birsa Munda]], leader of Munda rebellion (Ulgulan)]]

The [[Santhal rebellion|Santhal Hul]] was a movement of over 60,000 [[Santal people|Santhals]] that happened from 1855 to 1857 (but started as early as 1784){{Dubious|Santhal rebellion in 1784|date=June 2025}} and was particularly led by siblings – brothers [[Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu|Sidhu, Kanhu]], Chand and Bhairav and their sisters Phulo and Jhano from the [[Murmu]] clan in its most fervent years that lead up to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Revolt of 1857]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9T3zYvKVF98C|title=This is our homeland... a collection of essays on the betrayal of Adivasi rights in India|publisher=Equations|year=2007|location=Bangalore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Soren|first=Nayan|date=30 June 2020|title=Remembering Santal Hul : A quest for Indigenous sovereignty|url=http://adivasiresurgence.com/2020/06/30/remembering-santal-hul-a-quest-for-indigenous-sovereignty/|access-date=21 November 2021|website=Adivasi Resurgence|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121073337/http://adivasiresurgence.com/2020/06/30/remembering-santal-hul-a-quest-for-indigenous-sovereignty/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Forgotten Santhal Revolt of 1855|url=https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Santhal1.jpg|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Live History India|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Santal Hul, a 19th Century Struggle Against Imperialism|url=https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution|access-date=2021-11-21|website=The Wire}}</ref> More than 100 years of such escalating rebellions created grounds for a large, impactful, millenarian movement in Eastern India that again shook the foundations of British rule in the region, under the leadership of [[Birsa Munda]]. Birsa Munda belonged to the [[Munda people|Munda community]] and lead thousands of people from Munda, [[Kurukh people|Oraon]], and [[Kharia people|Kharia]] communities in "Ulgulaan" (revolt) against British political expansion and those who advanced it, against forceful conversions of Indigenous peoples into Christianity (even creating a Birsaite movement), and against the displacement of Indigenous peoples from their lands.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFSgAAAAMAAJ|title=Birsa Munda and His Movement, 1872–1901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur|date=2002|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-81-7046-205-7|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=A.K.Dhan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AEg1DwAAQBAJ|title=Birsa Munda |date=2017|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2544-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-15|title=About Birsa Munda [ 1875-1900 ] Biography & Life History|url=https://www.ambedkaritetoday.com/2019/11/about-birsa-munda-biography-life-history.html|access-date=2021-11-21|website=The Ambedkarite Today – Voice Of Voiceless|language=English}}</ref> To subdue these rising tensions which were getting increasingly out of control of the British, they aggressively set out to search for Birsa Munda, even setting up a reward for him. They brutally attacked the Dombari Hills where Birsa had repaired a water tank and made his revolutionary headquarters between 7–9 January 1900, murdering a minimum of 400 of the Munda warriors who had congregated there, akin to the attacks on the people at [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwallah Bagh]], however, receiving much less attention.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2016-06-09|title=The 'Ulgulaan' of 'Dharti Aba – Birsa Munda'|url=http://adivasiresurgence.com/2016/06/09/the-ulgulaan-of-dharti-aba-birsa-munda/|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Adivasi Resurgence|language=en-US|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121073337/http://adivasiresurgence.com/2016/06/09/the-ulgulaan-of-dharti-aba-birsa-munda/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The hills are known as "Topped Buru" today – the mound of the dead.<ref name=":5" /> Birsa was ultimately captured in the Jamkopai forest in [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Singhbhum]], and assassinated by the British in jail in 1900, with a rushed cremation/burial conducted to ensure his movement was subdued.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

[[File:Veera Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja.jpg|alt=Pazhassi Raja, fought the British in a series of continuous struggles for 13 years during the Cotiote War.|thumb|[[Pazhassi Raja]], fought the British in a series of continuous struggles for 13 years during the [[Cotiote War]].]]

The toughest resistance the Company experienced was offered by Mysore. The [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]] were a series of wars fought in over the last three decades of the 18th century between the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] on the one hand, and the British East India Company (represented chiefly by the [[Madras Presidency]]), and [[Maratha Confederacy]] and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] on the other. [[Hyder Ali]] and his successor [[Tipu Sultan]] fought a war on four fronts with the British attacking from the west, south, and east, while the Marathas and the Nizam's forces attacked from the north. The fourth war resulted in the overthrow of the house of Hyder Ali and Tipu (who was killed in the final war in 1799), and the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which won and took control of much of India.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-India-Company|title=East India Company – Definition, History, & Facts|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date= 2023 }}</ref> [[Pazhassi Raja]] was the prince regent of the princely state of [[Kingdom of Kottayam|Cotiote]] in North Malabar, near [[Kannur]], India between 1774 and 1805. He fought a guerrilla war with tribal people from Wynad supporting him. He was captured by the British, and his fort was razed to the ground.

In 1766 the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] transferred the [[Northern Circars]] to the British authority. The independent king [[Jagannatha Gajapati Narayana Deo II|Jagannatha Gajapati Narayan Deo II]] of [[Paralakhemundi]] estate situated in today's [[Odisha]] and in the northernmost region of the then political division was continuously revolting against the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French]] occupants since 1753 as per the Nizam's earlier handover of his estate to them on similar grounds. Narayan Deo II fought the British at Jelmur fort on 4 April 1768 and was defeated due to superior firepower of the British. He fled to the tribal hinterlands of his estate and continued his efforts against the British until his natural death on the Fifth of December 1771.
[[File:Velu Nachchiyar 2008 stamp of India.jpg|alt=Velu Nachiyar, was one of the earliest Indian queens to fight against the British colonial power in India.|left|thumb|[[Velu Nachiyar]], was one of the earliest Indian queens to fight against the British colonial power in India.]]
[[Velu Nachiyar|Rani Velu Nachiyar]] (1730–1796), was a queen of [[Sivaganga]] from 1760 to 1790. Rani Nachiyar was trained in war match weapons usage, martial arts like Valari, Silambam (fighting using stick), horse riding and archery. She was a scholar in many languages and she had proficiency with languages like French, English, and Urdu. When her husband, Muthuvaduganathaperiya Udaiyathevar, was killed in battle with British soldiers and the forces of the [[Nawab of Arcot]], she was drawn into battle. She formed an army and sought an alliance with Gopala Nayaker and [[Hyder Ali]] to attack the British, whom she successfully challenged in 1780. When the inventories of the Britishers were discovered, she is said to have arranged a suicide attack by a faithful follower, [[Kuyili]], dousing herself in oil and setting herself alight and walking into the storehouse. Rani formed a women's army named "Udaiyaal" in honour of her adopted daughter, who had died detonating a British arsenal. Rani Nachiyar was one of the few rulers who regained her kingdom, and ruled it for a decade more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-queen-velu-nachiyar-sivagangai-first-queen-fight-british-55163 |title=Remembering Queen Velu Nachiyar of Sivagangai, the first queen to fight the British|website=The News Minute|date=3 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Velu-Nachiyar-Jhansi-Rani-of-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/51436071.cms|title=Velu Nachiyar, Jhansi Rani of Tamil Nadu|date=17 March 2016 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]] was an eighteenth-century [[Polygar]] and chieftain from [[Panchalankurichi]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India who waged the [[Polygar Wars|Polygar war]] against the East India Company. He was captured by the British and hanged in 1799 CE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanmargroup.com/Newsmain/Matrix/June2001/LegVeeraJ01.htm |title=Legends from South |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904104239/http://www.sanmargroup.com/Newsmain/Matrix/June2001/LegVeeraJ01.htm |archive-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> Kattabomman refused to accept the sovereignty of East India Company, and fought against them.<ref name=Anand>{{cite journal |last=Yang |first=Anand A. |date=November 2007 |title=Bandits and Kings: Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=881–896 |jstor=20203235 |doi=10.1017/s0021911807001234}}</ref> [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]] was a [[Kongu Nadu]] chieftain and [[Palayakkarar]] from Tamil Nadu who fought against the East India Company.<ref>{{cite book |author=K. Guru Rajesh |year=2015 |title=Sarfarosh: A Naadi Exposition of the Lives of Indian Revolutionaries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_dLCgAAQBAJ&q=dheeran+chinnamalai&pg=PT65 |publisher=Notion Press |page=65 |isbn=978-93-5206-173-0}}</ref> After [[Kattabomman]] and Tipu Sultan's deaths, Chinnamalai sought the help of [[Marathas]] and [[Maruthu Pandiyar]] to attack the British at [[Coimbatore]] in 1800. The British forces managed to stop the armies of the allies, forcing Chinnamalai to attack Coimbatore on his own. His army was defeated and he escaped from the British forces. Chinnamalai engaged in [[guerrilla warfare]] and defeated the British in battles at [[Cauvery]] in 1801, Odanilai in 1802 and [[Arachalur]] in 1804.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/02/stories/2008080254520600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914020119/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/02/stories/2008080254520600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Chinnamalai, a lesser-known freedom fighter of Kongu soil |date=2 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw8nBgAAQBAJ&q=dheeran+chinnamalai|title=Rough with the Smooth|first=Ram|last=Govardhan|publisher=Leadstart Publishing|year=2001|pages=212|isbn=9789381115619}}</ref>

In 1804 the King of [[Khordha]], [[Odisha|Kalinga]] was deprived of his traditional rights to the [[Jagannath]] Temple. In retaliation, a group of armed Paiks attacked the British at [[Pipili]]. [[Jayee Rajguru]], the chief of Army of Kalinga requested a common alliance against the British.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article1368449.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140506173242/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article1368449.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 6 May 2014 |title=Villages fight over martyr's death place |first=Hemant Kumar |last=Rout |newspaper=The New Indian Express |year=2012 |quote=historians claim he is actually the first martyr in the country's freedom movement because none was killed by the Britishers before 1806 |access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref> After Rajguru's death, [[Bakshi Jagabandhu]] launched an armed revolution against the East India Company's rule in Odisha. This is now known as the [[Paik Rebellion]], the first uprising against the British East India Company.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mohanty|first=N.R.|title=The Oriya Paika Rebellion of 1817|journal=Orissa Review|date=August 2008|pages=1–3|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/August-2008/engpdf/1-3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111185749/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/August-2008/engpdf/1-3.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2013 |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="orissa">{{cite journal|last=Paikaray|first=Braja|title=Khurda Paik Rebellion – The First Independence War of India|journal=Orissa Review|date=February–March 2008|pages=45–50|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/feb-march-2008/engpdf/45-50.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422232307/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/feb-march-2008/engpdf/45-50.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2014 |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="as">{{cite web |url=https://khordha.nic.in/paik-rebellion/ |title=Paik Rebellion |website=Khordha |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="150" mode="packed">
File:Puli Thevar Statue in his Nerkattumseval Palace 2013-08-12 06-35.jpeg|[[Puli Thevar]]
File:Veerapandiya Kattabomman 1999 stamp of India.jpg|[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]
File:Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone.jpg|[[Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone|Maveeran Azhagu Muthukon]]
File:Bakshi Jagabandhu.jpg|Statue of [[Bakshi Jagabandhu]], the leader of [[Paika Rebellion]]
File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158245 - Sido Murmu - Kanhu Murmu.jpeg|[[Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu]], leaders of [[Santhal rebellion]]
</gallery>
[[File:Vereshchagin-Blowing from Guns in British India.jpg|alt=Suppression of the Indian Revolt by the English, which depicts the execution of mutineers by blowing from a gun by the British.|thumb|''[[Suppression of the Indian Revolt by the English]]'', which depicts the execution of mutineers by [[blowing from a gun]] by the British.]]

===Rebellion of 1857===
{{Main|Indian Rebellion of 1857}}

The Indian war of independence of 1857 was a large uprising in northern and central India against the East India Company.<ref name="Chandra 1989 31" /> The conditions of service in the company's army and [[cantonment]]s had increasingly come into conflict with the religious beliefs and prejudices of the [[sepoy]]s.<ref name=":6">Chandra et al. 1989</ref> The predominance of members from the upper castes in the army, perceived loss of caste due to overseas deployment, and rumours of secret designs of the government to convert them to Christianity led to growing discontent.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|Mukherjee|Mukherjee|Mahajan|1989|pp=33–34}}</ref> The sepoys were also disillusioned by their low salaries and the racial discrimination practised by British officers in matters of promotion and privileges.<ref name="Chandra 1989 34">{{harvnb|Chandra|Mukherjee|Mukherjee|Mahajan|1989|p=34}}</ref>

The indifference of the British towards native Indian rulers and the annexation of [[Oudh]] furthered dissent. The [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Marquess of Dalhousie]]'s policy of annexation, the [[doctrine of lapse]] and the projected removal of the Mughals from their ancestral palace at [[Red Fort]] also led to popular anger.
[[File:Indian revolt of 1857 states map.svg|alt=Map of India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.|left|thumb|Map of India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.]]
The final spark was provided by the rumoured use of tallow (from cows) and lard (pig fat) in the newly introduced [[Pattern 1853 Enfield]] rifle cartridges. Soldiers had to bite the cartridges with their teeth before loading them into their rifles, ingesting the fat. This was sacrilegious to both Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bd0018)|title=The Uprising of 1857|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=10 November 2009}}</ref>

[[Mangal Pandey]] was sepoy who played a key part in the events immediately preceding the outbreak of the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]]. His defiance to his British superiors led to his execution, contributing to the first outbreak at [[Meerut]].
[[File:Rani of jhansi.jpg|alt=Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi, one of the principal leaders of the revolutionaries who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the Doctrine of Lapse.|thumb|[[Rani of Jhansi|Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi]], one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the [[Doctrine of Lapse]].]]
On 10 May 1857, the sepoys at [[Meerut]] broke ranks and turned on their commanding officers, killing some of them. They reached Delhi on 11 May, set the company's [[toll house]] on fire, and marched into the Red Fort, where they asked the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]], [[Bahadur Shah II]], to become their leader and reclaim his throne. The emperor eventually agreed and was proclaimed ''Shahenshah-e-Hindustan'' by the rebels.<ref name="Chandra 1989 31">{{harvnb|Chandra|Mukherjee|Mukherjee|Mahajan|1989|p=31}}</ref> The rebels also murdered much of the European, [[Anglo-Indian|Eurasian]], and Christian population of the city, including natives who had converted to Christianity,<ref>{{harvnb|David|2002|p=122}}</ref> while sparing British men and women who had converted to Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |author-link=William Dalrymple |title=The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty, Delhi 1857 |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2006 |isbn=9780143102434 |location=India |publication-date=2006 |page=153}}</ref>

Revolts broke out in other parts of [[Oudh]] and the [[North-Western Provinces]] as well, where [[civil rebellion]] followed the mutinies, leading to popular uprisings.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chandra|Mukherjee|Mukherjee|Mahajan|1989|p=35}}</ref> The British were initially caught off-guard and were thus slow to react, but eventually responded with force. The lack of effective organisation among the rebels, coupled with the military superiority of the British, brought an end to the rebellion.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chandra|Mukherjee|Mukherjee|Mahajan|1989|pp=38–39}}</ref> The British fought the main army of the rebels near Delhi, and after prolonged fighting and a siege, defeated them and reclaimed the city on 20 September 1857.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chandra|Mukherjee|Mukherjee|Mahajan|1989|p=39}}</ref> Subsequently, revolts in other centres were also crushed. The last significant battle was fought in [[Gwalior]] on 17 June 1858, during which [[Rani Lakshmibai]] was killed. Sporadic fighting and [[guerrilla warfare]], led by [[Tatya Tope]], continued until spring 1859, but most of the rebels were eventually subdued.
[[File:"Attack of the Mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow, July 30th, 1857,.jpg|alt=Attack of the Mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow, July 30, 1857|left|thumb|Attack of the Mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow, 30 July 1857]]
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a turning point. While affirming the military and political power of the British,<ref>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1998|p=32}}</ref> it led to a significant change in how India was to be controlled by them. Under the [[Government of India Act 1858]], the East India Company's territory was transferred to the British government.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/393/ |title = Official, India |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1890–1923 |access-date = 30 May 2013 }}</ref> At the apex of the new system was a [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet minister]], the [[Secretary of State for India]], who was to be formally advised by a [[Council of India|statutory council]];<ref>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1998|pp=47–48}}</ref> the [[Governor-General of India]] (Viceroy) was made responsible to him, while he in turn was responsible to the government.

In a [[royal proclamation]] made to the people of India, [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] promised equal opportunity of public service under British law, and also pledged to respect the rights of native princes.<ref>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1998|p=48}}</ref> The British stopped the policy of seizing land from the princes, decreed [[religious tolerance]] and began to admit Indians into the civil service. However, they also increased the number of British soldiers in relation to native Indian ones, and allowed only British soldiers to handle artillery. Bahadur Shah II was exiled to [[Yangon|Rangoon]] where he died in 1862.

In 1876 the British Prime Minister [[Benjamin Disraeli]] proclaimed Queen Victoria the [[Empress of India]]. The British Liberals objected as the title was foreign to British traditions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Robert P. O'Kell|title=Disraeli: The Romance of Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DyWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT443|year=2014|publisher=U of Toronto Press|pages=443–44|isbn=9781442661042}}</ref>
[[File:Dadabhai Naoroji 1889.jpg|thumb|[[Dadabhai Naoroji]], was one of the founding members of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="INC_BritishRaj">{{citation |last=Nanda |first=B. R. |title=Gokhale: The Indian Moderates and the British Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pI19BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |page=58 |year=2015 |series=Legacy Series |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7049-3 |author-link=Bal Ram Nanda |orig-year=1977}}</ref>]]

==Rise of organised movements==
The decades following the Rebellion were a period of growing political awareness, the manifestation of Indian public opinion and the emergence of Indian leadership at both national and provincial levels. [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] formed the [[East India Association]] in 1866 and [[Surendranath Banerjee]] founded the [[Indian National Association]] in 1876. Inspired by a suggestion made by [[Allan Octavian Hume|A.O. Hume]], a retired Scottish civil servant, seventy-two Indian delegates met in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in 1885 and founded the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Marshall2001"/> They were mostly members of the upwardly mobile and successful western-educated provincial elites, engaged in professions such as law, [[teaching]] and journalism. At its inception, Congress had no well-defined ideology and commanded few of the resources essential to a political organisation. Instead, it functioned more as a debating society that met annually to express its loyalty to the British and passed numerous resolutions on less controversial issues such as civil rights or opportunities in government (especially in the civil service). These resolutions were submitted to the Indian government and occasionally to the British Parliament, but the Congress's early gains were slight. "Despite its claim to represent all India, the Congress voiced the interests of urban elites;<ref name="Marshall2001"/> the number of participants from other social and economic backgrounds remained negligible.<ref name="Marshall2001"/> However, this period of history is still crucial because it represented the first political mobilisation of Indians, coming from all parts of the subcontinent and the first articulation of the idea of India as one nation, rather than a collection of independent princely states.<ref name="Marshall2001"/>[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|thumb|250px|The first session of the Indian National Congress in 1885. The Congress was the first modern nationalist movement in the British Empire.<ref name="Marshall2001">{{citation|last=Marshall|first=P. J.|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire|url={{Google books|S2EXN8JTwAEC|page=PA179|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00254-7|page=179}} Quote: "The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire, and one that became an inspiration for many others, was the Indian Congress."</ref>|left]]Religious groups played a role in reforming Indian society. These were of several religions from Hindu groups such as the ''[[Arya Samaj]]'', the ''[[Brahmo Samaj]]'', to other religions, such as the [[Namdhari]] (or ''Kuka'') sect of [[Sikhism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=G.S. |title=Social and Economic History of the Panjab: (1849–1901) |publisher=S. Nagin |year=1963 |pages=129–130, 346}}</ref> The work of men like [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Ramakrishna]], [[Sri Aurobindo]], [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]], [[Subramanya Bharathy]], [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], as well as women such as the Scots–Irish [[Sister Nivedita]], spread the passion for rejuvenation and freedom. The rediscovery of India's indigenous history by several European and Indian scholars also fed into the rise of [[Indian nationalism|nationalism among Indians]].<ref name="Marshall2001"/> The triumvirate also is known as [[Lal Bal Pal]] ([[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]]), along with [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]], [[Sri Aurobindo]], [[Surendranath Banerjee]], and [[Rabindranath Tagore]] were some of the prominent leaders of movements in the early 20th century. The [[Swadeshi movement]] was the most successful. The name of Lokmanya began spreading around and people started following him in all parts of the country.[[File:Lal Bal Pal.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Lala Lajpat Rai]] of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] of [[Bombay Province|Bombay]], and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], the triumvirate were popularly known as [[Lal Bal Pal]], changed the political discourse of the Indian independence movement. ]]

The Indian textile industry also played an important role in the freedom struggle of India. The merchandise of the textile industry pioneered the Industrial Revolution in India and soon England was producing cotton cloth in such great quantities that the domestic market was saturated, and the products had to be sold in foreign markets.

On the other hand, India was rich in cotton production and was in a position to supply British mills with the raw material they required. This was the time when India was under British rule and the East India Company had already established its roots in India. Raw materials were exported to England at very low rates while cotton cloth of refined quality was imported to India and sold at very high prices. This was draining India's economy, causing the textile industry of India to suffer greatly. This led to great resentment among cotton cultivators and traders.

After Lord Curzon announced the partition of Bengal in 1905, there was massive opposition from the people of Bengal. Initially, the partition plan was opposed through press campaign. The total follower of such techniques led to the boycott of British goods and the people of India pledged to use only swadeshi or Indian goods and to wear only Indian cloth. Imported garments were viewed with hate. At many places, public burnings of foreign cloth were organised. Shops selling foreign cloths were closed. The cotton textile industry is rightly described as the Swadeshi industry. The period witnessed the growth of swadeshi [[textile mill]]s. Swadeshi factories came into existence everywhere.

According to Surendranath Banerji, the Swadeshi movement changed the entire texture of Indian social and domestic life. The songs composed by Rabindranath Tagore, Rajanikanta Sen and Syed Abu Mohd became the moving spirit for the nationalists. The movement soon spread to the rest of the country and the partition of Bengal had to be firmly inhaled on the first of April 1912.[[File:1909magazine vijaya.jpg|thumb|200px|Cover of a 1909 issue of the Tamil magazine ''Vijaya'' showing "Mother India" ([[Bharat Mata]]) with her diverse progeny and the rallying cry "[[Vande Mataram]]".|left]]

==Rise of Indian nationalism==
By 1900, although the Congress had emerged as an all-India political organisation, it did not have the support of most Indian Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |chapter=The Indian National Congress in Nationalist Perspective |year=1988 |editor1-last=Sisson |editor1-first=Richard |editor2-last=Wolpert |editor2-first=Stanley |title=Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-independence Phase |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfOSxFVQa8IC&pg=PA24 |publisher=University of California Press |page=24 |isbn=978-0-520-06041-8 |quote=For the most part, however, Muslim India remained either aloof from or distrustful of the Congress and its demands.}}</ref> Attacks by Hindu reformers against religious conversion, cow slaughter, and the preservation of [[Urdu language|Urdu]] in [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] script deepened their concerns of minority status and denial of rights if the Congress alone were to represent the people of India. Sir [[Syed Ahmed Khan]] launched a movement for Muslim regeneration that culminated in the founding in 1875 of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at [[Aligarh]], Uttar Pradesh (renamed [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in 1920). Its objective was to educate students by emphasising the compatibility of Islam with modern western knowledge. The diversity among India's Muslims, however, made it impossible to bring about uniform cultural and intellectual regeneration.

The Hindu faction of the Independence movement was led by Nationalist leader [[Lokmanya Tilak]], who was regarded as the "father of Indian Unrest" by the British. Along with Tilak were leaders like [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], who was the inspiration, political mentor and role model of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and inspired several other freedom activists.
[[File:GKGokhale.jpg|thumb|[[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], was one of the most senior leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the founder of the [[Servants of India Society]].]]
Nationalistic sentiments among Congress members led to a push to be represented in the bodies of government, as well as to have a say in the legislation and administration of India. Congressmen saw themselves as loyalists, but wanted an active role in governing their own country, albeit as part of the Empire. This trend was personified by [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], who went as far as contesting, successfully, an election to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]], becoming its first Indian member.

[[Dadabhai Naoroji]] was the first Indian nationalist to embrace ''[[Swaraj]]'' as the destiny of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swaraj {{!}} Indian politics {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/swaraj |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] deeply opposed a British education system that ignored and defamed India's culture, history, and values. He resented the denial of freedom of expression for nationalists, and the lack of any voice or role for ordinary Indians in the affairs of their nation. For these reasons, he considered Swaraj as the natural and only solution. His popular sentence "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it" became the source of inspiration for Indians.

[[File:Surendranath Banerjee.jpg|alt=Surendranath Banerjee, founded the Indian National Association and founding members of the Indian National Congress.|left|thumb|[[Surendranath Banerjee]], founded the [[Indian National Association]] and founding members of the [[Indian National Congress]].]]
In 1907, Congress was split into two factions: The ''radicals'', led by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Tilak]], advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all British goods. This movement gained traction and huge following of the masses in the western and eastern parts of India. The ''moderates'', led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], on the other hand, wanted reform within the framework of British rule. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] and [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], who held the same point of view. Under them, India's three great states – [[Maharashtra]], Bengal and [[Punjab region|Punjab]] shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism. Gokhale criticised Tilak for encouraging acts of violence and armed resistance. But the Congress of 1906 did not have public membership, and thus Tilak and his supporters were forced to leave the party.[[File:Ghadar di gunj.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Ghadar di Gunj]]'', was [[Ghadar Party]] literature produced in the early stages of the movement. A compilation of nationalist literature, it was banned in India in 1913.]]But with Tilak's arrest, all hopes for an Indian offensive were stalled. The Indian National Congress lost credibility with the people. A Muslim deputation met with the Viceroy, [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Minto]] (1905–10), seeking concessions from the impending constitutional reforms, including special considerations in government service and electorates. The British recognised some of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]'s petitions by increasing the number of elective offices reserved for Muslims in the [[Indian Councils Act 1909]]. The Muslim League insisted on its separateness from the Hindu-dominated Congress, as the voice of a "nation within a nation".

The [[Ghadar Party]] was formed overseas in 1913 to fight for the Independence of India with members coming from the United States and Canada, as well as Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Singapore.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramnath |first1=Maia |title=Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire |date=2011 |publisher=University of California Press |page=227 |isbn=978-0-520-26955-2}}</ref> Members of the party aimed for [[Hindu-Muslim unity|Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim unity]] against the British.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Latif |first1=Asad |title=India in the Making of Singapore |date=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location=Singapore |isbn=9789810815394 |page=34}}</ref>

In colonial India, the [[All India Conference of Indian Christians]] (AICIC), which was founded in 1914, played a role in the Indian independence movement, advocating for [[swaraj]] and [[opposition to the partition of India|opposing the partition of India]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Abraham Vazhayil |title=Christians in Secular India |year=1974 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=978-0-8386-1021-3 |pages=106–107}}</ref> The AICIC also was opposed to separate electorates for Christians, believing that the faithful "should participate as common citizens in the one common, national political system".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Abraham Vazhayil |title=Christians in Secular India |year=1974 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=978-0-8386-1021-3 |pages=107–108n}}</ref><ref name="Oddie2001">{{cite journal |last1=Oddie |first1=Geoffrey A. |title=Indian Christians and National Identity 1870–1947 |journal=The Journal of Religious History |date=2001 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=357, 361 |doi=10.1111/1467-9809.00138 }}</ref> The All India Conference of Indian Christians and the [[All India Catholic Union]] formed a working committee with M. Rahnasamy of [[Andhra University]] serving as president and B.L. Rallia Ram of Lahore serving as general secretary. In its meeting on 16 and 17 April 1947, the joint committee prepared a 13-point memorandum that was sent to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], which asked for [[religious freedom]] for both organisations and individuals; this came to be reflected in the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Abraham Vazhayil |title=Christians in Secular India |year=1974 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=978-0-8386-1021-3 |pages=109–110}}</ref><ref name="Oddie2001" />

The [[temperance movement in India]] became aligned with Indian nationalism under the direction of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who saw alcohol as a foreign importation to the culture of the subcontinent.<ref name="BlockerFahey2003">{{cite book|last1=Blocker|first1=Jack S.|last2=Fahey|first2=David M.|last3=Tyrrell|first3=Ian R.|title=Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|language=en|isbn=9781576078334|page=310}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Fischer-Tiné|Tschurenev|2014|pp=255–257}}</ref>
[[File:Khudiram Bose 1905 cropped.jpg|left|thumb|[[Khudiram Bose]] was one of the youngest Indian revolutionaries tried and executed by the British.<ref name="Guha" />]]

==Movements==
===Partition of Bengal, 1905===
{{Main|Partition of Bengal (1905)}}

In July 1905, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], the Viceroy and Governor-General (1899–1905), ordered the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of the province of Bengal]]. The stated aim was to improve administration.<ref>John R. McLane, "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905" ''Indian Economic and Social History Review,'' July 1965, 2#3, pp 221–237</ref> However, this was seen as an attempt to quench nationalistic sentiment through [[divide and rule]]. The Bengali Hindu intelligentsia exerted considerable influence on local and national politics. The partition outraged Bengalis. Widespread agitation ensued in the streets and in the press, and the Congress advocated boycotting British products under the banner of ''[[swadeshi]]'', or indigenous industries. A growing movement emerged, focussing on indigenous Indian industries, finance, and education, which saw the founding of [[National Council of Education]], the birth of Indian financial institutions and banks, as well as an interest in Indian culture and achievements in science and literature. Hindus showed unity by tying [[Raksha Bandhan|Rakhi]] on each other's wrists and observing ''Arandhan'' (not cooking any food). During this time, Bengali Hindu nationalists like [[Sri Aurobindo]], [[Bhupendranath Datta]], and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] began writing virulent newspaper articles challenging the legitimacy of British rule in India in publications such as ''Jugantar'' and ''Sandhya'', and were charged with sedition.

The Partition also precipitated increasing activity from the then still Nascent militant nationalist [[revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary movement]], which was particularly gaining strength in Bengal and Maharashtra from the last decade of the 1800s. In Bengal, {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Anushilan Samiti]]|italic=no}}, led by brothers Aurobindo and Barin Ghosh organised several attacks of figureheads of the Raj, culminating in the attempt on the life of a British judge in Muzaffarpur. This precipitated the [[Alipore bomb case]], whilst several revolutionaries were killed, or captured and put on trial. Revolutionaries like [[Khudiram Bose]], [[Prafulla Chaki]], Kanailal Dutt who were either killed or hanged became household names.<ref name="Guha">{{cite book |last=Guha |first=Arun Chandra |year=1971 |title=First Spark of Revolution |publisher=Orient Longman |pages=130–131 |oclc=254043308 |quote="They [Khudiram Basu and Prafulla Chaki] threw a bomb on a coach similar to that of Kingsford's ... Khudiram ... was sentenced to death and hanged."}}</ref>

The British newspaper, ''The Empire'', wrote:<ref name="Patel2008">{{Harvnb|Patel|2008|p=56}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Khudiram Bose was executed this morning;... it is alleged that he mounted the scaffold with his body erect. He was cheerful and smiling.}}<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Prafulla Chaki.jpg|[[Prafulla Chaki]] was associated with the [[Jugantar]]. He carried out assassinations against [[British Raj|British colonial]] officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.
File:Bhupendranath Datta (brother of Swami Vivekananda).png|[[Bhupendranath Datta]] was an Indian revolutionary who was privy to the [[Indo-German Conspiracy]].
</gallery>

===Jugantar===
{{Main|Jugantar}}

[[Jugantar]] was a paramilitary organisation. Led by [[Barindra Ghosh]], with 21 revolutionaries, including [[Bagha Jatin]], started to collect arms and explosives and manufactured bombs.

Some senior members of the group were sent abroad for political and military training. One of them, [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] obtained his training in Paris. After returning to [[Kolkata]] he set up a combined religious school and bomb factory at a garden house in [[Maniktala]] suburb of [[Calcutta]]. However, the attempted murder of district Judge Kingsford of [[Muzaffarpur]] by [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] (30 April 1908) initiated a police investigation that led to the arrest of many of the revolutionaries.

{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| image1 = Benoy Krishna Basu.jpg
| image2 = Badal gupta.jpg
| image3 = Dinesh Gupta 1.jpg
| footer = <div style="text-align: center;">[[Benoy Basu]], [[Badal Gupta]], and [[Dinesh Gupta]] were noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – the [[Writers' Building]] in the [[B.B.D. Bagh|Dalhousie square]] in [[Kolkata]].</div>
}}
[[Bagha Jatin]] was one of the senior leaders in Jugantar. He was arrested, along with several other leaders, in connection with the [[Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case]]. They were tried for treason, the charge being that they had incited various regiments of the army against the ruler.<ref>The major charge... during the trial (1910–1911) was "conspiracy to wage war against the King-Emperor" and "tampering with the loyalty of the Indian soldiers" (mainly with the [[10th Jats]] Regiment) (cf: ''Sedition Committee Report'', 1918)</ref>

===Alipore bomb conspiracy case===
{{Main|Alipore bomb case}}

Several leaders of the [[Jugantar]] party including [[Aurobindo Ghosh]] were arrested in connection with bomb-making activities in [[Kolkata]].<ref name=Heehs2008p133>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=133}}</ref> Several of the activists were deported to the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] [[Cellular Jail]].

===Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case===
{{Main|Delhi-Lahore conspiracy}}

[[File:An assassination attempt on Lord Charles Hardinge.jpg|thumb|right|250px|1912 assassination attempt on [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]].]]
The [[Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy]], hatched in 1912, planned to assassinate the then [[Viceroy of India]], [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]], on the occasion of transferring the capital of [[British India]] from [[Calcutta]] to New Delhi. Involving revolutionary underground in [[Bengal]] and headed by [[Rash Behari Bose]] along with [[Sachin Sanyal]], the conspiracy culminated on the attempted assassination on 23 December 1912, when the ceremonial procession moved through the [[Chandni Chowk]] suburb of [[Delhi]]. The Viceroy escaped with his injuries, along with Lady Hardinge, although the [[Mahout]] was killed.

The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination attempt led to the Delhi Conspiracy trial. [[Basant Kumar Biswas]] was convicted of having thrown the bomb and executed, along with [[Amir Chand Bombwal]] and [[Avadh Behari]] for their roles in the conspiracy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandi |first=Soumitra |date=2017-10-20 |title=Story of Basanta Biswas, penned by Ujjal Biswas, to be portrayed on celluloid |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/story-of-basanta-biswas-penned-by-ujjal-biswas-to-be-portrayed-on-celluloid-267293 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Samaddar |first=Ranabir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDzgNhV3tHEC&dq=basanta+kumar+biswas&pg=PA76 |title=The Materiality of Politics: Volume 1: The Technologies of Rule |date=2007-08-01 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-765-4 |pages=76–77 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoda |first=Noorul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBEBEAAAQBAJ&dq=basanta+kumar+biswas&pg=PT203 |title=The Alipore Bomb Case |date=2008-02-01 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-81-89738-31-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&dq=basanta+kumar+biswas&pg=PA329 |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4 |pages=329 |language=en}}</ref>

===Howrah gang case===
Most of the eminent [[Jugantar]] leaders including [[Bagha Jatin]] alias [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] who were not arrested earlier, were arrested in 1910, in connection with the murder of Shamsul Alam. Thanks to Bagha Jatin's new policy of a decentralised federated action, most of the accused were released in 1911.<ref>[[#Samanta|Samanta]], Vol. II, "Nixon's Report", p. 591.</ref>

==All India Muslim League==
The [[All-India Muslim League]] was founded by the [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]] at [[Dhaka|Dacca]] (now Dhaka, [[Bangladesh]]), in 1906. Being a political party to secure the interests of the Muslim in [[British Raj|British India]], the Muslim League played a decisive role behind the creation of Pakistan in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Jalal|1994|p=4}}</ref>

In 1916, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] joined the Indian National Congress, which was the largest Indian political organisation. Like most of the Congress at the time, Jinnah did not favour outright self-rule, considering British influences on education, law, culture, and industry as beneficial to India. Jinnah became a member of the sixty-member [[Imperial Legislative Council]]. The council had no real power or authority, and included a large number of unelected pro-Raj loyalists and Europeans. Nevertheless, Jinnah was instrumental in the passing of the ''Child Marriages Restraint Act'', the legitimisation of the Muslim [[waqf]] (religious endowments) and was appointed to the Sandhurst committee, which helped establish the [[Indian Military Academy]] at [[Dehradun]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/politician7.htm|title=The Statesman: Jinnah's differences with the Congress|first=Government of Pakistan|last=Official website|access-date=20 April 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060127234847/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/politician7.htm |archive-date = 27 January 2006}}</ref> During the [[First World War]], Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British war effort.

==First World War==
{{See also|Defence of India Act 1915}}
The initial response throughout India to Lord Hardinge's announcement was, for the most part, enthusiastic support. Indian princes volunteered their men, money, and personal service. Support from the Congress Party was primarily offered on the hopes that Britain would repay such loyal assistance with substantial political concessions—if not immediate independence or at least dominion status following the war, then surely its promise soon after the Allies achieved victory. Contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt, Indians contributed considerably to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. The major threat for the British Government in South Asia came from the armed tribes in North Western frontier and Afghanistan. The source of the second potential threat for the colonial government was the Indian Muslims whom the British believed shall sympathise with the Ottoman Empire. Nationalism in Bengal, increasingly associated with the [[Ghadar Mutiny|unrest in Punjab]], was of significant ferocity to almost complete the paralysis of the regional administration. Meanwhile, [[Hindu-German Conspiracy|failed conspiracies]] were triggered by revolutionaries lack of preparedness to organise a nationalist revolt.<ref name=Gupta12>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1997|p=12}}</ref><ref name="Popplewell 1995 p=201">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=201}}</ref>

None of the revolutionary conspiracies made a significant impact inside India. The prospect that subversive violence would affect a popular war effort drew support from the Indian population for special measures against anti-colonial activities in the form of [[Defence of India Act 1915]]. No major mutinies were occurring during wartime, yet conspiracies exacerbated profound fears of insurrection among British officials, preparing them to use extreme force to frighten Indians into submission.<ref>Lawrence James, ''Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India'' (2000) pp 439–518</ref>[[File:1915 Singapore Mutiny Memorial Tablet.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[1915 Singapore Mutiny]] memorial tablet at the entrance of the [[Victoria Memorial Hall]], [[Singapore]].|left]]

=== Hindu–German Conspiracy ===
{{Main|Hindu–German Conspiracy}}

The [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]], was a series of plans between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalist groups to attempt Pan-Indian rebellion against the [[British Raj]] during World War I, formulated between the [[Indian revolutionary underground]] and exiled or self-exiled nationalists who formed, in the United States, the [[Ghadar Party]], and in Germany, the [[Indian independence committee]], in the decade preceding the [[World War I|Great War]].<ref name="Plowman 84">{{Harvnb|Plowman|2003|p=84}}</ref><ref name=Hoover252>{{Harvnb|Hoover|1985|p=252}}</ref><ref name=GBrown300>{{Harvnb|Brown|1948|p=300}}</ref> The conspiracy was drawn up at the beginning of the war, with extensive support from the [[Auswärtiges Amt|German Foreign Office]], the German consulate in San Francisco, as well as some support from [[Ottoman Turkey]] and the [[Irish republicanism|Irish republican movement]]. The most prominent plan attempted to foment unrest and trigger a Pan-Indian mutiny in the [[British Indian Army]] from [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] to [[Singapore]]. This plot was planned to be executed in February 1915 to overthrow British rule over the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The [[Ghadar Conspiracy|February mutiny]] was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the [[Ghadarite]] movement and arrested key figures. Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.

Other related events include the [[1915 Singapore Mutiny]], the [[Annie Larsen affair|Annie Larsen arms plot]], the [[Christmas Day Plot|Jugantar–German plot]], the [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition|German mission to Kabul]], the mutiny of the [[Connaught Rangers]] in India, as well as, by some accounts, the [[Black Tom explosion]] in 1916. Parts of the conspiracy included efforts to subvert the [[British Indian Army]] in the [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I]].[[File:1915 Singapore Mutiny.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The public executions of convicted sepoy mutineers of the [[1915 Singapore Mutiny]] at [[Outram Road]], Singapore.]]

===Ghadar Mutiny===
{{Main|Ghadar Mutiny}}

The [[Ghadar Mutiny]] was a plan to initiate a pan-Indian [[mutiny]] in the [[British Indian Army]] in February 1915 to end the [[British Raj]] in India. The plot originated at the onset of [[World War I]], between the [[Ghadar Party]] in the United States, the [[Berlin Committee]] in Germany, the [[Indian revolutionary underground]] in British India and the German Foreign Office through the consulate in San Francisco. The incident derives its name from the North American [[Ghadar Party]], whose members of the [[Punjabi Sikh]] community in Canada and the United States were among the most prominent participants in the plan. It was the most prominent amongst several plans of the much larger [[Hindu–German Conspiracy|Hindu–German Mutiny]], formulated between 1914 and 1917 to initiate a Pan-Indian rebellion against the [[British Raj]] during World War I.<ref name="Plowman 84"/><ref name="Hoover252"/><ref name="GBrown300"/> The mutiny was planned to start in the key state of [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], followed by mutinies in Bengal and rest of India. Indian units [[1915 Singapore Mutiny|as far as Singapore]] were planned to participate in the rebellion. The plans were thwarted through a coordinated intelligence and police response. British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement in Canada and in India, and last-minute intelligence from a spy helping to crush the planned uprising in Punjab before it started. Key figures were arrested, mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.

Intelligence about the threat of the mutiny led to several important war-time measures introduced in India, including the passages of [[Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914]], the Foreigners act 1914, and the [[Defence of India Act 1915]]. The conspiracy was followed by the [[First Lahore Conspiracy Trial]] and [[Benares Conspiracy Trial]] which saw death sentences awarded to several Indian revolutionaries, and exile to several others. After the end of the war, fear of a second Ghadarite uprising led to the recommendations of the [[Rowlatt Act]]s and thence the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]].[[Image:BaghaJatin13.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Bagha Jatin]] after the final battle, [[Balasore]], 1915.|left]]

===1st Christmas Day and 2nd Christmas Day plot===
{{Main|Christmas Day plot}}

The first [[Christmas Day plot]] was a conspiracy made by the Indian revolutionary movement in 1909: during the year-ending holidays, the Governor of Bengal organised at his residence a ball in the presence of the Viceroy, the Commander-in-Chief and all the high-ranking officers and officials of the Capital (Calcutta). The 10th Jat Regiment was in charge of the security. Indoctrinated by [[Jatindranath Mukherjee]], its soldiers decided to blow up the ballroom and take advantage of destroying the colonial Government. In keeping with his predecessor Otto (William Oskarovich) von Klemm, a friend of Lokamanya [[Tilak]], on 6 February 1910, M. Arsenyev, the Russian Consul-General, wrote to St Petersburg that it had been intended to "arouse in the country a general perturbation of minds and, thereby, afford the revolutionaries an opportunity to take the power in their hands."<ref name= Mukherjee>{{Harvnb|Mukherjee|2010|p=160}}</ref> According to [[R. C. Majumdar]], "The police had suspected nothing and it is hard to say what the outcome would have been had the soldiers not been betrayed by one of their comrades who informed the authorities about the impending coup".<ref name= Majumdar-1975-281>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1975|p=281}}</ref>

The second Christmas Day plot was to initiate an insurrection in [[Bengal]] in [[British India]] during World War I with German arms and support. Scheduled for Christmas Day, 1915, the plan was conceived and led by the [[Jugantar group]] under the Bengali Indian revolutionary Jatindranath Mukherjee, to be coordinated with simultaneous uprising in the British colony of Burma and Kingdom of [[Siam]] under direction of the [[Ghadar Party]], along with a German raid on the South Indian city of [[Madras]] and the British [[Cellular Jail|penal colony in Andaman Islands]]. The plot aimed to seize the Fort William, isolate Bengal and capture the capital city of [[Calcutta]], which was then to be used as a staging ground for a pan-Indian revolution. The Christmas Day plot was [[Hindu–German Conspiracy|one of]] the later plans for pan-Indian mutiny during the war that were coordinated between the Indian nationalist underground, the "[[Indian independence committee]]" set up by the Germans in Berlin, the Ghadar Party in North America, and the German Foreign office.<ref name=Hopkirk179>{{Harvnb|Hopkirk|1994|p=179}}</ref> The plot was ultimately thwarted after British intelligence uncovered the plot through German and Indian double agents in Europe and Southeast Asia.[[File:Indian,German and Turkish delegates of Niedermayer Mission.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Mahendra Pratap]] (centre), President of the [[Provisional Government of India]], at the head of [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition|the Mission]] with the German and Turkish delegates in Kabul, 1915. Seated to his right is [[Werner Otto von Hentig]].]]

===Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition===
{{Main|Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition}}

The [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition]] was a [[diplomatic mission]] to [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] sent by the [[Central Powers]] in 1915–1916. The purpose was to encourage Afghanistan to declare full independence from the [[British Empire]], enter [[World War I]] on the side of the Central Powers, and attack [[British Raj|British India]]. The expedition was part of the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]], a series of Indo-German efforts to provoke a nationalist revolution in India. Nominally headed by the exiled [[Princely state|Indian prince]] [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]], the expedition was a joint operation of [[German Empire|Germany]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]] and was led by the German Army officers [[Oskar Niedermayer]] and [[Werner Otto von Hentig]]. Other participants included members of an Indian nationalist organisation called the [[Berlin Committee]], including [[Maulavi Barkatullah]] and [[Chempakaraman Pillai]], while the Turks were represented by [[Kazim Bey]], a close confidante of [[Enver Pasha]].

Britain saw the expedition as a serious threat. Britain and its ally, the [[Russian Empire]], unsuccessfully attempted to intercept it in [[Persia]] during the summer of 1915. Britain waged a covert intelligence and diplomatic offensive, including personal interventions by the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]] [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]] and [[George V|King George V]], to maintain Afghan neutrality.

The mission failed in its main task of rallying Afghanistan, under Emir [[Habibullah Khan]], to the German and Turkish war effort, but it influenced other major events. In Afghanistan, the expedition triggered reforms and drove political turmoil that culminated in the assassination of the Emir in 1919, which in turn precipitated the [[Third Afghan War]]. It influenced the [[Kalmyk Project]] of nascent [[October Revolution|Bolshevik Russia]] to propagate socialist revolution in Asia, with one goal being the overthrow of the British Raj. Other consequences included the formation of the [[Rowlatt Committee]] to investigate [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|sedition in India]] as influenced by Germany and Bolshevism, and changes in the Raj's approach to the Indian independence movement immediately after World War I.

===Nationalist response to war===
In the aftermath of the First World War, high casualty rates, soaring inflation compounded by heavy taxation, a [[1918 flu pandemic in India|widespread influenza pandemic]] and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India.

The pre-war nationalist movement revived moderate and extremist groups within the Congress submerged their differences to stand together as a unified front. They argued that their enormous services to the British Empire during the war demanded a reward to demonstrate Indian capacity for self-rule. In 1916, Congress succeeded in forging the [[Lucknow Pact]], a temporary alliance with the All India Muslim League over the issues of devolution and the future of Islam in the region.<ref name=Wilkinson>{{citation |first=Steven Ian |last=Wilkinson |title=India, Consociational Theory, and Ethnic Violence |journal=Asian Survey |volume=40 |pages=767–791 |number=5 |date=September–October 2000 |jstor=3021176 |ref={{sfnref|Wilkinson, India, Consociational Theory and Ethnic Violence|2000}} |doi=10.2307/3021176}}</ref>

===British reforms===
The British themselves adopted a "carrot and stick" approach in recognition of India's support during the war and in response to renewed nationalist demands. In August 1917, [[Edwin Samuel Montagu|Edwin Montagu]], Secretary of state for India, made an historic announcement in Parliament that the British policy was for: "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration and the gradual development of self-governing institutions with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire." The means of achieving the proposed measures were later enshrined in the [[Government of India Act, 1919]], which introduced the principle of a dual-mode of administration, or diarchy, in which both elected Indian legislators and, appointed British officials shared power. The act also expanded the central and provincial legislatures and widened the franchise considerably. The diarchy set in motion certain real changes at the provincial level: several non-controversial or "transferred" portfolios, such as agriculture, local government, health, education, and public works, were handed over to Indians, while more sensitive matters such as finance, taxation, and maintaining law and order were retained by the provincial British administrators.<ref>James, ''Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India'' (2000) pp 459–60, 519–20</ref>[[File:Gandhi Kheda 1918.jpg|alt=Gandhi in 1918, at the time of the Kheda Satyagraha and Champaran Satyagraha.|thumb|Gandhi in 1918, at the time of the [[Kheda Satyagraha of 1918|Kheda Satyagraha]] and [[Champaran Satyagraha]].|left]]

==Gandhi arrives in India==
{{See also|Rowlatt Satyagraha|Jallianwala Bagh massacre}}
[[File:Dr Rajendra Pd. DR.Anugrah Narayan Sinha.jpg|alt=(Sitting L to R) Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha during Mahatma Gandhi's 1917 Champaran Satyagraha.|thumb|(Sitting L to R) [[Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] during Mahatma Gandhi's 1917 [[Champaran Satyagraha]].]]
Gandhi had been a leader of the Indian nationalist movement in [[South Africa]]. He had also been a vocal opponent of basic discrimination and abusive labour treatment as well as suppressive police control such as the [[Rowlatt Acts]]. During these protests, Gandhi had perfected the concept of ''[[satyagraha]]''. In January 1914 (well before the First World War began) Gandhi was successful. The legislation against Indians was repealed and all Indian political prisoners were released by General [[Jan Smuts]].<ref>Denis Judd, ''Empire: The British Imperial Experience From 1765 To The Present'' (pp. 226—411, 998)</ref> Gandhi accomplished this through extensive use of non-violent protests, such as boycotting, protest marching, and fasting by him and his followers.<ref>{{cite web |title = The Indian Independence Movement |url = http://www.tcnj.edu/ |access-date=29 May 2014 }}</ref>

Gandhi returned to India on 9 January 1915, and initially entered the political fray not with calls for a nation-state, but in support of the unified commerce-oriented territory that the Congress Party had been asking for. Gandhi believed that the industrial development and educational development that the Europeans had brought were long required to alleviate many of India's chronic problems. [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], a veteran Congressman and Indian leader, became Gandhi's mentor. Gandhi's ideas and strategies of non-violent [[civil disobedience]] initially appeared impractical to some Indians and their Congress leaders. In the Mahatma's own words, "civil disobedience is civil breach of immoral statutory enactments." It had to be carried out non-violently by withdrawing co-operation with the corrupt state. Gandhi had great respect for [[Lokmanya Tilak]]. His programmes were all inspired by Tilak's "Chatusutri" programme.

[[File:Sir Sidney Arthur Taylor Rowlatt (cropped).jpg|alt=Sidney Rowlatt, best remembered for his controversial presidency of the Rowlatt Committee, a sedition committee appointed in 1918 by the British Indian Government to evaluate the links between political terrorism in India, the actions indirectly led to the infamous Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919.|left|thumb|[[Sidney Rowlatt]], best remembered for his controversial presidency of the [[Rowlatt Committee]], a [[sedition]] committee appointed in 1918 by the [[British Raj|British Indian]] Government to evaluate the links between [[political terrorism]] in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|India]]. The actions indirectly led to the infamous [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] of 1919.]]

The positive impact of reform was seriously undermined in 1919 by the [[Rowlatt Act]], named after the recommendations made the previous year to the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] by the [[Rowlatt Committee]]. The commission was set up to look into the war-time conspiracies by the nationalist organisations and recommend measures to deal with the problem in the post-war period. Rowlatt recommended the extension of the war-time powers of the [[Defence of India act 1915|Defence of India act]] into the post-war period. The war-time act had vested the Viceroy's government with extraordinary powers to quell sedition by silencing the press, detaining [[Activism|political activists]] without trial, and arresting any individuals suspected of sedition or treason without a warrant. It was increasingly reviled within India due to widespread and indiscriminate use. Many popular leaders, including [[Annie Besant]] and Ali brothers had been detained. The Rowlatt Act was, therefore, passed in the face of universal opposition among the (non-official) Indian members in the Viceroy's council. The extension of the act drew widespread critical opposition. A nationwide cessation of work (''[[hartal]]'') was called, marking the beginning of widespread, although not nationwide, popular discontent.
[[File:'The Martyr's' well at Jallianwala Bagh.jpg|alt=The Martyrs' Well of Jallianwala Bagh massacre, at Jallianwala Bagh. 120 bodies were recovered from this well as per inscription on it.|thumb|''The Martyrs' Well'' of [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]], at [[Jallianwala Bagh]]. 120 bodies were recovered from this well as per inscription on it.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-was-a-horrifying-bloodbath-on-the-day-of-baisakhi-99-years-ago-1211231-2018-04-13 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre]</ref>]]
The agitation unleashed by the acts led to demonstrations and British repressions, culminating on 13 April 1919, in the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] (also known as the Amritsar Massacre) in [[Amritsar]], Punjab. In response to agitation in Amritsar, Brigadier-General [[Reginald Dyer]] blocked the main, and only entrance, and ordered troops under his command to fire into an unarmed and unsuspecting crowd of some 15,000 men, women, and children. They had assembled peacefully at Jallianwala Bagh, a walled courtyard, but Dyer had wanted to execute the imposed ban on all meetings and proposed to teach all protestors a lesson the harsher way.<ref>{{harvnb|Collett|2005|p=ix}}</ref> A total of 1,651 rounds were fired, killing 379 people (as according to an official British commission; Indian officials' estimates ranged as high as 1,499 and wounding 1,137 in the massacre.)<ref>{{harvnb|Lloyd|2011|p=181}}</ref> Dyer was forced to retire but was hailed as a hero by some in Britain, demonstrating to Indian nationalists that the Empire was beholden to public opinion in Britain, but not in India.<ref>Derek Sayer, "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919–1920," ''Past & Present,'' May 1991, Issue 131, pp 130–164</ref> The episode dissolved wartime hopes of home rule and goodwill and opened a rift that could not be bridged short of complete self-rule.<ref>Dennis Judd, "The Amritsar Massacre of 1919: Gandhi, the Raj and the Growth of Indian Nationalism, 1915–39," in Judd, ''Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present'' (1996) pp 258- 72</ref>[[File:Gandhi smiling R.jpg|thumb|250px|Mahatma Gandhi.|left]]

===First non-cooperation movement===
From 1920 to 1922, Gandhi started the Non-Cooperation Movement. At the Kolkata session of the Congress in September 1920, Gandhi convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-co-operation movement in support of [[Khilafat movement|Khilafat]] as well as for dominion status. The first satyagraha movement urged the use of [[khadi]] and Indian material as alternatives to those shipped from Britain. It also urged people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts, resign from government employment, refuse to pay taxes, and forsake British titles and honours. Although this came too late to influence the framing of the new ''[[Government of India Act 1919]]'', the movement enjoyed widespread popular support, and the resulting unparalleled magnitude of disorder presented a serious challenge to foreign rule. However, Gandhi called off the movement after the [[Chauri Chaura incident]], which saw the death of twenty-two policemen at the hands of an angry mob, out of concerns that India would descend into anarchy.

In 1920, under Gandhi's leadership, the Congress was reorganized and given a new constitution, whose goal was ''[[swaraj]]''. Membership in the party was opened to anyone prepared to pay a token fee, and a hierarchy of committees was established and made responsible for discipline and control over a hitherto amorphous and diffuse movement. The party was transformed from an elite organisation to one of mass national appeal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=John J. |editor1-last=Heitzman |editor1-first=James |editor2-last=Worden |editor2-first=Robert L. |title=India: A Country Study |date=1996 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |location=Washington, DC |isbn=0-8444-0833-6 |page=42 |edition=5th |chapter=Historical Setting}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

Gandhi was sentenced in 1922 to six years in prison, but was released after serving two. On his release from prison, he set up the [[Sabarmati Ashram]] in [[Ahmedabad]]. On the banks of the river [[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]], he established the newspaper ''Young India'', introducing a series of reforms aimed at the socially disadvantaged within Hindu society — the rural poor, and the [[Dalit (outcaste)|untouchables]].<ref>Sankar Ghose, ''Gandhi'' (1991) p. 107</ref><ref>Sanjay Paswan and Pramanshi Jaideva, ''Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India'' (2003) p. 43</ref> This era saw the emergence of a new generation of Indians from within the Congress Party, including [[Maulana Azad]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and others — who would, later on, come to form the most prominent voices of the Indian self-rule movement, whether keeping with Gandhian values, or, as in the case of Bose's [[Indian National Army]], diverging from it.

The Indian political spectrum was further broadened in the mid-1920s by the emergence of both moderate and militant parties, such as the [[Swaraj Party]], [[Hindu Mahasabha]], [[Communist Party of India]] and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]. Regional political organisations also continued to represent the interests of non-[[Brahmin]]s in [[Madras]], [[Mahar]]s in [[Maharashtra]], and [[Sikh]]s in Punjab. However, people like Mahakavi [[Subramanya Bharathi]], [[Vanchinathan]], and Neelakanda Brahmachari played a major role from Tamil Nadu in both self-rule struggle and fighting for equality for all castes and communities. Many women participated in the movement, including Kasturba Gandhi (Gandhi's wife), [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]], [[Muthulaxmi Reddy]], [[Aruna Asaf Ali]], and many others.[[File:Marche sel.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Gandhi]] leading the famous 1930 [[Salt March]], a notable example of ''satyagraha''.]]

===Result of movements by Gandhi===
The mass movements sparked nationalist sentiment with the Indian populace and figures like Mahatma Gandhi united a nation behind his non-violence movement; philosophy and undoubtedly put crucial pressure on the British occupation. The movements failed in their primary objective, achieving independence for India, as they were often called off before they naturally concluded due to laws and punishment. While in the later years of the Raj economic factors like the reversing trade fortunes between Britain and India and the cost of fielding the Indian armed forces abroad lumped on the British taxpayer by the 1935 Government of India act, had mounting implications for British administration, united resistance further drew light on the growing disparity of the British failures to achieve solidarity over India.

On 14 July 1942 the [[Congress Working Committee]] (executive committee of Indian National Congress), whose president [[Abul Kalam Azad]] supported Gandhi, passed a resolution demanding complete independence from the British government, and proposed massive civil disobedience if the British did not accede to the demands. On 8 August 1942 the [[Quit India Movement]] (Bharat Chhodo Andolan) began, a civil disobedience movement in India in response to Mahatma Gandhi's call for immediate self-rule by Indians and against sending [[India in World War II|Indians to World War II]]. Other major parties rejected the Quit India plan, and most cooperated closely with the British, as did the princely states, the civil service, and the police. The Muslim League supported the Raj and grew rapidly in membership, and in influence with the British.

The British swiftly responded to the [[Quit India Movement]] with mass arrests. Over 100,000 arrests were made, massive fines were levied, and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging. Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army. Tens of thousands of leaders were also arrested and imprisoned until 1945. Ultimately, the British government realised that India was ungovernable in the long run, and the question for the postwar era became how to exit gracefully and peacefully.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zachariah |first=Benjamin |date=2011-03-01 |title=Zachariah, 'Gandhi, Non-Violence and Indian Independence' |url=https://www.academia.edu/7426304 |journal=History Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-19 |title=Do or Die: The Quit India Movement of 1942 |url=https://thenonviolenceproject.wisc.edu/2021/08/19/quit-india-movement/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=The Nonviolence Project |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Purna Swaraj ==
{{Main|Purna Swaraj}}

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg|[[C. Rajagopalachari]], was an Indian nationalist who participated in the agitations against the [[Rowlatt Act]], joining the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|Non-cooperation movement]], the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]], and the [[Civil disobedience movement]].
File:Krishna Menon.jpg|[[V. K. Krishna Menon]] in 1928 founded [[India League]] in London and demanded total independence from the British rule.
File:Nehru in 1930.jpg|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in 1929 demanded "complete independence from Great Britain."
File:Sardar patel (cropped).jpg|Vallabhbhai Patel was appointed as the 49th president of Indian National Congress, organising the party for elections in 1934 and 1937 while promoting the Quit India Movement.
</gallery>

Congress leader and famous poet [[Hasrat Mohani]] and [[Communist Party of India]] leader [[Swami Kumaranand]] had demanded complete independence (Purna Swaraj) from the British in 1921 and put the resolution during an All-India Congress Forum at the [[Ahmedabad]] Session of [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]].<ref name=MilliGazette>{{Cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/4146-hasrat-mohani-Syed-Fazlul-Hasan|title=Profile: Maulana Hasrat Mohani|website=The Milli Gazette (newspaper)|language=en|date=6 October 2012|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329175410/http://www.milligazette.com/news/4146-hasrat-mohani-Syed-Fazlul-Hasan|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]] supported the 'Purna Swaraj' motion demanded by Hasrat Mohani.<ref name="Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav">{{cite web|last1=Ministry of Culture|first1=Government of India|title=Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138|website=amritmahotsav.nic.in}}</ref>

In 1928, [[India League]] was established by [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] in London to demand total independence from the British rule.<ref>{{cite book | title=V.K. Krishna Menon Remembered | publisher=Indian Society of International Law | year=2005 | isbn=978-81-7827-133-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iFuAAAAMAAJ| page=4}}</ref><ref name="Rana 2022 p. 65">{{cite book | last=Rana | first=K.S. | title=Churchill and India: Manipulation or Betrayal? | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-000-72827-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGWFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT65|page=65}}</ref> This organisation has been described as "the principal organisation promoting Indian nationalism in pre-war Britain".<ref name="McGarr 2011">{{cite journal | last=McGarr | first=Paul M. | title="India's Rasputin"?: V. K. Krishna Menon and Anglo–American Misperceptions of Indian Foreign Policymaking, 1947–1964 | journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft | volume=22 | issue=2 | date=2011 | issn=0959-2296 | doi=10.1080/09592296.2011.576536 | pages=239–260}}</ref>

Following the rejection of the [[Simon Commission|Simon Commission's]] rejections, an all-party conference was held at [[Mumbai]] in May 1928 to instill a sense of camaraderie. The conference appointed a committee under [[Motilal Nehru]] to create a constitution for India. The Kolkata session of the Indian National Congress asked the British government to accord India dominion status by December 1929, or face a countrywide civil disobedience movement.
Amid rising discontent and increasingly violent regional movements, a call for complete sovereignty and an end to British rule found greater support from the people. At the [[Lahore]] session in December 1929, the Indian National Congress adopted the aim of complete self-rule. It authorised the Working Committee to launch a civil disobedience movement throughout the country. It was decided that 26 January 1930 should be observed all over India as the ''[[Purna Swaraj]]'' (complete self-rule) Day.[[File:1931 Flag of India.svg|alt=The flag adopted, during the Purna Swaraj movement, in 1931 and used by Provisional Government during the subsequent years of Second World War.|thumb|The flag adopted, during the Purna Swaraj movement, in 1931 and used by [[Arzi Hukumate Azad Hind|Provisional Government during the subsequent years of Second World War]].]]The [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]] was signed in March 1931, and the government agreed to release political prisoners. Mahatma Gandhi managed to have over 90,000 political prisoners released under this pact.<ref>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Volume 3, p. 36, Sirajul Islam, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</ref> However, his appeal to terminate the death sentences of [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Sukhdev Thapar]] and [[Shivaram Rajguru]] was not accepted by the British. For the next few years, Congress and the government negotiated until the [[Government of India Act 1935]] emerged. The Muslim League disputed the claim of the Congress to represent all people of India, while the Congress disputed the Muslim League's claim to voice the aspirations of all Muslims.

The Civil Disobedience Movement launched a new chapter in the Indian independence movement. It did not succeed by itself, but it brought the Indian population together, under the Indian National Congress's leadership. The movement resulted in self rule being a talking point once again, and recruited more Indians to the idea. The movement allowed the Indian independence community to revive their inner confidence and strength against the British Government. In addition, the movement weakened the authority of the British and aided in the end of the British Empire in India. Overall, the civil disobedience Movement was an essential achievement in the history of Indian self-rule because it persuaded New Delhi of the role of the masses in [[self-determination]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Greenough|first=Paul R.|date=1999|title=Political mobilisation and the Underground Literature of the Quit Indian Movement, 1942–44|journal=Social Scientist|volume=27 |issue=7/8 |pages=11–47|jstor=3518012|doi=10.2307/3518012}}</ref>[[File:Jinnah Gandhi.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] with [[Mahatma Gandhi]], 1944.|left]]

==Elections and the Lahore resolution==
{{Main|1937 Indian provincial elections}}

The [[Government of India Act 1935]], the voluminous and final constitutional effort at governing [[British India]], articulated three major goals: establishing a loose federal structure, achieving provincial autonomy, and safeguarding minority interests through separate electorates. The federal provisions, intended to unite [[princely state]]s and British India at the centre, were not implemented because of ambiguities in safeguarding the existing privileges of princes. In February 1937, however, provincial autonomy became a reality when elections were held; the Congress emerged as the dominant party with a clear majority in five provinces and held an upper hand in two, while the Muslim League performed poorly.[[File:Gandhi at Peshawar meeting.jpg|thumb|250px|Gandhi and [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] at a pro-independence rally in [[Peshawar]], 1938]]

In 1939, the Viceroy [[Victor Alexander John Hope|Linlithgow]] declared India's entrance into the Second World War without consulting provincial governments. In protest, the Congress asked all of its elected representatives to resign from the government. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the president of the [[All-India Muslim League]], persuaded participants at the annual Muslim League session at Lahore in 1940 to adopt what later came to be known as the [[Lahore Resolution]], demanding the division of India into two separate sovereign states, one Muslim, the other Hindu; sometimes referred to as [[Two Nation Theory]]. Although the idea of Pakistan had been introduced as early as 1930, very few had responded to it.
[[File:A news photo from 1939, showing Nehru, Gandhi, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (to the right, in the foreground, wearing the dhoti) in Bombay.jpg|thumb|247x247px|A news photo from 1939, showing [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]], [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]], and [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Patel]] (to the right, in the foreground, wearing the dhoti) in Bombay.]]
In [[Opposition to the partition of India|opposition]] to the Lahore Resolution, the [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]] gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for a united India.<ref name="QasmiRobb2017">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Ali Usman |last2=Robb |first2=Megan Eaton |title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108621236 |page=2 |language=en}}</ref> Its members included several Islamic organisations in India, as well as 1400 nationalist Muslim delegates;<ref name="Haq1970">{{cite book |last1=Haq |first1=Mushir U. |title=Muslim politics in modern India, 1857-1947 |date=1970 |publisher=Meenakshi Prakashan |page=114 |oclc=136880 |language=en |quote=This was also reflected in one of the resolutions of the Azad Muslim Conference, an organisation which attempted to be representative of all the various nationalist Muslim parties and groups in India.}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed2016">{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Ishtiaq |title=The dissenters |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-dissenters/ |work=[[The Friday Times]] |date=27 May 2016|quote=However, the book is a tribute to the role of one Muslim leader who steadfastly opposed the Partition of India: the Sindhi leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro. Allah Bakhsh belonged to a landed family. He founded the Sindh People's Party in 1934, which later came to be known as 'Ittehad' or 'Unity Party'. ...Allah Bakhsh was totally opposed to the Muslim League's demand for the creation of Pakistan through a division of India on a religious basis. Consequently, he established the Azad Muslim Conference. In its Delhi session held during April 27–30, 1940 some 1400 delegates took part. They belonged mainly to the lower castes and working class. The famous scholar of Indian Islam, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, feels that the delegates represented a 'majority of India's Muslims'. Among those who attended the conference were representatives of many Islamic theologians and women also took part in the deliberations ... Shamsul Islam argues that the All-India Muslim League at times used intimidation and coercion to silence any opposition among Muslims to its demand for Partition. He calls such tactics of the Muslim League as a 'Reign of Terror'. He gives examples from all over India including the NWFP where the Khudai Khidmatgars remain opposed to the Partition of India.}}</ref> the "attendance at the Nationalist meeting was about five times than the attendance at the League meeting."<ref name="Ali2017">{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Afsar |title=Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/15756-partition-of-india-and-patriotism-of-indian-muslims |work=[[The Milli Gazette]] |date=17 July 2017}}</ref>

The All-India Muslim League worked to try to silence those Muslims who stood against the partition of India, often using "intimidation and coercion".<ref name="Ali2017"/><ref name="Ahmed2016"/> The murder of the All India Azad Muslim Conference leader [[Allah Bakhsh Soomro]] also made it easier for the All-India Muslim League to demand the creation of Pakistan.<ref name="Ali2017"/>

==Revolutionary movement==
{{Main|Revolutionary movement for Indian independence}}

{{See also|Anushilan Samiti|Jugantar|India House|Ghadar Party|Hindustan Socialist Republican Army|Communist Consolidation|Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement}}<blockquote>There is no real connection between these two unrests, labour, and Congress opposition. But their very existence and coexistence, explains and fully justifies the attention, which Lord Irwin gave to the labour problems.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWfUpdZwRVIC&q=There+is+no+real+connection+between+these+two+unrests,labour+and+Congress+opposition.+But+their+very+existenceand+coexistence,+explains+and+fully+justifies+the+attention,which+Lord+Irwin+gave+to+the+labour+problems.London+Times,+29+January+1928&pg=PA33|title=Crisis in the Indian Subcontinent, Partition: Can it be Undone?|last=K̲h̲ān|first=Lāl|date=2007|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=9788189833107|language=en}}</ref>
::- [[London Times]], 29 January 1928</blockquote>
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1/1
| total_width = 200
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| image1 = Bhagat Singh Sukh Dev Raj Guru.jpg
| caption1 = [[Bhagat Singh]] (left), [[Sukhdev Thapar|Sukhdev]] (center), and [[Shivaram Rajguru|Rajguru]] (right) are considered among the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement.
| image2 = Bhagat Singh's execution Lahore Tribune Front page.jpg
| caption2 = Front page of the ''Tribune'' (25 March 1931), reporting the execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev by the British.
}}

Apart from a few stray struggles, revolutions against the British rulers did not occur before the beginning of the 20th century. The Indian revolutionary underground began gathering momentum through the first decade of the 20th century, with groups arising in [[Bengal]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], Bihar, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], and the [[Madras Presidency]] including what is now called [[South India]]. More groups were scattered around India. Particularly notable movements arose in Bengal, especially around the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1905, and in [[1907 Punjab unrest|Punjab after 1907]].<ref name=Fraser257>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1977|p=257}}</ref> In the former case, it was the educated, intelligent and dedicated youth of the urban middle class ''[[Bhadralok]]'' community that came to form the "classic" Indian revolutionary,<ref name="Fraser257"/> while the latter had an immense support base in the rural and military society of Punjab.

In Bengal, the {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Anushilan Samiti]]}} emerged [[History of the Anushilan Samiti|from conglomerations]] of local youth groups and gyms (''Akhra'') in Bengal in 1902, forming two prominent and somewhat independent arms in [[East Bengal|East]] and [[West Bengal]] identified as {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Dhaka Anushilan Samiti]]}} in [[Dhaka]] (modern-day [[Bangladesh]]), and the ''[[Jugantar]]'' group (centred at [[Calcutta]]) respectively. Led by nationalists of the likes of [[Aurobindo Ghosh]] and his brother [[Barindra Ghosh]], the ''Samiti'' was influenced by philosophies as diverse as [[Hindu]] [[Shakti|''Shakta'' philosophy]] propounded by Bengali literature [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay|Bankim]] and [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]], [[Carbonari|Italian Nationalism]], and [[Pan-Asianism]] of [[Kakuzo Okakura]]. The ''Samiti'' was involved in several noted incidences of revolutionary terrorism against British interests and administration in India within the decade of its founding, including [[Alipore bomb case|early attempts]] to assassinate Raj officials whilst led by Ghosh brothers. In the meantime, in Maharashtra and Punjab arose similarly militant nationalist feelings. The District Magistrate of [[Nasik]], [[A.M.T. Jackson]] was shot dead by [[Anant Kanhere]] in December 1909, followed by the death of [[Robert D'Escourt Ashe]] at the hands of [[Vanchi Iyer]].<ref name=Yadav4>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=4}}</ref>

Indian nationalism made headway through Indian societies as far as Paris and London. In London [[India House]] under the patronage of [[Shyamji Krishna Verma]] came under increasing scrutiny for championing and justifying violence in the cause of Indian nationalism, which found in Indian students in Britain and from Indian expatriates in [[Paris Indian Society]] avid followers. By 1907, through Indian nationalist [[Madame Bhikaji Rustom Cama]]'s links to Russian revolutionary Nicholas Safranski, Indian groups including Bengal revolutionaries as well as India House under [[V.D. Savarkar]] were able to obtain manuals for manufacturing bombs. India House was also a source of arms and seditious literature that was rapidly distributed in India. In addition to ''The Indian Sociologist'', pamphlets like ''Bande Mataram'' and ''Oh Martyrs!'' by Savarkar extolled revolutionary violence. Direct influences and incitement from India House were noted in several incidents of political violence, including assassinations, in India at the time.<ref name="Yadav4"/><ref name=Hopkirk46>{{Harvnb|Hopkirk|1994|p=46}} [By 1909] India House was beginning to come under suspicion ... too late to save Sir William Curzon Wyllie from the assassin's pistol ... Savarkar could see that London was rapidly becoming too hot for him ... In early January 1910, therefore, he slipped quietly over to Paris, determined to make it his new revolutionary headquarters ... [police] managed to obtain evidence linking him with the smuggling of firearms into India.</ref><ref name=Majumdar1966p>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1966|p=147}} Savarkar's ''Bande Mataram'' contained exhortations [advocating terrorism] ... This sort of propaganda produced a natural effect. A. M. T. Jackson, the Magistrate ... was shot dead on 21 December 1909 ... charges against him [Savarkar] included the sending of pistols and seditious pamphlets to India. Another charge was that in 1908 he with the help of residents in the India House manifolded in type several copies of a work describing minutely the manner of preparing explosives and bombs. He despatched these copies to various addresses in India.</ref> One of the two charges against Savarkar during his trial in Bombay was for abetting the murder of the District Magistrate of Nasik, A.M.T. Jackson, by [[Anant Kanhere]] in December 1909. The arms used were directly traced through an Italian courier to India House. Ex-India House residents M.P.T. Acharya and V.V.S. Aiyar were noted in the [[Rowlatt report]] to have aided and influenced political assassinations, including the murder of Robert D'Escourt Ashe.<ref name="Yadav4"/> The Paris-Safranski link was strongly suggested by French police to be involved in a 1907 attempt in Bengal to derail the train carrying the Lieutenant-Governor [[Sir Andrew Fraser]].<ref name=Popplewell135>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=135}}</ref>

The activities of nationalists abroad is believed to have shaken the loyalty of several native regiments of the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name=Lahiri129>{{Harvnb|Lahiri|2000|p=129}}</ref> The assassination of [[William Hutt Curzon Wyllie]] in the hands of [[Madanlal Dhingra]] was highly publicised and saw increasing surveillance and suppression of Indian nationalism.<ref name=OxfordDNBMadanlalDhingra>{{cite ODNB|title=Dhingra, Madan Lal |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/71628 |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/71628 |access-date=29 October 2015 }}</ref> These were followed by the [[Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy|1912 attempt]] on the life of Viceroy of India. Following this, the nucleus of networks formed in [[India House]], the [[Anushilan Samiti]], nationalists in Punjab, and the nationalism that arose among Indian expatriates and labourers in North America, a different movement began to emerge in the North American [[Ghadar Party]], culminating in the [[Hindu-German Conspiracy|Sedetious conspiracy]] of World War I led by [[Rash Behari Bose]] and [[Lala Hardayal]].

[[File:India House today.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[India House]] founded by [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]] to promote nationalist views among Indian students in Britain. Several [[blue plaque]]s commemorate the stay of its various Indian revolutionaries including: [[Madan Lal Dhingra]], [[V. V. S. Aiyar]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], [[Senapati Bapat]], [[M. P. T. Acharya]], [[Anant Laxman Kanhere]] and [[Chempakaraman Pillai]].]]
However, the emergence of the Gandhian movement slowly began to absorb the different revolutionary groups. The Bengal ''Samiti'' moved away from its philosophy of violence in the 1920s, when a number of its members identified closely with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and Gandhian non-violent movement. Revolutionary nationalist violence saw a resurgence after the collapse of Gandhian non-cooperation movement in 1922. In Bengal, this saw reorganisation of groups linked to the ''Samiti'' under the leadership of [[Surya Sen]] and [[Hem Chandra Kanungo]]. A spate of violence led up to the enactment of the [[Bengal Criminal Law Amendment]] in the early 1920s, which recalled the powers of incarceration and detention of the Defence of India Act. In north India, remnants of Punjab and Bengalee revolutionary organisations reorganised, notably under [[Sachindranath Sanyal]], founding the [[Hindustan Republican Association]] with [[Chandrashekhar Azad]] in north India.

The HSRA had strong influences from leftist ideologies. [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA) was formed under the leadership of [[Chandrasekhar Azad]]. [[Kakori train robbery]] was done largely by the members of HSRA. Several Congress leaders from Bengal, especially [[Subhash Chandra Bose]], were accused by the British Government of having links with and allowing patronage to the revolutionary organisations during this time. The violence and radical philosophy revived in the 1930s, when revolutionaries of the ''Samiti'' and the HSRA were involved in the [[Chittagong armoury raid]] and the [[Kakori conspiracy]] and other attempts against the administration in British India and Raj officials. [[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]] mentored revolutionaries in the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Army]] (HSRA), including Bhagat Singh and [[Jatindra Nath Das]], among others; including arms training and how to make bombs.<ref name="Chatterji">{{cite book |title=Filming Reality: The Independent Documentary Movement in India |first=Shoma A. |last=Chatterji |publisher=SAGE Publications India |year=2015 |isbn=978-9-35150-543-3 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xV0lDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36}}</ref> [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] threw a bomb inside the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] on 8 April 1929 protesting against the passage of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill while raising slogans of "[[Inquilab Zindabad]]", though no one was killed or injured in the bomb incident. Bhagat Singh surrendered after the bombing incident and a trial was conducted. Sukhdev and Rajguru were also arrested by police during search operations after the bombing incident. Following the trial (Central Assembly Bomb Case), Bhagat Singh, [[Sukhdev]] and [[Shivaram Rajguru|Rajguru]] were hanged in 1931. [[Allama Mashriqi]] founded [[Khaksars|Khaksar Tehreek]] in order to direct particularly the Muslims towards the self-rule movement.<ref>Khaksar Tehrik Ki Jiddo Juhad Volume 1. Author Khaksar Sher Zaman</ref> Some of its members left for the Indian National Congress then led by Subhas Chandra Bose, while others identified more closely with [[Communism]]. The ''Jugantar'' branch formally dissolved in 1938. On 13 March 1940, [[Udham Singh]] shot [[Michael O'Dwyer]] (the last political murder outside India), generally held responsible for the [[Amritsar Massacre]], in London. However, the revolutionary movement gradually disseminated into the Gandhian movement. As the political scenario changed in the late 1930s — with the mainstream leaders considering several options offered by the British and with religious politics coming into play — revolutionary activities gradually declined. Many past revolutionaries joined mainstream politics by joining [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and other parties, especially [[Communist involvement in Indian Independence movement|communist ones]], while many of the activists were kept under hold in different jails across the country. Indians who were based in the UK, joined [[India League|the India League]] and the [[Indian Workers' Association|Indian Workers Association]], partaking in revolutionary activities in Britain.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Nasta |editor-first=Susheila |year=2013 |title=India in Britain : South Asian networks and connections, 1858–1950 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-39271-7|location=New York|oclc=802321049}}</ref>

Within a short time of its inception, these organisations became the focus of an extensive police and intelligence operations. Operations against {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Anushilan Samiti]]}} saw founding of the [[Special Branch]] of [[Calcutta Police]]. The intelligence operations against India House saw the founding of the [[Indian Political Intelligence Office]] which later grew to be the Intelligence Bureau in independent India. Heading the intelligence and missions against Ghadarite movement and India revolutionaries was the [[MI5(g)]] section, and at one point involved the [[Pinkerton's]] detective agency. Notable officers who led the police and intelligence operations against Indian revolutionaries, or were involved in it, at various time included [[John Arnold Wallinger]], [[Sir Robert Nathan]], [[Sir Harold Stuart]], [[Vernon Kell]], [[Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore]] and [[Sir Charles Tegart]], as well as [[W. Somerset Maugham]]. The threat posed by the activities of the ''Samiti'' in Bengal during [[World War I]], along with the threat of a [[Ghadar mutiny|Ghadarite uprising in Punjab]], saw the passage of [[Defence of India Act 1915]]. These measures saw the arrest, internment, transportations, and execution of several revolutionaries linked to the organisation, and was successful in crushing the East Bengal Branch. In the aftermath of the war, the [[Rowlatt committee]] recommended extending the Defence of India Act (as the [[Rowlatt act]]) to thwart any possible revival of the ''Samiti'' in Bengal and the Ghadarite movement in Punjab.

In the 1920s, [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] led the [[Manyam Rebellion]] of 1922–24, during which a band of tribal leaders and other sympathisers fought a guerrilla war against the British Raj. Local people referred to Raju as "Manyam Veerudu" ("Hero of the Jungles"). After the passage of the 1882 [[Madras Forest Act, 1882|Madras Forest Act]], the restrictions on the free movement of tribal peoples in the forest prevented them from engaging in their traditional ''[[Podu (agriculture)|podu]]'' ([[Slash-and-burn]]) agricultural system, which involved [[shifting cultivation]]. Raju started a protest movement in the Manyam forests of [[Madras Presidency]] (present-day [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]). Inspired by the patriotic zeal of revolutionaries in Bengal, Raju raided police stations in and around [[Chintapalle, Visakhapatnam|Chintapalle]], [[Rampachodavaram]], [[Dammanapalli]], [[Krishnadevipeta]], [[Rajavommangi]], [[Addateegala]], [[Narsipatnam]] and [[Annavaram]]. Raju and his followers stole guns and ammunition and killed several [[British Indian Army]] officers, including Scott Coward near [[Dammanapalli]].<ref name="Balakrishna">{{cite web |last=Balakrishna |first=V.G. |title=Freedom Movement in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe0798/PIBF0707982.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331133530/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe0798/PIBF0707982.html |archive-date=2008-03-31 |access-date= |publisher=Government of India Press Information Bureau}}</ref> The British campaign lasted for nearly a year from December 1922. Raju was eventually trapped by the British in the forests of Chintapalli then tied to a tree and shot dead with a rifle.<ref name="Balakrishna"/>

The [[Kallara-Pangode Struggle]] was one of some 39 agitations against the Government of India. The Home department has later notified about 38 movements/struggles across Indian territories as the ones that culminated in self-rule ended the [[British Raj]].

[[Vanchinathan]], in a letter found in his pocket, stated the following:
{{Quote frame| I dedicate my life as a small contribution to my motherland. I am alone responsible for this. 
The [[Mleccha|mlechas]] of England having captured our country, tread over the [[Sanatana Dharma]] of the Hindus and destroy them. Every Indian is trying to drive out the English and get ''swarajyam'' and restore Sanatana Dharma. Our Raman, Sivaji, Krishnan, Guru Govindan, Arjuna ruled our land protecting all dharmas, but in this land, they are making arrangements to crown George V, a [[Mleccha|mlecha]], and one who eats the flesh of cows. 
Three thousand ''Madrasees'' have taken a vow to kill George V as soon as he lands in our country. In order to make others know our intention, I who am the least in the company, have done this deed this day. This is what everyone in Hindustan should consider it as his duty. 
I will kill Ashe, whose arrival here is to celebrate the crowning of cow-eater King George V in this glorious land which was once ruled by great [[Emperor|Samrat]]s. This I do to make them understand the fate of those who cherish the thought of enslaving this sacred land.
I, as the least of them, wish to warn George by killing Ashe. 
[[Vande Mataram]]. Vande Mataram. Vande Mataram 
: -[[Vanchinathan]]}}

==Final process of Indian self-rule movement==
In 1937, [[Indian Provincial Elections, 1937|provincial elections]] were held and the Congress came to power in seven of the eleven provinces. This was a strong indicator of the Indian people's support for complete self-rule.

When the Second World War started, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Viceroy Linlithgow]] unilaterally declared India a belligerent state on the side of Britain, without consulting the elected Indian representatives. In opposition to Linlithgow's action, the entire Congress leadership resigned from the provincial and local governments. The Muslims and Sikhs, by contrast, strongly supported the war effort and gained enormous stature in London. Defying Congress, millions of Indians supported the war effort, and indeed the [[Indian Army during World War II|British Indian Army]] became the largest volunteer force, numbering 2,500,000 men during the war.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Roy | first1 = Kaushik | year = 2009 | title = Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II | journal = Journal of Military History | volume = 73 | issue = 2| pages = 144–172 | doi = 10.1353/jmh.0.0233 }}</ref>

Especially during the [[Battle of Britain]] in 1940, Gandhi resisted calls for massive civil disobedience movements that came from within as well as outside his party, stating he did not seek India's self-rule out of the ashes of a destroyed Britain. In 1942, the Congress launched the [[Quit India]] movement. There was some violence but the Raj cracked down and arrested tens of thousands of Congress leaders, including all the main national and provincial figures. They were not released until the end of the war was in sight in 1945.

The self-rule movement included the [[Kakori conspiracy]] (9 August 1925) led by Indian youth under the leadership of [[Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil]] and masterminded by [[Rajendra Lahiri]]; and the [[Azad Hind]] movement, whose main protagonist [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] was a former leader of Congress. From its earliest wartime inception, Bose joined the [[Axis powers]] to fight Britain.[[File:Discussing the "Quit India" movement with Nehru.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Mahatma Gandhi discusses the Quit India Movement with Nehru]]

===Quit India Movement===
{{Main|Quit India Movement}}

The Quit India Movement (also known as ''Bharat Chhodo Andolan'') was a [[civil disobedience]] movement in India which commenced on 8 August 1942 in response to [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]]'s call for immediate self-rule by Indians and against sending Indians to World War II. He asked all teachers to leave their schools, and other Indians to leave their respective jobs and take part in this movement. Due to Gandhi's political influence, his request was followed by a significant proportion of the population. In addition, Congress-led the Quit India Movement to demand the British to leave India and transfer the political power to a representative government.

During the movement, Gandhi and his followers continued to use non-violence against British rule. This movement was where Gandhi gave his famous message, "Do or Die!", and this message spread towards the Indian community. In addition, this movement was addressed directly to women as "disciplined soldiers of Indian freedom" and they had to keep the war for independence to go on (against British rule).

[[File:Procession at Bangalore during Quit India movement, by Indian National Congress.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Procession in [[Bangalore]] during the [[Quit India Movement]].]]
At the outbreak of war, the Congress Party had during the Wardha meeting of the working-committee in September 1939, passed a resolution conditionally supporting the fight against fascism,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aicc.org.in/the_congress_and_the_freedom_movement.htm#the|title=The Congress and The Freedom Movement|access-date=24 September 2007|publisher =Indian National Congress |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070811001411/http://www.aicc.org.in/the_congress_and_the_freedom_movement.htm#the |archive-date = 11 August 2007}}</ref> but were rebuffed when they asked for self-rule in return. In March 1942, faced with an increasingly dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the war, and deteriorations in the war situation in Europe and [[South East Asia]], and with growing dissatisfactions among Indian troops- especially in Europe- and among the civilian population in the sub-continent, the British government sent a delegation to India under [[Stafford Cripps]], in what came to be known as the [[Cripps' Mission]]. The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war, in return of progressive devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the [[Viceroy]] to elected Indian legislature. However, the talks failed, having failed to address the key demand of a timeframe towards self-government, and of the definition of the powers to be relinquished, essentially portraying an offer of limited dominion-status that was wholly unacceptable to the Indian movement.<ref name="Barkawi">Culture and Combat in the Colonies. The Indian Army in the Second World War. [[Tarak Barkawi]]. J Contemn History. 41(2), 325–355.pp:332</ref> To force the British Raj to meet its demands and to obtain definitive word on total self-rule, the Congress decided to launch the Quit India Movement.

The movement aimed to force the British Government to the negotiating table by holding the Allied war effort hostage. The call for determined but [[passive resistance]] that signified the certitude that Gandhi foresaw for the movement is best described by his call to ''Do or Die'', issued on 8 August at the [[Gowalia Tank]] Maidan in Bombay, since renamed ''August Kranti Maidan'' (August Revolution Ground). However, almost the entire Congress leadership, and not merely at the national level, was put into confinement less than 24 hours after Gandhi's speech, and the greater number of the Congress were to spend the rest of the war in jail.

On 8 August 1942, the Quit India resolution was passed at the Mumbai session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC). The draft proposed that if the British did not accede to the demands, a massive Civil Disobedience would be launched. However, it was an extremely controversial decision. At Gowalia Tank, [[Mumbai]], Gandhi urged Indians to follow non-violent civil disobedience. Gandhi told the masses to act as citizens of a sovereign nation and not to follow the orders of the British. The British, already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India–Burma border, responded the next day by imprisoning Gandhi at the [[Aga Khan Palace]] in [[Pune]]. The Congress Party's Working Committee, or national leadership was arrested all together and imprisoned at the Ahmednagar Fort. They also banned the party altogether. All the major leaders of the INC were arrested and detained. As the masses were leaderless the protest took a violent turn. Large-scale protests and demonstrations were held all over the country. Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called. The movement also saw widespread acts of sabotage, Indian under-ground organisation carried out bomb attacks on allied supply convoys, government buildings were set on fire, electricity lines were disconnected and transport and communication lines were severed. The disruptions were under control in a few weeks and had little impact on the war effort. The movement soon became a leaderless act of defiance, with a number of acts that deviated from Gandhi's principle of non-violence. In large parts of the country, the local underground organisations took over the movement.

All the other major parties rejected the Quit India plan, and most cooperated closely with the British, as did the princely states, the civil service, and the police. The [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] supported the Raj and grew rapidly in membership, and in influence with the British.<ref name="m394">{{cite book | last=Chandra | first=A.M. | title=India Condensed: 5,000 Years of History & Culture | publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation | year=2008 | isbn=978-981-261-975-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7-IAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 | access-date=2024-08-09 | page=71}}</ref><ref name="v273">{{cite book | last=Tucker | first=S.C. | title=The Cold War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes] | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2020 | isbn=979-8-216-06249-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZX3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1567 | access-date=2024-08-09 | page=1567}}</ref>

There was opposition to the Quit India Movement from several political quarters who were fighting for Indian self-rule. Hindu nationalist parties like the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] openly opposed the call and boycotted the Quit India Movement.<ref name="Bapu2013">{{cite book|first=Prabhu|last=Bapu|title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915–1930: Constructing Nation and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC&pg=PA103|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67165-1|pages=103–}}</ref> [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "Stick to your Posts", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army...to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost.<ref name="Bapu2013"/>

The other Hindu nationalist organisation, and Mahasabha affiliate [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) had a tradition of keeping aloof from the anti-British Indian self-rule movement since its founding by [[K.B. Hedgewar]] in 1925. In 1942, the RSS, under [[M.S. Golwalkar]] completely abstained from joining in the Quit India Movement as well. The Bombay government (British) appreciated the RSS as such, by noting that,
<blockquote> The Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law, and in particular, has refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942.<ref name="Bandyopādhyāẏa2004">{{cite book |first=Sekhara |last=Bandyopadhyaya |year=2004 |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA422 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |page=422 |isbn=978-81-250-2596-2}}</ref></blockquote>
The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them, and as such their other political activities (even if objectionable) can be overlooked.<ref name="Chandra2008">{{harvnb|Chandra|2008|p=140|ref=ChandraCommunism}}</ref> Further, the British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organised during the times of anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress,
<blockquote> Speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these instructions were generally observed.<ref name="Chandra2008"/>
</blockquote> As such, the British government did not crackdown on the RSS and Hindu Mahasabha at all.

The RSS head (''sarsanghchalak'') during that time, [[M.S. Golwalkar]] later openly admitted to the fact that the RSS did not participate in the Quit India Movement. However, such an attitude during the Indian independence movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger, both by the general Indian public, as well as certain members of the organisation itself. In Golwalkar's own words,
<blockquote>In 1942 also, there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many. At that time too, the routine work of the Sangh continued. Sangh decided not to do anything directly. 'Sangh is the organisation of inactive people, their talks have no substance' was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also our own ''swayamsevaks''.<ref name="Puniyani2005">{{harvnb|Puniyani|2005|pp=134–}}</ref><ref name="Islam2006">{{cite book|first=Shamsul|last=Islam|title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA187|year=2006|publisher=Media House|isbn=978-81-7495-236-3|pages=187–}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Several violent incidents against British officials also took place during the Quit India movement around the country. The British arrested tens of thousands of leaders, keeping them imprisoned until 1945. Ultimately, the British government realised that India was ungovernable in the long run, and the question for the postwar era became how to exit gracefully and peacefully.

===Others===
{{Main|Indian National Army|Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind|Direct Action Day|Noakhali riots|Royal Indian Navy Mutiny}}

{{See also|Legion Freies Indien|Battaglione Azad Hindoustan|Capt. Mohan Singh|Indian Independence League|INA trials}}
{{Gallery|align=center
|width=180|File:Fujiwara Kikan.jpg|Major [[Iwaichi Fujiwara]] greets [[Mohan Singh (general)|Mohan Singh]], leader of the [[First Indian National Army]]. ''Circa'' April 1942.
|File:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.jpg|[[Subhas Chandra Bose]] founded the [[Indian Legion]] and revamped the [[Indian National Army]].
|File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-263-1580-05, Atlantikwall, Soldaten der Legion "Freies Indien".jpg|Sikh soldiers of the [[Indian Legion]] guarding the [[Atlantic Wall]] in France in March 1944.
}}

India's entry into the world war was strongly opposed by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. Bose had been elected President of the Congress in 1938 and 1939 but later resigned owing to differences of opinion with the Congress, however he remained emotionally attached to Congress for the remainder of his life. After his resignation he formed his own wing separated from the mainstream Congress leadership known as [[Forward bloc]] which was a ''loci'' focus for ex-congress leaders holding socialist views.<ref>{{harvnb|Bose|1985|p=}}</ref> Bose then founded the [[All India Forward Bloc]]. In 1940 the British authorities in Calcutta placed Bose under house arrest. However, he escaped and made his way through [[Afghanistan]] to [[Nazi Germany]] to seek [[Axis powers of World War II|Hitler and Mussolini's]] help for raising an army to fight the British. The [[Free India Legion]] comprising [[Erwin Rommel]]'s Indian [[POW]]s was formed. After a dramatic decline in Germany's military fortunes, a German land invasion of India became untenable. Hitler advised Bose to go to Japan where a submarine was arranged to transport Bose, who was ferried to Japanese Southeast Asia, where he formed the [[Azad Hind Government]]. The Provisional Free Indian Government in exile reorganised the Japanese collaboration unit. [[Indian National Army]] composed of Indian POWs and volunteer Indian [[expatriates]] in South-East Asia, with the help of the Japanese. It aimed to reach India as a fighting force that would build on public resentment to inspire revolt among Indian soldiers of the Raj.

The INA was to see action against the Allies, including the [[British Indian Army]], in the forests of Arakan, [[Burma]], and in [[Assam]], laying [[Battle of Imphal|siege to Imphal and Kohima]] with the [[Japanese 15th Army]]. During the war, the [[Andaman and Nicobar]] islands [[Invasion and Occupation of the Andaman Islands during World War II|were captured by the Japanese]] and handed over by them to the INA.

While several Japanese officers, even those like [[Iwaichi Fujiwara|Fujiwara]], who were devoted to the Indian cause, observed Bose as a militarily incompetent as well as an unrealistic and stubborn man who saw only his own needs and problems and could not observe the larger picture of the war as the Japanese had to.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Leonard A.|author-link=Leonard A. Gordon|title=Brothers Against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose|location=New York and Oxford|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1990|isbn=0-231-07443-3|pages=517}}</ref>

The INA failed owing to disrupted logistics, poor supplies from the Japanese, and lack of training.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mondediplo.com/2005/05/13wwiiasia |title=Forgotten armies of the East – Le Monde diplomatique – English edition |publisher=Mondediplo.com |date=10 May 2005 |access-date=14 June 2012}}</ref> The Azad Hind Fauj surrendered unconditionally to the British in Singapore in 1945. [[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhas Chandra Bose's death]] occurred from third-degree burns on 18 August 1945 after his overloaded Japanese plane crashed in Japanese-ruled Formosa (now Taiwan).

[[Indian National Army trials|Trials against members of the INA]] began in late 1945, and included the infamous joint court-martial of key figures [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]] and [[Prem Sahgal]]. Several Congress members including [[Tej Bahadur Sapru]], [[Aruna Asaf Ali]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] played a significant role in getting INA members released.<ref name="k624">{{cite book | last=Anderson | first=Lisa | title=Transitions to Democracy | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-231-11591-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oECt52c_NqEC&pg=PA228 | access-date=2024-08-09 | page=228}}</ref>

[[Image:RIN HMIS Hindustan.jpg|thumb|250px|[[HMIS Hindustan (L80)|HMIS ''Hindustan'']] at Bombay Harbour after the war, was occupied by mutineers during the [[Royal Indian Navy Mutiny]].]]
The [[Royal Indian Navy Mutiny]] was a failed insurrection which encompassed a [[strike action|total strike]] and subsequent [[mutiny]] by Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy on board ship and shore establishments at Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) harbour on 18 February 1946. From the initial flashpoint in Bombay, the mutiny spread and found support throughout [[British India]], from [[Karachi]] to [[Calcutta]] and ultimately came to involve 78 ships, 20 shore establishments and 10,000 sailors.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-ipOZf7y_B4C Notes on India]'' By Robert Bohm.pp213</ref><ref name="t987">{{cite book | last1=Bell | first1=C.M. | last2=Elleman | first2=B.A. | title=Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective | publisher=Frank Cass | series=Cass series | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-7146-5460-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtU3JW7WVWwC&pg=PA6 | access-date=2024-08-09 | page=6}}</ref>

The agitations, mass strikes, demonstrations and consequently support for the mutineers, therefore continued several days even after the mutiny had been called off. Along with this, the assessment may be made that it described in crystal clear terms to the government that the [[British Indian Armed forces]] could no longer be universally relied upon for crisis support, and it was more likely itself to be the source of the sparks that would ignite trouble in a country fast slipping out of the scenario of political settlement.<ref>James L. ''Raj; Making and unmaking of British India. Abacus. 1997. p571, p598'' and; Unpublished, Public Relations Office, London. War Office. 208/819A 25C</ref>

The mutiny ended with the surrender of the revolting sailors to the British officials. Congress and the Muslim League had convinced Indian sailors to surrender. They condemned the mutiny due to the political and military risks of unrest.

==Sovereignty and partition of India==
{{Main|History of India (1947–present)|Partition of India|Pakistan movement}}

On 3 June 1947, Viscount [[Louis Mountbatten]], the last British [[Governor-General of India]], announced the partitioning of British India into [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]. With the speedy passage of the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], at 11:57 on [[Yom-e-Istiqlal|14 August 1947]] Pakistan was declared a separate nation. Then at 12:02 A.M., on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]] India became a sovereign and democratic nation. Eventually, 15 August became Independence Day for India marking the end of British India. Also on 15 August, both Pakistan and India had the right to remain in or remove themselves from the [[British Commonwealth]].

Violent clashes between Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims followed. Prime Minister [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru]] and deputy prime minister [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel|Vallabhbhai Patel]] had invited Mountbatten to continue as [[Governor General of India]] during the period of transition. He was replaced in June 1948 by [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari|Rajagopalachari]]. In May 1947, Nehru declared that any [[princely state]] which refused to join the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] would be treated as an enemy state. Patel took on the responsibility for bringing princely states into the Union of India, steering efforts by his "iron fist in a velvet glove" policies. India used military force to integrate [[Junagadh]], [[Hyderabad State]] ([[Operation Polo]]) and [[Kashmir]] ([[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]]) to India.<ref>{{harvnb|Mitra|1997|pp=55–74}}</ref>[[File:Rare photograph of Hindustan Times Newspaper when India got its Independence from Britishers..!!.jpg|thumb|The ''Hindustan Times'' reporting on Indian independence.]]The [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]], headed by the prominent lawyer, reformer and Dalit leader, [[B.R. Ambedkar]] was tasked with heading the creation of the constitution of independent India. The Constituent Assembly completed the work of drafting the constitution on 26 November 1949; on 26 January 1950, the [[Republic of India]] was officially proclaimed. The Constituent Assembly elected [[Rajendra Prasad]] was the first [[President of India]], taking over from Governor General Rajgopalachari. Subsequently, the French ceded [[Chandernagore]] in 1951, and [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]] and its remaining Indian colonies by 1954. Indian troops [[Indian annexation of Goa|annexed Goa]] and Portugal's other [[Portuguese India|Indian enclaves]] in 1961, and [[Sikkim]] [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|voted]] to join the Indian Union in 1975 after the [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|Indian victory over China]] in Nathu La and Cho La.

Following self-rule in 1947, India remained in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and [[India–United Kingdom relations|relations between the UK and India]] have since become friendly. There are many areas in which the two countries seek stronger ties for mutual benefit, and the two nations also have strong cultural and social ties. The UK has an ethnic Indian population of over 1.6 million. In 2010, Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] described Indian – British relations as a "New [[Special Relationship]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=Ministers to build a new 'special relationship' with India |first= Dean |last= Nelson |newspaper= [[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=7 July 2010 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/conservative/7877719/Ministers-to-build-a-new-special-relationship-with-India.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721012315/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/conservative/7877719/Ministers-to-build-a-new-special-relationship-with-India.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Women of the Indian independence movement]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources and further reading ===
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Amstutz |first1=Andrew |title=Review essay: Alternative histories of revolutionaries in modern South Asia: context, chronology, and archives |journal=India Review |date=27 May 2019 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=324–342 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2019.1616262 |s2cid=199354334}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bose |first=Nirmal |author-link=Nirmal Bose |date=October–December 1985 |title=Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Congress |journal=Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=438–450 |jstor=41855198}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Giles |date=August 1948 |title=The Hindu Conspiracy, 1914–1917 |journal=The Pacific Historical Review |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=299–310 |doi=10.2307/3634258 |jstor=3634258}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Bipan |author-link1=Bipan Chandra |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Mridula |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Aditya |last4=Mahajan |first4=Sucheta |last5=Panikkar |first5=K. N. |author-link5=K. N. Panikkar |year=1989 |title=India's Struggle for Independence |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-14-010781-4 |page=600}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Bipan |author-link=Bipan Chandra |year=2008 |title=Communalism in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlDjbnKqtHIC&pg=PA140 |publisher=Har-Anand |pages=140– |isbn=978-81-241-1416-2 |ref=ChandraCommunism}}
* {{cite book |last=Collett |first=Nigel |author-link=Nigel Collett |year=2005 |title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer |publisher=Hambledon Continuum |isbn=978-1-85285-457-7}}
* {{cite book |last=David |first=Saul |author-link=Saul David |year=2002 |title=The Indian Mutiny: 1857 |publisher=Viking |page=122 |isbn=978-0-670-91137-0}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Fischer-Tiné |editor-first1=Harald |editor1-link=Harald Fischer-Tiné |editor-last2=Tschurenev |editor-first2=Jana |year=2014 |title=A History of Alcohol and Drugs in Modern South Asia: Intoxicating Affairs |publisher=Taylor & Francis |pages=255–257 |isbn=978-1-317-91681-9}}
* {{cite journal |last=Fraser |first=Thomas G. |date=April 1977 |title=Germany and Indian Revolution, 1914-18 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=255–272 |jstor=260216 |doi=10.1177/002200947701200203 |s2cid=161813088}}
* Ghosh, Durba. ''Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India, 1919-1947'' (Cambridge University Press, 2017.)
* {{cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Amit Kumar |date=September–October 1997 |title=Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897–1938 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |pages=3–27 |jstor=3517678 |doi=10.2307/3517678}}
* {{cite book |last=Heehs |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heehs |year=1998 |title=India's Freedom Struggle: A Short History |location=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=199 |isbn=978-0-19-562798-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Heehs |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heehs |year=2008 |title=The Lives of Sri Aurobindo |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14098-0}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hoover |first=Karl |date=May 1985 |title=The Hindu Conspiracy in California, 1913–1918 |journal=German Studies Review |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=245–261 |doi=10.2307/1428642 |jstor=1428642}}
* {{cite book |last=Hopkirk |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Hopkirk |year=1994 |title=On Secret Service East of Constantinople |publisher=John Murray |isbn=978-0-7195-5017-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |year=1994 |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C&pg=PA4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45850-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Shompa |year=2000 |title=Indians in Britain: Anglo-Indian Encounters, Race and Identity, 1880–1930 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuvRWlN_cQkC&pg=PA129 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7146-4986-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Nick |author-link=Nick Lloyd (historian) |year=2011 |title=The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6X3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA181 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84885-723-0}}
* Maclean, Kama. '' A Revolutionary History of Interwar India: Violence, Image, Voice and Text'' (Oxford University Press, 2015.)
* {{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Bimanbehari |year=1966 |title=Militant nationalism in India and its socio-religious background (1897–1917) |publisher=General Printers & Publishers |oclc=8793353}}
* {{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh C |year=1975 |title=History of the Freedom Movement in India |volume=II |publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay |isbn=978-81-7102-099-7}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mitra |first=Subrata K. |author-link=Subrata K. Mitra |date=July 1997 |title=Nehru's policy towards Kashmir: Bringing politics back in again |journal=Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1080/14662049708447745}}
* {{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prithwindra |year=2010 |title=Les racines intellectuelles du mouvement d'indépendance de l'Inde (1893-1918) |publisher=Editions Codex |isbn=978-2-918783-02-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Patel |first=Hitendra |year=2008 |title=Khudiram Bose: Revolutionary Extraordinaire |url=https://archive.org/details/khudiramboserevo00hite |location=New Delhi |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |isbn=978-81-230-2278-9}}
* {{cite journal |last=Plowman |first=Matthew |date=Autumn 2003 |title=Irish Republicans and the Indo-German Conspiracy of World War I |journal=New Hibernia Review |volume=7 |number=3 |pages=81–105 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2003.0069 |s2cid=144632198}}
* {{cite book |last=Popplewell |first=Richard James |year=1995 |title=Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904-1924 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H44J2uDSE2cC&pg=PP1 |location=London, England |publisher=Frank Cass |isbn=978-0-7146-4580-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Puniyani |first=Ram |author-link=Ram Puniyani |year=2005 |title=Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdPipb-u21gC&pg=PA134 |publisher=SAGE Publications |pages=134– |isbn=978-0-7619-3338-0}}
{{refend}}
* {{cite book |last=Yadav |first=B.D. |year=1992 |title=M.P.T. Acharya: Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary |location=New Delhi |publisher=Anmol |isbn=81-7041-470-9}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Judith M. |author-link=Judith M. Brown |year=1972 |title=Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915–1922 |series=Cambridge South Asian Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08353-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Judith M. |author-link=Judith M. Brown |year=2009 |chapter=Gandhi and Civil Resistance in India, 1917–47 |editor1-last=Roberts |editor1-first=Adam |editor1-link=Adam Roberts (scholar) |editor2-last=Ash |editor2-first=Timothy Garton |editor2-link=Timothy Garton Ash |title=Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-955201-6}}
* {{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Theodore |date=January 2008 |title=Spinning for India's Independence |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=39 |pmc=2156064 |pmid=18048775 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.120139}}
* {{cite book |last=Gonsalves |first=Peter |year=2012 |title=Khadi: Gandhi's Mega Symbol of Subversion |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=9788132107354}}
* {{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Sarvepalli |year=1975 |title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography |volume=One |publisher=Johnathan Cape |isbn=978-0-224-01029-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |year=1988 |orig-year=First published 1962 |title=History of the Freedom movement in India |publisher=South Asia Books |isbn=978-0-8364-2376-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |author-link=Sumit Sarkar |year=1983 |title=Modern India: 1885–1947 |location=Madras |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark/page/486 486] |isbn=978-0-333-90425-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark/page/486}}
* {{cite book |last=Seal |first=Anil |year=2007 |orig-year=First published 1968 |title=Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century |location=London, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-06274-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceofindia0000seal}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Jaswant |author-link=Jaswant Singh |year=2009 |title=Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence |publisher=Rupa & Co. |isbn=9788129113788}}
* {{cite book |last=Sofri |first=Gianni |year=1995–1999 |title=Gandhi and India: A Century in Focus |edition=English edition translated from the Italian |others=Janet Sethre Paxia (translator) |location=Gloucestershire |publisher=The Windrush Press |isbn=978-1-900624-12-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A. |author-link=Stanley A. Wolpert |year=1984 |title=Jinnah of Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-503412-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A. |author-link=Stanley A. Wolpert |year=2001 |title=Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhispassionli00wolp |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513060-7}}

===Primary sources===
* {{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Mohandas |author-link=Mohandas Gandhi |year=1993 |title=An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth |location=Boston |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-5909-8 |title-link=The Story of My Experiments with Truth}}
* Prasad, Bimal ed. ''Towards Freedom, 1945: Documents on the Movement for Independence in India'' (2008) [https://archive.org/details/towardsfreedomdo00bhat online]

{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{Clear}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{India topics}}
{{Bal Gangadhar Tilak}}
{{Azad Hind Fauj}}

[[Category:Indian independence movement| ]]
[[Category:History of social movements]]
[[Category:History of South Asia]]
[[Category:Decolonization]]
[[Category:British India]]

Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri

2026-03-28T17:07:29Z

AmieLearmonth67:

{{Short description|Malayalam comedy reality show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Reality television|Comedy Reality]]
| creator =
| developer = [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director = Sruthi Pillai
| presenter = [[Karthik Surya]]
| judges = {{Hlist|[[Manju Pillai]]|[[Kottayam Naseer]]|[[Ramesh Pisharody]]}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 1350+
| producer = Satheesh Kumar
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
| runtime = Approx. 52 minutes
| company =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|04|19|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| alt_name = Bumper Chiri
}}

'''''Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri''''' (widely known as '''''Bumper Chiri''''') is an [[Indian cinema|Indian]] [[Reality television|comedy reality show]] which premiered on [[Mazhavil Manorama]] channel and [[ManoramaMAX]] OTT platform. The show is hosted by [[Vlog|vlogger-turned host]], [[Karthik Surya]] and has a 3-member permanent judging panel, [[Manju Pillai]], [[Naseer Sankranthi]] and [[Sabumon Abdusamad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiantalents.in/oruchiri-iruchiri-bumper-chiri-show-mazhavil-manorama-contestants-host-timing-start-date/|title=Oruchiri Iruchiri Bumper Chiri Mazhavil Manorama (2021): Contestants, Start Date, Timing, Host|work=indiantalents.in|date=16 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/06/07/oru-chiri-iru-chiri-bumper-chiri-promo-video-season-2-panelists-avatar.html|title='Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri' panelists in Pandora? Season 2 promo video goes viral|work=onmanorama.com}}</ref>

The show has three seasons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/oru-chiri-iru-chiri-bumper-chiri-2-completes-100-episodes-milestone/articleshow/104750820.cms|title=Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri 2 Completes 100 Episodes Milestone|website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref> The first season aired from 19 April 2021 to 14 April 2023 for 516 episodes. The second season aired from 12 June 2023 to 30 November 2025 for 774 episodes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.keralatv.in/oru-chiri-eru-chiri-bumper-chiri-2/|title=Oru Chiri Eru Chiri Bumper Chiri 2 Launch Date is 12 June, Every Monday to Friday at 09:00 PM|website=Kerala TV}}</ref> The third season started airing from 26 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/oru-chiri-iru-chiri-bumper-chiri-is-back-jayaram-and-kalidas-to-grace-the-premiere-episode/articleshow/127282001.cms|title=Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri is back; Jayaram and Kalidas to grace the premiere episode|website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref> It is [[List of longest-running Indian television series#Malayalam|one of the longest running television reality show in Malayalam]].

==Series overview==
{{Series overview
| caption =
| color1 = #FF8C00
| episodes1 = 516
| start1 = {{start date|df=yes|2021|04|19}}
| end1 = {{end date|df=yes|2023|04|14}}
| color2 = #008B8B
| episodes2 = 774
| start2 = {{start date|df=yes|2023|06|12}}
| end2 = {{end date|df=yes|2025|11|30}}
| color3 = #C11C84
| episodes3 = 60+
| start3 = {{start date|df=yes|2026|01|26}}
| end3 = present
}}

==Overview==
Participants must entertain the judges and the audience with their sense of humour in order to win various cash prizes and rewards. The contestants are judged on their ability to make the judges laugh. The judges award each contestant with one, two, or three laughs, depending on how funny they find the contestant's performance. The contestant who receives the most laughs at the end of the show wins the maximum prize money.

==Cast==
===Permanent judges===
* [[Manju Pillai]]
* [[Bibin George]]
* [[Ramesh Pisharody]]
===Recurring judges===
* [[Mallika Sukumaran]]
* [[Miya George]]
* [[Bibin George]]
* [[Kottayam Naseer]]
* [[Ramesh Pisharody]]
* [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]]
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]]
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
* [[Guiness Pakru]]
* [[Kalabhavan Navas]]
* [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
===Hosts===
* [[Karthik Surya]]
===Recurring Hosts===
* Devika Nambiar
* [[Arya (actress)|Arya]]

==Reception==
The show is one of the most popular reality show since its start.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/oru-chiri-iru-chiri-bumper-chiri-mazhavil/|title=Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri Airing At 8:30 Now, Most Popular Mazhavil Program|website=Kerala TV}}</ref> The first season successfully completed 516 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/oru-chiri-iru-chiri-bumper-chiri-clocks-500-episodes-the-epic-combo-of-mollywood-jagadeesh-and-sreenivasan-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/98934738.cms|title=Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri clocks 500 episodes; the epic combo of Mollywood, Jagadeesh and Sreenivasan to grace the show|website=The Times Of India}}</ref> Due to its high popularity second season was started just two months after first season's finale.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/spotlight/2023/06/12/oru-chiri-iru-chiri-bumper-chiri-season-2.html|title='ഒരു ചിരി ഇരു ചിരി ബംപര്‍ ചിരി' രണ്ടാം സീസൺ ഇന്ന് മുതൽ|website=[[Manorama News]]}}</ref> Teaser of the show reminding ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' became viral on social media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/oru-chiri-iru-chiri-bumper-chiri-is-back-the-avatar-themed-teaser-gains-attention/articleshow/100916963.cms|title=Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri is back, the Avatar-themed teaser gains attention|website=The Times Of India}}</ref>

==Spin-offs==
A [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] [[comedy show|comedy]] [[reality show]] '''''Bumper Chiri Aaghosham''''' is aired on [[Mazhavil Manorama]] from 23 October 2021 to 21 August 2022 for 84 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indrajith's mass entry to Meeshamadhavan spoof: Here is what to expect from Bumber Chiri Aaghosham this weekend|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/indrajiths-mass-entry-to-meeshamadhavan-spoof-heres-what-to-expect-from-bumper-chiri-aghosham-this-weekend/articleshow/91415289.cms|website=The Times Of India}}</ref> [[Manju Pillai]], [[Naseer Sankranthi]] and [[Sabumon Abdusamad]] reprised as judges. It is hosted by [[Karthik Surya]] and later replaced by Devika Nambiar. Apart from comedy skits, this show also provides a platform for dancers and other special talents to showcase their talents.<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Bumper Chiri Celebration to celebrate the '75 days' milestone|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/team-bumper-chiri-aghosham-to-celebrate-75-days-milestone/articleshow/92873078.cms|website=The Times Of India}}</ref>

Another spin-off, titled '''''Bumper Chiri Unlimited Chiri''''' aired on [[Mazhavil Manorama]] from 1 December 2025 to 25 January 2026 for 55 episodes. The show had two judging panels: [[Arya (actress)|Arya]], [[Noby Marcose]] and [[Bibin George]] on weekdays, and [[Kottayam Naseer]], [[Ramesh Pisharody]] and [[Manju Pillai]] on weekends. It is hosted by [[Karthik Surya]] and Meenakshi Sudheer. Contestants perform comedy acts that are judged using a “Chiri Meter.” Weekday winners advance to the weekend episode, where they compete for a ₹2.5 lakh prize.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/latest/2025/12/15/bumper-chiri-mazhavil-manorama.html|title=ഇനി ചിരിയുടെ പൊടിപൂരം; അടിമുടി പുതുമകളുമായി ‘ബംബർ ചിരി’|publisher=Manorama News}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Nominee !! Result !! Ref.
|-
|Rowspan =2|2025
| Kerala State Television Awards
| Best Comedy Program
|Rowspan =2| ''Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri (Season 2)''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2025/kerala-state-television-awards-2023-full-winners-list-aanpirannol-kanmashi-lilly-take-top-honors-439713.html | title=Kerala State Television Awards 2023 Full Winners List: Aanpirannol, Kanmashi, Lilly Take Top Honors | publisher=[[Filmibeat]] | work=Sharath Bose | date=22 January 2025 | accessdate=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 3rd Kerala Vision Television Awards
| Best Non Fiction Show
| {{win}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralavisionnews.com/2025/12/12/keralavision-television-awards-2025-26018|title=മൂന്നാമത് കേരളവിഷൻ ടെലിവിഷൻ അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; കേരളവിഷൻ പബ്ലിക്കേഷൻസിന്റെ മൂന്ന് പുസ്തകങ്ങളുടെ കവർ പ്രകാശനവും നടന്നു|website=Kerala Vision News|language=ml}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.manoramamax.com/programs/detail/125090/oru-chiri-iru-chiri-bumper-chiri Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri Season 1- ManoramaMAX]
* [https://www.manoramamax.com/programs/detail/153677/oru-chiri-iru-chiri-bumper-chiri-2 Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri Season 2- ManoramaMAX]
*[https://www.manoramamax.com/programs/detail/182211/oru-chiri-iru-chiri-bumper-chiri-3 Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri Season 3- ManoramaMAX]
*[https://www.manoramamax.com/programs/detail/137051/bumper-chiri-aaghosham Bumper Chiri Aaghosham- ManoramaMAX]
* [https://www.manoramamax.com/programs/detail/180688/bumper-chiri-unlimited-chiri Bumper Chiri Unlimited Chiri- ManoramaMAX]
*{{IMDb title|tt38458555}}
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Mazhavil Manorama original programming]]

Muddiman Committee

2026-03-24T23:45:19Z

AmieLearmonth67: slightly update content per sources and improved wording

{{Short description|1921 British and Indian government committee}}
'''The Muddiman Committee''' or the '''Reforms Enquiry Committee''' (1924) was a committee led by Sir [[Alexander Muddiman]], organized by the [[British Empire|British]] and selected Indian politicians, to meet the demand of Indian leaders in the context of Indians new [[Swaraj Party]] founded in 1923.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} This committee would aid in investigating the [[diarchy]] issue on the constitution as set up in 1921 under the [[Government of India Act 1919]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/muddinman-committee-1924-1446456385-1|title=Muddinman Committee (1924)|date=2017-07-10|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muddiman_Committee,_1924|title=Muddiman Committee, 1924 - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=History of India|last=Jayapalan, N.|date=2001|publisher=Atlantic|isbn=81-7156-928-5|location=New Delhi|oclc=52593918}}</ref>

== Noteworthy members ==

* Sir Alexander Muddiman
* [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer|Sir Sivaswami Aiyar]]
* [[R. P. Paranjpe|Dr. R. P. Paranjape]]
* [[Tej Bahadur Sapru|Sir Tejbahadur Sapru]]
* [[Mohammad-Ali Jinnah|Mohammad Ali Jinnah]]
* [[Bijay Chand Mahtab|Bijoy Chand Mahtab]]

== The reports ==
The reports created by the committee was divided into two parts due to disagreements, the majority report and minority report. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

'''The Majority Report''' declared by officials that a diarchy had not been established, has not been given a fair trial run, and so only minor changes in non-official Indians were recommended

'''The Minority Report''' declared by nonofficials that the Government of India Act 1919 had failed, and that they need a Constitution that has a permanent basis with a provision for automatic progress in the future.

Submitted in September 1925, the combination of these reports recommended the appointment of a [[Royal commission|Royal Commission]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

[[Earl of Birkenhead|Lord Birkenhead]], the Secretary of State for India, stated that actions would be taken on the basis of the majority report.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-10|title=Muddinman Committee (1924)|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/muddinman-committee-1924-1446456385-1|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Muddiman Committee, 1924 - Banglapedia|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muddiman_Committee,_1924|access-date=2021-04-11|website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]

Irinjalakuda

2026-03-23T09:53:34Z

AmieLearmonth67: corrected references for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Irinjalakuda
| other_name =
| nickname = Varadanangalude Nadu
| settlement_type = [[Corporations, municipalities and taluks of Kerala|Municipal Council]]
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.33|N|76.23|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| established_title = [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]
| established_date = 1936
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Irinjalakuda Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 33.57
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 39
| population_total = 62,521
| population_as_of = 2011; after amalgamation with neighbouring Porathissery Grama Panchayath
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 680 121, 680 122, 680 125, 680 711, 680 712
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0480
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-45
| website = {{URL|1=https://village.kerala.gov.in/Office_websites/indexor.php?nm=1248Irinjalakudavillageoffice}}
| footnotes =
| official_name = Irinjalakuda
| image_skyline = {{Photo montage
| photo1a = Sree Koodalmanikyam Temple.jpg
| photo2a = CourtComplex2,IJK.JPG
| photo2b = Irinjalakudamunicipaloffice.jpg
| photo3a = St Thomas Church, Irinjalakuda.jpg
| spacing = 1
| space = 1
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 225
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top:''' [[Koodalmanikyam Temple]], Irinjalakuda Municipal Office, [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Irinjalakuda|St. Thomas Cathedral]], Civil Station
}}
| leader_title1 = Chairman
| leader_name1 = M.P Jackson
}}

[[File:Irinjalakuda-muncipality-map.jpg|thumb|right|Irinjalakuda Municipality Map]]

'''Irinjalakuda''' is a municipal town in [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], India. It is the headquarters of [[Irinjalakuda Revenue Division]], [[Thrissur Rural]] Police and [[Mukundapuram Taluk]]. After [[Thrissur]], this town has most number of administrative, law-enforcement, and judicial offices in the district. The place is well known for [[Koodalmanikyam Temple]] and the [[Thachudaya Kaimal]]s,<ref name="godubai.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.godubai.com/gulftoday/articlearc.asp?aid=113418&section=asia |title=Daily News with the Gulf Today on GoDubai, Middle East, Dubai, UAE Online News |access-date=14 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415170659/http://www.godubai.com/gulftoday/articlearc.asp?aid=113418&section=asia}}</ref> who had princely status until 1971.<ref name="clr.kerala.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://clr.kerala.gov.in/pdf/actsrules/KOODALMANICKAM_DEVASWOM_ACT.pdf|title=The Koodalmanickam Devaswom Act, 1971}}</ref> The earliest recorded history of this temples date back to the ninth century of Common Era (CE).

==Etymology==
The name Irinjalakuda has been derived from "Iru" and "Chaal", meaning two streams. According to another legend, the origin of the name Irinjalakuda came from 'Irinjalikoodal'. 'Koodal' simply means merge, merging of two rivers. So it shows that Irinjalakuda may have gradually developed, from 'Irinjalikoodal', which derived from 'Inangikoodal', which means merge. At present there is no river in Irinjalakuda, only the myth of the river.<ref name="koodalmanikyam1"/>

Irinjalakuda can be derived from 'iru njyaala koda' (ഇരുഞാലകൊട) i.e., donation of two worlds, which is what Mahabali is said to have done in the story of the Vaamanaavataaram.

Another origin story for the name refers to the play on words "Virinja Alin Kuda" which translates to "An umbrella formed by the branches of the Banyan tree", a reference to the banyan tree which is a prominent landmark in the heart of Irinjalakuda <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Irinjalakuda, Introduction to Irinjalakuda, Irinjalakuda Profile |url=https://irinjalakuda.keralaonline.in/guide/about-irinjalakuda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908200301/https://irinjalakuda.keralaonline.in/guide/about-irinjalakuda |archive-date=2024-09-08 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=irinjalakuda.keralaonline.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Mythological history and legends==
According to Hindu mythology, Irinjalakuda was created by sage [[Parashurama]]. According to Keralolpatthi, Irinjalakuda was the head of some of the 64 [[grama (government)|gramas]] (village governing bodies) established in [[Kerala]]. (32 Malayala gramas and Thulu half-grama [[Manjeswar]]am in present-day Kerala, and 31 1/2 Thulu gramas in coastal Karnataka.) Irinjalakuda was one of the most prominent among these gramas (village societies). Boundaries of this grama extend up to Aloor in the east and Kakkathuruthi in the west and later extended to Koodapuzha in the east. Like the other gramas, this grama also followed Sankara Smruthi (a modified form of the 'Chathurvarnia' system of society with some Kerala model variations which lay upon caste system based on the 'Manusmruthi').<ref name="koodalmanikyam1">{{cite web |url=http://www.koodalmanikyam.com/legend.htm |title=The Legend |publisher=Koodalmanikyam Temple |access-date=2010-12-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305135301/http://www.koodalmanikyam.com/legend.htm |archive-date=5 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="aeoirinjalakuda1">{{cite web |url=http://www.aeoirinjalakuda.org/ |title=A Short History |publisher=AEO Irinjalakuda |access-date=2010-12-07}}</ref><ref name="janasevanakendram1">{{cite web |url=http://www.janasevanakendram.org/Content/M080500.htm |title=Irinjalakuda |publisher=Janasevana Kendram |access-date=2010-12-05 |archive-date=24 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324200256/http://www.janasevanakendram.org/Content/M080500.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Another legend suggests that the origin of the name Irinjalakuda were traditionally associated as "Irunnu Salayil Koodai" and "Virinja Alu Kuda". A huge Banyan tree still stands in the centre of the Irinjalakuda, spreading its branches to the sky like an umbrella.

The [[Thachudaya Kaimal]] is a spiritual dignitary of Kerala Hindus and the temporal ruler of the Koodalmanikyam Temple and its Estates. The line goes back into antiquity and is mentioned in the Skanda Purana. The Arms of the Kaimal and that of the temple bear the insignia of a coiled [[shankha|conch shell]] with the words 'Manikkam Keralar'.<ref>Who's Who in Madras 1934</ref> With the 26th amendment of the Indian constitution in 1971, the Princely order in India was abolished and the Thachudaya Kaimals lost their position in the temple and its estates.<ref name="godubai.com"/> It is now managed by a Trust managed by the District Collector although a vestige of former power lies in his being the chief trustee of the temple.<ref name="godubai.com"/><ref name="clr.kerala.gov.in"/>

The [[Devaswom]] was allotted land to accommodate institutions such as the [[Christ College, Irinjalakuda|Christ College]], and for public use to facilitate development activities in the region. Much land that belonged to Koodalmanikyam was subjected to encroachment.<ref>{{cite news |author=Girish Menon |title=Recovery of temple lands bogged down |date=2010-04-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/05/stories/2010040553360400.htm |access-date=2014-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409003709/http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/05/stories/2010040553360400.htm |archive-date=2010-04-09}}</ref>

==Recorded history==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2024}}
The following text is a translation of the scholarly work titled 'Koodalmanikyam Temple and Kerala Society':
{{Blockquote|The Iringalakuda temple is centuries old, regardless of the oral stories. The stone inscriptions found inside the temple are proof of this. The inscriptions on two stones lying on the north side of the temple shrine were noticed by the authorities and in nineteen forties they were placed on the western wall of the temple and preserved. The Malayalam script text of these documents was published in the Bulletin of the Ramavarma Institute Volume IX Part 1 and became an authoritative proof of the temple's antiquity. Today there are two inscriptions on the walls of the temple namely Sthanuravi Inscription and Bhaskaranambiranar Inscription. The Sthanuravi inscription was written in the 11th regnal year of Cheraman Perumal. It is estimated to be common year 854. This inscription consists of twelve lines. Many of the letters have faded away as people have stepped on them for a long time}}{{cn|date=February 2024}}

The second record, the Bhaskaranambiranar record, dates back to the 10th century. It is believed to have been written between 950 and 1000 AD. There are nineteen lines in this inscription. It can be assumed that the letters have not faded much compared to the first inscription. In this inscription, the deity of Kudalmanikya is described as 'Thiruvirungadi Kudal Thiruvadi'.

Two similar words irangadi(kkuta) and irangadikudal are found in both the inscriptions respectively. It is only that the epithet Thiru has been added in the second inscription. It is clear from this that the name Iringalakuda came from this old place name and the deity here was described as 'Thiruviringadikudal Thiruvadi' as early as the 10th century.

There are those who argue that it can be understood from this record that it had already become a Brahminical temple in the 10th century AD. There is also a belief that this temple was a Jain center before it became a Brahminical temple. One of the major temples nearby, Trikanamatilakam, was a Jain center.

Some suggest that the Koodalmanikya is an idol of the Jain Tirthankara Bharateshvara in the Digabara form. They believe that the temple became a Brahminical center as part of the Hindu revival in the 8th century. In Manipravala's work 'Kokilasandesa', it is mentioned that women were not allowed to enter the Koodalmanikyam temple. There are those who read in connection with this remark the fact that women are not admitted in Jain temples. Thachudayakaimal, the last ruler of the temple, has refuted this claim.

Place name scholars say that the word Iringa in Iringalakuda refers to the Jain centre. Additionally, V.V.K. asserts that people refer to the two-storeyed Jain temples as 'koodam'. Historians such as Wallat point these facts out.

==Later History==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2024}}
In 1762, Maharaja [[Kingdom of Cochin]] formed Mukundapuram taluk by adding Mapranam nadu and parts of Nandilathu nadu to Mukundapuram nadu (Muriyanadu). In the last decade of the 18th Century, the last Naduvazhi Nambiar of Mukundapuram nadu (Murija nadu) died and [[Sakthan Thampuran]] confiscated all the powers and properties of Mukundapuram Nambiar and Mapranam Nambiar. Sakthan Thampuran divided old [[Mukundapuram Taluk]] into six properties: 1) [[Thazhekkad, Irinjalakkuda|Thazhekkad]] 2) Areepalam, 3) Mukundapuram (Nadavarambu) 4) [[Mapranam]] 5) Palathungal (Nandikkara) 6) [[Puthukkad]] for administrative and revenue purposes. Five more properties were added to Mukundapuram Taluk afterward: [[Kodassery]] ([[Chalakudy]]), [[Thirumukkulam]] ([[Kuzhur]]), [[Koratty]] (Adur), Pathinettarayalam ([[Edavilangu]]). and [[Malayattoor]]. [[Tipu Sultan]]'s Army was based at Thazhekkad Property of Mukundapuram Taluk on 24 December 1789 to attack the [[Nedumkotta]] which is situated in the middle of Kochi Kingdom and was known as Travancore lines and attacked KonurKottavathil in January 1790.

When new [[Chalakudy taluk]] was formed in 2013 by bifurcating Mukundapuram taluk, it lost more than 50% of its territory.

==Culture==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2024}}
[[File:Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary IMG 6944.JPG|thumb|[[Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary]]|alt=]]
[[File:Banyantreeijk.jpg|thumb|right]]
Irinjalakuda has a rich cultural history associated with the [[UNESCO]]-recognised classical dance form [[Koodiyattam]].

Natanakairali - Research Training and Performing Centre for Traditional Arts, Irinjalakuda, is a prominent institution that imparts training on this ancient art form. Government-aided [[Unnayi Warrier Smaraka Kalanilayam]] near [[Koodalmanikyam temple]] trains artists in Kathakali. The town also has other institutions that give training on classical dance forms and theatre arts. Walden Pond House is another cultural space in the town where artists and movie makers gather for workshops and movie shoots.

==Entertainment==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2024}}
There are a number of good cinema halls in the town. JK Cinemas with two screens (Located in Kizhuthani), Chembakassery Movies with three screens, MAS Movies with two screens and Varna Cinemas with a single screen (Mapranam) are the major theatres in the town. Besides this, the town often hosts various cultural programmes organised by socio-cultural organisations.

==Population==

===Demographics===
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irinjalakuda Municipality City Population Census 2011-2026 {{!}} Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803282-irinjalakuda-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=2004-06-16 |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date=2008-11-01 |publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref> Irinjalakuda had a population of 28,741. With the amalgamation of Porathissery Panchayath with the municipality, the total population has crossed 50,000. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Irinjalakuda has an average literacy rate of 96% which is much higher than the national average of 74.65%. While male literacy stands at 97.12%, female literacy is 94.56%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

===Religion===
{{unsourced section|date=February 2024}}
Its St. Thomas Cathedral is the episcopal see of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Irinjalakuda]] (Chaldean = [[Syro-Oriental Rite]]).

Before the arrival of Tipu Sulthan to Mukundapuram Taluk in December 1789 the headquarters of Padruado Archbishops of Cranganore (Kodungallur) of Nazranis (Padruado faction of [[Syro Malabar Catholic Church]]) was at Pookkatt (Aripalam). (See [[Varthamanapusthakam]] of [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]], Gobernador and ArchaDeacon of late eighteenth century). [[Sakthan Thampuran]] brought four [[Christians|Christian]] families for improving commerce and trade to the place known as ‘Chanthappura’. When they struck gold in this field, more of this community migrated from Kombara chantha and settled in the area and now it became one of the strongholds of this community. Besides [[Hindu]] and [[Christians|Christian]] communities this area consists of [[Muslims]].<ref name="koodalmanikyam1" /><ref name="aeoirinjalakuda1" />
Karukulangara Narasimhaswamy Temple, Irinjalakuda, north west side, about 1.5 km from the Irinjalakuda municipal bus stand, a famous and oldest temple of Irinjalakuda

==Governance==
[[File:CourtComplex,IJK.JPG|thumb|right|Irinjalakuda Court Complex]]

Irinjalakuda is governed by Irinjalakuda Municipality. The municipality was formed on 8 February 1936 with an area of 11.24 square kilometres.
K.I. Varunny was the first municipal chairman and the municipality was divided into 22 electoral wards. Now, the Municipality has 41 wards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irinjalakudamunicipality.com/irinjalakuda/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=1&Itemid=2 |title=History |publisher=Irinjalakuda Municipality |access-date=2010-12-07 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713055511/http://irinjalakudamunicipality.com/irinjalakuda/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=1&Itemid=2 |archive-date=13 July 2011}}</ref>
Irinjalakuda is the headquarters of the Mukundapuram Taluk and is a Grade-I municipality.<ref name="janasevanakendram1"/> [[Irinjalakuda Revenue Division]] was formed in May 2018. It is headed by a Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO). The office is situated in the Mini Civil Station Annexe building. The revenue division comprises Mukundapuram, Chalakudy and Kodungallur taluks.

As the second-most important administrative town in the district, Irinjalakuda houses a large number of government offices, most of them situated at the mini civil station and its annex buildings near Porathissery.

''' Irinjalakuda Courts & Judicial Offices '''
* Additional District and Sessions Court/ Motor Accident Claims Tribunal
* Family Court
* Fast Track Special Court (POCSO cases)
* Principal Sub Court/Principal Assistant Sessions Court/Commercial Court -I
* Additional Sub Court/Additional Assistant Sessions Court/Commercial Court- II
* Judicial First Class Magistrate Court-1
* Principal Munsif Court/Judicial First Class Magistrate Court-3
* Additional Munsif Court/Judicial First Class Magistrate Court-2
* Taluk Legal Services Committee
* Mediation Sub Centre
* Office of the Additional Public Prosecutor cum Government Pleader

A new judicial complex is under construction near the civil station to house all judicial offices in the town.

Irinjalakuda has a special sub jail, which is functioning near the civil station complex. A land tribunal to provide land deeds and to dispose of land transfer disputes is functioning at the civil station. The tribunal started functioning in 2019.

The chairperson of the municipality is Smt Sonia Giri. The MLA of the Irinjalakuda legislative constituency is Dr. [[R. Bindu]]. Irinjalakuda assembly constituency was a part of [[Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]] till 2009 [[Lonappan Nambadan]] was the last Loksabha MP of Mukundapuram. From 2009, Irinjalakuda is now a part of [[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

The MP of Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency is [[Suresh Gopi]].

[[File:Irinjalakudamunicipaloffice.jpg|thumb|right|Irinjalakuda Municipal Office]]

'''Important government offices'''
* Revenue Divisional Office (RDO) /Sub Divisional Magistrate Court (SDM) /Maintenance Tribunal
* Mukundapuram Taluk office
* District Education Office
* Rural District Treasury
* KSEB Circle & Division offices
* KSEB Transmission Division & 110KV substation (being upgraded to 220KV)
* Excise Circle and Range offices
* Postal Division office
* Head Post Office and State Speedpost Centre
* Water Authority PH Division
* State GST Tax Payers' Division Deputy Commissioner office and SGST Circle office
* State GST Audit Division Deputy Commissioner office
* Factories and Boilers division office
* Central Excise and Central GST Range office
* PWD Roads Subdivision
* PWD Buildings Subdivision
* PWD Special Buildings Section
* State Lottery Sub-office
* Land Tribunal office
* Koodal Manikyam Devaswam Board office
* Sub Registrar's office
* Cashew Workers Welfare Board Inspector office
* Headload Workers Welfare Board office
* Mukundapuram Sub Treasury
* Dairy Development office
* Labour office
* Sub Regional Transport office
* KSRTC Operating Centre
* Taluk Statistical office
* Taluk Industries office
* Taluk Welfare Office
* Assistant Registrar (General) & Assistant Director (Audit) of Cooperative Societies
* Assistant Director of Agriculture
* Agmark Laboratory
* Parasite Breeding Station
* Employees State Insurance Corporation
* Taluk Supply Office
* Minor Irrigation Sub Division
* BSNL Sub Division
* Legal Metrology
* Employment Exchange
* Irinjalakuda Block office
* Irinjalakuda, Manavalassery, Porathissery, Madayikkonam Village offices
* Veterinary Poly Clinic
* Sub-district Water Quality Testing Laboratory
* Government Textbook Depot
* Food Safety Circle office

Besides, most nationalised banks, new generation private banks, and old private-sector banks have branches in Irininjalakuda. Both South Indian Bank and Federal Bank have their regional offices here.

'''Police offices'''
[[File:Thrissur_Rural_Police_headquarters,_Irinjalakuda.jpg|thumb|Thrissur Rural Police headquarters, Irinjalakuda]]

* Thrissur Rural Police headquarters
* Superintendent of Police office
* Additional SP office
* DYSP Crime Branch office
* DYSP Special Branch Office
* DYSP Crime Records Bureau
* Irinjalakuda DYSP office
* Irinjalakuda Police Station
* Subdivisional Police Training Centre
* Thrissur Rural Vanitha Police Station
* Thrissur Rural Cyber Crime Police Station
* Thrissur Rural Command and Control Centre
* Thrissur Rural Dog Squad
* Thrissur Rural District Forensic Science Laboratory
* Thrissur Rural Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)
* Thrissur Rural HOPE

Thrissur Rural Police office started functioning at Irinjalakuda on 14 May 2023. It was inaugurated by Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan.

==Transportation==

===Road===
Irinjalakuda is located on [[State Highway 22 (Kerala)|State Highway 22]], which links to major national highways [[National Highway 544 (India)|NH 544]], which is located around 16km from the town, and [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]], which is located around 9km away, in the State. Two major roads State Highway 22 ([[Kodungallur]]-[[Shornur]]) and [[State Highway 61 (Kerala)|State Highway 61]] (Potta-Moonupeedika) criss-crosses Irinjalakuda town. Besides, several MDRs (Major District Roads) connect the town with villages in the interior parts of the western and eastern sides of the town. These include Irinjalakuda-Kattoor road, Irinjalakuda-Porathissery Road, Mapranam-Nandhikkara road and Mapranam Karalam road.<ref name="koodalmanikyam2">{{cite web |url=http://www.koodalmanikyam.com/locale.htm |title=How to reach |publisher=Koodalmanikyam Temple |access-date=2010-12-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206122018/http://www.koodalmanikyam.com/locale.htm |archive-date=2012-02-06}}</ref>

KSRTC bus station is situated behind the Koodalmanikyam temple. KSRTC bus services are available to state capital Trivandrum, Ernakulam/Vyttila Hub, Kottayam, Kollam, Kozhikode, Palakkad, Mananthavady, Sulthan Bathery, Perinthalmanna, Mysore, Bangalore and Coimbatore. Besides, plenty of private buses are available from Irinjalakuda to various places within the district and towns in neighbouring districts. For those travelling from southern parts of the state, Chalakudy is the major roadhead to proceed towards Irinjalakuda. Private buses frequently ply between Chalakudy and Irinjalakuda. For travellers from northern Kerala, buses are available from Thrissur Shakthan Thampuran private bus stand.

===Railways===
[[File:Irinjalakuda railway station.jpg|thumb|Irinjalakuda railway station]]
The nearest railway station is the [[Irinjalakuda Railway Station]] which is about 8 km east of the town at [[Kallettumkara]]. Irinjalakuda Railway Station is managed by the [[Southern Railway Zone (India)|Southern Railway]] of [[Indian Railways]]. A total of 44 trains, including superfast, express and passenger trains, have stoppage here. [[Thrissur railway station]] is the nearest major railhead with stop for all trains, which is just 22 km from Irinjalakuda.<ref name="koodalmanikyam2"/>

There are daily trains available from Irinjalakuda to Chennai, Bengaluru, Mangaluru, Tiruchirapalli, Coimbatore, Madurai, Trivandrum, Kozhikode, Vijayawada, Nagpur, Pune, Tirupati/Renigunta, Warangal and Salem.

===Nearest Airport===
The nearest airport is the [[Cochin International Airport]] at [[Nedumbassery]], which is 38 km away. The airport is well connected to all major airports in India and also connected to many foreign cities. Direct flights are available to [[Chennai]], [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], and [[Kolkata]].<ref name="koodalmanikyam2"/>

==Healthcare==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2024}}
[[File:Co-operativeHospital,Irinjalakuda.JPG|thumb|right|Irinjalakuda Co-operative Hospital]]
Irinjalakuda has several hospitals and health clinics. Most important among them are Government General Hospital (Tana), Irinjalakuda Cooperative Hospital (Nadavaramba), Lal Memorial Hospital (Mapranam), Sacred Heart Mission Hospital (Pullur), Government Ayurveda Hospital (AKP Junction), St. Vincent Diabetes Hospital & Research Centre Irinjalakuda and Marina Hospital (Tana). Another prominent healthcare facility is the National Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (NIPMR) at Kallettumakara.

==Educational Organizations==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2024}}
[[File:Christcollegeijk.jpg|thumb|right|Christ College]]
Between the 14th and 16th Century, it was a center of learning. [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] which was believed to be founded here, made major contributions in Algebra, Arithmetic, Astronomy, Calculus, Geometry, Infinite Series, and Linguistics. [[St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda|St. Joseph’s College, Irinjalakuda]] is the only institution in Kerala offering government aided B.Sc. Biotechnology course.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stjosephs.edu.in/department/biotechnology/content/home.html|title=St. Josephs College Irinjalakuda|website=stjosephs.edu.in}}</ref>

'''Colleges'''
*[[Christ College, Irinjalakuda]]
**[[Christ College, Irinjalakuda|Christ College of Engineering, Irinjalakuda]]
**[[Christ College, Irinjalakuda|Christ College of Physical Education, Irinjalakuda]]
*[[St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda]]
*Tharananellur College of Arts and Science, Thanissery
*Universal College of Engineering, Vallivattom
* Kerala Language Network subcentre
* Madhava Knowledge Centre in Mathematics

''STATE''
*[[Don Bosco High School (Irinjalakuda)|Don Bosco Higher Secondary School]]
*[[L. F. C. H. S. S., Irinjalakuda]]
*[[S. N. H. S. S., Irinjalakuda]]
*National Higher Secondary School
*St Mary's Higher Secondary School
*Govt Boys' Higher Secondary School
*Govt Girls' Higher Secondary School

''CBSE''
*[[Bhavan's Vidya Mandir, Irinjalakuda]]
* Santhinikethan Public School, Irinjalakuda

''ICSE''
*DON Bosco Central School (ICSE)
*Christ Vidya Nikethan

''Language institute''
*Perfect English Academy

==Notable people==
Irinjalakuda has been the home of many notable people, including


*[[Anand (writer)|Anand]] (born 1936), writer
*[[Edavela Babu]] (born 1963), actor
*[[R. Bindu|Dr. R. Bindu]], politician and Minister in the Government of Kerala
*[[O. Chandrashekar]] (1935-2021), footballer
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] (1948-2023), actor, film producer, writer and politician
*[[P. Jayachandran]] (1944-2025), playback singer and actor
*[[Madhava of Sangamagrama]] (c. 1340 – c. 1425), mathematician and astronomer
*[[M. Subhadra Nair|Dr. M. Subhadra Nair]] (born 1929), gynaecologist, medical teacher and social worker
*[[Anupama Parameswaran]] (born 1996), actress
*[[James Pazhayattil]] (1934–2016) the Syro-Malabar Catholic hierarch, Bishop of Irinjalakuda,
*[[K. Radhakrishnan|Dr. K. Radhakrishnan]] (born 1949), space scientist
*[[Jijoy Rajagopal]] (born 1976), film and theatre actor and academic
*[[K. V. Ramanadhan]] (1932-2023), children's literature writer
*[[K. Rekha]] (born 1975), short story writer and journalist
*[[Meenakshi Thampan]] (born 1941), politician
*[[Tovino Thomas]] (born 1989), actor and film producer
*[[Sidin Vadukut]] (born 1979) columnist, writer and blogger
*[[Govind Vasantha]] (born 1988), composer, singer, and violinist
*[[N. C. Vasanthakokilam]] (1919–1951), carnatic singer and actress
*[[Unnayi Variyar]] (17th/18th century), poet, writer and dramatist



==Industries==

Irinjalakuda is a centre of agro industries. The town is home to Kerala Solvent Extractions Limited (KSE Limited), which is a prominent cattlefeed manufacturing company in south India. State-owned cattlefeed manufacturing company Kerala Feeds Limited is located at Kallettumkara, around 2 km away from Irinjalakuda railway station and 9 km away from Irinjalakuda town. Irinjalakuda has several coconut oil manufacturing companies, including KLF and KPL oil mills. The neighbourhood of Irinjalakuda is home to three cashew processing factories, located at Pullur, Muriyad, and Aloor. The town and its neighbouring areas also host a number of bellmetal manufacturing units.

==See also==
*[[Avinissery]]
*[[Kallamkunnu]]
*[[Kodungallur]]
*[[Vallakkunnu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://village.kerala.gov.in/Office_websites/indexor.php?nm=1248Irinjalakudavillageoffice Irinjalakuda Municipality: Official Website]
* [https://irinjalakudatimes.com/ News Portal of Irinjalakuda]

{{Kerala}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Thrissur district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Irinjalakuda| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Thrissur district]]

Rajendra Prasad

2026-03-19T13:36:14Z

AmieLearmonth67: brief fix article to improve readability and fixed typos for accuracy

{{short description|President of India from 1950 to 1962}}
{{Other uses}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Rajendra Prasad (Indian President), signed image for Walter Nash (NZ Prime Minister), 1958 (16017609534).jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 1950
| office = [[President of India]]
| term_start = 13 February 1952
| term_end = 13 May 1962 [[Acting (law)|Acting]]: 24 January 1950 – 13 February 1952
| vicepresident = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
| primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor = ''Office established'' {{efn|([[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] as [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]])}}
| successor = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
| office2 = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Union Minister of Agriculture]]
| primeminister2 = Jawaharlal Nehru
| term_start2 = 15 August 1947
| term_end2 = 14 January 1948
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = [[Jairamdas Daulatram]]
| office3 = [[President (government title)|President]] of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| term_start3 = 11 December 1946
| term_end3 = 24 January 1950
| vicepresident3 = [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee]] [[V. T. Krishnamachari]]
| predecessor3 = [[Sachchidananda Sinha]]
| successor3 = ''Office abolished''
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1884|12|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ziradei]], [[Bengal Presidency]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1963|02|28|1884|12|03|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Patna, Bihar]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|lawyer|journalist|scholar}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rajvanshi Devi]]|1896|1962|reason=died}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| children = [[Mrityunjay Prasad]]
| order = 
| order2 = 
| order1 = 
}}
{{Rajendra Prasad series}}

'''Rajendra Prasad''' (3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963) was an Indian politician, lawyer, journalist and scholar who served as the first [[president of India]] from 1950 to 1962 for two terms. He joined the [[Indian National Congress]] during the [[Indian independence movement]] and became a major leader from the region of [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar]]. A supporter of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Prasad was imprisoned by [[United Kingdom|British]] authorities during the [[Salt Satyagraha]] of 1930 and the [[Quit India movement]] of 1942. After the constituent assembly [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 elections]], Prasad served as 1st Minister of Food and Agriculture in the central government from 1947 to 1948. Upon independence in 1947, Prasad was elected as President of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], which prepared the [[Constitution of India]] and which served as its provisional [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].

When India became a republic in 1950, Prasad was [[1950 Indian presidential election|elected]] as its first president by the Constituent Assembly. As president, Prasad established a tradition for non-partisanship and independence for the office-bearer and retired from Congress party politics. Although a ceremonial head of state, Prasad encouraged the development of education in India and advised government on several occasions. In 1957, Prasad was [[1957 Indian presidential election|re-elected to the presidency]], becoming the only president to serve two full terms. Prasad stayed in office for the longest term of around 12 years. Post the completion of his tenure, he quit the Congress and set up new guidelines for parliamentarians which are still followed.

==Early life==
Prasad was born on 3 December 1884 in a [[Kayastha]] family in [[Ziradei]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Siwan district]], Bihar, India).<ref>{{cite book|author=Janak Raj Jai |title=Presidents of India, 1950–2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA1 |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-87498-65-0 |pages=1–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Dr. Rajendra Prasad: A Brief Biography |author= Tara Sinha |year= 2013 |publisher= Ocean Books |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tZ8wBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |isbn= 978-81843-0173-1 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180510204127/https://books.google.com/books?id=tZ8wBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |archive-date= 10 May 2018 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> His father, Mahadev Sahai,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad {{!}} District Siwan, Government Of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://siwan.nic.in/dr-rajendra-prasad/ |access-date=28 August 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613224539/https://siwan.nic.in/dr-rajendra-prasad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was a scholar of both [[Sanskrit]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. His mother, Kamleshwari Devi, was a devout woman who would tell him stories from the [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]]. He was the youngest child and had one elder brother and three elder sisters. His mother died when he was a child, and his elder sister then took care of him.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X3cc0mlKiBwC&pg=PA2|title=Biographies of the First Three Presidents of India|publisher=Sura Books|year=2007|pages=2–4|author=N. Sundarajan|isbn=9788174787361}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Of Indian War Of Independence (1857-1947)|editor=M.K. Singh|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd|year=2009|page=99|quote=His father, Mahadev Sahai, was a Persian and Sanskrit language scholar; his mother, Kamleshwari Devi, was a devout women who would tell stories from the Ramayana to her son. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/former.html |title=The President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811235644/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/former.html |archive-date=11 August 2013 |website=Presidentofindia.nic.in |access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref>[[President of India|President's Secretariat]] [[National Informatics Centre]]</ref>

==Student life==
After the completion of traditional elementary education, he was sent to the [[Chhapra district]] School. Meanwhile, in June 1896, at the early age of 12, he was married to Rajavanshi Devi. He, along with his elder brother, Mahendra Prasad, then went to study at T.K. Ghosh's Academy in [[Patna]] for a period of two years. He secured first in the entrance examination to the [[University of Calcutta]] and was awarded Rs. 30 per month as a scholarship.

Prasad joined the [[Presidency College, Calcutta]] in 1902, initially as a science student. He passed the F. A. under the [[University of Calcutta]] in March 1904 and then graduated with a first division from there in March 1905.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rss.bih.nic.in/rss_drp_life_events.htm|title=Major Life Events of Dr. Rajendra Prasad - First President of India|first=Rajendra Smriti|last=Sanghralaya|website=rss.bih.nic.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303105548/http://rss.bih.nic.in/rss_drp_life_events.htm|archive-date=3 March 2013}}</ref> Impressed by his intellect, an examiner once commented on his answer sheet that the "''examinee is better than examiner''".<ref name=TOIMiglani>{{cite news|last1=Miglani|first1=Neha|title=Evaluators for preserving flawless answer sheets|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Evaluators-for-preserving-flawless-answer-sheets/articleshow/13309297.cms|access-date=28 February 2015|work=The Times of India|date=20 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927053547/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Evaluators-for-preserving-flawless-answer-sheets/articleshow/13309297.cms|archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Later he decided to focus on the study of arts and did his M.A. in Economics with a first division from the University of Calcutta in December 1907. There he lived with his brother in the [[Eden Hindu Hostel]]. A devoted student as well as a public activist, he was an active member of [[Dawn (Bengali educational society)|The Dawn Society]].<ref>{{cite book|author=राजेंद्र प्रसाद |title=राजेंद्र बाबू: पत्रों के आईने में |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsynRkUMJT4C |year=2007 |publisher=प्रभात प्रकाशन |isbn=978-81-7315-654-0}}</ref> It was due to his sense of duty towards his family and education that he refused to join [[Servants of India Society]], as it was during that time when his mother had died as well as his sister became a widow at the age of nineteen and had to return to her parents' home. Prasad was instrumental in the formation of the Bihari Students Conference in 1906 in the hall of [[Patna College]]. It was the first organisation of its kind in India and produced<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/First-president-Rajendra-Prasad-remembered/articleshow/55779017.cms |title=First president Rajendra Prasad remembered |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 December 2016 |access-date=5 May 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205041048/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/First-president-Rajendra-Prasad-remembered/articleshow/55779017.cms |archive-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> important leaders from [[Bihar]] like [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] and [[Shri Krishna Singh]] who played a prominent role in the Champaran Movement and [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|Non-cooperation Movement]].

==Career==

=== A teacher===
[[Image:Dr Rajendra Pd. DR.Anugrah Narayan Sinha.jpg|thumb|(Sitting Left) Prasad and [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] during [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s 1917 Champaran Satyagraha]]
Prasad served in various educational institutions as a teacher. After completing his M.A in economics, he became a professor of English at the [[Langat Singh College]] of [[Muzaffarpur]] in [[Bihar]] and went on to become the principal. However, later on he left the college to undertake legal studies and entered the [[Ripon College, Calcutta]] (now the [[Surendranath Law College]]). In 1909, while pursuing his law studies in [[Calcutta]] he also worked as Professor of Economics at [[City College, Kolkata|Calcutta City College]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rss.bih.nic.in/rss_drp_life_events.htm |title=Major Life Events of Dr. Rajendra Prasad – First President of India |publisher=Rss.bih.nic.in |access-date=10 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303105548/http://rss.bih.nic.in/rss_drp_life_events.htm |archive-date=3 March 2013 }}</ref>

===A lawyer===
In 1915, Prasad appeared in the examination of master's in law from the [[Department of Law, University of Calcutta]], passed the examination and won a gold medal. He completed his Doctorate in Law from [[Allahabad University]]. In 1916, he joined the High Court of Bihar and Odisha. In 1917, he was appointed as one of the first members of the Senate and of the Patna University. He also practised law at [[Bhagalpur]], the famous silk town in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Maitra |first=Jyotismita |date=18 April 2025 |title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad: The Unassuming Scholar Who Was India's First President |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/dr-rajendra-prasad-the-unassuming-scholar-who-was-indias-first-president |work=Bru Times News |access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref>

===Role in the freedom movement===
Prasad had a major role in the Independence Movement. Prasad's first association with [[Indian National Congress]] was during 1906 annual session organised in Calcutta, where he participated as a volunteer, while studying in Calcutta. Formally, he joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in the year 1911, when the annual session was again held in Calcutta.<ref name="Joining">{{cite news |title=Remembering Dr Rajendra Prasad, First President of Independent India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/remembering-dr-rajendra-prasad-first-president-of-independent-india-2410213.html |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=News18 |agency=Network18 Media & Investments Limited |publisher=Network18 Group |date=3 December 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806235014/https://www.news18.com/news/india/remembering-dr-rajendra-prasad-first-president-of-independent-india-2410213.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the Lucknow Session of Indian National Congress held in 1916, he met [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. During one of the fact-finding missions at [[Champaran]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] asked him to come with his volunteers.<ref name="Weekly"/> He was so greatly moved by the dedication, courage and conviction of Mahatma Gandhi that as soon as the motion of [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|Non-Cooperation]] was passed by [[Indian National Congress]] in 1920, he retired from his lucrative career of lawyer as well as his duties in the university to aid the movement.

He also responded to the call by [[Gandhi]] to boycott Western educational establishments by asking his son, Mrityunjay Prasad, to drop out of his studies and enroll himself in [[Bihar Vidyapeeth]], an institution he along with his colleagues founded on the traditional Indian model.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sethi |first1=Atul |title=Distant dads? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/distant-dads/articleshow/2274611.cms |access-date=28 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=12 August 2007 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628151510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/distant-dads/articleshow/2274611.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Image:Nehru bhulabhaidesai rajendraprasd aicc.png|thumb|left|Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, and Rajendra Prasad (centre) at the AICC Session, March 1939]]
During the course of the independence movement, he interacted with [[Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan|Rahul Sankrityayan]], a writer, and polymath. Sankrityayan was greatly influenced by Prasad's intellectual powers, finding him to be a guide and guru. In many of his articles he mentioned about his meeting with Sankrityayan and narrated about his meetings with Sankrityayan. He wrote articles for the revolutionary publications '''''Searchlight''''' and the '''''Desh''''' and collected funds for these papers. He toured widely, explaining, lecturing, and exhorting the principles of the independence movement.<ref name="Weekly">{{cite news |title=Dr Rajendra Prasad |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000409/spectrum/main2.htm |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=The Tribune (Chandigarh) |agency=Tribune Trust |publisher=Tribune India |date=9 April 2000 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024090816/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000409/spectrum/main2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

He took an active role in helping people affected by the 1914 floods that struck Bihar and [[Bengal]]. When an earthquake affected Bihar on 15 January 1934, Prasad was in jail. During that period, he passed on the relief work to his close colleague [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]].<ref name="Vibhuti">{{cite web |title=Remembering the Bihar Vibhuti A. N. Sinha |url=https://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/opinions/readers-write/5726-remembering-the-bihar-vibhuti-a-n-sinha.html |publisher=Patna Daily |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210090420/https://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/opinions/readers-write/5726-remembering-the-bihar-vibhuti-a-n-sinha.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was released two days later and set up Bihar Central Relief Committee on 17 January 1934 and took on the task of raising funds to help the affected people. After the 31 May [[1935 Quetta earthquake]], when he was forbidden to leave the country due to government's order, he set up the Quetta Central Relief Committee in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]] under his own presidency.

He was elected as the President of the [[Indian National Congress]] during the Bombay session in October 1934.<ref name="presidency"/> He again became the president when [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] resigned in 1939.<ref name="1939 Crisis">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Arvind K. |title=Subhas Chandra Bose and Tripuri Congress Crisis (1939) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1986 |volume=47 |pages=498–506 |publisher=JSTOR |jstor=44141585 }}</ref> On 8 August 1942, Congress passed the Quit India Resolution in Bombay which led to the arrest of many Indian leaders.<ref name="Bankipur"/> Prasad was arrested in [[Sadaqat Ashram]], Patna and sent to [[Bankipur Central Jail]]. After remaining incarcerated for nearly three years, he was released on 15 June 1945.<ref name="Bankipur">{{cite news |title=Remembering India's first President, Dr Rajendra Prasad, on his 55th death anniversary |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/remembering-indias-first-president-dr-rajendra-prasad-on-his-55th-death-anniversary-2085341.html |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Zee Media Bureau |agency=Essel Group |publisher=Zee News |date=28 February 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806143526/https://zeenews.india.com/india/remembering-indias-first-president-dr-rajendra-prasad-on-his-55th-death-anniversary-2085341.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the formation of [[Interim Government of India|Interim Government]] of 12 nominated ministers under the leadership of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 2 September 1946, he was allocated the Food and Agriculture department. He was elected as the President of [[Constituent Assembly]] on 11 December 1946.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol1p3.htm |title=Constituent Assembly of India - Volume I |access-date=23 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024081909/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol1p3.htm |archive-date=24 October 2014 }}</ref> On 17 November 1947 he became Congress President for a third time after [[J. B. Kripalani]] submitted his resignation.<ref name="presidency">{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sruthi |title=Presidents of Congress past: A look at the party's presidency since 1947 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/presidents-of-congress-past-a-look-at-the-partys-presidency-since-1947/article21639174.ece |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=The Hindu |agency=The Hindu Group |date=14 December 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801221210/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/presidents-of-congress-past-a-look-at-the-partys-presidency-since-1947/article21639174.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== President of India (1950–1962) ==
[[File:State Visits by President Rajendra Prasad.png|thumbnail|Between 1958 and 1960, President Prasad led 5 state visits to Japan, [[Ceylon]], [[USSR]], [[Indo-China]], [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of media persons accompanying the president in his/her visits abroad since 1947 to 2012|url=http://rashtrapatisachivalaya.gov.in/media_abroad.pdf|publisher=The President's Secretariat|access-date=5 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817094728/http://rashtrapatisachivalaya.gov.in/media_abroad.pdf|archive-date=17 August 2013}}</ref>]]
Two and a half years after independence, on 24 January 1950, the Constitution of independent India was ratified, and he was [[1950 Indian presidential election|elected]] as the first [[President of India]]. On the night of 25 January 1950 (a day before the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day of India]]), his sister Bhagwati Devi died. He arranged her cremation but only after his return from the parade ground.

[[File:Abdul_Hafeez_Kardar_and_Lala_Amarnath_with_President_of_India_Rajendra_Prasad.jpg|thumb|Captains [[Abdul Hafeez Kardar|Abdul Kardar]] (left) and [[Lala Amarnath]] (right) with Prasad (center) on the day of the first test match between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], 16 October 1952]]
As the President of India, Prasad duly acted as required by the Constitution and was independent of any political party. He travelled the world extensively as an ambassador of India, building diplomatic rapport with foreign nations. He was re-elected for two consecutive terms in [[1952 Indian presidential election|1952]] and [[1957 Indian presidential election|1957]] and is the only President of India to achieve this feat. The [[Mughal gardens|Mughal Gardens]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] were open to public for about a month for the first time during his tenure, and since then it has been a big attraction for people in Delhi and many other parts of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/20visit.htm|title=Record visitors at Mughal Garden|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101180617/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/20visit.htm|archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref>

Prasad acted independently of political parties, following the expected role of the president as required by the constitution. Following the tussle over the enactment of the [[Hindu Code Bill]], he took a more active role in state affairs. In 1962, after serving 12 years as president, he announced his decision to retire. After relinquishing the office of the President of India in May 1962, he returned to [[Patna]] on 14 May 1962 and stayed on the campus of Bihar Vidyapeeth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rss.bih.nic.in/rss_about.htm |title=About Rajendra Smriti Sanghralaya, Sadakat Ashram, Patna, Bihar, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826102336/http://rss.bih.nic.in/rss_about.htm |archive-date=26 August 2011 |website=Rss.bih.nic.in. |access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> His wife died on 9 September 1962, a month before [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]. He was subsequently honoured with [[Bharat Ratna]], the nation's highest civilian award.

He died on 28 February 1963, aged 78. [[Rajendra Smriti Sangrahalaya]] in [[Patna]] is dedicated to Prasad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianpoliticians.com/profile/1/ |title=Dr Rajendra Prasad |access-date=12 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325010222/http://www.indianpoliticians.com/profile/1/ |archive-date=25 March 2008 }}. Indian Politicians Biography</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
{{Main|List of things named after Rajendra Prasad}}
*{{flag|India}}:
**[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Bharat Ratna]] (1962)

== In popular culture ==
''Babu Rajendra Prasad'' is 1980 [[Short film|short]] [[documentary film]] directed by Manjul Prabhat and produced by the [[Films Division of India]] which covers the life of the first president of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Babu Rajendra Prasad {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/babu-rajendra-prasad|access-date=11 June 2021|website=filmsdivision.org|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611155729/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/babu-rajendra-prasad|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
[[File:Chandamama 1948 01.pdf|page=47|thumb|200px|Prasad's portrait as [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] president by Swamy (1948) issue of [[Chandamama]] magazine]]
[[File:Rajendra Prasad 1962 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Prasad on stamp of India issued in 1962.]]
* ''Satyagraha at Champaran'' (1922)
* ''India Divided'' (1946)
* ''Atmakatha'' (1946), his autobiography written during his three-year prison term in [[Bankipur Jail]]
* ''Mahatma Gandhi and Bihar, Some Reminiscences'' (1949)
* ''Bapu Ke Qadmon Men'' (1954)
* ''Since Independence'' (published in 1960)
*''Bharatiya Shiksha''
*''At the feet of Mahatma Gandhi''

==See also==
* [[List of politicians from Bihar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* ''Rajendra Prasad, first President of India'', by Kewalram Lalchand Panjabi. Published by Macmillan, 1960.
* ''Rajendra Prasad: twelve years of triumph and despair'', by Rajendra Lal Handa. Published by Sterling Publishers,1979.
* ''Dr Rajendra Prasad, Correspondence and Select Documents'', by Rajendra Prasad, Valmiki Choudhary. Published by Allied Publishers, 1984. {{ISBN|81-7023-002-0}}. [https://archive.org/details/drrajendraprasad0000pras  Excerpts] (Vol. 1-Vol. 10)
* ''Dr Rajendra Prasad'' by India Parliament. [[Lok Sabha]]. Published by Lok Sabha Secretariat, 1990.
* ''Rajendra Prasad and the Indian freedom struggle, 1917–1947'', by Nirmal Kumar. Published by Patriot Publishers, 1991. {{ISBN|81-7050-128-8}}.
* ''Dr Rajendra Prasad: Political Thinkers Of Modern India'', by V. Grover. Published by Deep & Deep Publications, 1993.
* ''First Citizens of India, Dr Rajendra Prasad to Dr Shanker Dayal Sharma: Profile and Bibliography'', by A. B. Kohli. Published by Reliance Pub. House, 1995. {{ISBN|81-85972-71-0}}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/013799}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1518775}}
* [https://www.presidentofindia.gov.in/dr-rajendra-prasad-served-profile Dr. Rajendra Prasad]'s profile as the [[President of India]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari]]|as=[[Governor-General of India|Governor General of India]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of India]]|years=1950–1962}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]}}
{{s-end}}
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{{Presidents of India}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Rajendra}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Surendranath College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:People from Siwan district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]
[[Category:Presidents of India]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Surendranath Law College alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Academic staff of City College, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Presidents of Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Newalkar

2026-03-15T13:36:23Z

AmieLearmonth67: created!

{{short description|Maharajas of Jhansi from 1769 to 1858}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
| royal_title = First Newalkar Subhedar of Jhansi
| border =
| realm = Maratha Kingdom
| image2 = File:Jhansi state flag.png
| caption2 = Flag of Jhansi
| coatofarms =
| coatofarmssize = 140px
| coatofarmscaption =
| image = Jhansi Fort Hallway-1.jpg
| caption = Jhansi Fort hallway
| first_monarch = Raghunath Rao I
| last_monarch = [[Anand Rao|Damodar Rao]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3BzmTdQLioC&pg=PA227|title=Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide|author1=Guida M. Jackson|author2=Guida Myrl Jackson-Laufer|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=1999|page=227|isbn=9781576070918}}</ref>
| style = In the local [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] (local [[Bundeli]]) languages
| residence = [[Jhansi Fort]], [[Jhansi]]
| appointer =
| began = 1769
| ended = 5 April 1858
| pretender =
}}
'''Newalkar''' dynasty were [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Karhade Brahmin]]s, who were the [[Maharaja]]s of [[Jhansi state|Jhansi]] from 1769 to 1858. Their family deity was goddess [[Mahalakshmi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference|publisher=All-India Oriental Conference|page=153|quote=The Newalkar family belongs to Gautama gotra and to the Karhade sub-section of Maharastra Brahmanas.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Chapman|1986|p=13}} The Newalkars were sardars under Peshwa [[Madhavrao I]], and later became [[Maharaja]]s of [[Jhansi]] in [[Central India]] as an independent member of the [[Maratha Confederacy]] until 1818. Later, their kingdom became a [[princely state]] under the protectorate of [[British India]].

The dynasty was founded by Raghunath Hari Newalkar,{{Sfn|Chapman|1986|p=13}} who joined the service of the [[Peshwa]]s of the [[Maratha Empire]], and quickly rose to the ranks of [[Subedar]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Jhansi during the British rule|author=Shiva Pujan Pathak|publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan|year=1987|page=13|quote=Raghunath Hari Newalkar (1769–1794) in whose family the Subedarship became hereditary, its last ruler being Rani Laxmi Bai.}}</ref> The Newalkar Maharajas of Jhansi are a great patron of arts and music.{{Sfn|Chapman|1986|p=129}} The name of the dynasty was associated with the title of the ruler, who was known informally as ''Newalkar Maharaja''.

==Newalkar Maharajas of Jhansi==
The rulers from this dynasty are as follows:

# Raghunath Hari Newalkar (Raghunath Rao I)
The Founder of Newalkar Dynasty. Raghunath I had two sons, Khande Rao and Damodarpant

Raghunath Rao I (first son Khande Rao Dynasty of Maharashtra):

# Khande Rao Newalkar (son of Raghunath Rao I, Parola Fort, Jalgaon, Maharashtra)
# Ramchandra Rao Newalkar (son of Khande Rao, Parola Fort, Jalgaon, Maharashtra)
# Anand Rao Newalkar (son of Ramchandra, Parola Fort, Jalgaon, Maharashtra)
# Hari Bhau Kashinath (Lala Bhau) (son of Anand Rao, Tahsildar of Jhansi in 1852)
# Vasudev Rao Newalkar (son of Anand Rao, Parola Fort, Jalgaon, Maharashtra and father of Rani Jhansi, adopted son)

Raghunath Rao I, second son Damodarpant - Dynasty of Jhansi):

# Damodarpant (son of Raghunath Rao I, Parola Fort, Jalgaon, Maharashtra)
Damodarpant had three sons, Raghopant, Sadashivpant and Haripant

# Raghopant Newalkar (son of Damodarpant, Parola Fort, Jalgaon, Maharashtra)
# Sadashivpant (son of Damodarpant, Parola Fort, Jalgaon, Maharashtra)
# Tryambakrao (son of Sadashivpant, Parola Fort, Jalgaon, Maharashtra)
# Narayanrao (son of Tryambakrao, Parola Fort, Jalgaon, Maharashtra)
# Sadashiv Rao Narayan (son of Narayan, Parola Fort, Jalgaon, Maharashtra and Claimant of Jhansi Throne)
1. 1844-57: Parola Fort of Maharashtra
2. 1835-1838, 1853: Claimant of Jhansi Throne
3. 13 June 1857: Battle of Karaira Fort of Gwalior against Rani Laxmibai and Rani Laxmibai arrest him.
4. 1860: The British shifted him to the Andaman Islands, where he died after the died on rani jhansi.

# Haripant Newalkar (son of Damodarpant, and Her Dynasty of Jhansi Royal Family)
haripant had three sons, Raghunath Rao II, Shivrao Bhau and Laxmanrao (Lalabhau, Last Jahagirdar of Parola in 1859)

# Subhedar Raghunath Rao II (son of Haripant : also known as ''Raghunath Hari Newalkar''; 1769–1796 First Subhedar of Jhansi)
# Raja Shivrao Bhau Newalkar (son of Haripant and Brother of Raghunath II : a.k.a. ''First Raja of Jhansi''; 1796–1814)
Raja Shivrao Bhau had two Queens and three sons, Krishnarao (To Queen Rakhmabai), Raghunath III and Gangadhar Rao (To Queen Padmabai)

# Laxmanrao Haripant Newalkar (son of Haripant and Brother of Raghunath II and Last Jahagirdar of Parola Fort, Maharashtra)
# Raja Krishna Rao Newalkar (son of Shivrao Bhau and Husbund of Rani Sakhubai)
Raja Krishna Rao and Queen Sakhubai had two children: Ramchandra and Gangabai, Wife of Moreshwar Vinayak Chandorkar The Subhedar of Sagar MP. Raja Krishna Rao was killed by her wife Rani Sakhubai.

# Maharaja Ramchandra Rao (First Maharaja of Jhansi, 1806–1835; Rani Sakhubai was regent at his minority, 1811–1835){{clarify|date=August 2022}}
Maharaja Ramchandra wife Rani Laxmibai. Ramchandra was killed by her mother Rani Sakhubai.

# Chandrakrishna Rao Newalkar ufr Krishna Rao II (son of Gangabai and Moreshwar Chandorkar of Sagar, MP, adopted son of Sakhubai and Claimant of Jhansi Throne)

# Maharaja Raghunath Rao III (1835–1838) "Maharajadhiraj Fidvi Badshah Jamjah Englishtan", i.e. "faithful servant of the glorious [[William IV|king of England]]"<ref>Edwardes, Michael (1975) ''Red Year''. London: Sphere Books; pg. 113</ref>

# Rani Sakhubai as regent of Chandrakrishna urf Krishna Rao II (November 1838-5 January 1839)

# Maharaja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar [[Gangadhar Rao]] (son of Raja Shivrao Bhau and Rani Padmabai 1843–21 November 1853)

# Virangana Maharani Laxmibai [[Rani Lakshmi Bai]] (21 November 1853– 3 April 1858; as regent of [[Anand Rao|Damodar Rao]] of [[Jhansi]] from 4 June 1857–4/5 April 1858)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3BzmTdQLioC&pg=PA227|title=Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide|author1=Guida M. Jackson|author2=Guida Myrl Jackson-Laufer|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=1999|page=227|isbn=9781576070918}}</ref>

==Queens of Jhansi==
Some of the known Queens:
# Rani Padmabai Saheb (wife of Shiv Rao Hari Bhau Newalkar )
# Rani Sakhubai Saheb (wife of Raja Krishna Rao and mother of Raja Ramchandra Rao; King Gangadhar's elder sister in law)
# Rani Jankibai Saheb (first wife of Raghunath Rao III and his Royal consort; King Gangadhar's younger sister in law)
# Aftab Begum urf Rani Lachhobai Saheb (second wife of Raghunath Rao III; King Gangadhar's sister in law and mother of Ali Bahadur, Nusrat and Mehrunissa )
# Maharani Laxmibai Saheb I (wife of Maharaja Ramchandra Rao The First Maharaja of Jhansi)
# Maharani Ramabai Saheb ([[Gangadhar Rao]]'s first wife)
# Rajmata Virangana Maharani Laxmibai Saheb Newalkar Maharaj (Baisaheb Sarkar) [[Rani Lakshmi Bai]] ([[Gangadhar Rao]]'s second wife, mother of Damodar Rao and Indian Freedom Fighter)

{{Sfn|Chapman|1986|p=15|ps=: "the throne: Janki Bai, Raghunath's widow; Krishna Rao, the same adopted son of Ram Chand; Ali Bahadur, Raghunath's illegitimate son; and Gangadhar Rao, last surviving son of Shiv Rao Bhau."}}

==Other notable people==
# Ranunath Rao of Jhansi (a.k.a. Raghunath Hari Newalkar)
# Shiv Hari Rao
# Shiv Rao Bhau (father of Krishna Rao I, Raghunath Rao III, and Gangadhar Rao) {{Sfn|Roy|2006|p=31}}
# Krishna Rao I (father of Ramachandra Rao and husband of Sakku Bai ([[Gangadhar Rao]]'s brother)
# Krishna Rao II (adopted son of Ramchandra Rao and biological son of Ganga Bai of Sagar who was a daughter of Sakku Bai){{Sfn|Roy|2006|p=31}}
# Ali Bahadur and Nasrat Jung (Raghunath Rao III and Lachcho Bai's illegitimate sons){{Sfn|Roy|2006|p=30}}
# Raghunath Rao III (brother of [[Gangadhar Rao|Gangadhar and Krishna Rao]])
# Sadashiv Rao (distant relative and nephew of [[Gangadhar Rao]]; executed in 1870)<ref>{{cite book|title=The Queen of Jhansi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oNjAAAAMAAJ|author=Mahāśvetā Debī|publisher=Seagull Books|year=2000|page=46|isbn = 9788170461753|quote=(page 46) Sadashiv Rao was the distant cousin (nephew) of Gangadhar Rao and the great grandson of Sadashivpanth.}}</ref>([[Rani Lakshmi Bai]]'s brother-in-law)
# Vasudev Rao Newalkar, a cousin of Raja [[Gangadhar Rao]]
# [[Jhalkaribai|JhalkariBai]] (Women's Army served [[Rani Lakshmi Bai]] of [[Jhansi]] )<nowiki/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ankita-lokhande-kangana-ranaut-manikarnika-the-queen-of-jhansi-4732773/ | title=Manikarnika The Queen of Jhansi: Ankita Lokhande joins Kangana Ranaut's army as Jhalkaribai | publisher=indianexpress.com | access-date=28 July 2017| date=3 July 2017 }}</ref>
# Ghulam Ghaus Khan (Commander in Chief of [[Jhansi]])
# [[Tatya Tope]] ([[Rani Lakshmi Bai ]]'s Guru)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/manikarnika-the-queen-of-jhansi-atul-kulkarni-joins-the-kangana-ranaut-starrer-as-tantya-tope-4767742/ |title=Manikarnika The Queen Of Jhansi: Atul Kulkarni joins the Kangana Ranaut starrer as Tatya Tope |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Newalkars Today==
Most of the Newalkar family has migrated from Jhansi to various cities in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. There is only one Branch of Newalkar family still residing in Jhansi. The members are well known for their humanitarian work and are affiliated with various humanitarian organizations which provide free health care to poor people by organizing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jhansitimes.com/fn/Diabetes-check-up-camp-organized-under-the-joint-aegis-of-Rotary-Club-of-Jhansi-Rani-and-RSSDI/614b3cf7deafbf0016c208fa|title=JhansiTimes | रोटरी क्लब ऑफ झांसी रानी और RSSDI के संयुक्त तत्वावधान में मधुमेह जांच शिविर आयोजित}}</ref> health camps and also provide aid to schools for underprivileged children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidyabhartionline.org/3960|title=झांसी : लायंस क्लब ऑफ द्वारा विद्यालय की छात्राओं को व्यायाम संबंधी उपकरण किए गए वितरित|date=30 June 2021}}</ref> Priti Newalkar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/jhansi-city-21190747.html|title = लायन्स क्लब ऑफ झाँसी का 57वाँ अधिष्ठापन समारोह}}</ref> was the President of Lions Club of Jhansi for 2020 - 2021 and Manish Newalkar has served as the President of Rotary Club Of Jhansi Rani for 2021 - 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jhansitimes.com/fn/Inauguration-ceremony-of-Rotary-Club-of-Jhansi-Rani-organized/60ead4ca7473e30015f3f02a|title=JhansiTimes | रोटरी क्लब ऑफ झांसी रानी का अधिष्ठापन समारोह आयोजित}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation|title=The Rani of Jhansi: A Study in Female Heroism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oMeAAAAMAAJ|first=Joyce Lebra|last=Chapman|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1986|isbn = 9780824809843}}
*{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNn0_j-qs-kC|title=Raj of the Rani|first=Tapti|last=Roy|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2006|isbn=9780143062219}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Jhansi State]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

Sani Ghose Ray

2026-03-15T04:16:22Z

AmieLearmonth67: made new entry more to come.

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sani Ghose Ray
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Film Director and Producer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = [[Nagarkirtan]]
| awards = [[National Film Awards]]
}}
'''Sani Ghose Ray''' is an Indian [[Film director]] and [[Film producer|producer]] based out of Kolkata. He is also one of the founder members of the production house [[Acropoliis Entertainment]] along with a line production company Greyscale Entertainment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sani Ghose Ray |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sani-Ghose-Ray |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tired of virus talks, viewers turn to serials with scant pandemic mention |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/tired-of-virus-talks-viewers-turn-to-serials-with-scant-pandemic-mention/articleshow/76653325.cms |website=The Times of India |date=27 June 2020}}</ref>

The movie [[Nagarkirtan]] produced by Sani Ghose Ray has won [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|Special Jury Award at National Film Awards]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=National film awards start arriving at absentee winners' homes by post |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/national-film-awards-start-arriving-at-absentee-winners-homes-by-post/articleshow/67203658.cms |website=The Times of India |date=22 December 2018}}</ref>

== Film career ==
Ghose Ray began his career by assisting directors such as [[Rituparno Ghosh]], [[Sudeshna Roy]], and [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]]. He worked as an Executive Producer / Line Producer / Associate Director on films such as [[Abohomaan]], [[Sunglass (film)|Sunglass]], [[Khela]], [[Sob Charitra Kalponik]], [[Noukadubi (2011 film)|Noukadubi]] by [[Rituparno Ghosh]], [[Raavan (2010 film)|Raavan]] by [[Mani Ratnam]], [[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]] by [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]], and others, as well as nonfiction TV shows such as "Ghosh & Co.", anchored by Rituparno Ghosh.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

===As producer===
In 2006, Ghose Ray started [[Acropoliis Entertainment]], a film production company based in Kolkata, along with Snigdha Sumit Basu, Sumit Tinkari Basu and Rajnish Jaichandra Hedao.

Ghose Ray started his entrepreneurial journey with television in 2009. He has produced around 25 TV serials for [[Star Jalsha]], [[Zee Bangla]], and [[Colors Bangla]], including Raashi, [[Agnipariksha (2009 TV series)|Agnipariksha]], [[Bodhuboron]], [[Mon Phagun]], Kamala O Sriman Prithwiraj, [[Gaatchora]] and others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood goes back to the floors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/tollywood-goes-back-to-the-floors/articleshow/83567029.cms |website=The Times of India |date=16 June 2021}}</ref>

In 2017, he produced Nagarkirtan, directed by Kaushik Ganguly, under the banner of [[Acropoliis Entertainment]]. At the [[65th National Film Awards]], Ghose Ray received [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)]] for this film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sani Ghose Ray Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sani-Ghose-Ray/awards |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The film received four National Awards (Special Jury Awards, Feature Film, Best Makeup, and Best Costume), as well as the National Film Award for Best Actor for Riddhi Sen.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Film Awards 2018: Here is the complete list of winners |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/national-film-awards-2018-here-is-the-complete-list-of-winners-683083 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |date=13 April 2018}}</ref>

===As director===
In 2020, Ghose Ray debuted as a director with 'Bonyo Premer Golpo' on Hoichoi. It was one of the platform's most popular shows. With OTT programmes like Srikanto, Ray gradually established himself as a director.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive! Director Sani Ghosh Ray: Srikanto is all about pure romance and nothing else! |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-director-sani-ghosh-ray-srikanto-is-all-about-pure-romance-and-nothing-else/2198dc0bfc737 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sohini Sarkar and Rishav Basu starrer 'Srikanta' to start streaming soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sohini-sarkar-and-rishav-basu-starrer-srikanta-to-start-streaming-soon/articleshow/90681039.cms |website=The Times of India |date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

In 2023, he directed Swethkali (a psychological thriller) for ZEE5, which has become the platform's most successful programme to date.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch Shwetkali Season 1 E2 – The Curse of Kali online in HD on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/shwetkali/0-6-4z5309801/the-curse-of-kali/0-1-6z5314737 |website=ZEE5 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Ghose Ray's other OTT series 'Jaatishawr' is also released at Hoichoi OTT platform.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madhumita Sarcar starrer 'Jaatiswar' to premiere on April 21 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/madhumita-sarcar-starrer-jaatiswar-to-premiere-on-april-21/articleshow/99397767.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Filming starts for Madhumita Sarcar-Rohaan Bhattacharya-starrer Hoichoi original Jaatishawr |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/filming-starts-for-madhumita-sarcar-rohaan-bhattacharya-starrer-hoichoi-original-jaatishawr/cid/1906628 |website=Telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Movies===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No. !! Year !! Film/TV Series !! Role
|-
| 1 || 2019 || ''[[Nagarkirtan]]'' || Producer
|-
| 2 || 2009 || ''[[Cross Connection]]'' || Producer
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No. !! Year !! Film/TV Series !! Platform !! Role
|-
| 1 || 2023 || ''Jaatishawr'' || Hoichoi || Producer and Director || Web series
|-
| 2 || 2023 || ''Shwetkali'' || [[ZEE5]] || Producer and Director || Web series
|-
| 3 || 2022 || ''Hostel Days'' || Hoichoi || Producer || Web series
|-
| 4 || 2022 || ''Srikanto'' || Hoichoi || Producer and Director || Web series
|-
| 5 || 2020 || ''Bonyo Premer Golpo2'' || Hoichoi || Producer and Director || Web series
|-
| 6 || 2020 || ''Bonyo Premer Golpo'' || Hoichoi || Producer and Director || Web series
|}

===TV series===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No. !! Year !! Film/TV Series !! Channel !! Role
|-
| 1 || 2023 – present || ''Tunte'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 2 || 2023 – present || ''Kamala O Sreeman Prithwiraj'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 3 || 2022 – present || ''[[Tumii Je Amar Maa]]'' || [[Colors Bangla]] || Producer
|-
| 4 || 2021 – present || ''[[Gaatchora]]'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 5 || 2022–2023 || ''[[Shaheber Chithi]]'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 6 || 2021–2022 || ''[[Mon Phagun]]'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 7 || 2021 || ''[[Rimli]]'' || [[Zee Bangla]] || Producer
|-
| 8 || 2020–2021 || ''[[Ogo Nirupoma]]'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 9 || 2020–2021 || ''[[Phirki]]'' || [[Zee Bangla]] || Producer
|-
| 10 || 2020–2021 || ''[[Dhrubatara]]'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 11 || 2019–2021 || ''[[Saanjher Baati]]'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 12 || 2019 || ''Sasurbari Zindabad'' || [[Colors Bangla]] || Produce
|-
| 13 || 2019 || ''[[Sagarika (TV series)|Sagarika]]'' || [[Sun Bangla]] || Producer
|-
| 14 || 2018–2020 || ''[[Irabotir Chupkotha]]'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 15 || 2018 || ''[[Ardhangini (2018 TV series)|Ardhangini]]'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 16 || 2017–2020 || ''[[Bokul Kotha]]'' || [[Zee Bangla]] || Producer
|-
| 17 || 2017 || ''[[Debipaksha (TV series)|Debipaksha]]'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 18 || 2016–2017 || ''[[Aamar Durga]]'' || [[Zee Bangla]] || Producer
|-
| 19 || 2016–2017 || ''[[Membou]]'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 20 || 2015–2017 || ''[[Milon Tithi]]'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 21 || 2014–2015 || ''Jani Dekha Hobe'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 22 || 2014–2015 || ''Hoyto Tomari Jonno'' || [[Colors Bangla]] || Producer
|-
| 23 || 2014–2015 || ''Raaikishori'' || [[Zee Bangla]] || Producer
|-
| 24 || 2013–2017 || ''[[Bodhuboron]]'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Producer
|-
| 25 || 2011–2015 || ''Raashi'' || [[Zee Bangla]] || Producer
|-
| 26 || 2009 || ''[[Agnipariksha (2009 TV series)|Agnipariksha]]'' || [[Zee Bangla]] || Producer
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm4023422}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghose Ray, Sani}}
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Bengali film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian film producers by language]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Roopmati

2026-03-13T06:24:57Z

AmieLearmonth67:

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed||date=September 2019}}
{{More footnotes|date=September 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Bazrupmati.jpg|alt=Roopmati|200px|thumb|right|Roopmati with [[Baz Bahadur]], Sultan of Malwa.]]
'''Rani Roopmati''' (died 1561), also known as '''Kavi Roopmati''', was a poet queen of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] and the consort of the [[Sultan of Malwa]], [[Baz Bahadur]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Safvi |first=Rana |date=2017-10-14 |title=For the queen of Malwa, with love |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/for-the-queen-of-malwa-with-love/article19862603.ece |access-date=2023-03-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jayamanne |first=Laleen |date=March 2013 |title=To sing and to dance, to think and to fight: an actor's second nervous system |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14649373.2013.745970 |journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=26–43 |doi=10.1080/14649373.2013.745970 |s2cid=143526197 |issn=1464-9373|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Subhadra Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loKuDwAAQBAJ&dq=Roopmati+adham&pg=PT4 |title=MAHAL: Power and Pageantry in the Mughal Harem |date=2019-10-20 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-88322-55-3 |language=en}}</ref> Roopmati features prominently in the folklores of [[Malwa]], which often describe the romance of the Sultan and his consort.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schofield |first=Katherine Butler |date=April 2012 |title=The Courtesan Tale: Female Musicians and Dancers in Mughal Historical Chronicles, c .1556–1748 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01673.x |journal=Gender & History |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=150–171 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01673.x |s2cid=161453756 |issn=0953-5233|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Archana Garodia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MWMDwAAQBAJ&dq=Roopmati+invade&pg=PT66 |title=The Women Who Ruled India: Leaders. Warriors. Icons. |date=2019-04-20 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5195-153-7 |language=en}}</ref> She is said to have poisoned herself out of loyalty to her husband when Mandu fell to [[Adham Khan]].

==Legend==
[[File:The Defeat of Baz Bahadur of Malwa by the Mughal Troops, 1561, Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The defeat of Baz Bahadur by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] troops, in 1561; Rani Roopmati and her companions view the scene from the terrace of the fort. Depicted in the ''[[Akbarnama]]''.]]
According to folk legend, Baz Bahadur, the last independent ruler of Mandu, met the shepherdess Roopmati while he was out hunting, and she was singing with her friends. He asked her to accompany him to Mandu, and she agreed on the condition that she would live in a palace within sight of the [[Narmada River|Narmada]]. Baz Bahadur thus built the [[Rewa Kund]] at Mandu.

The Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] decided to conquer Mandu, and sent [[Adham Khan]] to capture the city. Adham Khan was prompted to conquer Mandu partly due to Roopmati's beauty.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |date=July 2018 |title=A Poetic Record of the Rajput Rebellion, c. 1680 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/poetic-record-of-the-rajput-rebellion-c-1680/36EE4BDBCF53E09D5E5D75D18EE98BB8 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=461–483 |doi=10.1017/S135618631800007X |s2cid=165460715 |issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 1561, [[Akbar]]'s army led by Adham Khan and Pir Muhammad Khan attacked [[Malwa]], and easily defeated Baz Bahadur's weaker forces in the battle of [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]] on 29 March 1561. Bahadur fled to seek help,<ref name=VAS>{{cite book |title=Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605 |last=Smith |first=Vincent, Arthur |year= 1919|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y_BBAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Baz+Bahadur}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2019}} after which Roopmati, believing he was dead, and unwilling to submit to Adham Khan, poisoned herself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayer |first=Adrian C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-T8nbM4LIb4C&dq=Roopmati+conquer&pg=PR13 |title=Caste and Kinship in Central India |date=1960 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-00835-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Podder |first=Tanushree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7xlAAAAMAAJ&q=Roopmati+beauty+conquer |title=Nur Jahan's Daughter |date=2005 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0722-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Keene |first=Henry George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYcfAAAAYAAJ&dq=Roopmati+beauty+conquer&pg=PA93 |title=A Sketch of the History of Hindustán from the First Muslim Conquest to the Fall of the Mughol Empire |date=1885 |publisher=W.H. Allen & Company |language=en}}</ref><ref name=rewa>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiasite.com/madhyapradesh/mandu/rewakund.html |title=Rewa kund |access-date=20 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060314173016/http://www.indiasite.com/madhyapradesh/mandu/rewakund.html |archive-date=14 March 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Poems by Roopmati==
In 1599, [[Ahmad-ul-Umri Turkoman]], who was in the service of [[Sharaf-ud-Din Mirza]], wrote the story of Rani Roopmati in Persian. He collected 26 poems of her and included them in his work. The original manuscript passed to his grandson Fulad Khan and his friend Mir Jafar Ali made a copy of the manuscript in 1653. Mir Jafar Ali's copy ultimately passed to Mehbub Ali of Delhi and after his death in 1831 passed to a lady of Delhi. Jemadar Inayat Ali of Bhopal brought this manuscript from her to Agra. This manuscript later reached C.E. Luard and was translated into English by L.M. Crump under the title, ''The Lady of the Lotus: Rupmati, Queen of Mandu: A Strange Tale of Faithfulness'' in 1926. This manuscript has a collection of twelve ''doha''s, ten ''kavita''s and three ''sawaiya''s of Rupmati.<ref>Khare, M.D. (ed.) (1981). ''Malwa through the Ages'', Bhopal: Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of M.P., pp.365-7</ref>

==Rewa Kund and Rani Roopmati pavilion==
The Rewa Kund is a reservoir built by Baz Bahadur in Mandu, equipped with an aqueduct to supply Roopmati's palace with water. Today, the site is revered as a holy place. Baz Bahadur's palace was constructed in the early 16th century, and is notable for its spacious courtyard fringed with halls, and high terraces. Rani Roopmati's Pavilion was built as an army observation post, and served a more romantic purpose as Roopmati's retreat. From this hilltop pavilion, the queen could see Baz Bahadur's palace, and also the River Narmada below. Rani Roopmati's double pavilion perched on the southern embattlements had a view of the Narmada valley.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Rupmati Pavilion 01.jpg|Rani Roopmati pavilion
File:Baz Bahadur's Palace 12.jpg|Baz Bahadur's palace
File:Rewa Kund, Mandu.jpg|Rewa Kund
File:A MESMERISING SUNSET @ RANI RUPMATI PAVILION.jpg|Sunset at Rani Roopmati Pavilion
</gallery>

== In popular culture ==
The story of Queen Roopmati has been adapted into several films in India, including: ''Rani Rupmati'' (1931) by [[Bhalji Pendharkar]] and ''Rani Rupmati'' (1959) by [[S. N. Tripathi|S.N. Tripathi]] starring [[Nirupa Roy]] in the titular role.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|publisher=British Film Institute|year=1999|isbn=9780851706696 |access-date=12 August 2012|url-access=registration}}</ref> [[Kuldip Kaur]] played the role of the queen, portrayed as a dacoit, in the 1952 Indian film [[Baiju Bawra (film)|''Baiju Bawra'']] about the [[Baiju Bawra|titular poet]] during the Mughal period.<ref name="Open2">{{cite web|last1=Ayaz|first1=Shaikh|title=Sixty Years of Baiju Bawra|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cinema/sixty-years-of-baiju-bawra|access-date=16 September 2015|website=openthemagazine.com|date=18 April 2012 |publisher=Open Media Network Pvt. Ltd}}</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book|title=Explore India: The Official Newsletter of the Ministry of Tourism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qk0sAQAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Durga Das Publications Pvt. Limited}}
* {{cite book|author=Amiteshwar Ratra|title=Marriage and Family: In Diverse and Changing Scenario|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XV5iBV_pYm0C|year=2006|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-758-5}}
* {{cite book|author=M. D. Khare|title=Malwa Through the Ages: Papers of the Seminar Held at Indore Museum on 7, 8, and 9 February, 1981|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_ouAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, Government of M.P.}}
* {{cite book|author=Seema Suneel|title=Man-woman relationship in Indian fiction: with a focus on Shashi Deshpande, Rajendra Awasthy, and Syed Abdul Malik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7BlAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Prestige Books|isbn=9788185218984}}
* {{cite book|author1=Sir Thomas Herbert|author2=John Anthony Butler|title=Sir Thomas Herbert, Bart: Travels in Africa, Persia, and Asia the Great : Some Years Travels Into Africa and Asia the Great, Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Hindustan, as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Oriental Indies, 1627-30, the 1677 Version|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46NMAQAAMAAJ|year=2012|publisher=ACMRS (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies)|isbn=978-0-86698-475-1}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tiwari |first=Chandra Kant |year=1977 |title=Rupmati 'The Melody Queen of Malwa' |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=38 |pages=244–249|jstor=44139077 }}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/homes-and-gardens/afghan-architecture-in-sandstone/article23852537.ece |title=Afghan architecture in sandstone |date=11 May 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 September 2019}}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/monsoon-in-mandu-1334356-2018-09-07 |title=Monsoon in Mandu |last=Chand |first=Sharmila |date=7 September 2018 |work=India Today |access-date=18 September 2019}}
* {{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/mandu-in-madhya-pradesh-is-a-romantic-treasure-waiting-to-be-explored/as71184021.cms |title=Mandu in Madhya Pradesh is a romantic treasure waiting to be explored |date=18 September 2019 |work=Times Travel |access-date=18 September 2019}}
{{refend}}

{{authority control}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1561 deaths]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]

Son Bhandar Caves

2026-03-10T21:25:40Z

AmieLearmonth67: made a info w/ sources

{{Short description|Artificial caves in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox Cave
|name = Son Bhandar Caves
|other_name =
|photo = Cave of sone bhander.JPG
|photo_caption = Main cave of Son Bhandar with ceiling in [[Ogive (architecture)|Ogive]].
|map=India
|relief=yes
|coords = {{Coord|25|00|15|N|85|25|00|E|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Rajgir]]
|geology =
|entrance_count =
|label=Son Bhandar Caves (Jain Caves)|label_position=1}}
The '''Son Bhandar Caves''' (also known as the '''Swarn Bhandar Caves''') are two [[Jainism|Jain]] man-made caves carved into the base of the Vaibhar Hills in [[Rajgir]] in the state of [[Bihar]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/on-a-treasure-hunt-in-the-son-bhandar-caves-of-bihar/articleshow/65200298.cms|title=On a treasure hunt in the Son Bhandar Caves of Bihar|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Based on the dedicatory inscription found in the largest cave — which uses [[Gupta script]] of the 4th century CE — the caves are generally dated to the 3rd or 4th century CE, although some authors have suggested the caves could actually go back to the period of the [[Maurya Empire]], possibly as early as 319 BCE.{{sfn|Balcerowicz|2015|p=299}}{{Sfn|Burgess|2013|p=49}} The main cave is rectangular with a trapezoidal entrance and a [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted ceiling]], reminiscent of the structure of the earlier [[Barabar Caves]]. The quality of the [[Mauryan polish|polish]] and the finish are nevertheless much inferior to that of the Barabar Caves. The stone of Son Bhandar is also much less hard than the [[granite]] of the Barabar caves, and therefore did not require the same degree of effort and technique.<ref name = "Gupta">Gupta, The roots of Indian Art, B. R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 1980 {{p.|194-200}}</ref>

==Dedicatory inscription of the 4th century CE==
An inscription in the rock at the entrance of the cave in Gupta characters of the 4th century CE mentions the construction of the cellar by a [[Jain]] [[Jain monasticism|Muni]] ("Monk") named Vairadeva. This inscription has led scholars to date the cave to the same period of the 4th century CE.:<ref name = "Gupta"/>

[[File:Son Bhandar cave inscription.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Original inscription in Gupta script.{{sfn|Cunningham|1871|p=498}}]]
{{Blockquote|''Muni Vairadeva'', the jewel among the ''[[acarya]]s'' and of great lustre, caused to be made the two auspicious caves which are worthy of ascetics and in which were placed the images of [[arhat]]s (ie [[tirthankara]]s)|Inscription of the main Son Bhandar cave (4th century CE).<ref name = "Gupta"/>}}
{{Jainism}}
According to Gupta, however, this inscription may be ambiguous and, for him, might only mean that the cave was the subject of re-development work at that time. For this reason, he tends to date the cave on the basis of its similarities with the caves of Barabar (general shape, trapezoidal entrance door, polishing, although extremely limited) to the time of [[Ashoka]] (260 BCE), or even a little earlier, making it the possible precursor of all artificial caves in India such as the [[Barabar Caves]].<ref name = "Gupta"/> Le Huu Phuoc also entertains the possibility, to challenge the traditional idea that stone mirror-polishing techniques were imported from the Near East.{{sfn|Phuoc Le|2010|p=45}} The consensus, however, favours the traditional datation of 2nd to 4th century of our era, based on the epigraphic evidence.

The ancient [[Saptaparni Cave]], a natural cave dating back to the days of the [[Buddha]], is only a few kilometers away.

==Main Cave==
The cave dates were constructed c. 319 — 180 BCE, during the [[Maurya Empire]].{{Sfn|Burgess|2013|p=49}}{{Sfn|Kulshreshtha|2017|p=135}} The ''Chaumukha'' (quadruple) idol discovered inside the cave has a domical top and the [[stele]] on each side shows a [[dharmachakra]]. Each side has carvings representing the animal symbols of the respective [[tirthankara]] - [[Ajitanatha]] with two elephants flank the wheel, [[Sambhavanatha]] with two monkeys, [[Shantinatha]], with two deer and [[Rishabhanatha]] with chawri bearers on each side and a flying garland-bearer over the head. This idol dates to the 7th or 8th century CE.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=117}}{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=128}}{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=135}}{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=152}}

<gallery>
File:Son Bhandar cave outside.jpg|Outside of the cave.
File:Son Bhandar cave entrance.jpg|Trapezoidal Entrance
File:Son Bhandar cave shrine Rajgir.jpg|Inside the cave, with votive Jain stele.
File:Son Bhandar Jain votive stele.jpg|The Jain stele.
File:Son Bhandar polished surface.jpg|Partially polished surface .
File:IA Son Bhandar cave.jpg|Volume map of the main cave.
File:Son Bhandar cave plan.jpg|Plan the main cave and the second small cave next to it.
</gallery>

==Second cave==
The second cave, adjacent to the main cave, is largely destroyed, but it has some beautiful Jain reliefs. This cave dates back to the 3rd and 4th century CE.{{Sfn|Kulshreshtha|2017|p=135}} The relief sculpture includes a carving of [[Mahavira]] on the cave wall.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=117}}

<gallery>
Son Bhandar Cave 1 and Cave 2.jpg|Main cave and second cave in the background.
Son Bhandar second cave.jpg|Facade of the second cave.
Son Bhandar second cave sculptures.jpg|Inside wall of the second cave, with sculptures.
Son Bhandar sculptures.jpg|Jain sculptures of the second cave.
Son Bhandar Jain sculptures.jpg|Jain sculptures of the second cave.
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|History|India}}
{{Commons category|Sonebhandar cave}}
* [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]]

==References ==
=== Citation ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |last=Balcerowicz |first=Piotr | author-link=Piotr Balcerowicz |title=Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism | series=Routledge Advances in Jaina Studies |date=16 September 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url={{Google books|nfOPCgAAQBAJ|page=299|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=978-1-315-72697-7 }}
* {{cite book | last=Burgess | first=James | author-link=James Burgess (archaeologist) |url={{Google books|bVXa9JyxOw4C|page=49|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Cave Temples of India | series=Cambridge Library Collection - Perspectives from the Royal Asiatic Society |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | date=6 May 2013 | orig-date=1880| isbn=978-1-108-05552-9 }}
* {{cite book | last=Cunningham | first=Alexander | author-link=Alexander Cunningham | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532834/page/n497/mode/2up?view=theater | title=Four report made during the years 1862-65 | date=1871 | volume=1 | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kulshreshtha |first=Salila |url={{Google books|uJU4DwAAQBAJ|page=135|plainurl=yes}} |title=From Temple to Museum |edition=Colonial Collections and Umā Maheśvara Icons in the Middle Ganga Valley | series=Archaeology and Religion in South Asia | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|date=5 October 2017|isbn=978-1-315-12121-5 }}
* {{cite book | last=Phuoc Le | first=Huu | title=Buddhist Architecture | url={{Google books|9jb364g4BvoC|page=45|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=Grafikol | date=2010 | isbn=9780984404308}}
* {{cite book |last=Shah | first=Umakant Premanand | author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah | title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography | volume=1 | url={{Google books|m_y_P4duSXsC|page=128|plainurl=yes}} | date=1987 | publisher=Abhinav Publications | location=[[Delhi]] | isbn=81-7017-208-X }}

{{Jain Caves in India}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Caves of Bihar]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Bihar]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bihar]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Jain temples]]
[[Category:Jain caves in India]]
[[Category:Artificial caves]]

Sakutumba Sametha

2026-03-06T05:06:56Z

AmieLearmonth67: made some post v1

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language romantic film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sakutumba Sametha
| image = Sakutumba Sametha film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| writer = Rahul PK Pooja Sudhir
| producer = [[Rakshit Shetty]]
| director = Rahul PK
| starring = Bharath GB [[Siri Ravikumar]] Achyuth Kumar
| music = [[Midhun Mukundan]]
| cinematography = [[Karm Chawla]] Sandeep Valluri
| editing = Bharath MC
| studio = [[Paramvah Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|05|20}}
| distributor =
| runtime = 107 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sakutumba Sametha''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Rahul PK, and produced by [[Rakshit Shetty]] under [[Paramvah Studios]]. The film stars Bharath G B and [[Siri Ravikumar]] with a music score by Midhun Mukundan . It was released in India on 20 May 2022. <ref name=Udayavani>{{Cite web|date=13 May 2022|title='ಸಕುಟುಂಬ ಸಮೇತ' ಸಿನಿಮಾಗೆ ಬನ್ನಿ! ರಿಲೀಸ್ ಗೆ ಮುನ್ನವೇ ಡಬಲ್ ಲಾಭದ ಖುಷಿ|url=https://www.udayavani.com/supplements/suchitra/sakutumba-sametha-trailer-released/}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Plot==

The Movie begins with the introduction of Suresh (Bharath GB) and Shraddha (Siri Ravikumar) who have matched through an online matrimonial site to get married, Shraddha has reservations about going ahead with the wedding, One week before her wedding she chooses to express to her parents and Suresh. A meeting between the two dysfunctional families follows story that takes place in one house, Which gives the opportunity to know each other's family and they get bonded along, some Egos will be hurt, Some hearts will be broken and some hearts will be mended too.

==Cast==
* Bharath GB as Suri
* [[Siri Ravikumar]] as Shraddha
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Sathyamurthy
* Krishna Hebbale as Giri
* Pushpa Belwadi as Geetha
* Rekha Kudligi as Vimalla
* Jayalaxmi Patil as Haya
* Gowtham Upadya as Babu
* Shankar Murthy SR

== Home media ==

The film is available to stream on [[Over-the-top media services|OTT]] platform [[Voot]] from 2 september 2022<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 Jun 2022|title=Upcoming Kannada movies releasing on OTT in 2022 – Netflix, Prime Video, SunNXT, Voot and others |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/upcoming-kannada-movies-releasing-on-ott-in-2022-netflix-prime-video-sunnxt-voot-and-others/5ff2877159919}}</ref>
while its satellite rights were acquired by [[Colors Kannada]].<ref name=Udayavani></ref>

==Reception==

Reviewing ''Sakutumba Sametha'', Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave rating of 3 out of 5, praising it as, cinema with soul and simplicity.<ref name=toi>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/sakutumba-sametha/movie-review/91682273.cms|title=Sakutumba Sametha Movie Review : A simple tale with its soul firmly in place | work=The Times of India | access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>
For ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', A.Sharadhaa gave rating of 3 out of 5 and wrote "While the direction deserves applause, equal credit should also go to writer Pooja Sudhir, who captures delightful nuggets about family life. The music by Midhun Mukundan is a plus and goes well with the film, which has each actor playing to their strengths in author-backed roles."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/may/23/sakutumba-sametha-movie-reviewa-rather-entertaining-andsimplistic-take-on-a-profound-situation-31662.html |title=Sakutumba Sametha Movie Review: A rather entertaining and simplistic take on a profound situation | work=The Times of India |date=22 May 2022 | access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt19845918}}

{{Paramvah Studios}}
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2022 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Raju Kannada Medium

2026-03-03T21:32:34Z

AmieLearmonth67: new!

{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raju Kannada Medium
| image = Raju_Kannada_Medium_Release_Poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Naresh Kumar
| producer = K. A. Suresh
| writer = Naresh Kumar
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Gurunandan]] [[Avantika Shetty]] [[Sudeepa]]
| music = Kiran Ravindranath
| cinematography = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| editing = Giri Mahesh
| studio = Suresh Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|01|19|}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Raju Kannada Medium''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Naresh Kumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kannada.simplycinema.in/news/raju-kannada-medium-frr-naresh-back/|title=Raju Kannada medium, FRR Naresh back|publisher=Simply cinema.in|accessdate=6 January 2017|archive-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107115622/http://kannada.simplycinema.in/news/raju-kannada-medium-frr-naresh-back/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It features [[Gurunandan]] and [[Avantika Shetty]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/avantikas-next-with-gurunandan-titled-raju-rangitaranga|title=Avantika's next with Gurunandan titled 'Raju Rangitaranga' |publisher=News Karnataka|date=18 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/Ashika-Ranganath-joins-raju-kannada-medium/articleshow/56513434.cms|title=Ashika Ranganath joins Raju Kannada Medium|work=The Times of India|date=13 January 2017}}</ref> [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Suchendra Prasad]], [[Sadhu Kokila]] and the Russian model Angelina Desedina play the supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/apr/04/russian-model-debuts-in-gurunandan-starrer-raju-kannada-medium-1589886.html|title=Russian model debuts in Gurunandan-starrer Raju Kannada medium|work=The New Indian Express|date=4 April 2017}}</ref> The [[Film score|score]] and soundtrack for the film is by Kiran Ravindranath and the cinematography is by Shekhar Chandra.

The film was earlier titled as ''Raju Rangitaranga'' owing to the combination of the lead pair who found success with their earlier films ''[[1st Rank Raju (2015 film)|1st Rank Raju]]'' and ''[[RangiTaranga]]'' respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13455-gurunandan-s-new-film-titled-raju-rangitaranga.html|title=Gurunandan's New Film Titled Raju Rangitaranga|publisher=Chitraloka|date=18 July 2017|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226040020/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/13455-gurunandan-s-new-film-titled-raju-rangitaranga.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The project marks the second collaboration of director Naresh Kumar, actor Gurunandan, and music director Kiran Ravindranath after their previous successful film ''1st Rank Raju''. The [[principal photography]] started in July 2016 in Bangalore. The filming is also held at [[Ooty]]. The film was released on 19 January 2018

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=May 2025}}

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=32em}}
* [[Gurunandan]] as Raju
* [[Avantika Shetty]] as Nisha
* [[Sudeepa]] as Deepak Chakravarthy, extended cameo appearance
* [[Ashika Ranganath]] as vidya
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]
* [[Suchendra Prasad]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
*[[Vinayak Joshi]]
* Angelina Desedina
* Chandana Raghavendra
* [[Kuri Prathap]]
* [[Pratham (Kannada actor)|Pratham]] in a guest appearance
* Kirik Keerthi in a guest appearance
* [[Chandan Shetty]] in a guest appearance
* [[Om Prakash Rao]] in a guest appearance
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raju Kannada Medium
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Kiran Ravindranath
| cover =
| alt =
| released =2017
| recorded =2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =19:41
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = Ananda Audio
| producer = Kiran Ravindranath
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's background score and the soundtracks are composed by Kiran Ravindranath. The music rights were acquired by Ananda Audio.

{{track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:41
| title1 = Kodeyondara Adiyalli
| lyrics1 = Hrudaya Shiva
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length1 = 3:24
| title2 =Seeda Saada
| lyrics2 = Hrudaya Shiva
| extra2 =Rap Smokey, [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length2 =2:58
| title3 =Nentru Bartarey
| lyrics3 =Chandan Shetty
| extra3 =[[Chandan Shetty]]
| length3 =2:46
| title4 =Kannerali
| lyrics4 = Hrudaya Shiva
| extra4 =[[Anuradha Bhat]], [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length4 =3:43
| title5 =Ekangi Haadinali
| lyrics5 = Hrudaya Shiva
| extra5 =Sonu Nigam
| length5 =3:04
| title6 = Marula Neenu
| lyrics6 = Jayanth kaikini
| extra6 =[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length6 =3:46
}}

==Release==
The film released on 19 January 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vedant |first= Reporter |date=1 January 2018 |title="Raju Kannada Medium" to release on Jan 19 |work=News Karnataka |url=https://newskarnataka.com/south-cinema/sandalwood/raju-kannada-medium-to-release-on-jan-19/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320120127/https://newskarnataka.com/south-cinema/sandalwood/raju-kannada-medium-to-release-on-jan-19/ |archive-date=20 March 2022 }}</ref>

===Critical reception===
Movie has got mixed review from the movie Critics. Sunayana Suresh of [[The Times of India]] scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote The film has some good cinematography. The songs too are catchy. One wishes the film could have utilized the same better. Sudeep's cameo is quite crucial plot, but the filmmaker has chosen to add a lot of extra twists.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sunayana |first= Suresh |date=19 January 2018 |title=RAJU KANNADA MEDIUM MOVIE REVIEW |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/raju-kannada-medium/movie-review/62569975.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320111932/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/raju-kannada-medium/movie-review/62569975.cms |archive-date=20 March 2022 }}</ref> Manoj Kumar R of [[The Indian Express]] gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote The film could have been much better if only Naresh had the will to swim against the tide.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manoj |first= Kumar R |date=20 January 2018 |title=Raju Kannada Medium movie review: Gurunandan and Sudeep starrer is entertaining |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/raju-kannada-medium-movie-review-gurunandan-sudeep-star-rating-5031523/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320125116/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/raju-kannada-medium-movie-review-gurunandan-sudeep-star-rating-5031523/ |archive-date=20 March 2022 }}</ref> S Sivaraman of [[The Hindu]] stated Raju Kannada Medium is a huge flop. The director simply doesn’t know how to take the rudderless plot forward.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sivaraman |first= S |date=25 January 2018 |title='Raju Kannada Medium' review: Carry oodles of patience |work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raju-kannada-medium-review-carry-oodles-of-patience/article22520393.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320141439/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raju-kannada-medium-review-carry-oodles-of-patience/article22520393.ece |archive-date=20 March 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7222598}}
* {{facebook|RAJU Kannada Medium – The Movie – Home}}
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/raju-kannada-medium.html Raju Kannada Medium movie info]

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2018 romantic comedy films]]

Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda

2026-03-03T04:56:40Z

AmieLearmonth67: stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[V. Sekhar]]
| writer = V. Sekhar
| producer = C. Kannappan S. S. Durairaju S. Tamilselvi R. Vijay
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sivakumar]]|[[Bhanupriya]]}}
| cinematography = G. Rajendran
| editing = A. P. Manivannan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Thiruvalluvar Kalaikoodam
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|05|21}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda''''' ({{translation|Birth home or in-law's home?}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[V. Sekhar]]. The film stars [[Sivakumar]] and [[Bhanupriya]], with [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Goundamani]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Senthil]], [[S. S. Chandran]] and [[Charle]] in supporting roles. It was released on 21 May 1993. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Puttinilla Mettinilla'' (1994).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda ( 1993 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1694 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825040146/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1694 |archive-date=25 August 2004 |access-date=12 November 2016 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Amudha is a hard-working woman who is from a poor family. She has to support her alcoholic father and three siblings. Ravi is a well-educated man who is from a rich family. His mother Nirmala Devi is arrogant, takes her family's prestige seriously, and spends most of her time with her friends, while his father is an uneducated rustic. He also has a mentally challenged sister Mohana, who is married to a jobless man and has three siblings.

For many years, Ravi was looking for a wife who could take care of him and his family. After seeing the beautiful Amudha, he wants to marry her. His family friend Valluvardasan decides to help him. He then talks to Amudha's father about this matter. Amudha accepts for the marriage but only under one condition: she would continue to work and help her family. Ravi and Amudha finally marry.

After the marriage, Ravi wants her to look after his big family. Amudha resigns her job without fuss and tries to become a good housewife, but Nirmala Devi does not miss an opportunity to ridicule her. Later, Amudha's father passes away and Amudha's siblings come to live with them. Nirmala Devi turns Ravi against Amudha; thus, Amudha's siblings are humiliated by Nirmala Devi and they leave their house without warning. This incident has broken Amudha's heart. Thereafter, she becomes pregnant. A few weeks later, Amudha finds her siblings in another city. The three worked hard to eat. Amudha decides to bring them at home; during the travel, they meet an accident and Amudha loses the baby. When Ravi learns of the miscarriage, Amudha is driven from their home. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sivakumar]] as Ravi
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Amudha
*[[Goundamani]] as Ravi's father
*[[Senthil]] as Mohana's husband
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Nirmala Devi
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Mohana
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Valluvardasan (guest appearance)
*[[Charle]] as Pattinathar
*[[Master Haja Sheriff]] as Ravi's brother
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Amudha's father
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]] as Veera
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as Doctor
*[[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Kumari Baby
*[[K. S. Jayalakshmi]] as Lilly
*[[Mano (singer)|Mano]] as himself
}}

==Production==
Sekhar revealed the film's concept was inspired from his wife who often spoke proudly about her birth home.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=12 February 1995 |title=கதைதான் என் படத்தின் ஹீரோ! |trans-title=The story is the hero of my film! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-02-12/page/n41/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230506160908/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-02-12/page/n41/mode/2up |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=15 August 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=40–41 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda (1993) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/Porantha-Veeda-Puguntha-Veeda-songs-t0002884 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231118105211/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/Porantha-Veeda-Puguntha-Veeda-songs-t0002884 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Thondharavu Pannathinga" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:24
|-
| "Amma Pathil Solladi" || [[S. Janaki]] || 4:35
|-
| "Veettukku Vilakku" || Mano, K. S. Chithra || 4:41
|-
| "Chandrigaiyum" || Mano, K. S. Chithra || 4:59
|-
| "Pongallo Pongallayya" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || 5:36
|}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated, "Sekhar has once again chosen relevant theme, woven a fairly neat screenplay around it and told his story with humour, warmth and sensitivity" and praised the performances of its lead pair.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=28 May 1993 |title=Wedded to his family |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930528&printsec=frontpage |access-date=12 November 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> At the [[14th Cinema Express Awards]], Sekhar won the award for Best Story Writer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 1994 |title=''Kizhakku Cheemayile'' adjudged best film |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v2FlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=339%2C511626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054633/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v2FlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=339,511626 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{V. Sekhar}}
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Sekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=May 2024}}

Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai

2026-03-03T03:35:59Z

AmieLearmonth67: created

{{short description|Indian family drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Micheal K. Raja
| writer = Micheal K. Raja
| producer = Siva Kilari
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]]
* [[Karunas]]
* Mery Rickets
}}
| cinematography = Demel Xavier Edwards
| editing = M. Thiyagarajan
| music = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
| studio = Shark 9 Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2024|8|23|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai''''' ({{Translation|The destination isn't far}}) is a 2024 Indian Tamil-language [[family drama film|family drama]]-[[Road movie|road film]] written and directed by Micheal K. Raja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-05-06 |title=Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai is high on emotions with a message of humanity: Director Micheal K Raja |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/06/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai-is-high-on-emotions-with-a-message-of-humanity-director-micheal-k-raja |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820102743/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/06/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai-is-high-on-emotions-with-a-message-of-humanity-director-micheal-k-raja |archive-date=2024-08-20 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Karunas]], and Mery Rickets in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-24 |title=Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai Trailer: Vemal is a hearse van driver who gives Karunaas a lift |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/24/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai-trailer-vemal-is-a-hearse-van-driver-who-gives-karunaas-a-lift |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524133740/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/24/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai-trailer-vemal-is-a-hearse-van-driver-who-gives-karunaas-a-lift |archive-date=2024-05-24 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=விமல் நடிப்பில் "போகுமிடம் வெகு தூரமில்லை" |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/121137 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820104245/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/121137 |archive-date=2024-08-20 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=cinema.dinamalar.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kumar, a mortuary van driver, is tasked with transporting the body of Narayana Perumal, an elderly man who died in an accident, from [[Chennai]] to [[Tirunelveli]]. Kumar leaves behind his pregnant wife, Kalaiyazhagi "Kalai", who is expected to deliver soon, and his grandfather. Narayana Perumal's two rival sons, Esakkimuthu "Esakki" and Sankarapandian, are vying to perform the last rites to legitimize their claims to inheritance. Kumar meets Nalinamoorthy, a failed [[Koothu]] artist, who requests a ride up to Vannarapettai. During the journey, they encounter an accident, and Nalinamoorthy criticizes Kumar for not stopping to help. Kumar finds Nalinamoorthy's talkative nature irritating, but the van's frequent breakdowns force Kumar to rely on Nalinamoorthy to push the vehicle and get it started again. Along the way, they pick up a couple who need a lift to Madurai.

Meanwhile, Kumar receives a distressing call from his grandfather, informing him that Kalaiyazhagi's delivery is complicated and requires an urgent cesarean section, which will cost Rs. 25,000. As Kumar continues his journey, the boy in the couple receives a call about his father being attacked, and they are subsequently chased by goons. Kumar decides to help the couple, fighting off the attackers and ensuring their safe return to their village. However, during a rest break, Kumar's van is ransacked, and Narayana Perumal's body is stolen. Kumar blames Nalinamoorthy for the mishap, leading to a heated argument. Nalinamoorthy leaves but soon returns to help Kumar, and they continue their journey to Tirunelveli.

Kumar receives a call from the goons, demanding he retrieve the body from them and meet Pazhakkadai Sekar in [[Karuppayurani]]. However, upon arrival, Kumar discovers that someone else has taken the corpse from the van, and it's revealed that Sankarapandi's men are responsible. Muthupandi, Sankarapandi's brother, takes a selfie with the corpse and sends it to Esakki. Meanwhile, Kumar is unreachable, having lost the body. Shanmugam instructs Kumar to fetch a deformed corpse from the Madurai mortuary to replace Narayana Perumal's body but their efforts turn futile. Esakki demands a photo of the corpse from Kumar, who deceives him by dressing Nalinamoorthy as a dead body and sending the picture. Unbeknownst to Esakki, Sankarapandi secretly performs the last rites for Narayana Perumal's corpse on the city outskirts. Also, near Esakki's house, the Jamin family's marriage procession is scheduled for 3:00 pm, where the police intervene and decide to complete the funeral procession by 2:00 pm. As time passes noon, Esakki becomes frustrated and sends his men to search for Kumar, who is still elusive.

Kalai calls Kumar, urging him to return and pay for her operation, which enrages him. He lashes out at her for borrowing money to lend to someone else, forcing him to take the job of transporting Narayana Perumal's corpse. Kumar breaks down, lamenting his misfortunes: losing his parents at a young age, the death of his two newborn babies, and his uncertainty about what to do next. Nalinamoorthy shares his grief, revealing his struggles as an unmarried man who lost his mother and failed artist and confesses to having attempted suicide multiple times, only to be rescued. Suddenly, Nalinamoorthy jumps out of the van and is fatally struck by a street post. Kumar is shocked, but he dresses Nalinamoorthy's body and presents it as Narayana Perumal's corpse when Esakki's henchmen arrive.

The village, unaware of the switch, pays their respects to Nalinamoorthy's body, believing it to be Narayana Perumal's. Kumar, consumed by grief, dances uncontrollably in front of the funeral procession. Esakki, though suspicious, pays Kumar Rs. 10,000 more than the agreed-upon travel fare. The Jamin, having skipped the marriage procession, instructs Esakki to proceed with the last rites as planned before.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as Kumar
* [[Karunas]] as Nalinamoorthy
* Mery Rickets as Kalaiyazhagi, Kumar's wife
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Sankarapandian
* [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Esakkimuthu "Esakki"
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as a [[Zamindar|jamin]]
* [[Aruldoss]] as Pazhakkadai Sekar
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Avudaiyammal, Esakki's sister
* R. Sundarakkumar as Narayanan Perumal
* [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]] as Maariyappa Vaathiyar, Sankarapandian's uncle
* [[Charles Vinoth]] as Shanmugam, the mortuary in-charge
* Kalki Raja as Karuppaiah "Karuppu", a drunkard in the marriage
* Telephone Raj as Masanan, Madurai Hospital mortuary in-charge
* Rajkumar Manthirapandi as ganesha pandian
* Pasupathi Raj as Esakki's relative
* Vadivel Murugan as Sankarapandian's relative
*Thavamani as Sankarapandian's relative
* Nandhini Senthamizh as Esakki's sister
}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by Siva Kilari under the banner of Shark 9 Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-07 |title=விமலின் ‘போகுமிடம் வெகுதூரமில்லை’ என்ன கதை? |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1243346-vemal-pogum-idam-vegu-thooram-illai.html |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2024-05-18 |title=விமல் நடித்துள்ள 'போகுமிடம் வெகு தூரமில்லை' படத்தின் முதல் பாடல் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/first-song-release-from-vimal-starrer-pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai-1106300 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820102744/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/first-song-release-from-vimal-starrer-pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai-1106300 |archive-date=2024-08-20 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> The cinematography was done by Demel Xavier Edwards while editing was handled by M. Thiyagarajan<ref>{{Cite web |last=DIN |date=2024-05-24 |title=வெளியானது 'போகுமிடம் வெகுதூரமில்லை' படத்தின் டிரெயிலர்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/May/24/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820102743/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/May/24/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai-2 |archive-date=2024-08-20 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref> and music composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-05-06 |title='Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai': A journey of life and death |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/May/06/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai-a-journey-of-life-and-death |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630224930/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/May/06/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai-a-journey-of-life-and-death |archive-date=2024-06-30 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released theatrically on 23 August 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=விமல் - கருணாஸ் இணைந்திருக்கும் 'போகுமிடம் வெகு தூரமில்லை' திரைப்படத்தின் வெளியீட்டு திகதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/190593 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820102743/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/190593 |archive-date=2024-08-20 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref> and began streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]] from 8 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-10-08 |title=Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai gets OTT premiere |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Oct/08/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai-gets-ott-premiere |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated three out of five and wrote that "<bdi>A brilliant Vimal and Karunas anchor an effective road film"</bdi>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-08-23 |title=Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai Movie Review: A brilliant Vemal and Karunaas anchor an effective road film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Aug/23/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai-movie-review-a-brilliant-vemal-and-karunaas-anchor-an-effective-road-film |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[Times of india]]'' rated two point five out of five and stated that "Pogumidam.. is a mixed bag that is watchable once.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai Movie Review : A well-acted journey with mixed results |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai/movie-review/112679188.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823194511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai/movie-review/112679188.cms |archive-date=2024-08-23 |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt32402578}}
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]

Anjala Zaveri

2026-02-27T10:58:19Z

AmieLearmonth67: quick rework lead per sources

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjala Zaveri
| image = Anjala Zaveri at the premiere of Aashayein (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Zaveri in 2010
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| years_active =1997 {{endash}} 2012
| spouse = [[Tarun Arora]]
}}
'''Anjala Zaveri''' (born 20 April 1972) is a [[British Indians|British Indian]] actress known for her work in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] cinema. She appeared in several successful films, including the Telugu films ''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]'' (1997), ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]'' (1998), and ''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]'' (1999),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=ఇదేందయ్యా ఇది..! ఈ టాలీవుడ్ విలన్.. ఒకప్పటి స్టార్ హీరోయిన్ అంజలా జవేరి భర్తా.!! |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/did-you-know-that-actress-anjala-zaveri-husband-is-famous-tollywood-villain-tarun-arora-1358011.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=[[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]] |language=te}}</ref> as well as the Hindi film [[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|''Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya'']] (1998).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2023 |title=Remember Anjala Zaveri From Pyaar Kiya Toh Darna Kya? Here's How She Looks Now |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/remember-anjala-zaveri-from-pyaar-kiya-toh-darna-kya-heres-how-she-looks-now-7076761.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Zaveri was born on 20 April 1972 in a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family in [[Portsmouth|Portsmouth, Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Remember 90s hottie Anjala Zaveri? The 48-year-old actress hasn't changed a bit |url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/remember-90s-hottie-anjala-zaveri-the-48-year-old-actress-hasnt-changed-a-bit/83405 |access-date=3 January 2021 |work=Mid Day |date=22 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bollywood's Forgotten Stars: 10 Unknown facts about Salman Khan and Kajol's co-star, Anjala Zaveri|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/bollywoods-forgotten-stars-10-unknown-facts-about-salman-khan-and-kajols-co-star-anjala-zaveri|access-date=2021-05-10|website=[[Free Press Journal]]|language=en}}</ref> She is married to [[Tarun Arora]].<ref name="itimes">{{Cite web | title = Meet Bigshot Tamil Villain Tarun Arora, The Guy Who Played Geet's Lousy Boyfriend In Jab We Met | last = Sadhwani | first = Bhavya | work = indiatimes.com |publisher = [[Times Internet]]| date = 18 May 2016 | access-date = 7 April 2019 | url = http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/meet-bigshot-tamil-villain-tarun-arora-the-guy-who-played-geet-s-lousy-boyfriend-in-jab-we-met-255278.html}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:AnjalaZaveri.jpg|250px|upright|thumb|Zaveri in 2007]]
Anjala Zaveri was discovered by actor [[Vinod Khanna]] through a nationwide talent search in [[England]]. She made her film debut with ''[[Himalay Putra]]'' (1997), which also marked the debut of [[Akshaye Khanna]], but the film failed to make an impact. She later appeared in ''[[Betaabi]]'' (1997). Her only commercially successful Hindi film was the romantic comedy [[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|''Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya'']] (1998), where she starred alongside [[Salman Khan]], [[Arbaaz Khan]], and [[Kajol]].<ref name=":1" />

Zaveri found greater success in [[Telugu cinema]]. She made her Telugu debut in ''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]'' (1997) opposite [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], which became a blockbuster. She later starred alongside [[Chiranjeevi]] in ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]'' (1998), one of the highest-grossing Telugu films of the time. In 1999, she appeared in ''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]'' opposite [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], which became the highest-grossing Telugu film at the time.<ref name=":0" /> Her later Telugu films, such as ''[[Devi Putrudu]]'' (2001) and ''[[Bhalevadivi Basu]]'' (2001), failed at the box office. She then appeared in ''[[Aaptudu]]'' (2004), which had a moderate run. After a hiatus, she returned to acting with a role in [[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|''Life Is Beautiful'']] (2012).

In addition to Telugu and Hindi films, Zaveri also acted in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films, working with actors like [[Mammootty]] and [[Sudeep]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1997 || ''[[Himalay Putra]]'' || Esha || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]'' || Kaveri || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Nominated-[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]
|-
| ''[[Pagaivan]]'' || Uma || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
| ''[[Betaabi]]'' || Sheena Ajmera || rowspan="2" | Hindi||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1998 || ''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]'' || Ujala ||
|-
| ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]'' || Priya || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1999 || ''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]'' || Anjali ||
|-
| ''[[Ravoyi Chandamama]]'' || Meghana ||
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2001 || ''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]'' || Jyothi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Devi Putrudu]]'' || Satyavati || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Bhalevadivi Basu]]'' || Nemali ||
|-
| ''[[Dubai (2001 film)|Dubai]]'' || Ammu Swaminathan || [[Malayalam]]||
|-
| ''[[Prema Sandadi]]'' || Sita || Telugu ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Soch]]'' || || rowspan="3" | Hindi || Guest appearance
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2004 || ''[[Muskaan]]'' || Shikha ||
|-
| ''Bazaar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naani]]'' || || rowspan="3" | Telugu || rowspan="2" | Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Shankar Dada MBBS]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Aaptudu]]'' || Manju ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2005 || ''Nigehbaan'' || || Hindi || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Nammanna]]'' || Anjali|| [[Kannada language|Kannada]] ||
|-
|| 2010 || ''[[Inidhu Inidhu]]'' || Shreya || Tamil || Guest appearance
|-
|| 2012 || ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]'' || Maya || Telugu ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0953795}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaveri, Anjala}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Portsmouth]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:English people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]

{{UK-film-actor-stub}}

John Brittas

2026-02-22T23:30:21Z

AmieLearmonth67: add article per sources

{{short description|Indian journalist and politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_suffix =
| image = John Brittas MP.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Brittas
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 8 June 2021
| predecessor = [[K. K. Ragesh]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala|Kerala]]
| module = {{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| name = John Brittas
| other_names = '''Brittas'''
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| caption = John Brittas MP 2022 at Kollam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|5|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = {{Ubl
| [[Sir Syed College (Taliparamba)]], [[Kannur]] ([[Pre-University course|pre-degree]])
| Payyanur College, [[Kannur]], ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| [[Sree Kerala Varma College]], [[Thrissur]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) in [[Political Sciences]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ([[PhD]])
}}
| occupation = [[Journalist]]
| known_for = Managing Director of [[Kairali TV]] and former Business head of Asianet Communications
Member of [[Rajya Sabha]]
| television =
[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] 
[[Kairali TV]]
| spouse = '''Sheeba'''
| children = 2
| website = {{URL|Brittas.in}}
}}
}}

'''John Brittas''', is an Indian politician, journalist, and managing director and chief editor of Malayalam Communications Ltd., which owns the entertainment channel [[Kairali TV]] and the news channel Kairali News.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} He is also the former Business Head of another entertainment channel in South India, [[Asianet (TV channel)]]. He is a parliamentarian who has represented the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in the upper house of the Indian Parliament since June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Brittas, MV Sivadasan, others take oath as Rajya Sabha members|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=567065&u=|access-date=2021-06-09|website=keralakaumudi.com}}</ref> He was one of the advisors to the Chief Minister of Kerala, Shri [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] from 2016 till 2021. He is currently the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] deputy parliamentary party leader in [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്‌ക് |first=വെബ് |title=ബികാഷ് രഞ്ജന്‍ ഭട്ടാചാര്യ രാജ്യസഭയിലെ സി പി എം കക്ഷി നേതാവ് |url=https://www.sirajlive.com/bikash-ranjan-bhattacharya-is-the-cpm-party-leader-in-the-rajya-sabha.html?s |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Siraj Daily |language=ml}}</ref>

He has been a member of the Parliamentary Consultative Committee for the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] since October 2024 and member of the Parliamentary Committee on [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] since September 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Member's Bio-Profile, Dr. John Brittas |url=https://sansad.in/rs/members/biography/2498 |publisher=Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India |access-date=February 14, 2025}}</ref> According to Indian parliamentary data by [[PRS Legislative Research]], Dr. John Brittas is one of the most active members in parliamentary debates and discussions, having participated in 889 debates—nearly ten times the national average of 90.3 and significantly higher than the state average of 336.2. With a 94% attendance record, 375 questions raised (well above the national average of 168.52), and 16 [[Private Member’s Bill|Private Member’s Bills]] introduced (compared to the national average of 1.2), his engagement in legislative proceedings stands out among his peers.<ref>John Brittas, Parliamentary Activity, PRS Legislative Research, https://prsindia.org/mptrack/rajya-sabha/john-brittas Retrieved on February 14, 2025</ref>

==Early life and education==
John Brittas was born on 15 May 1966 at [[Naduvil and Kudianmala|Naduvil]], [[Kannur district]], Kerala to A. P. Paily and Annamma.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sansad.in/rs/members/biography/2498 | title=Digital Sansad }}</ref> After primary education in a nearby school, he attended high school at Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Mannuthy, [[Thrissur]]. He went to [[Sir Syed College, Taliparamba]] in [[Kannur]] for his pre-degree studies. He did his bachelor's degree in political science from Payyanur College, and master's degree in political science from [[Sree Kerala Varma College]], [[Thrissur]]. He also enrolled for his law degree at the [[Kerala Law Academy|Kerala Law Academy College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], from which he graduated with first rank. Brittas completed his Master of Philosophy (M Phil) in 1996 and doctorate in 2022 from the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi.

Brittas was active in student politics during his college days and was one of the office bearers of the University Students Union.

==Career==

Though he had a flair for writing and was involved in literary activities during college, his entry into [[journalism]] was by chance. With the sole intention of securing a job, he applied for the post of sub-editor in ''[[Deshabhimani]]'', the mouthpiece journal of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], and was selected. A while later when he moved to [[New Delhi]] for higher studies, the newspaper transferred him to its Delhi office, letting him study and work simultaneously. In Delhi, he was first assigned to escort the then CPI(M) chief minister of [[Kerala]] to [[Punjab]] for a discussion with the leaders of the [[Akali Movement]], which was seeking independent statehood for Punjab. Brittas often credits the exposure he received in Delhi at a young age for his achievements. Arriving in Delhi at a time when the political stage of India was undergoing radical changes, he became a witness to many major changes that shaped the country's future both on the home front and in global geopolitics.

By the time [[Kairali TV]] was launching under '''Malayalam Communications Ltd''' by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in the year 2000, Brittas had become a seasoned media personality. He was an ideal choice to head the Delhi Bureau for Kairali TV. Brittas took it as an opportunity to try out the electronic media, after a long association with the print media. Upon heading the Delhi office for three years, he was elevated as the managing director of the channel and posted at its headquarters in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ww5.whataboutu.com/?&|title=whataboutu.com|website=ww5.whataboutu.com}}</ref>

After an eleven-year stint at Malayalam Communications Ltd., he moved to its competitor '''Asianet Communications Limited''' in 2011 as its Business Head.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2011keralaelectionresults.blogspot.com/2011/05/john-brittasnow-asianet-ceo.html|title=John Brittas, Now Asianet CEO ~ KERALA NEWS|date=2 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Kerala TV | website=Kerala TV | date=2020-04-06 | url=https://www.keralatv.in/ | access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> He returned to [[Kairali TV]] almost two years later in February 2013.

At [[Kairali TV]] and [[Asianet (TV channel)]], he ran popular interview programmes, besides his other responsibilities, such as Question Time, Cross Fire, JB Junction (Kairali TV) and Nammal Thammil (Asianet) that have gained huge appreciation from the viewers. He now regularly contributes opinions and analyses on contemporary socio-political issues to various Indian media outlets. He has also authored many books in [[Malayalam]] such as Chillujalakakkootil, Innocent Samsarikunnu, Malayalathinte Manavikatha, Sthreeparvam and Marayillathe. He also acted in the lead role in Malayalam movie,''[[Vellivelichathil]]'' released in 2014, which received mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite news|title=At home in an alien land|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/at-home-in-an-alien-land/article6423846.ece|access-date=18 November 2014|work=The Hindu|date=19 September 2014}}</ref>

Brittas was the youngest journalist to secure the Central Hall pass in the Parliament. He has covered parliamentary proceedings for both Kairali TV and Desabhimani. He did first-hand reporting on the general elections between 1991 and 1999. He also covered the general elections in [[Nepal]] soon after the death of [[King Birendra of Nepal]]. He was one of the first Indian journalists to reach [[Baghdad]] soon after the launch of America's [[Iraq war]] in 2003. From the war-torn areas, he not only reported for his channel but also wrote for various Indian newspapers.

His maiden speech in the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) on the role of the judiciary and the appointment of judges in the [[Supreme Court of India]] and [[High Courts of India]] was praised by the Vice President of India and the chairman of Rajya Sabha [[Venkaiah Naidu]].<ref>{{Citation|title=ജോണ്‍ ബ്രിട്ടാസിന്‍റെ ക്രിയാത്മക വിമര്‍ശനത്തിന് അഭിനന്ദനവുമായി ഉപരാഷ്ട്രപതി {{!}} John Brittas|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XaYsq1wUAc|language=en|access-date=2022-01-19}}</ref>

==Awards and accolades==
He received the Journalism Educational Award from the Goenka Foundation for his research on "The Impact of Globalization in Print Media".

==Television==
;As Host
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XaYsq1wUAc]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!year
! Program
! Channel
! Notes
|-
|2008-2010||Question Time||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|2010-2011||Cross fire||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|2012-2013||Nammal Thammil ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2014–2020||J.B.junction||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|2018–2020||Njan Malayalee ||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|2021||Votography||[[Kairali TV]]||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brittas, John}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kannur]]
[[Category:Indian opinion journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male television journalists]]
[[Category:Don Bosco schools alumni]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kannur]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]

Sneha Jawale

2026-02-08T00:49:46Z

AmieLearmonth67: made first post w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian social worker and activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1977}}
| occupation = Social worker, activist for the visibility of violence against women, astrologer, theatre actress and television presenter
| employer = [[BBC India]]
| website = {{URL|https://snehajawale.com/}}
}}

'''Sneha Jawale''' (born 1977) is an Indian social worker and activist for the visibility of violence against women. She is also an astrologer, actress and television presenter for BBC India.

== Biography ==
Jawale is based in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India. She was married when she was 20 years old.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chandani |first=Priyanka |title=Burns Survivor Sneha Jawale Is A BBC Guest Presenter |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/burns-survivor-sneha-jawale-is-a-bbc-guest-presenter |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407223043/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/burns-survivor-sneha-jawale-is-a-bbc-guest-presenter |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2000, Jawale's parents were unable to fulfil her husband's demand for more [[dowry]] payments.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Kashif |last2=Divya |first2=Arya |date=6 December 2022 |title='I say I am beautiful, so I am' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-63854630 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407223043/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-63854630 |archive-date=7 April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Her husband then set her on fire with [[kerosene]] in the presence of their four-year-old son.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Brantley |first=Ben |date=2015-04-27 |title=Review: 'Nirbhaya,' a Lamentation and a Rallying Cry for Indian Women |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/28/theater/review-nirbhaya-a-lamentation-and-a-rallying-cry-for-indian-women.html |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=28 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928010500/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/28/theater/review-nirbhaya-a-lamentation-and-a-rallying-cry-for-indian-women.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jawale suffered 80 per cent burns and spent two-and-a-half months in hospital.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Chandani |first=Priyanka |date=2023-07-19 |title=Burned alive by her husband, Sneha Jawale raises awareness about domestic violence, works for BBC India |url=https://orato.world/2023/07/19/burned-alive-by-her-husband-sneha-jawale-raises-awareness-on-domestic-violence-fights-for-womens-rights-in-india/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Orato |language=en-US}}</ref> After the attack, her husband asked her family not to file a police complaint.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Haima |date=2012-01-07 |title='If You Don't Like My Face, Don't look' |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/if-you-dont-like-my-face-dont-look/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407223044/https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/if-you-dont-like-my-face-dont-look/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her husband later filed for divorce in a court in [[Osmanabad]], which was granted,<ref name=":4" /> and took her son away.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fadhilah |first=Hasna Azmi |date=2023-01-14 |title=Sneha Jawale: Melawan Stigma KDRT di India |url=https://shebuildspeace.id/sneha-jawale-melawan-stigma-kdrt-di-india/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=She Builds Peace |language=en-US}}</ref>

After her divorce, Jawale sold her jewellery, rented a house and achieved an education degree. She was unable to find paid work, so became an astrologer and tarot reader to earn money.<ref name=":3" /> Jawale also became an activist, and participated in the 2013 [[One Billion Rising]] campaign.<ref name=":3" />

In 2014, Jawale starred in [[Yaël Farber|Yael Faber]]'s theatre play, ''[[Nirbhaya]]'',<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghose |first=Anindita |date=2014-03-14 |title=Q&A with the director of 'Nirbhaya' |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/bringing-nirbhaya-life |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407223045/https://www.vogue.in/content/bringing-nirbhaya-life |archive-date=7 April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=[[Vogue India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> performing in 300 shows worldwide.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title=Burn injury and domestic violence survivor, Sneha Jawale is BBC's new guest presenter |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/05/23/burn-injury-and-domestic-violence-survivor-sneha-jawale-is-bbcs-new-guest-presenter |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref> The play is named after one of the pseudonyms of the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|2012 Delhi gang-rape and murder]] victim, Jyoti Singh,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Sandhip |date=2012-12-24 |title=Why does media want to give Delhi gangrape victim a name? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/why-does-media-want-to-give-delhi-gangrape-victim-a-name-567444.html |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928124100/https://www.firstpost.com/living/why-does-media-want-to-give-delhi-gangrape-victim-a-name-567444.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-06 |title=Nirbhaya 10 years on: The lives the Delhi gang rape changed |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-63817388 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=7 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407223043/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-63817388 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is based on the experiences of survivors of [[domestic violence]] in India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207131215/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jawale shared her personal testimony during the performances.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Diamond |first1=Elin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhnEDgAAQBAJ&dq=sneha+jawale&pg=PA112 |title=Performance, Feminism and Affect in Neoliberal Times |last2=Varney |first2=Denise |last3=Amich |first3=Candice |date=2017-04-29 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-59810-3 |pages=111–112 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Kavita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3alXEAAAQBAJ&dq=sneha+jawale&pg=PA51 |title=Craft and Conscience: How to Write About Social Issues |date=2022-10-04 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-4649-4 |pages=51–52 |language=en}}</ref>

Jawale has also worked a guest anchor at [[BBC India]],<ref name=":0" /> presenting explainer videos.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_kgc3q2bGc |title=Burn Survivor to BBC Presenter: Sneha Jawale's Story of Defiance |date=2023-06-05 |last=The Quint |access-date=2025-04-07 |via=YouTube |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619051336/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_kgc3q2bGc |url-status=live }}</ref>

She was named a BBC 100 Woman in 2022.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Press Trust of India |date=2022-12-06 |title=4 Indians on BBC's 100 Women' list of influential figures of 2022 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/4-indians-on-bbc-s-100-women-list-of-influential-figures-of-2022-122120601154_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212072846/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/4-indians-on-bbc-s-100-women-list-of-influential-figures-of-2022-122120601154_1.html |archive-date=2022-12-12 |access-date=2025-07-29 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jawale, Sneha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian astrologers]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Reiki practitioners]]

Chali Pala

2026-02-06T06:14:55Z

AmieLearmonth67: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chali Pala
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actor
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
| years_active = 1990-present
}}

'''Chalil Babykkuttan''' better known as '''Chali Pala''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Malayalam movie|Malayalam]] films.<ref>{{Cite web | title=malayalamcinema.com, Official website of AMMA, Malayalam Film news, Malayalam Movie Actors & Actress, Upcoming Malayalam movies | url=http://www.kerala.com/malayalamcinema/star-details.php?member_id=64 | access-date=2025-03-18 | website=www.kerala.com}}</ref> He is most known for playing supporting roles in Malayalam films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/chali-pala.html|title=All you want to know about #ChaliPala|access-date=16 July 2014|archive-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727003430/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/chali-pala.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/all-in-the-family/article659519.ece| title = All in the family - TVDM - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 14 August 2009}}</ref>

==Biography==
Pala was born in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He debuted with the film ''[[Iyer the Great]]'' in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wavestelugu.net/12/chali-pala/ |title=Chali Pala Biography and Photos Gallery | Latest Movie Stills | Waves Telugu |access-date=16 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724203850/http://wavestelugu.net/12/chali-pala/ |archive-date=24 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Iyer the Great]]'' || ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Spadikam]]'' || Lukachan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1997 || ''[[Bhoothakkannadi]]'' || Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Nee Varuvolam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Lelam]]'' || Champakuzhi Jose ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1998 || ''[[Meenakshi Kalyanam]]'' || Gopinathan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Sooryavanam]]'' || Vikraman ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1999 || ''[[Pathram]]'' || ASI Parameswara Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Olympian Anthony Adam]]'' || Circle Inspector Ummerkutty ||
|-
| ''[[F. I. R. (1999 film)|F.I.R]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2000 || ''[[The Gang (film)|The Gang]]'' || Sub Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Pilots (film)|Pilots]]'' || ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Bheri'' || ||
|-
| 2003 || ''The King Maker Leader'' || ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshathram]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2005 || ''[[The Tiger (2005 film)|The Tiger]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Iruvattam Manavaatti]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2006 || ''[[Rashtram]]'' || Vincent ||
|-
| ''Jayam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Baba Kalyani (film)|Baba Kalyani]]'' || SP Shivasankaran ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2007 || ''[[Kichamani MBA]]'' || Chandrapalli Chakrapaani ||
|-
| ''[[Black Cat (2007 film)|Black Cat]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Krishnamoorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2008 || ''[[Sound of Boot]]'' || Driver Peter ||
|-
| ''[[Pachamarathanalil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Parthan Kanda Paralokam]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Aayudham (2008 film)|Ayudham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mulla (film)|Mulla]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shambu (2008 film)|Shambu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2009 || ''[[Orkkuka Vallappozhum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gulumaal: The Escape]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Robin Hood (2009 film)|Robin Hood]]'' || Police Officer Sukumaran ||
|-
| ''[[2 Harihar Nagar]]'' || Hotel Manager Vishwanathan Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Malayali (film)|Malayali]]'' || Shakthivel ||
|-
| ''Pramukhan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Mukham]]'' || Ex-MLA Vishwambaran ||
|-
| ''[[Black Dalia]]'' || DYSP Ramachandran Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Kana Kanmani (film)|Kana Kanmani]]'' || Ouseppachan ||
|-
| ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]'' || CI Prabhakaran ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2010 || ''[[Chekavar (film)|Chekavar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pulliman (2010 film)|Pullimaan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Annarakkannanum Thannalayathu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Canvas (2010 film)|Canvas]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yugapurushan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[The Filmstaar]]'' || Varadaraja Chettiyar ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2011 || ''[[Bhakthajanangalude Sradhakku|Bhakthajanangalude Sradhaykku]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Orma Mathram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manushyamrugam]]'' || Prosecution Advocate ||
|-
| ''[[Mohabbath (2011 film)|Mohabbath]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Payyans]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kadhayile Naayika'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Collector (2011 film)|Collector]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Habeeb Khan ||
|-
| ''[[Sthalam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2012 || ''Vaidooryam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Asuravithu (2012 film)|Asuravithu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[No. 66 Madhura Bus|No. 66 Madura Bus]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Hero (2012 film)|Hero]]'' || ACP Thomas Alex IPS ||
|-
| ''[[Sound Thoma]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chapters (film)|Chapters]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Cobra (2012 film)|Cobra]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2013 || ''[[Nadodimannan]]'' || Peelipose ||
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Police (film)|Mumbai Police]]'' || DYSP Karunakaran Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Housefull (2013 film)|Housefull]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Njaan Anaswaran'' || ||
|-
| ''[[David & Goliath (2013 film)|David and Goliath]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]'' || Mathews ||
|-
| ''[[Ladies and Gentleman]]'' || Mahendran ||
|-
| ''[[Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]'' || SI George ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ring Master]]'' || Chacko ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || Constable Sajeevan ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[King Liar]]'' || Kalidasan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[Sarvopari Palakkaran]]'' || SI Rameshkumar ||
|-
| ''[[Ramaleela]]'' || SI Soman ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Panchavarnathatha]]'' || Kunjachan ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2019 || ''[[Ittymaani: Made in China]]'' || Kunjachan ||
|-
| ''[[Jack & Daniel]]'' || Kunjikannan ||
|-
| ''Oru Nalla Kottayamkaaran'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thrissur Pooram (film)|Thrissur Pooram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]'' || Surendran ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2021 || ''Kaattinarike'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaaval (2021 film)|Kaaval]]'' || Varkey ||
|-
| ''[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]]'' || Police Inspector Sumesh ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2022 || ''[[12th Man (film)|12th Man]]'' || Chemmeen Roy ||
|-
| ''[[Oruthee]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Malayankunju]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kuri'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Paappan]]'' || ASI Sathyanath ||
|-
| ''[[Kaduva]]'' || Charlie ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Qalb (film)|Qalb]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-11 |title=Sajid Yahiya's Big-budget Malayalam Film Qalb Set To Release In Theatres On January 12 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sajid-yahiyas-big-budget-malayalam-film-qalb-set-to-release-in-theatres-on-january-12-8736106.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0149937}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pala, Chali}}
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

André Beteille

2026-02-06T05:31:07Z

AmieLearmonth67: new a post

{{Short description|Indian sociologist and writer (1934–2026)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Andre Beteille
| honorific_suffix = [[Fellow of the British Academy|FBA]]
| awards = {{ubl|[[Padma Bhushan]]|[[Fellow of the British Academy]]}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| workplaces = {{ubl|[[University of Oxford]]|[[University of Cambridge]]|[[University of Chicago]]|[[London School of Economics]]|[[Delhi School of Economics]]|[[Ashoka University]]}}
| image = File:The well-known Sociologist Dr. Andre Beteille receives the Padma Bhushan award from the President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in New Delhi on March 28, 2005.jpg
| caption = Beteille (left) receives the [[Padma Bhushan]] from the [[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], {{circa}} 2005.
| honorific_prefix = [[Padma Bhushan]]
| discipline = [[Sociology]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|9|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|2|3|1934|9|30|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| influences = [[G. S. Ghurye]]
}}

'''André Beteille''' (30 September 1934 – 3 February 2026) was an Indian sociologist, writer and academician. He is known for his studies of the caste system in [[South India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=André Beteille|url=https://elearning.lse.ac.uk/dart/interviews/beteille.html|access-date=2021-06-06|website=elearning.lse.ac.uk}}</ref> He served with educational institutions in India such as [[Delhi School of Economics]], [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]] (in Shillong), and [[Ashoka University]].

==Early life and education==
Beteille was born to a French father and an Indian mother.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Macfarlane|first=Alan|title=André Béteille and Alexis de Tocqueville|url=http://www.alanmacfarlane.com/FILES/Beteille_Tocqueville.htm|access-date=20 January 2022|website=Alanmacfarlane.com}}</ref> He received his undergraduate and graduate degrees in anthropology from the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishna|first=Nakul|date=2012-11-23|title=Sunlight On The Garden {{!}} André Béteille|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/lRWX5LiTUB9PlRwhJOwwHN/Sunlight-On-The-Garden--Andr-Bteille.html|access-date=2021-09-15|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> Thereafter he received his doctorate from the [[University of Delhi]]. After a brief stint at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] as a research fellow, he joined the faculty of sociology at the [[Delhi School of Economics]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Young India Fellowship {{!}} Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Liberal Studies|url=http://www.yifp.in/ChancellorViceChancellorDean.aspx|access-date=2021-09-15|website=www.yifp.in}}</ref>

==Career==
Beteille taught at universities including [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], the [[University of Chicago]], and the [[London School of Economics]]. He also served as the Chairman of the [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta]] and of the [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]].<ref name=":0" />

He was a Professor of Sociology at the [[Delhi School of Economics]] at the [[University of Delhi]] where, since 2003, he remained [[Professor Emeritus]] of [[Sociology]].<ref>{{cite web|title=DU|url=http://sociology.du.ac.in/index.php/people/faculty?id=130|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116071218/http://sociology.du.ac.in/index.php/people/faculty?id=130|archive-date=16 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was appointed National Research Professor by the [[Government of India]] in 2007.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=23756 Bipan Chandra and Andre Beteille Appointed as National Research Professors]</ref>

Beteille later served as the Chancellor of [[North Eastern Hill University]], [[Shillong]], Meghalaya,<ref>{{cite web| title = Administrative Officials|publisher=NEHU Shillong| url = http://www.nehu.ac.in/Administration/officials.php | access-date = 2014-01-14 }}</ref> and prior to that served as Chancellor of [[Ashoka University]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Chancellor |publisher=Ashoka University| url = http://www.ashoka.edu.in/About-Us/Chancellor-and-ViceChancellor | access-date = 2014-01-14 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashoka and After: The Universities We Believe In|url=https://thewire.in/education/why-singling-out-ashoka-does-promoting-universities-in-india-no-good|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Puri|first=Anjali|date=2014-12-27|title=I haven't lost faith in democracy. It is here to stay...: Andre Beteille|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/i-haven-t-lost-faith-in-democracy-it-is-here-to-stay-andre-beteille-114122700648_1.html|access-date=2021-09-15}}</ref>

==Death==
Beteille died in New Delhi on 3 February 2026, at the age of 91.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sociologist-andre-beteille-death/article70590881.ece Sociologist André Béteille passes away at 91] The Hindu</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Beteille was a recipient of the third highest civilian honour of India, the [[Padma Bhushan]], and was also made a [[Fellow of the British Academy|Fellow of the British Academy (FBA)]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref> He also served on the Social Sciences jury for the [[Infosys Prize]] in 2010.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==Bibliography==
*''Sociology: Essays on Approach and Method'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2002.
*''Antinomies of Society: Essays on Ideologies and Institutions'', Oxford University Press, 2000.
*''Chronicles of Our Time'', [[Penguin Books]], 2000.
*''The Backward Classes in Contemporary India'', Oxford University Press, 1992.
*''Social and Cultural Reproduction of Caste, Kinship and Occupation in India'', 1991.
*''Society and Politics in India: Essays in a Comparative Perspective'', [[Athlone Press]], 1991 (L.S.E. Monographs in Social Anthropology, no. 63).
*''The Idea of Natural Inequality and Other Essays'', Oxford University Press, 1983 (new, enlarged edition, Oxford University Press, 1987).
*''Inequality Among Men'', [[Wiley-Blackwell|Basil Blackwell]], 1977 (Italian edition published as La diseguaglianza fra gli uomini, Il Mulino, 1981).
*''Studies in Agrarian Social Structure'', Oxford University Press, 1974.
*''Six Essays in Comparative Sociology'', Oxford University Press, 1974 (enlarged edition published as Essays in Comparative Sociology, Oxford University Press, 1987).
*''Inequality and Social Change'', Oxford University Press, 1972.
*''Castes: Old and New, Essays in Social Structure and Social Stratification'', Asia Publishing House, 1969.
*''Caste, Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village'', [[University of California Press]], 1965.

===Essays===
* Secularism Re-examined<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/09/03/stories/05032523.htm |title=The Hindu : Secularism re-examined |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010113311/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/09/03/stories/05032523.htm |archive-date=10 October 2008 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
* Race & Caste<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wcar.alrc.net/mainfile2.php/For+the+negative/14/ |title=Race and caste |website=wcar.alrc.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323231251/http://wcar.alrc.net/mainfile2.php/For+the+negative/14/ |archive-date=23 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Teaching & Research<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/11/01/stories/05012523.htm |title=The Hindu : Teaching and research |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040602153858/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/11/01/stories/05012523.htm |archive-date=2 June 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Teaching and Research, Andre Beteille<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2000/495/495%20andre%20beteille.htm|title=495 Andre Beteille, Teaching and research}}</ref>
* Government & NGOs<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/bihar/09mr99.html|title = Times of India / Telegraph. 9-12 March 1999}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=no | b=no | n=no | q=Andre Beteille | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=q3615431}}
* [https://www.sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1113102 Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 1 June 1986 (video)]
* [http://www.ibnlive.com/news/two-knowledge-panel-members-quit-over-quota/11136-3.html Andre quits the knowledge commission - CNN-IBN news report]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051211145105/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050917/asp/opinion/story_5243985.asp A long view of two Indian social scientists]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beteille, Andre}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian sociologists]]
[[Category:Indian people of French descent]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:University of Chicago faculty]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Academics of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century sociologists]]
[[Category:21st-century sociologists]]

Galli Galli Sim Sim

2026-01-28T22:02:00Z

AmieLearmonth67:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Galli Galli Sim Sim logo.png
| genre = [[Educational television|Educational]] [[Sketch comedy]] [[Puppet show]] [[Animation]]
| creator =
| writer = [[Karan Agarwal]]
| starring =
| theme_music_composer = [[Julius Packiam]]
| opentheme = 'Kuch to Mast Baat Hai'
| endtheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 10
| num_episodes =
| producer =
| location =
| runtime =
| company = [[Sesame Workshop|Sesame Workshop India]] [[Miditech]] [[WarnerMedia|Turner Entertainment India]]
| network = [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network (India)]] [[Pogo TV]] [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2006|8|15}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Galli Galli Sim Sim''''' is the [[Hindi language]] adaptation of the American [[children's television series]] ''[[Sesame Street]]'' (famous for its [[Muppets]]), for [[India]]. The show debuted in 2006.

For its first five seasons it was co-produced by [[Sesame Workshop]] and [[Turner Entertainment]], through [[Miditech]]. The show's Indian production company is known as '''Sesame Workshop India'''.

== Production ==
Production of the show is based in [[Delhi]]. Filming of the first season's 65 half-hour episodes began in February 2006, with the premiere held on 15 August 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Galli Galli Sim Sim |url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/what-we-do/shows/galli-galli-sim-sim |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=Sesame Workshop}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 July 2006 |title=CN gets on to DD with a branded block |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/july/july25.htm |access-date=6 December 2018 |publisher=Indiantelevision.com}}</ref> Until now the show has produced 10 seasons.

Funding for the initial development phase of Sesame Workshop India was provided through the support of the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID), [[ICICI Bank]] and [[Turner Broadcasting]].<ref>[http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/fs_galli.htm USAID India : Press Release: Fact Sheet - Galli Galli Sim Sim (Sesame Street India)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060722194514/http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/fs_galli.htm|date=2006-07-22}}</ref>

Although India has more than [[official languages of India|15 official languages]], not including English, producers decided to launch the show in [[Hindi]], with a few English words in each episode.

==Format==
Episodes are similar in format to that of the original series, consisting of several segments. Some segments are filmed locally with Indian actors, some are animated and some are the original Sesame Street skits dubbed into Hindi.

==Characters==
* '''Jugaadu''', who does not view his disability as a handicap.
* '''Basha Bhaijaan''', who owns a corner store and knows several Indian languages.
* '''Sid''', who likes to dance and is friends with Googly.
* '''Dawa Di''', Basha's wife, who is from North East India, and teaches dance.
* '''Kabir''', Basha Bhaijaan and Dawa Di's son, who is an active and curious eight-year-old.
* '''Col. Albert Pinto''', a retired army person, is an advocate for healthy living and civic sense.
* '''Rukmini Pinto (Doctor Aunty)''', Col. Pinto's wife. A doctor by profession, she is a combination of contemporary and traditional wisdom.
[[Muppet]] characters include:
* '''Chamki''', a tomboyish five-year-old girl, dressed most often in a school uniform with her hair tied back into two pigtails with blue bows.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Torchinsky |first=Rina |date=2019-10-18 |title=Sunny Day: A UMD researcher found the Indian version of Sesame Street helps kids |url=https://dbknews.com/2019/10/18/umd-galli-galli-sim-sim-indian-sesame-street-public-health-researcher-literacy-numeracy-socio-emotional-health/ |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=The Diamondback |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 November 2009 |title=Meet Sesame Street's Global Cast of Characters |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/meet-sesame-streets-global-cast-of-characters-148607164/ |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Chamki is warm, friendly, sensitive and has a knack for problem solving.<ref name=":2" /> She also knows karate and plays the electric guitar. In the Galli, Chamki is very popular and a mascot for girl-child education and school readiness in India. She is the main protagonist of the series and is played by Ghazal Javed.
* '''Boombah''', an eight foot tall pink lion who loves to dance, exercise and eat healthy foods.<ref name=":1" /> From the royal family of Boombahgarh, Boombah is the star drummer in the Galli and is often seen with headphones shaking a leg under a tree. Played by Manish Sachdeva
* '''Googly''', Googly is a six-year-old furry blue monster with a penchant for asking tricky questions.<ref name=":1" /> He also plays cricket. Played by Gaurav Srivastava
* '''Aanchoo''' is a purple monster who tells stories from all over the world. She can vanish and appear at will and is often insightful and solution-oriented, helping the rest of the Galli cast on their many escapades. Season 6 introduce's Aanchoo's Auto Library, a bookmobile.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |date=2014-01-08 |title=Galli Galli Sim Sim Season 6 goes on air on Doordarshan |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2014/01/galli-galli-sim-sim-season-6-goes-on-air-on-doordarshan |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=Best Media Info}}</ref> Aanchoo has a book with a solution to every problem. Played by Sangya Ojha
* '''[[Grover]]''' is a tall, gangly, dark-blue monster who speaks in a variety of Indian accents. Grover owns a [[dhaba]] which is the best and the most hygienic dhaba in the Galli. Grover is associated with disruptive fun and learning. Grover's over enthusiasm to help others gets in the way at times. Grover gives information on various subjects but then again has an unexpected take on it.
* '''Hero''' was introduced in season 6.<ref name=":3" /> He is an orange coloured Muppet who loves to dress up. He is fascinated by [[Bollywood]] and takes himself to be a star. Hero recites dialogues from popular Bollywood movies and boasts about the celebrities he claims to know. He often visits Grover's dhaba, but is quickly frustrated by Grover's well-meaning but bumbling antics. Played by Hashim Haider.
* '''Khadoosa''' is the grouchy neighbour in the Galli but is never intentionally mean. Though he keeps to himself, he often gets dragged into the Galli goings-on, much to his exasperation. Despite being quite different from the rest of the Galli residents who are cheerful, Khadoosa is very much at home. He often boasts about his garden and is proud to have the best plants under his care.
* '''[[Elmo]]''', a three-and-a-half-year-old red and furry monster who loves words on the Galli Galli Sim Sim word of the day segment. Elmo is cheerful, enthusiastic and loves building his vocabulary.
* '''[[Bert and Ernie]]''' are two friends. Bert is more mature and analytical and he considers himself the voice of reason in their relationship. Though Bert is wise, he can be rather eccentric. He collects bottle caps and paper clips, plays the tuba and loves Bernice, his pet pigeon. Bert is not always a willing participant in Ernie's escapades. However, Bert always forgives Ernie. Ernie, the outgoing foil to the more serious and responsible Bert, is great at explaining things, but can sometimes be a bit too smart for his own good. Ernie talks himself into some tight corners and often falls prey to his own jokes, yet his free-spirited approach to his successes and failures makes him one of Sesame Street's most enduring and likeable characters. In season 6, [[Claymation]] is used in a new segment called Bert & Ernie's Great Adventures, during which the two go on adventures to exotic places like the [[Cherrapunji]], [[Antarctica]], the [[Himalayas]], Australia, and [[Goa]].
* '''Raya''' is a girl who teaches viewers about proper hygiene.<ref name=":1" />

==Chamki Ki Duniya==
An animated series ''Chamki Ki Duniya'' based on the character "Chamki" aired on [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]] from 2014 to 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timewarner.com/blog/posts/20140401-turner-sesame-launch-chamki-ki-duniya-on-pogo|title=Chamki ki Duniya Launches on POGO|date=1 April 2014|access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The program, in addition to literacy and math, includes segments promoting financial empowerment and gender equity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Asia {{!}} Sesame Workshop |url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/where-we-work/south-asia |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=www.sesameworkshop.org}}</ref>

One 2019 study found that preschoolers who watched the program had better literacy and math skills and had better understandings of health and emotional issues.<ref name=":1" />

The series is watched by about ten million children each year.<ref name=":3" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.galligallisimsim.com/}}
* [http://www.sesameworkshopindia.org/ Sesame Workshop India official web site] (offline)
* [http://www.sesameschoolhouse.in/ Sesame Schoolhouse official web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430223235/https://www.sesameschoolhouse.in/ |date=30 April 2019 }}
* [http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k6/galli_galli.htm Indiatelevision.com's special report on the show]

{{Children television series in India}}
{{Sesame Street international}}

[[Category:Indian children's television series]]
[[Category:Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Sesame Street international co-productions]]
[[Category:Television shows featuring puppetry]]
[[Category:Puppetry in India]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on American television series]]

Sheikh Abu Naser

2026-01-26T13:55:03Z

AmieLearmonth67: expand article additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Bangladeshi businessmen (1928–1975)}}
{{For|the Royal Guard Commander|Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sheikh Abu Naser
| native_name = শেখ আবু নাসের
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|9|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tungipara]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1975|8|15|1928|9|1|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dhanmondi]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| death_cause = [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Assassination]]
| nationality = [[Bangladeshi]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Razia Naser|1957}}
| relatives = [[Tungipara Sheikh family]]
| children = * [[Sheikh Helal Uddin]] (Son)
* Sheikh Jalaluddin Rubel (Son)
* [[Sheikh Salahuddin Jewel]] (Son)
* Sheikh Sohel (Son)
* Sheikh Belal (Son)
* Sheikh Tahmina (Daughter)
| occupation = Businessman
| resting_place = [[Banani graveyard]], [[Dhaka]]
| battles = [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
| branch = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mukti Bahini-DeFacto.svg}} [[Mukti Bahini]]
| serviceyears = 1971
}}
'''Sheikh Abu Naser''' (1928–1975) was a Bangladeshi businessmen. He was the only brother of the founding [[President of Bangladesh]], [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Janata|date=1971|page=326|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDlWAAAAYAAJ&q=Sheikh+Abu+Naser|access-date=1 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> and the uncle of the former [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Bangladesh Prime Minister]] [[Sheikh Hasina]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Nation observes first day of painful August with various programmes|url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=679774&date=2017-08-01|work=Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha|access-date=1 August 2017|language=en|archive-date=2017-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802010123/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=679774&date=2017-08-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Naser was Mujib's younger brother and he had 4 sisters.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bangladesh|date=1974|publisher=Embassy of Bangladesh.|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHAwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Sheikh+Abu+Naser%22|access-date=1 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Naser had a prosperous clearing and forwarding agency in the erstwhile [[East Pakistan]]. He earned almost Rs. 40,000 per month and employed mostly Hindus. His business was destroyed by the [[Pakistan Army]], rendering him penniless, and Naser fled to neighboring [[India]] with nothing but the clothes on his back. He left his wife and children back in [[Bangladesh]], whose whereabouts he was unaware of. The former communications minister and Muslim League leader [[Abdus Sabur Khan]] reportedly attempted to bribe Naser to convince his brother Mujib to accept the 4-point program of [[General Yahya Khan]]. Abdus Sabur Khan promised Naser that if he could convince his brother, then Naser would get many lucrative contracts in [[West Pakistan]]. Naser refused to accept the bribe and exclaimed that Mujib would rather die than sacrifice his principles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Women on the March, Volumes 15-16|publisher=Smt. Mukul Banerjee for the Women's Department, 1971|year=1971|pages=1971/18, 1971/6}}</ref> Naser was a member of [[Mukti Bahini]] during [[Bangladesh Liberation war]] and was formally recognized by the government of Bangladesh as a freedom fighter after the [[Independence of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Bangladesh Quarterly|date=2010|publisher=Department of Films & Publications, Government of Bangladesh|pages=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFdQAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Sheikh+Abu+Naser%22|access-date=1 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> In 1975, he was the largest contractor in Khulna.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Hossain |first1=Golam |year=1991 |title=Civil-military relations in Bangladesh: a comparative study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xiOAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Sheikh+Abu+Naser%22 |publisher=Academic Publishers |page=80 |isbn=978-984-08-0045-2}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Naser was married to Sheikh Razia Dolly (1941-2020).<ref name="rec">{{cite news |date=30 March 2010 |title=New hospital in Khulna |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-132152 |access-date=1 August 2017 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He had five sons and two daughters named Sheikh Jalaluddin Rubel, [[Sheikh Helal Uddin]], [[Sheikh Jewel]], and Sheikh Sohel, Sheikh Belal, Sheikh Tahmina and Sheikh Farhana<ref>{{cite news |title=Late Kamal, Jamal among 5 awarded FF certificate|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-154622|work=The Daily Star|access-date=1 August 2017|language=en|date=16 September 2010}}</ref> Sheikh Sohel was a director of [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]] while Sheikh Helal and [[Sheikh Salahuddin Jewel|Sheikh Jewel]] were members of parliament.<ref>{{cite news |title=House of PM's cousins attacked in Khulna -bdnews24.com|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2014/10/30/house-of-pm-s-cousins-attacked-in-khulna|work=bdnews24.com|access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref> His grandson [[Sheikh Tonmoy]] (son of Sheikh Helal) was also a member of parliament.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-14|title=New face of Sheikh Family in politics|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/politics/article/66263/New-face-of-Sheikh-Family-in-politics|access-date=2020-06-20|work=banglanews24.com|language=en}}</ref> Naser's granddaughter Sheikh Shaira Rahman (daughter of Sheikh Helal) is married to his grand-nephew [[Andaleeve Rahman]] (grandson of his sister Sheikh Asia Begum). Naser was said to have closely resembled his older brother [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]].<ref name=":0" />

==Death and legacy==
Naser was killed on 15 August 1975 by mutinous [[Bangladesh Army]] officers at the residence Mujib in [[Dhanmondi]], during the course of the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|assassination of Mujib and many of his family members]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bloodbath on Road 32|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/august-15-special-coverage/bloodbath-road-32-1269604|work=The Daily Star|access-date=1 August 2017|language=en|date=14 August 2016}}</ref> He pleaded the assassins not to kill him as he was just a businessman and said to them, "I am not into politics, I do business for a living." Nevertheless, he was taken to a bathroom of the house where a soldier shot him. He was bleeding and begged for water when another soldier came in and shot him again, killing him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-15|title=BLOODBATH on road 32|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/frontpage/bloodbath-road-32-1621003|access-date=2020-07-03|work=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> A number of Mujib's [[Sheikh–Wazed family|family members]] were killed by the assassins.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shame darker than the night|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/shame-darker-the-night-1270021|work=The Daily Star|access-date=1 August 2017|language=en|date=15 August 2016}}</ref>

[[Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium]] and Sheikh Abu Naser Specialised Hospital, both in [[Khulna]], were named after him, in 1996 and 2010, respectively, by the [[Bangladesh Awami League]] government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Batter's approach key to Bangladesh's fortune|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/sports/batters-approach-key-bangladeshs-fortune-203125|work=The Daily Star|access-date=1 August 2017|language=en|date=17 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Organization Registry |url=http://app.dghs.gov.bd/orgregistry/org_profile.php?org_code=10001811 |access-date=1 August 2017 |website=app.dghs.gov.bd |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rec" /> In 2003 the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] renamed the stadium Birshreshtha Shaheed Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman stadium. The stadium's name reverted to Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium in 2009 after Bangladesh Awami League returned to power.<ref>{{cite news |title=Once again it's Sheikh Nasser Stadium|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-96527|work=The Daily Star|access-date=1 August 2017|language=en|date=11 July 2009}}</ref> After the fall of the [[Sheikh Hasina]] led Awami League government, Sheikh Abu Naser Specialised Hospital was renamed to Khulna Specialized Hospital.<ref name=":02">{{cite web |date=23 June 2020 |title=Sheikh Russel Gastro Liver Hospital begins Covid-19 tests |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/coronavirus-chronicle/covid-19-bangladesh/sheikh-russel-gastro-liver-hospital-begins-covid-19-tests |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324103548/https://www.tbsnews.net/coronavirus-chronicle/covid-19-bangladesh/sheikh-russel-gastro-liver-hospital-begins-covid-19-tests |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite news |date=3 November 2024 |title=Govt changes names of 14 hospitals, including Sheikh Hasina Burn Institute |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/government-affairs/364054/govt-changes-names-of-14-hospitals-including |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref>

===Criticism===
Naser was accused of being a ringleader of syndicates smuggling jute to India during the presidency of Mujib.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social Science Review|date=2002|publisher=University of Dhaka|page=269|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1aLrAAAAMAAJ&q=Sheikh+Abu+Naser|access-date=1 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> It is said that his rise from near poverty in 1971 to being the largest contractor in Khulna was through favoritism and illegal means.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abu Naser, Sheikh}}
[[Category:1st Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:Tungipara Sheikh family]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gopalganj District, Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]

South Western Command (India)

2026-01-25T15:13:21Z

AmieLearmonth67: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Indian army command}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Military Unit
| unit_name = South Western Command
| image = File:South Western Command, Indian Army.png
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Insignia of the South Western Command
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|india}}
| type = [[Formation (military)|Command]]
| dates = 15 April 2005 - Present
| specialization =
| command_structure =
| size =
| garrison = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| nickname = Sapta Shakti Command
| motto = ''Sarvada Vijayee Bhava'' {{Translation|'Forever Victorious'}}
| battles =
| current_commander = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Manjinder Singh (general)|Manjinder Singh]], {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=80%|PVSM|AVSM|YSM|VSM|}}
| commander1_label = [[General officer commanding|GOC-in-C]]
| notable_commanders =
| identification_symbol = [[File:Flag of the South Western Command, Indian Army.png|150px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Flag
}}
The '''South Western Command''' of the [[Indian Army]] was established on 15 April 2005 and became fully operational on 15 August 2005. It was established in response to the emerging threats and opportunities on the Western [[India–Pakistan border|Indo-Pak border]] and is headquartered at [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Western Command |url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/command/command/south-western-command-commands-site-main |website=indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref>

[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Manjinder Singh (general)|Manjinder Singh]] is the current GOCinC, SWC who took over on 1 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-02 |title=Lt Gen Singh takes over reins of South Western Command |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/lt-gen-manjinder-singh-takes-charge-of-south-western-command/articleshow/111416638.cms |access-date=2026-01-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== History and Role ==
The South Western Command of the [[Indian Army]] was formally raised on 15 April 2005 as the seventh operational command, with its headquarters established at [[Jaipur]] Military Station in [[Rajasthan]] with [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Krishnamurthy Nagaraj taking over as the first General Officer Commanding-in-Chief. This creation involved carving out sectors from the existing Western Command to enhance dedicated oversight of the arid western frontier, responding to evolving security dynamics along the Indo-Pak border.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - Army South Western Command |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/southwestcom.htm |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> The South Western Command is operationally responsible for the defence of Southern Punjab and Northern Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-24 |title=All About South Western (Sapta Shakti) Command: Forever Victorious |url=https://ssbcrackexams.com/all-about-south-western-sapta-shakti-command-forever-victorious/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Structure ==
Currently, the South Western Command has been assigned operational units under:- [[X Corps (India)|X Corps]] and 42nd Artillery Division. The command in total has following units under its belt:- 3 [[infantry]] [[Division (military)|divisions]] (1 for Mountain warfare), 1 [[Armored brigade|armoured division]], 1 [[artillery]] division, 2 Reorganised Army Plains Infantry Division (RAPID), 1 [[Armored brigade|armoured brigade]], 1 [[Corps of Army Air Defence|Air-defence brigade]], and 1 [[Army engineer|engineering brigade]].

In 2021, except the 33 Armoured Division all the units of I Corps was transferred to [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] to focus on the Sino-Indian border at Ladakh.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" |Structure of South-Western Command
|-
!Corp
!Corp HQ
!GOC of Corps
(Corps Commander)
!Assigned Units
!Unit HQ
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[X Corps (India)|X Corps]]
''(Chetak Corps)''
| rowspan="6" |[[Bathinda, Punjab]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Lieutenant general|Lt Gen]] Shamsher Singh Virk
|16 Infantry Division
|[[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan]]
|-
|18 RAPID Division
|[[Kota, Rajasthan]]
|-
|24 RAPID Division
|[[Bikaner, Rajasthan]]
|-
|6 (Independent) Armoured Brigade
|[[Bathinda|Bhatinda, Punjab]]
|-
|615 Air-defence Brigade
|[[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|471 Engineering Brigade
|N/A
|-
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|42 Artillery Division
|[[Jaipur, Rajasthan]]
|-
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|[[33rd Armoured Division (India)|33 Armoured Division]]
|[[Hisar, Haryana]]
|}

== List of Commanders ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="6" |General Officer Commanding-in-Chief South Western Command
|- style="background:#cccccc"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 600px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Unit of Commission
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | References
|-
|1
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Krishnamurthy Nagaraj {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|ADC}}}},
|15 April 2005
|31 July 2006
|[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060813/punjab1.htm#22|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab|website=tribuneindia.com|access-date=2017-10-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907231427/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060813/punjab1.htm#22|archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Parmendra Kumar Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 August 2006
|31 July 2008
|[[Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/india/the-times-of-india-new-delhi-edition/20080901/281844344431888|title=PressReader - the Times of India (New Delhi edition): 2008-09-01 - New GOC-in-chief of South Western Command|via=PressReader|access-date=2017-10-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024152757/http://www.pressreader.com/india/the-times-of-india-new-delhi-edition/20080901/281844344431888|archive-date=24 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/may15-07/h13.htm|title=Sainik Samachar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100114/http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/may15-07/h13.htm|archive-date=24 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Chanroth Kunnumal Suchindra Sabu {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 September 2008
|30 November 2010
|[[Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081002/jsp/jharkhand/story_9917912.jsp|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) {{!}} Jharkhand {{!}} School gets new campus|website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=2017-10-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100413/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081002/jsp/jharkhand/story_9917912.jsp|archive-date=24 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|4
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[S. K. Singh (general)|Shri Krishna Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 December 2010
|31 October 2011
|[[8 Gorkha Rifles|8th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/117737/lt-gen-s-k-singh.html|title=Lt Gen S K Singh takes over as Army SW Command chief|website=Deccan Herald|date=3 December 2010 |access-date=2017-10-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095940/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/117737/lt-gen-s-k-singh.html|archive-date=24 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Gyan Bhushan {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 November 2011
|31 December 2013
|[[Mahar Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/wire-news/-1939471.html|title=Lt Gen Gyan Bhushan takes over as SW command's new GOC-in-C|website=Moneycontrol|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095855/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/wire-news/-1939471.html|archive-date=24 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Arun K Sahni {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|SM|VSM}}}}
|1 January 2014
|31 January 2016
|[[Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://netindian.in/news/2013/12/13/00027087/lt-gen-arun-kumar-sahni-designated-goc-c-south-western-command|title=Lt Gen Arun Kumar Sahni designated as GOC-in-C, South Western Command {{!}} NetIndian|date=2013-12-13|website=netindian.in|language=en|access-date=2017-10-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095826/http://netindian.in/news/2013/12/13/00027087/lt-gen-arun-kumar-sahni-designated-goc-c-south-western-command|archive-date=24 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Sarath Chand]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 February 2016
|12 January 2017
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/lt-gen-sarath-chand-new-goc-in-c-of-south-western-command-547479-2016-02-01|title=Lt Gen Sarath Chand new GOC-in C of South Western Command|access-date=2017-10-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202113914/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lt-gen-sarath-chand-new-goc-in-c-of-south-western-command/1/584886.html|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Abhay Krishna]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}}
|25 January 2017
|31 July 2017
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-gen-abhay-krishna-takes-over-armys-south-western-command/articleshow/56783300.cms|title=Lt Gen Abhay Krishna takes over Army's South Western Command|date=2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-10-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024111120/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-gen-abhay-krishna-takes-over-armys-south-western-command/articleshow/56783300.cms|archive-date=24 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|9
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Cherish Mathson]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|SM|VSM}}}}
|1 August 2017
|31 August 2019
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/aug/02/lt-gen-cherish-mathson-takes-over-armys-south-western-command-1637128.html|title=Lt Gen Cherish Mathson takes over Army's South Western Command|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-10-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007121715/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/aug/02/lt-gen-cherish-mathson-takes-over-armys-south-western-command-1637128.html|archive-date=7 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|10
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Alok Singh Kler]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 September 2019
|31 March 2021
|[[68th Armoured Regiment (India)|68 Armoured Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/kler-is-new-chief-of-sapta-shakti-command/articleshow/70940397.cms|title=Kler is new chief of Sapta Shakti Command|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2019-09-01}}</ref>
|-
|11
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Amardeep Singh Bhinder]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 April 2021
|28 February 2023
|[[Deccan Horse|The Deccan Horse]]
|<ref name=bhinder>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-yogendra-dimri-appointed-as-next-commander-in-chief-of-lucknow-based-central-army-command20210227121926/|title=Lt Gen Yogendra Dimri appointed as next Commander-in-chief of Lucknow-based Central Army Command|publisher=ANI News|date=27 February 2021|access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|12
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[B. S. Raju]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|YSM}}}}
|1 March 2023
|31 October 2023
|[[Jat Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-approves-top-appointments-in-the-indian-army/article66516666.ece|title=Lt. Gen. Raju shifted, new Vice-Chief named|date=16 February 2023|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|13
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Dhiraj Seth]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 November 2023
|30 June 2024
|[[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=Lt General Dhiraj Seth takes over as South Western Army chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lt-general-dhiraj-seth-takes-over-as-south-western-army-chief-101698852093671.html |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|14
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Manjinder Singh (general)|Manjinder Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|YSM|VSM|}}}}
|1 July 2024
|''Incumbent''
|[[Madras Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2024-07-01 |title=Lt Gen Manjinder Singh assumes charge of South-Western Command |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/lt-gen-manjinder-singh-assumes-charge-of-south-western-command-1503315595.html |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
*Richard A. Renaldi and Ravi Rikhe, 'Indian Army Order of Battle,' Orbat.com for Tiger Lily Books: A division of General Data LLC, {{ISBN|978-0-9820541-7-8}}, 2011.

{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Commands of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-mil-stub}}

Gorthiya Mahadev Temple

2026-01-24T03:45:59Z

AmieLearmonth67: adjusted information additionally and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{unreferenced|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Gorthiya Mahadev Temple
| image = GorthiyaMahadevTemple.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Mahadev Temple
| map_type = India Gujarat
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| map_size = 250
| coordinates = {{coord|23|56|2|N|73|02|57.5|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| proper_name =
| devanagari =
| sanskrit_translit =
| tamil =
| marathi =
| oriya =
| malayalam =
| malay =
| bengali =
| chinese =
| pinyin =

| country = India
| state = Gujarat
| district = Sabarkantha
| locale = Takar
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =

| deity =
| primary_deity_Godess = 
| utsava_deity_God = 
| utsava_deity_Godess = 
| Direction_posture = 
| Pushakarani = 
| Vimanam = 
| Poets = 
| Prathyaksham = 
| festivals = [[Mahashivaratri]], [[Guru Purnima]]

| architecture = [[Mandir]] architecture
| architect =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =

| established = 
| year_completed = Before 18th Century 
| creator = Unknown
| temple_board =
| governing_body =
| website =
}}

'''Gorthiya Mahadev Temple''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] : ગોરઠીયા મહાદેવ મંદિર) is a [[Hindu Temple]] dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]], located in the town of Takaar, about 8 km from [[Ranasan]] in [[Prantij]] in [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].

== Fairs ==
Fairs are held here every year on the event of [[Shivaratri]], [[Guru Purnima]] , Maha Bij & Aatham which are attended by thousands of people.

== Big events ==
[[Maha Shivaratri]] and [[Guru Purnima]] is the two big events of the year and thousands of people attending it.

== References ==
*[http://facebook.com/GorthiyaMahadevTemple/ Facebook]
*[https://twitter.com/GorthiyaMahadev/ Twitter]

{{Hindu temples in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Sabarkantha district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Gujarat]]

{{india-hindu-temple-stub}}

List of Telugu films of 2005

2026-01-23T20:52:45Z

AmieLearmonth67: further expanded structure additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|None}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=September 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Tollywood films}}

This is a list of films produced by the [[Telugu cinema]] in the Telugu language in the year [[2005 in film|2005]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Rank
!Title
!Production company
!Distributor's share
!Ref.
|-
|1
|''[[Andarivaadu]]''
|[[Geetha Arts]]
|₹22 crore gross*
₹10.8 crore share
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2019 |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2005 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2005/ |access-date=August 19, 2025 |website=T2BLive}}</ref>
|-
|2
|''[[Athadu]]''
|[[Jayabheri Arts|Sri Jayabheri Art Productions]]
|₹22 crore
|<ref name="cinegoer.com">{{Cite web |date=2 March 2008 |title=CineGoer.com – News Archives – January 2006 |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/january2006.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302045929/http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/january2006.htm |archive-date=2 March 2006 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=CineGoer}}</ref>
|-
|3
|''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]''
|[[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]
|₹21 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chatrapati - Post mortem - SS Rajamouli |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/chatrapati.html |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|4
|''[[Sankranti (film)|Sankranti]]''
|[[Super Good Films]]
|₹20.3 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Highest grossing (share) Tollywood films by year |url=https://www.boxofficeandhra.com/2016/04/highest-grossing-tollywood-films-by-year.html |access-date=August 19, 2025 |website=Boxofficeandhra}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''
|[[Sumanth Art Productions]]
|₹18 crore
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|6
|''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]''
|[[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
|₹17.8 crore
|<ref name="cinegoer.com" />
|-
|7
|''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]''
|Siri Venkateswara Productions
|₹16 crore
| rowspan="4" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|8
|''[[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]''
|[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
|₹15 crore
|-
|9
|''[[Evadi Gola Vaadidhi]]''
|Larsco Entertainments
|₹10 crore
|-
|10
|''[[Athanokkade]]''
|[[N. T. R. Arts|N.T.R Arts]]
|₹9 crore
|}

== January–June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#blue; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Opening
!| Title
! style="width:20%;" |'''Director'''
! Cast !! Production house !! Ref
|- January!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#FFA07A; textcolor:#000;"| '''J A N'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| ''Pelli Kaani Pellam Avuthundi'' || Venkata Ganesh || [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]], [[Mumtaj]], Radhika Chowdhary
| Sri Bharati Enterprises ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-andhrawala.html |title=Telugu cinema Review - Andhrawala - NTR, Rakshita - puri jagan - giri |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2004-01-01 |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| ''[[Balu (film)|Balu]]'' || [[A. Karunakaran]] || [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Neha Oberoi]], [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Milind Gunaji]] ||
|
|-
| ''Bucchi Babu'' || T. Raju || [[Krishnudu]], Bobby, [[Abhinayasri]] ||
||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''14'''
|''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''|| [[Prabhu Deva]] || [[Siddharth Narayan|Siddharth]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Srihari]] ||
|
|-
|''[[Naa Alludu]]''|| Vara Mullapudi || [[Jr. NTR]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Genelia D'Souza]]||
|
|-
|''[[Dhana 51]]''|| R. Soorya Kiran || [[Sumanth (actor)|Sumanth]], [[Saloni Aswani]] ||
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''21'''
| ''[[Evadi Gola Vaadidi]]'' || [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || [[Aryan Rajesh]], [[Deepika Chikhalia]], [[Brahmanandam]] ||
||
|- February!
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:thistle; textcolor:#000;"| '''F E B'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| ''[[786 Khaidi Premakatha]]'' || K S Nageswara Rao || Sashikanth, Poonam Bhartke, Yana Sheik, [[Bramhanandam]] ||
||
|-
| ''Arey'' || K S Nageswara Rao || Kesava Teerdha, [[Monica (actress)|Mounika]] ||
||
|-
| ''[[Keelu Gurram (2005 film)|Keelu Gurram]]'' || [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] || [[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]], [[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]], [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]], [[Satyam Rajesh|Rajesh]], [[Tanu Roy]] ||
||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| ''[[Pandem]]'' || [[Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy |Sabhapati]] || [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]], [[Mahadevan (actor)|Ramaraju]], [[M. S. Narayana]] ||
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''10'''
| ''Evaru Nenu'' || Bhimeshwararao munjuluri || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] ||
||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''11'''
| ''[[Orey Pandu]]'' || Tejas Dhanraj || [[Sachiin Joshi]], [[Sandali Sinha]], [[Bhanupriya]] ||
||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''12'''
| ''[[Dhairyam (2005 film)|Dhairyam]]''|| [[Teja (film director)|Teja]] || [[Nitin (actor)|Nitin]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Tanikella Bharani]] ||
||
|-
| ''[[Manasu Maata Vinadhu]]'' || V. N. Aditya || [[Navdeep]], [[Ankitha]], Sandeep, [[Tanikella Bharani]] ||
||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''18'''
| ''[[Sankranti (film)|Sankranti]]''|| [[Muppalaneni Siva]] || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Siva Balaji]], [[Sharwanand]], [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] ||
|
|-
| ''Thanks'' || Manraj || [[Vineeth]], [[Rashmi Gautam]] ||
||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''25'''
| ''[[Relax (film)|Relax]]'' || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''26'''
| ''[[Sravanamasam]]'' || Posani Krishna Murali || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]], Karthikeya, [[Nagababu]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Vijaya Nirmala]], [[Gajala]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]], [[Keerti Chawla]] || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sravanamasam.html |title=Sravanamasam - Telugu cinema Review - Krishna, Hari Krishna, Karthikeya, Gajala, Kalyani |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2005-02-26 |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref>
|- March!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A R'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| ''Slokam'' || Bharath || [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], Madhu Sharma, [[K. Vishwanath]] || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-slokam.html |title=Slokam - Telugu cinema Review - Sai Kumar, Madhu Sharma |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2005-03-03 |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| ''[[Youth (2005 film)|Youth]]'' || J. Jitendra || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], Sri Harsha, [[Lakshmi Sharma|Lahari]], Sishwa || Sri Siva Kesava (SSK) Films || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/BGSV/info|title=Youth (2005)|website=Indiancine.ma|date=2005|access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| ''Okkade Kaani Iddaru'' || || [[Sanghavi]] || ||
|-
| ''Prayatnam'' || P Sunil Kumar Reddy || [[Babloo Prithviraj]], [[Sujitha]], [[Tanu Roy]] ||
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-prayatnam.html |title=Prayatnam - Telugu cinema Review - Pruthvi & Sujitha |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2005-03-05 |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''11'''
| ''Swami Shankar'' || Madhusudhan Rao || Dinesh, Sriram, [[Brahmanandam]] ||
||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''25'''
| ''[[Chakram (2005 film)|Chakram]]''|| [[Krishna Vamsi]] || [[Prabhas]], [[Asin Thottumkal]], [[Charmy Kaur|Charmme]] ||
||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''31'''
|''[[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]]''|| [[Ravi Babu]] || [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]], [[Aarti Agarwal]] ||
||
|- April!
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; textcolor:#000;"| '''A P R'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| ''[[Andagadu]]''|| || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] ||
||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| ''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]'' || [[V. V. Vinayak]] || [[Allu Arjun]], [[Gowri Munjal]], [[Prakash Raj]] ||
||
|-
| ''[[Avunanna Kaadanna]]''|| Teja || [[Uday Kiran]], [[Sadha]] ||
||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''15'''
| ''Muddula Mogudu Allari Pellam'' || Ramachandrudu || [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] ||
||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''21'''
| ''[[Ayodhya (2005 Telugu film)|Ayodhya]]'' || Kodi Ramakrishna || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Vadde Naveen]], [[Rathi (actress)|Rathi]] ||
||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''22'''
| ''[[Subash Chandra Bose (film)|Subash Chandra Bose]]''|| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Genelia D'Souza]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Prakash Raj]] ||
||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''28'''
| ''[[Hungama (2005 film)|Hungama]]'' || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] || [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] ||
||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Errababu]]'' || K Kishore || [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Roma (actress)|Roma]], [[Nagendra Babu]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]], [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] ||
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mrerrababu.html |title=Mr. Errababu - Telugu cinema Review - Sivaji, Roma |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2005-04-28 |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref>
|-
| ''10 The Strangers'' || Rajesh Touchriver || Nagababu, Jyothirmayee, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Brahmaji]], Sherry ||
||
|- May!
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#edafaf; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A Y'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| ''Naa Praanam Kante Ekkuva'' || Sashi Preetham || Neeraj, Madhu Shalini, Vamsi Varma, Jeevan Sekhar ||
|| <ref>[http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/naapranamkanteekkuva.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406205235/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/naapranamkanteekkuva.php|date=6 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''7'''
| ''[[Athanokkade]]''|| [[Surender Reddy]] || [[Kalyan Ram]], [[Sindhu Tolani]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Brahmanandam]] ||
||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''12'''
| ''[[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]''|| [[Boyapati Srinu]] || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Meera Jasmine]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] ||
||
|-
| ''[[Kumkuma (film)|Kumkuma]]'' || Jyothindranath Vemuri || [[Siva Balaji]], Jayant, Seema, Ranganath, Sivaji Raja ||
||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''20'''
| ''[[Narasimhudu]]''|| [[B. Gopal]] || [[Jr. NTR]], [[Ameesha Patel]], [[Sameera Reddy]] ||
||
|- June!
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#d9c1b0; textcolor:#000;"| '''J U N'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| ''[[Andarivadu]]''|| [[Srinu Vaitla]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Rimi Sen]] ||
||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''10'''
| '' Meghamala O Pellam Gola'' || Sanjay || Santhosh Pawan, [[Tanu Roy]] ||
||
|-
| ''Kadante Avunanile'' || O S Avinash || [[Vamsi Krishna]], Naveena, [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Giribabu]], [[Brahmanandam]] ||
||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''24'''
| ''[[Jagapati|Jagapathi]]'' || Jonnalagadda Srinivasa Rao || [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Rakshita]], [[Sai Kiran]], [[Navneet Kaur Rana|Navneet Kaur]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]||
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-jagapathi.html |title=Jagapati - Telugu cinema Review - Jagapathi Babu, Rakshita & Navneet Kaur |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2005-06-24 |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref>
|-
| ''Anna Sainyam'' || || Lakshmi Parvathi, Vinod Kumar, Koteswara Prasad, Gokina Rama Rao ||
||
|-
| ''Devi Abhayam'' || Srinivasa Reddy || [[Sai Kiran]], [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]], [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]], Prabhakar ||
||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''30'''
| ''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]''|| [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]] || [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Charmy Kaur|Charmme]], Shashank ||
||
|-
| ''[[Guru (2005 film)|Guru]]''|| B Jaffer || [[Jai Akash|Akash]], [[Pranathi]] ||
||
|}

== July–December ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#blue; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Opening
!| Title
! style="width:20%;" |'''Director'''
! Cast !! Production house !! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background: #d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;" | '''J U L'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''
| ''[[Oka Oorilo]]''|| Ramesh Verma || [[Raja Abel|Raja]], [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]], [[Saloni Aswani]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Naa Oopiri]]'' || [[Kanmani (director)|Kanmani]] || [[Vadde Naveen]], [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]], [[Anjana Sukhani|Anjana]], [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]], [[M. S. Narayana]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Nireekshana (2005 film)|Nireekshana]]''|| N. Seetharam || [[Aryan Rajesh]], [[Sridevi Vijayakumar]], Nagendra Prasad || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''9'''
| ''[[A Film by Aravind]]''|| Shekkar Suri || [[Rajiv Kanakala]], [[Ghazal Srinivas]], [[Richard Rishi]], [[Sherlyn Chopra]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''15'''
| ''[[Kanchanamala Cable TV]]'' || Parthasaradhi || [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Lakshmi Rai]], [[Raghu Babu]], [[Brahmanandam]] ||
||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''21'''
| ''[[Super (2005 film)|Super]]'' || [[Puri Jagannadh]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Ayesha Takia]] ||
||
|-
| ''Siva'' || || Pradeep, Saina || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''29'''
|''[[Rendella Tharuvatha]]''|| K B Anand || Sreeram, [[Gopichand Lagadapati]] || ||
|- August!
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#c2b280;" | '''A U G'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''4'''
| ''[[Premikulu]]'' || Jaya || Yuvaraj, Rishi Girish, [[Kamna Jethmalani]], [[Rajiv Kanakala]], Rambabu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-premikulu.html |title=Premikulu - Telugu cinema Review - Yuvaraj & Kamna Jetmalani |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2005-08-04 |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''
| ''Nikkis Engagement'' || Rafi || Surya, Vamsi, Rekha || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''10'''
| ''[[Athadu]]''|| [[Trivikram Srinivas]] || [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Rahul Dev]], [[Brahmanandam]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''12'''
| ''Nuvvante Naakishtam''|| [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || [[Aryan Rajesh]], [[Allari Naresh]], [[Anuradha Mehta]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''19'''
| ''[[Andhrudu]]''|| Paruchuri Murali || [[Tottempudi Gopichand|Gopichand]], [[Gowri Pandit]], [[Sayaji Shinde]] || ||
|-
| ''Please Naaku Pellaindi'' || Gandhi || Raghu, [[Rajiv Kanakala]], Sruthi Malhotra, Soni Charishma, [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''20'''
| ''[[Adirindayya Chandram]]''|| Srinivasa Reddy || [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''25'''
| ''123 from Amalapuram '' || Varma || Ravi Prakash, Raja Sridhar, Anil, [[Nithya Das]], [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:wheat; textcolor:#000;" |'''S E P'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''
| ''[[Okkade]]'' || [[Chandra Mahesh]] || [[Srihari]], [[Santhoshi]], [[Mukesh Rishi]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''7'''
| ''[[Mogudu Pellam O Dongodu]]''|| Venky || [[Shriya Saran]], [[Raja Abel|Raja]], [[Brahmanandam]] || ||
|-
| ''Atanu + Ame = 9'' || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''9'''
| ''Veeri Veeri Gummadi Pandu'' || Nimmagadda Babu || [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], Sreekar Babu, Jayalalitha, [[Rajiv Kanakala]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''15'''
| ''[[Allari Bullodu]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Nitin (actor)|Nitin]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Rathi (actress)|Rathi]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Nayakudu (film)|Nayakudu]]''|| [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Namitha]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''22'''
| ''[[Good Boy (2005 film)|Good Boy]]'' || [[G. Nageswara Reddy]] || [[Rohit (actor)|Rohit]], [[Navneet Kaur Rana|Navneet Kaur]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''29'''
| ''[[Political Rowdy]]''|| Adi || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Charmy Kaur]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''30'''
| ''[[Chhatrapati (film)|Chatrapathi]]''|| [[S. S. Rajamouli]] || [[Prabhas]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Bhanupriya]] || ||
|- October!
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb7c5;" | '''O C T'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''
| ''[[Allari Pidugu]]''|| [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]] || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Charmy Kaur]], [[Katrina Kaif]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''13'''
| ''[[Bhageeratha (film)|Bhageeratha]]''|| Rasool Ellore || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Prakash Raj]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''21'''
|''[[Modati Cinema]]''|| Venkat Kuchipudi || [[Navdeep]], [[Poonam Bajwa]], [[Brahmanandam]] || ||
|-
|''Vamsham''|| || Nagababu, [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandramohan]], Baladitya || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''28'''
| ''Bhama Kalapam'' || K.V.V. Satyanarayana || Aditya Om, [[Meghna Naidu]], Pooja Bharati || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''29'''
| ''[[Moguds Pellams]]'' || Ranganath || Sivaji Raja, Karthik, [[Rathi (actress)|Rathi]], Harika, [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[M. S. Narayana]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mogudspellams.html |title=Moguds Pellams - Telugu cinema Review - Sivaji Raja & Rathi |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2005-10-29 |access-date=2015-06-19}}</ref>
|- November!
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#ace1af;" | '''N O V'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''11'''
| ''Abhimaani'' || Sana Yadi Reddy || [[Nakuul Mehta]], Swetha Malhotra || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''18'''
| ''Meenakshi'' || T Prabhakar || [[Rajiv Kanakala]], [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]], Amit, Preethi Nigam || ||
|-
| ''Ayinda Leda''|| Bharath || [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], Raksha, [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], Mallikarjuna Rao, [[Brahmanandam]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''23'''
| ''[[Seenugadu Chiranjeevi Fan]]'' || Posala Radhakrishna || Akula Vijay Vardhan, [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]], [[M. S. Narayana]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''26'''
| ''[[Vennela]]''|| Deva Kaushik || [[Raja Abel|Raja]], [[Parvati Melton]] || ||
|- December!
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#b8860b;" | '''D E C'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''
| ''[[Sri (2005 film)|Sri]]''|| Dasaradh || [[Manoj Manchu]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia|Tamanna]] || ||
|-
| ''Mukha Chitram'' || S Babu || Srirambaji, [[Haripriya]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''
|''[[Mahanandi (film)|Mahanandi]]''|| V. Samudra || [[Sumanth (actor)|Sumanth]], [[Srihari]], [[Anushka Shetty]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''9'''
| ''Kaaki'' || Bobbili Bhanu || Brahmaji, [[Gurleen Chopra]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''10'''
| ''Yuvakulu'' || Sai Venkat || Kiran Tej, Sangeetha Tiwari, [[Abhinayasri]] || ||
|-
| ''Pourusham''|| || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''16'''
| ''Venkat Tho Alivelu''|| P Balaji || Dilip, Sanjana, [[M. S. Narayana]], Omkar, Anil || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''21'''
| ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]''|| [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Sameera Reddy]], [[Bhoomika Chawla]], [[Arbaaz Khan]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''24'''
| ''Alex'' || Rajesh Touchriver || Haranath, [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]], Shiju, Kousha, Indu Anand || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''30'''
|''[[Gowtam SSC]]''|| P A Arun Prasad || [[Navdeep]], [[Sindhu Tolani]], [[K. Vishwanath]], [[Bhanupriya]] || ||
|-
| ''Maha Simham'' || Akkumurthy Babu Rao || Mukkuraju, Rallapalli, Kallu Chidambaram, Swathi, Susheela || ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Telugu cinema|horiz}}
{{2005 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|2005]]
[[Category:Lists of 2005 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:2005 in Indian cinema]]

Bhargavastra micro-missile system

2026-01-19T16:20:50Z

AmieLearmonth67: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Bhargavastra_(counter_drone_system)]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}}}

Puthuppally, Kottayam

2025-12-18T21:33:29Z

AmieLearmonth67: new!

{{Distinguish|Puthuppally, Alappuzha}}
{{short description|Town in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Puthuppally
|image_skyline=StGeorgeOrthodoxChurch Puthuppalli.jpg
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|33|33.96|N|76|34|19.98|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Puthuppally Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 22.43
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 29,635
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/kottayam/3210x628179__puthuppally/ |title=Puthuppally (Kottayam) Population}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686011
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 481-XXXXXXX
| registration_plate = KL- 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kottayam
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Kottayam
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|http://kottayam.nic.in/profile/climate.htm]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|kottayam.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Puthuppally''' is a town in the [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]], India. The community is known for its ancient [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], [[St. George Orthodox Church, Puthuppally|Puthuppally Palli]].

The town hosts the campus of [[Rubber Board]], the biggest central government organization in the [[district]]. The town is also home to the Institute of Human Resources Development campus<ref>{{Cite web|title=College of Applied Science Puthuppally|url=http://www.ihrd.ac.in/index.php/institutions/colleges-of-applied-science/95-mg-university/170-college-of-applied-science-puthuppally|access-date=2021-04-25|website=www.ihrd.ac.in}}</ref> as well as [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|MG University]] paramedical campuses. Puthuppally is the hometown of former [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] [[Oommen Chandy]].

== Demographics ==
As of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Puthuppally has a population of 29,635 of which 14,304 are males and 15,331 are females. Average [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] is 1072 compared to the state average of 1084. The number of children under the age of 6 is 2,291 which accounts for 7.73% of total population of the town. [[Child sex ratio]] is around 914 compared to state average of 964.{{clarify|These are numbers, not ratios.|date=June 2021}} Literacy rate of Puthuppally city is 98.02% which is higher than state average of 94.00%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/628179-puthuppally-kerala.html|title=Puthupally Census 2011|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref>

==Governance==
[[Puthuppally (State Assembly constituency)|Puthuppally assembly constituency]] is part of [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
| title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
| access-date = 19 October 2008
| work = Kerala
| publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf| archive-date = 4 March 2009}}</ref> The former Chief Minister of Kerala [[Oommen Chandy]], was representing the Puthuppally Legislative [[Constituency]] since 1970 till his death in 2023.

== History ==
The Puthuppally Firing (Puthuppally Vediveyppu) during the Indian Freedom Struggle is an important historical events related to Puthuppally. One person was killed in the Firing. In a late afternoon a youth named Kuttickal Kochu was on his way to the native ball playground unaware of the happenings. A stray bullet hit him in his navel, and he died on the spot.

== Transport ==
[[Kottayam railway station]] serves the town. The nearest railway station is Chingavanam railway station. Kottayam-Pathanamthitta road intersects with Thiruvalla-Ettumanoor and Thiruvalla-Kidangoor-Muvattupuzha bypass making Puthuppally one of the most congested junctions in the district.

== Culture ==
[[File:Puthupally JSC Church.jpg|thumb|St. George Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, Puthupally]]
* The feast at [[St. George Orthodox Church, Puthuppally]] is a regional festival which is celebrated by many irrespective of religion, caste, or creed.
* St. George Jacobite Syrian Church Situated near St. George Pilgrim Church.
*[[Shadkala Govinda Marar]], a musician, lived near Vennimala, which was a cultural centre during the rule of Venad Kings.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}
* Puthuppally Hindu Mahasammelan (Started in 1996) is a Hindu convention with a structure similar to the [[Cherukolpuzha Convention|Cherukolpuzha Hindumatha Parishad]]. It is conducted annually during the summer vacation.

=== Notable people ===
* [[Oommen Chandy]] – Former Chief Minister of Kerala, Former Minister of Home Affairs, Former Minister of Finance and former MLA of Puthuppally
* [[Chandy Oommen]] - Oommen Chandy's son, incumbent MLA of Puthuppally, Supreme Court Lawyer, Lecturer <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/08/08/chandy-oommen-udf-candidate-puthuppally-byelection-profile.html |title=Lawyer, teacher and politician: Meet Congress’ Puthuppally candidate Chandy Oommen |website=onmanorama.com |date=2023-08-08 |access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref>
* [[Vettom Mani]] – Scholar / Author on Indian Puranas
* [[E. C. George Sudarshan]] – Scientist (Quantum Optics)

==Sports==
Puthuppally is known for its [[:ml:നാടൻ പന്തുകളി|native ball play]] which is organized annually.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strike the ball in six different ways in this barefoot game|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2016/jul/16/strike-the-ball-in-six-different-ways-in-this-barefoot-game-881393.html|access-date=2021-04-25|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A ball which is made of leather is used. It is generally referred to as [[:ml:നാടൻ പന്തുകളി|naadan panthu kali]] or tukal panthu kali. Kerala's Native Ball Association office is located in Puthuppally.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.puthuppallypally.in Official Puthuppally Pally Website]
* [http://kottayam.nic.in/population/panchpop.asp?panch=00030015/ Population as per 2001 Census]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{Kottayam district}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Kottayam]]

Kakrala

2025-12-04T10:48:09Z

AmieLearmonth67: small edit

{{for|the historical region in Sindh|Kakrala (Sindh)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kakrala
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Kakrala,_Nov_2021.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kakrala-Budaun Road
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.89222|N|79.19528|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Budaun district|Badaun]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = About 450 years ago..
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Chairman of Municipal Board
| leader_name = Intkhab Mumtaz Saqlaini
| leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = [[Himanshu Yadav]]
| leader_title2 = [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Neeraj Kushwaha Maurya]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 39
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 160
| population_total = 40,081
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = hindi. Urdu Kokri
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 243637
| registration_plate = UP-24
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kakrala''' is a city and [[municipal board]] in [[Badaun district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== Geography ==
Kakrala is located at {{Coord|27.89222|N|79.19528|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Kakrala.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kakrala]</ref> This place is situated in [[Budaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, its geographical coordinates are 27° 54' 0" North, 79° 12' 0" East and its original name (with diacritics) is Kakrāla. The average temperature in winter is {{Convert|25|C}}, and can reach up to {{Convert|38|C}} in summer. {{Citation needed|date = December 2015}}

==Demographics==
At the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0918_PART_A_DCHB_BUDAUN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=2004-06-16 |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date=2008-11-01 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kakrala had a population of 105,000. Males constituted 52.71% of the population while females constituted 47.28%. Kakrala has an average [[literacy]] rate of 57.96%, lower than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 61.69%, and female literacy is 53.76%.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook Budaun |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0918_PART_A_DCHB_BUDAUN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308151736/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0918_PART_A_DCHB_BUDAUN.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-08 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Badaun district}}
{{Historical regions of Rohilkhand}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Budaun district]]

Kishan Singh (artist)

2025-12-03T04:44:31Z

AmieLearmonth67: Adding The Biography Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Sikh artist}}
{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix = Baba
| name = Kishan Singh
| image = Portrait of the Sikh artist Kishan Singh.jpg
| caption =
| style = [[Sikh art|Sikh School]]
| known_for = Painting
| birth_date = 1836
| death_date = 1895
| notable_works =
| honorific_suffix = Musawar
| children = [[Kapur Singh (artist)|Kapur Singh]]
}}

'''Kishan Singh''' (1836–1895<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Narula |first=S. S. |title=Aspects of Punjabi Culture |publisher=Department of Development of Punjabi Language, Punjabi University |year=1995 |pages=99}}</ref>), also known as '''Kishan Singh of Lahore''', was a [[Sikh painting|Sikh painter]] who specialized in ''mussawir'' (painters of miniatures).{{Efn|His personal name is alternatively spelt as 'Kishen'.|group=note}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ikeda |first=Atsushi |title=Portraying the Guru: Art, Devotion and Identity in Sikhism |date=24 September 2024 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=9781837652389 |pages=37}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He was born into a [[Ramgarhia]] family and was the brother of [[Bishan Singh (artist)|Bishan Singh]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Court of Ranjit Singh |url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/rsingh.html |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=The Sikh Foundation}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=R. P. |title=Punjab Painting |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1983 |isbn=9788170171744 |pages=52}}</ref> Kishan Singh had been employed as a court painter in the [[Sikh state|Sikh states]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] and [[Patiala State|Patiala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=R. P. |title=Punjab Painting |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1983 |isbn=9788170171744 |pages=44, 46}}</ref> Kishan Singh was employed by royal courts located in Amritsar, Kapurthala, and Lahore.<ref name=":202">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Sukhandeep |last2=Viranjan |first2=Ram |date=January–June 2023 |title=A Historical Overview of Emergence and Development of Sikh Art in Punjab |url=https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/Arts-Journal/ShodhKosh/article/download/293/408/3680 |journal=ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=389–402 |doi=10.29121/shodhkosh.v4.i1.2023.293 |eissn=2582-7472 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Whilst working in Lahore, Kishan Singh helped facilitate the arrival of other artists.<ref name=":202" />

Kishan Singh was skilled in illustration magnifying designs whereas his brother Bishan Singh was talented in depicting courtly ''[[Durbar (court)|durbar]]'' scenery.<ref name=":202" />

Kishan Singh's son, [[Kapur Singh (artist)|Kapur Singh]], became an accomplished artist himself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lot 218: Kapur Singh of Amristar attributed, study of a glassblower, circa 1880, gouache on paper, within mauve border, 16.2 x 11.2cm. |url=https://www.roseberys.co.uk/a0541-lot-522454 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Roseberys}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Relia |first=Anil |title=The Indian Portrait - 10 |last2=Roberts |first2=Julian |date=17 September 2019 |publisher=Archer Art Gallery |isbn=9788193171851 |pages=94}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Portrait of Guru Gobind Singh by Kishan Singh.jpg|Portrait of Guru Gobind Singh by Kishan Singh
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:19th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:1836 births]]
[[Category:1895 deaths]]

Miss Diva 2021

2025-11-19T10:00:24Z

AmieLearmonth67:

{{short description|9th edition of Miss Diva}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox beauty pageant
| image = Harnaaz Sandhu snapped promoting Baaghi 4 on the sets of Bigg Boss 19 (cropped).jpg
| caption = [[Harnaaz Sandhu]]
| date = September 30, 2021
| presenters = {{Hlist|Sachin Kumbhar|[[Ruhi Singh]]}}
| acts = {{Hlist|[[Malaika Arora]]|[[Sukriti Kakar]]|[[Prakriti Kakar]]}}
| venue = Hyatt Regency Hotel, [[Mumbai]]
| broadcaster = [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV]]
| entrants = 20
| placements = 10
| winner = • '''[[Harnaaz Sandhu]]''' • '''Ritika Khatnani'''
| before = [[Miss Diva 2020|2020]]
| next = [[Miss Diva 2022|2022]]
|photogenic=• Anaika Nair|photo=}}

'''Miss Diva 2021''' was the 9th edition of the [[Miss Diva]] beauty pageant which was held on 30 September 2021 in Hyatt Regency Hotel, [[Mumbai]]. The 20 shortlisted contestants from India competed in the pageant. [[Adline Castelino]] crowned [[Harnaaz Sandhu]] as her successor. After three months, she represented India at [[Miss Universe 2021]] and became the 3rd [[Miss Universe]] from India to win the crown. [[Aavriti Choudhary]] crowned [[Ritika Khatnani]] as her successor. She represented India at [[Miss Supranational 2022]] and won the title of Miss Supranational Asia 2022. Neha Jaiswal crowned Sonal Kukreja as 1st Runner-Up, whereas [[Kriti Sanon]] sashed all the remaining Runners-Up. [[Divita Rai]] was selected to represent India at [[Miss Universe 2022]] and placed in the top 16.

This edition marked the longest period of time (20 months after [[Miss Diva 2020]]) that the organization has taken to hold an annual contest in contrast to its previous editions.

==Final results==
;Color keys
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|gold|border=silver}} The contestant won in an international pageant.
* {{Color box|#FFFF66|border=silver}} The contestant was a runner-up in an international pageant.
* {{Color box|#FFFACD|border=silver}} The contestant was a semi-finalist in an international pageant.
* {{Color box|#fadadd|border=silver}} Unplaced
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
! style="width:280px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| Final results
! style="width:250px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| Candidate
! style="width:250px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| International placement
|-align="center" style="background:gold; font-weight: bold"
| Miss Universe India 2021
|
* [[Harnaaz Sandhu]]
| [[Miss Universe 2021]]
|-align="center" style="background:#FFFACD; font-weight: bold"
| Miss Diva Supranational 2022
|
* [[Ritika Khatnani]]
| Top 12 ''(Miss Supranational Asia 2022)''
|-align="center" style="background:white;"
! 1st Runner Up
|
* [[Sonal Kukreja]]
|-align="center"
! 2nd Runner Up
|
* [[Divita Rai]]
|-align="center"
! 3rd Runner Up
|
* Tarini Kalingarayar
|-align="center"
! 4th Runner Up
|
* Ankita Singh
|-align="center"
! Top 10
|
* Ayesha Assadi
* Nikita Tiwari
* Pallabi Saikia
* Siddhi Gupta
|}

== Sub-contests ==

=== Miss Beach Body ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Result
! Name
|-
| '''Winner'''
|
* Ritika Khatnani
|-
| '''Top 6'''
|
* Ayesha Assadi
* [[Harnaaz Sandhu]]
* Lavnaya Sangwan
* Palomi Insan
* Sonal Kukreja
|}

=== Miss Beautiful Hair ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Result
! Name
|-
| '''Winner'''
|
* Naveli Deshmukh
|-
| '''Top 5'''
|
* Ritika Khatnani
* Sachi Kudale
* Sonal Kukreja
* Tarini Kalingarayar
|}

=== Miss Beautiful Skin ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Result
! Name
|-
| '''Winner'''
|
* [[Harnaaz Sandhu]]
|-
| '''Top 5'''
|
* Anaika Nair
* Ritika Khatnani
* Siddhi Gupta
* Sonal Kukreja
|}

=== Miss Beautiful Smile ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Result
! Name
|-
| '''Winner'''
|
* Lavanya Sangwan

|-
| '''Top 5'''
|
* [[Harnaaz Sandhu]]
* Ritika Khatnani
* Sachi Kudale
* Siddhi Gupta
|}

=== Miss Fashion Icon ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Result
! Name
|-
| '''Winner'''
|
* Ayesha Assadi
|-
| '''Top 5'''
|
* Ankita Singh
* Nikita Tiwari
* Pallabi Saikia
* Siddhi Gupta
|}

=== Miss Photogenic ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Result
! Name
|-
| '''Winner'''
|
* Anaika Nair
|-
| '''Top 5'''
|
* Ankita Singh
* [[Divita Rai]]
* [[Harnaaz Sandhu]]
* Sonal Kukreja
|}

=== Miss Talented ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Result
! Name
|-
| '''Winners'''
|
* Pallabi Saikia
* Palomi Insan
|-
| '''Top 5'''
|
* [[Harnaaz Sandhu]]
* Naina Upadhyaya
* Ritika Khatnani
|}

=== Other sub-contest winners ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Sub-contest
! Winner
|-
| Miss Top Model
|
* Pallabi Saikia
|-
| Miss Congeniality
|
* Sonal Kukreja
|-
| Miss Iron Maiden
|
* Palomi Insan
|-
| Miss Active
|
* Sonal Kukreja
|-
| Miss Lifestyle
|
* [[Divita Rai]]
|-
| Miss IQ
|
* [[Divita Rai]]
|-
| Miss Sudoku
|
* [[Divita Rai]]
|-
| Miss Takatak Star
|
* Palomi Insan
|}

== Format ==
=== The pioneer ===
For the first time in Miss Diva's history, the organization lowered the height criteria from 5'5 "to 5'4". The organization now also allows [[trans women]] to enter the pageant meeting the criteria in certain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/breaking-in-liva-miss-diva-2021-launches-today/articleshow/83424989.cms|title=Breaking-In: LIVA Miss Diva 2021 Launches Today|website=beautypageants.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/liva-miss-diva-2021-to-allow-trans-women-to-participate/articleshow/83456302.cms|title=LIVA Miss Diva 2021 to allow Trans women to participate|website=beautypageants.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/miss-diva-2021-calls-transwomen-participate-1502973364.html|title=Miss Diva 2021 calls on transwomen to participate|website=thestatesman.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/womenia/miss-diva-2021-includes-transwomen-in-the-contest-691156|title='Miss Diva 2021' includes transwomen in the contest|website=thehansindia.com}}</ref>

Dipanjali Chhetri became the first trans woman to compete in the [[Miss Diva]] competition. She made it to the top 50 semifinalists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/liva-miss-diva-2021-accepting-me-for-who-i-am-is-the-best-gift-i-could-ask-for-says-dipanjali-chhetri/eventshow/85426208.cms|title="LIVA Miss Diva 2021 accepting me for who I am is the best gift I could ask for," says Dipanjali Chhetri|website=beautypageants.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-dipanjali-chhetri-the-first-trans-woman-participant-at-liva-miss-diva-2021/articleshow/85418255.cms|title=Meet Dipanjali Chhetri, the first trans woman participant at LIVA Miss Diva 2021|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utkaltoday.com/dipanjali-chhetri-liva-miss-diva-2021/|title=Dipanjali Chhetri, first transgender woman competes in LIVA Miss Diva 2021|website=economictimes.utkaltoday.com}}</ref>

=== Selection of candidates ===
In light of the pandemic situation that paralyzed the nation, the Miss Diva Organization decided to limit its operations to virtual projection and online interviews, thus allowing applicants to participate from the comfort of their homes. The organization opened the application to the public on June 11, 2021, until July 20, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/missdivaform.cms?from=mdr|title=Miss Diva: Beauty Pageant Entry Form {{!}} Apply Online for Miss Diva Beauty Contest|website=beautypageants.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/exploring-talent-from-across-india-liva-miss-diva-2021-miss-universe-india-2021-goes-digital/articleshow/84173648.cms|title=Exploring talent from across India, LIVA Miss Diva 2021, Miss Universe India 2021 goes digital|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/winning-liva-miss-diva-2021-is-all-about-rewards-recognition-and-opportunities/articleshow/84348502.cms|title=Winning LIVA Miss Diva 2021 is all about rewards, recognition, and opportunities!|website=beautypageants.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

After the initial auditions, applicants were shortlisted to a Top 50 list, and these candidates were summoned for several rounds of interviews, chaired by an elite bench of celebrities. Later, the selected contestants shortened down to top 20 finalists, including a wild card entry, chosen by public vote. These 20 finalists took part in the contest's boot-camp and were to compete in the final event to be held in [[Mumbai]] on 30 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/tv/liva-miss-diva-2021-goes-digital/18021794|title=LIVA Miss Diva 2021 Embraces The New Normal, Goes Digital But Still Unstoppable… Here Are All The Deets!|website=idiva.com}}</ref>

==Contestants==
=== Top 20 ===
The following are the 20 official contestants:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Unveiling-the-Top-19-finalists-of-LIVA-Miss-Diva-2021/eventshow/85562569.cms|title=Unveiling the Top 19 finalists of LIVA Miss Diva 2021!|website=beautypageants.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
;Color key
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|gold|border=silver}} Declared as winner
* {{Color box|#FFF83B|border=silver}} Ended as runner-up
* {{Color box|#FFFF99|border=silver}} Ended as one of the finalists or semi-finalists
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
!scope="col";| Nu.
!scope="col" | Contestant
!scope="col" | Age{{efn|Ages at the time of the pageant}}
!scope="col" | Height
!scope="col" | Hometown
!scope="col" | Placement
|-
| 1
| Aishwarya Kamal
| 24
| {{Height|ft=5|in=7}}
| [[New Delhi]]
|
|-
| 2
| Akshita Singh
| 21
| {{Height|ft=5|in=9}}
| [[Vadodara]]
|
|-
| 3
| Anaika Nair
| 24
| {{Height|ft=5|in=6}}
| [[Mumbai]]
|
|-style="background-color:#FFF83B ; font-weight: bold"
| 4
| Ankita Singh
| 22
| {{Height|ft=5|in=8.5}}
| [[Kolkata]]
| align="center"|4th Runner-up
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 5
| Ayesha Assadi
| 21
| {{Height|ft=5|in=8}}
| [[Mumbai]]
| align="center"|Top 10
|-style="background-color:#FFF83B ; font-weight: bold"
| 6
| [[Divita Rai]]
| 23
| {{Height|ft=5|in=9}}
| [[Mumbai]]
| align="center"|2nd Runner-up
|-style="background-color:gold ; font-weight: bold"
| 7
| [[Harnaaz Sandhu]]
| 21
| {{Height|ft=5|in=9}}
| [[Chandigarh]]
| align="center"|Miss Diva Universe 2021
|-
| 8
| Lavanya Sangwan
| 22
| {{Height|ft=5|in=8}}
| [[Gurugram]]
|
|-
| 9
| Naina Upadhyaya
| 21
| {{Height|ft=5|in=8}}
| [[Mumbai]]
|
|-
| 10
| Naveli Deshmukh{{refn|Replacement — Naveli Deshmukh was appointed to compete at Miss Diva 2021 by the [[Miss Diva]] organisation, as a replacement to Akshita Shetty due to unforeseen circumstances. Akshita Shetty was among the Top 20 finalists of the Miss Diva 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CTR-s_8lwhw/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CTR-s_8lwhw |archive-date=24 December 2021 |url-access=registration|website=indiatimes.com|title=Instagram post stating the replacement of Akshita Shetty}}{{cbignore}}</ref>|group="Replacements"|name="Naveli Deshmukh"}}
| 25
| {{Height|ft=5|in=8}}
| [[Aurangabad]]
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 11
| Nikita Tiwari
| 23
| {{Height|ft=5|in=9}}
| [[Mumbai]]
| align="center"|Top 10
|-
| 12
| Ojasvi Sharma
| 24
| {{Height|ft=5|in=7}}
| [[Delhi]]
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 13
| Pallabi Saikia
| 21
| {{Height|ft=5|in=9}}
| [[Digboi]]
| align="center"|Top 10
|-
| 14
| Palomi Insan
| 24
| {{Height|ft=5|in=4}}
| [[Noida]]
|
|-style="background-color:gold ; font-weight: bold"
| 15
| Ritika Khatnani
| 19
| {{Height|ft=5|in=10}}
| [[Pune]]
| align="center"|Miss Diva Supranational 2022
|-
| 16
| Ruchi Chettri
| 20
| {{Height|ft=5|in=7}}
| [[Darjeeling]]
|
|-
| 17
| Sachi Kudale
| 21
| {{Height|ft=5|in=7}}
| [[Pune]]
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 18
| Siddhi Gupta
| 25
| {{Height|ft=5|in=9}}
| [[Delhi]]
| align="center"|Top 10
|-style="background-color:#FFF83B ; font-weight: bold"
| 19
| Sonal Kukreja
| 23
| {{Height|ft=5|in=8}}
| [[Jaipur]]
| align="center"|1st Runner-up
|-style="background-color:#FFF83B ; font-weight: bold"
| 20
| Tarini Kalingarayar
| 22
| {{Height|ft=5|in=7.5}}
| [[Chennai]]
| align="center"|3rd Runner-up
|}
{{reflist|group=a}}

=== Semifinalists ===
As in the previous edition, the winner of the Campus Princess contest will obtain a direct place in the Top 20 of Miss Diva 2021. Below are the Top 18 finalists of Campus Princess 2020. The list of finalists was announced in two parts, Part I and Part II on July 24 and 25, 2021 respectively. Miss Diva 2021 Top 50 was announced on 16 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Unveiling-of-LIVA-Miss-Diva-2021-Top-50-Contestants/Unveiling-of-LIVA-Miss-Diva-2021-Top-50-Contestants/eventshow/85367427.cms|title=Unveiling of LIVA Miss Diva 2021 Top 50 Contestants!|website=beautypageants.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

On August 23, 2021, the Top 20 and Top 5 Wild Card aspirants were announced. The top 5 wild card contenders will face a public online vote until August 30, 2021, and the one with the most votes will enter the Top 20.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/meet-the-5-liva-wildcard-aspirants-of-liva-miss-diva-2021/eventshow/85563542.cms|title=Meet the 5 LIVA Wildcard Aspirants of LIVA Miss Diva 2021|website=beautypageants.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|lightgreen|border=silver}} Advanced to Top 50
* {{Color box|#FFBCD9|border=silver}} Advanced to Top 20
* {{Color box|#FFE5B4|border=silver}} Chosen as Top 5 Wildcard entrants

}}

{| style="font-size:95%;"
|-
| width="26%" align="center" |'''<big>Campuss Princess 2020 finalists</big>'''
| colspan=2 width="50%" align="center" |'''<big>Miss Diva Top 50 semifinalists</big>'''
| width="24%" align="center" |'''<big>Wildcard entrants - Top 5</big>'''
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:left"
! data-sort-type="number" | S.No
! Name
! Hometown
|-
| 1 || Amrita Parihar || [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
| 2 || Ananya Bist || [[Dehradun]]
|-
| 3 || Ankita Singha || [[Guwahati]]
|-
| 4 || Anoushka Chauhan || [[Gandhinagar]]
|-style="background-color:lightgreen;"
| 5 || Disha Patil || [[Nagpur]]
|-
| 6 || Himali Pareek || [[Rajasthan]]
|-style="background-color:lightgreen;"
| 7 || Ishika Singh || [[Mumbai]]
|-
| 8 || Khushi Ajwani || [[Jaipur]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 9 || Lavanya Sangwan || [[Gurugram]]
|-
| 10 || Mahekdeep Kaur || [[Amritsar]]
|-
| 11 || Mehak Vinayak || [[Chandigarh]]
|-
| 12 || Nimisha Dhote || [[Bhopal]]
|-
| 13 || Pankhuri Mehrotra || [[Mumbai]]
|-style="background-color:lightgreen;"
| 14 || Ritvikka Dwivedi || [[Mumbai]]
|-
| 15 || Shibi Batar || [[Delhi]]
|-
| 16 || Shyna Choudhary || [[Pathankot]]
|-
| 17 || Vaibhavi Sharma || [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
| 18 || Vanshika Dawara || [[Jabalpur]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:left"
|-
! data-sort-type="number" | S.No
! Name
! Hometown
|-
| 1 || Aavya Gupta || [[Mumbai]]
|-
| 2 || Aditi Jaswal || [[Dehradun]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 3 || Aishwarya Kamal || [[Delhi]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 4 || Akshita Shetty || [[Mumbai]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 5 || Akshita Singh || [[Vadodara]]
|-
| 6 || Alankrita Shahi || [[Ghaziabad]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 7 || Anaika Nair || [[Mumbai]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 8 || Ankita Singh || [[Kolkata]]
|-
| 9 || Atasi Sindal || [[Bankura]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 10 || Ayesha Assadi || [[Mumbai]]
|-
| 11 || Bhavana Sharma || [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| 12 || Dipanjali Chhetri || [[Delhi]]
|-
| 13 || Disha Patil || [[Nagpur]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 14 || Divita Rai || [[Mumbai]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 15 || [[Harnaaz Sandhu]] || [[Chandigarh]]
|-
| 16 || Heli Vyas || [[Mumbai]]
|-
| 17 || Ishika Singh || [[Mumbai]]
|-
| 18 || Jasmine Lazarus || [[Delhi]]
|-
| 19|| Jhanvi Sareen || [[Gurugram]]
|-
| 20 || Kanchan Khatana || [[Jaipur]]
|-
| 21 || Lavanya Gunasekar || [[Mumbai]]
|-
| 22 || Mansi Taxak || [[Mumbai]]
|-style="background-color:#FFE5B4;"
| 23 || Mariam Paul || [[Thrissur]]
|-
| 24 || Marishca Rodrigues || [[Mumbai]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 25 || Naina Upadhyaya || [[Mumbai]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align: left"
! data-sort-type="number" | S.No
! Name
! Hometown
|-style="background-color:#FFE5B4;"
| 26 || Naveli Deshmukh || [[Aurangabad]]
|-
| 27 || Nikita Thomas || [[Kochi]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 28 || Nikita Tiwari || [[Mumbai]]
|-
| 29|| Nishi Bhardwaj || [[Delhi]]
|-
| 30 || Niveditha Rajan || [[Bengaluru]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 31 || Ojasvi Sharma || [[Delhi]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 32 || Pallabi Saikia || [[Digboi]]
|-style="background-color:#FFE5B4;"
| 33 || Palomi Insan || [[Noida]]
|-
| 34 || Pranshu Singh Yadav || [[Seoni]]
|-
| 35 || Rajashree Dowarah || [[Dibrugarh]]
|-
| 36 || Rhiya Yadav || [[Mumbai]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 37 || Ritika Khatnani || [[Pune]]
|-
| 38 || Ritvikka Dwivedi || [[Mumbai]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 39|| Ruchi Chettri || [[Darjeeling]]
|-style="background-color:#FFE5B4;"
| 40 || Rushali Yadav || [[Ajmer]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 41 || Sachi Kudale || [[Pune]]
|-
| 42 || Shefali Sharma || [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
|-
| 43 || Shivangi Julka || [[Delhi]]
|-
| 44 || Shraddha Surve || [[Mumbai]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 45 || Siddhi Gupta || [[Delhi]]
|-
| 46 || Snehapriya Roy || [[Mumbai]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 47 || Sonal Kukreja || [[Jaipur]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 48 || Tarini Kalingarayar || [[Chennai]]
|-style="background-color:#FFE5B4;"
| 49 || Vaishnavi Hodalkar || [[Pune]]
|-
| 50 || VM Mansi || [[Kochi]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align: left"
! data-sort-type="number" | S.No
! Name
! Hometown
|-
| 1 || Mariam Paul || [[Thrissur]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 2 || Naveli Deshmukh || [[Aurangabad]]
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9; font-weight: bold"
| 3 || Palomi Insan || [[Noida]]
|-
| 4 || Rushali Yadav || [[Ajmer]]
|-
| 5 || Vaishnavi Hodalkar || [[Pune]]
|}
|
|- valign="top"
|}

== Judges ==
===Final night===
* Shivan Bhatia - fashion designer
* Narresh Kukreja - fashion designer
* [[Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari]] - filmmaker, writer and author
* [[Kriti Sanon]] - actress
* [[Pankaj Advani (billiards player)|Pankaj Advani]] - billiards and snooker player
* [[Kanika Kapoor]] - singer
* [[Angad Bedi]] - actor

===For Top 20 finalists===
* Srishti Sawhney - President & Global brand director, Pulp & Fibre Business - [[Aditya Birla Group]]
* Natasha Grover - National Director, Brand & Operation Head - [[Femina Miss India]]
* [[Sushant Divgikar]] - [[Mr. Gay India]] 2014, performing artist, drag icon, singer, equal rights champion & motivational speaker
* Bhawna Rao - Designer
* Abhishek Sharma - designer
* Saisha Shinde - designer
* Rani Mol - Head, Times Talent
* Supreet Bedi - TV anchor, celebrity host
* Bharat Gupta - fashion consultant, creative director, and stylist
* [[Noyonita Lodh]] - [[Miss Diva 2014]]
* Neha Jaiswal - Miss Diva 2020 Runner-up

===For Top 50 semifinalists===
The following eight judges determined the 50 semifinalists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Meet-the-jury-of-LIVA-Miss-Diva-2021-Top-50/Meet-the-jury-of-LIVA-Miss-Diva-2021-Top-50/eventshow/85148715.cms|title=Meet the jury of LIVA Miss Diva 2021 Top 50
|website=beautypageants.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

* Bharat Gupta - fashion consultant, creative director, and stylist
* [[Srinidhi Shetty]] - [[Miss Supranational 2016]]
* Bianca Louzado - hair and makeup expert
* Neha Jaiswal - Miss Diva 2020 Runner-up
* Jitesh Thakur - Mister Supranational 2016 2nd Runner-up
* [[Noyonita Lodh]] - [[Miss Diva 2014]]
* [[Sushant Divgikar]] - performing artist, singer, equal rights champion, and motivational speaker
* Shefali Sood - Miss Diva Supranational 2019

==Crossovers & returnees==
Contestants who previously competed in previous editions of Liva [[Miss Diva]] and other local and international beauty pageants with their respective placements.

=== National pageants ===
;[[Miss Diva]]
* [[Miss Diva 2015|2015]]: Naveli Deshmukh ('''2nd Runner Up''')
* [[Miss Diva 2018|2018]]: Aishwarya Kamal

;[[Femina Miss India]]
* [[Femina Miss India 2015|2015]]: Naveli Deshmukh ('''Top 10''')
* [[Femina Miss India 2019|2019]]: [[Harnaaz Sandhu]] ('''Top 12''')
* [[Femina Miss India 2019|2019]]: Siddhi Gupta ('''Top 12''')

;'''Miss Teen India'''
* 2018: Ritika Khatnani ('''Winner''')

=== International pageants ===
;[[Miss Teen International (India)|Miss Teen International]]
* 2018: Ritika Khatnani ('''1st Runner Up''')

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

===Replacements===
{{Reflist|group=Replacements}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Miss Diva}}

[[Category:2021 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:2021 in India]]
[[Category:Miss Diva]]

2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election

2025-11-14T08:31:59Z

AmieLearmonth67: basic fixed details to improve readability and added references

#REDIRECT [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Neyyattinkara railway station

2025-11-09T13:42:38Z

AmieLearmonth67: done!

{{Short description|Railway station in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{more footnotes|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Neyyattinkara
| type = [[Regional rail]] and [[Light rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Neyyattinkara station main.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Neyyattinkara station building
| address = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|8.4105|77.081|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=title,inline}}
| elevation = 22m
| line = [[Thiruvananthapuram–Nagercoil–Kanyakumari line]]
| other = *{{rint|bus}} [[Neyyattinkara]] KSRTC [[bus station]] (opposite)
*[[Taxi stand]]
*{{rint|air}}[[Trivandrum International Airport]] (24km)
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = Available<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Vehicle Parking Contracts in Trivandrum Div.|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1341549501214-parking_stands.pdf|work=Indian Railways|access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref>
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NYY<ref>{{cite web|title=Neyyattinkara Railway Station Code in Trivandrum Cntl|url=http://yellowpages.sulekha.com/neyyattinkara_trivandrum_railway-station-code.htm|work=Sulekha.com|access-date=19 October 2013}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Thiruvananthapuram}}
}}
| owned =
| operator =
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers = Annual 17,54,426 4807/day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Kerala#India
| map_caption = Location in Kerala##Location in India
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Tirunelveli–Nagercoil (Kanyakumari)–Trivandrum Central line }}
}}

[[File:Neyyattinkarastation1.jpg|thumb|right|View of Neyyattinkara railway station from Platform 1]]
'''Neyyattinkara railway station''' (station code: NYY) is an NSG–5 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=7 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is a major railway station in [[Kerala]] serving the capital [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] of Kerala. The station serves as the southern gateway to the capital city [[Trivandrum]]. Neyyattinkara railway station is the fourth-busiest after [[Kochuveli railway station|Trivandrum North]] and sixth most revenue generating railway station in the district managed by the Thiruvananthapuram Division of the Southern Railways. In 2018–19 FY, Neyyattinkara generated Rs 2.32cr profit from 1.7 million passengers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railway doubling project to affect 197 families: SIA report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/railway-doubling-project-to-affect-197-families-sia-report/articleshow/94631571.cms |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=4 October 2022 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |language=en}}</ref>

==Lines==
The station is on the [[Thiruvananthapuram]]–[[Kanyakumari]] railway line.

==Connections==
{{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} is {{convert|18|km}} from here. The Neyyattinkara KSRTC Bus Station is {{convert|1.7|km}} away from the station.

==Services==
Trains passing by the Neyyattinkara railway station connects to [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam]], [[Punalur]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Guruvayur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Madurai]], [[Trichy]], etc.

==See also==
* [[Neyyattinkara]]
* {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}}
* [[Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[Karunagappalli railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/ Indian Railways Official Website]

{{Thiruvananthapuram district}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram railway division}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram railway division]]

{{Kerala-railstation-stub}}

Battle of Alegaon

2025-10-28T07:57:02Z

AmieLearmonth67: fixed information after review further and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Ancient Indian war}}
{{update|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| date = 1762
| place = Alegaon, Taluka: Shirur, District : Pune. 55 km east of Pune [[Maharashtra]]
| result = Allied victory
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Madhavrao I]]{{Surrendered}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg}} [[Nizam Ali Khan]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px}} [[Raghunathrao]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg}} [[Hyderabad State]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px}} [[Maratha Empire]]
| conflict =
| campaignbox = {{Campaigns of Madhavrao 1}}
}}

The '''Battle of Alegaon''' was fought between [[Nizam Ali Khan]] of [[Hyderabad]] and [[Raghunathrao]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] against [[Madhavrao I]] of the Maratha Confederacy. Raghunathrao had established an alliance with Nizam Ali Khan of Hyderabad.

When conflict arose between Raghunathrao and Madhavrao I, a joint campaign by Nizam Ali Khan and Raghunathrao resulted in Madhavrao I being heavily defeated. <ref name="alegaon"/> Madhavrao I surrendered on 12 November 1762.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.indianage.com/eventdate.php/General/12-November-1762|title=General on 12-November-1762|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083803/http://www.indianage.com/eventdate.php/General/12-November-1762|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nizam Ali Khan got all of his territories lost at the [[Battle of Udgir]]. Madhavrao I submitted to his uncle, Raghunathrao.<ref name="alegaon">{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=27|publisher=Greenwood Press|author= Jacques, Tony|year=2006|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1762|Alegaon]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:1762 in India]]

{{India-battle-stub}}

People's Pond

2025-09-30T10:59:03Z

AmieLearmonth67: article

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = People's Pond
| settlement_type = [[Pond]]
| image_skyline = Beautiful People's Pond.jpg
| image_caption = this is a picture of near People's Pond
| pushpin_map = Bihar
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.8445|N|85.4526|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vaishali District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chehrakala]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Village]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Mahammadpur Turi]]
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = '''844122'''
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''People's Pond''' is a man-made pond feature<ref>{{cite web|title=People's Pond, Mohammadpur Tori, Bihar|url=https://www.cybo.com/IN-biz/people-s-pond|accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref> in Mahammadpur Turi, Vaishali District, Bihar, India. At the present time flower and fruit trees are planted around it, which makes it beautiful.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Vaishali district]]

Horace Bell (engineer)

2025-09-20T12:59:34Z

AmieLearmonth67: Adding The Data From Scratch - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Horace Bell
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 17 June 1839
| birth_place = 81 [[Guilford Street]], [[London]], [[England]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1903|4|10|1839|6|17|df=y}}
| death_place = 114 [[Lexham Gardens]], [[Brompton, London|Brompton]], London, England
| burial_place =
| party =
| occupation = Civil engineer Writer
| parents = George Bell, Frances Dude/Bell
| spouse = Marcia Napier Ogilvy/Bell (1850-1940)
| children = 4s, 5d
| website =
}}
'''Horace Bell''' (17 June 1839 – 10 April 1903) was an English [[civil engineer]].<ref name=DNBHoraceBell>{{cite web| title=Bell, Horace (1839–1903)| first=William Fellows| last=Sedgwick| date=1912| work=Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement| volume=1 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Bell,_Horace_%28DNB12%29&oldid=4436636| page=131| accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref> As his career progressed he also became increasingly prolific as an author.<ref name=odnbHB/>

After eight years working in England as a railway engineer Bell relocated to [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] (as it was known at the time), where he was in charge of several major railway and related construction projects. He retired in 1894 after which he returned, this time permanently, to England, but he continued to work for several Indian railway companies on a consultancy basis.<ref name=ICEnGrace>{{cite web| url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Horace_Bell| title=Obituary: Horace Bell| date=1903| accessdate=24 July 2015| publisher=[[Institution of Civil Engineers]] and Grace's Guide to British Industrial History}}</ref>

He wrote several pamphlets and books on railways policy, later also producing lengthy pamphlets on Economics and on Governance which were used as teaching material in government schools.<ref name=odnbHB>{{cite ODNB| id=30689| title=Bell, Horace (1839–1903)| origyear=2004| year=2006| last=Kerr| first=Ian}}</ref>

==Life==
===Provenance and education===
Horace Bell was born the son of a London merchant, George Bell and his wife, Frances. He was christened at [[St Pancras Old Church]] in London.<ref name=rootsweb>{{cite web| url=http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=kosmoid&id=I8037| title=Horace Bell| publisher=RootsWeb.com WorldConnect Program & Roger Kosmoid| accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref> The boy was educated in [[Louth, Lincolnshire|Louth]] in Lincolnshire and overseas, in France.<ref name=DNBHoraceBell/> Half a century later an obituary would describe him as a "fluent French scholar".<ref name=ICEnGrace/>

===Early career===
When he was 15 Bell embarked on an engineering apprenticeship with John Wilson in [[Westminster]], but soon he moved on to work for the firm D. Cook & Co in Glasgow, in order to gain a broader experience in the engineering field.<ref name=odnbHB/> He then took a job with the [[Caledonian Railway]] company, working both in the company workshops and on surveying for railway line construction.<ref name=ICEnGrace/> In 1859 he returned to England, working till 1862 as en assistant engineer for the newly created [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway]] company.<ref name=DNBHoraceBell/>

===India===
On 7 July 1862 he joined the Indian public works department as an assistant engineer, initially on a trial basis, and arriving in India at the end of the year.<ref name=odnbHB/> In India he was sent to the [[Central Provinces]] region, where he worked under the direction of J.S. Heyman on the building of the [[Great Deccan Road]], part of a strategically important piece of road infrastructure linking the cities then known as [[Calcutta]] and [[Bombay]].<ref name=ICEnGrace/> He was employed on the Great Deccan Road project for eight years, between 1862 and 1870, achieving a succession of promotions during the period, in March 1869 becoming Second Grade Executive Engineer.<ref name=ICEnGrace/> His name appears in connection with frequent commendations in official reports provided to and by imperial administrators of the period.<ref name=ICEnGrace/>

The establishment during [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo's]] term as [[Governor-General of India|viceroy]], of the State Railway Service in May 1870 heralded a period of great railway expansion across India, which would have the effect of transforming a series of regionally based services into a national network. Horace Bell was one of the first engineers appointed to the new Service. In 1870 he was part of the survey team for new railways in the [[Chanda Nagar|Chanda]] and [[Wardha Junction railway station|Wardha]] valleys.<ref name=odnbHB/> There followed a succession of surveying commissions through the rest of the 1870s, including the [[Indore State Railway]] (1870), the [[Punjab Northern State Railway]] (opened 1874), the [[Rajputana-Malwa Railway]] (1875), the [[Sindia State Railway]] (1876) and the [[Rutlam Neemuch Nusserabad Railway]] (1878).<ref name=ICEnGrace/> He took an [[Furlough|extended break]] in England between April 1873 and December 1874:<ref name=ICEnGrace/> it was during the summer of 1874 that he married Marcia Napier Ogilvy at [[Wandsworth]] (south London).<ref name=BellOgilvyHoc>{{Cite web| url=http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=KfdAtEXKF94D3x%2Fuaj2cQg&scan=1| title=Index entry| accessdate=25 July 2015| work=FreeBMD| publisher=ONS}}</ref> The marriage produced nine recorded children, although five of these would predecease their father.<ref name=odnbHB/>

Another [[Furlough|stint in England]] took place between July 1880 and November 1881. During this time he is listed as a tutor of students on the "practical course" at the [[Royal Indian Engineering College]] near Egham,<ref name=ICEnGrace/> to the south-west of London. Professional advancement continued through and beyond the 1880s. In January 1880 Bell became a superintending engineer third class, and following successive further promotions, in January 1892 he became a chief engineer third class.<ref name=odnbHB/>

Between 1881 and 1884, as Engineer in Chief of the [[Dacca Mymensingh State Railway]], he was in charge of a succession of surveys for the important [[Narayanganj–Bahadurabad Ghat line]] which would be completed later in the decade.<ref name=ICEnGrace/> Further appointments of a similar nature followed in rapid succession. For much of the four-year period till March 1888 he was employed with the [[Tirhut Railway|Tirhoot State Railway]], receiving particular commendation from the authorities in connection with the Gunduck Bridge, constructed as part of the new line in 1887.<ref name=ICEnGrace/> During this time he also served, briefly, as acting director in charge of the [[North Western Railway (British India)|North-Western Railway]].<ref name=odnbHB/>

In August 1890 he moved to [[Calcutta]], taking a position in August 1892 with the colonial government as a consulting engineer for state railways.<ref name=odnbHB/> He retained this position till his retirement in June 1894.<ref name=odnbHB/> However, there was an interruption between January and April 1893 during which he was instead employed, briefly, as the acting Director General of Railways in India.<ref name=ICEnGrace/>

===Active retirement===
Following his retirement Horace Bell returned to England, while remaining in close touch with railway construction in India. Companies retaining his services on a consultancy basis included the [[Southern Punjab Railway]] and the [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway|Nilgiri mountain rack railway]], although he died by the time the latter railway had been completed. Closer to home, he provided consultancy services in respect of the Marconi radio masts (''"wireless station"'') erected at [[Poldhu]] on the extreme south-west of England.<ref name=odnbHB/>

Bell had been a full member of the London-based [[Institution of Civil Engineers]] since 1872, and in 1897 he was elected to its council, remaining a council member for six years.<ref name=odnbHB/>

===Death===
Through most of his life Horace Bell enjoyed robust good health, but an influenza attack in 1902 mutated into heart disease. He died in west London on 10 April 1903.<ref name=ICEnGrace/>

==The writer==
Horace Bell produced a number of pamphlets and articles on railway policy. His book, "Railway Policy in India", was published in 1894.<ref name=railpolIndHB>{{cite book| title=Railway Policy in India|first=Horace| last=Bell| publisher=Rivington, Percival & Company, digitised by the University of Michigan in 2006| isbn=978-1143215261| date=1894}}</ref> Possibly more unexpected were his primers on basic economics, "The Laws of Wealth" (first published 1883)<ref name=LawsofWealth>{{cite book| title=The Laws of Wealth: A Primer on Political Economy for the Middle Classes in India| first=Horace| last=Bell| publisher=W. Thacker & Co, London & Calcutta| date=1890}}</ref> and on government "The Government of India: a Primer" (3rd edition, 1893), both of which were subsequently used as teaching material in Indian state schools.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bell, Horace}}
[[Category:English civil engineers]]
[[Category:British railway civil engineers]]
[[Category:1839 births]]
[[Category:1903 deaths]]
[[Category:Engineers from London]]

Mahali

2025-09-13T21:39:29Z

AmieLearmonth67: correct layout for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Mahali people]]

Death of Bennix and Jayaraj

2025-08-15T05:35:39Z

AmieLearmonth67: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Death of P. Jayaraj and J. Bennix]]

Ranaghat I

2025-08-03T02:00:14Z

AmieLearmonth67: rework references to improve readability further and updated info

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ranaghat I
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Ranaghat-I in Nadia (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2083762|N|88.5291195|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 145.53
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 232,282
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 163,429 (77.61%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741255 (Anulia) 741403 (Habibpur)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03473
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-51, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-52
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Dakshin]], [[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.ranaghat.gov.in/ranaghat-i-development-block.html/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ranaghat I''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Ranaghat subdivision]] of [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Habibpur is located at {{coord|23.2083762|N|88.5291195|E|format=dms|}}.

Ranaghat I CD Block is bounded by [[Hanskhali (community development block)|Hanskhali]] CD Block in the north, [[Ranaghat II]] CD Block in the east, [[Chakdaha (community development block)|Chakdaha]] CD Block in the south and [[Santipur (community development block)|Santipur]] CD Block and [[Balagarh (community development block)|Balagarh]] CD Block in Hooghly district across the [[Hooghly River]] in the west.

Nadia district is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as the Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as the Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref>

Ranaghat I CD Block has an area of 145.53 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 177 gram sansads (village councils), 64 [[mouza]]s and 55 inhabited villages. Ranaghat and Taherpur police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 7 October 2020}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Habibpur, Nadia|Habibpur]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook: Nadia, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Nadia with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 May 2017 }}</ref>
It is located 22 km from [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], the district headquarters.

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Ranaghat I block/ panchayat samiti are: Anulia, Habibpur, Barasat, Kalinarayanpur, Paharpur, Khisma, Nawpara Masunda, Payradanga, Ramnagar I, Ramnagar II and Tarapur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Nadia - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 May 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Ranaghat I CD Block had a total population of 232,282, of which 120,847 were rural and 111,435 were urban. There were 119,444 (51%) males and 112,838 (49%) females. The population below 6 years of age was 21,717. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 84,911 (36.56%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 4,438 (1.91%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 25 February 2016}}</ref>

As per the 2001 census, Ranaghat I block had a total population 207,320, out of which 106,134 were males and 101,186 were females. Ranaghat I block registered a population growth of 13.28 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 19.51 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_10.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table 4 |publisher=Census Commissioner of India |work=Census of India 2001, Nadia district (10) |access-date=2011-03-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041622/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_10.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2012-04-12 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

There are several [[census towns]] in Ranaghat I CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets) : [[Gangni]] (5,532), [[Kamgachhi]] (19,998), [[Raghabpur, Nadia|Raghabpur]] (10.280), [[Panpara]] (5,349), [[Aistala]] (20,662), [[Satigachha]] (9,847), [[Anulia]] (5,220), [[Gopalpur, West Bengal|Gopalpur]] (7,818) and [[Parbbatipur]] (9,584).<ref name=census2011/>

Outgrowths in Ranaghat I CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Taherpur]] (Ward No. 14) (3,095), Barasat (Ward No, 15) (6,770), Bhaduri (Ward No. 16)(4,558) and Mahisdanga (Ward No. 17) (2,722).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Ranaghat I CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Krishnapur Chak (4,493), [[Birnagar]] (P) (7,513), [[Habibpur, Nadia|Habibpur]] (13,310), Paschim Noapara (5,030), Ukhil Nara (6,572) and Sundalpur Char (4,642).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Ranaghat I CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Khiima (2,944) and Mashunda (1,304).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Ranaghat I CD Block was 163,429 (77.61% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 88,861 (88.08% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 74,568 (72.89% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 9.19%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Nadia district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Ranaghat I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.82}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|5.67}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.51}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 201,832 and formed 93.82% of the population in Ranaghat I CD Block. Muslims numbered 12,208 and formed 5.67% of the population. Christians numbered 837 and formed 0.39% of the population. Others numbered 260 and formed 0.12% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In the 2001 census, Hindus numbered 480,008 and formed 89.28% of the combined population of Ranaghat I and Ranaghat II CD Blocks. Muslims numbered 50,640 and formed 9.42% of the combined population. In the 1991 census, Hindus numbered 438,924 and formed 93.50% of the combined population of Ranaghat I and Ranaghat II CD Blocks. Muslims numbered 24,349 and formed 5.19% of the combined population.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia |work = Table 17.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2017|url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170302072706/http://dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 |archive-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Ranaghat I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 98.66 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 1.21 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.13 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 98.66% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.21% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
The District [[Human Development Report]] for Nadia has provided a CD Block-wise data table for [[Human Poverty Index|Modified Human Vulnerability Index]] of the district. Ranaghat I CD Block registered 34.08 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHVI was estimated at 33.92. A total of 8 out of the 17 CD Blocks in Nadia district were found to be severely deprived when measured against the CD Block mean MHVI - Karimpur I and Karimpur II (under Tehatta subdivision), Kaliganj, Nakashipara, Chapra, Krishnanagar I and Nabadwip (under Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision) and Santipur (under Ranaghat subdivision) appear to be backward.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Nadia | work = June 2012. Pages: 211-212 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the ''Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal'', the rural poverty ratio in Nadia district was 28.35%. The estimate was based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999–2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004| work = Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 20 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201321/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| archive-date = 1 May 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
In Ranaghat I CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 13.66%, agricultural labourers 20.99, household industry workers 10.34% and other workers 55.01%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 October 2020}}</ref>

The southern part of Nadia district starting from Krishnanagar I down to Chakdaha and Haringhata has some urban pockets specialising in either manufacturing or service related economic activity and has reflected a comparatively higher concentration of population but the urban population has generally stagnated. Nadia district still has a large chunk of people living in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Nadia| work = Chapter IV: Livelihood and occupational structure, pages 63-73| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 6 May 2017| archive-date = 16 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 55 inhabited villages in Ranaghat I CD Block. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 9 Villages (16.36%) have post offices. 54 villages (98.18%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 43 villages (78.18%) have a pucca approach road and 12 villages (21.82%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 9 villages (16.36%) have agricultural credit societies and 5 villages (9.09%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 91-92 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017}}</ref> However, although 100% villages in Nadia district had power supply in 2011, a survey in 2007-08 revealed that less than 50% of households had electricity connection. In rural areas of the country, the tube well was for many years considered to be the provider of safe drinking water, but with arsenic contamination of ground water claiming public attention it is no longer so. Piped water supply is still a distant dream. In 2007–08, the availability of piped drinking water in Nadia district was as low as 8.6%, well below the state average of around 20%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Nadia | work = Pages 54-55, published in 2012, Infrastructure development across the district | publisher = Department of Planning, Government of West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Ranaghat I CD Block'''
|value1 = 4.18
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 13.57
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 5.04
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 37.09
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 40.12
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Ranaghat II CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 3.30%, patta (document) holders 8.61%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 7.00%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 35.55% and agricultural labourers 40.12%.<ref name=handbook2014/> As the proportion of agricultural labourers is very high, the real wage in the agricultural sector has been a matter of concern.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Nadia | work = Pages 71-72, published in 2012, Infrastructure development across the district | publisher = Department of Planning, Government of West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Ranaghat I CD Block had 189 fertiliser depots, 1 seed stores and 77 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013–14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Ranaghat I CD Block produced 10,255 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 2,692 hectares, 12,416 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 3,518 hectares, 11,159 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 4,120 hectares, 252 tonnes of wheat from 93 hectares, 67,959 tonnes of jute from 3,230 hectares and 85 tonnes of potatoes from 3 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Ranaghat I CD Block was 2,103 hectares, out of which 894 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation, 1,079 hectares by deep tube wells and 130 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Ranaghat I CD Block had offices of 10 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Ranaghat I CD Block has 7 ferry service and 4 originating/ terminating bus services.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] (old number NH 34) passes through this block.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date= 10 February 2017|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Ranaghat I CD Block had 123 primary schools with 8,301 students, 9 middle schools with 535 students, 5 high schools with 2,106 students and 15 higher secondary schools with 20,171 students. Ranaghat I CD Block had 1 technical/ professional institution with 100 students and 435 institutions for special and non-formal education with 11,718 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

In Ranaghat I CD Block, amongst the 55 inhabited villages, 5 villages did not have any school, 24 had more than 1 primary school, 16 had at least 1 primary and 10 had 1 middle school and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 591, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Ranaghat I CD Block had 1 hospital, 1 block primary health cene, 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 1 private nursing home with total 300 beds and 50 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 21 family welfare subcentres. 32,559 patients were treated indoor and 373,260 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Habibpur (Jadav Dutta) Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Habibpur, Nadia|Habibpur]], is the major government medical facility in the Ranaghat I CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Paschim Noapara Bhabasundari (with 10 beds), Paharpur (with 6 beds) and Taherpur (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 October 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 October 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Ranaghat I CD Block is one of the areas of Nadia district where ground water is affected by high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. All the 17 blocks of Nadia district have arsenic contamination above this level. The maximum concentration in Ranaghat I CD Block is 566 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb3.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Nadia| access-date = 6 May 2017| archive-date = 10 May 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170510002934/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb3.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Nadia topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Nadia district]]

Vadinar Refinery

2025-07-30T22:00:45Z

AmieLearmonth67: made some info v1.

{{Short description|Oil refinery at Vadinar in Gujarat, India}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{update|date=September 2021}}}}
{{Infobox oil refinery
| name = Vadinar Refinery
| location_map = Gujarat#India
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text =
| coordinates = {{coord|22|19|54|N|69|44|50|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| province = [[Gujarat]]
| city = [[Vadinar]], [[Devbhumi Dwarka district|Devbhumi Dwarka]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.nayaraenergy.com/refinery | title=Refinery | publisher=Nayara Energy}}</ref>
| operator =
| owner = [[Nayara Energy Limited]] ([[Rosneft]] owns 49.13%)
| founded = {{Start date|2006}}
| closure =
| capacity =
| capacity bbl/d = 405000
| complexity_index = 11.8<ref>{{Cite web|title=Second largest oil refinery in India {{!}} Nayara Energy|url=https://www.nayaraenergy.com/refinery|access-date=2021-09-27|website=www.nayaraenergy.com|language=en}}</ref>
| employees = 1,600
| ref units =
| oil tank =
| oil refining center =
}}

The '''Vadinar Refinery''' is an oil refinery at [[Vadinar]], [[Gujarat]], India. It is owned and operated by [[Nayara Energy]] Limited, in which [[Rosneft]] owns a 49.13% stake. The refinery is India's second largest single-location refinery, with an annual capacity of 20 million tonnes (405,000 barrels per day) and a complexity of 11.8, which also makes it among the world's most complex refineries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Second largest oil refinery in India {{!}} Nayara Energy|url=https://www.nayaraenergy.com/refinery|access-date=2021-09-27|website=www.nayaraenergy.com|language=en}}</ref>

==History ==
Construction of the refinery started in 1996 by [[Essar Oil]]. The refinery project was delayed several times due to environmental concerns and financial problems, including initial cost overruns and a shortfall in equity contributions. In 1998, when the refinery was 60% complete, a cyclone struck the plant and caused considerable damage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Essar Oil Refinery, Vadinar, Gujarat - Hydrocarbons Technology|url=https://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/essar/|access-date=2021-09-27|website=www.hydrocarbons-technology.com}}</ref> Construction was restarted in 2005, and the refinery was completed in 2006.<ref name=":0" /> It cost US$2.14 billion.

In May 2008, Essar Oil reported commercial production of 10.5 million tonnes per annum (mtpa). The units commissioned in the first phase were the CDU, VDU, sulfur gas unit, naphtha hydrotreater, catalytic cracker, and Vis breaker. The fluid catalytic cracker and a diesel hydro desulphurize were commissioned in November 2006.<ref name=":0" /> The FCC and DHDS plants were modified to be compliant with the cleaner Euro III and Euro IV fuels. The refinery configuration lends itself well to de-bottlenecking and its capacity is enhanced to 14 mtpa in 2009.<ref name=":0" /> The docking facilities include an SBM capable of handling vessels up to 350,000DWT with a capacity of 25mtpa, tankages with interconnecting pipelines of 20mtpa capacity, marine product dispatch capacity of 12mtpa, and railcar and truck-loading facilities.

In 2012, the refinery was expanded to a capacity of 20 a million tonnes per annum. Essar Oil announced the completion of the Rs8,300-crore expansion with the commissioning of the final Delayed [[Coker unit]] (DCU), which is amongst the world's largest. {{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Description==
The capacity expansion and complexity enhancement give the capability to process much heavier crude oil. The share of ultra heavy crude, which currently constitutes 20% of crude basket, will go up to 60%; and as a result, the overall share of heavy and ultra heavy crude will go up to 80% of the refinery's total crude basket.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2012-03-29|title=Essar Oil completes Vadinar refinery expansion|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/essar-oil-completes-vadinar-refinery-expansion-112032900160_1.html|access-date=2021-10-18}}</ref>

In terms of product yield, the refinery has the flexibility to produce higher value, high-quality products, including gasoline (petrol) and gas oil (diesel) conforming to Euro IV and Euro V norms, that have growing acceptance in both domestic and international markets. Close to 80% of its production will now be of valuable light and middle distillates; and 50% of the production of gas oil (diesel) and gasoline (petrol) will meet Euro IV and Euro V specifications. EOL is targeting newer markets such as Australia, New Zealand and north-west Europe, in addition to countries in the Indian subcontinent for exporting high-quality fuels. However, Essar Oil will continue to market a majority of its products in the domestic market.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

The Vadinar Refinery benefits from a fully integrated infrastructure including India's only captive coal-fired power plant to provide power and process steam, a port, pipelines and tankage, with multi-modal product dispatch facilities through rail, road, and sea giving it a unique cost advantage.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120723161247/http://www.businessworld.in/businessworld/businessworld/content/Big-Oil-Play.html?storyInSinglePage=true]</ref>

==Incidents==
In Feb 2007, four workers were killed and at least 18 others were injured after a fire broke out at the oil terminal when it was running under the ownership of Essar Oil. <ref>{{Cite web|title=fire kills four{{!}} fire kills four|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/essar-refinery-fire-kills-four/articleshow/1553075.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-07-30|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Oil refineries in India}}
{{Essar Group}}

[[Category:Oil refineries in India]]
[[Category:Essar Group]]
[[Category:Energy in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Jamnagar district]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Industrial buildings completed in 2006]]

List of top ULFA leaders

2025-06-26T13:32:12Z

AmieLearmonth67:

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}

This is a '''list of top [[ULFA|United Liberation Front of Assam]] leaders'''. Some of them are founder members and 16 are from the outfit's Central Committee, the ULFA's supreme decision-making authority.

==Political wing==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Real Name
!Aliases
!Designation
!Other Info
!Status
|-
| [[Arabinda Rajkhowa]]
| Rajiv Rajkonwar<ref name="cd">{{cite web|url=http://assampolice.com/departments/cid/lookout/wanted_golap.htm|title=Most Wanted|publisher=Assam Police|access-date=5 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="gh" />
| Mijanur Rahman Choudhury<ref name="gh">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ulfa-leaders-children-speak-Bengali-not-Assamese/H1-Article1-484066.aspx |title=Ulfa leaders' children speak Bengali, not Assamese |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=7 December 2009 |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=8 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213040846/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ulfa-leaders-children-speak-Bengali-not-Assamese/H1-Article1-484066.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2009 }}</ref>
| Chairman
| Founder leader Central committee member
| Released under bail by Gauhati High Court
|-
| [[Abhizeet Asom]]
| Dr. Mooqool Hazarika
| Abhizeet Bormon
| Chairman
| Selected chairman after [[Arabinda Rajkhowa]] joined lateral talk with Government of India.
| General Practitioner in London, UK.
|-
| [[Pradip Gogoi]]
| Pradip Gogoi
|Samiran Gogoi<ref name="cd" />
| Vice-chairman
| Founder leader Central committee member
| Released under bail by Gauhati High Court
|-

| [[Anup Chetia]]
| Golap Baruah <ref name="cd" />
| Sunil Baruah Bhaijan Ahmed
| General Secretary
| Founder leader Central Committee member

* Not in lateral talk with the Indian Government.
| Released under bail by Gauhati High Court as of 24 Dec 2015.
|-
| [[Ashanta Bagh Phukan]]
| Tarun Phukan
|
| Organization secretary
| Central committee member
| Missing since 2003 Bhutan War
|-
| [[Chitrabon Hazarika]]
| Bon Hazarika
| Ashfaqul Hossein<ref name="ab">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091109/jsp/northeast/story_11715344.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025201624/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091109/jsp/northeast/story_11715344.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2012|title=Dhaka to follow pushback formula - Bangladesh to detain, not arrest |date=9 November 2009|publisher=The Telegraph (Calcutta, India)|access-date=2009-11-09}}</ref>
| Finance Secretary
| Central committee member
First financial secretary
| Released under bail by Gauhati High Court.
|-
| [[Uddipta Hazarika]]
| [[Rajen Sharma]]
| Uddipta Hazarika 
| Central Publicity Secretary
|
* Central committee member
* The first publicity secretary of the outfit
| Lynched in 1989
|-
| [[Mithinga Daimary]]
| Deepak Kachari
| Megan Kachari 
| Central Publicity Secretary
|
* Central committee member
* Permanent publicity secretary until organizational split
| Arrested in Bhutan in 2003 and released on bail from Guwahati Central Jail on 25 February 2010.
|-
| [[Ramu Mech]]
|
| Prabin Konwar, Sailen Barua<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/c-24-June.htm|title=ULFA leaders and cases against them|date=24 June 2006|publisher=The Shillong Times|access-date=8 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114085741/http://www.theshillongtimes.com/c-24-June.htm|archive-date=14 November 2006}}</ref>
| Assistant Finance Secretary
|
* Core committee member
* First finance secretary
| Given retirement by the Organization and released by Guwahati High Court due to his illness.
|-
| [[Sashadhar Choudhury]]
| Shashadhar Choudhury
| Sailen Choudhury,<ref name="cd" /> Rafiqul Islam<ref name="gh" /><ref name="ab" />
| Foreign Secretary
|
* Central committee member
* Permanent foreign secretary
| Released under bail by Gauhati High Court
|-
| Navajyoti Hazarika
|
|
| Assistant Foreign Relation Officer
|
|Surrendered
|-
| [[Bhimkanta Buragohain]]
| Bishnujyoti Buragohain
| Mama, Father, Sir
| Advisor and ideologue
|
* Founder leader
* *Central Committee member
* Also called the father of ULFA
| Dead
|-
| [[Pranati Deka]]
|
|
| Cultural Secretary
| Central Committee member
| Released under bail by Gauhati High Court
|}

== Military Wing==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Real Name
!Aliases
!Designation
!Other Info
!Status
|-
| [[Paresh Baruah]]
| Paban Baruah <ref name="cd" />
| Kamruj Zaman Khan
| Commander in Chief
| Founder leader Central Committee member
| Wanted
|-
| [[Heerak Jyoti Mahanta]]
| Heerak Jyoti Mahanta
| Naren Deka, Jayanta Medhi
| Deputy Commander in Chief
| Founder leader Central Committee member
| Killed, 31 December 1991
|-
| [[Raju Baruah]]
| Hitesh Kalita <ref name="gh" /><ref name="ht">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/guwahati/ULFA-s-Paresh-Baruah-fights-a-lone-battle/483167/H1-Article1-483134.aspx|title=ULFA's Paresh Baruah fights a lone battle|last=Karmakar|first=Rahul|date=5 December 2009|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=5 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208115834/http://www.hindustantimes.com/guwahati/ULFA-s-Paresh-Baruah-fights-a-lone-battle/483167/H1-Article1-483134.aspx|archive-date=8 December 2009}}</ref>
| Anees Ahmed<ref name="gh" />
| Operation Commander
| Central Committee member
| Released on Bail <ref name="toa">Times of Assam</ref>
|-
| [[Michael Deka Phukan]]
| Joy Chandra Das
| Michael Asom
| Current Deputy Commander in Chief
|
| Wanted
|-
| Bening Rabha
| Binod Rabha
|
| Chief of United Liberation force of Asom
|
| Missing since Bhutan war
|-
| Robin Neog
|
|
| SO to COS
|
| Missing
|-
| Kamal Borah

|
|
| Chief Training Officer
|
|Surrendered
|-
| Samarjit Chaliha
|
|
| QM GHQ/Dir
|
| Surrendered
|-
| Chakra Gohain
|
|
| OIC Arms
|
| Surrendered
|-
| [[Tapan Baruah]]
| Madan Das
| Jayanta Handique
| Battalion Commander
| Action Group Commander
| Founder Commander of [[28th Battalion (ULFA)|28th Battalion]] (Killed, 20 May 2002 )
|-
|[[Drishti Rajkhowa]]
|Manoj Rabha
|Drishti Asom
| Deputy C-in-Chief after [[Raju Baruah]]
|Central Committee member
|Abandoned outfit in 11 Nov 2020
|-
| Amal Narzary
|
|
|
|
|-
| Chintamani Hazarika
|
|
| Central Auditor
|
| Surrendered
|-
| Neelu Chakraborty
|
|
| Office Secretary
|
| Missing
|-
| Manik Sarma
|
|
| Medical Officer
|
|Surrendered
|-
| Bhaskar Dutta
|
|
| Political Affairs Officer
|
| Surrendered
|-
| Bhaskar Choudhury
|
|
| RT IC
|
|Surrendered
|-
| Prahlad Saikia
|
|
| Camp Adjt
|
|Surrendered
|-
| Manas Gogoi
|
|
| WT IC
|
|
|-
|-
|Dipul Kalita
|
|
|Battalion Sergeant major
|
|Surrendered
|}

==See also==
*[[ULFA]]
*[[SULFA]]
*[[Sanjukta Mukti Fouj]]
*[[28th Battalion (ULFA)]]
* [[Bhomita Talukdar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/Ulfa.htm Terrorist outfit ULFA]
*[http://groups.google.com/group/soc.culture.indian/browse_thread/thread/5ac2f0f485a8ba1f Ang Ang bharat ka toot raha hai]
*[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume7/Fault7-JaideepSF.htm Autumn in Springtime-The ULFA battles for survival] by Jaideep Saikia
* [http://organiser.org/archives/historic/dynamic/modulesedb5.html?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=185&page=14 End of an initiative in Assam] By Nava Thakuria
* [http://www.timesofassam.com/headlines/raju-barua-gets-bail-finally-will-be-moving-out-from-jail-tomorrow Raju Barua gets bail finally, will be moving out from jail tomorrow] Times of Assam

[[Category:ULFA members|Leaders]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Assam|ULFA leaders]]

Pench River

2025-06-09T16:10:12Z

AmieLearmonth67: place!

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Pench River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = Pench river before Chhindwara.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Pench river before Chhindwara
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Junnardeo]], [[Parasia]], [[Chhindwara]], [[Chourai]], [[Kamthi]]

| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = [[Satpura range]]
| source1_location = [[Junnardeo]], [[Chhindwara District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|22|18|N|78|35|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|1048|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Kanhan River]]
| mouth_location = [[Kamthi]], [[Nagpur District]], [[Nagpur]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|21|16|N|79|10|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|310|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right = [[Kulbehra River]]
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Pench River''' is an Indian tributary of the [[Kanhan River]]. It originates in the [[Chhindwara district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and flows across [[Pench National Park]], which is a reserve for the Tiger Project of India.

The two big dams of the Pench River supply water to the city of [[Nagpur]] and to the big thermal power plant located there.
Machagora Pench dam supplies water to [[Seoni district]] and [[Chhindwara district]] for agriculture through irrigation canels.

==Pench National Park==
The river separates Pench National Park into two halves, east and west Pench. The [[Pench Tiger Reserve]] derives its name after the Pench River, which flows from north to south across the reserve. The reserve is situated on the south of the Satpura Hill Ranges in the [[Seoni District]] and [[Chhindwara District]] in the [[Madhya Pradesh]] state of India. The topography is undulating, with most of the area enclosed by small hill ranges and abrupt slopes on all the sides.
The Pench river flowing through the centre of the Reserve is usually dry by April, but a number of water pools, locally known as ''dohs'', are found along the course of the river. These serve as waterholes for wild animals. A few perennial springs also exist in the region. Recently, a number of earthen ponds and shallow wells have been created, providing well-distributed sources of water across the reserve.

==Dam==
The hydroelectric [[Totladoh Dam]] on the Pench River was the first interstate project of Maharashtra. It is located in the [[Pench National Park]]. The next big dam is [[Kamthikhairy Dam]] near just downstream of the Totladoh Dam the town of Navegaon Khairy located in Parseoni Taluka. More than 70% of the drinking water in [[Nagpur]] is supplied from the dams.

The Pench right canal is made up of combination of concrete lining and [[Bituminous geomembrane]] lining in select areas to limit seepage.<ref>{{cite conference
| last1 = Llinas
| first1 = Pau
| last2 = Breul
| first2 = Bertrand
| title = Bituminous Geomembrane (BGM) in hot climates for hydraulic construction
| conference = 4th African Regional Conference on Geosynthetics (GeoAfrica 2023)
| year = 2023
| article-number = 02011
| doi = 10.1051/e3sconf/202336802011
| url = https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2023/05/e3sconf_geoafrica2023_02011/e3sconf_geoafrica2023_02011.html
| access-date = 2024-04-18
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> It supplies water to Nagpur, the [[Koradi Thermal Power Station]], and the [[Khaparkheda Thermal Power Station]], and the rest of the water is use for irrigation in Parseoni taluka, Kalmeshwar taluka, Saoner taluka, Kamthi taluka, and rural Nagpur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/nagpur/geography-and-history/rivers.html|title=Nagpur Rivers|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref> The Pench left canal irrigates Parseoni taluka, Ramtek taluka, and [[Mauda Taluka|Mauda taluka]] and provides water for the [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] [[Mauda Super Thermal Power Station]] and other industrial purposes.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Hydrography of Maharashtra}}
{{Godavari basin}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rivers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Nagpur district]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Godavari River]]

Arts and entertainment in India

2025-06-08T13:23:38Z

AmieLearmonth67: enhance lead also and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
'''Arts and architecture in India''' have been shaped by a synthesis of indigenous and foreign influences that have consequently shaped the course of the arts of the rest of Asia, since ancient times. Arts refer to [[Indian art|paintings]], [[Indian architecture|architecture]], [[Indian literature|literature]], [[Music of India|music]], [[Indian classical dance|dance]], [[languages of India|languages]] and [[Cinema of India|cinema]]. In early India, most of the arts were derived [[Vedic civilization|Vedic]] influences. After the birth of contemporary [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Sikhism]] arts flourished under the patronage of kings and emperors. The coming of [[Islam]] spawned a whole new era of Indian architecture and art. Finally the British brought their own Gothic and Roman influences and fused it with the Indian style. They have a culture infusion in their art.

==Architecture==
{{Main|Architecture of India}}
[[File:Taj Mahal, Agra, India.jpg|thumb|The [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]] is widely considered to be the best example of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] and is one of the most well-known monuments in the world.]]

The earliest production in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] was characterised by cities and houses where religion did not seem to play an active role. The '''Buddhist period''' is primarily represented by three important building types- the Chaitya Hall (place of worship), the [[Vihara]] (monastery) and the [[Stupa]] (hemispherical mound for worship/ memory) - exemplified by the caves of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] and the monumental [[Sanchi]] [[Stupa]]. The [[Jainism|Jaina]] temples are characterised by high levels of detail that can be seen in the [[Dilwara Temples]] in [[Mount Abu]]. Early beginnings of Hindu temple architecture have been traced to the remains at [[Aihole]] and [[Pattadakal]] in present-day [[Karnataka]], and have [[Vedic altars]] and late Vedic temples as described by [[Pāṇini]] as models. Later, as more differentiation took place, the Dravidian/ Southern style and or the Indo-Aryan/ Northern/ Nagara style of temple architecture emerged as dominant modes, epitomized in productions such as the [[Brihadeeswara Temple]], [[Thanjavur]], and the [[Sun Temple]], [[Konark]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |title=Khajuraho Group of Monuments |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en |access-date=2018-11-16 |archive-date=2018-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116173646/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/246 |title=Sun Temple, Konârak |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en |access-date=2018-11-16 |archive-date=2015-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403190240/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/246/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

With the arrival of [[Islam]], a new style of architecture known as [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] emerged combining traditional Indian and Islamic elements. The earliest examples include the [[Qutb Minar complex|Qutb complex]], a series of monuments built by successive sultans of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233 |title=Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en |access-date=2018-11-16 |archive-date=2018-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127002942/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Mughal architecture|architecture]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] includes the [[Red Fort]], [[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra Fort]], [[Humayun's Tomb|Humayun's tomb]], [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] and [[Fatehpur Sikri]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232 |title=Humayun's Tomb, Delhi |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en |access-date=2018-11-16 |archive-date=2019-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527102431/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252 |title=Taj Mahal |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en |access-date=2018-11-16 |archive-date=2021-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315231759/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252 |url-status=live }}</ref>

With colonization, a new chapter began. Though the [[Netherlands|Dutch]], [[Portugal|Portuguese]] and the French were influencers, it was the English who had a lasting impact. The architecture of the colonial period varied from the beginning attempts at creating authority through classical prototypes to the later approach of producing a supposedly more responsive image through what is now termed [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture- a mixture of Hindu, Islamic and Western elements.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945 |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en |access-date=2018-11-16 |archive-date=2018-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127020843/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945 |url-status=live }}</ref>

With the introduction of [[Modern Architecture]] into India and later with Independence, the quest was more towards progress as a paradigm fuelled by [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]]vian visions. The planning of [[Chandigarh]]- a city most architects hate/love- by [[Le Corbusier]] was considered a step towards this. Later as modernism became less popular in the West and new directions were sought for, there was a movement in India toward architecture rooted in the Indian context. This direction called [[Critical Regionalism]] is exemplified in the works of architects such as [[B. V. Doshi]], [[Charles Correa]], etc. Apart from this, the advent of globalisation and economic development since the 90s, has spawned a collection of modern IT campuses and skyscrapers, and as economic reform accelerates, metropolitan areas are gaining futuristic skylines.

;Various examples of Indian architecture
<gallery>
Image:Madurai-tank.jpg| Typical [[South India]]n temple gopuram (temple gate) built almost a millennium ago, but as tall as a modern mid-rise.
Image:victoria-kolkata.jpg|[[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]], a specimen of British Indian architecture, which incorporated European [[Indo-Saracenic|gothic]], Persian saracenic and traditional Indian architecture.
Image:Ellora cave16 003.jpg| The massive [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] Hindu and Buddhist temples were not constructed, but in fact carved out of solid rock from the top to the bottom.
Image:Sanchi2.jpg|The Great Buddhist Stupa at [[Sanchi]] is the oldest existing structure in India, aside from the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] ruins, and a [[World Heritage Site]].
Image:Goldener Tempel Amritsar 2022-11-21 4.jpg|The [[Harimandir Sahib]], known popularly as the [[Golden Temple]], is a sacred shrine for Sikhs.
Image:Bombay-Stock-Exchange.jpg|Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers, location of the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] is an example of 1980s Indian architecture.
</gallery>

==Literature==
{{Main|Indian literature}}
[[Image:Rabindranath Tagore in 1909.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Rabindranath Tagore]] won the [[Nobel Prize]] for literature. It is the first Nobel Prize won by Asia.]]
Indian literature is generally acknowledged, but not wholly established, as the oldest in the world. India has 22 officially recognized [[Languages of India|languages]], and a huge variety of literature has been produced in these languages over the years. In Indian literature, [[Oral literature|oral]] and written forms are both important. [[Hindu]] literary traditions dominate a large part of Indian culture. Apart from the [[Vedas]] which are a sacred form of knowledge, there are other works such as the Hindu epics ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'', treatises such as [[Vaastu Shastra]] in architecture and town planning, and [[Arthashastra]] in political science. Devotional Hindu drama, poetry and songs span the subcontinent. Among the best known are the works of [[Kalidasa]] (writer of the famed Sanskrit play [[Shakuntala]]) and [[Tulsidas]] (who wrote an epic Hindi poem based on the Ramayana, called [[Raamcharitmaanas]]).

[[Tamil language|Tamil]] literature has been in existence for more than 2500 years. [[Tolkaappiyam]] has been credited as its oldest work, whereas the exact origins of [[Thirukkural]] is unknown. The golden age of Tamil literature was during the [[Sangam period]], roughly 1800 years ago. The classic works of this period are [[Cilappatikaram]], [[Manimekalai]], and Sivakasinthamani. Tamil literature is known for its secular traditions, although its authors had strong religious beliefs. [[Thirukkural]] is considered to be the greatest of Tamil works. [[Kannada]] literature is probably the third oldest in Indian literature next to [[Sanskrit literature]] and [[Tamil literature]]. The earliest reported work in Kannada literature dates back to the fifth century. The first available literary in Kannada is [[Kavirajamarga]], written in the eighth century by Amoghavarsha Nrpatunga. [[Hindi literature]] started as religious and philosophical poetry in medieval periods in dialects like [[Avadhi]] and [[Brij]]. The most famous figures from this period are [[Kabir]] and [[Tulsidas]]. In modern times, the ''Khadi'' dialect became more prominent and a variety of literature was produced in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]].

The most renowned Bengali writer is Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who received the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]]. In the last century, several Indian writers have distinguished themselves not only in traditional [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] but also in English. India's only native-born Nobel laureate in literature was the [[Bengal]]i writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]], but VS Naipaul, a diaspora Indian novelist born in Trinidad, also won the Nobel in 2001. Other major writers who are either Indian or of Indian origin and derive much inspiration from Indian themes are [[R. K. Narayan]], [[Vikram Seth]], [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Arundhati Roy]], [[Raja Rao]], [[Amitav Ghosh]], [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]], [[Mukul Kesavan]], [[Shashi Tharoor]], [[Nayantara Sehgal]], [[Anita Desai]], [[Ashok Banker]], [[Shashi Deshpande]], [[Jhumpa Lahiri]], and [[Bharati Mukherjee]].

==Music==
{{Main|Music of India}}
Indian music includes multiple varieties of [[folk music|folk]], [[popular music|popular]], [[pop music|pop]], and [[Indian classical music|classical music]]. India's classical music tradition, including [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Hindustani music]], has a history spanning millennia and, developed over several eras, remains fundamental to the lives of Indians today as sources of religious inspiration, cultural expression and pure entertainment. India is made up of several dozen [[ethnic group]]s, speaking their own [[language]]s and [[dialect]]s. Alongside distinctly [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinental]] forms there are major influences from [[Persian traditional music|Persian]], [[Arab music|Arab]] and [[Music of the United Kingdom|British music]]. Indian genres like [[filmi]] and [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] have become popular throughout the United Kingdom, [[South Asia|South]] and [[East Asia]], and around the world.

Indian stars now sell records in many countries, while [[world music]] fans listen to the roots music of India's diverse nations. American [[soul music|soul]], [[rock and roll|rock]] and [[hip hop music]] have also made a large impact, primarily on Indian pop and filmi music. Other highly popular forms are [[ghazal]], [[qawwali]], [[thumri]], [[dhrupad]], [[dadra]], [[bhajan]], [[kirtan]], [[Shabda|shabad]], and [[gurbani]].

[[Filmi]] music is often said to have begun in 1931, with the release of Ardeshir M. Irani's [[Alam Ara]] and its popular soundtrack. In the earliest years of the Indian cinema, filming was generally Indian (classical and folk) in inspiration, with some Western elements. Over the years, the Western elements have increased, but without completely destroying the Indian flavour. Most of the Indian movies are musicals and feature elaborate song and dance numbers. There is constant work for pop music composers — or music directors, to use the Indian term. Movie soundtracks are released as tapes and CDs, sometimes even before the movie is released.

==Dance==
{{Main|Indian classical dance|Indian folk dances}}
Indian classical dance is performed in different styles. Its theory can be traced back to the [[Natya Shastra]] of [[Bharata Muni]], a sage from Tamil Nadu (400 BC). The Natya Shastra is the most important ancient treatise on [[classical Indian dance]]. It is also called the fifth [[Veda]] in reference to the foundation of Hindu religion and philosophy, from which sprang the related South Indian musical tradition of [[Carnatic music]]. Its various current forms include [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Odissi]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Mohiniaattam]], [[Kathak]] and [[Sattriya dance|Sattriya]].

'''Bharatanatyam''' is a classical [[dance]] form originating in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is thought to have been created by Bharata Muni. In ancient times Bharatanatyam was performed by [[mandir]] (Hindu temple) [[Devadasi]]s. Many of the ancient sculptures in Hindu temples are based on Bharatanatyam dance postures [[karana dance|karana]]s.

'''Odissi''' is one of the oldest surviving forms of dance, with depictions of Odissi dancing dating back as far as the 1st century BC. Like other forms of Indian classical dance, the Odissi style traces its origins back to antiquity. Dancers are found depicted in bas-relief in the hills of Udaygiri (near [[Bhubaneswar]]) dating back to the 1st century BC. The [[Natya Shastra]] speaks of the dance from this region and refers to it as Odra-Magadhi.

'''Kathakali''' (''katha'' for [[Narrative|story]], ''kali'' for [[performance]] or [[Play (theatre)|play]]) is a form of dance-[[drama]]. It originated in the [[South India]]n state of [[Kerala]] over 500 years ago. It is a spectacular combination of drama, dance, music and ritual. Characters with vividly painted faces and elaborate costumes re-enact stories from the [[Hindu]] epics, [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]].

'''Kuchipudi''' is a classical dance form from [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], a state of [[South India]]. Kuchipudi is the name of a small village in the Divi Taluq of [[Krishna district]] that borders the [[Bay of Bengal]] and with resident [[Brahmin]]s practising this traditional dance form, it acquired the present name.


'''Mohiniaattam''' is a traditional dance from the South Indian state of Kerala. [[Mohini]] is an [[Apsaras]] in the Hindu mythology and aattam in [[Malayalam]] means dance. So Mohiniaattam essentially means "dance of the enchantress". The theme of Mohiniaattam is love and devotion to god. The costume worn by the dancers are typically white coloured kasavu [[saree]] with golden borders.

The '''Kathak''' dance form arose from the [[Vaishnava]] devotees dancing to the episodes from [[Krishna]]'s life. Originally a Northern Indian temple dance, it was transformed to a court dance in the [[Mughal era]]. The new Muslim influence brought with it certain changes to the dance form: what had been a largely devotional practice now became more a courtly entertainment.

The '''Sattriya''' dance is believed to be a creation of the great [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] ([[bhakti]]) guru [[Srimanta Sankardeva]] considered the lead architect of Assamese [[literature]] and [[culture]]. He created this magnificent Sattriya dance to accompany the ''Ankiya Naat'' (a form of Assamese one-act play, another creation of Sankardeva) which was usually performed in ''Satras'' (Assamese monasteries). Since the dance developed and grew within the ''Satras'', it is named after these religious institutions.

'''Folk dances''' are performed for every possible occasion, to celebrate the arrival of seasons, birth of a child, a wedding and festivals. The dances are very focused on gestures, postures, and expressions. The dances burst with verve and vitality. Men and women perform some dances exclusively, while in some performances men and women dance together. On most occasions artists sing the main lyrics and are accompanied by instruments. Each form of dance has a specific costume. Most costumes are flamboyant with extensive jewels.

'''Bhangra''' is a form of music and dance that originated in the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] region of [[India]]. [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]] dance began as a folk dance conducted by [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] farmers to celebrate the coming of [[Vaisakhi]], a [[sikh]] festival. The specific moves reflect the manner in which villagers farmed their land. This musical art further became synthesized after the partition of India, when refugees from different parts of the Punjab shared their folk dances with individuals who resided in the regions they settled in. This hybrid dance became Bhangra. The dance started from just one move and evolved later on. It has been popularized by Punjabi artists from the [[Sikh]] communities, with which it is now commonly associated.[1] Today, [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]] dance survives in different forms and styles all over the globe – including pop music, film soundtracks, collegiate competitions and even talent shows.

'''Thirayattam''' is a ritual performing dance of south malabar region (kozhikode and malappuram Dt:) in [[Kerala]] state. In [[Malayalam]] language, the word "Thirayattam" refers to a 'colourful dance'. This vibrant Ethnic art form blend of dance, instrumental music, drama, facial and body makeup, martial art and ritualistic Function. [[Thirayattam]] enacted in courtyards of sacred groves and village shrines, during Thirayattam festival.<ref>"Thirayattam" ( Folklore Text- Malayalam, Moorkkanad peethambaran), State Institute of language, Kerala. {{ISBN|978-81-200-4294-0}}</ref>

== Drama ==
{{Main|Theatre in India}}
<gallery widths="180" heights="200">

File:Kathakali -Play with Kaurava.jpg|[[Kathakali]] one of the classical theatre forms from [[Kerala, India]]
File:Rasa Lila in Manipuri dance style.jpg|''[[Rasa lila]]'' theatrical performance in [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri dance style]]
File:Akrura1.jpg|[[Yakshagana]] An Ancient dance drama of [[Tulunadu]].
File:Bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG 6635 June 11, 2017.jpg|[[Koodiyattam]] performer ''[[Kapila Venu]]''
File:A still from play 'Nati Binodoni'.jpg|A still from play ''Nati Binodoni'', Bengali Jatra Theatre. [[Jatra (theatre)|Jatra]] is a popular folk-theatre form of [[Bengali theatre|Bengali]] and Odia Theatre.
</gallery>
Indian drama and theatre has a long history alongside its music and dance. [[Kālidāsa|Kalidasa]]'s plays like [[Shakuntala]] and [[Meghadoot]]a are some of the older dramas, following those of Bhasa. [[Kutiyattam]] of Kerala, is the only surviving specimen of the ancient Sanskrit theatre, thought to have originated around the beginning of the [[Common Era]], and is officially recognised by [[UNESCO]] as a [[Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]. It strictly follows the [[Natya Shastra]].<ref>{{cite book
| title = Nātyakalpadrumam|page=6
| author = Māni Mādhava Chākyār
| publisher = Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi
| year = 1996
|title-link=Nātyakalpadrumam
|author-link=Māni Mādhava Chākyār
}}</ref> Nātyāchārya [[Māni Mādhava Chākyār]] is credited for reviving the age old drama tradition from extinction. He was known for mastery of [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa Abhinaya]]. He started to perform the Kalidasa plays like ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntala]]'', ''[[Vikramorvaśīya]]'' and ''[[Mālavikāgnimitra]]''; Bhasa's ''[[Swapnavāsavadatta]]'' and ''[[Pancharātra]]''; [[Harsha]]'s ''[[Nagananda]]''.<ref>[http://sites.google.com/site/natyacharya/articles K. A. Chandrahasan, ''In pursuit of excellence '' (Performing Arts)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113105921/https://sites.google.com/site/natyacharya/articles |date=2012-11-13 }}, ''[[The Hindu]]'', Sunday 26 March 1989</ref><ref>''Mani Madhava Chakkyar: The Master at Work'' (film- English), Kavalam N. Panikar, [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], New Delhi, 1994</ref>

==Shadow play==
{{Main|Shadow play#India}}
[[File:Tholpavakoothu Image.jpg|thumb|A scene from [[Tholpavakoothu]] shadow play.]]
Shadow puppets are an ancient part of India's culture and art, particularly regionally as the ''keelu bomme'' and ''[[Tholu bommalata]]'' of [[Andhra Pradesh]], the ''[[Togalu gombeyaata]]'' in [[Karnataka]], the ''charma bahuli natya'' in [[Maharashtra]], the ''[[Ravana chhaya]]'' in [[Odisha]], the ''[[Tholpavakoothu]]'' in [[Kerala]] and the ''thol bommalatta'' in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Shadow puppet play is also found in pictorial traditions in India, such as temple mural painting, loose-leaf folio paintings, and the narrative paintings.<ref>Lopes, Rui Oliveira. (2016) "A new light on the shadows of heavenly bodies. Indian shadow puppets: from still paintings to motion pictures". Religion and the Arts, vol. 20, no. 1-2, pp. 160-196. DOI: 10.1163/15685292-02001008</ref> Dance forms such as the [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] of [[Odisha]] literally mean "shadow".<ref>{{cite book |title=South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia|last=Claus|first=Peter J.|author2=Sarah Diamond |author3=Margaret Ann Mills |year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0-415-93919-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC |pages=108–110 }}</ref> The shadow theatre dance drama theatre are usually performed on platform stages attached to [[Hindu temple]]s, and in some regions these are called ''Koothu Madams'' or ''Koothambalams''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Beth Osnes| title= Acting: An International Encyclopedia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&pg=PA335 |year=2001| publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn= 978-0-87436-795-9|pages= 152, 179–180}}</ref> In many regions, the puppet drama play is performed by itinerant artist families on temporary stages during major temple festivals.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p544"/> Legends from the Hindu epics ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' dominate their repertoire.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p544"/> However, the details and the stories vary regionally.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Arjun Appadurai|author2=Frank J. Korom|author3=Margaret Ann Mills|title=Gender, Genre, and Power in South Asian Expressive Traditions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9j68pRNtezAC&pg=PA379 |year=1991|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0-8122-1337-8|pages=379–391}}</ref><ref>Stuart Blackburn (1998), ''Looking Across the Contextual Divide: Studying Performance in South India'', South Asia Research, Volume 18, Issue 1, pages 1-11, Quote: "If performance is the cultural organisation of behaviour, it is interesting that these cultural forms vary so widely from area to area. To return to south India, tales are told and songs sung throughout the region, but the same is not true for long narrative singing (epic and the like), or for dance, or for drama; even masks, so widespread in Kerala and other parts of south India, are not significant in Tamil culture."</ref>

During the 19th century and early parts of the 20th century of the colonial era, Indologists believed that shadow puppet plays had become extinct in India, though mentioned in its ancient Sanskrit texts.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p544"/> In the 1930s and thereafter, states Stuart Blackburn, these fears of its extinction were found to be false as evidence emerged that shadow puppetry had remained a vigorous rural tradition in central Kerala mountains, most of Karnataka, northern Andhra Pradesh, parts of Tamil Nadu, Odisha and southern Maharashtra.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p544"/> The Marathi people, particularly of low caste, had preserved and vigorously performed the legends of Hindu epics as a folk tradition. The importance of Marathi artists is evidenced, states Blackburn, from the puppeteers speaking Marathi as their mother tongue in many non-Marathi speaking states of India.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p544">{{cite book|author=Stuart Blackburn |editor=Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond and Margaret Ann Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA543 |year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5|pages=543–544}}</ref>

{{Listen
| filename = Tholpavakooth at Kollam.ogv
| title = A shadow play in Kerala
| description = Ramayana legend, with audience response (45 seconds)
| format = [[Ogv]]
| pos = left
}}
According to Beth Osnes, the ''[[tholu bommalata]]'' shadow puppet theatre dates back to the 3rd century BCE, and has attracted patronage ever since.<ref>{{cite book|author=Beth Osnes|title=Acting: An International Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&pg=PA335 |year=2001| publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn= 978-0-87436-795-9|page=335}}</ref> The puppets used in a ''tholu bommalata'' performance, states Phyllis Dircks, are "translucent, lusciously multicolored leather figures four to five feet tall, and feature one or two articulated arms".<ref name="Dircks2004p110">{{cite book|author=Phyllis T. Dircks|title=American Puppetry: Collections, History and Performance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVQd4UD7k40C&pg=PA110 |year=2004|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-1896-1|page=110}}</ref> The process of making the puppets is an elaborate ritual, where the artist families in India pray, go into seclusion, produce the required art work, then celebrate the "metaphorical birth of a puppet" with flowers and incense.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Bell|title=Puppets, Masks, and Performing Objects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUrt2TWsHNIC |year=1999|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-52293-9|pages=146–147}}</ref>

The ''tholu pava koothu'' of Kerala uses leather puppets whose images are projected on a backlit screen. The shadows are used to creatively express characters and stories in the ''[[Ramayana]]''. A complete performance of the epic can take forty-one nights, while an abridged performance lasts as few as seven days.<ref name="Osnes2001p335">{{cite book|author=Beth Osnes|title=Acting: An International Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&pg=PA335 |year=2001| publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn= 978-0-87436-795-9|pages=335–336}}</ref> One feature of the ''tholu pava koothu'' show is that it is a team performance of puppeteers, while other shadow plays such as the ''wayang'' of Indonesia are performed by a single puppeteer for the same ''Ramayana'' story.<ref name="Osnes2001p335"/> There are regional differences within India in the puppet arts. For example, women play a major role in shadow play theatre in most parts of India, except in Kerala and Maharashtra.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p544"/> Almost everywhere, except Odisha, the puppets are made from tanned deer skin, painted and articulated. Translucent leather puppets are typical in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, while opaque puppets are typical in Kerala and Odisha. The artist troupes typically carry over a hundred puppets for their performance in rural India.<ref name="ClausDiamond2003p544"/>

== Sculpture ==
{{main|Sculpture in India}}
First sculptures in India date back to the [[Indus Valley Civilization]], where stone and bronze carvings have been discovered. This is one of the earliest instances of sculpture in the world. Later, as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] developed further, India produced some of the most intricate bronzes in the world, as well as unrivalled temple carvings. Some huge shrines, such as the one at [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] were not actually constructed using blocks, but instead carved out of solid rock, making them perhaps the largest and most intricate sculptures in the world.

During the 2nd to 1st century BCE in far northern India, in what is now southern [[Afghanistan]] and northern Pakistan, sculptures became more explicit, representing episodes of the Buddha's life and teachings. Although India had a long sculptural tradition and a mastery of rich iconography, the Buddha was never represented in human form before this time, but only through some of his symbols. This may be because [[Gandhara]]n Buddhist sculpture in modern Afghanistan displays [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Persia]]n artistic influence. Artistically, the Gandharan school of sculpture is said to have contributed wavy hair, drapery covering both shoulders, shoes and sandals, acanthus leaf decorations, etc.

The pink sandstone sculptures of Mathura evolved during the Gupta period (4th to 6th century) to reach a very high fineness of execution and delicacy in the modeling. Newer sculptures in [[Afghanistan]], in stucco, schist or clay, display very strong blending of Indian post-Gupta mannerism and Classical influence, Hellenistic or possibly even Greco-Roman. Meanwhile, elsewhere in India, less anatomically accurate styles of human representation evolved, leading to the classical art that the world is now familiar with, and contributing to Buddhist and Hindu sculpture throughout Asia. If you would like more information on this topic please let us recommend.

;A selection of Indian sculptures of various ages and styles
<gallery>
Image:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg
Image:Bronzes-Chola-2.jpg
Image:VajraMudra.JPG
Image:Bronzes-Chola-background_retouch.jpg
Image:Shivajistatue.JPG
Image:13th century Ganesha statue.jpg
Image:Siva_and_Parvati.jpg
Image:Ellora Kailash temple Shiva panel.jpg
Image:Bhudevi.jpg
Image:Shiva and Uma 14th century.jpg
Image:Khajuraho8.jpg
Image:Ellora cave16 001.jpg
</gallery>

== Painting ==
{{Main|Indian painting}}
The earliest Indian paintings were the rock paintings of [[pre-historic]] times, the [[petroglyph]]s as found in places like [[Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka]], and some of them are older than 5500 BC. Such works continued and after several millennia, in the 7th century, carved pillars of [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]], [[Maharashtra]] [[States and territories of India|state]] present an example of Indian paintings, and the colors, mostly various shades of red and orange, were derived from minerals. Thereafter, frescoes of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and Ellora caves appeared. India's [[Buddhist]] literature is replete with examples of texts which describe that palaces of kings and aristocratic class were embellished with paintings, but they have not survived. But, it is believed that some form of art painting was practiced in that time.

[[Indian Art]] was given a new lease of life by the [[United Kingdom|British]] in early 19th century when the new [[government]] required painters to document Indian life and times. The English School paintings, as these new art were called had seen the emergence of India's greatest artists of all times [[Raja Ravi Verma]]. Other important artists of the Colonial period include [[Jamini Roy]], [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], [[Ramkinkar Baij]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. After independence, Indian art became more diverse and artists like [[M. F. Husain]], [[F. N. Souza]], [[Subodh Gupta]], [[Devajyoti Ray]], Sudip Roy,<ref name=dna12>{{cite news |title=Florence Biennale: Sudip Roy wins award for Christ, Gandhi, Teresa-Trilogy |url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/plumage/florence-biennale-sudip-roy-s-wins-award-for-for-christ-gandhi-teresa-trilogy |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=Dec 27, 2011 |access-date=February 6, 2015 |archive-date=February 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203213733/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/plumage/florence-biennale-sudip-roy-s-wins-award-for-for-christ-gandhi-teresa-trilogy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Paresh Maity]] and [[Bose Krishnamachari]] earned international recognition.

;Indian art, ancient and medieval
<gallery>
Image:Indischer Maler um 1650 (I) 001.jpg
Image:Meister des Rasikapriyâ-Manuskripts 002.jpg
Image:Daudia 001.jpg
Image:Indischer_Maler_des_6._Jahrhunderts_001.jpg
</gallery>

==Cinema==
{{Main|Cinema of India}}
India is a major regional center for [[film|cinema]]. The Indian film industry is the second largest in the world (1200 movies released in the year 2002). Each of the larger jrods supports its own film industry: [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Odia language|Odia]]. The Hindi/Urdu film industry, based in [[Mumbai]], formerly ''Bombay'', is called [[Bollywood]] (a melding of [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] and Bombay). Similar neologisms have been coined for the Kannada (Karnataka State) film industry ([[Sandalwood cinema|Sandalwood]]) based on Karnataka being known for Sandalwood, Tamil film industry ([[Kollywood]], from the Kodambakkam district of [[Chennai]]) and the Telugu film industry ([[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]]). Tollygunge is a [[metonym]] for the Bengali film industry, long centered in the Tollygunge district of [[Kolkata]]. The Bengali language industry is notable as including the director [[Satyajit Ray]], an international filmmaker and a winner of many awards, among them the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian award), the [[Légion d'honneur]] (France), and the Lifetime achievement [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]. Odia film industry is known as [[Cinema of Odisha|Ollywood]] and it has a history of film making since 1936. The Bollywood industry is usually the largest in terms of films produced and box office receipts, just as Urdu/Hindi speakers outnumber speakers of other Indian languages within India.

== Radio ==
{{main|Radio in India}}
Radio broadcasting was, until recently a government monopoly under the Directorate General of [[All India Radio]]—established in 1936 and since 1957 also known as Akashvani—a government-owned, semicommercial operation of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. From only six stations at the time of independence, All India Radio's network had expanded by the mid-1990s to 146 AM stations plus a National Channel, the Integrated North-East Service (aimed at tribal groups in northeast India), and the External Service. There are five regional headquarters for All India Radio: the North Zone in New Delhi; the North-East Zone in Guwahati, Assam; the East Zone in Calcutta; the West Zone in Bombay; and the South Zone in Madras. All India Radio covers 99.37% of India's populace.

The government-owned network provides both national and local programs in Hindi, English, and sixteen regional languages. Commercial services, which were inaugurated in 1957, are provided by [[Vividh Bharati]] Service, headquartered in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/go-gaga-with-vividh-bharatis-golden-year/49854-8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605020559/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/go-gaga-with-vividh-bharatis-golden-year/49854-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 5, 2012 |title=Go gaga with Vividh Bharati's golden year |date=Oct 3, 2007 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> [[Vividh Bharati]], which accepts advertisements, broadcasts from thirty-one AM and FM stations in the mid-1990s.

India has an extensive network of medium wave and shortwave stations. In 1994 there were eighty-five FM stations and seventy-three shortwave stations that covered the entire country. The broadcasting equipment is mostly Indian made and reaches special audiences, such as farmers needing agroclimatic, plant protection, and other agriculture-related information. The number of radio receivers increased almost fivefold between 1970 and 1994, from around 14 million to nearly 65 million. Most radios are also produced within India.

The foreign broadcast service is a function of the External Services Division of All India Radio. In 1994 seventy hours of news, features, and entertainment programs were broadcast daily in twenty-five languages using thirty-two shortwave transmitters. The principal target audiences are listeners in neighbouring countries and the large overseas Indian community.

Satellite Radio was introduced to the Indian market in 2000 by [[WorldSpace]], a Washington DC–based company. Currently WorldSpace beams 30 channels comprising music, news, and regional channels, a subscriber in India pays {{Indian Rupee}}1,200 per annum. In addition, some premium channels are available at an extra cost. This service requires special receivers which are often subsidized by world space.

Recently The Department of Space (DoS) indicated it is exploring the possibility of setting up a multi-media satellite platform that would include satellite radio, video and data channels.

== Television ==
{{Main|Television in India}}
Television service is available throughout the country. [[Doordarshan]] is a government-owned broadcaster established in 1959 and a part of All India Radio until 1976. It operates of one national network and seven regional networks. In 1992 there were sixty-three high-power television transmitters, 369 medium-power transmitters, seventy-six low-power transmitters, and twenty-three transposers. Regular satellite transmissions began in 1982 (the same year colour transmission began).
By 1994 some six million people were receiving television broadcasts via satellite, and the number was expected to increase rapidly throughout the rest of the decade. Cable television was even more prolific, with an estimated 12 to 15 million subscribers in 1994. Besides Doordarshan, [[Zee TV]]—an independent station broadcasting from Mumbai since 1992—uses satellite transmissions. In fact, because Doordarshan is the only network that is permitted to broadcast television signals domestically, [[Zee TV]] and other entrepreneurs broadcast their Indian-made videotapes via foreign transmitters. Other networks joining the fray are [[Cable News Network]] (1990); Asia Television Network (1991); Hong Kong–based [[STAR TV (Asia)|Star TV]] (1991); Jain TV, near Bombay (1994); EL TV, a spin-off of Zee TV in Bombay (1994); HTV, an affiliate of the [[Hindustan Times]] in New Delhi (1994); and [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], a [[Tamil language]] service in Chennai (1994). In a communications breakthrough in July 1995, Doordarshan agreed, for a US$1.5 million annual fee and 50 percent of advertising revenue when it exceeds US$1.5 million, to allow CNN to broadcast twenty-four hours a day via an Indian satellite. regional, and local service. The number of television sets increased from around 500,000 in 1976 to 9 million in early 1987 and to around 47 million in 1994; increases are expected to continue at around six million sets per year. More than 75 percent of television sets were black and white models in 1992, but the proportion of colour sets is increasing annually. Most television sets are produced in India.

===Major events===

===Professional events===
* Lakme Fashion Week
* Ponds [[Femina Miss India]]
* [[Global Festival of Films on Peace and Spirituality]]

===Amateur events===
* Culfests in India

== Sport ==
{{Main|Sport in India|Traditional games of India}}

== References ==
* {{Country study}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|India|Arts|Society}}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/international/asian/india/resources/india-culture.html Culture: India] — Arts and entertainment related links at the [[Library of Congress]]

{{India topics}}

[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Arts in India| ]]
[[Category:Entertainment in India]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat

2025-06-05T10:08:08Z

AmieLearmonth67: add page for accuracy and corrected details

{{Short description|It is a very amazing research centre}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{distinguish|North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology}}
{{Infobox university
|name = North East Institute of Science and Technology
|motto = ''Connecting science & technology for a brighter tomorrow''
|image = NEIST.jpg
|established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1961}}
|type = [[Research]] [[Institution]]
|director = Dr. V. M. Tiwari
|administrative_staff = 300
|city = [[Jorhat]] - 785006
|state = [[Assam]]
|country = [[India]]
|coordinates =
|pushpin_map =
|campus = [[Suburban]], western Jorhat
|website = {{URL|https://neist.res.in/}}
}}

'''North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST)''' (formerly Regional Research Laboratory) is a constituent establishment of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR), an R&D organization of [[India]], which has a chain of laboratories across the country. This laboratory was established in 1961 under the chemical science group of CSIR and originally its main aim was to develop indigenous technologies by utilizing the immense natural resources of [[North-East India|northeastern]] India like Petroleum, [[Coal]], Natural Gas, Minerals, [[Tea]], Microbes, Aromatic and Medicinal plants.

== Activities ==
Presently, NEIST is a multidisciplinary research institution having research areas like Advanced Computation and [[Data Science]], [[Medicinal Chemistry]], Natural Products [[Chemistry]], Synthetic [[Organic Chemistry]], [[Biotechnology]], Infectious disease, Communicable and [[Non-communicable disease]], Medicinal, Aromatic and Economic plants, [[Geoscience]], Petroleum and Natural Gas, Applied [[Civil Engineering]], Chemical Engineering, General Engineering, [[Cellulose]], [[Membrane]] technologies, [[Wood pulp|Pulp]] and [[Paper]], [[Material Science]] and [[Coal]]The institution is equipped to carry out research in frontier areas of [[STEM fields|science and technology]]. A Common Facility Centre (CFC) under the STINER (Science and Technological Intervention in North East India) project funded by Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER), Govt of India has been established at NEIST.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-29|title=DoNER Minister lays foundation stone of STINER at Jorhat’s CSIR-NEIST|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-doner-minister-lays-foundation-stone-of-stiner-at-jorhats-csir-neist.html|access-date=2020-11-18|website=NE NOW|language=en}}</ref> The main goal of the project is to bring all the relevant proven technologies to the people of North Eastern Region (NER), more particularly to farmers and artisans community, so that the quality of their profession can be boosted through science and technological intervention. During the unprecedented situation of COVID-19 across the globe, the institute has organized a Summer Research Training Program 2020 (SRTP) through online mode to provide training to over 16000 participants.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CSIR’s summer research training program receives over 16k applications|url=https://news.careers360.com/csirs-summer-research-training-program-receives-over-16k-applications|access-date=2020-11-13|website=news.careers360.com|language=en}}</ref> The training program for Drug Discovery Hackathon 2020, an initiative of MHRD's Innovation Cell, was conducted by the institute.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=Drug Discovery Hackathon Training Program Launched|url=https://www.eetindia.co.in/drug-discovery-hackathon-training-program-launched/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=EE Times India|language=en}}</ref> A [[COVID-19]] research laboratory has also been set up in the institute premises to facilitate COVID-19 testing facility in the entire region.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-01|title=COVID-19 Testing Lab Inaugurated in CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat|url=https://www.eetindia.co.in/covid-19-testing-lab-inaugurated-in-csir-neist-jorhat/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=EE Times India|language=en}}</ref> Under the CSIR-AROMA mission, the institute has planned to set up "Multilocational Trial & Regional Research Experimental Farm" across the North East.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-30|title=CSIR-NEIST expands floriculture mission in Arunachal Pradesh|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/csir-neist-expands-floriculture-mission-in-arunachal-pradesh-509071|access-date=2020-11-18|website=The Sentinel|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:NEIST Main.JPG|thumb|right|250px|NEIST main administrative building]]
[[File:NEIST VSK.JPG|thumb|right|250px|NEIST VSK mini cement plant]]
[[File:NEIST Library.JPG|thumb|right|200px|NEIST Library]]

== Divisions ==
Present Director of CSIR-NEIST is Dr. Virendra M Tiwari. For scientific and administrative purposes the NEIST's manpower has been grouped into 8 research and development divisions and several groups for providing technical and scientific support. The following divisions are involved in research and development:
* Advanced Computation and Data Science Division (ACDSD)
* Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division (ARDD)
* Biological Sciences and Technology Division (BSTD)
* Chemical Sciences and Technology Division (CSTD)
* Coal and Energy Division (C&ED)
* Engineering Sciences and Technology Division (ESTD)
* Geo Sciences and Technology Division (GSTD)
* Material Sciences and Technology Division (MSTD)
* Research Planning and Business Development Division (RPBD)

== Substations ==
NEIST has one branch laboratory in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] near [[Itanagar]] at Naharlagun locality and another at [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]] and one field station in [[Nagaland]] called as NEIST Experimental Farm, [[Mokokchung]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://neist.res.in/ CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat] NEIST Homepage

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North East Institute Of Science And Technology, Jorhat}}
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1961]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Assam]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Education in Jorhat district]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Assam]]

Velampatti

2025-05-12T18:03:04Z

AmieLearmonth67: made a details from scratch.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

'''Velampatti''' is a village in the [[Tiruchirappalli district]] of the State of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

Velampatti is 25 km from [[Namakkal]] the Thuraiur road, close to [[Pavithiram|Pavithuram]] Village. The main business of Velampatti is [[agriculture]]. It is next to Killi Kills.

[[Jallikattu|Jallikatti]] takes place in Velampatti every January. The village also celebrates the [[Thai Pongal|Pongal Festival]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Villages in Tiruchirappalli district]]

{{Tiruchirapalli-geo-stub}}