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Tumm Se Tumm Tak

2026-05-08T08:15:45Z

Ambi: New

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tumm Se Tumm Tak.png
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romantic]] [[Drama]]
| story = Abhijeet Guru
| creator = [[Prateek Sharma]]
| screenplay =
| based_on =
| director = Yusuf Farooq Ansari
| starring = {{ubl|Niharika Chouksey|[[Sharad Kelkar]]}}
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 303 
| list_episodes =
| creative_director = [[Avhiroop Mazzumdar]]
| composer = Sunaad Gowtham
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Prateek Sharma]]
| location = [[Delhi]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| company = Studio LSD Private Limited
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|7|7}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Tula Pahate Re]]''

[[Prema Entha Madhuram]]
}}
'''''Tumm Se Tumm Tak''''' ({{translation|''From You to You''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language romantic drama television series that premiered from 7 July 2025 on [[Zee TV]]. It is produced by [[Prateek Sharma]] under Studio LSD Private Limited and it stars Niharika Chouksey and [[Sharad Kelkar]] in lead roles. It is the remake of [[Zee Marathi]]'s TV series ''[[Tula Pahate Re]]''.

==Plot==
''Tumm Se Tumm Tak'' follows Anu Sharma, a 20-year-old middle-class girl from Chandni Chowk, Delhi, and Aryavardhan "Arya", a 46-year-old successful industrialist heading the Vardhan Group of Industries. Anu's father works at a local store that sells Rajnandini Sarees, a brand owned by Arya's company.

Their lives intersect, when Arya's bicycle breaks down on the way to the Annual Function of K.C. College, where he is the chief guest and Anu is invited to give a speech. Sharing an auto-rickshaw unknowingly, Anu is initially unaware of Arya's identity. Despite an awkward first meeting and a public mishap, during her speech, Arya is impressed, by Anu's sincerity and offers her a job at his company.

As their relationship develops, Anu is pushed toward an arranged marriage with Bipin, orchestrated by the manipulative Raghu, who seeks personal gain. Arya quietly works behind the scenes to stop the marriage, by uncovering Raghu's hidden motives and exposing him using a new company policy that, reveals Raghu's conflict of interest.

Anu and Arya navigate challenges posed, by their differing social backgrounds and the opposition they face from Arya's confidant Jhende and Arya's assistant, Meera.

==Cast==
===Main===
*Niharika Chouksey as Anu Sharma: Gopal and Pushpa's daughter; Arya's fiance (2025–present)
*[[Sharad Kelkar]] as Aryavardhan: Gayatri's son; Harsh's elder brother; Rajnandini's widower; Anu's fiance (2025–present)

===Recurring===
*[[Vandana Pathak]] as Gayatri Devi: Arya, Yashvardhan and Harshvardhan's mother (2025–present)
*Dolly Chawla as Meera Kukreja: A close family acquaintance, who works as a personal assistant of Arya (2025–present)
*Sameer Patil as Gopal Sharma: Pushpa's husband; Anu's father (2025-present)
*Soma Rathod as Pushpa Sharma: Gopal's wife; Anu's mother (2025–present)
*Nasir Khan<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive:Nasirr Khan join Sharad Kelkar and Niharika Chouksey in Zee TV's Tumm Se Tumm Tak|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-nasirr-khan-joins-sharad-kelkar-and-niharika-chouksey-in-zee-tvs-tum-se-tum-tak/2025/03/06|date=2025-03-06|access-date=2026-04-26|website=IWMBuzz.|language=en}}</ref>as Keshav Jhende: A close friend and trusted confidant of Arya (2025–present)
*[[Manraj Singh]] as Harshvardhan: Gayatri's younger son; Arya's younger brother; Manasi's husband (2025–present)
*Nandani Tiwary as Manasi: Neel's sister; Harshvardhan's wife (2025–present)
*Anupam K. Sinha as Ankur Bharadwaj: The oldest and most senior employee at Arya's office (2025–present)
*Rahul Bajaj as Bipin: Anu's friend (2025–present)
*Saarvie Omana as Simran: Anu's close friend (2025–present)
*Poonam Jangra as Rajani: Simran's mother; a neighbour of the Sharma family (2025–present)
*Priyal Gupta as Neel (2025–present)
*[[Rajkumar Kanojia]] as Rrickshaw driver (2025–present)
*Utkarsha Naik as Siddhi Mata (2025–present)
*Sai Ballal as Jalandhar (2025–present)
*Ajay Raju as Raam Servent of Aryavardhan (2025–present)
*Pritisourabh Mishra as Hemant (2026–present)
*Ashima Prakash as Devanshi (2026–present)
*Nikhhil Raaj Khera<ref>{{cite web | title =Exclusive: Kum Kum Bhagya fame Nikhil Raaj Khera to enter Zee TV's Tumm Se Tumm Tak|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-kumkum-bhagya-fame-nikhhil-raaj-khera-to-enter-zee-tvs-tumm-se-tumm-tak/2026/02/02|date=2026-02-02|access-date=2026-04-26|website=IWMBuzz.|language=en}}</ref> as Prakash:Dr.Mohit's father (2026)
*Ravjeet Singh<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive: Ravjeet Singh's entry to bring a new twist in Zee TV's Tumm Se Tummy Tak|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-ravjeet-singhs-entry-to-bring-a-new-twist-in-zee-tvs-tumm-se-tumm-tak/2026/01/09|date=2026-01-09|access-date=2026-04-26|website=IWMBuzz.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ravjeet Singh joins Sharad Kelkar, Niharika Chouksey in 'Tumm Se Tumm Tak'|url=https://punjabnewsexpress.com/entertainment/news/ravjeet-singh-joins-sharad-kelkar-niharika-chouksey-in-%E2%80%98tumm-se-tumm-tak-315760|date=12 January 2026|access-date=26 April 2026|website=Punjabnewsexpress.com|language=en}}</ref> as Dr. Mohit: A [[Cardiology|cardiologist]] (2026)
* [[Angad Hasija]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Angad Hasija to join Tumm Se Tumm Tak as the parallel lead |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/angad-hasija-to-join-tumm-se-tumm-tak-as-the-parallel-lead/ar-AA20XMvR?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&bundles=feat-es2020-c|access-date=26 April 2026|website=MSN.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Angad Hasija joins Sharad Kelkar in 'Tumm Se Tumm Tak'|url=https://www.thehawk.in/news/showbiz/angad-hasija-joins-sharad-kelkar-in-tumm-se-tumm-tak|date=21 April 2026|access-date=26 April 2026|website=Thehawk.|language=en}}</ref> as Yashvardhan: Gayatri's estranged son (2026–present)

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Helly Shah]] and [[Karan Singh Grover]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=18 February 2025|title=Karan Singh Grover back on TV 5 years after Kasautii Zindagii Kay: Report|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/karan-singh-grover-back-on-tv-5-years-after-kasautii-zindagii-kay-report-2681666-2025-02-18|access-date=16 August 2025|work=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> was first approached for the lead role but was replaced by Niharika Chouksey and [[Sharad Kelkar]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=3 April 2025|title=Niharika Chouksey opens up about her upcoming show Tum Se Tum Tak and working with Sharad Kelkar, says, 'It's truly an honour, he is a phenomenal actor'
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/niharika-chouksey-opens-up-about-her-upcoming-show-tum-se-tum-tak-and-working-with-sharad-kelkar-says-its-truly-an-honour-he-is-a-phenomenal-actor/articleshow/119946391.cms|access-date=16 August 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> The series marks Kelkar's television comeback after eight years.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=9 April 2025|title=Sharad Kelkar says, "Tum Se Tum Tak felt like the perfect choice” as he returns to TV after 8 years
|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sharad-kelkar-says-tum-se-tum-tak-felt-like-perfect-choice-returns-tv-8-years/|access-date=16 August 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=25 July 2025|title=Why Sharad Kelkar Said Yes To Tumm Se Tumm Tak, Returning To TV After 8 Years
|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/why-sharad-kelkar-said-yes-to-tumm-se-tumm-tak-returning-to-tv-after-8-years-ws-l-aa-9463371.html|access-date=16 August 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Vandana Pathak]] joined the cast, marking her television comeback after 5 year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=17 June 2025|title=Vandana Pathak returns to TV after five years with Tumm Se Tumm Tak|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/vandana-pathak-returns-to-tv-after-five-years-with-tumm-se-tumm-tak-23570650|access-date=16 August 2025|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref> In August 2025, Dolly Chawla was selected to play Meera.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=9 August 2025|title=Dolly on her role in Tumm Se Tumm Tak|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/dolly-on-her-role-in-tumm-se-tumm-tak/|access-date=16 August 2025|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref>

===Music===
The show's title track, also called "Tumm Se Tumm Tak", has been well received for its soulful and emotional composition. The lyrics are penned by Amit Deep Sharma, and the original composition is by Sunaad Gowtham. The track is primarily sung by renowned vocalists [[Javed Ali]] and [[Palak Muchhal]], with additional vocals by Nishant Pandey and Senjuti Das, whose voices contribute further depth and texture to the song, complementing the series’ emotional narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Tumm Se Tumm Tak's Soulful Title Track Out Now |url=https://www.groovenexus.com/press-releases/zee-tv-launches-soulful-title-track-of-tumm-se-tumm-tak-featuring-javed-ali-palak-muchhal/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=Groove Nexus}}</ref>

===Filming Locations===
The series is primarily shot in [[Delhi]], particularly in and around [[Chandni Chowk]], to authentically depict Anu Sharma’s middle-class background. Iconic Delhi landmarks such as [[India Gate]] and [[Qutb Minar|Qutub Minar]] also feature in the show’s outdoor scenes. Corporate and mansion scenes are filmed in studios in [[Mumbai]] to represent Aryavardhan’s affluent world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title='Tumm Se Tumm Tak' co-stars Sharad Kelkar & Niharika Chouksey explore Chandni Chowk ki Galliyan |url=https://www.thehawk.in/news/showbiz/tumm-se-tumm-tak-co-stars-sharad-kelkar-niharika-chouksey-explore-chandni-chowk-ki-galliyan |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=The Hawk |language=en}}</ref>

===Controversy===
The series was reported to the [[Bombay High Court]] due to the huge age difference between the lead actors, and the Bombay High Court replied "If you don't like it, don't watch it.".<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=13 August 2025|title='Don't watch it': Bombay HC issues statement over Sharad Kelkar's show Tum Se Tum Tak row|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/bombay-high-court-issues-statement-over-sharad-kelkar-tum-se-tum-tak-controversy-23589334|access-date=16 August 2025|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt38195069}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/tumm-se-tumm-tak/0-6-4z5727104 ''Tumm Se Tumm Tak''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

KRSNA (rapper)

2026-05-08T06:42:17Z

Ambi: starting new info

{{Short description|Indian rapper}}
{{Other people|Krishna Kaul}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = KR$NA
| image = KR$NA SXSW Sydney 2024.jpg
| caption = Krishna at [[SXSW Sydney]], October 2024.
| birth_name = Krishna Kaul
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Hip-hop]]
* [[Indian hip-hop]]}}
| alias = KR$NA, Krsna, YoungProzpekt, Prozpekt, Underthug, MC Phyxer
| occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|Songwriter|Producer}}
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2006–present<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rastogi |first=Saumya |date=29 February 2024 |title='Heavy, message-laden music can be limiting': Rapper Kr$na on addressing socio-political issues in his music |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/indian-rapper-hip-hop-krna-musician-challenges-copyright-9165017/ |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en|quote=Krishna Kaul, known by his stage name Kr$na, is one of the OGs of the Indian rap scene. Having entered the industry during the mid-2000s, he acknowledges the challenges Indian rappers faced due to the dominance of Bollywood music.}}</ref>
| label = [[Universal Music India]] [[Kalamkaar]] [[Zee Music Company]]
| website = https://realkrsna.com
}}

'''Krishna Kaul''', known [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Krishna''', stylised now as '''KR$NA''', (previously as '''Krsna;''' known formerly as '''YoungProzpekt''') is an Indian [[Rapping|rapper]].<ref name="Sridharan 2017">{{Cite news |last=Sridharan |first=Apuurva |date=2014-07-16 |title=Krsna: Rap is about the situation you |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Krsna-Rap-is-about-the-situation-that-surrounds-you/articleshow/37841572.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2017-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828082923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Krsna-Rap-is-about-the-situation-that-surrounds-you/articleshow/37841572.cms |archive-date=2022-08-28}}</ref><ref name="Rodricks 2017">{{Cite news |last=Rodricks |first=Allan Moses |date=2014-06-05 |title=No Plan B for this rapper |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/no-plan-b-for-this-rapper/article6085399.ece |url-status=live |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807143958/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/no-plan-b-for-this-rapper/article6085399.ece |archive-date=2022-08-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was one of the earliest rappers to emerge in the [[Indian hip-hop|Indian hip hop]] scene in the mid-2000s under the stage name '''Prozpekt'''. He is widely acknowledged within the [[desi hip-hop]] community for pioneering a lyrical revolution in the genre, infusing a new wave of poetic depth and lyrical complexity into hip-hop's narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maheshwari |first=Aman |date=2023-04-18 |title=KR$NA And The Rise Of Indian Hip-Hop |url=https://youthincmag.com/krna-and-the-rise-of-indian-hip-hop |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Youth Incorporated Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> He was also briefly featured in the 2019 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Gully Boy]]'' as himself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-05 |title=The 4th episode of Voice of the Streets features rapper Krishna Kaul |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/the-4th-episode-of-voice-of-the-streets-featuring-rapper-krishna-kaul-is-here-and-its-brilliant-20353197 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and influences ==
[[Kaul]] was born into a [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Pandit]] family in [[Delhi]]. He spent a part of his childhood in [[South London]], where he was raised and schooled for a few years. Kaul started rapping at the age of fourteen in an effort to blend in with other children at his school in [[London]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Understanding Rap ft. Kr$na, RAFTAAR, Rohan Cariappa| date=15 June 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnFvVqrZffo|language=en|access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref> He did his graduation from [[Hansraj College]], where he formed a crew with his friends, titled Illicit Cash Mob. In 2008, Kaul moved to Mumbai to study public relations at the Xavier Institute of Communications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2023 |title=Badshah to Honey Singh, check out the educational qualifications of your favourite rappers |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/10-rappers-and-their-educational-qualifications/105383443 |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref>

He credits his uncle in Kashmir, for introducing him to [[hip-hop music]], who played him the songs of [[MC Hammer]] and [[Public Enemy]]. When he started in the [[battle rap]] scene in India, he drew inspirations from the works of [[Lloyd Banks]], [[Jadakiss]], [[Fabolous]], and [[Big L]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kappal |first=Bhanuj |date=2025-09-18 |title=GQ Hype: Kr$na on rap battles, his fandom awaam and playing the long game |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/gq-hype-krsna-on-rap-battles-his-fandom-awaam-and-playing-the-long-game |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 2006-2011: Career beginnings and "Kaisa Mera Desh" ===
After releasing a few collaborations with rappers like Rabbit Sack C and Big T under the stage name Young Prozpekt, Kaul's first shot of success came with the release of the music video for "Kaisa Mera Desh" in 2010,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Solani |first=Dhvani |date=2010-10-06 |title=Desi rapper slamming CWG is a hit |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/desi-rapper-slamming-cwg-is-a-hit/97263 |url-status=live |access-date=2017-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604030555/https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/desi-rapper-slamming-cwg-is-a-hit-97263 |archive-date=2022-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Kunal |date=2012-11-26 |title='Yeh Kaisa Mera Desh: – Young Prozpekt's Rant against the Commonwealth Games |language=en |work=Men's XP |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/must-watch/3151-yeh-kaisa-mera-desh-young-prozpekts-rant-against-the-commonwealth-games.html |url-status=live |access-date=2017-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523195218/https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/must-watch/3151-yeh-kaisa-mera-desh-young-prozpekts-rant-against-the-commonwealth-games.html |archive-date=2022-05-23}}</ref> becoming the first Indian hip-hop song on [[YouTube]] and earning a number 2 ranking as one of the most watched music videos in [[India]] overnight, following its release.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Marwaha |first=Ekta |date=2013-08-19 |title=Hip hop hustle |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20130819-hip-hop-hustle-765104-2013-08-05 |url-status=live |access-date=2017-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120174623/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20130819-hip-hop-hustle-765104-2013-08-05 |archive-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> His next success came with the song "Lokpal Freestyle", which shared the same theme of conscious hip-hop.<ref name=":3" /> He also released a song titled "Vijay" in collaboration with international NGO, [[Save The Children]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bedi |first=Shibani |date=2013-07-23 |title=Young Prozpekt playing for change |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/young-prozpekt-playing-for-change/story-Qr1RKZrGhrS8jn9KHFHoPL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807041524/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/young-prozpekt-playing-for-change/story-Qr1RKZrGhrS8jn9KHFHoPL.html |archive-date=2022-08-07 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

After sporadic underground releases including collaborations with artists such as [[Twisted Insane]] and [[Lost Stories (DJs)|Lost Stories]], Kaul switched from Prozpekt to the stage name KR$NA after signing with Contrabands, a joint venture company between [[Universal Music India]], [[VH1]] and Hard Rock Cafe, in 2013.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarrazin |first=Natalie Rose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5h5NyAEACAAJ |title=Focus: Popular Music in Contemporary India |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-58546-1 |pages=90 |language=en |quote=Krsna’s advent on the scene was propagated by Contrabands, a joint venture company between Universal Music India, VH1, and Hard Rock Cafe, which signed him to a contract in 2013.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2014 |title=Contrabands signs on indie artist, rapper and hip-hop musician – KRSNA |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/music/artiste/contrabands-signs-indie-artist-rapper-and-hip-hop-musician-krsna |access-date=26 December 2017 |work=radioandmusic}}</ref> In May 2014, he released his debut album ''Sellout'', an all-[[English language|English]] effort on [[Universal Music India|Universal Music]] with its lead single "Last Night" peaking at number 5 on the [[VH1]] Music Charts in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/node/37851|title=I live and breathe rap: Indian Rapper Krsna|access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> Kaul became the first hip-hop artist in India to do a five-city album tour with a band.<ref name="Rodricks 2017" /><ref name="Sridharan 2017" /> Following this, the music video for the title song "Sellout" was released, but the project failed to make a large impact due to lacklustre marketing and shrinking label budgets.<ref name="IANS 2017">{{Cite news |last= |date=2014-11-01 |title=Krsna's 'Sellout' title track video released |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/krsna-s-sellout-title-track-video-released-114110100337_1.html |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Verus |date=2014-10-29 |title=Musicunplugged.in : news |url=https://www.musicunplugged.in/news/music_news_info/226/0 |access-date=26 December 2017 |website=www.musicunplugged.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2016-2021: Comeback and further successes ===
[[File:IMG 0838 Rapper KRSNA.jpg|right|thumb|KR$NA during a live performance, 2016]]

After a two-year hiatus, Kaul made his return in 2016 with his Hindi release "Vyanjan".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaul |first=Krishna |date=2016-11-18 |title=How I made a rap song using the entire Hindi alphabet |url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/alphabetic-rap-youtube-vyanjan-krishna-kaul-demonetisation-indian-army-caste-system/story/1/14096.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120175243/https://www.dailyo.in/arts/alphabetic-rap-youtube-vyanjan-krishna-kaul-demonetisation-indian-army-caste-system-14096 |archive-date=2022-11-20 |access-date=2017-12-26 |website=www.dailyo.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Badsha |date=2016-11-24 |title=Rap Scene Today is Bigger, Less Friendly: KRSNA of 'Vyanjan' Fame |language=en |work=[[The Quint]] |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/rappers-vyanjan-krsna-hip-hop-sellout-universal-music-rap-music |url-status=live |access-date=2017-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601181354/https://www.thequint.com/videos/rappers-vyanjan-krsna-hip-hop-sellout-universal-music-rap-music |archive-date=2022-06-01}}</ref> Following the success of the song, he signed to the artist management agency DNH Artists (now Kalamkaar) in 2017 and became a partner in 2018, with the likes of Ankit Khanna and [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]].

In 2019, Kaul released "Freeverse Feast (Langar)", produced by Raftaar, allegedly in response to rapper [[Emiway Bantai]]'s "Freeverse Feast (Daawat)",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Debarati |date=November 8, 2019 |title=Mumbai’s Emiway Bantai scores big at Europe Music Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/mumbais-emiway-bantai-scores-big-at-europe-music-awards/articleshow/71953573.cms |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref> where the latter boastfully claimed that "he's the only rapper representing India worldwide". This was the first track which sparked a feud between the two rappers, even though both had collaborated back in 2017.

In 2020, Kaul accused the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]] of permitting the plagiarism of his 2017 song "Dekh Kaun Aaya Wapas" when creating the [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 IPL]] anthem "Ayenge Hum Wapas", an allegation which was dismissed by composer [[Pranav Ajayrao Malpe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2021 |editor-last=Bose |editor-first=Rakhi |title=‘It’s Unbelievable’: Meet Krsna AKA Prozpekt, The Rapper Who Claims IPL Copied His Song |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/its-unbelievable-meet-krsna-aka-prozpekt-rapper-who-claims-ipl-stole-his-song-2881971.html |access-date=April 17, 2026 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Kaul responded by stating that "his team[...], will take the legal route and approach Disney+ Hotstar, which commissioned the song".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purkayastha |first=Pallabi Dey |date=2020-09-09 |title=Rapper KR$NA says IPL 2020 anthem is plagiarised from his 2017 track 'Dekh Kaun Aaya Waapas' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/rapper-krna-says-ipl-2020-anthem-is-plagiarised-from-his-2017-track-dekh-kaun-aaya-waapas/articleshow/78006937.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605051856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/rapper-krna-says-ipl-2020-anthem-is-plagiarised-from-his-2017-track-dekh-kaun-aaya-waapas/articleshow/78006937.cms |archive-date=2022-06-05 |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-11 |title=IPL 2020 anthem faces plagiarism charges, composer dismisses allegations |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/ipl-2020-anthem-faces-plagiarism-charges-composer-dismisses-allegations-120091101414_1.html#:~:text=IPL%202020%20anthem%20faces%20plagiarism%20charges,%20composer%20dismisses%20allegations,-Press%20Trust%20of&text=A%20Delhi-based%20rapper%20has,of%20the%20recently%20released%20song. |url-status=live |access-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601224728/https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/ipl-2020-anthem-faces-plagiarism-charges-composer-dismisses-allegations-120091101414_1.html |archive-date=2022-06-01}}</ref> In the same year, he also released the diss track, "Makasam", against rapper Muhfaad, which is widely regarded as one of the best diss tracks in [[Indian hip-hop]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Hindi Song 2020 'Makasam' Sung By Krsna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-2020-makasam-sung-by-krsna/videoshow/74924927.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Kappal |first=Bhanuj |date=2025-09-18 |title=GQ Hype: Kr$na on rap battles, his fandom awaam and playing the long game |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/gq-hype-krsna-on-rap-battles-his-fandom-awaam-and-playing-the-long-game |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In the month of January 2021, Kaul was featured on American rapper Hi-Rez's song "Crossroads" along with [[Royce da 5'9"]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-02 |title=Rappers KR$NA, Hi-Rez collaborate with hip hop legend Royce Da 5'9 |url=https://www.siasat.com/rappers-krna-hi-rez-collaborate-with-hip-hop-legend-royce-da-59-2059106/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601170629/https://www.siasat.com/rappers-krna-hi-rez-collaborate-with-hip-hop-legend-royce-da-59-2059106/ |archive-date=2022-06-01 |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-GB}}</ref> Later in July, another collaboration with Hi-Rez was released, titled "Playground" which also featured former [[Slaughterhouse (group)|Slaughterhouse]] member, [[Crooked I|KXNG Crooked]]. His collaboration in Hi-Rez's song "Overdrive", was released in November 2021, featuring A-F-R-O, [[Joell Ortiz]], [[Bizzy Bone]], [[Tech N9ne]] and [[Twista]]. The music videos were released on Hi-Rez's [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Team |first1=24x7 |date=2021-07-02 |title=New Music: Hi-Rez, KRSNA & KXNG Crooked – Playground |url=https://hiphop24x7.com/artist/latest-songs/new-music-hi-rez-krsna-kxng-crooked-playground/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702090230/https://hiphop24x7.com/artist/latest-songs/new-music-hi-rez-krsna-kxng-crooked-playground/ |archive-date=2021-07-02 |access-date=3 July 2021 |website=HipHop24x7 |language=en-US}}</ref> In the same year, Kaul also released his sophomore studio album ''Still Here'', his first album released through Kalamkaar Records, the artist agency he had joined 3 years back. The album featured guest appearances from labelmates [[Raftaar]], [[Rashmeet Kaur]], and Karma, apart from fellow rappers [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]], and [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2021-03-21 |title=KR$NA Takes the Retrospective Route on Banging New Album 'Still Here' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/krsna-interview-still-here-album/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2021 |title=I am not a fan of virtual concerts: Rapper Krsna |url=https://telanganatoday.com/i-am-not-a-fan-of-virtual-concerts-rapper-krsna |access-date=December 16, 2025 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref>

=== 2022-present: Collaborations, mainstream success and ''Yours Truly'' ===
In 2022, he featured on [[Karan Aujla]]'s song "Ykwim", and also made an appearance in the music video. In the same year, also collaborated with British rapper [[French the Kid]], on the song "10 Pe 10", which was released in November 2022, with an accompanying music video.

After the release of some tracks containing subliminal disses on each other, the beef between KR$NA and Emiway Bantai escalated in 2022, when Emiway released "Chusamba", in response to which KR$NA released "Lil Bunty". Emiway again responded with "KR L$DA SIGN", and KR$NA released "Machayenge 4", referring to Emiway's popular song series. Emiway retorted with his own version of "MACHAYENGE 4", and was met with widespread backlash, which prompted him to delete the track for a while after its original release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2022 |title=It's Emiway Vs Krsna again! See who won 'Machayengey 4' rap battle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/its-emiway-vs-krsna-again-see-who-won-machayengey-4-rap-battle/articleshow/92823494.cms |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chiu |first=Fengyen |date=July 12, 2022 |title=Why Is #ShameOnEmiwayBantai Trending On Twitter? Rapper's New Track 'Machayenge 4' Recieves [sic] Flak |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/34767/why-is-shameonemiwaybantai-trending-on-twitter-rappers-new-track-machayenge-4-recieves-flak |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=[[Mashable India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2022 |title=Emiway Bantai Deletes ‘Machayenge 4’ Disstrack For Kr$na. Read To Know The Reason |url=https://kiddaan.com/emiway-bantai-removed-machayenge-4/ |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Kiddaan}}</ref>

Kaul with [[Brodha V]] won the [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] Freedom Awards 2023 on 31 March 2023, for the Best Indie Collaboration. The two won the Freedom Awards 7 for the song "Forever", which was released in September 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiocity.in/rcfa|title=Radio City Freedom Awards (RCFA) 7 Winners|publisher=Radio City Freedom Awards|access-date=14 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510030328/https://www.radiocity.in/rcfa|archive-date=10 May 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Starting in 2023, Kaul released a series of EPs, which featured collaborations from fellow rappers, and producers in the [[desi hip-hop]] scene. His first EP, ''Time Will Tell'', released in March 2023 and featured Pakistani rappers [[Talha Anjum]], and [[Talhah Yunus]], and production from their frequent collaborators, Umair and Jokhay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2023-03-08 |title=Rap Recap: New Songs by KR$NA, Emiway Bantai, Dhanji, Shia |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/desi-hip-hop-news-songs-shows-krsna-emiway-dhanji-farhan-khan-tsumyoki/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> His second EP, ''FAR FROM OVER'', released in August 2023, and featured the Indian hip-hop duo [[Seedhe Maut]], musician [[AR Paisley]] and production from Bharg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Mikhail |date=September 7, 2023 |title=KR$NA Sends An Emphatic Statement Of Intent To Indian Hip-Hop With His New EP |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/krnas-sends-an-emphatic-statement-of-intent-to-indian-hip-hop-on-his-new-ep |access-date=May 21, 2025 |website=Homegrown}}</ref> His third EP, ''For The Day One$'', which released in 2024, also featured production from Bharg, and guest appearances from rappers [[Faris Shafi]], Karma, and singer [[Lisa Mishra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soji |first=Alwin Benjamin |date=2024-07-12 |title=Mic drop: KR$NA's latest EP, 'For The Day Ones' is inspired from his early days as a rap artiste |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2024/Jul/12/mic-drop-krnas-latest-ep-for-the-day-ones-is-inspired-from-his-early-days-as-a-rap-artiste |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, Kaul, along with 3 other rappers– [[Jay Park]], [[MaSiWei]], and [[Vannda]], featured on [[Japanese hip-hop]] artist [[Awich]]'s track "Asian State of Mind", which was released on 28 February, accompanied by a music video, which was shot in each of the featured rappers' home countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Awich Taps Top Rappers From 5 Asian Countries for 'ASIAN STATE OF MIND' With Jay Park, KR$NA, Masiwei & VannDa |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/awich-asian-state-of-mind-jay-park-krsna-masiwei-vannda-video-1235918152/ |access-date=March 18, 2025 |website=Billboard Japan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soji |first=Alwin Benjamin |date=12 April 2025 |title=This latest track by KR$NA, is a cross-border rap collaboration celebrating Asian hip-hop's unity and global rise |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2025/Apr/12/this-latest-track-by-krna-is-a-cross-border-rap-collaboration-celebrating-asian-hip-hops-unity-and-global-rise |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, Kaul announced his first mixtape, ''Yours Truly'', which was also his first project to be distributed via [[Mass Appeal India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=28 April 2025 |title=KR$NA Teams Up with Nas' Mass Appeal for Highly Anticipated Project |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/krna-teams-up-with-nas-mass-appeal-for-highly-anticipated-project-1875587 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> The announcement coincided with American rapper [[Nas]] making his India debut on 19 April 2025 at Mass Appeal Presents: The World Reunion—A Charity Concert in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=April 28, 2025 |title=KR$NA Announces New Project to Drop in May Via Mass Appeal |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/krsna-new-album-mass-appeal/ |access-date=May 22, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref> ''Yours Truly'' eventually released on 22 May 2025, with a title announcement, made 4 days prior to its release. It featured guest appearances from [[Seedhe Maut]], [[Raftaar]], [[Aitch (rapper)|Aitch]], [[Awich]], [[Yashraj]] and [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]. The mixtape used an episode of the 2015 podcast series, ''Voice of the People'', as interludes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Punjabi |first=Vishakha |date=2025-05-27 |title=In Conversation With KR$NA: ‘Yours Truly’ And The Road To Finding His Sound |url=https://elle.in/life-culture/in-conversation-with-krna-yours-truly-and-the-road-to-finding-his-sound-9309171 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Elle India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2025 |title=KR$NA Drops "Yours Truly" Mixtape Featuring Raftaar, Badshah, Aitch, and More |url=https://nomusica.com/krsna-yours-truly/ |access-date=May 22, 2025 |website=NoMusica}}</ref> The project peaked at #1 on [[Apple Music]] within 12 hours of release and crossed over a million streams on [[Spotify]] within 24 hours.<ref name=":4" /> The music videos of the tracks, "Who You Are", "Vibrate" and "Sensitive" were released shortly after the album's release, with the music video for "Sensitive" featuring comedian [[Samay Raina]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2025 |title=KR$NA and Seedhe Maut Address 'India's Got Latent' Controversy & Comedy Censorship On 'Sensitive' |url=https://deadant.co/krna-seedhe-maut-comedy-censorship/ |access-date=June 8, 2025 |website=Deadant}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-10 |title=Samay Raina dresses up as a groom, asks audience to ‘stop being so sensitive’ in video with Krsna and Seedhe Maut after India’s Got Latent controversy. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/samay-raina-dresses-up-as-a-groom-asks-audience-to-stop-being-so-sensitive-in-video-with-krsna-and-seedhe-maut-after-indias-got-latent-controversy-watch-10058424/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Kaul also featured on the cover of ''[[Rolling Stone India]]'' in October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirwani |first=Peony |date=2025-10-17 |title=COVER STORY: KR$NA’s Rap Legacy Is Calculated, Not Chanced |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/cover-story-krnas-rap-legacy-is-calculated-not-chanced/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the same year, Kaul entered into a collaboration with boAt Lifestyle and was appointed as the brand ambassador, serving as the public face of the company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hip-Hop Star KR$NA is the New Brand Ambassador for Boat |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/hip-hop-star-krna-is-the-new-brand-ambassador-for-boat/123864553 |website=ET Brand Equity |publisher=BE Staff |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2026, he released the track "Dilli Re", which served as the official anthem for the [[IPL]] team [[Delhi Capitals]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Capitals Join Forces with KR$NA to Bring Delhi's Desi Hip Hop sound to forefront |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/delhi-capitals-join-forces-with-krna-to-bring-delhis-desi-hip-hop-sound-to-forefront20260406162116/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=[[ANI News]] |language=en}}</ref> and featured on the song "Too Bait", from the soundtrack of the web-series [[Bait (TV series)|''Bait'']], alongside [[AJ Tracey]], [[Anik Khan]], and [[Enny]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2026-04-14 |title=Inside the Making of the Soundtrack for Riz Ahmed’s 'Bait' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/riz-ahmed-bait-series-soundtrack-talwiinder-jay-sean/ |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Alongside Raftaar, he announced a reality show focusing on hip-hop, titled ''Legacy'', which will be airing on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Shubham |date=2026-04-16 |title=Kr$na on Hip-Hop’s Evolution in India: ‘The System Pushes the Top 10, Others Struggle to Break Through’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://varietyindia.com/krna-on-hip-hops-evolution-in-india-the-system-pushes-the-top-10-others-struggle-to-break-through-exclusive/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=[[Variety India]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sardar Sarabjoth |date=2026-04-16 |title=Everything you need to know about 'LEGACY': A new hip-hop show |url=https://www.siasat.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-legacy-a-new-hip-hop-show-3453833/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en-US}}</ref> He also released a collaboration with Haryana rapper Dhanda Nyoliwala, titled "Boom Shaka" in April 2026.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=KR$NA and Dhanda Nyoliwala drop a high-energy hip-hop track ‘Boom Shaka’ |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/krsna-dhanda-nyoliwala-boom-shaka-song-release/154189231/amp |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=[[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Discography ==
===Albums===

*2014: ''Sellout''
*2021: ''Still Here''

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Album
!Tracks
!Artist(s)
!Producer(s)
|-
| rowspan="8" |2014
| rowspan="8" |''Sellout''
|The Glorious First Step
|KR$NA
|Bradley Dhawan
|-
|Faded
|KR$NA, Cory Jones
| rowspan="2" |Tony Fadd
|-
|Sellout
| rowspan="3" |KR$NA
|-
|Getting Away
|Breathtaking Beats
|-
|Last Night
|Metrognome
|-
|Erryday
|KR$NA, Sonny Brown
| rowspan="2" |Tony Fadd
|-
|Tripping
| rowspan="2" |KR$NA
|-
|Last Song
|Bradley Dhawan
|-
| rowspan="9" |2021
| rowspan="9" |''Still Here''
|Still Here (Intro)
| rowspan="2" |KR$NA
|SAFIN
|-
|What's My Name
|Raftaar
|-
|Roll Up
|KR$NA, [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|Josh Petruccio
|-
|Villain
|KR$NA, Karma, [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]
|Depo
|-
|Dream
| rowspan="2" |KR$NA
|Deep Kalsi
|-
|Fall Off (Interlude)
|Kapellmaister
|-
|Saza-E-Maut
|KR$NA, [[Raftaar]]
|Rill Beats, Young Grape Beatz
|-
|Na Hai Time
|KR$NA
|J Caspersen
|-
|Living Legend
|KR$NA, [[Rashmeet Kaur]]
|Didker
|}

=== EPs ===
*2023: ''Time Will Tell''

* 2023: ''Far from Over''

*2024: ''For the Day Ones''
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!EP
!Tracks
!Artist(s)
!Producer(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
| rowspan="3" |''Time Will Tell''
|Kaha Tak
|KR$NA
|Jokhay, Umair
|-
|NGL
|KR$NA, [[Talhah Yunus]]
|Umair, Rovalio
|-
|Been A While
|KR$NA, [[Talha Anjum]]
|Umair
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
| rowspan="5" |''FAR FROM OVER''
|Still Standing
| rowspan="3" |KR$NA
|Enigma Beats
|-
|Prarthana
|Bharg, Deep Kalsi, Umair
|-
|Wanna Know
|Sylvester
|-
|Hola Amigo
|KR$NA, [[Seedhe Maut]]
|Umair
|-
|Some Of Us
|KR$NA, [[AR Paisley]]
|JPBEATZ
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
| rowspan="4" |''For The Day One$''
|Shut Up
|KR$NA
|Subspace
|-
|What's Up
|KR$NA, [[Lisa Mishra]]
|Riz Shain
|-
|Stay Away
|KR$NA, Bharg
|Bharg
|-
|Role Model
|KR$NA, [[Faris Shafi]], Karma
|Deep Kalsi
|}

=== Mixtapes ===

* 2025: ''Yours Truly''<ref>{{Cite web |last=RnMTeam |date=28 May 2025 |title=KR$NA's recently launched mixtape, Yours Truly garners ground-breaking engagement from the audience |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/250528-krna%E2%80%99s-recently-launched-mixtape-yours-truly |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Alakshendra |date=6 June 2025 |title='India's obsession with Eminem needs to stop': Kr$na talks about Indian hip-hop and his mixtape 'Yours Truly.' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/krna-on-mixtape-yours-truly-and-why-indias-obsession-with-eminem-needs-to-stop-10049999/ |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Mixtape
!Tracks
!Artist(s)
!Producer(s)
|-
| rowspan="15" |2025
| rowspan="15" |''Yours Truly''
|VOTP SKIT 1
| Enkore, Bobkat
| rowspan="3" |Phenom
|-
|Nothing to Prove
|KR$NA
|-
|Knock Knock
|KR$NA
|-
|Sensitive
|KR$NA, [[Seedhe Maut]]
|Hurricane
|-
|VOTP SKIT 2
| Enkore, Bobkat
| rowspan="2" |Phenom
|-
|Never Enough
|KR$NA
|-
|Buss Down
|KR$NA, [[Raftaar]]
|Sana, M61
|-
|KKBN
|KR$NA
|Lambo Drive
|-
|VOTP SKIT 3
| Enkore, Bobkat
|Phenom
|-
|Talk My Shit/Guarantee
|KR$NA, [[Yashraj]]
|NEVERSOBER
|-
|Hello
|KR$NA, [[Awich]]
|Karan Kanchan
|-
|Vibrate
|KR$NA, [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|Phenom
|-
|Who You Are
|KR$NA, [[Aitch (rapper)|Aitch]]
|lejJA, Phenom
|-
|Yours Truly
|KR$NA
|Bharg
|-
|VOTP SKIT 4
| Enkore, Bobkat
|Phenom
|}

=== Soundtracks ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Album
!Track(s)
!Artist(s)
!Producer(s)
|-
|2015
|''[[Yahaan Sabki Lagi Hai]]''
|"Patli Gali"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Yahaan-Sabki-Lagi-Hai-2015/tEVtfDNELGY_|title=Yahaan Sabki Lagi Hai - 2015 - Pankaj Awasthi|publisher=[[Saavn]]}}</ref>
|Pankaj Awasthi, KR$NA
|Pankaj Awasthi
|-
|2026
|''[[Bait (TV series)#Music|Bait]]''
|"Too Bait"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-25 |title=Soundtrack from Riz Ahmed’s exciting new series, Bait, is now out |url=https://boldoutline.in/soundtrack-from-riz-ahmeds-exciting-new-series-bait-is-now-out.html |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=Bold Outline : India's leading Online Lifestyle, Fashion & Travel Magazine. |language=en-US}}</ref>
|KR$NA, [[AJ Tracey]], [[Anik Khan]], and [[Enny]]
|[[Dirty Danger]]
|}

=== Singles and collaborations ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Track
!Artist(s)
!Producer(s)
!Note(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
|I Want it All
|Young Prozpekt
|[[David Richards (music producer)|David Richards]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]]
|Samples [[Queen (band)|Queen]]'s "[[I Want It All (Queen song)|I Want It All]]"
|-
|Bitch Please (Remix)
|Big T ft.Young Prozpekt
|[[Dr. Dre]]
|Remix of [[Eminem]]'s "[[Bitch Please II]]"
|-
|2007
|I Go Go
|Young Prozpekt ft. Soldier Hard
|
|
|-
|2008
|F$ck Wit Us
|Pacifik ft. Young Prozpekt
|
|From the album ''F1J1 Survivor'' by Pacifik
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009
|Fancy Gill
|Rabbit Sack C & Young Prozpekt
| rowspan="3" |Rabbit Sack C
| rowspan="3" |From the album ''BackLog'' by Rabbit Sack C
|-
|Thats me / Shahzaade
|Rabbit Sack C, Bluntz, Young Prozpekt & NYCE
|-
|Yellow Taxi
|Rabbit Sack C, Young Prozpekt, Big T & Slim Neil
|-
|Naam Toh Pukar / Get Out Of My Way
|Prozpekt
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|Kaisa Mera Desh
|Prozpekt
|DJ Corbett
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Khatarnaak
|Prozpekt ft. Sonny Brown
|
|From the compilation album ''Desi Hustle''
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011
|Imran Khan – Amped Up (Amplifier Remix)
|Rabbit Sack C & Young Prozpekt
|Rabbit Sack C
|
|-
|DISCONNECT
|Su.1, Prozpekt & Ashish D'souza
|Su.1
|
|-
|Poocho na Yaar Kya Hua – Remix
|Rabbit Sack C & Young Prozpekt
|
|
|-
|Lokpal Freestyle
|Prozpekt
|
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rathnam |first=Shilpa |date=September 12, 2011 |title=Mumbai-based rapper Krishna Kaul's songs touch issues like corruption, child labour, poverty |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20110912-krishna-kaul-songs-anna-hazare-lokpal-747514-2011-09-02 |access-date=June 26, 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|Peeche Na Dekh
|Rabbit Sack C ft. Prozpekt
|Rabbit Sack C
|
|-
|Put Ur Lighters Up
|Rabbit Sack C ft. Su.1 & Prozpekt
|Rabbit Sack C
|
|-
|Vijay
|Prozpekt
|DJ Corbett
|From the album ''BackLog'' by Rabbit Sack C
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
|Whatchya Know About It
|Rabbit Sack C & Young Prozpekt
|Rabbit Sack C
|
|-
|Cold Blooded
|Prozpekt ft. [[Twisted Insane]]
|MetroGnome
|
|-
|How You Like Me Now
|[[Lost Stories (DJs)|Lost Stories]] ft. Krishna Kaul
|Lost Stories
|From the album ''Music for the # Generation'' by Lost Stories
|-
|2014
|Bang Bang
|Rabbit Sack C, Young Prozpekt, Agrim Joshi & Nishit Bhatia
|Rabbit Sack C
|From the album ''BackLog'' by Rabbit Sack C
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015
|Keep It Real
|KR$NA
|
|
|-
|NO HASHTAG
|KR$NA & Su Real
|Su Real
| rowspan="2" |Released via SoundCloud
|-
|I'm Back
|KR$NA & FuzzCulture
|FuzzCulture
|-
|Beyond The Matrix
|Rabbit Sack C ft. KR$NA
|Rabbit Sack C
|
|-
|Shots Fired
|[[MojoJojo]] & Sound Avtar ft. KR$NA
| rowspan="2" |MojoJojo
| rowspan="2" |From the album ''Shots Fired'' by MojoJojo<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=September 30, 2015 |title=MojoJojo Launches Debut Album Shots Fired |url=https://www.rsjonline.com/buzz/mojojojo-launches-debut-album-shots-fired.html |access-date=June 26, 2025 |website=RSJONLINE}}</ref>
|-
|Jungle Raj
|MojoJojo ft. KR$NA
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|Vyanjan
|KR$NA
|Insane
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Badsha |date=November 24, 2016 |title=Rap Scene Today is Bigger, Less Friendly: KRSNA of 'Vyanjan' Fame |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/rappers-vyanjan-krsna-hip-hop-sellout-universal-music-rap-music |access-date=June 26, 2025 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref>
|-
|Desi Wrap Up 2016
|KR$NA
|Insane
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2017
|Meri Baari
|Kidshot ft. KR$NA
|Rekoil Chafe
|
|-
|Tere Buss Ki Na Hai
|KR$NA
|KR$NA
|
|-
|Dekh Kaun Aaya Wapas
|KR$NA
|Breathtaking & LAD
|
|-
|Woofer
|Deep Kalsi & KR$NA
|Deep Kalsi
|
|-
|Mumbai Se Delhi Tak
|[[Emiway Bantai]] & KR$NA
|Insane
|
|-
|I’m Ready
|KR$NA ft. [[Raftaar]]
|Breathtaking & LAD
|
|-
|Alag
|KR$NA
|J.P
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|Hip Hop Holi (MTV)
|KR$NA, Deep Kalsi & Harjas
|Deep Kalsi
|Released via [[Facebook]]
|-
|Aakhir Tumhe Aana Hai
|Suryaveer ft. KR$NA
|Boney John
|
|-
|Delhi Times
|KR$NA
|Dhruv Ganekar
|From "Flirt with Your City Rap" by [[The Times Group|Times Network]]
|-
|Muqabla
|KR$NA
|KR$NA
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2019
|Voice of the Streets Ep.04 – KR$NA
|KR$NA
|Siddhant Shirodkar
|''Voice of the Streets'' is a capsule series from the 2019 Bollywood film ''[[Gully Boy]]''
|-
|Solo
|KR$NA
|Certi
|
|-
|Warm Up
|Deep Kalsi, Karma, Harjas, Kidshot, KR$NA & [[Raftaar]]
|Deep Kalsi
|Kidshot was later replaced by Raftaar in a live version
|-
|Janta Kyun
|KR$NA
|Deep Kalsi
|
|-
|No No
|Deep Kalsi, Harjas & KR$NA
|Deep Kalsi
|
|-
|Farak Nahi Padta
|KR$NA
|JCaspersen
|
|-
|Aadat
|KR$NA
|JCaspersen
|
|-
|Freeverse Feast (Langar)
|KR$NA
|Raftaar
|A response to [[Emiway Bantai]]'s "Freeverse Feast (Daawat)"
|-
|Seedha Makeover
|KR$NA
|Call Me G
|Diss track aimed Emiway Bantai, after his track "Seedha Takeover"
|-
|Dum Hai
|KR$NA
|Dannyetracks
|
|-
| rowspan="20" |2020
|Untitled
|KR$NA
|Dansonn
|
|-
|Maharani
|KR$NA
|Dansonn
|Diss track aimed at Delhi-based rapper, Muhfaad
|-
|Sher
|Deep Kalsi ft. KR$NA, Harjas & Karma
|Xplicit
|
|-
|Makasam
|KR$NA
|Deep Kalsi & KR$NA
|Second diss track aimed at Muhfaad
|-
|Quarantine
|[[Young Stunners]] & KR$NA
|Jokhay
|
|-
|Damn
|Raftaar ft. KR$NA
| rowspan="2" |Raftaar
| rowspan="2" |From the album ''Mr. Nair'' by Raftaar
|-
|Down
|Raftaar ft. KR$NA
|-
|Tokyo Drift Freestyle
|KR$NA
|[[The Neptunes]]
|Uses "[[Tokyo Drift (Fast & Furious)|Tokyo Drift]]" by [[Teriyaki Boyz]]
Released via Instagram
|-
|Window Shopper Freestyle
|KR$NA
|C. Styles & Sire
|Uses "[[Window Shopper]]" by [[50 Cent]]
|-
|Bag
|[[DIVINE (rapper)|DIVINE]] ft. KR$NA
|NDS, Stunnah Beatz & Progression Music
|From the compilation ''SHUTDOWN'' by [[Mass Appeal India|Mass Appeal]], Gully Gang and DIVINE
|-
|Chaukanna
|Raftaar & KR$NA ft. [[Karan Wahi]]
|Deep Kalsi
|Inspired by the [[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming|Hotstar Specials]] show ''[[Hundred (TV series)|Hundred]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2020-05-29 |title=Raftaar and Krsna release rap song inspired by Hotstar Special’s Hundred |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/May/29/raftaar-and-krsna-release-rap-song-inspired-by-hotstar-specials-hundred-18676.html |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |title=Raftaar, Krsna release 'Chaukanna' featuring Karan Wahi; inspired by Hotstar Specials’ 'Hundred' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-raftaar-krsna-release-chaukanna-featuring-karan-wahi-inspired-by-hotstar-specials-hundred-2826382 |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Woofer 2
|Deep Kalsi ft. KR$NA
|Deep Kalsi
|
|-
|Gallan
|Deep Kalsi, Harjas, Fateh, KR$NA & Karma
|Deep Kalsi
|From the EP ''No Days Off'' by Deep Kalsi
|-
|No Losses
|KR$NA
|Roclegion & Danny E.B
|
|-
|Say My Name (Hindi Version)
|KR$NA
|Call Me G
|
|-
|Say My Name (English Version)
|KR$NA
|Call Me G
|
|-
|Saath Ya Khilaf
|KR$NA & Raftaar
|Raftaar
|
|-
|The Key – Freestyle
|KR$NA
|Deep Kalsi
|
|-
|Baap Se
|Fotty Seven ft. KR$NA
|Frisk
|From the EP ''Asli Independent'' by Fotty Seven
|-
|Bohot Sahi
|J Trix, SubSpace & KR$NA
|SubSpace
|From the EP ''Bohot Sahi'' by J Trix & SubSpace
|-
| rowspan="8" |2021
|Crossroads
|Hi-Rez ft. [[Royce da 5'9"]] & KR$NA
|Ryan Summer
|
|-
|Khauf Hai
|KR$NA
|Haji Springer
|Collaboration with [[Realme]] India
|-
|Playground
|Hi-Rez ft. KR$NA & [[Crooked I|KXNG Crooked]]
|Ryan Summer
|
|-
|Zaruri Nahi
|Karma ft. KR$NA
|Deep Kalsi
|From the album ''Made You Proud'' by Karma
|-
|Taazi Saans, Taazi Soch
|KR$NA
|SubSpace
|Collaboration with Center Fresh and [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]]
|-
|OG
|KR$NA
|Mandalaz
|
|-
|No Cap
|KR$NA
|Enigma
|
|-
|Overdrive
|Hi-Rez ft. KR$NA, [[Tech N9ne]], A-F-R-O, [[Joell Ortiz]], [[Twista]] & [[Bizzy Bone]]
|Ryan Summer
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2022
|Ykwim
|[[Karan Aujla]] & KR$NA ft. Mehar Vaani
|Yeah Proof
|
|-
|Blowing Up
|KR$NA
|Flexus
|
|-
|HIGH
|Deep Kalsi ft. KR$NA
|Deep Kalsi
|From the EP ''WINNERSCIRCLE'' by Deep Kalsi
|-
|ON
|[[Raja Kumari]] ft. KR$NA
|Nacho Larraza & Karan Pandav
|From the EP ''HBIC'' by Raja Kumari
|-
|Lil Bunty
|KR$NA
|Flamboy
|Diss track aimed at Emiway Bantai, in response to the track "Chusamba"
|-
|Batman
|Aghor ft. KR$NA
|AShock
|
|-
|Machayenge 4
|KR$NA
|Pendo46
|Diss track aimed at Emiway Bantai, in response to his track "KR L$DA SIGN"<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2022 |title=It's Emiway Vs Krsna again! See who won 'Machayengey 4' rap battle |url=https://theprint.in/feature/its-emiway-vs-krsna-again-see-who-won-machayengey-4-rap-battle/1035195/ |access-date=July 5, 2025 |website=[[The Print]]}}</ref>
|-
|Forever
|[[Brodha V]] ft. KR$NA
|Tone Jonez
|
|-
|I Guess
|KR$NA
|Kabu Beats
|
|-
|Tony Montana
|Karma & KR$NA
|Josh Petruccio
|
|-
|No China
|Raftaar ft. KR$NA
|Raftaar & Frisk
|From the EP ''HARD DRIVE Vol.1'' by Raftaar<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=18 November 2022 |title=Raftaar's Birthday Surprise Drop 'Hard Drive Vol. 1' Knocks It Out of the Park |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/raftaar-hard-drive-vol-1-album-review/ |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>
|-
|10 Pe 10
|KR$NA ft. [[French the Kid|French The Kid]]
|ditto & leiJA
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2023
|Touch Base
|[[Talha Anjum]] ft. [[Talhah Yunus]] & KR$NA
|Umair
|From the album ''Open Letter'' by [[Talha Anjum]]
|-
|Khatta Flow
|[[Seedhe Maut]] ft KR$NA
|Calm
|From the mixtape ''Lunch Break'' by [[Seedhe Maut]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=December 30, 2023 |title=KR$NA Talks Collaborating with KSHMR, Seedhe Maut and Looks Back at 2023 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/krsna-2023-interview-seedhe-maut-kshmr/ |access-date=July 5, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>
|-
|Zero After Zero
|KR$NA & [[Talay Riley]]
|[[Kshmr]]
|From the album ''KARAM'' by [[Kshmr]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Paisa On My Mind
|Deep Kalsi & KR$NA
|Deep Kalsi
|From the album ''Tunnel Vision'' by Deep Kalsi<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Rap Recap: New Hip-Hop From The Siege, ThirumaLi, Pho, Deep Kalsi and More |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rap-recap-the-siege-thirumali-pho-deep-kalsi-songs/ |access-date=July 5, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>
|-
|Woh Raat
|[[Raftaar]] & KR$NA
|lejJA
|Released on the occasion of Raftaar's birthday<ref name=":1" />
|-
|No Mercy
|Deep Kalsi, [[Raftaar]], KR$NA & Karma
|Deep Kalsi
|From the album ''Tunnel Vision'' by Deep Kalsi<ref name=":2" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|Joota Japani
|KR$NA & [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|Umair
|Samples the iconic [[Bollywood]] song "[[Mera Joota Hai Japani]]", from ''[[Shree 420]]'' by Mukesh<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=January 17, 2024 |title=KR$NA Lives It Up in Tokyo in Glitzy 'Joota Japani' Video |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/krsna-joota-japani-song-video/ |access-date=June 26, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>
|-
|Hola At Your Boy
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] ft. KR$NA & Prajina
|Hiten
|From the album ''[[Ek Tha Raja (album)|Ek Tha Raja]]'' by Badshah<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=March 21, 2024 |title=Indian Rapper Badshah on New Album 'Ek Tha Raja,' Working With Shah Rukh Khan, Arijit Singh: 'I'm Like This Cousin Who Starts the Party' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/music/asia/badshah-ek-tha-raja-shah-rukh-khan-arijit-singh-1235946960/ |access-date=June 26, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
|-
|Refunds
|Rap Demon & KR$NA & Dinesh
|Umair
|From the album ''Rockstar Without A Guitar'' by Umair
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|ASIAN STATE OF MIND
|[[Awich]], [[Jay Park]], [[MaSiWei]], [[Vannda]], KR$NA
|Diego Ave
|
|-
|Headlights - Udta Jaaye
|KR$NA, [[Rashmeet Kaur]], [[Alok (DJ)|Alok]]
|Alok
|Official anthem for [[Free Fire (video game)|FreeFire Max]] India, a remix of Alok & [[Alan Walker]]'s [[Headlights (Alok and Alan Walker song)|Headlights]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Vivek |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Free Fire MAX X DJ ALOK New Track Is Coming |url=https://www.insidesport.in/garena-free-fire/free-fire-max-x-dj-alok-new-track-is-coming/ |access-date=July 5, 2025 |website=Inside Sport}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|Dilli Re
|KR$NA
|
|Official anthem of Delhi Capitals for the [[2026 IPL]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Capitals Join Forces with KR$NA to Bring Delhi's Desi Hip Hop sound to forefront |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/delhi-capitals-join-forces-with-krna-to-bring-delhis-desi-hip-hop-sound-to-forefront20260406162116/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Boom Shaka
|KR$NA, Dhanda Nyoliwala
|Hisab, Phenom
|<ref name=":5" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=10384314}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/KRSNAOfficial KRSNA] at [[YouTube]]

{{Portal bar|Biography|Music|India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krsna}}
[[Category:Kashmiri rappers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Rappers from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Hansraj College alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian rappers]]

K. M. Khan

2026-05-02T18:12:46Z

Ambi: starting a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician (1940–2003)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption =
| name = K. M. Khan
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| prime_minister =
| term_start = 03 April 2000
| term_end = 16 October 2003
| constituency = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| predecessor =
| term_start1 = 03 April 1994
| term_end1 = 02 April 2000
| prime_minister1 =
| constituency1 = Andhra Pradesh
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|10|11|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|12|02|1940|10|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[British India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse = Anwar Khatoon
| children =
}}

'''K. M. Khan''' (11 October 1940 – 2 December 2003) was an Indian politician affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]] from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He served as a [[member of the Rajya Sabha]] from 1994 to 2000, and was re-elected for a second term from 2000 until his death in 2003.<ref name="n127">{{cite web | title= KHAN, SHRI K.M. | url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf | website=rajyasabha.nic.in |
access-date=2026-05-01}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Khan was born on 11 October 1940 to Mohammed Inayat Khan. He obtained a [[bachelor of arts]] degree and also held a bachelor's degree in [[oriental studies|oriental learning]] (B.O.L.).<ref name="n127"/>

Khan was actively involved in the Indian National Congress and served as Secretary of the [[Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee]] from 1982 to 1983.<ref name="n127"/>

He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] representing Andhra Pradesh in 1994 and continued his parliamentary career through re-election in 2000,<ref name="n127"/> serving until he died at [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] in 2003.<ref name="h885">{{cite web | title=K M Khan, Rajya Sabha member, dies | website=The Times of India | date=2003-10-17 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/k-m-khan-rajya-sabha-member-dies/articleshow/237384.cms | access-date=2026-05-01}}</ref>

He was married to Anwar Khatoon with four children.<ref name="n127"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, K. M.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

2025 Reliance Foundation Development League

2026-04-30T22:14:15Z

Ambi:

{{Short description|2024-25 RFDL season}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox football league season
| image =
| caption =
| competition = [[Reliance Foundation Development League]]
| season = [[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25]]
| dates = 25 November 2024 – 14 April 2025
| winners = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]] 1st RFDL title
| continentalcup1 = [[Next Generation Cup#2025 tournament|Next Gen Cup]]
| continentalcup1 qualifiers = Mohun Bagan SG [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa]] [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur]]
| matches = 278
| total goals = 959
| best player = [[Md Arbash]] (Classic FA)
| league topscorer = [[Lawmsangzuala]] (16 goals)
| best goalkeeper = [[Priyansh Dubey]] (10 clean sheets)
| prevseason = [[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League|2024]]
| nextseason = [[2026 Reliance Foundation Development League|2026]]
}}

The '''2024–25 Reliance Foundation Development League''' was the fourth season of the [[Reliance Foundation Development League]], developmental [[association football|football]] league organised by the Reliance Foundation and the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-12 |title=RFDL Season 2024-25: Excitement levels rise as the action begins in multiple Regions |url=https://www.rfyouthsports.com/rfdl/news/rfdl-season-2024-25-excitement-levels-rise-as-the-action-begins-in-multiple-regions |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=RF Youth Sports}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=RFDL 2024-25: Reliance Foundation Development League Season 4 kicks off in Goa |url=https://theawayend.co/2024/11/25/rfdl-2024-25-reliance-foundation-development-league-season-4-kicks-off-goa/ |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=The Away End}}</ref>

The season features 54 teams divided into nine regions, held across multiple regions from 25 November 2024. [[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]] are the defending champions.

==Format==
The teams may include up to four players born on or after January 1, 2002, in their matchday squads, with no more than two on the playing XI at a time. Participants in the league must have been born on or after January 1, 2004.

This season features the league's most extensive outreach, divided into four phases: Regional qualifiers, Zonal group stage, National group stage and the National championship. With the introduction of a Zonal stage that will see the top teams from each region play more matches versus higher quality opposition.

Each team will play at least 5 matches in the regional qualifiers. 24 teams will qualify for the Zonal group stage from the regional qualifiers. 12 sides from pan India that top the Zonal stage progress to the National group stage. The National group stage will feature 30 matches across 2 groups with the winners & runners-up from each group booking their spot for the National Championship.<ref name=":0" />

==Teams==
Teams are divided into 9 zones for the regional qualifiers, each containing 6 teams.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!State/Region
!Venue
!Clubs
!{{abbr|App|Appearances}} (last)
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[East India|East]]
|align="left" rowspan="6" |[[Kalyani Stadium|Kalyani Stadium B]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]], [[Naihati]]
|align="left" |[[Diamond Harbour FC]]
|''Debut''
|-
|align="left" |[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal FC]]
|3rd ([[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League|2024]])
|-
|align="left" |[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
|3rd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|3rd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Odisha FC Reserves and Academy|Odisha FC]]
|3rd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[United SC]]
|3rd (2024)
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Goa]]
|align="left" rowspan="6" |[[Duler Stadium]], [[Mapusa]]
|align="left" |[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa]]
|2nd ([[2023 Reliance Foundation Development League|2023]])
|-
|align="left" |[[Clube de Salgaocar]]
|2nd (2023){{refn|Previously played as [[Salgaocar FC]]}}
|-
|align="left" |[[Dempo SC]]
|3rd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa]]
|4th (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Sesa Football Academy|SESA FA]]
|3rd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[SC de Goa|Sporting Clube de Goa]]
|2nd (2024)
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kerala]]
|align="left" rowspan="6" |Maharajas College Stadium, [[Ernakulam]]
|align="left" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|3rd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters FC]]
|4th (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Kerala United FC]]
|''Debut''
|-
|align="left" |Muthoot FA
|3rd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |Parappur FC Kerala
|3rd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |Wayanad United FC
|2nd (2024)
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Meghalaya]]–[[Assam]]
|align="left" rowspan="6" |Meghalaya Football Ground, [[Shillong]]
|align="left" |4ForAll FC
|2nd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |Little Star Academy
|2nd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[NorthEast United FC]]
|3rd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |PRYCC Shillong
|''Debut''
|-
|align="left" |[[Rangdajied United FC]]
|2nd (2023)
|-
|align="left" |[[Shillong Lajong FC]]
|3rd (2024)
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Mizoram]]
|align="left" rowspan="6" |1st Bn. MAP Ground, [[Aizawl]]
|align="left" |[[Aizawl FC]]
|''Debut''
|-
|align="left" |Greenfield FA
|''Debut''
|-
|align="left" |Kanan SC
|''Debut''
|-
|align="left" |Kulikawn FC
|2nd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |Mizoram YFF
|''Debut''
|-
|align="left" |Zemabawk North FC
|''Debut''
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Mumbai]]
|align="left" rowspan="6" |Neville D'Souza Football Turf, [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]]
|align="left" |[[Kenkre FC]]
|3rd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Maharashtra Oranje FC]]
|2nd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Mighty Young Joe SC|MYJ]]–[[Goalorious Mother SC|GMSC]]
|2nd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Millat FC]]
|2nd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City FC]]
|4th (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Reliance Foundation Young Champs|RFYC]]
|4th (2024)
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[North India|North]]
|align="left" rowspan="6" |Sudeva Academy, Civil Lines, [[Delhi]] Frontier FC Ground, Chhawla, Delhi
|align="left" |[[Delhi FC]]
|2nd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Garhwal Heroes FC]]
|2nd (2023)
|-
|align="left" |[[Namdhari FC]]
|''Debut''
|-
|align="left" |[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]]
|3rd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Rajasthan United FC]]
|3rd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
|3rd (2024)
|-
| rowspan="6" |ROI–[[Northeast India|NorthEast]]
|align="left" rowspan="6" |Meghalaya Football Ground, Shillong
|align="left" |Classic FA
|2nd (2023)
|-
|align="left" |Football 4 Change Academy
|2nd (2023)
|-
|align="left" |[[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur FC]]
|4th (2024)
|-
|align="left" |SAI-RC
|2nd (2023)
|-
|align="left" |Senapati FC
|''Debut''
|-
|align="left" |Todo United FC
|''Debut''
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[South India|South]]
|align="left" rowspan="6" |[[Bangalore Football Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]] HAL SC Stadium, Bengaluru
|align="left" |BIFA
|''Debut''
|-
|align="left" |[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC]]
|4th (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin FC]]
|4th (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Kickstart FC]]
|3rd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |Roots FC
|3rd (2024)
|-
|align="left" |[[Sreenidi Deccan FC]]
|3rd (2024)
|}

==Season summary==
The fourth season of the Reliance Foundation Development League kicked off in [[Goa]], on 25 November 2024. A total of 12 teams were making their debut appearance in the competition. [[SC de Goa|Sporting Clube de Goa]] and [[Dempo SC]] played the opening game of the Regional qualifiers at the [[Duler Stadium]].

After 135 matches, a total of [[2025 Reliance Foundation Development League#Zonal group stage|24 teams qualified]] to the Zonal group stage from the Regional qualifiers. [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] scored the most goals in the stage, netting 23 times, and also recorded the highest number of clean sheets with 4, a feat they shared with [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] and [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]. [[Seiminthang Khongsai]] of [[Delhi FC]] emerged as the top scorer of the stage, finding the net eight times.

The National group stage began on 23 March 2025, with two groups comprising six teams each locked horns at the Reliance Corporate Park, [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=National Group Stage of the Reliance Foundation Development League (RFDL) 2024-25 will begin on March 23 |url=https://theawayend.co/2025/03/19/national-group-stage-reliance-foundation-development-league-rfdl-2024-25-march-23/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=The Away End}}</ref>

==Regional qualifiers==
===East region===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=East region
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]
|show_groups=no


|team1=MBG
|team2=EAB
|team3=DHB
|team4=OFC
|team5=MOH
|team6=USC


|win_EAB=2 |draw_EAB=2 |loss_EAB=1 |gf_EAB=6 |ga_EAB=5 |status_EAB= 
|win_DHB=2 |draw_DHB=2 |loss_DHB=1 |gf_DHB=11 |ga_DHB=6 |status_DHB= 
|win_MOH=2 |draw_MOH=0 |loss_MOH=3 |gf_MOH=6 |ga_MOH=8 |status_MOH= 
|win_MBG=3 |draw_MBG=2 |loss_MBG=0 |gf_MBG=8 |ga_MBG=1 |status_MBG= 
|win_OFC=2 |draw_OFC=2 |loss_OFC=1 |gf_OFC=8 |ga_OFC=7 |status_OFC= 
|win_USC=0 |draw_USC=0 |loss_USC=5 |gf_USC=2 |ga_USC=14 |status_USC= 


|name_DHB=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|name_EAB=[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|name_MOH=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_MBG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|name_OFC=[[Odisha FC Reserves and Academy|Odisha]]
|name_USC=[[United SC]]


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|result3=KO
|col_KO=green1
|text_KO=Advance to [[#Zonal group stage|Zonal group stage]]
}}

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"| Kartik Hantal
|align="left"| Odisha
|5
|-
|rowspan="3" | 2
|align="left"| Benjamin Lalnunpula
|align="left"| Diamond Harbour
|rowspan="3" | 3
|-
|align="left"| Bamiya Samad
|align="left"| Mohammedan SC
|-
|align="left"| Serto Worneilen Kom
|align="left"| Mohun Bagan SG
|-
|5
|align="left"| Andrews A
|align="left"| East Bengal
|2
|}

===Goa region===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=Goa region
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]
|show_groups=no


|team1=DEM
|team2=GOA
|team3=SFA
|team4=CDS
|team5=SCG
|team6=CHB


|win_DEM=3 |draw_DEM=2 |loss_DEM=0 |gf_DEM=13 |ga_DEM=3 |status_DEM= 
|win_GOA=3 |draw_GOA=0 |loss_GOA=2 |gf_GOA=13 |ga_GOA=6 |status_GOA= 
|win_SCG=1 |draw_SCG=2 |loss_SCG=2 |gf_SCG=9 |ga_SCG=14 |status_SCG= 
|win_SFA=2 |draw_SFA=2 |loss_SFA=1 |gf_SFA=9 |ga_SFA=6 |status_SFA= 
|win_CDS=1 |draw_CDS=2 |loss_CDS=2 |gf_CDS=8 |ga_CDS=7 |status_CDS= 
|win_CHB=1 |draw_CHB=0 |loss_CHB=4 |gf_CHB=6 |ga_CHB=22 |status_CHB= 


|name_CHB=[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|name_CDS=[[Clube de Salgaocar]]
|name_DEM=[[Dempo SC]]
|name_GOA=[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa]]
|name_SCG=[[SC de Goa]]
|name_SFA=[[Sesa Football Academy|SESA FA]]


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|result3=KO
|col_KO=green1
|text_KO=Advance to Zonal group stage
}}

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"| Francisco Fernandes
|align="left"| SC de Goa
|6
|-
|2
|align="left"| Mevan Shawn Dias
|align="left"| Dempo
|5
|-
|3
|align="left"| Isac Zomuanpuia
|align="left"| Clube de Salgaocar
|4
|-
|rowspan="3" | 4
|align="left"| Lalthangliana
|align="left"| FC Goa
|rowspan="3" | 3
|-
|align="left"| Sankalp Sandeep Kankonkar
|align="left"| SESA FA
|-
|align="left"| Likson Rebelo
|align="left"| FC Goa
|}

=== Kerala region ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=Kerala region
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]
|show_groups=no


|team1=MFA
|team2=GOK
|team3=KEB
|team4=PAR
|team5=KEU
|team6=WAY


|win_GOK=4 |draw_GOK=0 |loss_GOK=1 |gf_GOK=10 |ga_GOK=5 |status_GOK= 
|win_KEB=3 |draw_KEB=0 |loss_KEB=2 |gf_KEB=10 |ga_KEB=8 |status_KEB= 
|win_KEU=1 |draw_KEU=0 |loss_KEU=4 |gf_KEU=6 |ga_KEU=10 |status_KEU= 
|win_MFA=4 |draw_MFA=1 |loss_MFA=0 |gf_MFA=15 |ga_MFA=4 |status_MFA= 
|win_PAR=1 |draw_PAR=1 |loss_PAR=3 |gf_PAR=6 |ga_PAR=8 |status_PAR= 
|win_WAY=1 |draw_WAY=0 |loss_WAY=4 |gf_WAY=6 |ga_WAY=18 |status_WAY= 


|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_KEB=[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters]]
|name_KEU=[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|name_MFA=Muthoot FA
|name_PAR=Parappur FC Kerala
|name_WAY=Wayanad United


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|result3=KO
|col_KO=green1
|text_KO=Advance to [[#Zonal group stage|Zonal group stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"| Sujin S
|align="left"| Kerala Blasters
|5
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2
|align="left"| Abith KB
|align="left"| Muthoot FA
|rowspan="2" | 4
|-
|align="left"| Harshal Rahman
|align="left"| Muthoot FA
|-
|rowspan="3" | 4
|align="left"| Ebindas Yesudas
|align="left"| Kerala Blasters
|rowspan="3" | 3
|-
|align="left"| Muhammed Sanad P
|align="left"| Gokulam Kerala
|-
|align="left"| Chabungbam Linky Meitei
|align="left"| Kerala United
|}

=== Meghalaya–Assam region ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=Meghalaya-Assam region
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]
|show_groups=no


|team1=NEU
|team2=SHL
|team3=RAU
|team4=FFA
|team5=LSA
|team6=PRY


|win_FFA=2 |draw_FFA=0 |loss_FFA=3 |gf_FFA=11 |ga_FFA=11 |status_FFA= 
|win_LSA=1 |draw_LSA=0 |loss_LSA=4 |gf_LSA=5 |ga_LSA=10 |status_LSA= 
|win_RAU=3 |draw_RAU=0 |loss_RAU=2 |gf_RAU=7 |ga_RAU=10 |status_RAU= 
|win_NEU=5 |draw_NEU=0 |loss_NEU=0 |gf_NEU=18 |ga_NEU=1 |status_NEU= 
|win_PRY=0 |draw_PRY=0 |loss_PRY=5 |gf_PRY=1 |ga_PRY=31 |status_PRY= 
|win_SHL=4 |draw_SHL=0 |loss_SHL=1 |gf_SHL=23 |ga_SHL=2 |status_SHL= 


|name_FFA=4ForAll FC
|name_LSA=Little Star Academy
|name_RAU=[[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]
|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_PRY=PRYCC Shillong
|name_SHL=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|col_KO=green1
|text_KO=Advance to [[#Zonal group stage|Zonal group stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="4" | 1
|align="left"| Gunleiba Wangkheirakpam
|align="left"| NorthEast United
|rowspan="4" | 5
|-
|align="left"| Samborlang Langte
|align="left"| 4ForAll FC
|-
|align="left"| Babysunday Marngar
|align="left"| Shillong Lajong
|-
|align="left"| Emanbha Marbaniang
|align="left"| Shillong Lajong
|-
|rowspan="2" | 5
|align="left"| Yohaan Benjamin
|align="left"| Shillong Lajong
|rowspan="2" | 4
|-
|align="left"| Freddy Banteilang Jyrwa
|align="left"| Rangdajied United
|}

=== Mizoram region ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=Mizoram region
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]
|show_groups=no


|team1=MYFF
|team2=AIZ
|team3=KAN
|team4=GFA
|team5=ZEM
|team6=KKF


|win_MYFF=4 |draw_MYFF=0 |loss_MYFF=1 |gf_MYFF=17 |ga_MYFF=8 |status_MYFF= 
|win_AIZ=4 |draw_AIZ=0 |loss_AIZ=1 |gf_AIZ=17 |ga_AIZ=7 |status_AIZ= 
|win_KAN=3 |draw_KAN=0 |loss_KAN=2 |gf_KAN=15 |ga_KAN=10 |status_KAN= 
|win_KKF=1 |draw_KKF=0 |loss_KKF=4 |gf_KKF=6 |ga_KKF=15 |status_KKF= 
|win_GFA=2 |draw_GFA=0 |loss_GFA=3 |gf_GFA=11 |ga_GFA=15 |status_GFA= 
|win_ZEM=1 |draw_ZEM=0 |loss_ZEM=4 |gf_ZEM=8 |ga_ZEM=19 |status_ZEM= 


|name_MYFF=Mizoram YFF
|name_AIZ=[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|name_KAN=Kanan SC
|name_KKF=Kulikawn FC
|name_GFA=Greenfield FA
|name_ZEM=Zemabawk North FC


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|col_KO=green1
|text_KO=Advance to [[#Zonal group stage|Zonal group stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"| Lalrinhlua
|align="left"| Aizawl
|5
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2
|align="left"| Elisa Lalchamliana
|align="left"| Aizawl
|rowspan="4" | 4
|-
|align="left"| Simon Lalnilien Zote
|align="left"| Kanan SC
|-
|align="left"| Lalbiaktluanga
|align="left"| Mizoram YFF
|-
|align="left"| Emanuel Lalhruaizela
|align="left"| Mizoram YFF
|}

=== Mumbai region ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=Mumbai region
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]
|show_groups=no


|team1=ORA
|team2=RYC
|team3=MIL
|team4=GSC
|team5=MCI
|team6=KEN


|win_GSC=1 |draw_GSC=2 |loss_GSC=2 |gf_GSC=7 |ga_GSC=8 |status_GSC= 
|win_KEN=0 |draw_KEN=0 |loss_KEN=5 |gf_KEN=1 |ga_KEN=13 |status_KEN= 
|win_MIL=3 |draw_MIL=1 |loss_MIL=1 |gf_MIL=7 |ga_MIL=6 |status_MIL= 
|win_MCI=1 |draw_MCI=1 |loss_MCI=3 |gf_MCI=8 |ga_MCI=8 |status_MCI= 
|win_ORA=4 |draw_ORA=1 |loss_ORA=0 |gf_ORA=13 |ga_ORA=4 |status_ORA= 
|win_RYC=3 |draw_RYC=1 |loss_RYC=1 |gf_RYC=9 |ga_RYC=6 |status_RYC= 


|name_GSC=[[Mighty Young Joe SC|MYJ]]–[[Goalorious Mother SC|GMSC]]
|name_KEN=[[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Kenkre FC]]
|name_MIL=[[Millat FC]]
|name_MCI=[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City]]
|name_ORA=[[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]
|name_RYC=[[Reliance Foundation Young Champs|RFYC]]


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|result5=KO
|col_KO=green1
|text_KO=Advance to [[#Zonal group stage|Zonal group stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="5" | 1
|align="left"| Pratham Ghatnur
|align="left"| Maharashtra Oranje
|rowspan="5" | 3
|-
|align="left"| [[Gyamar Nikum]]
|align="left"| Mumbai City
|-
|align="left"| F Vanlalchhanchhuaha
|align="left"| RFYC
|-
|align="left"| Mohammed Khatib
|align="left"| Maharashtra Oranje
|-
|align="left"| Ansh Tembulkar
|align="left"| RFYC
|-
|6
|align="left"| Aditya Gopireddy
|align="left"| MYJ-GMSC
|2
|}

===North region===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=North region
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]
|show_groups=no


|team1=DFC
|team2=GRH
|team3=SUD
|team4=PFC
|team5=NMD
|team6=RAU


|win_DFC=4 |draw_DFC=1 |loss_DFC=0 |gf_DFC=22 |ga_DFC=5 |status_DFC= 
|win_GRH=3 |draw_GRH=1 |loss_GRH=1 |gf_GRH=13 |ga_GRH=6 |status_GRH= 
|win_NMD=1 |draw_NMD=1 |loss_NMD=3 |gf_NMD=4 |ga_NMD=13 |status_NMD= 
|win_PFC=2 |draw_PFC=1 |loss_PFC=2 |gf_PFC=8 |ga_PFC=8 |status_PFC= 
|win_RAU=0 |draw_RAU=0 |loss_RAU=5 |gf_RAU=2 |ga_RAU=26 |status_RAU= 
|win_SUD=3 |draw_SUD=0 |loss_SUD=2 |gf_SUD=14 |ga_SUD=4 |status_SUD= 


|name_GRH=[[Garhwal Heroes FC|Garhwal Heroes]]
|name_DFC=[[Delhi FC]]
|name_PFC=[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab]]
|name_RAU=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|name_SUD=[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|name_NMD=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|result3=KO
|col_KO=green1|text_KO=Advance to [[#Zonal group stage|Zonal group stage]]
}}

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"| Seiminthang Khongsai
|align="left"| Delhi
|8
|-
|rowspan="3" | 2
|align="left"| Omang Dodum
|align="left"| Punjab
|rowspan="3" | 4
|-
|align="left"| Jajo Prashan
|align="left"| Sudeva Delhi
|-
|align="left"| Gwgwmsar Gayary
|align="left"| Delhi
|-
|5
|align="left"| Iashanbok Buhphang
|align="left"| Garhwal Heroes
|3
|}

=== ROI–NorthEast region ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=ROI–NorthEast region
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]
|show_groups=no


|team1=JAM
|team2=CFA
|team3=SAI
|team4=FCA
|team5=TOD
|team6=SEN


|win_CFA=4 |draw_CFA=1 |loss_CFA=0 |gf_CFA=12 |ga_CFA=2 |status_CFA= 
|win_FCA=2 |draw_FCA=0 |loss_FCA=3 |gf_FCA=9 |ga_FCA=10 |status_FCA= 
|win_JAM=4 |draw_JAM=1 |loss_JAM=0 |gf_JAM=20 |ga_JAM=2 |status_JAM= 
|win_TOD=1 |draw_TOD=0 |loss_TOD=4 |gf_TOD=5 |ga_TOD=23 |status_TOD= 
|win_SEN=0 |draw_SEN=0 |loss_SEN=5 |gf_SEN=2 |ga_SEN=12 |status_SEN= 
|win_SAI=3 |draw_SAI=0 |loss_SAI=2 |gf_SAI=9 |ga_SAI=8 |status_SAI= 


|name_CFA=Classic FA
|name_FCA=Football 4 Change Academy
|name_SEN=Senapati FC
|name_TOD=Todo United
|name_SAI=SAI-RC
|name_JAM=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|col_KO=green1
|text_KO=Advance to [[#Zonal group stage|Zonal group stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"| Lalhriatpuia Chawngthu
|align="left"| Jamshedpur
|6
|-
|2
|align="left"| Lawmsangzuala
|align="left"| Jamshedpur
|5
|-
|3
|align="left"| Kishor Tiwari
|align="left"| Football 4 Change Academy
|4
|-
|rowspan="3" | 4
|align="left"| Ningthoujam Remson Singh
|align="left"| Jamshedpur
|rowspan="3" | 3
|-
|align="left"| Yendrembam Rohit Singh
|align="left"| Classic FA
|-
|align="left"| Punit Thangjam
|align="left"| Classic FA
|}

=== South region ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=South region
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]
|show_groups=no


|team1=SDE
|team2=KIC
|team3=RFC
|team4=CFC
|team5=BEN
|team6=BIFA


|win_BEN=1 |draw_BEN=3 |loss_BEN=1 |gf_BEN=12 |ga_BEN=5 |status_BEN= 
|win_CFC=2 |draw_CFC=1 |loss_CFC=2 |gf_CFC=6 |ga_CFC=4 |status_CFC= 
|win_BIFA=0 |draw_BIFA=0 |loss_BIFA=5 |gf_BIFA=0 |ga_BIFA=24 |status_BIFA= 
|win_KIC=2 |draw_KIC=3 |loss_KIC=0 |gf_KIC=5 |ga_KIC=2 |status_KIC= 
|win_RFC=2 |draw_RFC=2 |loss_RFC=1 |gf_RFC=5 |ga_RFC=4 |status_RFC= 
|win_SDE=3 |draw_SDE=1 |loss_SDE=1 |gf_SDE=15 |ga_SDE=4 |status_SDE= 


|name_BEN=[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru]]
|name_CFC=[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin]]
|name_BIFA=BIFA
|name_KIC=[[Kickstart FC]]
|name_RFC=Roots FC
|name_SDE=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|result3=KO
|col_KO=green1
|text_KO=Advance to [[#Zonal group stage|Zonal group stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="2" | 1
|align="left"| R Lalbiakliana
|align="left"| Sreenidi Deccan
|rowspan="2" | 4
|-
|align="left"| Lalfamkima
|align="left"| Sreenidi Deccan
|-
|rowspan="2" | 3
|align="left"| Soham Varshneya
|align="left"| Bengaluru
|rowspan="2" | 3
|-
|align="left"| Taorem Kelvin Singh
|align="left"| Bengaluru
|-
|rowspan="2" | 5
|align="left"| Rashid CK
|align="left"| Bengaluru
|rowspan="2" | 2
|-
|align="left"| Deepak DP
|align="left"| Sreenidi Deccan
|}

==Zonal group stage==
=== Qualified teams ===
{| class=wikitable
! No.
! Club
! Qualified as
|-
| align="center" |1
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| [[#East region|East region champions]]
|-
| align="center" |2
| [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
| [[#East region|East region runners-up]]
|-
| align="center" |3
| [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| [[#East region|East region 3rd]]
|-
| align="center" |4
| [[Dempo SC]]
| [[#Goa region|Goa region champions]]
|-
| align="center" |5
| [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa]]
| [[#Goa region|Goa region runners-up]]
|-
| align="center" |6
| [[Sesa Football Academy|SESA FA]]
| [[#Goa region|Goa region 3rd]]
|-
| align="center" |7
| Muthoot FA
| [[#Kerala region|Kerala region champions]]
|-
| align="center" |8
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala]]
| [[#Kerala region|Kerala region runners-up]]
|-
| align="center" |9
| [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters]]
| [[#Kerala region|Kerala region 3rd]]
|-
| align="center" |10
| [[NorthEast United FC Reserves and Academy|NorthEast United]]
| [[#Meghalaya–Assam region|Meghalaya–Assam region champions]]
|-
| align="center" |11
| [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| [[#Meghalaya–Assam region|Meghalaya–Assam region runners-up]]
|-
| align="center" |12
| Mizoram YFF
| [[#Mizoram region|Mizoram region champions]]
|-
| align="center" |13
| [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| [[#Mizoram region|Mizoram region runners-up]]
|-
| align="center" |14
| [[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]
| [[#Mumbai region|Mumbai region champions]]
|-
| align="center" |15
| [[Reliance Foundation Young Champs|RFYC]]
| [[#Mumbai region|Mumbai region runners-up]]
|-
| align="center" |16
| [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City]]
| [[#Mumbai region|Mumbai region 3rd]]
|-
| align="center" |17
| [[Delhi FC]]
| [[#North region|North region champions]]
|-
| align="center" |18
| [[Garhwal Heroes FC|Garhwal Heroes]]
| [[#North region|North region runners-up]]
|-
| align="center" |19
| [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| [[#North region|North region 3rd]]
|-
| align="center" |20
| [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur]]
| [[#ROI–NorthEast region|ROI–NorthEast region champions]]
|-
| align="center" |21
| Classic FA
| [[#ROI–NorthEast region|ROI–NorthEast region runners-up]]
|-
| align="center" |22
| [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| [[#South region|South region champions]]
|-
| align="center" |23
| [[Kickstart FC]]
| [[#South region|South region runners-up]]
|-
| align="center" |24
| Roots FC
| [[#South region|South region 3rd]]
|}

===Goa–Mumbai region===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=Goa–Mumbai region
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]
|show_groups=no


|team1=DEM
|team2=GOA
|team3=MCI
|team4=RYC
|team5=ORA
|team6=SFA


|win_DEM=7 |draw_DEM=2 |loss_DEM=1 |gf_DEM=20 |ga_DEM=3 |status_DEM= 
|win_GOA=6 |draw_GOA=4 |loss_GOA=0 |gf_GOA=20 |ga_GOA=5 |status_GOA= 
|win_SFA=1 |draw_SFA=4 |loss_SFA=5 |gf_SFA=8 |ga_SFA=19 |status_SFA= 
|win_MCI=3 |draw_MCI=2 |loss_MCI=5 |gf_MCI=24 |ga_MCI=27 |status_MCI= 
|win_ORA=2 |draw_ORA=2 |loss_ORA=6 |gf_ORA=13 |ga_ORA=27 |status_ORA= 
|win_RYC=2 |draw_RYC=4 |loss_RYC=4 |gf_RYC=19 |ga_RYC=23 |status_RYC= 


|name_DEM=[[Dempo SC]]
|name_GOA=[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa]]
|name_SFA=[[Sesa Football Academy|SESA FA]]
|name_MCI=[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City]]
|name_ORA=[[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]
|name_RYC=[[Reliance Foundation Young Champs|RFYC]]


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|result3=KO
|col_KO=green1
|text_KO=Advance to [[#National group stage|National group stage]]
}}

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="3" | 1
|align="left"| Lalthangliana
|align="left"| FC Goa
|rowspan="3" | 6
|-
|align="left"| Jovial Dias
|align="left"| FC Goa
|-
|align="left"| Mohammed Kaif
|align="left"| Mumbai City
|-
|4
|align="left"| Ayush Chhikara
|align="left"| Mumbai City
|5
|-
|5
|align="left"| Shreyash Gajanan Naik
|align="left"| Dempo
|4
|}

===Kerala–South region===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=Kerala–South region
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]
|show_groups=no


|team1=MFA
|team2=KIC
|team3=SDE
|team4=KEB
|team5=RFC
|team6=GOK


|win_GOK=1 |draw_GOK=3 |loss_GOK=6 |gf_GOK=6 |ga_GOK=22 |status_GOK= 
|win_KEB=3 |draw_KEB=4 |loss_KEB=3 |gf_KEB=17 |ga_KEB=13 |status_KEB= 
|win_MFA=5 |draw_MFA=4 |loss_MFA=1 |gf_MFA=21 |ga_MFA=7 |status_MFA= 
|win_KIC=4 |draw_KIC=4 |loss_KIC=2 |gf_KIC=19 |ga_KIC=12 |status_KIC= 
|win_RFC=3 |draw_RFC=2 |loss_RFC=5 |gf_RFC=7 |ga_RFC=12 |status_RFC= 
|win_SDE=3 |draw_SDE=5 |loss_SDE=2 |gf_SDE=10 |ga_SDE=14 |status_SDE= 


|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_KEB=[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters]]
|name_MFA=Muthoot FA
|name_KIC=[[Kickstart FC]]
|name_RFC=Roots FC
|name_SDE=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|result3=KO
|col_KO=green1
|text_KO=Advance to [[#National group stage|National group stage]]
}}

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"| Abith KB
|align="left"| Muthoot FA
|10
|-
|2
|align="left"| Sreekuttan MS
|align="left"| Kerala Blasters
|6
|-
|rowspan="3" | 3
|align="left"| Lalfamkima
|align="left"| Sreenidi Deccan
|rowspan="3" | 4
|-
|align="left"| Yohann Victor Britto
|align="left"| Roots FC
|-
|align="left"| Crispin C Cleetus
|align="left"| Kickstart
|}

===NorthEast region===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=Goa–NorthEast region
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]
|show_groups=no


|team1=NEU
|team2=CFA
|team3=JAM
|team4=AIZ
|team5=MYFF
|team6=SHL


|win_CFA=7 |draw_CFA=1 |loss_CFA=2 |gf_CFA=33 |ga_CFA=11 |status_CFA= 
|win_JAM=5 |draw_JAM=1 |loss_JAM=4 |gf_JAM=23 |ga_JAM=15 |status_JAM= 
|win_MYFF=2 |draw_MYFF=1 |loss_MYFF=7 |gf_MYFF=14 |ga_MYFF=35 |status_MYFF= 
|win_AIZ=3 |draw_AIZ=3 |loss_AIZ=4 |gf_AIZ=12 |ga_AIZ=17 |status_AIZ= 
|win_NEU=7 |draw_NEU=2 |loss_NEU=1 |gf_NEU=32 |ga_NEU=9 |status_NEU= 
|win_SHL=2 |draw_SHL=0 |loss_SHL=8 |gf_SHL=12 |ga_SHL=39 |status_SHL= 


|name_JAM=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_CFA=Classic FA
|name_MYFF=Mizoram YFF
|name_AIZ=[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_SHL=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|result3=KO
|col_KO=green1
|text_KO=Advance to [[#National group stage|National group stage]]
}}

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"| Laishram Danny Meitei
|align="left"| NorthEast United
|10
|-
|rowspan="3" | 2
|align="left"| Aditya Kalloli
|align="left"| NorthEast United
|rowspan="3" | 7
|-
|align="left"| Ningthoujam Remson Singh
|align="left"| Jamshedpur
|-
|align="left"| Md Arbash
|align="left"| Classic FA
|-
|5
|align="left"| Lawmsangzuala
|align="left"| Jamshedpur
|6
|}

===Kolkata–North region===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=East region
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]


|team1=EAB
|team2=MBG
|team3=DHB
|team4=SUD
|team5=GRH


|win_EAB=6 |draw_EAB=1 |loss_EAB=1 |gf_EAB=19 |ga_EAB=8 |status_EAB= 
|win_DHB=3 |draw_DHB=1 |loss_DHB=4 |gf_DHB=13 |ga_DHB=16 |status_DHB= 
|win_MBG=4 |draw_MBG=2 |loss_MBG=2 |gf_MBG=12 |ga_MBG=8 |status_MBG= 
|win_GRH=1 |draw_GRH=2 |loss_GRH=5 |gf_GRH=11 |ga_GRH=19 |status_GRH= 
|win_SUD=2 |draw_SUD=2 |loss_SUD=4 |gf_SUD=10 |ga_SUD=14 |status_SUD= 


|name_DHB=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|name_EAB=[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|name_MBG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|name_GRH=[[Garhwal Heroes FC|Garhwal Heroes]]
|name_SUD=[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|result3=KO
|col_KO=green1
|text_KO=Advance to [[#National group stage|National group stage]]
}}

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"| Benjamin Lalnunpuia
|align="left"| Diamond Harbour
|5
|-
|2
|align="left"| Akash Hemram
|align="left"| Diamond Harbour
|4
|-
|3
|align="left"| Vian Vinay Murgod
|align="left"| Mohun Bagan SG
|3
|-
|rowspan="4" | 4
|align="left"| Thumsol Tongsin
|align="left"| Mohun Bagan SG
|rowspan="4" | 2
|-
|align="left"| Surajit Dutta
|align="left"| East Bengal
|-
|align="left"| Iashanbok Buhphang
|align="left"| Garwhal Heroes
|-
|align="left"| Pasang Dorjee Tamang
|align="left"| Mohun Bagan SG
|}

==National group stage==
===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=Group A
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]
|show_matches=y


|team1=JAM
|team2=GOA
|team3=KIC
|team4=NEU
|team5=DHB
|team6=EAB


|win_DHB=1 |draw_DHB=2 |loss_DHB=2 |gf_DHB=4 |ga_DHB=6 |status_DHB= 
|win_EAB=1 |draw_EAB=0 |loss_EAB=4 |gf_EAB=2 |ga_EAB=7 |status_EAB= 
|win_JAM=3 |draw_JAM=1 |loss_JAM=1 |gf_JAM=13 |ga_JAM=7 |status_JAM= 
|win_NEU=2 |draw_NEU=1 |loss_NEU=2 |gf_NEU=5 |ga_NEU=6 |status_NEU= 
|win_KIC=3 |draw_KIC=0 |loss_KIC=2 |gf_KIC=5 |ga_KIC=6 |status_KIC= 
|win_GOA=3 |draw_GOA=0 |loss_GOA=2 |gf_GOA=7 |ga_GOA=4 |status_GOA= 


|match_JAM_EAB=3-0
|match_GOA_DHB=0-3
|match_KIC_NEU=1-0

|match_DHB_EAB=0-2
|match_KIC_JAM=0-4
|match_GOA_NEU=0-1

|match_JAM_NEU=5-2
|match_KIC_DHB=3-0
|match_GOA_EAB=1-0

|match_DHB_NEU=0-0
|match_GOA_JAM=4-0
|match_EAB_KIC=0-1

|match_GOA_KIC=2-0
|match_EAB_NEU=0-2
|match_JAM_DHB=1-1

|match_EAB_JAM=null
|match_DHB_GOA=null
|match_NEU_KIC=null

|match_EAB_DHB=null
|match_JAM_KIC=null
|match_NEU_GOA=null

|match_NEU_JAM=null
|match_DHB_KIC=null
|match_EAB_GOA=null

|match_NEU_DHB=null
|match_JAM_GOA=null
|match_KIC_EAB=null

|match_KIC_GOA=null
|match_NEU_EAB=null
|match_DHB_JAM=null


|name_DHB=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|name_EAB=[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|name_JAM=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_KIC=[[Kickstart FC]]
|name_GOA=[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa]]


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|col_KO=green1
|text_KO=Advance to [[#National Championship|National Championship]]
}}

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"| Bivan Jyoti Laskar
|align="left"| Jamshedpur
|5
|-
|2
|align="left"| Likson Rebelo
|align="left"| FC Goa
|3
|-
|rowspan="3" | 3
|align="left"| Laishram Danny Meitei
|align="left"| NorthEast United
|rowspan="3" | 2
|-
|align="left"| Akash Hemram
|align="left"| Diamond Harbour
|-
|align="left"| Vellington Fernandes
|align="left"| FC Goa
|}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=Group B
|source=[https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings RFDL]
|show_matches=yes


|team1=CFA
|team2=MBG
|team3=MFA
|team4=DEM
|team5=SDE
|team6=MCI


|win_DEM=2 |draw_DEM=1 |loss_DEM=2 |gf_DEM=7 |ga_DEM=6 |status_DEM= 
|win_MCI=0 |draw_MCI=1 |loss_MCI=4 |gf_MCI=3 |ga_MCI=12 |status_MCI= 
|win_MFA=3 |draw_MFA=0 |loss_MFA=2 |gf_MFA=9 |ga_MFA=4 |status_MFA= 
|win_SDE=1 |draw_SDE=2 |loss_SDE=2 |gf_SDE=6 |ga_SDE=8 |status_SDE= 
|win_MBG=3 |draw_MBG=1 |loss_MBG=1 |gf_MBG=6 |ga_MBG=4 |status_MBG= 
|win_CFA=3 |draw_CFA=1 |loss_CFA=1 |gf_CFA=6 |ga_CFA=3 |status_CFA= 


|match_MCI_MBG=1-2
|match_CFA_MFA=0-1
|match_SDE_DEM=1-1

|match_MBG_MFA=2-1
|match_SDE_CFA=2-3
|match_MCI_DEM=0-3

|match_CFA_DEM=2-0
|match_SDE_MBG=0-2
|match_MCI_MFA=0-4

|match_MBG_DEM=0-2
|match_MCI_CFA=0-1
|match_MFA_SDE=0-1

|match_MCI_SDE=2-2
|match_CFA_MBG=0-0
|match_MFA_DEM=3-1

|match_MBG_MCI=null
|match_MFA_CFA=null
|match_DEM_SDE=null

|match_MFA_MBG=null
|match_CFA_SDE=null
|match_DEM_MCI=null

|match_DEM_CFA=null
|match_MBG_SDE=null
|match_MFA_MCI=null

|match_DEM_MBG=null
|match_CFA_MCI=null
|match_SDE_MFA=null

|match_SDE_MCI=null
|match_MBG_CFA=null
|match_DEM_MFA=null


|name_DEM=[[Dempo SC]]
|name_MCI=[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City]]
|name_MFA=Muthoot FA
|name_SDE=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|name_MBG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|name_CFA=Classic FA


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO
|result2=KO
|col_KO=green1
|text_KO=Advance to [[#National Championship|National Championship]]
}}

==== Top scorers ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="2" | 1
|align="left"| Febil K
|align="left"| Muthoot FA
|rowspan="2" | 3
|-
|align="left"| Bharat Lairenjam
|align="left"| Classic FA
|-
|rowspan="3" | 3
|align="left"| Salgeo Dias
|align="left"| Dempo
|rowspan="3" | 2
|-
|align="left"| Leimapokpam Sibajit Singh
|align="left"| Mohun Bagan SG
|-
|align="left"| Levis Zangminlun
|align="left"| Sreenidi Deccan
|}

==National Championship==
=== Qualification ===
{| class=wikitable
! Club
! Qualified as
|-
| [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur]]
| [[#Group A|Group A champions]]
|-
| Classic FA
| [[#Group B|Group B champions]]
|-
| [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa]]
| [[#Group A|Group A runners-up]]
|-
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| [[#Group B|Group B runners-up]]
|-
|}
* ''Top 3 teams from this stage will qualify for [[Next Generation Cup|Next Gen Cup]]. As Classic FA backed out of Next Gen Cup due to scheduling challenges, Jamshedpur replaced them in Next Gen Cup.''

=== Bracket ===
''All matches to be played at Reliance Corporate Park, Navi Mumbai.''
<section begin=Bracket />
{{4TeamBracket|nowrap=y
| score-width = 75px
| team-width = 150px
| RD2=Final
| RD1-seed1 = A1
| RD1-team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur]]
| RD1-score1 = 1
| RD1-seed2 = B2
| RD1-team2 = '''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]'''
| RD1-score2 = '''5'''
| RD1-seed3 = B1
| RD1-team3 = '''Classic FA'''
| RD1-score3 = '''3'''
| RD1-seed4 = A2
| RD1-team4 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa]]
| RD1-score4 = 0
| RD2-seed1 = SF1
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''3'''
| RD2-seed2 = SF2
| RD2-team2 = Classic FA
| RD2-score2 = 0
| RD2b = Third place
| RD2-seed3 = SF1
| RD2-team3 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| RD2-score3 = 0
| RD2-seed4 = SF2
| RD2-team4 = '''[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa]]'''
| RD2-score4 = '''1'''
}}<section end=Bracket />

=== Semi-finals ===
{{football box
|round = Semi Final 1
|date = {{Start date|2025|4|10|df=y}}
|time = 08:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|score = 1–5
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 = *[[Bivan Jyoti Laskar|Laskar]] {{goal|13}}
|goals2 = *[[Sahil Inamdar|Sahil]] {{goal|18}}
*[[Loitongbam Taison Singh|Taison]] {{goal|23}}
*[[Serto Worneilen Kom|Serto]] {{goal|45||72}}
*[[Shibam Munda|Munda]] {{goal|78}}
|location = [[Navi Mumbai]], India
|stadium = Reliance Corporate Park
|attendance = 225
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/49174
}}
----
{{football box
|round = Semi Final 2
|date = {{Start date|2025|04|10|df=y}}
|time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Classic FA
|score = 3–0
|team2 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa]]
|goals1 =
* [[Punit Thangjam|Thangjam]] {{goal|30}}
* [[Md Arbash|Arbash]] {{goal|38}}
* [[Ningthoukhongjam Rishi Singh|Rishi]] {{goal|78}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Navi Mumbai]], India
|stadium = Reliance Corporate Park
|attendance = 300
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/49175
}}

=== 3rd place match===
{{football box
|round = 3rd Place
|date = {{Start date|2025|04|14|df=y}}
|time = 08:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur]]
|score = 0–1
|team2 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Saish Gaunkar|Gaunkar]] {{goal|15}}
|location = [[Navi Mumbai]], India
|stadium = Reliance Corporate Park
|attendance = 200
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/49603
}}

===Final===
{{football box
|round = Final
|date = {{Start date|2025|04|14|df=y}}
|time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 3–0
|team2 = Classic FA
|goals1 = [[Pasang Dorjee Tamang|Tamang]] {{goal|8||23||52}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Navi Mumbai]], India
|stadium = Reliance Corporate Park
|attendance = 130
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/49604
}}

==See also==
*[[2024–25 Indian Youth League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Reliance Foundation Development League]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football leagues]]

Kirat Singh Gurjar

2026-04-29T19:56:06Z

Ambi: starting new biography

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{COI|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kirat Singh Gurjar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Gangoh Assembly constituency|Gangoh]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Pradeep Choudhary]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|03|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Saharanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| birth_name = Kirat Singh Gurjar
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Business
| profession = Politician
| alma_mater = [[Manav Bharti University]]
| relations =
}}

'''Kirat Singh Gurjar''' is an Indian politician and businessman.<ref>{{cite news |title=कौन हैं कीरत सिंह गुर्जर? गंगोह सीट पर विधायकी बचाने की चुनौती |url=https://hindi.opoyi.com/india/who-is-kirat-singh-gurjar-challenge-to-save-legislature-on-gangoh-seat-526520/ |publisher=opoyi.com}}</ref> He is a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]], representing the [[Gangoh Assembly constituency]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kirat Singh Gurjar, BJP MLA from Gangoh – Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/kirat-singh-gurjar/ |website=ourneta.com}}</ref> Kirat is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, the largest political party in India.

==Early life==

Kirat Singh Gurjar was born to a [[Hindu]] [[Gujjar]] family on 1 March 1967 into the family of Shri Mamchand in [[Saharanpur]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{cite web |title= Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info |url=https://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=23004 |website=upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in}}</ref> He grew up in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from [[Manav Bharti University]], [[Solan]], Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kirat Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GANGOH(SAHARANPUR) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=939 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Political career==

In the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Gurjar represented [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] as a candidate from the [[Gangoh Assembly constituency]] and defeated Inder Sain of the [[Samajwadi Party]] by a margin of 23449 votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gangoh Election result live: गंगोह में भाई-भाई की जंग में बीजेपी ने मारी बाजी, मौजूदा विधायक कीरत सिंह कम अंतर से जीते |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur-gangoh-saharanpur-assembly-seat-result-live-update-bjp-kirat-singh-wins-over-sp-inder-sain-bsp-noman-masood-imran-masood-dlpg-4047608.html |publisher=news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gangoh Election Result 2022 LIVE: Gangoh MLA Election Result & Vote Share – Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/gangoh-assembly-elections-up-7/ |publisher=oneindia.com}}</ref>

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Gangoh Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurjar, Kirat Singh}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Politicians of Hindu nationalist political parties]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Saharanpur district]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Dolly Chaiwala

2026-04-27T19:26:53Z

Ambi:

{{Short description|Indian tea vendor and social media influencer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pato Dolly Chaiwala
| birth_name = Sunil Pato Patil
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|12|27}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist|Tea vendor|social media influencer}}
}}

'''Sunil Patil''' (born 27 December 1998), popularly known as '''Dolly Chaiwala''', is an Indian [[Chaiwala|tea vendor]] and social media personality. He gained national attention for his flamboyant tea-making style and distinctive persona. Dolly's style and attire are inspired by [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]], the character [[Jack Sparrow]] played by [[Johnny Depp]], and [[Rajinikanth]]'s iconic gestures.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=From Tea Seller To Social Media Star: Meet Chaiwala Who Started Selling Tea With Rs 7, Now Charges Rs 5,00,000 Per Appearance – Check Out His Net Worth |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/business/from-tea-seller-to-social-media-star-meet-dolly-chaiwala-who-started-selling-tea-with-rs-7-now-charges-rs-500000-per-appearance-check-out-his-net-worth-2891825 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Radheshyam |date=2024-02-29 |title=Steeping into stardom: Dolly Chaiwala’s chai-making magic captivates tech titan Bill Gates |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/steeping-into-stardom-dolly-chaiwalas-chai-making-magic-captivates-tech-titan-bill-gates/article67899167.ece |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-27 |title=Meet This Chaiwala From Nagpur Who Is Now A National Sensation And Charges Rs 5,00,000 Per Appearance |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/food/news/meet-this-chaiwala-from-nagpur-who-is-now-a-national-sensation-and-charges-rs-500000-per-appearance-article-115479685 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Dolly went viral in February 2024 after a video showed him serving tea to [[Microsoft]] co-founder [[Bill Gates]], leading to widespread media coverage and turning his tea stall, Dolly Ki Tapri, into a popular local attraction.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=Brand lessons from Dolly Chaiwala – Don't underestimate the power of a common man |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-brand-lessons-from-dolly-chaiwala-dont-underestimate-the-power-of-a-common-man-3917285/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==

Sunil Patil was born on December 27, 1998, in [[Nagpur|Nagpur, Maharashtra]], India. His elder brother, Shailesh Patil, has supported him in his tea-selling ventures. He studied until the 10th grade at a local public school before dropping out due to financial difficulties.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Hasid |title=Dolly Chaiwala Net Worth, Age, Family, Career, Biography and Wiki |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/biography/dolly-chaiwala-net-worth-age-family-career-biography-8567925 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=[[Pratidin Time]] |language=en}}</ref> His nickname “Dolly” comes from a former girlfriend, and "[[Chaiwala]]" means tea vendor in [[Hindi]], referring to his profession.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-29 |title=डॉली चायवालाची कहाणी: अनोख्या शैलीत चहा बनवून लोकप्रिय झाला; बॉलीवूड सेलिब्रिटींपासून ते बिल गेट्सपर्यंत सर्वांना दिला चहा |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/national/news/dolly-chai-wala-struggle-story-bill-gates-enjoys-tea-who-is-dolly-chaiwala-132791876.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401164731/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/national/news/dolly-chai-wala-struggle-story-bill-gates-enjoys-tea-who-is-dolly-chaiwala-132791876.html |archive-date=2024-04-01 |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=Divya Marathi |language=mr }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-05 |title=Meet Dolly, the man who served Bill Gates a tapri-style chai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/meet-dolly-the-man-who-served-bill-gates-a-tapri-style-chai/articleshow/108243356.cms |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==

During his teenage years in the early 2010s, Patil began working at his elder brother's tea shop, where he learned the basics of tea preparation. He established his own tea stall, Dolly Ki Tapri, in 2017, located near the old [[VCA Stadium]] on Ravindra Nath Tagore Marg in Nagpur's Sadar area.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" /> Dolly Chaiwala's tea stall became popular in locals due to his tea-making techniques, which include pouring milk from a height and serving tea with swift, dramatic hand movements.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 18: All you need to know about contestant Dolly Chaiwala, the tea seller from Nagpur |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-all-you-need-to-know-about-contestant-dolly-chaiwala-the-tea-seller-from-nagpur-article-12833808.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003024918/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-all-you-need-to-know-about-contestant-dolly-chaiwala-the-tea-seller-from-nagpur-article-12833808.html |archive-date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-17 |title=Inspired by Rajinikanth, Dolly ki Tapri's tea-seller in Nagpur serves his customers with swag - WATCH |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/inspired-by-rajinikanth-dolly-ki-tapris-tea-seller-in-nagpur-serves-his-customers-with-swag-watch/721397 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Dolly has stated that his style is inspired by [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]], the character [[Jack Sparrow]] played by [[Johnny Depp]], and [[Rajinikanth]]'s signature gestures, all aimed at entertaining his customers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-05 |title=Meet Dolly, the man who served Bill Gates a tapri-style chai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/meet-dolly-the-man-who-served-bill-gates-a-tapri-style-chai/articleshow/108243356.cms |access-date=2025-10-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=बिल गेट्सने चहाचे किती पैसे दिले? 'इतक्या' संपत्तीचा मालक आहे 'डॉली चहावाला'! पाहा, कमाई |url=https://www.lokmat.com/nagpur/how-much-did-bill-gates-pay-for-tea-to-dolly-chaiwala-know-about-education-and-income-and-property-of-nagpur-dolly-chai-wala-a-a719/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-04 |title=Sipping Dolly Chaiwala's tea can cost you Rs 5 lakh! Kuwait vlogger reveals how much the tea-seller charges |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sipping-dolly-chaiwalas-tea-can-cost-you-rs-5-lakh-kuwait-vlogger-reveals-how-much-the-tea-seller-charges/articleshow/113029319.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

Dolly Ki Tapri operates as a traditional roadside stall, open from early morning to late evening. It offers masala chai, ginger tea, and cutting chai, priced at approximately [[Indian rupee|₹]]7–10 per cup, with daily sales of 350 to 500 cups.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> The stall reportedly generates ₹1 lakh monthly revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amit |first=Apurwa |title=Chai entrepreneur Dolly Chaiwala opens franchise, claims it is 'India's 1st viral street brand', netizens question its uniqueness |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/viral/report-chai-entrepreneur-dolly-chaiwala-opens-franchise-claims-it-is-india-s-1st-viral-street-brand-netizens-question-its-uniqueness-3168221 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> His tea vending style and engaging personality have made 'Dolly Ki Tapri' a tourist attraction in Nagpur,<ref name=":1" /> with fans referring to him as the "Celebrity [[Chaiwala]] of India" and the "Jack Sparrow of India."<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> In September 2023, Dolly appeared in the music video for the Hindi song "Tere Yaar Ka Time" by Vmc Rapper.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tere Yaar Ka Time (Full Song) - Vmc Rapper - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=2023-09-08 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/tere-yaar-ka-time/KhlcdxUdVUc |access-date=2025-10-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Dolly Chaiwala achieved popularity in February 2024 when a video of him serving tea to [[Bill Gates]] went viral. The video, shared by Gates on [[Instagram]], showed Dolly preparing tea with his signature flair, with Gates commenting, “In India, you can find innovation everywhere you turn — even in the preparation of a simple cup of tea!” Dolly later revealed he was unaware of Gates' identity during the encounter, only learning about it the next day when the video gained widespread attention.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-29 |title=Who is Dolly Chaiwalla, the tea seller who made chai for Bill Gates |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/who-is-dolly-chaiwalla-the-tea-seller-who-made-chai-for-bill-gates-101709203330457.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627060124/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/who-is-dolly-chaiwalla-the-tea-seller-who-made-chai-for-bill-gates-101709203330457.html |archive-date=2024-06-27 |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-us }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=Who is Dolly Chaiwala whom Bill Gates met for 'Chai Pe Charcha' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/dolly-chaiwala-whom-bill-gates-met-for-chai-pe-charcha-nagpur-based-tea-seller-2508630-2024-02-29 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-01 |title=Watch: Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates shares 'chai pe charcha' video with Dolly Chaiwala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/bill-gates-shares-chai-pe-charcha-video-with-dolly-chaiwala-in-india/articleshow/108083572.cms |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Other notable visitors to Dolly Ki Tapri include [[Nayab Singh Saini]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], and [[Nimrat Kaur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolly Chaiwala Gets Another Guest, This Time Haryana's CM Nayab Singh Saini. Watch Video |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/dolly-chaiwala-gets-another-guest-this-time-haryanas-cm-nayab-singh-saini-watch-video-8864201.html |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=अतरंगी बाल कैसे बनाता है डॉली चायवाला? आशीष विद्यार्थी को दे दिया जवाब |url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/gk/how-does-dolly-chaiwala-make-strange-hair-ashish-vidyarthi-reveals-2781797 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-04-04 |title=आशिष विद्यार्थीनं घेतला डॉलीच्या टपरीवरील जगप्रसिद्ध चहाचा स्वाद, व्हिडिओ व्हायरल - Ashish Vidyarthi |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/mr/!entertainment/ashish-vidyarthi-tastes-world-famous-dolly-chaiwala-tea-at-dolly-ki-tapri-nagpur-watch-mhs24040402661 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=डॉली चायवाला की टपरी पर चाय पी चुकी हैं निम्रत कौर, वायरल वीडियो में कैद हुआ एक्ट्रेस का रिएक्शन |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/old-video-bollywood-actress-nimrat-kaur-at-dolly-chaiwala-know-who-is-he/2142590 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

Dolly's tea stall has become a notable point of interest, drawing visitors from various places. ''[[India Today]]'' described it as “a modern-day pilgrimage”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-14 |title=Brew, bite, and viral fame: Why India can't get enough of Dolly Chaiwala and Vada Pav Girl |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/brew-bite-and-viral-fame-why-india-cant-get-enough-of-dolly-chaiwala-and-vada-pav-girl-2755489-2025-07-14 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Times Now]]'' stated that Dolly Chaiwala's success story is a testament to the power of perseverance and personal branding, inspiring countless young entrepreneurs across the country.<ref name=":9" /> ''[[Campaign (magazine)|Campaign Asia]]'' also highlighted his impact alongside the Chandrika Dixit aka Vada Pav Girl, writing that “their unique journey shows how localised content can resonate with a national, or even global, audience.”<ref>{{Cite web |title='Vada Pav Girl' and 'Dolly Chai Wala': Signalling the surge of India's regional social media stars {{!}} Analysis |url=https://www.campaignasia.com/article/vada-pav-girl-and-dolly-chai-wala-signalling-the-surge-of-indias-regional-s/496513 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Campaign Asia}}</ref>

In June 2024, Patil operated a temporary pop-up stall in the [[Maldives]], serving tea to locals and tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title='Dolly ki tapri' goes international as Nagpur's famous tea seller brews chai on Maldives beach |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/dolly-ki-tapri-goes-international-as-nagpur-s-dolly-chaiwala-brews-chai-on-maldives-beach-101718802355689.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In July 2025, Patil introduced a franchise model for Dolly Ki Tapri and received over 1,600 applications within 48 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyagi |first=Vanshika |title=Dolly Chaiwala is expanding 'Dolly ki Tapri', over 1600 have applied in just 2 days, the cost of the franchise model is Rs... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-dolly-chaiwala-is-expanding-dolly-ki-tapri-over-1600-have-applied-in-just-2-days-the-cost-of-the-franchise-model-is-rs-3169472 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> In October 2024, Dolly Chaiwala joined the reality television show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]'' as a contestant.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-16 |title=Bigg Boss 18: Is Dolly Chaiwala entering Salman Khan's show as new wild card contestant? Find out here |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-18-is-dolly-chaiwala-entering-salman-khan-s-show-as-new-wild-card-contestant-find-out-here-2024-11-16-961935 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaiwala, Dolly}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Indian digital artists]]

Bihar Olympic Association

2026-04-20T02:52:15Z

Ambi: added some data with sources.

{{citation style|date=July 2024}}
{{Short description|Bihar Olympic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Bihar Olympic Association
| image =
| image_size =
| map_caption =
| abbreviation = BOA
| type = Sports Association
| formation =
| url =
| headquarters = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| membership = [[Indian Olympic Association]] [[Olympic Council of Asia]]
| leader_title = Interim chairman
| leader_name = Bholanath Singh
| leader_title2 = Secretary General
| leader_name2 =
| website = {{URL|olympic.ind.in/member-unit}}
}}

'''Bihar Olympic Association (BOA)'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार ओलंपिक एसोसिएशन की नई कार्यकारिणी का गठन - Formation of new executive of Bihar Olympic Association - Bihar Vaishali General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/vaishali-formation-of-new-executive-of-bihar-olympic-association-20902826.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-31 |title=Bihar Olympic Association has seriously objected government bid to bring a Bihar State Sports Council bill in the state legislature and said it was an attempt to control the various sports bodies. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bihar-olympic-association-has-seriously-objected-government-bid-to-bring-a-bihar-state-sports-council-bill-in-the-state-legislature-and-said-it-was-an-attempt-to-control-the-various-sports-bodies-/articleshow/19310368.cms |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-19 |title=All-round cheer & hope as IOA lifts ban on Bihar teams |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/all-round-cheer-hope-as-ioa-lifts-ban-on-bihar-teams/story-kTK0ShfCUO6pN6PrryLwiP.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> is responsible for organizing various State level [[Tournament|tournaments]] in coordination with other Bihar State Sports Organization and [[Government of Bihar]]. BOA<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Bihar fails to nurture world-class champions |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/why-bihar-fails-to-nurture-world-class-champions/cid/1667170 |work=Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-06 |title=Govt to repeal sports Act, IOA to lift ban on Bihar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/govt-to-repeal-sports-act-ioa-to-lift-ban-on-bihar/articleshow/45767448.cms |access-date=2024-07-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 August 2022 |title=Olympic Association Delegation will meet CM |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/patna/story-olympic-association-delegation-will-meet-cm-today-6910638.html |work=[[Hindustan]]}}</ref> is an affiliated member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=https://olympic.ind.in/member-unit |website=olympic.ind.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Bihar again misses out on Olympic representation |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/columnists/bihar-again-misses-out-on-olympic-representation.html |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> of [[Indian Olympic Association]].

[[Indian Olympic Association]] has dissolved the [[Bihar Olympic Association|Bihar Olympic Association (BOA)]] for lack of governance, transparency, and administrative inefficiency. IOA president [[P. T. Usha|PT Usha]] has formed a five-member ad hoc committee led by [[Hockey India]] secretary general Bholanath Singh to take interim charge of BOA<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bihar State Olympic Association is dissolved by PT Usha |url=https://www.nagpurtrends.com/articles/the-bihar-state-olympic-association-is-dissolved-by-pt-usha-yDDxaN |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.nagpurtrends.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Executive Board (2025–present) ==
In elections held in Hajipur on 1 May 2025, the following officials were elected to the Bihar Olympic Association executive board.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajay elected new BOA president |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ajay-elected-new-boa-president/articleshow/120831661.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2 May 2025 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Executive Board |url=https://www.biharolympicsassociation.org/executive-board.php |website=Bihar Olympic Association |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Position !! Name
|-
| President || Ajay Kumar
|-
| Secretary || Pradeep Kumar
|-
| Treasurer || Mohd Mukhtar Khan
|-
| Executive Members || Akhouri Bishwajeet, Nutan Kumari, Manoj Kumar, Anish Bari, Suman Mishra
|}

==Affiliated State Sports Organisation==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Sport !! State Sports Organisation
|-
|Athletics || Bihar Athletics Association
|-
|Badminton || Bihar Badminton Association
|-
|Basketball || Basketball Association of Bihar
|-
|Boxing || Boxing Association Of Bihar
|-
|Canoeing || Bihar Kayaking and Canoeing Association
|-
|Cycling || Cycling Association Of Bihar
|-
|Fencing ||Bihar State Fencing Association
|-
|Football || [[Bihar Football Association]]
|-
|Handball || Bihar Handball Association
|-
|Hockey || [[Hockey Association of Bihar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Pritish |date=2025-01-08 |title=Hockey India recognizes Hockey Association of Bihar as new member unit |url=https://thebridge.in/hockey/hockey-india-recognize-hockey-association-bihar-51441 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=The Bridge - Home of Indian Sports |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Judo || Bihar State Judo Association
|-
|Kabaddi || [[Bihar State Kabaddi Association]]
|-
|Karate || State Karate Association of Bihar
|-
|Rugby || [[Rugby Football Association of Bihar]]
|-
|Shooting || Bihar State Rifle Association
|-
|Taekwondo || Bihar Taekwondo Association
|-
|Volleyball || Bihar Volleyball Association
|-
|Weightlifting || Bihar Weightlifter Association
|-
|Wrestling || Bihar Wrestling Association
|-
|Wushu || Bihar Wushu Association
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Patna]]
[[Category:Sport in Patna]]

{{India-sport-stub}}
{{Olympic-org-stub}}

Mehkar Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T01:45:00Z

Ambi:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly 0n India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Mehkar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha and one of the seven which are located in the [[Buldhana district]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] candidates.

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mehkar
| map_image = 25-Mehkar.svg
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Siddharth Kharat]]
| map_caption =
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| constituency_no = 25
| type = SLA
| electors = 306,583
}}

==Overview==
It is a part of [[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha (assembly) constituencies, viz. [[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]], [[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali]], [[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja]], [[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]] and [[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod)]].

The seventh [[Malkapur Assembly constituency]] from Buldhana district is a part of [[Raver Lok Sabha constituency]] from neighbouring [[Jalgaon district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=March 18, 2010 }}</ref>

This city based on the bank of the Painganga. Painganga source through Satmala Agintha Dongar.

As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 25 Mehkar Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
1. Mehkar Tehsil, 2. Lonar Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle Sultanpur, Titavi and Lonar, Lonar (MC) of [[Buldhana district]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XVII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India |work = Schedule XVII Maharashtra, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2015-03-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf# |archive-date = 2010-10-05 |url-status = live }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan=2| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Anandrao Marotrao Pawar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kakal Tulsiram Rodu (Sc) || {{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
| rowspan=2| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Annasaheb Alias Shankarrao Vithalrao || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| Laxman Thakuji Gawai || {{Full party name with color|Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Annasaheb Deshmukh Alias Shankarrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Sitaram Chinkaji Lodhe
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Subodh Keshao Saoji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Kisanrao Tukaram Sangle
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Subodh Keshao Saoji || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=3 | [[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav|Prataprao Jadhav]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=3 | [[Sanjay Bhashkar Raimulkar|Dr. Sanjay Bhaskar Raimulkar]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Siddharth Kharat]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Mehkar">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Mehkar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1325.htm |access-date=29 November 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129162033/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1325.htm |archive-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Siddharth Kharat]] |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 104,242 |percentage = 48.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjay Raimulkar|Sanjay Bhaskar Raimulkar ]]|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 99,423 |percentage = 46.53% |change={{decrease}}18.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Rutuja Rushank Chavan |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,054 |percentage = 0.96% |change={{decrease}}3.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Bhaskar Govinda Ingle |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,330 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 467 |percentage = 0.22% |change={{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,819 |percentage = 2.26% |change= {{decrease}}33.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 214,128 |percentage = 69.84% |change= {{increase}}10.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 213,661}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 306,583|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena (UBT) |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}16.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjay Bhashkar Raimulkar|Dr. Sanjay Bhaskar Raymulkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 112,038 |percentage = 64.92% |change={{increase}}16.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv.Anant Sakharam Wankhede |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 49,836 |percentage = 28.88% |change={{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aabarao Shriram Wagh |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,050 |percentage = 4.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,241 |percentage = 1.30% |change={{increase}}0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Devrao Khadse |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,411 |percentage = 0.82% |change={{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manwatkar Laxman Krishnaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,240 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 62,202 |percentage = 36.04% |change= {{increase}}14.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 174,918 |percentage = 59.59% |change= {{decrease}}0.58 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 172,575}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 293,549|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}16.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjay Bhashkar Raimulkar|Dr. Sanjay Bhaskar Raymulkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 80,356 |percentage = 48.31% |change={{decrease}}9.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxmanrao Januji Ghumare |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,421 |percentage = 26.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawai Narhari Onkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,035 |percentage = 10.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashwini Shivcharan Akhade |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 12,759 |percentage = 7.67% |change={{decrease}}29.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakash Chindhaji Gawai |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 4,267 |percentage = 2.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,646 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khandare Sahebrao Rambhau |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,290 |percentage = 0.78% |change={{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,935 |percentage = 21.60% |change= {{increase}}0.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,034 |percentage = 59.98% |change= {{decrease}}4.25 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 166,330}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 280,172|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}9.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjay Bhashkar Raimulkar|Dr. Sanjay Bhaskar Raymulkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 91,475 |percentage = 57.97% |change={{increase}}3.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Sahebrao Ashruji Sardar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 58,380 |percentage = 37.00% |change={{increase}}20.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharat Punjaji Shingane |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,622 |percentage = 1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pradip Eknath Ambhore |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,534 |percentage = 1.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Randhir Sadashiv Kharat |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,745 |percentage = 1.11% |change={{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dewanand Sahebrao Chavan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,042 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,095 |percentage = 20.97% |change= {{decrease}}9.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 157,814 |percentage = 63.62% |change= {{decrease}}10.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 157,798}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 248,049|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}3.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav|Prataprao Jadhav]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 80,277 |percentage = 54.02% |change={{increase}}5.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagwat Mhataraji Magar |party=Independent politician |votes = 35,456 |percentage = 23.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Subodh Keshao Saoji |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 25,017 |percentage = 16.83% |change={{increase}}13.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankar Shriram Darade |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,051 |percentage = 2.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawai Madhukar Pralhad |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,269 |percentage = 1.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Davhale Ashwinkumar Laxmanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 934 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,821 |percentage = 30.16% |change= {{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,673 |percentage = 74.36% |change= {{increase}}3.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,602}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 199,950|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}5.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav|Prataprao Jadhav]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 56,138 |percentage = 48.85% |change={{decrease}}6.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Subodh Keshao Saoji |party=Independent politician |votes = 21,607 |percentage = 18.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Umalkar Shyam Motiram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,413 |percentage = 18.63% |change={{decrease}}11.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mapari Kishor Gulabrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,826 |percentage = 10.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Bhaskarrao Punjaji |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 3,939 |percentage = 3.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,531 |percentage = 30.05% |change= {{increase}}4.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,564 |percentage = 75.24% |change= {{decrease}}9.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 114,923}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,575|ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}6.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav|Prataprao Jadhav]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 72,744 |percentage = 54.85% |change={{increase}}14.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Subodh Keshao Saoji|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,472 |percentage = 29.76% |change={{decrease}}19.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Bhaskarrao Kisanrao Sangle |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 14,273 |percentage = 10.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Akhade Keshaorao Vithoba |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,733 |percentage = 1.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bore Keshaorao Anandrao |party=Janata Dal |votes = 1,091 |percentage = 0.82% |change={{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,272 |percentage = 25.09% |change= {{increase}}16.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 135,153 |percentage = 81.71% |change= {{increase}}7.22 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,622}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,409|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Subodh Keshao Saoji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 54,219 |percentage = 49.10% |change={{increase}}33.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav|Prataprao Jadhav]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 44,609 |percentage = 40.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Hadikha A. Hamikha |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,983 |percentage = 5.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Dattaraya Gopal |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,104 |percentage = 2.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,610 |percentage = 8.70% |change= {{increase}}4.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,265 |percentage = 74.18% |change= {{increase}}3.16 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,424}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,345|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}11.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Subodh Keshao Saoji |party=Independent politician |votes = 31,817 |percentage = 37.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahate Ruprao Ayaji |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 28,177 |percentage = 33.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sangle Kisanrao Tukaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,625 |percentage = 16.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Digambar Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,185 |percentage = 7.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Haribhau Bakshu |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,499 |percentage = 4.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,640 |percentage = 4.28% |change= {{decrease}}20.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,966 |percentage = 71.30% |change= {{increase}}8.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,137}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,970|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}21.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sangle Kisanrao Tukaram |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 38,481 |percentage = 58.68% |change={{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Ashru Baliram |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 22,388 |percentage = 34.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Namdeo Daulat Shewale |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,704 |percentage = 7.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,093 |percentage = 24.54% |change= {{decrease}}5.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,354 |percentage = 63.46% |change= {{decrease}}13.12 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,573}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,132|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Saoji Subodh Kesh Keshaosa |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 39,163 |percentage = 53.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bajad Anant Tulshiram |party=Independent politician |votes = 16,848 |percentage = 22.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lodhe Sitaram Ghinkaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,280 |percentage = 22.05% |change={{decrease}}27.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sawale Rajabhau Dhanaji |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 1,020 |percentage = 1.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhao Ramkrishanrao Abahi |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 528 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,315 |percentage = 30.22% |change= {{increase}}24.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,214 |percentage = 77.31% |change= {{increase}}8.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,839}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,580|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sitaram Chinkaji Lodhe |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,022 |percentage = 49.24% |change={{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tale Yadaorao Vithoba |party=Independent politician |votes = 26,548 |percentage = 43.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kisan Govinda Kakde |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,288 |percentage = 5.39% |change={{decrease}}27.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Januji Gyanuji Ghumre |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,116 |percentage = 1.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,474 |percentage = 5.70% |change= {{decrease}}3.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,343 |percentage = 69.26% |change= {{decrease}}7.86 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,974}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,456|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sitaram Chinkaji Lodhe |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,232 |percentage = 41.77% |change={{decrease}}9.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. V. Tale |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 19,895 |percentage = 32.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. H. Dalimkar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 12,753 |percentage = 21.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. G. Athavale |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,527 |percentage = 4.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,337 |percentage = 8.84% |change= {{decrease}}5.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,025 |percentage = 80.23% |change= {{increase}}3.88 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,407}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,045|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Annasaheb Deshmukh Alias Shankarrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,957 |percentage = 51.69% |change={{increase}}35.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kisan Tukaram Sangle |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,803 |percentage = 37.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramkrishna Abaji Jadhao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,456 |percentage = 10.87% |change={{decrease}}14.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,154 |percentage = 14.25% |change= {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,129 |percentage = 76.17% |change= {{decrease}}41.50 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,216}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,067|ref = |change= {{decrease}}40.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}26.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Annasaheb Alias Shankarrao Vithalrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 33,285 |percentage = 24.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kakal Tulsiram Rodu (Sc) |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 22,132 |percentage = 16.56% |change={{increase}}6.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ingle Ramchandra Thamkaji (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,136 |percentage = 15.81% |change={{decrease}}5.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Anandrao Marotirao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,454 |percentage = 12.31% |change={{decrease}}8.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Punjaji Ayaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 16,338 |percentage = 12.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhaski Shamrao Balaji |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,305 |percentage = 5.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Borade Baliram Dewaj (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,171 |percentage = 4.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,153 |percentage = 8.34% |change= {{increase}}8.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,659 |percentage = 112.16% |change= {{increase}}14.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 133,659}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,166|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mehkar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221154/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Marotrao Pawar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,729 |percentage = 21.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Laxman Thakuji Gawai |party=Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |votes = 19,415 |percentage = 20.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao Vithalrao Deshmukh |party=Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |votes = 18,518 |percentage = 19.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tukaram Narayan Sable |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,198 |percentage = 16.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baliram Dowaji Borde |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 9,097 |percentage = 9.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tulsiram Hedu |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,593 |percentage = 4.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nivritti Anandrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,777 |percentage = 4.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 314 |percentage = 0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,352 |percentage = 97.87% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,352}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,385|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|20.15|76.58|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buldhana district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Aizwal Mosque

2026-04-16T08:05:39Z

Ambi: added new info initial version.

{{Short description|Mosque in Mizoram, India}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Aizawl Mosque
| native_name =
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| image =
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| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
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| municipality = [[Aizawl]]
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| state = [[Mizoram]]
| country = [[India]]
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| architecture_type = [[mosque]]
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| established = 1909
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| capacity = {{Approx|2000}}
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'''Aizawl Mosque''' is the principal mosque located in [[Aizawl]], the capital of the state of [[Mizoram]], India.

== History ==
The mosque was founded in 1909 under the leadership of Jonab Deewan Musolman from Dacca (present-day Dhaka, Bangladesh), marking the formal establishment of the Muslim community in Aizawl.<ref name="ExploreMizoram">{{Cite web |last=|first=|title="As it is a mandatory in Mizoram, we must make sure that during your stay in Mizoram you should hold a valid ILP," - Md. Mamon Majumdar|url=https://www.exploremizoram.com/2025/06/we-must-make-sure-that-during-your-stay-in-mizoram-you-should-hold-valid-ilp-mamon-majumder.html?m=1#google_vignette|website=EXPLORE MIZORAM - Mizoram's Most Trusted Website {{!}} Mizoram's Online Encyclopedia|date=2025-06-07|access-date=2025-11-28|archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2026-0416-1655-16/https://www.exploremizoram.com:443/2025/06/we-must-make-sure-that-during-your-stay-in-mizoram-you-should-hold-valid-ilp-mamon-majumder.html|archive-date=2026-04-16}}</ref>

During the March 1966 air raids linked to the [[Mizo National Front]] uprising, Aizawl Mosque was destroyed by aerial bombing. It was subsequently rebuilt under the guidance of Late M. Bakhtar Uddin Majumdar, with the reconstructed mosque now able to accommodate around 2,000 worshippers.<ref name="ExploreMizoram" /><ref name="The Aizawl Post">{{Cite web |title=Aizawl Muslim-ten Idd hmang – The Aizawl Post |url=https://theaizawlpost.org/amp/aizawl-muslim-ten-idd-hmang/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203210328/https://theaizawlpost.org/amp/aizawl-muslim-ten-idd-hmang/ |archive-date=2025-12-03 |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=theaizawlpost.org |language=lus}}</ref><ref name="ExploreMizor">{{Cite news |date=2020-04-06 |title=Breaking News {{!}} Aizawl Mosque Committee-in thu chhuah; Tablighi Jamaat an thlawp lo, Mizoram aṭanga chhim an awm lo |url=https://www.zonet.in/aizawl-mosque-pr-apr-0/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618053131/https://www.zonet.in/aizawl-mosque-pr-apr-0/ |archive-date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=Zonet TV Pvt. Ltd. |language=Lus}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Islam in Mizoram]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:20th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in 1909]]
[[Category:1909 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in Mizoram]]

{{India-mosque-stub}}

Sankar Kumar Nath

2026-04-12T00:41:08Z

Ambi: Started

{{Short description|Indian geophysicist and seismologist}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| name = Sankar Kumar Nath
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| title = [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[University of Burdwan]]
| term_start = 7 December 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = Goutam Chandra
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|1|3}}
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| relatives = {{Infobox scientist
| embed = yes
| fields = {{ublist | [[Climatology]] | [[Atmospheric model]]ing }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[University of Burdwan]] | [[IIT Kharagpur]] | Indicos Computer Services | [[Oil India]] | Computech Ispat | [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]]}}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Kharagpur]] | [[Geophysical Institute]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = Niren N. Biswas
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Geotomographical studies
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| awards = {{ublist | 1999 [[Ministry of Mines (India)|MoM]] National Mineral Award | 2002 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|S. S. Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2003 [[India International Friendship Society|IIFS]] Bharat Jyoti Award | 2004 SGAT Award of Excellence | 2004 [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] Homi J. Bhabha National Award | 2005 Dr. J. Coggin Brown Memorial Gold Medal }}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
}}

'''Sankar Kumar Nath''' (born 3 January 1960) is an Indian geophysicist, seismologist and the [[vice chancellor]] of the [[University of Burdwan]]. He was previously a senior professor at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]].<ref name="Prof Sankar Kumar Nath on Vidwan">{{Cite web |url=https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/43043 |title=Prof Sankar Kumar Nath on Vidwan |date=2016 |publisher=Vidwan}}</ref> He is known for his geotomographical studies <ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=215 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=November 12, 2016}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]],<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-04-03 |title=INAE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering }}</ref> [[Indian Geophysical Union]]<ref name="IGU fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.igu.in/igu_directory.pdf |title=IGU fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Geophysical Union}}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-01-02 |archive-date=2015-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 2002.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=November 12, 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:IIT Kharagpur Main Building.JPG|thumb|235px|left|IIT Kharagpur]]
S. K. Nath, born on 3 January 1960 in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], graduated in geology (BSc hons) in 1979 from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] and completed his master's degree in exploration geophysics from the same institution in 1981, passing both the examinations with first rank; his thesis for the master's degree earned him a Silver Medal for the best thesis.<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.earthqhaz.net/nathsir/cv_skn.pdf |title=Faculty profile |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Kharagpur |access-date=2017-01-02 |archive-date=2016-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806181510/http://earthqhaz.net/nathsir/cv_skn.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> After working as a [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] junior research fellow at IIT Kharagpur for 6 months, he started his career as a junior geophysicist with Indicos Computer Services, a Mumbai-based firm, in 1982. Two years later, he moved to [[Oil India]] station in [[Assam]] where he worked as a geoscientist and senior geoscientist till 1988.<ref name="Nath on Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vecc.gov.in/colloquia/speaker_details/101 |title=Nath on Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre |date=2016 |publisher=VNCC - Department of Atomic Energy}}</ref> Returning to his home state in January that year, he had a short stint of 7 months at Computech Ispat, Kolkata as the processing manager before enrolling for doctoral studies at IIT Kharagpur, simultaneously working as a lecturer. During this period, he secured a PhD in seismic prospecting in 1993 and did his post-doctoral studies on [[earthquake seismology]] at the [[Geophysical Institute]] of the [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]] during 1995–96 at the laboratory of Niren N. Biswas. On his return to India in 1996, he resumed his service at IIT Kharagpur and served in various capacities as an assistant professor, associate professor and professor before becoming the head of the department of geology and geophysics in 2003 and held the post till 2006. He also had a second stint at University of Alaska Fairbanks as a visiting scientist during 1998–2003. He continued his association with IIT Kharagpur as a senior professor till November 2024 before got appointed as the VC of Burdwan University.<ref name="Faculty profile" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Nepal Earthquake 2015 01.jpg|235px|thumb|Nepal Earthquake 2015]]
Nath is known to have studied the seismic activities in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan region]] including the earthquakes in Nepal in [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|April]] and [[May 2015 Nepal earthquake|May 2015]]<ref name="Nepal earthquake: This one was big but The Big One is yet to come, say experts">{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/this-one-was-big-but-the-big-one-is-yet-to-come-say-experts/ |title=Nepal earthquake: This one was big but The Big One is yet to come, say experts |date=May 12, 2015 |publisher=Indian Express |work=News report}}</ref> and has contributed to developing novel applications of geotomography.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> He has been involved in a number of government-sponsored project studies which included ''Seismic Hazard Microzonation and Evaluation of Vulnerability & Risk of Sikkim Himalaya, Guwahati Megacity, Urban Kolkata and Kashmir Valley'' project of the [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]], ''National Programme in Earthquake Engineering Education in India'' of the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], ''National Programme for Capacity Building of Engineers in Earthquake Risk Management'' of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] and the ''National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Programme'' of the [[National Disaster Management Authority (India)|National Disaster Management Authority]].<ref name="Nath on Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre" /> His studies have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="List of Publications of Prof. Sankar Kumar Nath">{{Cite web |url=http://www.earthqhaz.net/nathsir/publications.pdf |title=List of Publications of Prof. Sankar Kumar Nath |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Kharagpur}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[Google Scholar]] and [[ResearchGate]], online repositories of scientific articles, have listed 122<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.nl/citations?user=UzzcIrYAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref> and 93 of them respectively.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sankar_Nath |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> He is the author of the ''Seismic Microzonation Manual'' and ''Seismic Microzonation Handbook'' published by the Ministry of Earth Sciences<ref name="Seismic Microzonation Manual and Handbook">{{Cite web |url=http://dod.nic.in/content/seismic-microzonation-manual-and-handbook |title=Seismic Microzonation Manual and Handbook |date=2016 |publisher=Ministry of Earth Sciences }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the editor of ''Training Handbook for the Faculty of the State Resource Institutions'', a reference manual for capacity building in earthquake risk management published by the Ministry of Home Affairs, the former two are prescribed texts for academic education in India.<ref name="Course Structure">{{Cite web |url=http://ismdhanbad.ac.in/depart/geophysics/Syllabus-M.%20Tech..pdf |title=Course Structure |date=2016 |publisher=Indian School of Mines |access-date=2017-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003127/http://ismdhanbad.ac.in/depart/geophysics/Syllabus-M.%20Tech..pdf |archive-date=2017-01-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Besides, he is the author of ''Schlumberger Geoelectric Sounding in Gro'', a text explaining the application of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) curves in explorational geophysics.<ref name="Schlumberger Geoelectric Sounding in Gro">{{Cite book |title=Schlumberger Geoelectric Sounding in Gro |last=Sankar Kumar Nath, Hari Pada Patra |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-9054107897 |date=1999 |page=160}}</ref> Nath, who has delivered several keynote and plenary addresses at seminars and conferences in India<ref name="VECC Colloqium">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vecc.gov.in/writereaddata/upload/colloquia/24_11_2014.pdf |title=VECC Colloqium |date=2014 |website=Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre}}</ref> and abroad,<ref name="Faculty profile" /> is also credited with contributions in the establishment of a strong motion network 16 earthquake monitoring stations in the Himalayan region and two broadband seismological observatories at the Kharagpur and Kolkata campuses of IIT Kharagpur.<ref name="Nath on Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre" />

== Awards and honors ==
S. K. Nath received the National Mineral Award of the [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]] in 1999<ref name="National Geoscience Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mines.nic.in/writereaddata/Content/A_NationalGeoscience_Awardees1995-2012.pdf |title=National Geoscience Award |date=2016 |publisher=Ministry of Mines (India) |page=55 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130132938/http://www.mines.nic.in/writereaddata/Content/A_NationalGeoscience_Awardees1995-2012.pdf |archivedate=2016-11-30 }}</ref> and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2002.<ref name="Earth Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |title=Earth Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200915/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> The Bharat Jyoti Award of the [[India International Friendship Society]] reached him in 2003 and he received two awards in 2004 viz. SGAT Award of Excellence of the Society of Geoscientists and Allied Technologists<ref name="S. K. Nath on Technology Transfer Group">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ttg-sric.iitkgp.ernet.in/ttg/bio.php?nick=ggnath |title=S. K. Nath on Technology Transfer Group |date=2016 |publisher=TTG-IIT Kharagpur}}</ref> and Homi J. Bhabha Award for Applied Sciences of Hari OM Ashram Trust and the [[University Grants Commission of India]].<ref name="UGC- Hari Om Ashram Trust Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/page/Honours-and-Awards.aspx |title=UGC- Hari Om Ashram Trust Awards |date=2016 |publisher=University Grants Commission}}</ref> These were followed by the Dr. J. Coggin Brown Memorial Gold Medal which he received in 2005.<ref name="S. K. Nath on Technology Transfer Group" /> He is an elected fellow of the Indian Geophysical Union,<ref name="IGU fellows" /> the National Academy of Sciences, India<ref name="NASI fellows" /> and the Indian National Academy of Engineering<ref name="INAE fellows" /> and a life member of the Society of Geoscientists and Allied Technologists.<ref name="Life member - SGAT">{{Cite web |url=http://sgat.in/download/SGAT%20Life%20Member%20Directory.pdf |title=Life member - SGAT |date=2016 |publisher=Society of Geoscientists and Allied Technologists}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{Cite book |title=Schlumberger Geoelectric Sounding in Gro |last=Sankar Kumar Nath, Hari Pada Patra |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-9054107897 |date=1999 |page=160}}
* {{Cite web |title=Seismic Microzonation Manual |last=S. K. Nath |publisher=Ministry of Earth Sciences |date=2011}}
* {{Cite web |title=Seismic Microzonation Handbook |last=S. K. Nath |publisher=Ministry of Earth Sciences |date=2011}}
* {{Cite web |title=Training Handbook for the Faculty of the State Resource Institutions |last=S. K. Nath (editor) |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |work=Training manual}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Nath, S. K., Roy, D. and Thingbaijam, K. K. S. |title=Disaster mitigation and management for West Bengal, India An appraisal |journal=Curr. Sci. |date=2008 |volume=94 |issue=7 |pages=858–866}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nath, S. K., Shukla, K., Vyas M. J. |title=Seismic Hazard Scenario and Attenuation Model of the Garhwal Himalaya using Near Field Synthesis from Weak Motion Seismometry |journal=J. Earth Syst. Sci. |date=2008 |volume=117 |issue=a |pages=649–670 |doi=10.1007/s12040-008-0062-6|bibcode=2008JESS..117..649N |s2cid=129921624 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sankar Kumar Nath, Kiran Kumar Singh Thingbaijam, Abhishek Raj |title=Earthquake Hazard in the Northeast India - A Seismic Microzonation Approach with Typical Case Studies from Sikkim Himalaya and Guwahati city |journal=J. Earth Syst. Sci. |date=2008 |volume=118 |issue=S2 |pages=809–831 |doi=10.1007/s12040-008-0070-6|bibcode=2008JESS..117..809N |s2cid=129013751 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=S. K. Nath, K. K. S. Thingbaijam |title=Seismic hazard assessment – a holistic microzonation approach |journal=Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. |date=2009 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=1445–1459 |doi=10.5194/nhess-9-1445-2009|bibcode=2009NHESS...9.1445N |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=S. K. Nath, A. Raj, K. K. S. Thingbaijam, A. Kumar |title=Ground Motion Synthesis and Seismic Scenario in Guwahati City—A Stochastic Approach |journal=Seismological Research Letters |date=2009 |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=233–242 |doi=10.1785/gssrl.80.2.233|bibcode=2009SeiRL..80..233N }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Seismic microzonation]]
* [[Geology of the Himalaya]]
* [[Operation Sankat Mochan]]
* [[Operation Maitri]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Geology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|50em}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.moes.gov.in/writereaddata/files/seismic_mcrozonation_manual.pdf |title=Seismic Microzonation Manual |last=S. K. Nath |publisher=Ministry of Earth Sciences |date=2011|work=full text}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://dod.nic.in/writereaddata/files/seismic_microzonation_handbook.pdf |title=Seismic Microzonation Handbook |last=S. K. Nath |publisher=Ministry of Earth Sciences |date=2011 |work=full text |access-date=2017-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003434/http://dod.nic.in/writereaddata/files/seismic_microzonation_handbook.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-03 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://dod.nic.in/writereaddata/files/seismic_microzonation_handbook.pdf |title=Seismic Hazard Group |publisher=IIT Kharagpur |date=2016 |work=Profile of the research group |access-date=2017-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003434/http://dod.nic.in/writereaddata/files/seismic_microzonation_handbook.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-03 |url-status=dead }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nath, Sankar Kumar}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Indian geophysicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian seismologists]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kharagpur]]
[[Category:University of Alaska Fairbanks alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Geophysical Union]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]

Kalki 2898 AD (soundtrack)

2026-04-11T16:43:35Z

Ambi:

{{Short description|2024 soundtrack album by Santhosh Narayanan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Kalki 2898 AD
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| image = File:Kalki 2898 AD Soundtrack Album Cover.jpg
| border = yes
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| studio = Future Tense Studios, [[Chennai]]
| released = {{Start date|2024|7|10|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2022–2023
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=13|s=18}}
| language = {{hlist|[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]}}
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| prev_title = [[Anweshippin Kandethum]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2024
| next_title = [[Andhagan]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|Qyku4motfJg&t|Kalki 2898 AD – Original Sound Track}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Kalki 2898 AD
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Bhairava Anthem
| single1date = 16 June 2024
| single2 = Theme of Kalki
| single2date = 23 June 2024
| single3 = Ta Takkara (Complex Song)
| single3date = 29 June 2024
| single4 = Hope of Shambala
| single4date = 4 July 2024
}}
}}

'''''Kalki 2898 AD''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]] to the 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[list of dystopian films|dystopian]] [[science fiction film|science fiction]] [[action film]] [[Kalki 2898 AD|of the same name]], directed by [[Nag Ashwin]], starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Prabhas]] and [[Deepika Padukone]]. The lyrics are written by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] and [[Krishna Kanth]] in Telugu, [[Kumaar]] and [[Siddharth-Garima]] in Hindi, [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] in Tamil, Shyam Muraleedharan in Malayalam and Varadaraj Chikkaballapura in Kannada.

Being Narayanan's 50th film as a composer in his career, the soundtrack album which consisted of six songs was released on 10 July 2024.<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1811264465855479961 |user=Vyjayanthi Movies |title=𝐊ickstart Your Day With The #Kalki2898AD Album! 🤩 Now Streaming On All Platforms 💥😎 Telugu 🔗linktr.ee/kalkitelugu_fu… Tamil 🔗linktr.ee/kalkitamil_ful… Kannada 🔗linktr.ee/kalkikannada_f… Malayalam 🔗linktr.ee/kalkimalayalam… 🎶 @Music_Santhosh @SrBachchan @ikamalhaasan #Prabhas @deepikapadukone @nagashwin7 @DishPatani @Music_Santhosh @VyjayanthiFilms @Kalki2898AD @saregamaglobal @saregamasouth |author=Vyjayanthi Movies |author-link=Vyjayanthi Movies |date=11 July 2024 |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=10 July 2024 |title=Kalki 2898 AD (Telugu) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/56bqyn7qEMH0yagNm8Jheu?si |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710173521/https://open.spotify.com/album/56bqyn7qEMH0yagNm8Jheu?si |archive-date=10 July 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=Spotify}}</ref>

== Development and production ==
In mid-2020, the producer [[C. Aswini Dutt]] initially insisted on bringing veteran composer [[M. M. Keeravani]] to score music for the film, as well as [[A. R. Rahman]] also considered for the role; Neither of them did sign the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-29 |title=Prabhas21: MM Keeravani Vs AR Rahman? |url=https://www.telugu360.com/prabhas21-mm-keeravani-vs-ar-rahman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806131027/https://www.telugu360.com/prabhas21-mm-keeravani-vs-ar-rahman/ |archive-date=2020-08-06 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Telugu360.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manjula |date=5 August 2020 |title=AR Rahman Whopping Remuneration For Deepika-Prabhas Movie of Nag Ashwin |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ar-rahman-whopping-remuneration-for-deepika-prabhas-movie-of-nag-ashwin-637616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608175541/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ar-rahman-whopping-remuneration-for-deepika-prabhas-movie-of-nag-ashwin-637616 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=}}</ref> In late January 2021, Ashwin recruited composer [[Mickey J. Meyer]], whom he had previously worked with in ''[[Mahanati]]'' (2018), as a part of the technical crew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=Makers of Nag Ashwin-Prabhas movie rope in 'Mahanati' cinematographer, music composer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/jan/29/makers-of-nag-ashwin-prabhasmovie-rope-in-mahanati-cinematographer-music-composer-2256633.html|access-date= |website=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=8 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608175541/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/jan/29/makers-of-nag-ashwin-prabhasmovie-rope-in-mahanati-cinematographer-music-composer-2256633.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By November, speculations arose that Meyer opted out of the project and would be replaced by [[Santhosh Narayanan]] as the composer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Ram |date=2021-11-21 |title=Prabhas' Project K undergoing changes? |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/3/85741/prabhas-project-k-undergoing-changes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121083145/https://www.cinejosh.com/news/3/85741/prabhas-project-k-undergoing-changes.html |archive-date=2021-11-21 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Cinejosh |language=english}}</ref> It was officially confirmed in February 2023, when Dutt stated in an interview regarding Narayanan's inclusion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2023 |title=Project K: Mickey out, Santhosh Narayanan is in |url=https://m.greatandhra.com/movies/news/project-k-mickey-out-santhosh-narayanan-is-in-127533|access-date=26 February 2023 |website=Greatandhra |language=en|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328023436/https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/project-k-mickey-out-santhosh-narayanan-is-in-127533|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-25 |title=Project K: Santosh Narayanan replaces Mickey J Meyer in the Prabhas, Deepika Padukone starrer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/project-k-santosh-narayanan-replaces-mickey-j-meyer-in-the-prabhas-deepika-padukone-starrer/ca783e6aa139 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322180110/https://www.ottplay.com/news/project-k-santosh-narayanan-replaces-mickey-j-meyer-in-the-prabhas-deepika-padukone-starrer/ca783e6aa139 |archive-date=2023-03-22 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Narayanan stated that Ashwin had liked [[Cuckoo (2014 soundtrack)|his compositions]] for ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]'' (2014) which led to his involvement in the film.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Rajendran |first1=Gopinath |date=2024-07-09 |title=Santhosh Narayanan interview: On the music of 'Kalki 2898 AD' and understanding Nag Ashwin's vision |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santhosh-narayanan-interview-on-the-music-of-kalki-2898-ad-and-understanding-nag-ashwins-vision/article68382765.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712164222/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santhosh-narayanan-interview-on-the-music-of-kalki-2898-ad-and-understanding-nag-ashwins-vision/article68382765.ece |archive-date=2024-07-12 |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He spent a year to research the sounds that suited the film's theme and storyline.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNyuvKmW3qM |title=Santhosh Narayanan Interview With Baradwaj Rangan {{!}} Wide Angle {{!}} #dasara {{!}} #projectk {{!}} Galatta plus |date=2023-03-12 |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |type=Interview |publisher=Galatta Plus |access-date=2024-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330142032/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNyuvKmW3qM |archive-date=2023-03-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Dreams Do Become Reality: Santhosh Narayanan On Joining Project K |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/dreams-do-become-reality-santhosh-narayanan-project-k-nag-ashwin-prabhas-deepika-padukone-amitabh-bachchan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323053743/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/dreams-do-become-reality-santhosh-narayanan-project-k-nag-ashwin-prabhas-deepika-padukone-amitabh-bachchan |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Film Companion South |language=en}}</ref>

When Narayanan was brought onboard for ''Kalki 2898 AD'', almost eight months of the film's production had been completed. During the music discussion, Ashwin insisted the album to be epic, but also need to be soulful. His inspiration for developing the film's music was attributed to Rahman's [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Academy Award winning score]] for ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008), adding "The biggest takeaway was how he did what he does — his own original music — and the world lapped it up and loved it. He didn’t have to cater to a different audience but worked to his strengths. The entire music team surrendered to the vision of the production and the director. Only then we can create something raw and new."<ref name=":0" />

The themes for the four different worlds—Kasi, Shambhala, the Lab and the Complex—he composed specific themes for that, and separately stored them in his system folder under the name "World Boxes".<ref name=":0" /> Narayanan personally intended to add the sounds of 1980s and 1990s, as he was a huge fan of [[Ilaiyaraaja]], Rahman and [[M. S. Viswanathan]]; he cited the "Bhairava Anthem" as an ode to Ilaiyaraaja, "Veera Dheera" as an ode to Viswanathan, and the treatment of the Mother in lab as an ode to Rahman. The Mahabharata sequence was cited as an ode to [[S. S. Rajamouli]] and [[M. M. Keeravani]]'s works in epic period films. The song "Ta Takkara" was essentially composed to match Prabhas' on-screen presence, but also wanted it to be quirky. This resulted the song being composed in a mix of various genres: [[dubstep]], [[psychedelic trance]], [[Orchestral music|orchestral]] and [[Indian folk music|Indian folk]].<ref name=":0" />

Since the film is set in the future where the remainder of the population are a mix of languages, cultures and communities, he wanted to implement the same in the film's music. [[Diljit Dosanjh]] who made his debut with the South Indian film music scene, performed the Punjabi rap in the song "Bhairava Anthem" with lyrics written by [[Kumaar]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-17 |title='Bhairava Anthem' out: Diljit Dosanjh, Prabhas' energy steals the show in 'Kalki' song |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bhairava-anthem-song-diljit-dosanjh-prabhas-energy-kalki-2898-ad-nag-ashwin-deepika-padukone-ranveer-singh-2553948-2024-06-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625101642/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bhairava-anthem-song-diljit-dosanjh-prabhas-energy-kalki-2898-ad-nag-ashwin-deepika-padukone-ranveer-singh-2553948-2024-06-17 |archive-date=2024-06-25 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> he added that the song lyrics will be the same in every language. Likewise, [[Amitabh Bachchan]] performed the song "Keshava Madhava" in Hindi, which was retained in other languages.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The same goes for the [[oppari]] bit, which he originally composed in Tamil. Narayanan described the album as his "ode to the multicultural identity of India".<ref name=":0" />

The songs and score were recorded at Narayanan's Future Tense Studios in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 February 2024 |title=Kalki 2898-AD: Music director Santhosh Narayanan teases fans with intriguing insights |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kalki-2898-ad-music-director-santhosh-narayanan-teases-fans-with-intriguing-insights/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713220635/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kalki-2898-ad-music-director-santhosh-narayanan-teases-fans-with-intriguing-insights/ |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=The South First}}</ref> As Sumathi (SUM-80) being the film's central character, he composed few themes that revolve around her character and also designed three specific sounds for Bhairava as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=Here's What 'Kalki 2898 AD' Music Director Santhosh Narayanan Has In Mind For Prabhas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalki-2898-ad-music-director-santhosh-narayanans-plans-for-prabhas-revealed/articleshow/107417336.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 February 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206020024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalki-2898-ad-music-director-santhosh-narayanans-plans-for-prabhas-revealed/articleshow/107417336.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> To experiment with the music, he travelled to South Africa for recording the percussive sounds using Kika drums and percussions.<ref name=":0" /> A glimpse of the film's main theme was performed by Narayanan at his ''Neeye Oli'' concert during February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 February 2024 |title=Video: Santhosh Narayanan shares glimpse of 'Kalki 2898 AD' theme at concert |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/santhosh-narayanan-shares-glimpse-of-prabhas-kalki-2898-ad-theme-song-at-concert-neeye-oli-2500317-2024-02-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712165557/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/santhosh-narayanan-shares-glimpse-of-prabhas-kalki-2898-ad-theme-song-at-concert-neeye-oli-2500317-2024-02-11 |archive-date=12 July 2024 |access-date=11 February 2024 |work=India Today}}</ref>

== Release ==
In May 2024, it was announced that the record label [[Saregama]] acquired the marketing and distribution of the film's musical score and soundtrack.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalki 2898 AD: Saregama Acquires Audio Rights for Prabhas-Amitabh Bachchan Starrer |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/kalki-2898-ad-saregama-acquires-audio-rights-for-prabhas-amitabh-bachchan-starrer-enn24051605213 |website=ETV Bharat |date=16 May 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524092501/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/kalki-2898-ad-saregama-acquires-audio-rights-for-prabhas-amitabh-bachchan-starrer-enn24051605213 |url-status=live }}</ref> The label nearly spent {{INRConvert|18|c}} for the film's music rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-19 |title=Kalki 2898 AD's Soundtrack Sold To Saregama For Rs 18 Crore |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kalki-2898-ads-soundtrack-sold-to-saregama-for-rs-18-crore-8971836.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721004726/https://www.news18.com/movies/kalki-2898-ads-soundtrack-sold-to-saregama-for-rs-18-crore-8971836.html |archive-date=2024-07-21 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The song "Bujji Theme" was released separately on 27 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2024 |title=Kalki's Bujji Theme: Feel The Pulse-pounding Music |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/294310/kalkis-bujji-theme-feel-the-pulse-pounding-music |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713215025/https://www.gulte.com/movienews/294310/kalkis-bujji-theme-feel-the-pulse-pounding-music |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=Gulte.com}}</ref> The theme featured vocals performed by [[Switzerland]]-based singer [[Priya Ragu]] and lyrics written by Japhna Gold.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2024 |title=Bujji Theme (From "Kalki 2898 AD") by Priya Ragu, Santhosh Narayanan & Japhna Gold |url=https://music.apple.com/us/song/bujji-theme-from-kalki-2898-ad/1748573725 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624232947/https://music.apple.com/us/song/bujji-theme-from-kalki-2898-ad/1748573725 |archive-date=24 June 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

The first single titled "Bhairava Anthem" was released on 16 June 2024.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 June 2024 |title=Kalki 2898 AD: Prabhas and Diljit Dosanjh team up for 'Bhairava Anthem': "India's biggest song" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/kalki-2898-ad-prabhas-diljit-dosanjh-team-bhairava-anthem-indias-biggest-song/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616021010/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/kalki-2898-ad-prabhas-diljit-dosanjh-team-bhairava-anthem-indias-biggest-song/ |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The music video, which released the following day, featured Prabhas and Diljit Dosanjh in the latter's maiden collaboration.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2024 |title=Kalki 2898 AD: Prabhas does a Diljit Dosanjh in Bhairava Anthem, fans say 'Punjabi aagaye oye'. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/kalki-2898-ad-bhairava-anthem-diljit-dosanjh-prabhas-9397218/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620102337/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/kalki-2898-ad-bhairava-anthem-diljit-dosanjh-prabhas-9397218/ |archive-date=20 June 2024 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-17 |title=‘Bhairava Anthem’: Prabhas and Diljit Dosanjh bring the beats to the dystopian world of ‘Kalki 2898 AD' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhairava-anthem-prabhas-and-diljit-dosanjh-bring-the-beats-to-the-dystopian-world-of-kalki-2898-ad/article68299916.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620085316/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhairava-anthem-prabhas-and-diljit-dosanjh-bring-the-beats-to-the-dystopian-world-of-kalki-2898-ad/article68299916.ece |archive-date=2024-06-20 |access-date=2024-09-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The theme song of the film, "Theme of Kalki", was released as the film's second single on the evening of 23 June 2024 in [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]'s birthplace, [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], along the banks of the [[Yamuna]] river.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2024 |title=Theme Song Of Prabhas-Deepika Padukone-Starrer 'Kalki 2898 AD' To Be Unveiled In Mathura |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/theme-song-of-prabhas-deepika-padukone-starrer-kalki-2898-ad-to-be-unveiled-in-mathura |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623204139/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/theme-song-of-prabhas-deepika-padukone-starrer-kalki-2898-ad-to-be-unveiled-in-mathura |archive-date=23 June 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2024 |title='Theme of Kalki', the next song from 'Kalki 2898 AD' to be unveiled at Lord Krishna's birthplace, Mathura |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/theme-of-kalki-the-next-song-from-kalki-2898-ad-to-be-unveiled-at-lord-krishnas-birthplace-mathura/articleshow/111208440.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624015649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/theme-of-kalki-the-next-song-from-kalki-2898-ad-to-be-unveiled-at-lord-krishnas-birthplace-mathura/articleshow/111208440.cms |archive-date=24 June 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The lyrics for the song were written by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], who described the song is about the [[Dashavatara]] of [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=J1U_WiCHKnc |title=Lyricist Chandra Bose about Theme of Kalki {{!}} Kalki 2898 AD {{!}} |date=3 July 2024 |language=Telugu |publisher=Vyjayanthi Network |access-date=3 July 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The vocals were performed by [[Kaala Bhairava]], [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]] and Gowtham Bharadwaj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Prabhas-starrer 'Kalki 2898 AD' to unveil theme song on June 23 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/theme-song-of-kalki-2898-ad-to-be-released-on-june-24-1.9663973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922121837/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/theme-song-of-kalki-2898-ad-to-be-released-on-june-24-1.9663973 |archive-date=2024-09-22 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Mathrubhumi English |language=en}}</ref> The third single "Ta Takkara (Complex Song)" was released on 29 June 2024.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2024 |title=Ta Takkara Complex Song from Kalki 2898 AD: Prabhas, Disha Patani live out their dreams |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ta-takkara-complex-song-from-kalki-2898-ad-prabhas-disha-patani-live-out-their-dreams-101719646860463.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703045600/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ta-takkara-complex-song-from-kalki-2898-ad-prabhas-disha-patani-live-out-their-dreams-101719646860463.html |archive-date=3 July 2024 |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The song featured vocals performed by [[Sanjith Hegde]], [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]] and Santhosh Narayanan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-01 |title=Prabhas And Disha Patani’s Crackling Chemistry In Kalki 2898 AD Song Ta Takkara Grabs Eyeballs! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/prabhas-and-disha-patani-s-crackling-chemistry-in-kalki-2898-ad-song-ta-takkara-grabs-eyeballs-2762300.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704091432/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/prabhas-and-disha-patani-s-crackling-chemistry-in-kalki-2898-ad-song-ta-takkara-grabs-eyeballs-2762300.html |archive-date=2024-07-04 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> The fourth single titled "Hope of Shambala" was released on 4 July 2024.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |date=4 July 2024 |title=Hope of Shambala song from Kalki 2898 AD out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/05/hope-of-shambala-song-from-kalki-2898-ad-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712172142/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/05/hope-of-shambala-song-from-kalki-2898-ad-out |archive-date=12 July 2024 |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> The song featured vocals performed by [[Shobana]], while Meenakshi Santhosh and Pavithra Chari did so for the dubbed versions.<ref name=":4" />

In early-July 2024, Santhosh Narayanan in his X (formerly [[Twitter]]) account, announced that the film's album, which ties up the original songs and score will be released earlier.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1810323529898111169 |user=Music_Santhosh |title=The entire musical experience of Kalki will be out as promised. Have tried to place the original score and soundtrack together in the movie’s flow. Hope to take you into the world we built over the past few years. Very grateful for your love and feedback 🙏🏾🙏🏾🙇‍♂️🙇‍♂️. |first=Santhosh |last=Narayanan |author-link=Santhosh Narayanan |date=2024-07-08 |access-date=2024-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922122746/https://x.com/Music_Santhosh/status/1810323529898111169 |archive-date=2024-09-22 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> The soundtrack album was released on 10 July 2024.<ref name=":1" /> Along with the earlier released singles, the album also included a sixth song titled "Keshava Madhava" featured the voice of Narayanan (original version) and [[Amitabh Bachchan]] (Hindi version) and lyrics written by the duo of [[Siddharth–Garima]] in Hindi while [[Krishna Kanth]] wrote the Telugu lyrics for the song.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |date=3 July 2024 |title='It Is Every Artist's Dream To Work With Amitabh Bachchan, And We Are Elated That He Has Sung Our Song In Kalki 2898 AD' - Writers Siddharth -Garima- Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/it-is-every-artists-dream-to-work-with-amitabh-bachchan-and-we-are-elated-that-he-has-sung-our-song-in-kalki-2898-ad-writer-garima-exclusive/articleshow/111447291.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724052133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/it-is-every-artists-dream-to-work-with-amitabh-bachchan-and-we-are-elated-that-he-has-sung-our-song-in-kalki-2898-ad-writer-garima-exclusive/articleshow/111447291.cms |archive-date=24 July 2024 |access-date=24 July 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=VkecDiLcZns&t |title=Lyricist Krishna Kanth about Keshava Madhava Song {{!}} Kalki 2898 AD {{!}} |date=12 July 2024 |language=Telugu |publisher=Vyjayanthi Network |access-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713225258/https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=VkecDiLcZns&t |archive-date=13 July 2024 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Track listing==
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bhairava Anthem
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], [[Kumaar]]
| extra1 = [[Diljit Dosanjh]], Deepak Blue, Santhosh Narayanan
| length1 = 2:42
| title2 = Theme of Kalki
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = [[Kaala Bhairava]], [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]], Gowtham Bharadwaj, Chorus
| note2 = Krishna Song
| length2 = 3:10
| title3 = Ta Takkara
| note3 = Complex Song
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra3 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
| length3 = 3:28
| title4 = Hope of Shambala
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra4 = [[Shobana]]
| length4 = 1:42
| title5 = Keshava Madhava
| lyrics5 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra5 = Santhosh Narayanan
| note5 = Wait of Ashwatthama
| length5 = 1:30
| title6 = Bujji Theme
| lyrics6 = Japhna Gold
| extra6 = [[Priya Ragu]]
| length6 = 0:46
| total_length = 13:18
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bhairava Anthem
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| extra1 = Diljit Dosanjh,Vijaynarain, Santhosh Narayanan
| length1 = 2:42
| title2 = Theme of Kalki
| lyrics2 = Kumaar
| extra2 = Gowtham Bharadwaj, Chorus
| length2 = 3:10
| title3 = Ta Takkara
| note3 = Complex Song
| lyrics3 = Kumaar
| extra3 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
| length3 = 3:28
| title4 = Hope of Shambala
| lyrics4 = [[Siddharth–Garima]]
| extra4 = Pavithra Chari
| length4 = 1:42
| title5 = Keshava Madhava
| lyrics5 = [[Siddharth–Garima]]
| extra5 = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| note5 = Wait of Ashwatthama
| length5 = 1:30
| title6 = Bujji Theme
| lyrics6 = Japhna Gold
| extra6 = [[Priya Ragu]]
| length6 = 0:46
| total_length = 13:18
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bhairava Anthem
| lyrics1 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], [[Kumaar]]
| extra1 = [[Diljit Dosanjh]], Santhosh Narayanan
| length1 = 2:42
| title2 = Theme of Kalki
| lyrics2 = Vivek
| extra2 = [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]], Chorus
| length2 = 3:10
| title3 = Ta Takkara
| note3 = Complex Song
| lyrics3 = Vivek
| extra3 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
| length3 = 3:28
| title4 = Hope of Shambala
| lyrics4 = Vivek
| extra4 = Meenakshi Santhosh
| length4 = 1:42
| title5 = Keshava Madhava
| lyrics5 = Vivek
| extra5 = [[S. P. Charan]]
| note5 = Wait of Ashwatthama
| length5 = 1:30
| title6 = Bujji Theme
| lyrics6 = Japhna Gold
| extra6 = [[Priya Ragu]]
| length6 = 0:46
| total_length = 13:18
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Kannada
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bhairava Anthem
| lyrics1 = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura, [[Kumaar]]
| extra1 = Vijaynarain
| length1 = 2:42
| title2 = Theme of Kalki
| lyrics2 = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
| extra2 = Gowtham Bharadwaj, Chorus
| length2 = 3:10
| title3 = Ta Takkara
| note3 = Complex Song
| lyrics3 = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
| extra3 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
| length3 = 3:28
| title4 = Hope of Shambala
| lyrics4 = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
| extra4 = Pavithra Chari
| length4 = 1:42
| title5 = Keshava Madhava
| lyrics5 = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
| extra5 = [[S. P. Charan]]
| note5 = Wait of Ashwatthama
| length5 = 1:30
| title6 = Bujji Theme
| lyrics6 = Japhna Gold
| extra6 = [[Priya Ragu]]
| length6 = 0:46
| total_length = 13:18
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Malayalam
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bhairava Anthem
| lyrics1 = Shyam Muraleedharan, [[Kumaar]]
| extra1 = Vijaynarain
| length1 = 2:42
| title2 = Theme of Kalki
| lyrics2 = Shyam Muraleedharan
| extra2 = Gowtham Bharadwaj, Chorus
| length2 = 3:10
| title3 = Ta Takkara
| note3 = Complex Song
| lyrics3 = Shyam Muraleedharan
| extra3 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
| length3 = 3:28
| title4 = Hope of Shambala
| lyrics4 = Shyam Muraleedharan
| extra4 = Pavithra Chari
| length4 = 1:42
| title5 = Keshava Madhava
| lyrics5 = Shyam Muraleedharan
| extra5 = [[S. P. Charan]]
| note5 = Wait of Ashwatthama
| length5 = 1:30
| title6 = Bujji Theme
| lyrics6 = Japhna Gold
| extra6 = [[Priya Ragu]]
| length6 = 0:46
| total_length = 13:18
}}

== Background score ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kalki 2898 AD
| type = [[Film score]]
| artist = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 11 July 2024
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film score]]
| length = {{Duration|m=50|s=44}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1=
}}
}}

The film further featured thirty songs in the background score, that was released as a separate album on 11 July 2024 by [[Saregama]].<ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=11 July 2024 |title=Kalki 2898 AD composer fulfills his promise – Deets inside |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/kalki-2898-ad-composer-fulfills-his-promise-deets-inside.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712072247/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/kalki-2898-ad-composer-fulfills-his-promise-deets-inside.html |archive-date=2024-07-12 |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=123telugu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 July 2024 |title=Kalki 2898 AD (Original Score) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2DCSdnzBZrp7hKksR5eOfX?si |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711075420/https://open.spotify.com/album/2DCSdnzBZrp7hKksR5eOfX?si |archive-date=11 July 2024 |access-date=11 July 2024 |publisher=Spotify}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title1 = The Great War
| length1 = 1:08
| title2 = Ashwa Curse
| length2 = 0:54
| title3 = Keshava Madhava{{ref|a|[a]}}
| length3 = 1:30
| title4 = Pursuit of Life
| length4 = 0:58
| title5 = A World Of Treasures
| length5 = 2:38
| title6 = Manas
| length6 = 1:10
| title7 = Complex Tour
| length7 = 1:20
| title8 = Puttinavaniki
| length8 = 1:32
| title9 = SUM 80
| length9 = 1:17
| title10 = Extraction
| length10 = 1:17
| title11 = Yashkin
| length11 = 2:16
| title12 = The Child Within
| length12 = 1:58
| title13 = Hey Chintoo
| length13 = 0:52
| title14 = Boy From Kasi
| length14 = 1:06
| title15 = Where Is My Rent?
| length15 = 0:51
| title16 = Ashwathama
| length16 = 2:24
| title17 = The Escape
| length17 = 0:40
| title18 = Kyra
| length18 = 2:18
| title19 = Lullaby
| length19 = 1:07
| title20 = Meeting Mother
| length20 = 1:18
| title21 = Fist Fight
| length21 = 3:33
| title22 = Bujji Theme{{ref|a|[a]}}
| length22 = 0:46
| title23 = Never Lost a Fight
| length23 = 1:17
| title24 = Shambala Rain
| length24 = 2:35
| title25 = Shambala
| length25 = 2:21
| title26 = Ashwa Vs Ashwa
| length26 = 1:06
| title27 = Only Death Wins in War
| length27 = 2:18
| title28 = Final Flight
| length28 = 2:16
| title29 = Hero
| length29 = 1:40
| title30 = Veera Dheera
| length30 = 4:05
| total_length = 50:44
}}

; Notes
* {{note|a|a}} Tracks 3 and 22 from the original soundtrack, were released within the soundtrack album.

== Reception ==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "The music too is a bit hit-and-miss. Santhosh Narayanan pays rich homage to the Bhagavad Gita and old Telugu classics, and then stunningly transitions into a futuristic gaming zone realm. However, the songs take some getting used to."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-06-27 |title=‘Kalki 2898 AD' movie review: Prabhas and Amitabh Bachchan shine in a visually stunning drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalki-2898-ad-movie-review-prabhas-and-amitabh-bachchan-shine-in-a-visually-stunning-drama/article68339482.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907160531/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalki-2898-ad-movie-review-prabhas-and-amitabh-bachchan-shine-in-a-visually-stunning-drama/article68339482.ece |archive-date=2024-09-07 |access-date=2024-09-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Although the music score by Santhosh Narayanan is a letdown, the background score effectively complements the film's narrative, elevating key moments."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalki 2898 - AD Movie Review: Big B's powerful punches and stunning visuals shine above the film's flaws |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kalki-2898-ad/movie-review/111302049.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715095358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kalki-2898-ad/movie-review/111302049.cms |archive-date=2024-07-15 |access-date=2024-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote "Santhosh Narayanan’s background score allows the frames to breathe, and this is welcome in an era where the bgm is near-deafening and constant in tentpole films like this. But on the flip side, the score doesn’t do enough to amp up the excitement when it needs to."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=2024-06-27 |title=Kalki 2898 AD review: Nag Ashwin-Prabhas' dystopian drama has its moments |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/kalki-2898-ad-review-nag-ashwin-prabhas-dystopian-drama-has-its-moments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712181743/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/kalki-2898-ad-review-nag-ashwin-prabhas-dystopian-drama-has-its-moments |archive-date=2024-07-12 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

A. Ganesh Nadar of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "Music by Santhosh Narayanan has no recall value. He does a better job with the background music."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadar |first=A. Ganesh |date=2024-07-08 |title=Kalki 2898 AD: The Alternate Review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kalki-2898-ad-the-alternate-review/20240708.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709065554/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kalki-2898-ad-the-alternate-review/20240708.htm |archive-date=2024-07-09 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> Janani K. of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "Composer Santhosh Narayanan, with his background music, gave life to the music. The elevation scenes featuring Prabhas, Kamal Haasan, Deepika Padukone and Amitabh Bachchan turned out to be epic because of his score."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=2024-06-27 |title=Kalki 2898 AD Review: Prabhas reigns supreme, Big B and Deepika Padukone exceptional |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kalki-2898-ad-review-prabhas-supremacy-reign-amitabh-bachchan-deepika-padukone-impress-2558959-2024-06-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717152426/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kalki-2898-ad-review-prabhas-supremacy-reign-amitabh-bachchan-deepika-padukone-impress-2558959-2024-06-27 |archive-date=2024-07-17 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Kaushik Rajaraman of ''[[DT Next]]'' wrote "Santhosh Narayanan’s music in the chase sequence and Shambala fight shows why he is still one of the most-preferred music directors in the south."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=2024-06-27 |title=Kalki 2898 AD review: Despite minor lags, Nag Ashwin and co succeeds |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/kalki-2898-ad-review-despite-minor-lags-nag-ashwin-and-co-succeeds-792199 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922132048/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/kalki-2898-ad-review-despite-minor-lags-nag-ashwin-and-co-succeeds-792199 |archive-date=2024-09-22 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref> Uday Bhatia of [[Mint (newspaper)|''Mint'']] wrote "Santhosh Narayanan’s score does a lot to flesh out these environments, from a chiming theme reminiscent of ''[[The Nutcracker|Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy]]'' to [[Hans Zimmer|Zimmer]]-ian strum und drang."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=2024-06-27 |title='Kalki 2898 AD' review: Padding out weakens Prabhas sci-fi actioner |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/kalki-2898-ad-review-film-prabhas-deepika-padukone-amitabh-bachchan-11719489185142.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907143938/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/kalki-2898-ad-review-film-prabhas-deepika-padukone-amitabh-bachchan-11719489185142.html |archive-date=2024-09-07 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Mint}}</ref>

== Album credits ==
Credits adapted from [[Saregama]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Qyku4motfJg&t=1s&pp=ygUJS2Fsa2kgb3N0 |title=Kalki 2898 AD - Original Sound Track {{!}} Prabhas {{!}} Amitabh {{!}} Deepika {{!}} Kamal {{!}} Santhosh Narayanan |date=12 July 2024 |language=Telugu |publisher=Saregama |access-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712161311/https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Qyku4motfJg&t=1s&pp=ygUJS2Fsa2kgb3N0 |archive-date=12 July 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{div col}}
* All music composed, produced, orchestrated, programmed, recorded, mixed and mastered by – [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
* Studio – Future Tense Studios, Chennai
* Electronic music production – 6091{{Efn|Stage name for Gopikrishnan P. N.}}
* Additional programming – [[OfRo]], Aditya Ravindran, Pranav Muniraj, Karthik Manickavasakam, Rupender Venkatesh, 808krishna,{{Efn|Stage name for Thejas Krishna}} Shivakumar Adabala
* Puttinavaniki Voice – [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
* Flutes and whistles – Santhosh Narayanan
* Irish whistle and woodwinds – Ashish Venkateswaran
* Guitars – Aditya Ravindran
* Kokkarai, udukkai, thambattam – Iniyan Manimaaran
* Percussions – Karthik Vamsi, [[Siddharth Nagarajan]]
* Indian percussions – [[Buddhar kalaikuzhu|Buddhar Kalaikuzhu]]
* Saxophone – Aniket Chaturvedi
* Violin – Manoj Kumar
* Kika drums and percussions – Kawanguzi Simon, Baryabireeba Alvin, Kabodha Peter, Tenywa Sosan, Mulindwa Emmanuel, Kikaire Livingston, Bwana Yusuf (coordinated by Kaddu Yusuf)
* Additional Vocals – [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]], Mahalakshmi Rajagopalan, [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]], Meenakshi Elayaraja, Rohit Fernandes, Victor, [[Santhosh Hariharan]], Sreekanth Hariharan, Sudharsan Hemaram, Manikandan Chembai, Mayank Kapri, Viva Rao, Sarthak Kalyani, Aditya Ravindran, Karthik Manickavasakam
* Choir – The Indian Choral Ensemble (conducted by Karthik Manickavasakam)
* Sopranos – Aparna Harikumar, Alisha Mathew Thayil, Sushmita Narasimhan, Nidhi Saraogi, Vani Nandhini, Rutuja Pande, Shwetha Sugathan, Yazhini, Samanvitha Sasidaran, Amritha Rajesh Chelat
* Altos – Nayansee Sharma, Geethu Nirmala, Fathima Henna, Megha Salila, Shruthi Parthasarathy, Shri Bhadra, Varsha R Mallya, Ananya A, Pavithra Chari, Kaaviya S
* Tenors – Akash V H, Sudarshan HemaRam, Keshav Vinod, Shivsundar R, Shridhar Ramesh, Manoj Krishna, Shibi Srinivas, Dhiyanathiru, Nikhilchandran D S, Arshith Kurian, Chirag Shetty, Manikandan Chembai, Joseph George, Ebenezer
* Basses – Regis Tony, Shyam Krishna, Prashanth Mohanasundaram, Cyril Solomon, Neeraj Selvaganapathy, Soloman Ravindar
* Additional orchestrations (strings, brass, woodwinds) – Karthik Manickavasakam
* Orchestra – FAME'S Skopje Studio Orchestra
* Orchestra conductor – Oleg Kondratenko
* Sound recordist – Arber Curri
* Pro-tools operator – Marina Lefkova
* Stage managers – Riste Trajkovski, Ilija Grkovski, Filip Popov
* Orchestra co-ordinator – Joshua Rodrigues at Bohemia Junction Limited
* Additional recording – Karthik Manickavasakam, Pranav Muniraj,
* Recording engineers – Rupendar Venkatesh, Joshua D. Fernandez
* Studio Assistance – Jabaraj
* Musicians Coordinator – Meenakshi Santhosh
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Santhosh Narayanan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Science fiction film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Santhosh Narayanan soundtracks]]
[[Category:Saregama soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Dystopian music]]

Pagri Sambhal Jatta

2026-04-11T04:43:12Z

Ambi: Added Stub

'''Pagri Sambhal Jatta''', meaning "take care of your turban farmer", was a [[chant]] coined in 1907 in Punjab by the Indian poet Banke Dayal. It gained prominence during the Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement, led by [[Sardar Ajit Singh|Ajit Singh]], Kishan Singh, and Ghastia Ram, against a series of colonial agricultural laws, including the [[Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900]], the Punjab Land Colonisation Act, 1906, and the Doab Bari Act, 1907. It was repopularised in [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|2020 with the farmers protests in India]].<ref name=Thandi2022>{{cite book |last1=Parma |first1=Prabjhot |last2=Kaur |first2=Amandeep |editor1-last=Thandi |editor1-first=Shinder Singh |title=Agrarian Reform and Farmer Resistance in Punjab: Mobilization and Resilience |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-81630-3 |page=45 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dx6YEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT45 |language=en |chapter=2. Kisan protests in Punjab 1907 - 2021}}</ref><ref name=Mittal1977>{{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Satish Chandra |title=Freedom Movement in Punjab, 1905-29 |date=1977 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=Delhi |page=246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ds3Pq3AAqeAC&pg=PT246 |language=en |chapter=7. Conclusion}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India-stub}}

[[Category:Chants]]
[[Category:1907 in India]]

1968 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

2026-04-11T01:38:41Z

Ambi:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Infobox hurricane season
|Track=1968 North Indian Ocean cyclone season summary.jpg
|Basin=NIO
|Year=1968
|First storm formed=May 7, 1968
|Last storm dissipated=December 17, 1968
|Strongest storm name=[[1968 Burma cyclone|One]]
|Strongest storm winds=120
|Strongest storm pressure=953
|Total disturbances=13
|Total depressions=
|Total storms=7
|Total hurricanes=4
|Fatalities=~1047
|Damages=
|five seasons=[[1966 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1966]], [[1967 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1967]], '''1968''', [[1969 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1969]], [[1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1970]]
|Atlantic season=1968 Atlantic hurricane season
|East Pacific season=1968 Pacific hurricane season
|West Pacific season=1968 Pacific typhoon season
}}
The '''1968 North Indian Ocean cyclone season''' was an active cyclone season. Cyclone seasons in the Northern Indian Ocean have no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally determine the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the basin. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean—the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east of the [[Indian subcontinent]], and the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west of India. The official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre]] in this basin is the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD), while the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] releases unofficial advisories. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season.<ref name="IMD">{{cite report|title=India Weather Review Annual Summary — Part-C: Storms and Depressions 1968|url=ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED27E.pdf|publisher=India Meteorological Department|year=1969|access-date=May 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614112928/ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED27E.pdf|archive-date=2019-06-14|url-status=dead|format=PDF}}</ref> Cyclones occurring between the meridians [[45th meridian east|45°E]] and [[100th meridian east|100°E]] are included in the season by the IMD.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=January 2009 |accessdate=May 10, 2013 |title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over the North Indian During 2008 |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529004113/http://www.imd.ernet.in/services/cyclone/tropical-cyclone.htm |archivedate=May 29, 2009 }}</ref>
__TOC__
{{clear}}

==Seasonal summary==
<div class="center"><timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:215
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:50 left:20
Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270
AlignBars = early
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/05/1968 till:30/12/1968
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/05/1968
Colors =
id:canvas value:gray(0.88)
id:GP value:red
id:TD value:rgb(0,0.52,0.84) legend:Depression_(31–50_km/h)
id:DD value:rgb(0.43,0.76,0.92) legend:Deep_Depression_(51–62_km/h)
id:CS value:rgb(0.3,1,1) legend:Cyclonic_Storm_(63–88_km/h)
id:SCS value:rgb(0.75,1,0.75) legend:Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(89–117_km/h)
id:VSCS value:rgb(1,0.85,0.55) legend:Very_Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(118–165_km/h)
id:ESCS value:rgb(1,0.45,0.54) legend:Extremely_Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(166–220_km/h)
id:SuCS value:rgb(0.55,0.46,0.9) legend:Super_Cyclonic_Storm_(≥221_km/h)
Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas
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bar:Month
PlotData=
barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till
from:07/05/1968 till:10/05/1968 color:SuCS text:"[[1968 Burma cyclone|One (SuCS)]]"
from:12/06/1968 till:14/06/1968 color:TD text:"Two (D)"
from:09/07/1968 till:11/07/1968 color:DD text:"Three (DD)"
from:29/07/1968 till:02/08/1968 color:DD text:"Four (DD)"
from:03/08/1968 till:08/08/1968 color:DD text:"Five (DD)"
from:11/08/1968 till:14/08/1968 color:TD text:"Six (D)"
from:22/08/1968 till:24/08/1968 color:TD text:"Seven (D)"
barset:break
from:10/09/1968 till:14/09/1968 color:CS text:"Eight (CS)"
from:28/09/1968 till:04/10/1968 color:VSCS text:"Nine (VSCS)"
from:21/10/1968 till:28/10/1968 color:ESCS text:"Ten (ESCS)"
from:02/11/1968 till:05/11/1968 color:CS text:"Eleven (CS)"
from:09/11/1968 till:15/11/1968 color:VSCS text:"Twelve (VSCS)"
from:12/12/1968 till:17/12/1968 color:SCS text:"Thirteen (SCS)"

bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas
from:01/05/1968 till:31/05/1968 text:May
from:01/06/1968 till:30/06/1968 text:June
from:01/07/1968 till:31/07/1968 text:July
from:01/08/1968 till:31/08/1968 text:August
from:01/09/1968 till:30/09/1968 text:September
from:01/10/1968 till:30/10/1968 text:October
from:01/11/1968 till:30/11/1968 text:November
from:01/12/1968 till:30/12/1968 text:December
</timeline></div>

The season started when a system formed in the Bay of Bengal and intensified to a cyclonic storm, becoming the first cyclonic storm of the year, later intensifying into the first severe cyclonic storm of the year. It made landfall near Akyab, Burma, causing catastrophic damages and loss of lives. After that, numerous monsoonal depressions formed, causing heavy rainfall and significant flooding, of which Deep Depression Five being the most damaging one. The season got its second cyclonic storm on September 10, with the storm making landfall on [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]]. On September 21, the third cyclonic storm and second severe cyclonic storm formed, when a severe cyclonic storm formed in the Bay of Bengal and made landfall in Andhra Pradesh{{snd}}Orissa coast.{{clarify|date=August 2021}} The cyclone brought unusually heavy rainfall which caused severe flooding across [[Eastern India]]. Numerous landslides were reported in sub-Himalayan regions. Orissa braced for another severe cyclonic storm, this time a powerful one, which caused catastrophic damage in the region.

==Systems==
===Super Cyclonic Storm One===
{{main|1968 Burma cyclone}}{{needs expansion|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=NIO
|Formed=May 7
|Dissipated=May 10
|Image=1968 Burma cyclone 1968-05-08.jpg
|Track=Cyclone01-1968.png
|3-min winds=120 
|Pressure=953
}}
On May 10, a powerful severe cyclonic storm struck the town of [[Akyab]] in [[Burma]]. It caused catastrophic damages in the region, causing [[US$]]3.169 million ([[Kyat|K]]15 million) damage and 1,037 fatalities, with a further 2,000 people being declared missing.<ref name="IMD"/><ref name="Burma 1968">{{cite report|title=CYCLONE, BURMA DISASTER RELIEF, MAY 1968|url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnady561.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526025001/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnady561.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 26, 2015|publisher=AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RANGOON; BURMA|page=38|access-date=June 23, 2021}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Depression Two===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=NIO
|Formed=June 12
|Dissipated=June 14
|Image=
|Track=Depression02-1968.png
|3-min winds=25
|1-min winds=25
|Pressure=
}}
On June 18 in the evening, a disturbance was moving westwards across the Arakan coast which caused a low-pressure area to form in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The tropical wave gradually intensified into a [[Depression (meteorology)|depression]] on June 12. The system then moved northwards and made landfall over the [[West Bengal]]{{snd}}[[East Pakistani]] coast in the early morning of June 13 before 03:00 UTC (08:30 IST), the system's center was located near [[Khulna]]. The system continued to move its northward direction, it moving near [[Pabna]] by 12:00 UTC (17:30 IST), the same day. The system turned towards the west-northwest, persisting over West Bengal and [[Bihar]]. By the morning of June 15, the system weakened into a low-pressure area. The low-pressure area then moved eastwards towards north [[Assam]] by June 20.<ref name="IMD"/>

The system extended the [[monsoon]] into West Bengal, Bihar and [[Odisha]] (formerly called Orissa). Heavy rainfall caused severe floods, damage to crops, and disruption traffic in Assam, according to the press. Approximately one million people were affected by floods and a few people also died due to flooding.<ref name="IMD"/>
{{clear}}

===Land Depression Three===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=NIO
|Formed=July 9
|Dissipated=July 11
|Image=
|Track=Depression03-1968.png
|3-min winds=30
|1-min winds=25
|Pressure=
}}
On July 8, an area of low pressure formed over the [[Bihar|Bihar Plateau]] and adjoining [[West Bengal|Gangetic West Bengal]], which intensified to a deep depression on the next day at 08:30 IST (03:00 UTC), {{convert|30|km|round=5|abbr=on}} to the southeast of [[Sriniketan]]. Traversing northeastward, it moved through [[East Pakistan]] before turning northwards. At 17:30 IST (12:00 UTC) of July 11, the system then weakened to a depression while located to the northwest of [[Mymensingh]]. It was then last noted on that day as it accelerated across northern [[Assam]].<ref name="IMD"/>

The deep depression caused heavy rainfall in [[Northeast India]], with [[Calcutta]] recording over {{cvt|18|cm}} of rain on July 9, being regarded as the highest in fifty years. These conditions caused severe flooding in [[West Bengal]], with ten people being killed. Half a million individuals were also affected, while rivers in [[Assam]] overflowed due to downpours.<ref name="IMD"/>
{{clear}}

===Deep Depression Four===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=NIO
|Formed=July 26
|Dissipated=August 2
|Image=
|Track=DeepDepression04-1968.png
|3-min winds=30
|1-min winds=25
|Pressure=
}}
On the morning of July 23, an [[Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex|upper air cyclonic circulation]] was first noted, stretching from [[Thailand]] to [[Burma]]. Moving westwards overnight, a low-pressure area formed from this feature on the next day in the [[Bay of Bengal]], becoming a well-marked system on July 25 and a depression on the next day at 18:30 IST (13:30 UTC) while located to the south of [[Calcutta]]. No ships were in the vicinity of the system to identify the exact position of the storm at this time; however, [[ESSA-6]] satellite imagery showed that a cyclonic circulation was present. Traversing northwards, the depression further strengthened to a deep depression on July 28 in the morning. With no further intensification, the storm crossed the coast of [[Chandbali]] on that night before accelerating west-northwest. It rapidly weakened to a depression while moving inland, degenerating to an area of low pressure over northwest [[Madhya Pradesh]] before being last noted on August 4.<ref name="IMD"/>

Under the system's influence, heavy rainfall was experienced in central [[India]], being further exacerbated by an existing [[monsoon]]. Heavy flooding were also seen on east [[Rajasthan]], disrupting road and rail activities.<ref name="IMD"/>
{{clear}}

===Deep Depression Five===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=NIO
|Formed=August 3
|Dissipated=August 8
|Image=
|Track=DeepDepression05-1968.png
|3-min winds=30
|1-min winds=35
|Pressure=990.4
}}
A [[tropical wave]] was moving westwards across the Arakan{{snd}}[[Chittagong]] coast on the morning of August 1. On the next day the tropical wave gradually organized and became a low-pressure area northeast of the Bay of Bengal and later concentrated into a depression on August 3. The depression rapidly moved westwards and intensified into a deep depression over northern Orissa and adjoining eastern parts of Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. Weather stations in these places reported pressure falls of {{cvt|5-6|mb|inHg|sigfig=4|comma=off|abbr=on}}. The system later moved inland, though by August 8, at 08:30 IST (03:00 UTC), it weakened and merged into a seasonal low over [[West Pakistan]], about {{cvt|30|km}} northeast from [[Naliya]].<ref name="IMD"/>

While the system was moving towards Madhya Pradesh, there were reports of widespread rainfall over West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa on the morning of August 4, though few places experienced heavy rainfall. On the next day, widespread rainfall was reported over Madhya Pradesh and [[Vidarbha]], with a few places experiencing scattered heavy to very heavy rainfall. As it moved towards Gujarat, widespread rainfall was reported in the state, north of Central [[Maharashtra]] and adjoining parts of Madhya Pradesh. The system's minimum pressure of {{cvt|990.4|mbar|inHg|sigfig=4|comma=off|abbr=on}} was recorded in [[Dahod|Dohad, Gujarat]]. On the next day, Saurashtra and [[Kutch district|Kutch]] experienced heavy to very heavy rainfall. Because of this, severe flooding occurred in parts of north Orissa, West Bengal and Gujarat, causing inundation of many areas, disruption of road and rail communications and damage to standing crops. The worst-affected district was Midnapore, where flooding affected 500 thousand people. South Gujarat also got affected because of the overflowing of the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and [[Tapti River|Tapti]] rivers. Rail communications between Gujarat and [[Bombay State]] were cut off, only being restored after a month. Floods was also reported in parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]], Madhya Pradesh and [[Haryana]]. It also intensified the annual monsoon season in these regions.<ref name="IMD"/>
{{clear}}

===Depression Six===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=NIO
|Formed=August 11
|Dissipated=August 14
|Image=
|Track=Depression06-1968.png
|3-min winds=25
|1-min winds=25
|Pressure=
}}
On August 7, an upper cyclonic circulation developed over northeast of Bay of Bengal. The circulation later developed into a low-pressure system on August 9, and by evening, the system became a well-marked low-pressure system. At 08:30 IST (03:00 UTC) on August 11, it intensified into a depression. The system moved inland over West Bengal, with its center reported to be {{cvt|20|km}} south of [[Burdwan]] in the morning of August 12. It continued moving inland and persisted over north Madhya Pradesh until August 18, when it weakened and merged into a seasonal trough.<ref name="IMD"/>

Under the influence of the storm, there were reports of widespread rainfall in Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and east [[Rajasthan]]. Because of heavy rainfall, the river [[Wainganga River|Waiganga]] and its [[Tributary|tributaries]] got flooded along the [[Narmada River]], causing disruptions to river traffic. Moderate flooding was witnessed in the rivers [[Sarda river|Sarda]], [[Ramganga River|Ramganga]] and [[Ganges|Ganga]].<ref name="IMD"/>
{{clear}}

===Depression Seven===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=NIO
|Formed=August 22
|Dissipated=August 24
|Image=
|Track=Depression07-1968.png
|3-min winds=25
|1-min winds=25
|Pressure=995.1
}}
On August 18, a tropical wave was noted over the Arakan{{snd}}[[Tenasserim coast]] as seen by unusual droppings of atmospheric pressure over the region. On August 19, a disturbance formed from the tropical wave over northeast Bay of Bengal, which later became a low-pressure area on August 20 as it got more organized. On August 21, the low pressure system became more well-marked, before eventually becoming a depression on August 22. As it rapidly moved northwestwards, its center was located near the West Bengal coast by 08:30 IST (03:00 UTC), before later making landfall over [[Sagar Island]] later that day. It moved further inland, until on August 24, when it weakened into a low-pressure area over the central parts of West Bengal.<ref name="IMD"/>

Under the influence of this system, widespread rainfall was reported in Orissa, Bihar, northeast India, Assam and the [[Sub-Himalayan Range|sub-Himalayan]] region of West Bengal.<ref name="IMD"/>
{{clear}}

===Cyclonic Storm Eight===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=NIO
|Formed=September 10
|Dissipated=September 14
|Image=
|Track=CyclonicStorm08-1968.png
|3-min winds=35
|1-min winds=35
|Pressure=989.5
}}
On September 8, a trough of low pressure developed over the northwest Bay of Bengal, which later concentrated into a low-pressure area by September 9. It later intensified into a depression on September 10, before further intensifying into a deep depression in the night of the same day. On September 11, at 17:30 IST (12:00 UTC), Sandheads, which was located {{cvt|129|km}} north of the center of the storm, recorded a pressure of {{cvt|993.7|mb|inHg|sigfig=4|comma=off|abbr=on}} and east-southeast winds of {{cvt|25|kn|round=5}}. As it moved west-southwestwards, the deep depression intensified into a cyclonic storm on the night of September 11, becoming the second cyclonic storm of the season. By the next day, its center was located near Gopalpur. ESSA-6 satellite imagery showed that the storm had a circulation and a defined eye about half a degree in diameter. Gopalpur recorded the lowest barometric pressure of the storm at {{cvt|989.5|mb|inHg|sigfig=4|comma=off|abbr=on}}. The storm later made landfall near Gopalpur in the evening. As it moved inland, it weakened into a deep depression at 08:30 IST (03:00 UTC) as it was centered {{cvt|80|km}} east-southeast from [[Titlagarh]]. It further weakened into a depression because of less conductive environment over land. On September 14, the depression weakened into a low-pressure area over east Madhya Pradesh. The remnants of the system persisted over the region for two days and later moved towards north Madhya Pradesh and adjoining Uttar Pradesh, where it remained until September 20.<ref name="IMD"/>

The system brought rainfall over the [[Central India|central parts of India]], the northeast region and east Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="IMD"/>
{{clear}}

===Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nine===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=NIO
|Formed=September 29
|Dissipated=October 4
|Image=Nine 1968-10-01.jpg
|Track=SCS09-1968.png
|3-min winds=70
|1-min winds=65
|Pressure=984
}}
{{clear}}

===Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Ten===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=NIO
|Formed=October 21
|Dissipated=October 28
|Image=Ten 1968-10-25.jpg
|Track=ESCS10-1968.png
|3-min winds=105
|1-min winds=65
|Pressure=964
}}
{{clear}}

===Cyclonic Storm Eleven===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=NIO
|Formed=November 2
|Dissipated=November 5
|Image=
|Track=CS11-1968.png
|Type1=cyclstorm
|3-min winds=32 
|1-min winds=35
|Pressure=996
}}
On October 28, a tropical wave was moving in the [[Andaman Sea]], causing drops of pressure in south Burma and the [[Andaman Islands]]. On the next day, it moved over the southeast Bay of Bengal, and by October 30, a low-pressure area formed over the same region. On October 31, it moved over the southwest Bay of Bengal and became a well-marked low-pressure area by the next day. The well-marked low-pressure area intensified into a depression on the morning of November 2, and by the next day it further intensified into a deep depression. On November 4, ESSA-6 satellite imagery showed the system had a circulation with spiral [[Rainband|banding]] all around. As it moved north-westwards, it intensified into a cyclonic storm. On November 5, at 08:30 IST (03:00 UTC) the storm's center was close to the [[Madras State|Madras]]{{snd}}[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] coast, approximately {{cvt|30|km}} southeast from [[Nellore]]. On the basis of satellite imagery, the maximum wind speed of the cyclone was {{cvt|60|km/h}}, and with the help of [[Davidon–Fletcher–Powell formula]], the minimum pressure was {{cvt|996|mb|inHg|sigfig=4|comma=off|abbr=on}} which is considered as a modern-day deep depression, however it was treated as a cyclonic storm at that time. On the same day, ESSA-6 satellite imagery showed that the system had tight banding surrounding the central circulation. The storm made landfall over south Andhra coast near Nellore during noon, weakening rapidly as it travelled over land. Since it weakened rapidly, it was not able to be tracked on the surface chart, however it was later found that continued as a cyclonic circulation over central India, located near [[Mysore State]] on the morning of November 6. The circulation later merged into a low-pressure area over Arabian Sea by the evening.<ref name="IMD"/>

Widespread rainfall was reported in coastal Andhra Pradesh on November 5 and 6 and in [[Rayalaseema]] on November 6. The state of Madras experienced fairly widespread rain on November 7. Rainfall was also reported in [[Marathwada]], central Maharashtra, Madras state and parts of Mysore state on November 8.<ref name="IMD"/>
{{clear}}

===Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Twelve===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=NIO
|Formed=November 9
|Dissipated=November 15
|Image=Twelve 1968-11-10.jpg
|Track=VSCS12-1968.png
|3-min winds=75
|1-min winds=65
|Pressure=990
}}
On November 7, an east-moving tropical wave entered the Andaman Sea, later moving into the southeast Bay of Bengal, causing the formation of a low-pressure area on November 8. The low-pressure area became well-marked in the evening, and on November 9 in the morning, it became a depression. By the evening, as it moved north-westwards, it intensified into a deep depression. The system [[rapidly intensified]] into a severe cyclonic storm by the morning of November 10. Continuing in the same direction, the system had developed a well-developed eye with tight convection bands in all sectors, as per ESSA-6 satellite imagery. On November 11, in the evening, the system's movement shifted to a more north-northwesterly direction. Based on the satellite data, the maximum speed was {{cvt|75|kn}}, and with the help of Fletcher's formula the minimum pressure was {{cvt|990|mb|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|comma=off}}. On November 12, at 11:00 IST (05:30 UTC), the system's eye disappeared in the ESSA-6 satellite imagery as convective bands surrounding the center weakened. On the evening of November 13, the system weakened into a cyclonic storm, and made landfall near Sagar Island on November 14. It rapidly weakened into a depression in the morning, {{cvt|100|km}} southeast from Calcutta. The depression further weakened into a low-pressure area on November 15 in the evening, near East Pakistan. The remnant later moved over Assam by November 17.<ref name="IMD"/>

The system caused heavy rainfall over the coastal districts of Orissa along with adjoining areas of Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and southern Assam. According to media reports, heavy rainfall and [[gale]]-force winds affected the coastal districts of [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] and [[Puri district|Puri]], worsening the situation in the areas which were previously impacted by the cyclone which hit last month. Road, rail and air communication were destroyed.<ref name="IMD"/>
{{clear}}

===Severe Cyclonic Storm Thirteen===
{{Infobox hurricane small
|Basin=NIO
|Formed=December 12
|Dissipated=December 17
|Image=
|Track=SCS13-1968.png
|3-min winds=60
|1-min winds=35
|Pressure=996
}}
On December 8, a low-pressure area entered the Andaman Sea, which later concentrated into a well-marked low-pressure area on December 11, intensifying into a depression on the next day. On December 13, the depression became a deep depression, and in the evening it became a cyclonic storm. The U.S. Weather Bureau issued a bulletin at 08:30 UTC, saying that the system had a dim eye which indicated the system's intensification. According to satellite reports, the system maintained a maximum wind speed of {{cvt|60|kn|round=5}}, and using Fletcher's formula, its minimum pressure was estimated at {{cvt|996|mb|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|comma=off}}. On December 15, at 08:23 UTC, the eye was no longer visible on satellite imagery, which indicated the system had weakened slightly. On December 16, the storm started moving south-westwards, and by December 17, the evening, the storm weakened into a deep depression, near the coast of [[Ceylon]]. It further weakened on the next day and moved over the southern peninsula of the Indian subcontinent. The system became a well-marked low-pressure area on December 18 and by December 20, the remnant moved into the Arabian Sea.<ref name="IMD"/>

Because it stayed most of its lifetime in the sea, not much impact occurred, however, rainfall still occurred in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. The extreme southern peninsula experienced widespread rainfall on December 18 and 19.<ref name="IMD"/>
{{clear}}

==Season effects==
This is a table of all storms in the 1968 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, duration, peak intensities (according to the IMD storm scale), damage, and death totals. Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low, and all of the damage figures are in 1968 USD.
{{North Indian Ocean areas affected (Top)}}
|-
| [[1968 Burma cyclone|One]] || {{Sort|01|May 7{{Snd}}10}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SUCS}}|{{Sort|7|Super cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SUCS}}|{{cvt|220|km/h|round=5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SUCS}}|{{cvt|953|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|comma=off|abbr=on}} || [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], Burma (now [[Myanmar]]) || {{ntsp|3169000||$}} || {{nts|1037}} || <ref name="Burma 1968"/>
|-
| Two || {{Sort|02|June 12{{snd}}14}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|1|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{cvt|45|km/h|round=5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|Not specified || [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[East Pakistan]] (present day [[Bangladesh]]), [[West Bengal]] || {{ntsh|0||$}}Unknown || {{ntsh|0}}Few ||
|-
| Three || {{Sort|03|July 9{{snd}}11}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{cvt|55|km/h|round=5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|Not specified || [[Bihar]], [[East Pakistan]], [[Northeast India]], [[West Bengal]] || {{ntsh|0||$}}Unknown || {{nts|10}} ||
|-
| Four || {{Sort|04|July 26{{snd}}August 2}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{cvt|55|km/h|round=5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|Not specified || [[Central India]], [[Odisha]], [[Rajasthan]] || {{ntsh|0||$}}Unknown || {{ntsh|0}}Unknown ||
|-
| Five || {{Sort|05|August 3{{snd}}8}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{cvt|55|km/h|round=5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Cvt|990.4|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|comma=off}} || [[Central India]], [[East Pakistan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]] || {{ntsh|0||$}}Unknown || {{ntsh|0}}None ||
|-
| Six || {{Sort|06|August 11{{snd}}14}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|2|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{cvt|45|km/h|round=5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|Not specified || [[Central India]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]]|| {{ntsh|0||$}}Unknown || {{ntsh|0}}Unknown ||
|-
| Seven || {{Sort|07|August 22{{snd}}24}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|2|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{cvt|45|km/h|round=5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{cvt|995.1|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|comma=off}}|| [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]] || {{ntsh|0||$}}Unknown || {{ntsh|0}}None ||
|-
| Eight || {{Sort|08|September 10{{snd}}14}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{Sort|3|Cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{cvt|65|km/h|round=5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{cvt|989.5|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on|comma=off}} || [[Central India]], [[Odisha]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] || {{ntsh|0||$}}Unknown || {{ntsh|0}}None ||
|-
| Nine || {{Sort|09|September 29{{snd}}October 4}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{Sort|2|Very severe cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{cvt|130|km/h|round=5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{cvt|984|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|comma=off|abbr=on}} || [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]] || {{ntsh|0||$}}Unknown || {{ntsh|0}}Unknown ||
|-
| Ten || {{Sort|10|October 21{{Snd}}28}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ESCS}}|{{Sort|6|Extremely severe cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ESCS}}|{{cvt|195|km/h|round=5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ESCS}}|{{cvt|964|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|comma=off|abbr=on}} || [[Odisha]] || {{ntsh|0||$}}Unknown || {{ntsh|0}}Unknown ||
|-
| Eleven || {{Sort|11|November 2{{Snd}}5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{cvt|55|km/h|round=5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{cvt|996|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|comma=off|abbr=on}} || [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Madras State]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Mysore State]] || {{ntsh|0||$}}Unknown || {{ntsh|0}}Unknown ||
|-
| Twelve || {{Sort|12|November 9{{Snd}}15}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{Sort|5|Very severe cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{cvt|140|km/h|round=5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{cvt|990|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|comma=off|abbr=on}} || [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]] || {{ntsh|0||$}}Unknown || {{ntsh|0}}Unknown ||
|-
| Thirteen || {{Sort|13|December 12{{snd}}17}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SCS}}|{{Sort|4|Severe cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SCS}}|{{cvt|110|km/h|round=5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SCS}}|{{cvt|996|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|comma=off|abbr=on}} || [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Tamil Nadu]] || {{ntsh|0||$}}None || {{ntsh|0}}None ||
|-
{{TC Areas affected (Bottom)|TC's=13 systems|dates=May 7{{snd}}December 17|winds={{cvt|220|km/h|round=5}}|pres={{cvt|953|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|comma=off|abbr=on}}|damage=≥$3.17 million|deaths=≥{{#expr:1037+10}}}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone]]
* [[List of tropical cyclone records]]
* [[1968 Atlantic hurricane season]]
* [[1968 Pacific hurricane season]]
* [[1968 Pacific typhoon season]]
* Australian region cyclone seasons: [[1967–68 Australian region cyclone season|1967–68]] [[1968–69 Australian region cyclone season|1968–69]]
* South Pacific cyclone seasons: [[1967–68 South Pacific cyclone season|1967–68]] [[1968–69 South Pacific cyclone season|1968–69]]
* South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: [[1967–68 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|1967–68]] [[1968–69 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|1968–69]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150517005046/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cyclone.htm India Meteorological Department]
*[http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ Joint Typhoon Warning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809201922/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ |date=2015-08-09 }}

{{TC Decades|Year=1960|basin=North Indian Ocean|type=cyclone}}
{{Tropical cyclone season|1968}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1968 North Indian Ocean Cyclone Season}}
[[Category:1968 North Indian Ocean cyclone season| ]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:1968 in India]]

2024 North East Olympic Games

2026-04-09T05:55:30Z

Ambi: added basic details added tags

{{Short description|Sports tournament in 2024}}
{{Infobox sports competition event
|event=2024 North East Olympic Games
|venue=[[Chümoukedima]], [[Dimapur]] and [[Kohima]]
|location=[[Nagaland]]
|start_date=18 March 2024
|competitors=3000+
|nations=
|teams=8
|previous=[[2022 North East Olympic Games|2022]]
|next= [[2026 North East Games|2026]]
|image=
|caption=
|alt=
|end_date=23 March 2024
}}

The '''2024 North East Olympic Games''' (2024 NEOG) was the 3rd edition of [[North East Games|North East Olympic Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Preparatory meetings done for north east olympic games |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/noa-conducts-preparatory-meeting-for-north-east-olympic-games-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720155036/https://nagalandtribune.in/noa-conducts-preparatory-meeting-for-north-east-olympic-games-2024/ |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Nagalandtribune}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/3rd-edition-of-north-east-games-2024-begins-in-nagaland/|title=3rd Edition of North East Games 2024 Begins in Nagaland|date=21 March 2024|access-date=13 July 2024|website=Adda247|last=Arora|first=Sumit}}</ref> Held in [[Nagaland]], the [[List of chief ministers of Nagaland|CM of Nagaland]] [[Neiphiu Rio]] inaugurated the event on 18 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 March 2024 |title=CM of Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Declares The Third Edition of North East Games 2024 Open |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/03/19/cm-nagaland-neiphiu-rio-declares-the-third-edition-of-north-east-games-2024-open/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=Northeast Today |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2024 |title=Six-day Northeast Games 2024 to begin in Nagaland from March 18 |url=https://nenews.in/sports/six-day-northeast-games-2024-to-begin-in-nagaland-from-march-18/8224/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=North East News}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[2018 North East Olympic Games|first edition]] of the tournament held in [[Manipur]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leivon |first=Jimmy |date=24 October 2018 |title=First edition of North East Olympic Games begins in Imphal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-cm-declares-open-first-north-east-olympic-games-2018-5416949/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The [[2022 North East Olympic Games|2022 NEOG]] was to be held in Arunachal Pradesh in 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2022 NEOG was meant in part to commemorate the 50th year of host state Meghalaya's statehood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEOG 2022 postponed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/meghalaya-to-host-upcoming-north-east-olympics-games-from-october-30-101660189397057.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Disciplines ==
Over 3000 athletes from [[Northeast India|8 States]] of Northeast India participated in 15 disciplines, held across 12 venues in three districts of Nagaland—[[Chümoukedima]], [[Dimapur]] and [[Kohima]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ukhrultimes.com/unstoppable-force-manipur-emerges-champion-at-north-east-games-2024-with-record-breaking-medal-tally/|title=Manipur emerges champion at NEOG 2024|date=24 March 2024|access-date=13 July 2024|website=Ukhrul Times|author=Amachon, Ramror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Schedule and venues announced for northeast games|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2024/03/14/schedules-and-venues-announced-for-north-east-games/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=nagalandpost.com}}</ref> Games involved in this competition include [[archery]], athletics, [[badminton]], [[basketball]], [[boxing]], [[association football|football]], [[Tennis|lawn tennis]], [[pencak silat]], [[table tennis]], [[taekwondo]], [[volleyball]], and [[Wushu (sport)|wushu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2024-03-19 |title=CM Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Declares The Third Edition Of North East Games 2024 Open |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2024/03/19/3rd-ne-games-begin-rio-emphasises-on-unity-of-north-east-states-through-sports/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=nagalandpost.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=North East Games 2024: Nagaland lead medal tally early on Day-I |url=https://morungexpress.com/nagaland-lead-medal-tally-early-on-day-i |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref>

== Results ==
{{Pie chart
| value1 = 22.97
| value2 = 21.93
| value3 = 21.28
| value4 = 9.49
| value5 = 9
| value6 = 7.7
| value7 = 5.07
| value8 = 2.6
| color1 = #F5BD02
| color2 = #C0C0C0
| color3 = #CD7F32
| color6 = #0096C7
| color5 = #989898
| color4 = violet
| color8 = white
| color7 = #009900
| label1 = [[Assam at the North East Games|Assam]]
| label2 = [[Nagaland]]
| label3 = [[Manipur at the North East Games|Manipur]]
| label4 = [[Mizoram]]
| label5 = [[Meghalaya]]
| label6 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| label7 = [[Sikkim]]
| label8 = [[Tripura]]
| style = border: dashed 2px black;
| footer = Total medal distribution comparison between
State teams.
}}

===Medal tally===
{{Medal tally
|class= sortable
|header=
|team1=[[Manipur at the North East Games|Manipur]]
|gold1=52
|silver1=38
|bronze1=40
|team2=[[Nagaland]]
|gold2=48 |silver2=42
|bronze2=44
|team3=[[Assam at the North East Games|Assam]] |gold3=43
|silver3=44
|bronze3=53
|team4=[[Mizoram]]
|gold4=16
|silver4=15
|bronze4=27
|team5={{nowrap|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]}}
|gold5=8
|silver5=12
|bronze5=27
|team6=[[Sikkim]]
|gold6=5
|silver6=7
|bronze6=19
|team7=[[Meghalaya]]
|gold7=2
|silver7=12
|bronze7=41
|team8=[[Tripura]]
|gold8=1
|silver8=4
|bronze8=11
}}

Manipur emerged as the overall champion, while Nagaland gained first runner up and Assam being third on medal tally and second runner up.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 March 2024|title=North East Games 2024: Manipur Emerges As Overall Champion|url=https://nagalandpage.com/north-east-games-2024-manipur-emerges-as-overall-champion/ |access-date=19 April 2024|website=nagalandpage.com|language=english}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[North East Games]]
* [[2022 North East Olympic Games]]
* [[Manipur Olympic Games 2022]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Multi-sport events in India]]
[[Category:North East Games]]

Eram massacre

2026-04-05T21:54:28Z

Ambi: put up new pg w/ refs - done

{{Short description|1942 Indian historical event}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

{{coatrack|date=March 2026}}{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Eram Massacre
| image = Eram Saheed Smrutistambha.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Eram’s Martyr Memorial
| map = {{Location map|India Odisha|lat=21.1646969|long=86.7760344|caption=}}
| map_caption = Location of Bhadrak in India
| location = [[Basudevpur]], [[Bhadrak]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| target = Gathering against the British rulers
| coordinates = {{Coord|21.0586|86.6773|display=inline,title}}
| date = 28 September 1942
| time = 17:37
| timezone = 6:30 p.m.
| type = massacre
| fatalities = 29 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orissadiary.com/Bhadrak/ShowDistrictNews.asp?id=36736 |title=Odisha: Dhamra Port dedicates book to Eram martyrs, Orissa District News |access-date=7 September 2016 |archive-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104015902/http://orissadiary.com/Bhadrak/ShowDistrictNews.asp?id=36736 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| injuries = ~ 60
| perps = [[British Indian Army]] unit under the DSP Kunjabihari.
| weapons =
| numparts = 5000
}}
'''Eram '''is a village in [[Basudevpur]], [[Bhadrak]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It plays an important role in the history of the [[Indian Independence movement]].<ref name="PaniDas1988">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=im1DAAAAYAAJ|title=Glimpses of history and culture of Balasore|last1=Subas Pani|last2=Harish Chandra Das|last3=Indu Bhusan Kar|publisher=Orissa State Museum|year=1988|pages=83, 84|access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref> It is known as '''''Rakta Tirtha Eram '''''(The Pilgrim of Blood) and the '''second Jallianwala Bagh''' of [[India]].

== Geography ==
Eram is located in [[Bhadrak]] district of [[Odisha]] and is 8 km away from [[Basudevpur|Basudebpur]] village of [[Bhadrak]] district. Elam is surrounded by the [[Bay of Bengal]], Gamoi and Kansbans rivers and thick jungles.

== Indian independence movement ==
Eram was remote, inaccessible and far from cities. the place was sleepy and silent to reach. From [[1920]], Eram was a secret place for [[Utkal Congress]] meetings, [[Gopabandhu Das]], [[Harekrushna Mahatab]] and other Congress leaders used Eram as a place for public meetings to share messages about [[Quit India Movement]] or [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation Movement]] of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and to propagate the [[Gandhism|Gandhian ideals]] of freedom struggle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/rakta-teertha-eram-the-2nd-jallianwala-bagh/|title=Rakta Teertha Eram: The 2nd Jallianwala Bagh - Orissa POST|website=www.orissapost.com|date=11 August 2015|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-02}}</ref>

== 1942 mass attack ==
On 28 September 1942 a gathering protested against the [[British Raj]] and prepared a course of action. Under the leadership of Kamala Prasad Kar a crowd of 5000 people gathered at Eram Melana ground. Afraid of this gathering, a police force from Basudebpur police station, led by DSP Kunjabihari Mohanty march towards Eram. DSP Kunjabihari Mohanty acted as [[Reginald Dyer|General Dyer]] and opened fire on the gathering at 6:30 PM. Within few minutes 304 shots were discharged against the crowd,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2014/August/engpdf/50-53.pdf|title=Odisha Government Portal|website=odisha.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920024255/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2014/August/engpdf/50-53.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> who were agitating in a peaceful way. Since the field was bounded on three sides,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2014/August/engpdf/50-53.pdf|title=Odisha Government Portal|website=odisha.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920024255/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2014/August/engpdf/50-53.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> no one was able to escape from the fusillade. 29 persons died on the spot and 56 were injured. Among the dead was '''[[Pari Bewa]]''', the only lady martyr of Odisha. For this incident, Eram is popularly known as Rakta Tirtha Eram (The Pilgrim of Blood).

== Martyrs list ==
* Pari Bewa, Eram, Basudebpur
* Gopal Chandra Das, Padhnuan
* Bishwanath Das, Padhuan
* Bijuli Das, Padhuan
* Hrushikesh Behera, Padhuan
* Madan Palai, Padhuan
* Ballahaba Behera, Padhuan
* Magha Mahalika, Padhuan
* Bhua Majhi, Padhuan
* Kali Ajhi, Padhuan-Kumarpur
* Radhu Ahalika, Padhuan-Muladiha
* Dhruba Charana Dey, Padhuan
* Basudeb Sahu, Padhuan
* Hari Behera, Padhuan
* Dibakar Panigrahi, Guda-Kesagadia
* Krushna Chandra Swain, Padhuan-Kumarpur
* Bhaban Rout, Padhuan-Nandapura
* Nidhi Mahalika, Padhuan
* Brundaban Panda, Padhuan
* Upa Mallika, Nuangan
* Krupasindhu Behera, Sankharu
* Rama Majhi, Padhuan-Kumarpur
* Mani Behera, Padhuan
* Kati Sahu, Iswarapur
* Ratnakar Pani, Sudarsanpur
* Mani Pradhana, Suan-Sudarsanpur
* Pari Das, Suan
* Sankar Mallika, Adhunan
* Gobinda Rout, Artungan
*Panu Dash, Nuagaon<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://odishaarchives.nic.in/node/164124|title=Sangram Bhumi Bhadrak {{!}} Odisha State Archive|website=odishaarchives.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2018-08-02}}</ref>

In the memory of Martyrs, A martyrs’ memorial was built in Eram. It is one of the tourism places in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nuaodisha.com/Odisha-Tourism/Tourist-Places-In-Bhadrakh.htm|title=Bhadrakh District - Famous Temples, Tourist, Picnic Places|website=www.nuaodisha.com|access-date=2018-08-02}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Tourism in Odisha]]
[[Category:Bhadrak district]]
[[Category:1940s in Orissa]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:1942 in India]]

Ramayana

2026-03-28T04:28:56Z

Ambi: brief refine content to improve readability and corrected details

{{short description|Ancient Sanskrit epic}}
{{about|the Sanskrit epic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox religious text
|name= Rāmāyaṇa
| image = Rāma slays Rāvaṇa.png
| caption = Rāma slaying Rāvaṇa, from a royal Mewar manuscript, 17th century
| author = [[Valmiki]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| period = 7th century BCE – 3rd century CE
| native_wikisource =वाल्मीकिरामायणम्
|orig_lang_code =sa
| wikisource = The Ramayana
| verses = 24,000
|chapters=500 Sargas,
7 Kandas}}
{{Hindu mythology}}
The '''''Ramayana''''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ɑː|ˈ|m|ɑː|j|ə|n|ə}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ramayana "Ramayana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104234830/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ramayana |date=4 November 2015 }}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]].''</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/ramayana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219022751/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ramayana|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2020|title=Ramayana {{!}} Meaning of Ramayana by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref> {{langx|sa|रामायणम्|Rāmāyaṇam|translit-std=IAST}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Rámáyan of Válmíki}}</ref>), also known as the '''''Valmiki Ramayana''''', as traditionally attributed to [[Valmiki]], is a [[smriti]] text (also described as a [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] [[Indian epic poetry|epic]]) from [[ancient India]], one of the two important epics of [[Hinduism]] known as the ''[[Itihasa]]s'', the other being the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=P. G. |year=2023 |chapter=Secular Reading of the Puranas |title=The Bhakti Movement: Renaissance Or Revivalism? |publisher=Taylor & Francis |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sep5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107 |page=107|isbn=978-1-000-78039-0 }}</ref> The epic narrates the life of [[Rama]], the seventh ''[[avatar]]'' of the Hindu deity [[Vishnu]], who was a prince of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] in the kingdom of [[Kosala]]. The epic follows [[Exile of Lord Rama|his fourteen-year exile]] to the forest urged by his father King [[Dasharatha]], on the request of Rama's stepmother [[Kaikeyi]]; his travels across the forests in the [[Indian subcontinent]] with his wife [[Sita]] and brother [[Lakshmana]]; the kidnapping of [[Sita]] by [[Ravana]], the king of [[Lanka]]; and Rama's eventual return to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] along with [[Sita]] to be crowned king amidst jubilation and celebration.

Scholarly estimates for the earliest stage of the text range from the 7th–5th to 5th–4th century BCE,{{sfn|Goldman|1984|p=20–23}}<ref name="Brockington-1998"/> and later stages extend up to the 3rd century CE,<ref name="Brockington-1998"/> although the original date of composition is unknown. It is one of the largest ancient epics in world literature and consists of nearly 24,000 [[shloka]]s (verses), divided into seven {{IAST|kāṇḍa}} (chapters). Each shloka is a couplet (two individual lines). The Ramayana belongs to the genre of ''Itihasa'', narratives of past events ({{IAST|purāvṛtta}}), interspersed with teachings on [[Puruṣārtha|the goals of human life]].

There are many [[Versions of the Ramayana|versions of the ''Ramayana'']] in Indian languages, including [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Rama in Jainism|Jain]] adaptations. There are also [[Khmer language|Cambodian]] (''[[Reamker]]''), [[Malay language|Malay]] (''[[Hikayat Seri Rama]]''), [[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[Thai language|Thai]] (''[[Ramakien]]''), [[Lao language|Lao]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Maldivian language|Maldivian]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], and [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibeto-Chinese]] versions of the Ramayana.{{efn-la|Retellings include:
* [[Kambar (poet)|Kamban]]'s ''[[Ramavataram]]'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ({{circa|11th}}–12th century)
* [[Champu]] Ramayanam<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bhojarāja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-PBrQwAACAAJ|title=Champu-Ramayana|date=1924|publisher=Pandurang Jawali|language=sa}}</ref> of [[Bhoja]] ({{circa|11th}} century)
*Kumudendu Muni' s ''Kumudendu Ramayana'' (a [[Jain]] version) ({{circa|13th century}}) and Narahari's Torave Ramayana in [[Kannada]] (c. 16th-century)
* [[Gona Budda Reddy]]'s ''[[Ranganatha Ramayanam]]'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ({{circa|13th century}})
* [[Madhava Kandali]]'s [[Saptakanda Ramayana|Saptakhanda Ramayana]] in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] (c. 14th century)
* [[Krittibas Ojha]]'s [[Krittivasi Ramayan]] (also known as ''Shri Ram Panchali'') in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (c. 15th century)
* [[Sarala Das]]' [[Vilanka Ramayana]] (c. 15th century)<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa|author=Mukherjee, P.|date=1981|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120602298|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&pg=PA74|page=74|access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230336/https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&pg=PA74|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sukhdeva|title=Living Thoughts of the Ramayana|date=2002|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=9788179920022|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BMyxwk5g3NEC&pg=PT7|access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Critical Inventory of Rāmāyaṇa Studies in the World: Foreign languages|author1=Krishnamoorthy, K.|author2=Mukhopadhyay, S.|author3=Sahitya Akademi|date=1991|publisher=Sahitya Akademi in collaboration with Union Academique Internationale, Bruxelles|isbn=9788172015077|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NgeTtWkD0VkC&pg=PR27|access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Rāmakathā and Other Essays|author1=Bulcke, C.|author2=Prasāda, D.|date=2010|publisher=Vani Prakashan|isbn=9789350001073|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvE4wF-cfX0C&pg=PA116|page=116|access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref> and Balarama Dasa's ''[[Jagamohana Ramayana]]'' (also known as the ''Dandi Ramayana'') (c. 16th century) both in [[Odia language|Odia]]
* [[Sant (religion)|sant]] [[Eknath]]'s [[Bhavarth Ramayan]] (c. 16th century) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
* [[Tulsidas]]' [[Ramcharitamanas]] (c. 16th century) in [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] (which is an eastern form of [[Hindi]])
* [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]]'s [[Adhyathmaramayanam]] (Kilippattu) in [[Malayalam]] ({{circa|17th century}})
* [[Raghuveer Narayan]]'s Vijay Nāyak Rāmāyana in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] ({{c.| 19th century}})
}}

The ''Ramayana'' was an important influence on later [[Sanskrit]] poetry and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] life and culture, and its main figures were fundamental to the cultural consciousness of a number of nations, both [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]]. Its most important moral influence was the importance of virtue, in the life of a citizen and in the aspirational ideals guiding the functioning of a state (from {{langx|sa|रामराज्य|Rāmarājya|translit-std=IAST}}, a utopian state where Rama is king) or a society.

==Etymology==
The name {{IAST|Rāmāyaṇa}} is composed of two words, {{IAST|Rāma}} and {{IAST|ayana}} "travel, journey", with the grammatical [[Sandhi|internal sandhi]] "joining" of the final short ''a'' in ''Rāma'' and the initial short ''a'' in ''ayana'' to the longer form ''ā''.<ref>Monier Monier Williams, [https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/17.html#ayana अयन] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619102148/https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/17.html#ayana |date=19 June 2021 }}, Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology</ref> {{IAST|Rāma}}, the name of the main figure of the epic, has two contextual meanings. In the [[Atharvaveda]], it means "dark-coloured or black" and is related to the word {{IAST|rātri}} "the darkness or stillness of night". The other meaning, which can be found in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', is "pleasing, pleasant, charming, lovely, beautiful".<ref>Monier Monier Williams, [https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/218.html#raama राम] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508003129/https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/218.html#raama |date=8 May 2021 }}, Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology</ref><ref>Monier Monier Williams, [https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/218.html#raatri रात्रि] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508003129/https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/218.html#raatri |date=8 May 2021 }}, Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology</ref> Thus, {{IAST|Rāmāyaṇa}} means "[[Rama]]'s journey".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orU8DwAAQBAJ|title=The Valmiki Ramayana Volume 1|first=Bibek|last=Debroy|page=xiv|date=25 October 2017|publisher=Penguin Random House India|isbn=9789387326262|via=Google Books|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=3 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403221856/https://books.google.com/books?id=orU8DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Dating==
Scholarly estimates of the earliest stage of the available text range from the 7th–5th to 5th-4th centuries BCE,{{sfn|Goldman|1984|p=20–22}}<ref name="Brockington-1998"/> with later stages extending to the 3rd century CE.<ref name="Brockington-1998">{{harvnb|Brockington|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA379 379ff].}}</ref> According to [[Robert P. Goldman]] (1984), the oldest parts of the ''Ramayana'' date to the early [[7th century BC|7th century BCE]].{{sfn|Goldman|1984|p=23|loc="[W]e feel that it is extremely unlikely that the archetype of the Valmiki Ramayana can be much earlier than the beginning of the seventh century B.C., although it is impossible to demonstrate this with any sort of rigor"}} Goldman states that the core portions could not have been composed later than the 6th or 5th century BCE, as the narrative neither mentions Buddhism (founded in the 5th century BCE) nor reflects the later prominence of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] (which rose to power in the 7th century BCE). The text also mentions [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] as the capital of [[Kosala]], rather than its later name of Saketa or its successor capital of [[Shravasti]].{{sfn|Goldman|1984|loc=p. 21–22: "[I]n the Balakanda, as in the central five books of the epic, the kingdom of Kosala is represented as being at the height of its power and prosperity, governed from a major urban settlement called Ayodhya, [o]nly at the very end of the Uttara-kanda, [the] epilogue to the poem [w]e find reference to Sravasti as a successor capital. [A]s Jacobi also pointed out, the capital city of the unified realm of Kosala is invariably known as Ayodhya in the epic and never by the name Saketa, the name by which it comes to be known in much of the Buddhist and later literature"}} In terms of narrative time, the action of the ''Ramayana'' predates the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. {{harvp|Goldman|Sutherland Goldman|2022}} consider the Ramayana's oldest surviving version was composed around 500 BCE.<ref>{{harvnb|Goldman|Sutherland Goldman|2022|p=3}}: "The oldest surviving version of the great tale of Rāma, and the one that is doubtless the direct or indirect source of all of the hundreds and perhaps thousands of other versions of the story, is the monumental, mid-first millennium BCE epic poem in some twenty-five thousand Sanskrit couplets attributed to Vālmīki."</ref>

Books two to six are the oldest portion of the epic, while the first and last books (''[[Balakanda]]'' and ''[[Uttara Kanda]]'', respectively) are considered to be later additions. Style differences and narrative contradictions between these two volumes and the rest of the epic have led scholars including Hermann Jacobi toward this consensus.{{sfnm|1a1=Goldman|1y=1984|1pp=14–18|2a1=Rao|2y=2014|2p=2}}

==Textual characteristics==
[[File:Valmiki Ramayana.jpg|thumb|An artist's impression of sage [[Valmiki]] composing the ''Ramayana'']]

===Genre===
The ''Ramayana'' belongs to the genre of ''[[Itihasa]]'', narratives of past events ({{IAST|purāvṛtta}}), which includes the epics ''Mahabharata'' and ''Ramayana'', and the ''[[Purana]]s''. The genre also includes teachings on [[Puruṣārtha|the goals of human life]]. It depicts the duties of relationships, portraying ideal characters like the ideal son, servant, brother, husband, wife, and king.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosen |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbXOEAAAQBAJ&dq=essential+hinduism&pg=PA20 |title=Essential Hinduism |date=2006-10-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-07155-3 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref> Like the ''Mahabharata'', ''Ramayana'' presents the teachings of ancient Hindu sages in the narrative [[allegory]], interspersing philosophical and ethical elements.{{efn-la|In ''The Oxford History of India'' (1919) by [[Vincent Arthur Smith|Vincent A. Smith]] ''''',''' The Ramayana'' is presented as '<nowiki/>''neither historical nor allegorical, but a poetic creation based on mythology''<nowiki/>'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur |title=The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911}}</ref> [[Hermann Jacobi]], the German [[Indologist]], who was the first European to write a whole book on the Ramayana-''The Ramayana: History, Contents with a Concordance of the Printed Recensions'' (1893, English translation by S.N. Ghoshal, 1960). The book presents ''the Ramayana'' as a work based on mythology.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Das Ramayana, Geschichte und Inhalt nebst Concordanz nach den gedruckten Rezensionen |year=1893 |language=de |trans-title=The Ramayana: History, Contents with a Concordance of the Printed Recensions}}</ref> In December
1975, the [[Sahitya Akademi]] organized a five day international seminar on the Ramayana, The consensus on the nature of the material of the epic was that it was mythological.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noorani |first=A.G. |title=The Babri Masjid Question, 1528-2003 'A Matter of National Honour'}}</ref>}}

===Structure===
In its extant form, Valmiki's ''Ramayana'' is an epic poem containing over 24,000 couplet verses, divided into seven {{IAST|kāṇḍa}}s ([[Balakanda|Bālakāṇḍa]], Ayodhyakāṇḍa, Araṇyakāṇḍa, Kiṣkindakāṇḍa, [[Sundara Kanda|Sundarākāṇḍa]], Yuddhakāṇḍa, Uttarakāṇḍa), and about 500 sargas (chapters).<ref name="valmikiramayan.net"/><ref>{{cite web |first=Arshia |last=Sattar |date=29 October 2016 |url=https://scroll.in/article/820198/why-the-uttara-kanda-changes-the-way-the-ramayana-should-be-read |title=Why the Uttara Kanda changes the way the Ramayana should be read |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416204833/https://scroll.in/article/820198/why-the-uttara-kanda-changes-the-way-the-ramayana-should-be-read |archive-date=16 April 2021 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> It is regarded as one of the longest epic poems ever written.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Linda |last1=Egenes |title=The Ramayana: A New Retelling of Valmiki's Ancient Epic—Complete and Comprehensive |first2=Kumuda |last2=Reddy |year=2016 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-311180-1 |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref>

===Recensions===
The ''Ramayana'' text has several regional renderings, recensions, and sub-recensions. Textual scholar [[Robert P. Goldman]] differentiates two major regional revisions: the northern (n) and the southern (s). Scholar [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]] writes that "the ''Ramayana'', like the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', is a growth of centuries, but the main story is more distinctly the creation of one mind."

There has been discussion as to whether the first and the last volumes of Valmiki's ''Ramayana'' (Bala Kanda and Uttara Kanda) were composed by the original author. Though Bala Kanda is sometimes considered in the main epic, according to many Uttara Kanda is certainly a later interpolation, not attributable to Valmiki.<ref name="valmikiramayan.net">{{Cite web|url=https://valmikiramayan.net/|title=Valmiki Ramayana|website=valmikiramayan.net|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913082833/https://www.valmikiramayan.net/|url-status=live}}</ref> Both of these two kāndas are absent in the oldest manuscript.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee Pandey |first1=Jhimli |date=18 Dec 2015  |title=6th-century Ramayana found in Kolkata, stuns scholars |newspaper=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |agency=TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/6th-century-Ramayana-found-in-Kolkata-stuns-scholars/articleshow/50227724.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219230556/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/6th-century-Ramayana-found-in-Kolkata-stuns-scholars/articleshow/50227724.cms |archive-date=19 December 2015}}</ref>

Some think that the Uttara Kanda contradicts how Rama and Dharma are portrayed in the rest of the epic. M. R. Parameswaran says that the way the positions of women and [[Shudras]] are depicted shows that the Uttara Kanda is a later insertion.
{{blockquote|Since Rama was revered as a dharmatma, his ideas seen in the Ramayana proper cannot be replaced by new ideas as to what dharma is, except by claiming that he himself adopted those new ideas. That is what the U-K [Uttara Kanda] does. It embodies the new ideas in two stories that are usually referred to as Sita-parityaga, the abandonment of Sita (after Rama and Sita return to Ayodhya and Rama was consecrated as king) and Sambuka-vadha, the killing of the ascetic Sambuka. The U-K attributes both actions to Rama, whom people acknowledged to be righteous and as a model to follow. By masquerading as an additional kanda of the Ramayana composed by Valmiki himself, the U-K succeeded, to a considerable extent, in sabotaging the values presented in Valmiki's Ramayana.{{sfn|Parameswaran|2014|p=[https://archive.org/details/valmiki_-_ramayana_-_critical_-_essays_-_m_-_r_-_parameswaran/page/156 156]}}
}}

==Characters==
{{Main|List of characters in Ramayana}}

==Synopsis==
===''Bāla Kāṇḍa''===
{{Main|Balakanda}}

[[File:The marriage ceremony of Rama and Sita.jpg|thumb|The marriage of the four sons of Dasharatha to the four daughters of Siradhvaja Janaka and Kushadhvaja. Rama and Sita, Lakshmana and Urmila, Bharata and Mandavi and Shatrughna with Shrutakirti. Folio from the Shnagri Ramayana, early 18th-century. [[National Museum, New Delhi]]]]

The epic begins with the sage Vālmīki asking Nārada if there is a righteous man still left in the world, to which Nārada replies that such a man is Rāma. After seeing two birds being shot, Vālmīki creates a new form of metre called ''śloka'', in which he is granted the ability to compose an epic poem about Rāma. He teaches his poem to the boys Lava and Kuśa, who recite it throughout the land and eventually at the court of King Rāma. Then the main narrative begins.{{sfn|Goldman|1984|loc=Vol. I: Bālakāṇḍa}}

Daśaratha is the King of Ayodhyā. He has three wives: Kausalyā, Kaikeyī, and Sumitrā. He does not have a son and, in the desire to have a legal heir, he performs a fire sacrifice known as Putrīyā Iṣṭi. Meanwhile, the gods are petitioning to Brahmā and Viṣhṇu about Rāvaṇa, king of the rākṣasas who is terrorizing the universe. Thus Viṣhṇu opts to be born into mortality to combat the demon [[Ravana|Rāvaṇa]]. As a consequence, Rāma is first born to Kausalyā, Bharata is born to Kaikeyī, and Lakṣmaṇa and Śatrughna are born to Sumitrā.{{sfn|Goldman|1984|loc=Vol. I: Bālakāṇḍa}}

When Rāma is 16 years old, the [[Rishi|r̥ṣi]] (sage) Viśvāmitra comes to the court of Daśaratha seeking help against demons who are disturbing sacrificial rites. He chooses Rāma, who is followed by Lakṣmaṇa, his constant companion throughout the story. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa receive instructions and supernatural weapons from Viśvāmitra and proceed to destroy [[Tataka|Tāṭakā]] and many other demons. Viśvāmitra also recounts much lore of the landscape, his own ancestors, and the ancestors of the princes.{{sfn|Goldman|1984|loc=Vol. I: Bālakāṇḍa}}

The party then decides to attend King [[Janaka|Janaka's]] sacrifice in the kingdom of [[Mithila (region)|Mithilā]], who has a bow that no one has been able to string. Janaka recounts the history of the famed bow, and informs them that whoever strings the bow will win the hand of his daughter [[Sita|Sītā]], whom he found in the earth while plowing a field. Rāma then proceeds to string the bow, but he breaks it in the process. Rāma marries Sītā; the wedding is celebrated with great festivity in [[Mithila (region)|Mithilā]] and the marriage party returns to Ayodhyā.{{sfn|Goldman|1984|loc=Vol. I: Bālakāṇḍa}}

===''Ayodhyā Kāṇḍa''===
[[File: Rama leaving for fourteen years of exile from Ayodhya.jpg|thumb|{{center|Rama leaving for fourteen years of exile from Ayodhya}}]]

After Rāma and Sītā are married, an elderly Daśaratha expresses his desire to crown Rāma, to which the Kosala assembly and his subjects express their support. On the eve of the great event, Kaikeyī is happy regarding this but later is provoked by [[Manthara|Mantharā]], a wicked maidservant, to claim two boons that Daśaratha has granted to her. Kaikeyī demands [[Exile of Lord Rama|Rāma to be exiled into the wilderness for fourteen years]], while the succession passes to her son Bharata.

The grief-stricken king, bound by his word, accedes to Kaikeyī's demands. Rāma accepts his father's reluctant decree with absolute submission and calm self-control which characterizes him throughout the story. He asks Sītā to remain in Ayodhyā, but she convinces him to take her with him into exile. Lakṣmaṇa also resolves to follow his brother into the forest.

After Rāma's departure, King Daśaratha, unable to bear the grief, passes away. Meanwhile, Bharata, who is on a visit to his maternal uncle, learns about the events in Ayodhyā. He is shocked and refuses to profit from his mother's wicked scheming. He visits Rāma in the forest and implores him to return to Ayodhyā and claim the throne that is rightfully his, but Rāma, determined to carry out his father's orders to the letter, refuses to return before the period of exile. Bharata reluctantly returns to Ayodhyā and rules the kingdom on behalf of his brother.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valmiki Ramayana - Ayodhya Kanda - Sarga 40 |url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/valmikiramayan/ayodhya/sarga40/ayodhyaroman40.htm |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=sanskritdocuments.org}}</ref>

===''Araṇya Kāṇḍa''===
{{Main|Aranya Kanda|Exile of Lord Rama}}

[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Jatayu vadha, 1906.jpg|thumb|[[Ravana|Rāvaṇa]] fights [[Jatayu|Jatāyu]] as he carries off the kidnapped Sītā. Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]
In exile, Rāma, Sītā, and Lakṣmaṇa journey southward along the banks of the river [[Godavari|Godāvari]], where they build cottages and live off the land. One day, in the [[Panchavati|Pañcavati]] forest they are visited by a [[rakshasa|rākṣasī]] named [[Shurpanakha|Śurpaṇakhā]], sister of Ravaṇa. She tries to seduce the brothers and, after failing, attempts to kill Sītā out of jealousy. Lakṣmaṇa stops her by cutting off her nose and ears. Hearing of this, her brothers [[Khara (Ramayana)|Khara]] and Dushan organize an attack against the princes. Rama defeats Khara and his ''rakṣasīs''.

When the news of these events reaches Rāvaṇa, he resolves to destroy Rāma by capturing Sītā with the aid of the ''rakṣasa'' [[Maricha|Mārīca]], who, assuming the form of a golden deer, captivates Sītā's attention. Entranced by the beauty of the deer, Sītā pleads with Rāma to capture it. Rāma, aware that this is the ploy of the demons, cannot dissuade Sītā from her desire and chases the deer into the forest, leaving Sītā under Lakṣmaṇa's guard.

After some time, Sītā hears Rāma calling out to her; afraid for his life, she insists that Lakṣmaṇa rush to his aid. Lakṣmaṇa tries to assure her that Rāma cannot be hurt that easily and that it is best if he continues to follow Rāma's orders to protect her. On the verge of hysterics, Sītā insists that it is not she but Rāma who needs Lakṣmaṇa's help. He obeys her wish but stipulates that she is not to leave the cottage or entertain any stranger. He then draws a line that no demon could cross and leaves to help Rāma. With the coast finally clear, Rāvaṇa appears in the guise of an ascetic requesting Sītā's hospitality. Unaware of her guest's plan, Sītā is tricked and is then forcibly carried away by Rāvaṇa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rajarajan |first=R. K. K. |year=2001 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/2514821 |chapter=''Sītāpaharaṇam'': Changing thematic Idioms in Sanskrit and Tamil |editor-first=Dirk W. |editor-last=Lonne |title=Tofha-e-Dil: Festschrift Helmut Nespital |publisher=Reinbeck |pages=783–97 |isbn=3-88587-033-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504183709/https://www.academia.edu/2514821/S%C4%ABt%C4%81pahara%E1%B9%89am_Changing_thematic_Idioms_in_Sanskrit_and_Tamil |archive-date=4 May 2020 }}</ref>

[[Jatayu|Jatāyu]], a [[vulture]], tries to rescue Sītā but is mortally wounded. In Lankā, Sītā is kept under the guard of ''rakṣasīs''. Ravaṇa asks Sītā to marry him, but she refuses, being totally devoted to Rāma. Meanwhile, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa learn about Sītā's abduction from Jatāyu and immediately set out to save her. During their search, they meet [[Kabandha]] and the ascetic [[Shabari|Śabarī]], who directs them to Sugriva and Hanuman.

===''Kiṣkindhā Kāṇḍa''===

[[File:Stone bas relief at Banteay Srei in Cambodia.jpg|thumb|A stone bas-[[relief]] at Banteay Srei in [[Cambodia]] depicts the combat between [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] and [[Sugriva]] (middle). To the right, Rama fires his bow. To the left, Vali lies dying.]]

''Kishkindha Kanda'' is set in the land of [[Vanara|Vānara]]s (Vana-nara) – Forest dwelling humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=B. |last1=Vijayashree |first2=C. |last2=Geetha |url=http://shabdbooks.com/gallery/392-may-2020.pdf |title=Vanaras or Vana-Naras: A tail's travel from Treta Yuga to DwaparaYuga |journal=Mukt Shab Journal |issn=2347-3150 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519175458/http://shabdbooks.com/gallery/392-may-2020.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2022}}</ref> Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa meet Hanumān, the biggest devotee of Rāma, greatest of ape heroes, and an adherent of [[Sugriva]], the banished pretender to the throne of Kiṣkindhā. Rāma befriends Sugriva and helps him by killing his elder brother [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vāli]] thus regaining the kingdom of Kiṣkindhā, in exchange for helping Rāma to recover Sītā.

However, Sugriva soon forgets his promise and spends his time enjoying his newly gained power. The clever former ape queen [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tārā]], (wife of Vāli) calmly intervenes to prevent an enraged Lakṣmaṇa from destroying the ape citadel. She then eloquently convinces Sugriva to honour his pledge. Sugriva then sends search parties to the four corners of the earth, only to return without success from the north, east, and west. The southern search party under the leadership of [[Angada|Aṅgada]] and Hanumān learns from a vulture named [[Sampati|Sampātī]] the elder brother of Jatāyu, that Sītā was taken to Lankā.

===''Sundara Kāṇḍa''===

{{Main|Sundara Kanda}}

[[File:Sita at ashokavana.jpg|thumb|right|Ravana is meeting Sita at Ashokavana. Hanuman is seen on the tree.]]

''Sundara Kanda'' forms the heart of Valmiki's Ramayana and consists of a detailed, vivid account of [[Hanumān]]'s heroics. After learning about Sītā, Hanumān assumes a gigantic form and makes a colossal leap across the sea to Lanka. On the way, he meets many challenges like facing a [[Gandharva]] Kanyā who comes in the form of a demon to test his abilities. He encounters a mountain named [[Mainaka|Maināka]] who offers Hanuman assistance and a place to rest. Hanumān refuses because there is little time remaining to complete the search for Sītā.

After entering Lankā, he finds a demon, [[Lankini]], who protects all of Lankā. Hanumān fights her and subjugates her in order to get into Lankā. In the process, Lankini, who had an earlier vision or warning from the gods, knows that Lankā's end is near if someone defeats Lankini. Here, Hanumān explores the demons' kingdom and spies on Rāvaṇa. He locates Sītā in the Ashoka grove, where she is being wooed and threatened by Rāvaṇa and his ''rakṣasīs'' to marry him.

Hanumān reassures Sītā, giving her Rāma's signet ring as a sign that Rāma is still alive. He offers to carry Sītā back to Rāma; however, she refuses and says that it is not the dharma, stating that Ramāyaṇa will not have significance if Hanumān carries her to Rāma – "When Rāma was not there, Rāvaṇa carried Sītā forcibly and when Rāvaṇa was not there, Hanumān carried Sītā back to Rāma." She says that Rāma himself must come and avenge the insult of her abduction. She gives Hanumān her comb as a token to prove that she is still alive.

Hanumān takes leave of Sītā. Before going back to Rāma and telling him about Sītā's location and desire to be rescued only by him, he decides to wreak havoc in Lankā by destroying trees in the Naulakha Bagh and buildings and killing Rāvaṇa's warriors. He allows himself to be captured and delivered to Rāvaṇa. He gives a bold lecture to Rāvaṇa urging him to release Sīta. He is condemned and his tail is set on fire, but he escapes his bonds and leaps across the rooftops, sets fire to Rāvaṇa's citadel, and makes the giant leap back from the island. The joyous search party returns to Kiṣkindhā with the news.

===''Yuddha Kāṇḍa''===
[[File:Battle at Lanka, Ramayana, Udaipur, 1649-53.jpg|thumb|The ''Battle at Lanka, Ramayana'' by [[Sahibdin]]. It depicts the vānara army of Rāma (top left) fighting [[Ravana|Rāvaṇa]] the demon-king of [[Lanka|Lankā]] to save Rāma's kidnapped wife, Sītā. The painting depicts multiple events in the battle against the three-headed demon general [[Trishira|Triṣira]], in the bottom left. Triṣira is beheaded by Hanumān, the vānara companion of Rāma.]]

Also known as ''Lankā Kāṇḍa'', this book describes the war between the army of Rāma ([[Vanara|Vanara)]] and the army of Rāvaṇa ([[Rakshasa]]). Having received Hanuman's report on Sītā, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa proceed with their allies towards the shore of the southern sea. There they are joined by Rāvaṇa's renegade brother [[Vibhishana|Vibhiṣaṇa]]. The vānaras named [[Nala (Ramayana)|Nala]] and [[Nila (Ramayana)|Nīla]] construct the [[Rama Setu]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rajarajan |first=R. K. K. |year=2014 |url=https://www.academia.edu/8779702 |title=Reflections on 'Rāma-Setu' in South Asian Tradition |journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society |volume=105 |number=3 |pages=1–14 |issn=0047-8555 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106212334/http://www.academia.edu/8779702/Reflections_on_R%C4%81ma-Setu_in_South_Asian_Tradition |archive-date=6 November 2018 }}</ref>

The princes and their army cross over to Lanka. A lengthy war ensues. During a battle, Ravana's son [[Meghanada|Meghanāda]] hurls a powerful weapon at Lakṣmaṇa who is mortally wounded. So Hanumān assumes his gigantic form and flies from Lankā to the [[Himalayas]]. Upon reaching, Hanumān is unable to identify the [[Sanjivani (Hinduism)|sanjeevani]] herb that will cure Lakṣmaṇa and so he decides to bring the entire mountain back to Lankā. Eventually, the war ends when Rāma kills Rāvaṇa. Rāma then installs [[Vibhishana|Vibhishaṇa]] on the throne of Lanka.

On meeting Sītā, Rāma says; "The dishonour meted out to him and the wrong done to her by Rāvaṇa have been wiped off by his victory over the enemy with the assistance of Hanumān, Sugrīva and Vibhishaṇa".<ref>{{cite web |title=Book VI : Yuddha Kanda, Sarga 115 |url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/valmikiramayan/yuddha/sarga115/yuddha_115_frame.htm |website=sanskritdocuments.org |access-date=24 September 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829063115/https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/valmikiramayan/yuddha/sarga115/yuddha_115_frame.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, upon criticism from people in his kingdom about the chastity of Sītā, Rāma is extremely disheartened.
So Sītā, in order to prove the citizens wrong and wipe the false blame on her, requests Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa to prepare a pyre for her to enter. When Lakṣmaṇa prepares the pyre, Sītā prays to [[Agni]] and enters it in order to prove her conjugal fidelity. Agni appears in person from the burning pyre, carrying Sītā in his arms and restores her to Rāma, testifying to her purity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Book VI : Yuddha Kanda, Sarga 118 |url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/valmikiramayan/yuddha/sarga118/yuddha_118_frame.htm |website=sanskritdocuments.org |access-date=24 September 2021 |archive-date=12 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912143805/https://sanskritdocuments.org/sites/valmikiramayan/yuddha/sarga118/yuddha_118_frame.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Rama later joyfully accepts her. The episode of ''Agni Pariksha'' varies in the versions of ''Ramāyaṇa'' by Valmiki and [[Tulsidas]]. In [[Tulsidas]]'s ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', Sītā was under the protection of Agni (see [[Maya Sita|Māyā Sītā]]) so it was necessary to bring her out before reuniting with Rāma. The gods led by Brahma arrive and glorify Rama as the incarnation of Supreme God Narayana. Indra restores the dead Vanaras back to life.

After the exile, Rāma returns to Ayodhya and the people are so happy that they celebrate it like a festival. [[Deepavali]] is the day celebrating when Rāma, Sītā, Lakṣmaṇa and Hanumān reached Ayodhyā after a period of 14 years in exile after Rāma's army of good defeated demon king Rāvaṇa's army of evil. The return of Rāma to Ayodhyā is celebrated with his coronation. It is called ''Rāma pattabhisheka''. There are mentions in Rāmayaṇa that Rama gave several donations to Sugriva, Jambavan, other Vanaras, and gave a pearl necklace to Sita telling her to give it to a great person. She gives it to Hanumān. [[Rama|Rāma]] is very thankful to [[Vibhishana|Vibhisaṇa]] and wants to give him a great gift. [[Rama|Rāma]] gives his [[Ranganatha|Aradhana Devata]] (Sri Ranganathaswamy) to [[Vibhishana]] as a gift.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theindiandharma.org/2018/03/18/episode-312-significance-of-the-sri-ranga-vimaana/|title=Episode 312 – Significance of the "Sri-Ranga Vimaana"!!! – The Indian Dharma|website=theindiandharma.org|author=Dr. Jeayaram|date=18 March 2018}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2024}} Rama's rule itself, ''Rāma rājya'', is described as just and fair.{{sfnm|1a1=Sharma|1y=1986|1pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9Vo0OJtO6DQC&pg=PA2 2–3]|2a1=Claeys|2y=2010|2pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&pg=PA240 240–241]}} It is believed by many that when Rama returned, people celebrated their happiness with ''[[Diya (lamp)|diyas]]'', and the festival of [[Deepavali]] is connected with Rāma's return.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOnuAAAAIAAJ|title=Self-realization Magazine|date=1971|publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lOnuAAAAIAAJ&q=is+diwali+connected+to+lord+rama+returned 50]|language=en}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2024}}

=== ''Uttara Kāṇḍa'' ===
[[File:Sita with children.jpg|thumb|[[Sita]] with [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha]]]]

Scholars note "linguistic and rhetorical differences" between the Uttara Kanda and books 2 through 6 of the Ramayana, especially in stories such as Sita's exile and the death of [[Shambuka]], and together with Bala Kanda<ref>{{Cite web |last=SHARMA |first=SESHENDRA |title=Valmiki Ramayana Balkanda |url=https://stotranidhi.com/en/valmiki-ramayana-bala-kanda-in-english/ |website=stotranidhi.com}}</ref> it is considered by some scholars to be an interpolation, and that "the 'original' poem ended with the Yuddhakanda.{{sfnm|1a1=Cakrabartī|1y=2006|2a1=Goldman|2a2=Sutherland Goldman|2y=2022|2p=19}}

This kanda narrates Rama's reign in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], the birth of [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]], the [[Ashvamedha]] [[yajna]], and the last days of Rama. At the expiration of his term of exile, Rama returns to Ayodhya with Sita, Lakshmana, and Hanuman, where the coronation is performed. On being asked to prove his devotion to Rama, Hanuman tears his chest open and to everyone's surprise, there is an image of Rama and Sita inside his chest. Rama rules Ayodhya and the reign is called ''Rama-Rajya'' (a place where the common folk are happy, fulfilled, and satisfied). Then Valmiki trained Lava and Kusha in archery and succeeded to the throne after Rama.

==Versions==
{{main|Versions of the Ramayana}}

[[File:The epic ramayana spread in thailand.jpg|thumb|right|The epic story of ''Ramayana'' was adopted by several cultures across Asia. Shown here is a Thai historic artwork depicting the battle which took place between Rama and Ravana.]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf op de aan Shiva gewijde tempel op de Candi Lara Jonggrang oftewel het Prambanan tempelcomplex TMnr 10016190.jpg|thumb|A relief with part of the Ramayana epic, shows Rama killed the golden deer that turn out to be the demon [[Maricha]] in disguise. [[Prambanan]] Trimurti temple near [[Yogyakarta]], [[Java]], [[Indonesia]]]]

As in many oral epics, multiple versions of the ''Ramayana'' survive. In particular, the ''Ramayana'' related in north India differs in important respects from that preserved in south India and the rest of southeast Asia. There is an extensive tradition of oral storytelling based on ''Ramayana'' in [[Indonesia]], [[Cambodia]], [[Philippines]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Maldives]].

===India===
There are diverse regional versions of the ''Ramayana'' written by various authors in India. Some of them differ significantly from each other. A [[West Bengal]] manuscript from the 6th century presents the epic without two of its kandas.

During the 12th century, [[Kambar (poet)|Kamban]] wrote [[Ramavataram]], known popularly as [[Kambaramayanam]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], but references to [[Ramayana in Tamil literature|Ramayana story appear in Tamil literature]] as early as 3rd century CE. The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] rendition, [[Ranganatha Ramayanam]], was written by [[Gona Budda Reddy]] in the 13th century and another of a purer Telugu rendition, called ''[[Molla Ramayanam]]'' written by [[Atukuri Molla]] in the 15th century.

The earliest translation to a regional Indo-Aryan language is the 14th-15th century [[Saptakanda Ramayana]] in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] by [[Madhava Kandali]]. Valmiki's ''Ramayana'' inspired [[Sri Ramacharit Manas]] by [[Tulsidas]] in 1576, an epic in [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] [[Hindi]] with a slant more grounded in a different realm of Hindu literature, that of [[bhakti]]; it is an acknowledged masterpiece, popularly known as ''Tulsi-krita Ramayana''. [[Gujarat]]i poet Premanand wrote a version of the ''Ramayana'' in the 17th century.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} [[Akbar]], the third Mughal Emperor, commissioned a simplified text of the Ramayana which he dedicated to his mother, [[Hamida Banu Begum]]. Created around 1594, the manuscript is illustrated with scenes from the narrative.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rogers |first=J. M. |title=The arts of Islam : treasures from the Nasser D. Khalili collection |date=2008 |edition= Revised and expanded|publisher=Tourism Development & Investment Company (TDIC) |location=Abu Dhabi |oclc=455121277 |author-link=J. M. Rogers|pages=272–3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamic Art {{!}} Two Pages from the Ramayana Made for Akbar's mother, Hamidah Banu Begum |url=https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/islamic-art/khalili-collection-islamic-art-two-pages-from-the-ramayana-made-for-akbars-mother-hamidah-banu-begum-mss955/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=Khalili Collections |language=en-US |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113094110/https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/islamic-art/khalili-collection-islamic-art-two-pages-from-the-ramayana-made-for-akbars-mother-hamidah-banu-begum-mss955/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other versions include [[Krittivasi Ramayan]], a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] version by 14th-century Bengali poet [[Krittibas Ojha]] in the early 15th century; [[Vilanka Ramayana]] by 15th century poet [[Sarala Dasa]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|publisher=Infobase Publishing|date=1 January 2006|isbn=9780816075645|first1=Constance|last1=Jones|first2=James D.|last2=Ryan|access-date=8 November 2015|archive-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Jagamohana Ramayana]]'' (also known as ''Dandi Ramayana'') by 15th century poet Balarama Dasa, both in [[Odia language|Odia]]; a Torave Ramayana in [[Kannada]] by 16th-century poet Narahari; [[Adhyathmaramayanam]], a [[Malayalam]] version by [[Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]] in the 16th century; in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] by Sridhara in the 18th century; in [[Maithili language|Maithili]] by [[Chanda Jha]] in the 19th century; and in the 20th century, Rashtrakavi [[Kuvempu]]'s [[Sri Ramayana Darshanam]] in [[Kannada]] and [[Ramayana Kalpavruksham|Srimadramayana Kalpavrukshamu]] in Telugu by [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]] who received [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanapeeth award]] for this work.

There is a sub-plot to the ''Ramayana'', prevalent in some parts of India, relating the adventures of [[Ahiravan]] and Mahi Ravana, evil brother of Ravana, which enhances the role of Hanuman in the story. Hanuman rescues Rama and Lakshmana after they are kidnapped by the Ahi-Mahi Ravana at the behest of Ravana and held prisoner in a cave, to be sacrificed to the goddess [[Kali]]. [[Adbhuta Ramayana]] is a version that is obscure but also attributed to [[Valmiki]] – intended as a supplementary to the original [[Valmiki Ramayana]]. In this variant of the narrative, Sita is accorded far more prominence, such as elaboration of the events surrounding her birth – in this case to [[Ravana]]'s wife, [[Mandodari]] as well as her conquest of Ravana's older brother in the [[Mahakali]] form.

The [[Gondi people]] have their own version of the Ramayana known as the ''Gond Ramayani'', derived from oral folk legends. It consists of seven stories with Lakshmana as the protagonist, set after the main events of the Ramayana, where he finds a bride.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Mona |title=Gond Ramayani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gond-ramayani/articleshow/8205480.cms |website=Times of India |date=10 July 2011 |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117070639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gond-ramayani/articleshow/8205480.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In ''Adiya Ramayana,'' an oral version of Ramayana prevailing among the Adiya tribe of [[Wayanad]], Sita is an Adiya woman hailing from [[Pulpally]] in Wayanad.<ref name="news18.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=Tribals, Trials And Tribulations: Wayanad's Adivasis Have Their Own Versions of Ramayana |url=https://www.news18.com/india/tribals-trials-and-tribulations-wayanads-adivasis-have-their-own-versions-of-ramayana-8744338.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> A notable difference in the version is that the Rama, Lakshmana and Hanuman were tied to a tree and were brought to trial in the tribal court, where the deities of the clan Sidhappan, Nanjappan, Mathappan etc. interrogate them with intense inquiries regarding the ethical justification for abandoning his pregnant wife in the barren jungle, neglecting his duties as a husband. Rama admits his mistakes and reaccepts Sita, Lava and Kusha.<ref name="news18.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tharuvana |first=Azeez |date=2023-10-23 |title=Varied Narratives Of The Many Ramayanas |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/varied-narratives-of-the-many-ramayanas-magazine-325535 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

====Early references in Tamil literature====
{{main|Ramayana in Tamil literature}}

Even before [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]] wrote the [[Ramavataram]] in Tamil in the 12th century CE, there are many ancient references to the story of Ramayana, implying that the story was familiar in the Tamil lands even before the Common Era. References to the story can be found in the [[Sangam literature]] of [[Akanaṉūṟu]] (dated 1st century BCE)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dakshinamurthy |first1=A |title=Akananuru: Neytal – Poem 70 |url=https://adakshinamurthy.wordpress.com/2015/07/01/akananuru-neythal-poem-70/ |website=Akananuru |access-date=22 July 2019 |date=July 2015 |archive-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722035941/https://adakshinamurthy.wordpress.com/2015/07/01/akananuru-neythal-poem-70/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Purananuru]] (dated 300 BCE),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hart |first1=George L |last2=Heifetz |first2=Hank |title=The four hundred songs of war and wisdom : an anthology of poems from classical Tamil : the Puṟanāṉūṟu |url=https://archive.org/details/fourhundredsongs00 |url-access=registration |date=1999 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231115629 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Kalakam |editor1-first=Turaicămip Pillai |title=Purananuru |date=1950 |location=Madras}}</ref> the twin epics of [[Silappatikaram]] (dated 2nd century CE)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dikshitar |first1=V R Ramachandra |title=The Silappadikaram |date=1939 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Madras, British India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n5 |access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref> and [[Manimekalai]] (cantos 5, 17 and 18),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pandian |first1=Pichai Pillai |title=Cattanar's Manimekalai |date=1931 |publisher=Saiva Siddhanta Works |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.65472 |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Aiyangar |first1=Rao Bahadur Krishnaswami |title=Manimekhalai In Its Historical Setting |date=1927 |publisher=Luzac & Co. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/manimekhalaiinit031176mbp |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shattan |first1=Merchant-Prince |editor1-last=Daniélou |editor1-first=Alain |title=Manimekhalai: The Dancer With the Magic Bowl |date=1989 |publisher=New Directions |location=New York }}</ref> and the [[Alvars|Alvar]] literature of [[Kulasekhara Alvar]], [[Thirumangai Alvar]], [[Andal]] and [[Nammalvar]] (dated between 5th and 10th centuries CE).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hooper |first1=John Stirling Morley |title=Hymns of the Alvars |date=1929 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/hymnsofthealvars020204mbp |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> Even the songs of the Nayanmars have references to Ravana and his devotion to Lord Siva.

The entire Ramayana was rewritten as a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Opera]] in the 18th century CE by [[Arunachala Kavi]]rayar in [[Srirangam]], this opera, named the ''[[Rama Natakam]],'' allowed access to those who could not read the original version.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=K. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.22549 |title=Seerkazhi Arunachala Kavirayar and Rama Natakam |date=1978 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi}}</ref>

====Buddhist version====
{{Main|Dasaratha Jataka}}

{{unreferenced section|date=December 2023}}
In the Buddhist variant of the ''Ramayana'' ([[Dasaratha Jataka]]), Dasharatha was king of [[Benares]] and not Ayodhya. Rama (called Rāmapaṇḍita in this version) was the son of Kaushalya, first wife of Dasharatha. Lakṣmaṇa (Lakkhaṇa) was a sibling of Rama and son of Sumitra, the second wife of Dasharatha. Sita was the wife of Rama. To protect his children from his wife Kaikeyi, who wished to promote her son Bharata, Dasharatha sent the three to a hermitage in the Himalayas for a twelve-year exile.

After nine years, Dasharatha died and Lakkhaṇa and Sita returned. Rāmapaṇḍita, in deference to his father's wishes, remained in exile for a further two years. This version does not include the abduction of Sītā. There is no [[Ravana]] in this version, or the Rama-Ravana war. However, [[Ravana]] appears in other Buddhist literature, the [[Lankavatara Sutra]].

In the explanatory commentary on Jātaka, Rāmapaṇḍita is said to have been a previous birth of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], and Sita as previous birth of [[Yasodharā]] (Rahula-Mata).

====Jain versions====
{{more footnotes needed|section|date=June 2024}}
{{main|Rama in Jainism|Salakapurusa}}

[[Vimalsuri]] was a [[Jain monasticism|Jain monk]] of the [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara Murtipujaka]] sect. He is best known for his composition ''"Paumachariyam"'', the earliest known [[Jainism|Jain]] version of the Ramayana and the oldest work of literature written in [[Maharashtri Prakrit]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Dr Mukta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd3-EAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80&pg=PA137 |title=Vaishivk Paridrashya Main Ram - Sahaitya |publisher=Sadbhawana Publication |isbn=978-81-965928-2-0 |language=hi}}</ref>{{sfn|Goldman|1984|p=60}} [[Jain]] versions of the ''Ramayana'' can also be found in the various [[Jain literature|Jain agama]]s like Saṅghadāsagaṇī Vāchaka's ''[[Vasudeva-hindi|Vasudevahiṇḍī]]'' (circa 4th century CE),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=Jagdishchandra |title=Some Old Tales and Episodes in the Vasudevahiṇḍi |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1979 |volume=60 |issue=1/4 |pages=167–173 |jstor=41692302 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41692302.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601230212/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41692302.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-01 |url-status=live |issn=0378-1143}}</ref> Ravisena's [[Padma Purana|Padmapurana]] (story of Padmaja and [[Rama]], Padmaja being the name of [[Sita]]), [[Hemacandra]]'s [[Salakapurusa|Trisastisalakapurusa charitra]] (hagiography of 63 illustrious persons), Sanghadasa's ''Vasudevahindi'' and ''Uttarapurana'' by [[Guṇabhadra (Jain monk)|Gunabhadara]]. According to [[Jain cosmology]], every [[Kalachakra (Jainism)|half time cycle]] has nine sets of [[Balarama]], [[Vasudeva]] and prativasudeva.

Rama, [[Lakshmana]] and [[Ravana]] are the eighth Baldeva, Vasudeva and [[Prativasudeva]] respectively. [[Padmanabh Jaini]] notes that, unlike in the Hindu Puranas, the names Baladeva and Vasudeva are not restricted to [[Balarama]] and [[Krishna]] in Jain Puranas. Instead they serve as names of two distinct classes of mighty brothers, who appear nine times in each half time cycle and jointly rule half the earth as half-[[chakravartin]]s. Jaini traces the origin of this list of brothers to the ''jinacharitra'' (lives of jinas) by [[Acharya Bhadrabahu]] (3d–4th century BCE).

In the Jain epic of ''Ramayana'', it is not Rama who kills Ravana as told in the Hindu version. Perhaps this is because Rama, a liberated Jain Self in his last life, is unwilling to kill.{{sfn|Ramanujan|2004|p=145}} Instead, it is Lakshmana who kills Ravana (as Vasudeva killes Prativasudeva).{{sfn|Ramanujan|2004|p=145}} In the end, Rama, who led an upright life, renounces his kingdom, becomes a [[Jain monasticism|Jain monk]] and attains [[Moksa (Jainism)|moksha]]. On the other hand, Lakshmana and Ravana go to [[Naraka (Jainism)|Hell]]. However, it is predicted that ultimately they both will be reborn as upright persons and attain liberation in their future births. According to [[Jain texts]], Ravana will be the future [[Tirthankara]] (omniscient teacher) of Jainism.

The Jain versions have some variations from Valmiki's ''Ramayana''. Dasharatha, the king of Ayodhya had four queens: Aparajita, Sumitra, Suprabha and Kaikeyi. These four queens had four sons. Aparajita's son was Padma and he became known by the name of Rama. Sumitra's son was Narayana: he came to be known by another name, Lakshmana. Kaikeyi's son was Bharata and Suprabha's son was Shatrughna. Furthermore, not much was thought of Rama's fidelity to Sita. According to the Jain version, Rama had four chief queens: Maithili, Prabhavati, Ratinibha, and Sridama.

Furthermore, Sita takes renunciation as a Jain ascetic after Rama abandons her and is reborn in heaven as Indra. Rama, after Lakshman's death, also renounces his kingdom and becomes a Jain monk. Ultimately, he attains [[Kevala Jnana]] omniscience and finally liberation. Rama predicts that Ravana and Lakshmana, who were in the [[Naraka (Jainism)|fourth hell]], will attain liberation in their future births. Accordingly, Ravana is the future Tirthankara of the next half ascending time cycle and Sita will be his [[Ganadhara]].

===Southeast Asian===
====Indonesia====
[[File:Balinese dance Legong in Ubud, Ramayana performance, 20220823 1916 0471.jpg|thumb|Balinese dance Legong in Ubud, depicting the scene where Ravana tricks Sita.]]
[[File:Ramayana Java.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lakshmana]], Rama and Sita during their exile in [[Dandaka Forest]] depicted in [[Javanese dance]]]]

There are several Indonesian adaptations of Ramayana, including the Javanese ''[[Kakawin Ramayana]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramayana Kakawin Vol. 1 | work=archive.org | url=https://archive.org/details/RamayanaKakawinVol.1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record-details/b0274d0f-1162-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad|title=The Kakawin Ramayana – an old Javanese rendering of the …|website=www.nas.gov.sg|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213210217/http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record-details/b0274d0f-1162-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad|url-status=live}}</ref> and Balinese ''Ramakavaca''. The first half of ''[[Kakawin Ramayana]]'' is similar to the original Sanskrit version, while the latter half is very different. One of the recognizable modifications is the inclusion of the indigenous Javanese guardian demigod, [[Semar]], and his sons, Gareng, Petruk, and Bagong who make up the numerically significant four [[Punokawan]] or "clown servants".{{sfn|Coedès|1968}}

''Kakawin Ramayana'' is believed to have been written in [[Central Java]] circa 870 AD during the reign of Mpu Sindok in the [[Mataram kingdom]].{{sfn|Coedès|1968}} The Javanese ''Kakawin Ramayana'' is not based on Valmiki's epic, which was then the most famous version of Rama's story, but based on ''[[Ravanavadha (Bhattikavya)|Ravanavadha]]'' or the "Ravana massacre," which is the sixth or seventh century poem by Indian poet Bhattikavya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dini-ardianty-fib10.web.unair.ac.id/artikel_detail-139638-Sastra-Perbedaan%20Ramayana%20%20Mahabarata%20dalam%20Kesusastraan%20Jawa%20Kuna%20dan%20India.html|title=Perbedaan Ramayana – Mahabarata dalam Kesusastraan Jawa Kuna dan India|last=Ardianty|first=Dini|date=8 June 2015|language=id|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202925/http://dini-ardianty-fib10.web.unair.ac.id/artikel_detail-139638-Sastra-Perbedaan%20Ramayana%20%20Mahabarata%20dalam%20Kesusastraan%20Jawa%20Kuna%20dan%20India.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Kakawin Ramayana]]'' was further developed on the neighboring island of [[Bali]] becoming the Balinese ''Ramakavaca''. The bas-reliefs of ''Ramayana'' and ''Krishnayana'' scenes are carved on balustrades of the 9th century [[Prambanan]] temple in [[Yogyakarta]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://borobudurpark.com/en/temple/prambanan-2/|title=Prambanan – Taman Wisata Candi|website=borobudurpark.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-15|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929175956/https://borobudurpark.com/en/temple/prambanan-2//|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as in the 14th century [[Penataran]] temple in [[East Java]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://candi.pnri.go.id/temples_en/deskripsi-east_java-panataran_temple_30|title=Panataran Temple (East Java) – Temples of Indonesia|last=Indonesia|first=Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia / National Library of|website=candi.pnri.go.id|access-date=2017-12-15|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215163735/http://candi.pnri.go.id/temples_en/deskripsi-east_java-panataran_temple_30|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Indonesia]], the Ramayana is a deeply ingrained aspect of the culture, especially among [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Balinese people|Balinese]] and [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] people, and has become the source of moral and spiritual guidance as well as aesthetic expression and entertainment, for example in [[wayang]] and traditional dances.<ref>{{cite book |last=Beaman |first=P. L. |year=2017 |title=World Dance Cultures: From Ritual to Spectacle |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1317441069}}</ref>

The [[Balinese dance|Balinese]] ''[[kecak]]'' dance for example, retells the story of the Ramayana, with dancers playing the roles of Rama, Sita, Lakhsmana, Jatayu, Hanuman, Ravana, Kumbhakarna and Indrajit surrounded by a troupe of over 50 bare-chested men who serve as the chorus chanting "cak". The performance also includes a fire show to describe the burning of Lanka by Hanuman.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stepputat |first=K. |year=2021 |title=The Kecak and Cultural Tourism on Bali |publisher=University of Rochester Press |pages=92–101 |isbn=978-1648250316}}</ref> In [[Yogyakarta]], the ''[[Wayang wong|Wayang Wong]]'' [[Javanese dance]] also retells the Ramayana. One example of a dance production of the Ramayana in Java is the [[Ramayana Ballet]] performed on the Trimurti Prambanan open air stage, with dozens of actors and the three main prasad spires of the [[Prambanan]] Hindu temple as a backdrop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indonesia.travel/uae/en/news-events/news/the-keepers-cnn-introduces-guardians-of-indonesia-s-rich-cultural-traditions|title=THE KEEPERS: CNN Introduces Guardians of Indonesia's Rich Cultural Traditions|website=www.indonesia.travel|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213201642/http://www.indonesia.travel/uae/en/news-events/news/the-keepers-cnn-introduces-guardians-of-indonesia-s-rich-cultural-traditions|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Malaysia====
The Malay adaptation of the Ramayana, also known as the [[Hikayat Seri Rama]], incorporates elements of both Hindu mythology and [[Islamic mythology]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAsZDAAAQBAJ&q=Hikayat+Sri+Rama+Adam&pg=PA142|title=A History of Classical Malay Literature|last=Fang|first=Liaw Yock|date=2013|publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia|isbn=9789794618103|language=en|page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA107|year=1898|pages=107–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPgaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA143|year=1898|pages=143–}}</ref>

==== Myanmar (Burma) ====
{{Main|Yama Zatdaw}}

The Burmese adaptation of the Ramayana is known as the [[Yama Zatdaw]].

====Philippines====
{{main|Maharadia Lawana}}

The ''[[Maharadia Lawana]]'', an epic poem of the [[Maranao people]] of the [[Philippines]], has been regarded as an indigenized version of the Ramayana since it was documented and translated into English by Professor [[Juan R. Francisco]] and Nagasura Madale in 1968.{{sfn|Guillermo|2011|p=264}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Francisco |first=Juan R. |year=1969 |title=Maharadia Lawana |journal=Asian Studies |url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-07-02-1969/franciso-maharadia%20lawana.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017111420/http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-07-02-1969/franciso-maharadia%20lawana.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> The poem, which had not been written down before Francisco and Madale's translation,{{sfn|Guillermo|2011|p=264}} narrates the adventures of the monkey-king, Maharadia Lawana, to whom the Gods have granted immortality.{{sfn|Guillermo|2011}}

Francisco, an indologist from the [[University of the Philippines Manila]], believed that the ''Ramayana'' narrative arrived in the Philippines some time between the 17th to 19th centuries, via interactions with Javanese and Malaysian cultures which traded extensively with India.{{sfn|Francisco|1989|p=101}}

By the time it was documented in the 1960s, the character names, place names, and the precise episodes and events in Maharadia Lawana's narrative already had some notable differences from those of the ''Ramayana''. Francisco believed that this was a sign of "indigenization", and suggested that some changes had already been introduced in Malaysia and Java even before the story was heard by the Maranao, and that upon reaching the Maranao homeland, the story was "further indigenized to suit Philippine cultural perspectives and orientations."{{sfn|Francisco|1989|p=103}}

====Thailand====
{{main|Ramakien}}

[[File:Khon Dance Frankfurt Germany 2006.jpg|thumb|right|The Thai retelling of the tale—[[Ramakien]]—is popularly expressed in [[Dance in Thailand|traditional regional dance]] theatre]]
Thailand's popular national epic ''Ramakien'' ({{Langx|th|รามเกียรติ์}}, from {{IAST|rāmakīrti}}, 'glory of Ram') is derived from the Hindu epic. In {{Transliteration|th|Ramakien}}, Sita is the daughter of Ravana and Mandodari ({{Transliteration|th|thotsakan}} and {{Transliteration|th|montho}}). [[Vibhishana]] ({{Transliteration|th|phiphek}}), the astrologer brother of Ravana, predicts the death of Ravana from Sita's horoscope. Ravana throws her into the water, but she is later rescued by Janaka ({{Transliteration|th|chanok}}).{{sfn|Ramanujan|2004|p=149}}

While the main story is identical to that of ''Ramayana'', many other aspects were transposed into a Thai context, such as the clothes, weapons, topography and elements of nature, which are described as being Thai in style. It has an expanded role for Hanuman and he is portrayed as a lascivious character. Ramakien can be seen in an elaborate illustration at [[Wat Phra Kaew]] in Bangkok.

===Critical edition===
A [[critical edition]] of the text was compiled in India in the 1960s and 1970s, by the Oriental Institute at [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda#Oriental Institute|Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], India, utilizing dozens of manuscripts collected from across India and the surrounding region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.berkeley.edu/2016/11/17/ramayana-translation-project-turns-its-last-page-after-four-decades-of-research/|publisher=news.berkeley.edu|title=Ramayana Translation Project turns its last page, after four decades of research | Berkeley News|date=17 November 2016|access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=9 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209121535/http://news.berkeley.edu/2016/11/17/ramayana-translation-project-turns-its-last-page-after-four-decades-of-research/|url-status=live}}</ref> An English language translation of the critical edition was completed in November 2016 by Sanskrit scholar [[Robert P. Goldman]] of the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2016/11/20/uc-berkeley-researchers-complete-decades-long-translation-project/|publisher=dailycal.org|title=UC Berkeley researchers complete decades-long translation project | The Daily Californian|date=21 November 2016|access-date=6 January 2017|archive-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212095447/http://www.dailycal.org/2016/11/20/uc-berkeley-researchers-complete-decades-long-translation-project/|url-status=live}}</ref> Another English translation of the critical edition of the Valmiki Ramayana was done by the late Mr. Bibek Debroy.

==Commentaries==
There are around thirty three commentaries on the Ramayana.{{sfn|Kumar|2020}} Some of the commentaries on the Ramayana include-
* Mahesvara Tirtha's ''{{IAST|tattvadīpa}}'' (also known as ''{{IAST|tattvadīpika}}'')
* Govindaraja's ''{{IAST|bhūṣaṇa}}'' (also known as {{IAST|govindarājīyam}})
* Sivasahaya's ''{{IAST|śiromaṇi}}''
* Mahadeva Yogi's ''{{IAST|amṛtakaṭaka}}''
* Ramanuja's {{IAST|rāmānujīyam}}
* Ahobala's {{transliteration|ta|ISO|taniclōkī}}
* Nagoji Bhatta's(Ramavarma) ''{{IAST|tilaka}}''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/ecommentaries|title=English Commentaries|publisher=[[IIT Kanpur]]|access-date=8 August 2022|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808210926/https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/ecommentaries|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Tryambakarāyamakhī's {{IAST|dharmākūtam}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=English Commentaries {{!}} Valmiki Ramayanam |url=https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/ecommentaries?field_commnetary_tid=8&field_kanda_tid=1&field_sarga_value=1 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tryambakarāyamakhī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jI5WuAAACAAJ |title=Dharmākūtam |date=1963 |publisher=O.A. Narayanaswami |language=sa}}</ref>
The three commentaries ''{{IAST|tilaka}}'', ''{{IAST|bhūṣaṇa}}'' and ''{{IAST|śiromaṇi}}'' are known as ''{{IAST|ṭīkātraya}}'' (i.e. commentary trio) and are more popular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kasarabada.org/Tattvadipika.html|title=Sundarakanda|publisher=Kasarabada Trust|access-date=8 August 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203101000/http://www.kasarabada.org/Tattvadipika.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Influence==
{{see also|Ramayana Ballet}}{{Further information|Symbolism of Rama}}

=== Holidays ===

====Vijayadashami====
{{main|Vijayadashami}}

Vijayadashami is a major Hindu festival celebrated every year at the end of [[Durga Puja]] and [[Navaratri]].
[[File:An Ramlila Actor In The Role of Ravana.jpg|thumb|A [[Ramlila]] actor wears the traditional attire of Ravana]]

==== Diwali ====
{{main|Diwali}}

Diwali, the festival of lights in Hinduism, is celebrated in joy of Lord Rama returning to Ayodhya with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrate Diwali – Deborah Heiligman |url=https://deborahheiligman.com/books/celebrate-diwali/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=deborahheiligman.com}}</ref>

=== In art ===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De strijd tussen de apenvorsten Sugriwa en Subali TMnr 3525-25.jpg|thumb|The painting by the [[Indonesia]]n ([[Bali]]nese) artist, [[Ida Bagus Made Togog]] depicts the episode from the Ramayana about the Monkey Kings of [[Sugriva]] and [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]]; The Killing of Vali. [[Rama]] depicted as a crowned figure with a bow and arrow.]]

One of the most important literary works of [[History of India|ancient India]], the ''Ramayana'' has had a profound impact on art and culture in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and southeast Asia with the lone exception of Vietnam. The story ushered in the tradition of the next thousand years of massive-scale works in the rich diction of regal courts and Hindu temples. It has also inspired much secondary literature in various languages, notably [[Kambaramayanam]] by [[Tamils|Tamil]] poet [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]] of the 12th century, [[Telugu language]] ''[[Molla Ramayanam]]'' by poet [[Molla (poet)|Molla]] and [[Ranganatha Ramayanam]] by poet Gona Budda Reddy, 14th-century [[Kannada]] poet Narahari's Torave Ramayana and 15th-century [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poet [[Krittibas Ojha]]'s [[Krittivasi Ramayan]], as well as the 16th-century [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] version, ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', written by [[Tulsidas]].

Ramayanic scenes have also been depicted through [[terracottas]], [[stone sculpture]]s, [[Bronze sculpture|bronzes]] and [[paintings]].{{sfn|Lal|2008}} These include the stone panel at Nagarjunakonda in [[Andhra Pradesh]] depicting Bharata's meeting with [[Rama]] at [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakuta]] (3rd century CE).{{sfn|Lal|2008}}

The ''Ramayana'' became popular in [[Southeast Asia]] from the 8th century onward and was represented in literature, temple architecture, dance and theatre. Today, dramatic enactments of the story of the ''Ramayana'', known as [[Ramlila]], take place all across [[India]] and in many places across the globe within the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]].

In [[Indonesia]], especially [[Java]] and [[Bali]], ''Ramayana'' has become a popular source of artistic expression for dance drama and shadow puppet performances in the region. [[Ramayana Ballet|Sendratari Ramayana]] is the [[Javanese dance|Javanese traditional ballet]] in [[wayang orang]] style, routinely performed in the cultural center of [[Yogyakarta]]. Large casts were part of outdoor and indoor performances presented regularly at [[Prambanan]] Trimurti temple for many years.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = The New York Times | title = On Java, a Creative Explosion in an Ancient City | first = Donald | last = Frazier | date = 11 February 2016 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/14/travel/indonesia-yogyakarta-java-island.html | access-date = 31 July 2017 | archive-date = 11 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210411014343/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/14/travel/indonesia-yogyakarta-java-island.html | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Balinese dance|Balinese dance dramas]] of ''Ramayana'' were also performed frequently in [[Balinese temples|Balinese Hindu temples]] in [[Ubud]] and [[Uluwatu Temple|Uluwatu]], where scenes from Ramayana are an integral part of [[kecak]] dance performances. [[Java]]nese [[Wayang]] (''[[Wayang Kulit]]'' of ''purwa'' and ''[[Wayang Wong]]'') also draw from ''Ramayana'' or ''[[Mahabharata]]''.
[[File:Ramayan - Ceremonial Indonesian Banner WOVENSOULS collection.jpg|thumb|Indonesian Art on a Ceremonial Banner depicting the Ramayan. Collected in Toraja, Sulawesi. Courtesy the Wovensouls Collection, Singapore.]]

''Ramayana'' has also been depicted in many paintings, notably by the [[Indonesia]]n ([[Bali]]nese) artists such as I Gusti Dohkar (before 1938), I Dewa Poetoe Soegih, I Dewa Gedé Raka Poedja, [[Ida Bagus Made Togog]] before 1948 period. Their paintings are currently in the National Museum of World Cultures collections of [[Tropenmuseum]] in [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]. Malaysian artist [[Syed Thajudeen]] also depicted ''Ramayana'' in 1972. The painting is currently in the permanent collection of the Malaysian National Visual Arts Gallery.

==In popular culture==
Multiple modern, [[English language|English-language]] adaptations of the epic exist, namely [[Amish Tripathi#Ram Chandra Series|Ram Chandra Series]] by [[Amish Tripathi]], [[Ashok Banker#Ramayana Series|Ramayana Series]] by [[Ashok Banker]] and a mythopoetic novel, ''Asura: Tale of the Vanquished'' by [[Anand Neelakantan]]. Another Indian author, [[Devdutt Pattanaik]], has published three different retellings and commentaries of Ramayana titled ''Sita'', ''The Book Of Ram'' and ''Hanuman's Ramayan''. A number of plays, movies and television serials have also been produced based upon the ''Ramayana''.{{sfn|Mankekar|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fZf8wmVdpaIC&pg=PA165 165]}}
Quotes from the ''Ramayana'' are used in "Live Gloriously", the main theme for the video game ''[[Civilization VII]]''.

===Stage===
[[File:Hanoman At Kecak Fire Dance.jpg|thumb|Hanuman at [[Kecak]] fire dance, Bali, 2018|upright]]

One of the best known{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} ''Ramayana'' plays is Gopal Sharman's ''The Ramayana'', a contemporary interpretation in English, of the great epic based on the Valmiki ''Ramayana''. The play has had more than 3,000 performances all over the world, mostly as a one-woman performance by actress [[Jalabala Vaidya]], wife of the playwright Gopal Sharman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-27 |title=The Man who Rewrote the Ramayana |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/gopal-sharman-dead-ramayan-rewrote-plays-theater-talk-2877919/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''The Ramayana'' has been performed on Broadway, London's West End, United Nations Headquarters, the Smithsonian Institution among other international venue and in more than 35 cities and towns in India.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Starting in 1978 and under the supervision of [[Baba Hari Dass]], ''Ramayana'' has been performed every year by Mount Madonna School in Watsonville, California.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramayana! – The Musical |url=https://www.mountmadonnaschool.org/hawk-life/ramayana/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Mount Madonna School |language=en-US |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625140809/https://www.mountmadonnaschool.org/hawk-life/ramayana/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the Philippines, a jazz ballet production was produced in the 1970s entitled "Rama at Sita" (Rama and Sita). The production was a result of a collaboration of four National Artists, Bienvenido Lumbera's libretto (National Artist for Literature), production design by Salvador Bernal (National Artist for Stage Design), music by Ryan Cayabyab (National Artist for Music) and choreography by Alice Reyes (National Artist for Dance).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturalcenter.gov.ph/events/dance/ballet-philippines-rama-hari/details|title=BALLET PHILIPPINES' RAMA, HARI | Cultural Center of the Philippines|first=Cultural Center of the|last=Philippines|website=BALLET PHILIPPINES' RAMA, HARI|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806200049/https://www.culturalcenter.gov.ph/events/dance/ballet-philippines-rama-hari/details|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Nomenclatures ===
Ramayana has had a profound influence on India and Indians across the geographical and historical space. Rampur is the most common name for villages and towns across the nation particularly UP, Bihar and West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-24 |title=Someone Plotted All The Villages Named 'Rampur' In India And Came Up With This Map |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/map-shows-villages-with-the-name-rampur-523559.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629060134/https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/map-shows-villages-with-the-name-rampur-523559.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is so common that people have been using Ram Ram as a greeting to each other.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-01-03 |title=Why Hindus say Ram Ram? |url=https://www.beautyofindia.in/hindus-say-ram-ram/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Beauty Of India |language=en-US |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403221859/https://www.beautyofindia.in/hindus-say-ram-ram/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sanskar |first=hindu |date=2020-05-23 |title=Why do we say Ram Ram as greeting? |url=https://www.hindusanskar.org/post/why-do-we-say-ram-ram-as-greeting |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Hindu-Sanskar |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201215923/https://www.hindusanskar.org/post/why-do-we-say-ram-ram-as-greeting |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Texts and translations==

;Sanskrit text
* [http://bombay.indology.info/ramayana/statement.html Electronic version of the Sanskrit text], input by Muneo Tokunaga
* [http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil.htm#Ram Sanskrit text] on [[GRETIL]]

;Translations
Here is a list of notable English translations of the Ramayana in chronological order:

* {{cite book |first=Ralph T. H. |last=Griffith |author-link=Ralph T. H. Griffith |year=1870–1874 |title=The Ramayan of Valmiki |publisher=Trübner |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rama/index.htm |via=Sacred-texts.org |ref=none}} ([[:gutenberg:24869|Project Gutenberg]]).
** Griffith's translation was one of the earliest complete translations of the Ramayana into English.
* {{cite book |first=Romesh Chunder |last=Dutt |year=1898 |title=The Ramayana and Mahabharata Condensed into English Verse |publisher=J. M. Dent |url=https://archive.org/details/RamayanaTheEpicOfRamaPrinceOfIndiaCondensedIntoEnglishVerseBy |url-access=registration |ref=none}} Reprint: Dover Publications. 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-486-14352-1}}.
** Dutt provided a condensed version of the Ramayana in verse form.
* {{cite book |first=Helen M. |last=Johnson |year=1931 |chapter=Book VII - Jain Ramayana (Rāmāyaṇa) |chapter-url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc213981.html |title=Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra |ref=none}}
** This translation presents the Jain perspective on the Ramayana.
* {{cite book |first=Hari Prasad |last=Shastri |year=1952 |title=The Ramayana of Valmiki |publisher=Shanti Sadan |ref=none}}
** Shastri's translation is notable for its attempt to retain the poetic beauty of the original Sanskrit.
* {{cite book |first=R. K. |last=Narayan |year=1973 |title=The Ramayana: A Shortened Modern Prose Version of the Indian Epic |publisher=Chatto and Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-1990-4 |ref=none}}
**Narayan's translation is a prose version that simplifies the story for a modern audience while retaining its essential elements.
* {{cite book |first=William |last=Buck |author-link=William Buck (translator) |year=1976 |title=Ramayana |publisher=University of California Press |ref=none}} 35th Anniversary Edition. 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-520-27298-9}}
** Buck's version is a modern retelling that aims to make the story accessible to contemporary readers.
* {{cite book |last=Raghunathan |first=N. |title=Srimad Valmiki Ramayanam |publisher=Vighneswara Publishing House |place=Madras |year=1981 |ref=none}}
** This translation is noted for its fidelity to the original text.
* {{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Robert P.|title=The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India: Balakanda|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-691-01485-2|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Robert P.|author-mask=9|title=The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India: Kiskindhakanda|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-06661-5|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Robert P.|author-mask=9|title=The Ramayana of Valmiki: Sundarakanda|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-691-06662-2|ref=none}}
** This translation is part of the Princeton Library of Asian Translations and is noted for its scholarly approach and detailed annotations. The project spans multiple volumes and years.
* {{cite book |first=Arshia |last=Sattar |author-link=Arshia Sattar |year=1996 |title=The Rāmāyaṇa by Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-14-029866-6|ref=none}}
** Sattar's translation is praised for its clarity and readability, as well as for staying close to the original text.
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAzNbPus9TcC |title=Rāma the Steadfast: An Early Form of the Rāmāyaṇa |first1=J. L. |last1=Brockington |first2=Mary |last2=Brockington |publisher=Penguin |year=2006 |isbn=0-14-044744-X |ref=none}}
** This translation provides an early form of the ''Ramayana'', emphasizing its foundational aspects.
* {{cite book |first=Bibek |last=Debroy |year=2017 |title=The Valmiki Ramayana |volume=1 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-93-87326-26-2 |ref=none}}
** Debroy's translation is known for its fidelity to the original text and detailed footnotes and commentary.

* W A Silva (1957), Valmiki Ramayana. This is a lucid translation in Sinhala by the great novelist [[W. A. Silva]] of Sri Lanka.

These translations reflect a range of approaches, from strict adherence to the original Sanskrit text to more accessible modern retellings.

==See also==

* [[Rāmakṛṣṇavilomakāvyaṃ]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Brockington |first=J. L. |title=The Sanskrit Epics |year=1998 |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-10260-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Cakrabartī |first=Bishṇupada |title=The Penguin Companion to the Ramayana |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-310046-1}}
* {{cite book |first=Gregory |last=Claeys |title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-82842-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Coedès |first=George |author-link=George Coedès |editor-first=Walter F. |editor-last=Vella |translator=Susan Brown Cowing |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |year=1968 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1}}

* {{Cite journal|last=Francisco|first=Juan R.|date=1989|title=The Indigenization of the Rama Story in the Philippines|jstor=42633135|journal=Philippine Studies|volume=37|issue=1|pages=101–111}}
* {{Cite book|last=Goldman|first=Robert P.|title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Vol. I, Bālakānda|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1984|url=https://ia902902.us.archive.org/26/items/vr_001_bk/VR-001-BK.pdf|isbn=81-208-3162--4}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Goldman|first1=Robert P.|last2=Sutherland Goldman|first2=Sally J.|title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: The Complete English Translation|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2022|isbn=978-0-691-20686-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Guillermo |first=Artemio R. |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines |year=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7511-1}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Sanjeev |date=2020 |title=A study of social issues in the Ramayana in the context of subcommentaries |url=https://www.anantaajournal.com/archives/2020/vol6issue4/PartC/6-4-25-912.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029011241/https://www.anantaajournal.com/archives/2020/vol6issue4/PartC/6-4-25-912.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-29 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Sanskrit Research |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=144–147 |issn=2394-7519}}
* {{cite book |title=Rāma, His Historicity, Mandir, and Setu: Evidence of Literature, Archaeology, and Other Sciences |first=B. B. |last=Lal |author-link=B. B. Lal |publisher=Aryan Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7305-345-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Mankekar |first=Purnima |title=Screening Culture, Viewing Politics: An Ethnography of Television, Womanhood, and Nation in Postcolonial India |year=1999 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-2390-7}}

* {{cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=M. R. |year=2014 |title=Valmiki Ramayana: Critical Essays |publisher=Manipal University Press |isbn=978-93-82460-18-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/valmiki_-_ramayana_-_critical_-_essays_-_m_-_r_-_parameswaran |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book |last1=Ramanujan |first1=A. K. |title=The Collected Essays of A. K. Ramanujan |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi}}{{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book |first=Ajay K. |last=Rao |title=Re-figuring the Ramayana as Theology: A History of Reception in Premodern India |place=London |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-134-07735-9}}
* {{cite book |first=Ramashraya |last=Sharma |title=A Socio-political Study of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa |year=1986 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0078-6}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhattacharji |first=Sukumari |title=Legends of Devi |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-250-1438-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Bhatti's Poem: The Death of Rávana (Bhaṭṭikāvya) |last=Fallon |first=Oliver |year=2009 |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press, [[Clay Sanskrit Library]] |isbn=978-0-8147-2778-2 |url=http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/volume-v-78.html |access-date=18 April 2009 |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316124405/http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/volume-v-78.html |url-status=dead |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Meenakshi |title=Rama and Ayodhya |publisher=Aryan Books International |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-7305-451-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Keshavadas |first=Sadguru Sant |title=Ramayana at a Glance |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-208-0545-3 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Murthy |first=S. S. N. |date=November 2003 |title=A note on the Ramayana |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |location=New Delhi |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1–18 |issn=1084-7561 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs1006/ejvs1006article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808182601/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs1006/ejvs1006article.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2012 |df=dmy-all |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Prabhavananda |first=Swami |title=The Spiritual Heritage of India |publisher=Vedanta Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87481-035-6 |title-link=Spiritual Heritage of India (book) |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Kate Milner Rabb |last=Rabb |first=Kate Milner |title=National Epics |year=1896 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/8ntle10.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914003423/http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/8ntle10.txt |archive-date=14 September 2011 |via=[[Project Gutenberg]] |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Rohman |first=Todd |editor=Watling, Gabrielle |editor2=Quay, Sara |title=Cultural History of Reading: World literature |year=2009 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-33744-4 |chapter=The Classical Period |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sachithanantham |first1=Singaravelu |author-link1=S Singaravelu |title=The Ramayana Tradition in Southeast Asia |date=2004 |publisher=University of Malaya Press |isbn=978-983-100-234-6 |location=Kuala Lumpur |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Sundararajan |first=K.R. |title=Hindu spirituality: Vedas through Vedanta |editor=Krishna Sivaraman |editor2=Bithika Mukerji |publisher=The Crossroad Publishing Co. |year=1989 |pages=106–126 |chapter=The Ideal of Perfect Life : The Ramayana |isbn=978-0-8245-0755-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPYp7_kMBK4C&pg=PA106 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Ramayana}}
{{wikisourcelang|sa|रामायणम्|''Ramayana''}}
{{wikisource|Ramayana|''Ramayana''}}
{{Commons and category|Ramayana|Ramayana}}
* {{gutenberg|24869}}
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki ''The Ramayana of Valmiki''] English translation by Hari Prasad Shastri, 1952 (revised edition with interwoven glossary)
* [http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1778&Itemid=28 A condensed verse translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305194943/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1778&Itemid=28 |date=5 March 2021 }} by [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]] sponsored by the [[Liberty Fund]]
*{{librivox book | title=Ramayan| author=Valmiki}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=XTXyDwAAQBAJ Absolute dating of Ramayana]
*[https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23629 Collection: Art of the Ramayana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915064124/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23629 |date=15 September 2021 }} from the [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]]

{{Ramayana}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{National epic poems}}
{{Portal bar|India|Indonesia|Hinduism|Poetry|Literature}}

[[Category:Ramayana| ]]
[[Category:7th-century BC poems]]
[[Category:6th-century BC poems]]
[[Category:Epic poems in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Hindu poetry]]
[[Category:Frame stories]]

NTPC Kawas

2026-03-24T13:09:26Z

Ambi:

{{Infobox power station
| name = Kawas Thermal Power Station
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption=
| coordinates = {{coord|21|10|14|N|72|41|20|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| location = [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]]
| status = O
| construction_began =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]]
| operator =
| th_fuel_primary = [[Natural gas]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational= 4 X 106  MW 2 X 110.5  MW
| ps_units_manu_model =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity= 645 MW
| ps_electrical_cap_fac=
| website =
| extra =
}}
'''NTPC Kawas''' is located at Aditya Nagar, [[Hazira]] in [[Surat district]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. The power plant is the [[Natural gas|gas]]-based [[Combined cycle power plant|combined cycle power plants]] of [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]]. The gas for the power plant is sourced from [[GAIL]] [[HVJ Gas Pipeline|HBJ Pipeline]] – South Basin Gas field. Source of water for the power plant is Hazira Branch Canal Singanpur Weir.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=NTPC Kawas|url=https://www.ntpc.co.in/power-generation/gas-based-power-stations/kawas|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.ntpc.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=NTPC LIMITED, KAWAS GAS POWER PROJECT|url=http://knowledgeplatform.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/NTPC-Ltd._1st-Prize.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-28|website=}}</ref>

== Capacity ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Type !! Unit Number !! Installed Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Gas turbine|Gas Turbine]] || 1 || 106.1 || 1992 March
|-
| 2 || 106.1 || 1992 May
|-
| 3 || 106.1 || 1992 June
|-
| 4 || 106.1 || 1992 November
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Steam turbine|Steam Turbine]] || 5 || 116.1 || 1993 February
|-
| 6 || 116.1 || 1993 March
|-
|'''Total'''|| 6 || '''656''' ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{NTPC Power Stations}}
{{Power Plants of Gujarat}}

[[Category:Natural gas-fired power stations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surat district]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1992]]

Pavalar Varadharajan

2026-03-21T18:11:22Z

Ambi: Put up new post

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Pavalar
| name = Varadharajan
| image = Pavalar_Varadharajan.jpg
| birth_date = {{circa|1930}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first= |title=பண்ணைப்புரத்தில் பாவலர் சகோதரர்கள்! #AppExclusive |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/pavalar-brothers-first-visit-to-pannaipuram-after-becoming-successful-in-films |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |date=18 June 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Pannaipuram]], [[Madura District (Madras Presidency)|Madura District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Theni District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and given age|1973|12|2|42-44|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=பிரபா |first=கானா |title=பாவலரு பாட்டு|url=http://www.radiospathy.com/2014/12/blog-post.html|access-date=2023-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=தமிழ்|first=த டைம்ஸ் |date=2016-02-20 |title="லூப்பு தரான் சரிதானா? போடலன்னா விடுறானா":குடும்பக் கட்டுப்பாட்டை எதிர்த்தார்களா கம்யூனிஸ்டுகள்?|url=https://timestamil.wordpress.com/2016/02/20/%e0%ae%b2%e0%af%82%e0%ae%aa%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%aa%e0%af%81-%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%a9%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%9a%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%a9%e0%ae%be-%e0%ae%aa%e0%af%8b%e0%ae%9f/|access-date=2023-02-14|website=THE TIMES TAMIL|language=ta}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| years_active = 1949-1973
| party = [[File:CPI-banner.svg|20px]] [[Communist Party of India]] (1957-64) [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|20px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (1964-72) [[File:Flag DMK.svg|20px]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1972-73)
| spouse = Seeniyammal
| children = 4
| parents = Chinnathai (mother) Ramasamy (father)
| relatives = '''Sisters''' * Kamalam * Padmavathi '''Brothers''' * [[R. D. Bhaskar]] * [[Ilaiyaraaja]] * [[Gangai Amaran]] '''Nieces''' * [[Bhavatharini]] * [[Vasuki Bhaskar]] * [[Vilasini (a) Haasini]] '''Nephews''' * [[Karthik Raja]] * [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] * [[Venkat Prabhu]] * [[Premji Amaren]]
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
|embed = yes
|background =
|genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Carnatic music]]
*[[Music of Tamil Nadu#Folk music|Tamil Folk music]]
}}
|instrument = [[Harmonium]], [[Vocal music|Vocals]]
|label = ''[[Pavalar Brothers]]'' (1961-69)
}}
}}

'''Ramasamy Daniel Varadharajan,''' popularly known as '''"Pavalar" Varadharajan''', was a singer, lyricist, composer, musician, and playwright from [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. He headed a musical troupe named ''Pavalar Brothers'' in the 1960s. The group consisted of his later popular brothers - [[R. D. Bhaskar]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]], and [[Gangai Amaran]].

He was known for his campaigns for the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI). When the party [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|underwent a split in 1964]], he joined its breakaway faction - [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. In his last year of life, he was associated with the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK).

==Early life==
Varadharajan was born in [[Pannaipuram]] village (now a town in [[Theni district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]) as the first child of Chinnathayi, who was the second wife of Ramasamy, an estate supervisor. His siblings were Kamalam, Padmavathi, [[R. D. Bhaskar]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]], and [[Gangai Amaran]].<ref name="Maalai">{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2017-11-11 |title=திரை இசையில் திருப்பம் உண்டாக்கிய இளையராஜா-cinima history, ilayaraja |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2017/11/11222535/1128259/cinima-history-ilayaraja.vpf |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> He learnt music from Mariyananda Bhagavathar who was working in Trichy [[All India Radio]] station. <ref name="Maalai" />

==Political life==
Varadharajan 's singing talent earned him the attention of Communist leaders. During the 1958 [[by-election]] held for the [[Devikulam (State Assembly constituency)|Devikulam constituency]] of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]], he campaigned for [[Rosamma Punnoose]] of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) by singing political songs written and composed by himself in and around the tea estates in the constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-20 |title=As VS Achuthanandan Turns 97, Communist Colossus from Kerala Remains The Quintessential Survivor |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/as-vs-achuthanandan-turns-97-the-communist-colossus-from-kerala-remains-the-quintessential-survivor-2986349.html |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> During the victory meeting held after Punnoose won the election, [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], the then [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister of Kerala]], mentioned that Varadharajan was the main reason for the victory in the election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Pongal Specials – Watch Episode 6 – Ilayaraaja Special on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/star-vijay-pongal-special/2770/ilayaraaja-special/1000082069 |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en}}</ref> After that, Varadharajan started an orchestra singing political songs for the party and performed across various cities in India.

==Death==
Due to health problems, Varadharajan was admitted in a hospital in [[Madurai]] and died there on 2 December 1973. His body was taken from Madurai to Pannaipuram and was buried there by his mother, brothers, and children.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2017-12-12 |title=இளையராஜாவின் அண்ணன் பாவலர் மரணம் |language=Tamil |work=Maalai malar |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2017/12/12221842/1134220/cinima-history-ilayaraja.vpf |access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=பிரபா |first=கானா |title=பாவலரு பாட்டு |url=http://www.radiospathy.com/2014/12/blog-post.html |access-date=2023-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=தமிழ் |first=த டைம்ஸ் |date=2016-02-20 |title="லூப்பு தரான் சரிதானா? போடலன்னா விடுறானா":குடும்பக் கட்டுப்பாட்டை எதிர்த்தார்களா கம்யூனிஸ்டுகள்? |url=https://timestamil.wordpress.com/2016/02/20/%e0%ae%b2%e0%af%82%e0%ae%aa%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%aa%e0%af%81-%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%a9%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%9a%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%a9%e0%ae%be-%e0%ae%aa%e0%af%8b%e0%ae%9f/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=THE TIMES TAMIL |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Speculation on cause of death ===
In a January 2023 interview, Gangai Amaran was asked about the claims that Varadarajan died from injuries sustained during an assault by Communist cadre (who were allegedly irked by his defection to the DMK). Amaran reiterated what Varadarajan's wife had stated about Varadarajan being beaten, concluding without denying the claims.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=my5FEH5fy1Qh31PV&t=995&v=L5g4lEc2gNc&feature=youtu.be |title=திமுகவில் இணையும்.. தமிழக பாஜகவின் கங்கை அமரன் -அதிரடி அரசியல் திருப்பம்-Gangai Amaran - Nerukku Ner |date=2023-01-14 |last=Sathiyam News |type=youtube interview |language=ta |publisher=Satyam News |minutes=16 |access-date=2025-02-01 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Descendants==
Varadharajan married V. Seeniyammal sometime before 1952.<ref name=":0" /> The couple had four sons: Jeevadurai,<ref name=":1" /> Stalin Varadharajan (aka "Ilaya Gangai") Homo Jov Daniel (aka "Pavalar Mainthan"), and "Pavalar" Sivaraman. Seeniyammal died on 9 April 2020.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1248151328380964873|user=YfacQkgFEqTLxUy|title=இசை மாமேதை அண்ணன் டாக்டர் இளையராஜா அவர்களின் மூத்த அண்ணன் பாவலர் வரதராஜன் அவர்கள் துணைவியார் அன்னை வ.சீனியாம்மாள் அவர்கள் மறைந்த செய்தி கேட்டு மிகவும் அதிர்ச்சி அடைந்தேன் மறைந்த அன்னையின் உடல் இயற்கை நிழலில் இளப்பாற பிராத்திக்கிறது தென் இந்திய ஆதிதிராவிடர் மகாஜன பேரவை TIAMP https://t.co/TnRYJEmn2c|author=சமூகநீதி போராளி|date=9 April 2020|access-date=12 May 2023|language=ta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409073059/https://twitter.com/YfacQkgFEqTLxUy/status/1248151328380964873|archive-date=9 April 2020|url-status=live|trans-title=I am very shocked to hear the news of the death of Issi's uncle Dr. Ilayaraja's elder brother Bhawalar Varadarajan and his wife V.Siniammal.}}</ref>

Stalin Varadharajan died around 2006 due to jaundice at the age of 54.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=478152055647776768|user=kanapraba|title=இளையகங்கையின் சகோதரர் பாவலர் சிவாவிடம் பேசியபோதுதான் தெரிந்தது எட்டு வருடங்களுக்கு முன்பே இசையமைப்பாளர் இளையகங்கை இறந்துபோன விஷயம் :-(|author=கானா பிரபா|date=15 June 2014|access-date=12 May 2023|language=ta|trans-title=It was only when I spoke to Ilayagangai's brother Bhawalar Siva that I came to know that composer Ilayagangai had died eight years ago :-(}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sura |first=சுரா |title=கனவு ராஜாக்கள் - Page 2 |url=https://lekhabooks.com/cinema/383-kanavu-rajaakkal?start=1 |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=lekhabooks.com |language=pl}}</ref>

Jo, who was working as assistant director to [[R. V. Udayakumar]], died on 15 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ilaiyaraaja's nephew Pavalar Maindhan passes away – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ilaiyaraajas-nephew-pavalar-maindhan-passes-away/articleshow/76994684.cms |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=The Times of India |date=16 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Sivaraman, who was a [[guitarist]] for Ilayaraja's film commitments, died of [[heart failure]] on 2 May 2023 at the age of 60. He is survived by his wife and three children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=இளையராஜா அண்ணன், மறைந்த பாவலர் வரதராஜன் மகன், கிதார் இசைக்கலைஞர், பாவலர் சிவா என்கிற சிவராமன் (வயது 60), உடல்நலக்குறைவு காரணமாக இன்று மரணம் அடைந்தார்.|url=https://twitter.com/kayaldevaraj/status/1653283907666857984?s=20|access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=இளையராஜாவின் சகோதரர் மகன் காலமானார் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/984837-ilayarajas-brother-son-passed-away.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In the film ''[[Chinna Pasanga Naanga]]'' (1992), the protagonist Muthukaalai ([[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]) and his friends establish "Pavalar Varadharajan Mandram" to carry out reforms in their village.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=சினிமாபுரம் - 2 {{!}} சின்ன பசங்க நாங்க - சங்கம் வைத்து உள்ளூர் பிரச்சினைகளை பேசிய கிராமத்து இளைஞர்கள்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/863730-cinemapuram-2-a-story-of-village-youths-chinna-pasanga-naaga.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

The song "Nattupura paatu" from the [[Nattupura Pattu|1996 film of the same name]]{{Efn|The film was scored by Ilaiyaraaja, with lyrics written by [[Kasthuri Raja]] who was the film's director as well.|group=notelist}} contains the line "Paavalaru varadharaasan / Paadi vecha paatu ithu" ({{translation|This is [a] song [once] sung by Pavalar Varadharajan}}).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96ML-7jSBNM |title=Nattupura Pattu Onnu - Naattu Purapaatu - Khushboo & Manorama |date=2010-09-29 |last=Rajshri Tamil |access-date=2026-02-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-22 |title=Nattupura Pattu Onnu Song Lyrics |url=https://www.tamil2lyrics.com/lyrics/nattupura-pattu-onnu-song-lyrics/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.tamil2lyrics.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Varadharajan is briefly portrayed in a short film on Ilaiyaraaja that premiered at Ilaiyaraaja's [[golden jubilee]] felicitation, held in [[Chennai]] by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] on 13 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=இசைஞானி இளையராஜாவுக்கு பாராட்டு விழா - நிகழ்வில் ஒளிபரப்பப்பட்ட வீடியோ |url=https://x.com/sunnewstamil/status/1966894402036719636}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kollywood |first=Only |date=2025-09-14 |title=Ilayaraja Golden Jubilee: Highlights and speeches from the grand celebration |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/ilayaraja-golden-jubilee-highlights-and-speeches-from-the-grand-celebration/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Only Kollywood |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Biography==
* ''Padipaligalin paarvaiyil Pavalar Varadharajan'' (Pavalar Varadharajan in the eyes of creators) by Sangai Velavan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=மு.வீரையன் |first=உதயை |title=மறக்க முடியாத மக்கள் பாவலர் |url=https://keetru.com/index.php/2010-06-24-04-31-11/ungalnoolagam-nov14/27426-2014-11-28-02-48-38 |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=keetru.com |language=ta-in}}</ref>
* ''Pavalar Varadharajan Padalgal -'' edited by Ilayaraja.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.commonfolks.in/books/d/paavalar-varadharajan-paadalgal |title=பாவலர் வரதராஜன் பாடல்கள் |publisher=Kavitha publication |location=Chennai |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2016/06/08214643/1017537/cinima-history-ilayaraja.vpf திரை இசையில் திருப்பம் உண்டாக்கிய இளையராஜா]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkAUrTwNeiE&t இளையராஜாவின் வாழ்வில் பாவலர் வரதராசன் | ஆய்வரசர் வே.எழிலரசு]

[[Category:1930s births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Theni district]]
[[Category:Tamil singers]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]
[[Category:Indian communist poets]]
[[Category:Ilaiyaraaja]]

LOC: Kargil

2026-03-16T21:51:38Z

Ambi: general expanded layout per standard format additionally and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|2003 Indian film directed by J. P. Dutta}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = LOC Kargil poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[J. P. Dutta]]
| producer = J. P. Dutta
| writer = J. P. Dutta
| starring = [[Akshaye Khanna]] [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Ajay Devgn]] [[Saif Ali Khan]] [[Sunil Shetty]] [[Abhishek Bachchan]] [[Mohnish Bahl]] [[Sanjay Kapoor]] [[Manoj Bajpayee]] [[Ashutosh Rana]] [[Karan Nath]] [[Amar Upadhyay]] [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]] '''Score:''' [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
| cinematography = Karim Khatri
| editing =
| studio = J. P. Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|12|12}}
| runtime = 255 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|33 [[crore]]}}<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=512|title=L.O.C Kargil – Movie – Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|31.67 crore}}<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
}}

'''''LOC: Kargil''''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 2003|2003]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Bollywood|Hindi]]-[[Hindi|language]] [[Epic film|epic]] [[historical drama|historical]] [[war film]] based on the [[Kargil War]] fought between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], produced and directed by [[J. P. Dutta]] under his banner "J. P. Films". The film features an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Bollywood]] stars and music composed by [[Aadesh Shrivastava]] and [[Anu Malik]], with the former composing the score and the latter composing the songs.

The film is based on the [[Indian Army]]'s successful [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]] that was launched in May 1999 in the wake of the Pakistani intrusion and occupation of the strategic heights in the [[Kargil sector]] to flush out the [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] intruders from the Indian side of the [[Line of Control]] (LoC). Upon release, the film received a mixed response from critics and flopped at the box office. With a running time of 255 minutes, it is one of the [[List of longest films in India|longest Indian films]] ever made and fifth in terms of running time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/01/18/stories/2004011800140500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114075806/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/01/18/stories/2004011800140500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-01-14|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=LOC-Kagil: How 'real'?|date=2004-01-18|last=thrki}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/patriotic-films-of-bollywood-366120-2011-08-11|title=Patriotic films to watch this Independence Day|website=India Today|date=11 August 2011 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{long plot|date=December 2017}}

The film opens with an Indian soldier's wireless set chirping commands from a base, calling a patrol to report in while the radio operator lies dead. After attempts to locate lost patrols, Indian Army HQ in Jammu and Kashmir decides to deploy more troops. Lt. Saurabh Kalia and Lt. Amit Bharadhwaj are sent on reconnaissance patrols along the LoC. Kalia's patrol is wiped out; Bharadhwaj's suffers heavy casualties but returns. Pakistani forces shell across the LoC, targeting NH-1A. The Indian Army redeploys more troops but is beaten back by Pakistani intruders occupying peaks around Kargil and other areas. After reverses, maximum mobilization is ordered, deploying the best units, but orders from Delhi restrict crossing the LoC, leaving many battalions unaware of the threat, questioning the justification for such mobilization.

The first unit deployed is the 1st battalion, [[11 Gorkha Rifles]] (1/11 GR), who are specialists in high-altitude warfare. 1/11 GR's commanding officer is Col. [[Lalit Rai]], and the battalion has the charismatic and brave Lt. [[Manoj Kumar Pandey|Manoj Pandey]] leading one of its platoons. Subsequently, the 18th battalion, [[The Grenadiers]] (18 Grenadiers), which was in the Kashmir Valley guarding against terrorist infiltration, was deployed in Kargil. Col. Khushal Thakur leads the battalion, and among the officers and soldiers are men like Lt. Col. R. Vishwanathan, Maj. [[Rajesh Adhikari]], Lt. Balwan Singh, Capt. Sachin Nimbalkar and Grens. [[Yogendra Singh Yadav]]. 18 Grenadiers are followed by the 17th battalion, [[Jat Regiment]] (17 Jat) led by Col. Umesh Singh Bawa with Capt. [[Anuj Nayyar]] is leading one of its units. 17 Jat is followed by the 13th battalion, [[Jammu & Kashmir Rifles]] (13 JAK Rif) commanded by Maj. turned Lt. Col. [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi]] (Joe) with Lt. [[Vikram Batra]] leading one of its units. Other battalions are subsequently inducted into the theatre of conflict. The [[Indian Air Force]] launches photographic reconnaissance missions to identify the intruders.

The first assault was carried out by the 1/11 GR advance platoon, led by Lt. Pandey, who first captured Yaldar village and linked up with a beleaguered and severely mauled company from the 3rd battalion, [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]] (3 Punjab). JCOs from 3 Punjab reveal that earlier patrols from 3 Punjab and 16 Grenadiers had gone missing in the Kukarthang sector. Lt. Pandey's platoon followed the patrol paths and launched an attack on Kukarthang post, a very heavily defended enemy position supported by mortar units and artillery batteries on the Pakistani side of the LoC. The Gorkhas captured Kukarthang after taking 9 casualties. It is later revealed that the size of the infiltration was much larger than previously thought. Indian Army planners believe that approximately 3,000 members of the [[Pakistan Army]]'s [[Northern Light Infantry]] were involved.

The second battle was at the strategic [[Battle of Tololing|Tololing]] mountain, which sits astride [[National Highway 1D (India)|National Highway 1D]], the main supply route for the entire northern Kashmir sector, including [[Siachen]] and [[Leh]]. 18 Grenadiers linked up with the severely beaten 16 Grenadiers and got the first-hand knowledge of the situation. A company from the 18 Grenadiers, led by Maj. Adhikari attacks Tololing. The company is held up midway due to heavy fog; it waits for clear weather. Intense enemy shelling occurs while the men are resting, causing panic and casualties. They try to move up the mountain but are pushed down by heavy small arms fire from intruders who are well entrenched atop the feature. Subsequent attacks from the Indians are stifled by stiff resistance, and in the absence of artillery support, Maj. Adhikari and Lt. Col. Vishwanathan are killed. 18 Grenadiers make a total of 4 attempts to recapture Tololing but are repeatedly beaten back.

Meanwhile, a unit from 17 Jat led by Maj. Deepak Rampal captures a Pakistani mortar position. They subsequently liberate an important peak, but suffer casualties. Col. Bawa tasks them to capture Pt. 4850.

18 Grenadiers are relieved by the 2nd battalion, [[Rajputana Rifles]] (2 Raj Rif), commanded by Col. Ravindranath, which moves in with an artillery battery of 110 mm field artillery and acclimatized troops. They launch a multi-pronged attack with artillery support, which succeeds but at a high cost, with Capt. Vijayant Thapar, Maj. Padmapani Acharya, Maj. Vivek Gupta and Captain Nemo were killed. All this happens while 13 JAK Rif stands by in case 2 Raj Rif fails. Meanwhile, the Indian Air Force launches combat sorties ([[Operation Safed Sagar]]) and bombs enemy positions.

13 JAK Rif is blooded at Rocky Knob, where they take the field after suffering heavy casualties. They follow it up with another victory at Point 5140, where Lt. Batra distinguishes himself by taking the south face of the peak without any casualties and is promoted to Captain.

The decisive phase of the war arrives. 18 Grenadiers are assigned to take [[Tiger Hill, Kargil|Tiger Hill]], 17 Jat to Three Pimple Complex feature, 1/11 GR to Khalubar Ridge, and 13 JAK Rif to Point 4875. After a heavy artillery barrage, 18 Grenadiers take Tiger Hill, spearheaded by a daring stealth attack by the elite Ghatak section, which includes both Grens. Yogendra Singh Yadav. However, only one member of the section, Gren. Yadav (Manoj Bajpayee) survives (despite being shot several times) to link up with the rest of the battalion. 17 Jat suffers heavy casualties with Capt. Nayyar and several others were killed and injured, but they secured the Three Pimple Complex.

1/11 GR link up with 22 Grenadiers at the base of Khalubar Ridge after braving an intense creeping barrage of artillery. Lt. Pandey somehow keeps the sagging morale of the weary unit up till the battalion begins its attack. The plans go awry when Col. Rai is injured by machine gunfire. Lt. Pandey volunteers to take out the bunkers that are holding up the attack. The machine guns are taken out, but Lt. Pandey and his platoon sergeant Hav. Bhim Bahadur is killed.

The last battle is fought by 13 JAK Rif at the Bunker Complex. The unit gets split up – Capt. Batra is sent to link up with Capt. Nagappa has captured one bunker and is surrounded by the enemy. Batra links up with Nagappa but is pinned down by the heavy enemy fire. He single-handedly takes out two bunkers but is mortally wounded. 13 JAK Rif pursues the fleeing enemy to the LOC, but Lt. Col. Joe stops due to orders not to cross it. After that, the 18 Grenadiers, 8 Sikhs, and 1/11 Gorkha Rifles launch their final attack on [[Tiger Hill, Kargil|Tiger Hill]], and they manage to capture it. 17 Jat captures Three Pimple Complex. 13 J&K Rifles capture Point 4875. 1/11 GR capture Khalubar Ridge. Finally, India declares Operation Vijay on 14 July 1999 a success.

The film, however, ends on a sombre note as it shows the bodies of soldiers who are killed in action being sent home to their families, while some soldiers who survived happily reunite with their families.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Artist !! Character
|-
| [[Akshaye Khanna]]
| Lt. [[Balwan Singh Panghal]], 18 Grenadiers
|-
| [[Sanjay Dutt]]
| Lt. Col. [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi]] (Joe), [[Commanding Officer|CO]], 13 [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
|-
| [[Ajay Devgn]]
| Captain [[Manoj Kumar Pandey]], 1/11 Gorkha Rifles
|-
| [[Saif Ali Khan]]
| Captain [[Anuj Nayyar]], 17 Jat Regiment
|-
| [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| Captain [[Vikram Batra]], 13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
|-
| [[Suniel Shetty]]
| Rifleman [[Sanjay Kumar (soldier)|Sanjay Kumar]], 13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
|-
|[[Mohnish Bahl]]
| Lt. Col. [[Ramakrishnan Vishwanathan]], [[Second-in-command|2IC]], 18 Grenadiers
|-
| [[Manoj Bajpayee]]
| Grenadier [[Yogendra Singh Yadav]], 18 Grenadiers
|-
| [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Akkineni Nagarjuna]]
| Maj. [[Padmapani Acharya]], 2 Rajputana Rifles
|-
| [[Sanjay Kapoor]]
| Maj. Deepak Rampal, 17 Jat Regiment
|-
| [[Karan Nath]]
| Maj. [[Rajesh Singh Adhikari]], 2 [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment|Mechanised Infantry]] (attached to 18 Grenadiers)
|-
| [[Armaan Kohli]]
| Maj. Vikas Vohra, 13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
|-
| [[Puru Raaj Kumar]]
| Havildar [[Bhim Bahadur Dewan]], 1/11 Gorkha Rifles
|-
| [[Ashutosh Rana]]
| Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav, 18 Grenadiers
|-
| [[Himanshu Malik]]
| Maj. [[Vivek Gupta (major)|Vivek Gupta]], 2 Rajputana Rifles
|-
| [[Sudesh Berry]]
| Col. [[Lalit Rai]], [[Commanding Officer|CO]], 1/[[11 Gorkha Rifles]]
|-
| Bikram Saluja
| Captain Sanjeev Jamwal (Jimmy), [[Indian Army Service Corps|Army Service Corps]] (attached to 13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles)
|-
| [[Milind Gunaji]]
| Maj. Dr. Rajesh Adhau, [[Indian Army Medical Corps|Army Medical Corps]] (attached to 13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles as Regimental Medical Officer)
|-
| [[Raj Babbar]]
| Col. [[Khushal Thakur]], [[Commanding Officer|CO]], 18 [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]]
|-
| [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| Col. [[Magod Basappa Ravindranath]], [[Commanding Officer|CO]], 2 [[Rajputana Rifles]]
|-
| [[Amar Upadhyay]]
| Captain [[Vijayant Thapar]] (Robin), 2 Rajputana Rifles
|-
| [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]]
| Maj. P.S. Janghu, 17 Jat Regiment
|-
| [[Avtar Gill]]
| Subedar [[Digendra Kumar]], 2 Rajputana Rifles
|-
| [[Mukesh Tiwari]]
| Lt. Col. Amul Asthana, 1/11 Gorkha Rifles
|-
| [[Deepraj Rana]]
| Subedar Raghunath Singh, 13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
|-
| [[Amit Behl]]
| Maj. [[Ajay Singh Jasrotia]] (Jassi), 13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
|-
| [[Rohit Roy]]
| Captain Shashi Bhushan, 315 Field Regiment, [[Regiment of Artillery]] (attached to 17 Jat Regiment)
|-
| Vineet Sharma
| Captain Sachin Annarao Nimbalkar, 18 Grenadiers
|-
| Manek Bedi
| Maj. Ritesh Sharma, 17 Jat Regiment
|-
| [[Kiran Kumar]]
| Col. Umesh Singh Bawa, [[Commanding Officer|CO]], 17 [[Jat Regiment]]
|-
| Devashish
| Captain Joy Dasgupta, 18 Grenadiers
|-
| [[Sharad Kapoor]]
| Maj. S. Vijay Bhaskar, 13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
|-
| Nagender Choudhary
| [[Naveen Nagappa|Captain Naveen Nagappa]], 13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
|-
| [[Deepak Jethi]]
| Maj. Mohit Saxena, 2 Rajputana Rifles
|-
|[[Rajendranath Zutshi]]
|Captain [[Neikezhakuo Kenguruse]] (Nemo), 2 Rajputana Rifles
|-
| Shahzad Khan
| Naib Subedar Zakir Hussain, 22 [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]]
|-
| [[Akbar Khan (Director)| Akbar Khan]]
| Maj. Ajeet Singh
|-
| [[Raveena Tandon]]
| Deepak Rampal's wife
|-
| [[Namrata Shirodkar]]
| Joe's wife
|-
| [[Rani Mukerji]]
| Hema (Manoj Pandey's love interest)
|-
| [[Mahima Chaudhry]]
| Reena Yadav (Yogendra Singh Yadav (Manoj Bajpayee)'s wife)
|-
| [[Kareena Kapoor]]
| Simran (Anuj Nayyar's fiancée)
|-
| [[Esha Deol]]
| Dimple Cheema (Vikram Batra's fiancée)
|-
| [[Preeti Jhangiani]]
| Balwan's fiancée
|-
| [[Isha Koppikar]]
| Santo (Sanjay Kumar's fiancée)
|-
| [[Divya Dutta]]
| Yogendra Singh Yadav (Ashutosh Rana)'s wife
|-
| [[Priya Gill]]
| Charulata Acharya (Padmapani Acharya's wife)
|-
| Akanksha Malhotra
| Kiran Adhikari (Rajesh's wife)
|-
| [[Maya Alagh]]
| Manoj Pandey's mother
|-
| Yashodhan Bal
| Lt. General
|-
| Ashutosh Jha
| Intruder
|-
| Surendra Singh
| Intruder
|-
| Hemant Choudhary
|
|}

==Production==
Just like J. P. Dutta's previous war film ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'', the Indian military provided technical and material assistance during the production and filming of ''LOC Kargil''. Weapons depicted were those used in the Kargil war, like different variants of the [[INSAS rifle]] family as well as Swedish [[Haubits FH77|Bofors Haubits FH77]] artillery guns and [[BM-21 Grad]] multiple rocket launchers. Indian Air Force planes like [[SEPECAT Jaguar]]s in bombing roles and helicopters like [[Mil Mi-17]]s and [[HAL Cheetah]]s were shown in casualty evacuation roles. Pakistani artillery depicted were Indian field guns and 81 mm mortars. [[L1A1 SLR|SLR]]s stood in for the [[Heckler & Koch G3|G3]] rifles used by the Pakistan Army.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

[[Shah Rukh Khan]] was first offered [[Sanjay Dutt]]'s role, but things couldn't be worked out. [[Aamir Khan]] was the initial choice for [[Karan Nath]]'s role. [[Rahul Khanna]] and [[Arbaaz Khan]] were signed for the film, but both walked out later. [[Jackie Shroff]] was signed for the film but dropped out later. [[Salman Khan]] was the original choice for [[Abhishek Bachchan]]'s role. [[Mukesh Khanna]] was signed for the film but was later replaced by [[Raj Babbar]]. [[Danny Denzongpa]] was signed for the film but later opted-out; [[Sudesh Berry]] replaced him later.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = LOC:Kargil
| artist = [[saklain]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Saaya]]
| prev_year = 2003
| year = 2003
| next_title = [[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]
| next_year = 2003
}}

The music of this movie was composed by [[Anu Malik]], with lyrics written by [[Javed Akhtar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-here-s-all-that-happened-when-jp-dutta-and-team-paltan-celebrated-india-s-first-war-trilogy-2655698|title=Here's all that happened when JP Dutta and team 'Paltan' celebrated India's first war trilogy|date=28 August 2018}}</ref> According to the Indian trade website ''[[Box Office India]]'', with around 15,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's eighth highest-selling.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

'''List of songs'''
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 51:07
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =

| title1 = Pyar Bhare Geet
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 9:23

| title2 = Main Kahin Bhi Rahoon
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Roop Kumar Rathod]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| length2 = 12:52

| title3 = Ek Saathi Aur Bhi Tha
| extra3 = Sonu Nigam
| length3 = 8:32

| title4 = Seemaaye Bulaaye
| extra4 = [[Alka Yagnik]], Chorus
| length4 = 7:59

| title5 = Khush Rehena
| extra5 = [[Roop Kumar Rathod]], [[Hari Om Sharan]] & [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
| length5 = 6:35

| title6 = Before We Forget
| extra6 = Instrumental
| length6 = 5:46
}}

== Reception ==
[[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[India Today]]'' called ''LOC: Kargil'' "Wasted effort" and wrote, "Stretching to more than four hours, the film feels almost as long as the actual conflict."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=Film review: J.P. Dutta's 'LOC-Kargil' starring Sanjay Dutt, Ajay Devgan, Suneil Shetty |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20040112-film-review-of-jp-dutta-loc-kargil-starring-sanjay-dutt-ajay-devgan-suneil-shetty-791151-2004-01-12 |access-date=1 July 2022 |work=India Today |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=12 January 2004 |language=en}}</ref> Anita Bora for [[Rediff.com]] wrote, "The battle scenes are gruesome, loud and hammer at you, much like the blazing guns in the background. But a lot has gone into making the scenes as realistic as possible. ... The one negative factor is its length. This might deter many from watching the movie. Possibly a slightly edited version, keeping it within 3 hours is called for".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bora |first1=Anita |title=Why we can never forget Kargil |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/25kargil.htm |access-date=1 July 2022 |work=Rediff |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |date=25 December 2003}}</ref> Kavitha K of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "The movie has crisp dialogues (O.P. Dutta), good cinematography (Karim Khatri), well executed war sequences (Bhiku Verma), but fails to keep the viewer riveted for four long hours because of the surfeit of cameos, canons and caterwauling damsels."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/dec28/mr2.asp|title=LoC Kargil|author=Kavitha K.|date=28 December 2003|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405050946/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/dec28/mr2.asp|archive-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>

== Awards ==
'''[[49th Filmfare Awards]]:'''

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[J. P. Dutta]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Manoj Bajpayee]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Anu Malik]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Javed Akhtar]] for "Ek Saathi Aur Bhi Tha"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|loc-kargil}}

{{J. P. Dutta}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2000s war drama films]]
[[Category:2000s action war films]]
[[Category:2000s historical action films]]
[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1999]]
[[Category:Indian war drama films]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Kargil War]]
[[Category:War films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]
[[Category:Films directed by J. P. Dutta]]
[[Category:Indian action war films]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kargil]]
[[Category:2003 drama films]]

Saregama

2026-03-16T05:55:10Z

Ambi: revise

{{Short description|Indian music record label}}
{{about|the music company|the [[Swara|musical notes]] in [[Hindustani classical music|Indian music]]|Sargam (music)|other uses|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni (disambiguation)}}{{In use|time=05:54, 16 March 2026 (UTC)}}{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Saregama India Ltd
| logo = Saregama logo.png
| former_name = {{plainlist|
*The Gramophone and Typewriter Ltd. (1901–1946)
*The Gramophone Co. (India) Ltd. (1946–1968)
*The Gramophone Company Of India Ltd. (1968–2000)
}}
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|532163}}|{{NSE|SAREGAMA}}}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1901}}
| location_city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| location_country = India
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list||Avarna Jain ([[Chair (officer)#Vice chairman and deputy chairman|vice chairperson]])|Vikram Mehra ([[Chief executive officer|managing director]])}}
| industry = [[Music industry|Music]] and [[entertainment]]
| services = {{plainlist|
* [[Record label|Music record label]]
* [[Filmmaking|Film production]]
}}
| products = [[Portable media player]]s
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|817|c|lk=on}}
| revenue_year = 2024
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Gramophone Company|The Gramophone Company Limited]] (1901–1931) [[EMI|Electric and Musical Industries]] (1931–1985) [[RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group]] (1985–present)
| subsid = [[Yoodlee Films]]
| module = {{Infobox social media personality
| child = yes
| youtube_handle = SaregamaMusic
| youtube_display_name = Saregama Music
| youtube_years_active = 2013–present
| youtube_genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Music video]]s
* [[Film trailer]]s
}}
| youtube_subscribers = 55.1 million
| youtube_views = 27.1 billion
| stats_update = May 16, 2025
}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.saregama.com/}}
}}

'''Saregama India Ltd'''{{efn|''Saregama'' refers to the first four notes of the [[Raga|Indian musical scale]]}} formerly known as '''The Gramophone Company of India Ltd.''', is an Indian music [[record label]] and content company headquartered in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. It is the oldest music label in India, established in 1901 as the Indian branch of the British [[Gramophone Company]]. It later became a part of [[EMI]] (Electric and Musical Industries), and for several decades, used the [[His Master's Voice]] (HMV) trademark on its releases. The first song recorded in India by [[Gauhar Jaan]] in 1902 and the first film made in [[Bollywood]] with sound ''[[Alam Ara]]'' in 1931 were under the music label.

In 1985, the company was acquired by the [[RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group]].<ref name="AutoND-1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/new-ipl-teams-sanjiv-goenkas-new-rising-gets-pune-intex-gets-rajkot/articleshow/50089432.cms|title=New IPL teams: Sanjiv Goenka's New Rising gets Pune, Intex gets Rajkot|date=2018-12-09|work= The Economic Times|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref> Although the HMV trademark continued to be used until 2003, the licensing agreement with EMI ended that year. Saregama also distributed EMI's international releases in India during this period.<ref name="AutoND-2">{{Cite news|url=https://factordaily.com/carvaan-saregama-data-music-radio/|title=How data is helping India's oldest music company Saregama revive its fortunes {{!}} FactorDaily|date=2017-06-14|work=FactorDaily|access-date=2018-03-23|language=en-US|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529033124/https://factordaily.com/carvaan-saregama-data-music-radio/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The company is involved in music publishing, film production under the brand [[Yoodlee Films]], and the creation of multi-language television content.<ref name="AutoND-3">{{Cite news |date=2017-11-21 |title=SaReGaMa's production house Yoodlee Film's to release BrijMohan Amar Rahe on 1st December 2017 |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/saregamas-production-house-yoodlee-films-release-brijmohan-amar-rahe-1st-december-2017-14197-slide-77755 |access-date=2018-03-23 |work=International Business Times}}</ref> It also manufactures and sells Carvaan, a digital audio player pre-loaded with classic Indian music.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saregama Carvaan: A 5,000 song music directory |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/saregama-carvaan-a-5-000-song-music-directory-117060901490_1.html |access-date=10 June 2017 |publisher=business standard}}</ref>

Saregama is listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]] and the [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]]. Besides its head office in Kolkata, it has regional offices in [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], and [[Delhi]].

==History==

[[File:Gauhar Jaan.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Gauhar Jaan]], the first Indian artist to be recorded (1902)]]

In 1901, the company began operations as the first overseas branch of the [[Gramophone Company]] (later [[EMI]] from 1931), by recording the first song in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saregama History|url=https://stock-financials.valuestocks.in/en/saregama-company-history|website=Value Stocks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/media-entertainment/saregamaindia/SI67|title=Saregama India Ltd|date=2018-03-23|work= Money Control|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref> It was incorporated in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) as ''The Gramophone and Typewriter Ltd.'' The following year, [[Fred Gaisberg]], assistant to [[Phonograph record|gramophone record]] inventor [[Emile Berliner]], arrived in India “on a mission to capture [its] music”. On 5 January 1902, [[Gauhar Jaan]] became the first Indian artist to be recorded. In 1907, a record manufacturing facility was established in [[Dum Dum]], Calcutta — the first of its kind outside the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=RPG Music: House of Music |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/saregama/hmvdoc.html |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970511180700/http://www.indiaserver.com/saregama/hmvdoc.html |archive-date=11 May 1997}}</ref>

On 13 August 1946, the company was incorporated as a private limited entity under the name ''The Gramophone Co. (India) Limited''. It was converted into a public limited company on 28 October 1968, following which its name was changed to ''The Gramophone Company of India Limited''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/saregama-india-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13704.cms|title=Saregama India Ltd.|date=2018-03-23|work= The Economic Times|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref>

From 1909 to 2003, the company retailed its music products—[[Phonograph record|records]], [[Cassette tape|cassettes]], and [[compact disc]]s—under the [[His Master's Voice]] (HMV) brand, using the iconic logo of a dog named [[Nipper]] listening to a gramophone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-05-08 |title=Saregama plans to sell land in revival bid |work=The Hindu Business Line |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/05/08/stories/2004050802140200.htm |access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref> Even after [[EMI]] sold the company to the [[RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group]] in 1985, Saregama continued to use the HMV name and symbol under a licensing agreement. This arrangement ended in 2003, when EMI divested the rights to the HMV trademark to the British retailer of the same name.

Saregama owns a music repertoire that spans film and non-film music, including [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]], [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]], devotional, folk, and other genres, in over 23 [[Languages of India|Indian languages]].<ref name="Annual2024">{{cite web |title=Saregama India Ltd. |url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/companies/saregama-india-ltd/ |website=Music Business Worldwide |date=24 January 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref> The first song recorded in India—by Gauhar Jaan in 1902—and the soundtrack of the first Indian talkie film, ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (1931), were released under the label.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alam Ara turns 93 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/alamara-turns-93-101710444542829.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 March 2024 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Saregama India Ltd - Company History |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/saregama-india-204/information/company-history |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

The company holds the rights to a growing number of films and over 6,000 hours of television content. It continues to expand its catalogue through new acquisitions across Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Bhojpuri, Gujarati, Punjabi, and other regional languages.<ref name="Annual2024" /> Its music is distributed on [[music streaming service]]s including [[Spotify]], [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]], [[YouTube Music]], [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]], [[Apple Music]], and others; on [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] (OTT) video platforms such as [[Netflix]], [[Amazon Prime Video]], [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]], and [[ZEE5]]; and on [[social media]] platforms like [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]], and [[Facebook]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Facebook, Saregama ink global licensing deal |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/facebook-saregama-ink-global-licensing-deal-11591159125284.html |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=Mint |date=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Annual2024" />

As of 2024, Saregama's catalogue includes over 150,000 tracks.<ref name="Annual2024" /> The company also holds the rights to the complete catalogue of [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], the first vocalist to receive the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honour.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr M S Subbulakshmi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/dr-m-s-subbulakshmi |work=India Today |archive-date=28 July 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728070312/https://www.indiatoday.in/dr-m-s-subbulakshmi |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its catalogue includes devotional music across multiple faiths—such as [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Sikhism|Sikh]], [[Islam]]ic, and [[Christianity|Christian]]—as well as a diverse collection of regional [[Indian folk music|folk music]].<ref name="Annual2024" />

In 2023, the company launched ''Saregama Talent'', a vertical focused on [[Talent manager|artist management]] and promotion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saregama launches Saregama Talent |url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/saregama-launches-saregama-talent/494137 |work=Campaign India |date=13 July 2023 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Annual2024" /> That same year, it acquired a majority stake in ''Pocket Aces Pictures Pvt. Ltd.'', a digital content and [[influencer marketing]] company behind brands like ''FilterCopy'' and ''Dice Media''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Breaking: Saregama acquires majority stake in Pocket Aces for ₹127.47 crores |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/digital/breaking-saregama-acquires-majority-stake-in-pocket-aces-for-%E2%82%B9127-47-crores-60831.htm |work=Storyboard18 |date=29 September 2023 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Annual2024" /> Saregama also announced a plan to invest ₹1,000 crore over three years to acquire music content across multiple Indian languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saregama plans to invest ₹1,000 cr in music content in 3 years |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/saregama-plans-to-invest-1000-cr-in-music-content-in-3-years/article68222171.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=19 February 2024 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Annual2024" />

==Saregama Carvaan==

''Saregama Carvaan'' is a [[Portable media player|portable digital music player]] launched by Saregama in 2017. It comes pre-loaded with a curated collection of 5,000 Hindi film songs, classical music, and devotional tracks from the company’s catalogue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ibgnews.com/saregama-carvaan-journey-time-machine-digital-audio-player-pre-loaded-5000-retro-songs/|title=Saregama Carvaan a journey with the time machine: Digital audio player with pre-loaded 5000 retro songs|last=Munshi|first=Suman|date=2017-05-10|website=IBG News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> The device features built-in speakers and also supports [[FM broadcasting|FM]]/[[AM broadcasting|AM]] radio, [[USB]], and [[Bluetooth]] connectivity.

Variants of Carvaan have been introduced in multiple regional languages, including Punjabi, Tamil, Bengali, and Marathi. The company has also released specialised versions such as ''Carvaan GO''—a personal audio player pre-loaded with 3,000 Hindi songs—and ''Carvaan Mini Shrimad Bhagavad Gita'', which includes an [[audiobook]] of the 700 verses of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] along with devotional [[bhajan]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gadgets/saregama-launches-portable-carvaan-go-speaker-with-3000-evergreen-songs-at-rs-3990-5678364/|title=Saregama launches portable Carvaan Go speaker with 3,000 evergreen songs at Rs 3,990|date=2019-04-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/saregama-launches-carvaan-shrimad-bhagavad-gita-lata-jagjit-bhajans-in-playlist/articleshow/70957930.cms|title=Saregama launches Carvaan Shrimad Bhagavad Gita; Lata, Jagjit bhajans in playlist|date=2019-09-03|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> In 2020, Saregama launched ''Carvaan Karaoke'', which allows users to sing along with synchronised lyrics on a screen.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/saregama-carvaan-karaoke-with-display-launched-in-india-price-starts-at-rs-19-990-1749929-2020-12-16|title=Saregama Carvaan Karaoke with display launched in India |work=India Today |access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref>

== Yoodlee Films ==
{{main|Yoodlee Films}}

''Yoodlee Films'' is the [[Filmmaking|film production]] division of Saregama India, launched in 2017 and based in [[Mumbai]]. The studio focuses on content-driven cinema across languages and formats, with a strategy centred on digital-first releases. As of 2024, Yoodlee Films has produced 30 films, several of which have been released on platforms such as Netflix, JioHotstar, and ZEE5.<ref name="Annual2024" />

Its film ''[[Hamid (film)|Hamid]]'' won two [[National Film Awards]] at the [[66th National Film Awards]], including [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] in [[Urdu]] and [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]] for Talha Arshad Reshi.<ref>{{cite news |title=National Awards 2019: Hamid wins Best Urdu Film, director Aijaz Khan says 'didn't expect award at all' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/national-awards-2019-hamid-wins-best-urdu-film-director-aijaz-khan-says-didnt-expect-award-at-all-7141411.html |work=Firstpost |date=10 August 2019 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Talha Arshad Reshi, winner of Best Child Actor, is clueless about his National Award |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema-talha-arshad-reshi-winner-of-best-child-actor-is-clueless-about-his-national-award-deets-inside-541497 |work=India TV News |date=10 August 2019 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref> At the [[67th National Film Awards]], actor Naga Vishal received the award for Best Child Artist for his performance in ''[[K.D. (film)|K.D.]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Naga Vishal on winning National Award for Best Child Artist: I wasn't prepared for it |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/naga-vishal-on-winning-national-award-for-best-child-artist-i-wasn-t-prepared-for-it-693170 |work=India TV News |date=23 March 2021 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref> The studio’s early releases like ''[[Ajji]]'' and ''[[Noblemen (film)|Noblemen]]'' were also recognised at international film festivals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yoodlee Films' Ajji wins prestigious awards at international film festivals |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/yoodlee-films-ajji-wins-prestigious-awards-at-international-film-festivals |work=The Free Press Journal |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Accolades for Yoodlee Films' Noblemen at New York Indian Film Festival |url=https://www.uniindia.com/~/accolades-for-yoodlee-films-noblemen-at-new-york-indian-film-festival/Entertainment/news/1234318.html |work=United News of India |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>

==Film discography==
===Hindi films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
|-
|rowspan="14"|1981
|''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]''
|-
|''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]''
|-
|''[[Laawaris (1981 film)|Laawaris]]''
|-
|''[[Armaan (1981 film)|Armaan]]''
|-
|''[[Saath Saath (film)|Saath Saath]]''
|-
|''[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]]''
|-
|''[[Jyoti (1981 film)|Jyoti]]''
|-
|''[[Ek Hi Bhool]]''
|-
|''[[Namkeen]]''
|-
|''[[Chashme Buddoor (1981 film)|Chashme Buddoor]]''
|-
|''[[Dard (1981 film)|Dard]]''
|-
|''[[Yeh Nazdeekiyan]]''
|-
|''[[Fiffty Fiffty]]''
|-
|''[[Ullasa Paravaigal#Soundtrack|Do Dil Deewane]]''
|-
|rowspan="13"|1982
|''[[Prem Rog]]''
|-
|''[[Disco Dancer]]''
|-
|''[[Vidhaata]]''
|-
|''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]''
|-
|''[[Bade Dil Wala]]''
|-
|''[[Namak Halaal]]''
|-
|''[[Bemisal]]''
|-
|''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]''
|-
|''[[Andhaa Kaanoon]]''
|-
|''[[Kaamchor]]''
|-
|''[[Himmatwala (1983 film)|Himmatwala]]''
|-
|''[[Khud-Daar]]''
|-
|''[[Sawaal (film)|Sawaal]]''
|-
|rowspan="3"|1986
|''[[Ijaazat]]''
|-
|''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]''
|-
|''[[Amrit (1986 film)|Amrit]]''
|-
|rowspan="4"|1988
|''[[Ram Lakhan]]''
|-
|''[[Vijay (1988 film)|Vijay]]''
|-
|''[[Rukhsat]]''
|-
|''[[Parbat Ke Us Paar]]''
|-
|rowspan="3"|1989
|''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]''
|-
|''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]''
|-
|''[[Jaadugar (1989 film)|Jaadugar]]''
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:Orchid" | 1990s
|-
|rowspan="7"|1990
|''[[Lekin...]]''
|-
|''[[Henna (film)|Henna]]''
|-
|''[[Sailaab (1990 film)|Sailaab]]''
|-
|''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]''
|-
|''[[Jeevan Ek Sanghursh]]''
|-
|''[[Haatim Tai (1990 film)|Haatim Tai]]''
|-
|''[[Dharam Sankat|Dharm-Sankat]]''
|-
|rowspan="6"|1991
|''[[Lamhe]]''
|-
|''[[Saudagar (1991 film)|Saudagar]]''
|-
|''[[Vishwatma]]''
|-
|''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]''
|-
|''[[Bekhudi]]''
|-
|''Badi Bahen''
|-
|rowspan="14"|1992
|''[[Damini]]''
|-
|''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Aashna Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Parampara]]''
|-
|''Kal Ki Awaz''
|-
|''[[Hasti]]''
|-
|''[[Tyagi (film)|Tyagi]]''
|-
|''[[Prem Shakti|Jab Jab Pyar Hua]]''
|-
|''[[Humlaa]]''
|-
|''Swarg Se Pyaara Ghar Hamara''
|-
|''[[Muskurahat (1992 film)|Muskurahat]]''
|-
|''[[Prem Deewane]]''
|-
|''[[Gurudev (film)|Gurudev]]''
|-
|''[[Antham|Drohi]]''
|-
|rowspan="9"|1993
|''[[Darr]]''
|-
|''[[Aaina (1993 film)|Aaina]]''
|-
|''[[Geetanjali (1993 film)|Geetanjali]]''
|-
|''[[Gumrah (1993 film)|Gumrah]]''
|-
|''[[Jazbaat (1994 film)|Jazbaat]]''
|-
|''Kanyadaan''
|-
|''[[Dhanwan (1993 film)|Dhanwaan]]''
|-
|''Mohabbat Ki Arzoo''
|-
|''[[Phool (1993 film)|Phool]]''
|-
|rowspan="10"|1994
|''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]''
|-
|''[[1942: A Love Story]]''
|-
|''[[Prem Yog]]''
|-
|''Tejasvini''
|-
|''[[Majhdhaar]]''
|-
|''[[Rock Dancer]]''
|-
|''[[Prem (film)|Prem]]''
|-
|''[[The Gentleman (film)|The Gentleman]]''
|-
|''[[Criminal (1994 film)|Criminal]]''
|-
|''[[Aswamedham (film)|Akhiri Intaqam]]''
|-
|rowspan="3"|1995
|''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]''
|-
|''[[Dushmani: A Violent Love Story]]''
|-
|''[[Thiruda Thiruda|Chor Chor]]''
|-
|rowspan="7"|1996
|''[[Dastak (1996 film)|Dastak]]''
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan|Mr. Aashiq]]''
|-
|''[[Prem Granth]]''
|-
|''[[Tamanna (1997 film)|Tamanna]]''
|-
|''[[Aastha: In the Prison of Spring]]''
|-
|''[[Daayraa]]''
|-
|''[[Himalay Putra]]''
|-
|rowspan="4"|1997
|''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]''
|-
|''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]''{{ref label|PhysicalOnly|P}}
|-
|''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]''
|-
|''[[Minsara Kanavu|Sapnay]]''
|-
|rowspan="6"|1998
|''[[Dushman (1998 film)|Dushman]]''
|-
|''[[Kudrat (1998 film)|Kudrat]]''
|-
|''[[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]''
|-
|''[[Zakhm]]''
|-
|''[[Aarzoo (1999 film)|Aarzoo]]''
|-
|''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]''
|-
|rowspan="4"|1999
|''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]''{{ref label|PhysicalOnly|P}}
|-
|''[[Thakshak]]''
|-
|''[[Kartoos]]''
|-
|''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:Crimson" | 2000s
|-
|rowspan="10"|2000
|''[[Mohabbatein]]''{{ref label|PhysicalOnly|P}}
|-
|''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]''
|-
|''[[Hum To Mohabbat Karega]]''
|-
|''[[Kasoor]]''
|-
|''[[Gaja Gamini]]''
|-
|''[[Khiladi 420]]''
|-
|''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]''
|-
|''[[One 2 Ka 4]]''
|-
|''[[Chhupa Rustam (2001 film)|Chhupa Rustam]]''
|-
|''[[Love You Hamesha]]''
|-
|rowspan="18"|2001
|''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]''
|-
|''[[Filhaal]]''
|-
|''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]''
|-
|''[[Style (2001 film)|Style]]''
|-
|''[[Ansh: The Deadly Part]]''
|-
|''[[Deewaanapan]]''
|-
|''[[Yeh Mohabbat Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Pyaar Kiya Nahin Jaata]]''
|-
|''[[Bawandar]]''
|-
|''[[Auto Driver|Mujhe Pyar Hua Tumse]]''
|-
|''Dil Dhoondta Hai''
|-
|''Sai Baba''
|-
|''Yehi To Pyar Hai...''
|-
|''Taj Mahal - A Monument of Love''
|-
|''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi (2001 film)|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''
|-
|''[[Muthu (soundtrack)#Track listing|Muthu Maharaja]]''
|-
|''[[Little John (film)|Little John]]''
|-
|''Aakheer''
|-
|rowspan="13"|2002
|''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]''{{ref label|PhysicalOnly|P}}
|-
|''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''{{ref label|PhysicalOnly|P}}
|-
|''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai]]''{{ref label|PhysicalOnly|P}}
|-
|''[[Dil Vil Pyar Vyar]]''
|-
|''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]''
|-
|''[[Na Tum Jaano Na Hum]]''
|-
|''[[Awara Paagal Deewana]]''
|-
|''[[Om Jai Jagadish]]''
|-
|''[[Leela (2002 film)|Leela]]''
|-
|''[[Love at Times Square]]''
|-
|''[[Indian Babu]]''
|-
|''[[Hum Pyar Tumhi Se Kar Baithe]]''{{ref label|PhysicalOnly|P}}
|-
|''[[Dhund (2003 film)|Dhund - The Fog]]''
|-
|rowspan="13"|2003
|''[[Koi... Mil Gaya (soundtrack)|Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
|-
|''[[LOC: Kargil]]''
|-
|''[[Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon]]''{{ref label|PhysicalOnly|P}}
|-
|''[[Kuch Naa Kaho]]''
|-
|''[[Paap]]''
|-
|''[[Pinjar (film)|Pinjar]]''
|-
|''Zinda Dil''
|-
|''[[Parwana (2003 film)|Parwana]]''
|-
|''[[Woh Tera Naam Tha]]''
|-
|''[[Supari (film)|Supari]]''
|-
|''[[Chupke Se]]''
|-
|''[[Police Force: An Inside Story]]''
|-
|''[[Nayee Padosan]]''
|-
|rowspan="1"|2016
|''[[Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh]]''
|-
|rowspan="1"|2019
|''[[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
|-
|''[[12th Fail]]''
|-
|rowspan="4"|2024
|''[[Article 370]]''
|-
|''[[Singham Again]]''
|-
|''[[Stree 2]]''
|-
|''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
|''[[Dhurandhar]]''
|-
|''[[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri]]''
|}

===Hindi non-films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Album
! Artist(s)
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:Orchid" | 1990s
|-
|1987
|''Senorita''
|rowspan="2" |[[Suneeta Rao]]
|-
|1990
|''Dhuan''
|-
|1995
|''Ganga Amar Ma Padma Amar Ma''
|Runa Laila
|-
|rowspan="2" |1996
|''Mere Wattan Ke Logo''
|Lata Mangeshkar
|-
|''Talaash''
|Suneeta Rao
|-
|1997
|''Farebí''
|[[Biddu]]
|-
|rowspan="6" |1998
|''Ho Gayi Hai Mohabbat''
|Aslam, [[Shibani Kashyap]]
|-
|''Om''
|[[Alisha Chinai]]
|-
|''Pyaar Ka Rang''
|[[Raageshwari]]
|-
|''Aira Gaira Nathu Khaira''
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|''Vande Mataram 2''
|Lata Mangeshkar
|-
|''Zindagi''
|[[Suchitra Krishnamoorti]]
|-
|1999
|Y2K: Shaal Do Hazaar
|Raageshwari
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
|-
|rowspan="2"|2000
|''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]''
|-
|''[[Alai Payuthey]]''
|-
|2001
|''[[Minnale]]''
|-
|2022
|''[[Varalaru Mukkiyam]]''
|-
|rowspan="3"|2023
|''[[Veeran (film)|Veeran]]''
|-
|''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]''
|-
|''[[Annapoorani: The Goddess of Food]]''
|-
|rowspan="5"|2024
|''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]''
|-
|''[[Inga Naan Thaan Kingu]]''
|-
|-
|''[[Teenz]]''
|-
|-
|''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
|-
|-
|''[[Kanguva]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]''
|-
|''[[Gangers (film)|Gangers]]''
|-
|''[[Idli Kadai]]''
|-
|2026
|''[[Parasakthi (2026 film)|Parasakthi]]''
|}

===Malayalam===
{{incomplete list|section=yes|date=May 2025}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
|-
|2021
|''[[Kurup (film)|Kurup]]''
|-
|rowspan=21 |2022
|''[[Super Sharanya]]''
|-
|''[[Pathaam Valavu]]''
|-
|''[[Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan]]''
|-
|''[[Jo and Jo]]''
|-
|''[[Keedam]]''
|-
|''[[Priyan Ottathilanu]]''
|-
|''[[Ela Veezha Poonchira]]''
|-
|''Vamanan''
|-
|''[[Shefeekkinte Santhosham]]''
|-
|''My Name Is Azhakan''
|-
|''[[Chathuram]]''
|-
|''[[Padavettu]]''
|-
|''[[Kumari (2022 film)|Kumari]]''
|-
|''Vivaha Avahanam''
|-
|''[[Romancham]]''
|-
|''[[Autorickshawkarante Bharya]]''
|-
|''[[Kaapa]]''
|-
|''Padachone Ingalu Katholi''
|-
|''[[The Teacher (2022 film)|The Teacher]]''
|-
|''[[Khedda (film)|Khedda]]''
|-
|''Bharatha Circus''
|-
|rowspan=30| 2023
|''[[Djinn (2023 film)|Djinn]]''
|-
|''[[Ayisha (film)|Ayisha]]''
|-
|''[[Ntikkakkakkoru Premondarnn]]''
|-
|''[[Jawanum Mullapoovum]]''
|-
|''[[Vaathil]]''
|-
|''[[Momo in Dubai]]''
|-
|''Bullet Diaries''
|-
|''[[Pendulum (2023 film)|Pendulum]]''
|-
|''[[Kasargold]]''
|-
|''AT - Welcome to The Dark Side''
|-
|''[[Pookkaalam]]''
|-
|''[[Enkilum Chandrike]]''
|-
|''Bhagavan Dasante Ramarajyam''
|-
|''Khajuraaho Dreams''
|-
|''[[Neymar (film)|Neymar]]''
|-
|''[[Within Seconds]]''
|-
|''[[The Great Escape (2023 film)|The Great Escape]]''
|-
|''Pappa''
|-
|''Njaanum Pinnoru Njaanum''
|-
|''Asthra''
|-
|''[[RDX (film)|RDX]]''
|-
|''[[Padmini (2023 film)|Padmini]]''
|-
|''[[Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna]]''
|-
|''[[Antony (2023 film)|Antony]]''
|-
|''Mr. Hacker''
|-
|''[[Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna]]''
|-
|''[[Little Miss Rawther]]''
|-
|''Philip's''
|-
|''[[Bandra (film)|Bandra]]''
|-
|''Kadhikan''
|-
|rowspan=4| 2024
|''[[Anweshippin Kandethum]]''
|-
|''[[Malaikottai Vaaliban]]''
|-
|''Thrayam''
|-
|''Kadha Innuvare''
|-
|rowspan=5| 2025
|''4 Seasons''
|-
|''[[Bazooka (film)|Bazooka]]''
|-
|}

===Gujarati===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
|-
|2025
|''[[Shastra (2025 film)|Shastra]]''
|-
|}

===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
|-
|2022
|''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]''
|-
|}

===Assamese===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
|-
|2023
|''[[Dr. Bezbaruah 2]]''
|-
|2025
|''[[Roi Roi Binale (film)|Roi Roi Binale]]''
|-
|}

==Film content==
Films produced: ''[[Abhiyum Anuvum]]'' (2018)

==Television content==
Saregama produces content for TV channels in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. The company has created many serials and shows.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/striking-a-new-note-saregama-moves-into-film-content-creation/article9407473.ece|title=Striking a new note, Saregama moves into film content creation|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-08-17|language=en}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
!Title
!Channel
!Language
|-
|2001
|''Soolam''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2002
|''Velan''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2004
|''My Dear Bhootham''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2005
|''Raja Rajeswari''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2007-2008
|''Vepilaikari''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2007-2012
|''[[Athipookal]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2010-2012
|''Pondadi Thevai''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2012-2019
|''[[Valli (TV series)|Valli]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2012-2014
|''[[Pillai Nila (TV series)|Pillai Nila]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2012-2017
|''[[Bhairavi Aavigalukku Priyamanaval]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2014–2022
|''Chandralekha''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2018-2022
|''[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2019-2020
|''[[Roja (2019 TV series)|Roja]]''
|[[Gemini TV]]
|[[Telugu Language|Telugu]]
|-
|2020-2024
|''[[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2022–2026
|''[[Ilakkiya]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2022 - 2024
|''[[Iniya (2022 TV series)|Iniya]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|-
|2024–Present
|''Mangalyam Thanthunanena''
|[[Surya TV]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2024–Present
|''[[Malli (2024 TV series)|Malli]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2025–Present
| ''[[Aadukalam (TV series)|Aadukalam]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|}

===Web series===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
!Title
!Channel
!Language
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025||''[[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja 2]]''|| rowspan="3" |Saregama TV Shows Tamil|| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''Love Returns''
|-
|Bhairavi 2
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://www.saregama.com/ Official Website]

{{Works by Saregama}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1946 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Indian record labels]]
[[Category:EMI]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:RPSG Group]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1946]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Mass media in Kolkata]]

Nana Dharmadhikari

2026-03-10T07:01:36Z

Ambi:

{{Short description|Indian spiritual leader (1922–2008)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nanasaheb Dharmadhikari
| birthname = Narayan Vishnu Dharmadhikari
| image = Nanasaheb_Dharmadhikari.jpg
| caption =
| native_name = नानासाहेब धर्माधिकारी
| birth_date = {{birth date|1922|03|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Revdanda]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2008|07|08|1922|03|01|df=yes}}
| death_place =  [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India
| organization =
| spouse = Sharada Devi Dharmadhikari
| children = [[Appasaheb Dharmadhikari|Dattatreya Dharmadhikari]] Shrikrishna Dharmadhikari
| website = {{URL|dsndp.com}}
| footnotes =
| awards = [[National Integration Award (By Seroc India)]] (1999)
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsndp.com/awards/nanasaheb/SirocIndiaNationalIntregration.html|title = Siroc India National Integration – Dr. Shri Narayan Vishnu alias Nanasaheb Dharmadhikari}}</ref>
[[Doctor of Literature]] (2004)
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsndp.com/awards/nanasaheb/DLit-nanasaheb.html|title=D. Lit. – Dr. Shri Narayan Vishnu alias Nanasaheb Dharmadhikari}}</ref>
[[Maharashtra Bhushan Award]] (2008)
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsndp.com/awards/nanasaheb/maharashtraBhushan.html|title = Raigad Bhushan Puraskar 2003-04 – Dr. Shri Dattatreya Narayan alias Appasaheb Dharmadhikari}}</ref>
}}

Narayan Vishnu Dharmadhikari (1 March 1922 – 8 July 2008), popularly known as Dr Shri Nanasaheb Dharmadhikari was an Indian spiritual master, social reformer and propagator of [[Hindu]] spiritual literature. He initiated his social movement at [[Revdanda]], [[Raigad district]], India.

The primary mission of his movement was to encourage rationality and eradicate superstition through the elimination of orthodox customs and traditions prevalent among some sections of Indian society.

He is said to have begun his movement with only 5 followers. During the first days of his movement, Dharmadhikari encouraged his followers to undertake pilgrimage to the most prominent Hindu holy towns in India. There, he instructed his followers to observe the existing social conditions. He believed that these places were littered with sins.

After pilgrimage, Dharmadhikari founded an organization named ''Shree Samarth Prasadik'' ''Aadhyatmik Seva Samiti.'' He was an active proponent of the philosophy of the 17th-century Indian saint [[Samarth Ramdas]], who wrote philosophical texts such as ''[[Dasbodh]]'', ''Manache Shlok'', and ''Atmaram''. Dharmadhikari has millions of followers around the world.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} He was awarded by numerous government and social organizations in recognition of his work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Shri Nanasaheb Dharmadhikari Pratishthan |url=http://www.dsndp.com/pratishthan.html |website=dsndp.com |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=श्रीबैठकीतून समाजप्रबोधन करणारे नानासाहेब धर्माधिकारी |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/spiritual-adhyatmik/social-enlightenment-through-shri-baithaki-know-more-who-is-nanasaheb-dharmadhikari-649879.html |website=tv9marathi.com |publisher=मृणाल पाटील |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref> In 2008, the [[Government of Maharashtra]] conferred upon him the [[Maharashtra Bhushan Award]], the highest civilian award in the state.

Nanasaheb Dharmadhikari was born to a family bearing '''Shandilya''' as the last name. Around 350 years ago, his ancestors were awarded the title of '''''Dharmadhikari''''' (authority on Dharma) by the 17th-century Maratha naval chief [[Kanhoji Angre]]. Dharmadhikari derived inspiration from the philosophical text, ''Shrimat Dasbodh'' (or simply ''[[Dasbodh]]''). After several years of spiritual research and inquiry, he started a unique social reformation movement on 8 October 1943, also the occasion of ''[[Vijayadashami]]'' or ''[[Dussehra]]''. As part of the movement, he delivered spiritual discourses known as ''Nirupan'' on a weekly basis''.'' These lectures were mostly based on ''[[Dasbodh]]'' and other philosophical texts. Only seven people attended his discourses during the first few months and over time, the attendance numbers grew exponentially. His support base eventually expanded to more than 10 million. Currently, lecture programs known as '''''Shri Baithak'' (''श्रीबैठक)''''')<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Shri Nanasaheb Dharmadhikari Pratishthan |url=http://www.dsndp.com/pratishthan.html |website=dsndp.com |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=श्रीबैठकीतून समाजप्रबोधन करणारे नानासाहेब धर्माधिकारी |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/spiritual-adhyatmik/social-enlightenment-through-shri-baithaki-know-more-who-is-nanasaheb-dharmadhikari-649879.html |website=tv9marathi.com |publisher=मृणाल पाटील |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref> take place in multiple countries around the world including the UAE, Britain, Singapore, Australia, Nigeria and Iran among others. During the initial phase of his movement, Dharmadhikari would walk long distances of up to 70 km to deliver his lectures. Along with lectures, he also conducted counseling sessions to people. 
[[File:Raigad mitra.png|thumb|Nanasaheb Dharmadhikari receiving the Raigad Mitra Award, 13 May 1993]]
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsndp.com/awards/nanasaheb/raigadMitra.html|title=Raigad Mitra – Dr. Shri Narayan Vishnu alias Nanasaheb Dharmadhikari}}</ref>
<ref>National Integration Award" by Seroc (India) on 16 May 1999 https://www.dsndp.com/pratishthan.html</ref>

 
[[File:Samaj bhushan.png|thumb|Nanasaheb Dharmadhikari receiving the Samaj Bhushan Award, 1 March 2002]]
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsndp.com/awards/nanasaheb/samajBhushan.html|title = Samaj Bhushan Puraskar by Hirwal Pratishthan- Dr. Shri Narayan Vishnu alias Nanasaheb Dharmadhikari}}</ref>
[[File:Maharashtra bhushan.png|thumb|Appasaheb Dharmadhikari receiving the posthumous Maharashtra Bhushan Award on 25 November 2008 on behalf of his father, Nanasaheb Dharmadhikari]]
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsndp.com/awards/nanasaheb/maharashtraBhushan.html|title = Raigad Bhushan Puraskar 2003-04 – Dattatreya Narayan alias Appasaheb Dharmadhikari}}</ref>
 
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?638168|title='Maharashtra Bhushan' Award Presented to Spiritual Leader|publisher=Outlook India|accessdate=2009-12-02|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718085003/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?638168|archivedate=18 July 2011}}</ref>

==References==
http://www.shreedarshan.com/saint-sadguru-nanasaheb_dharmadhikari.htm#top
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|India|Philosophy|Hinduism|Society}}
* {{Official website|https://www.dsndp.com/pratishthan.html}}
* {{IMDb name|16908658}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharmadhikari, Nana}}
[[Category:People from Raigad]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Maharashtra Bhushan Award]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]

William Roxburgh

2026-03-08T20:01:05Z

Ambi: Started

{{Short description|Scottish surgeon and botanist (1751–1815)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = William Roxburgh
| image = William Roxburgh.jpg
| caption = Engraving by [[Charles Warren (engraver)|Charles Turner Warren]]
| birth_date = 29 June 1751
| birth_place = Underwood, [[Craigie, South Ayrshire|Craigie]], [[Ayrshire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1815|04|10|1751|06|29}}
| death_place = Park Place, [[Edinburgh]]
| citizenship =
| field = surgeon, [[botanist]]
| work_institutions =
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor = [[John Hope (botanist)|John Hope]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot = Roxb.
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| prizes =
| religion =
| footnotes =
| signature =
}}
'''William Roxburgh''' [[FRSE]] [[FRCPE]] [[Linnean Society of London|FLS]] (3/29 June 1751 – 18 February 1815<ref>Robinson (2008):5–6.</ref>) was a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] surgeon and botanist who worked extensively in India, describing species and working on economic botany. He is known as the founding father of Indian botany. He published numerous works on Indian botany, illustrated by careful drawings made by Indian artists and accompanied by taxonomic descriptions of many plant species. Apart from the numerous species that he named, many species were named in his honour by his collaborators. He was the first to document the existence of the [[Ganges river dolphin]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sinha K. |first=Ravindra |date=2014 |title=Ganges River Dolphin: An Overview of Biology, Ecology, and Conservation Status in India |journal=[[Journal of Biology]] |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1029–1046 |doi=10.1007/s13280-014-0534-7 |pmc=4235892 |pmid=24924188|bibcode=2014Ambio..43.1029S }}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born on 29 June 1751<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> on the Underwood estate near [[Craigie, South Ayrshire|Craigie]] in [[Ayrshire]] and christened on 29 June 1751 at the nearby church at [[Symington, South Ayrshire|Symington]].<ref>Symington Parish records</ref>

His father may have worked in the Underwood estate or he may have been the illegitimate son of a well-connected family.<ref>Robinson (2008):5-7.</ref> His early education was at Underwood parish school perhaps also with some time at Symington parish school, and he probably also had private tutoring in Latin, as demonstrated by his letters and some descriptions.

He studied medicine at [[Edinburgh University]] and matriculated around 1771 or 1772. He lived with the well-connected family of Dr John Boswell, living at "the back of the [[The Meadows (park)|Meadows]]"<ref>Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1773</ref> in south [[Edinburgh]] during this period. He studied surgery under [[Alexander Monro (secundus)|Dr Alexander Monro]] and learnt botany under [[John Hope (botanist)|John Hope]]. His studies included mathematics and physics, which would make him interested in precise quantification later in life in studies on hemp.

He joined (as a surgeon's mate) an [[British East India Company|East India Company]] ship ''[[Houghton (East Indiaman)|Houghton]]'' in 1772 serving under surgeon Richard Ballantyne. He also served on the ''[[Queen (East Indiaman)|Queen]]'' in 1774.<ref>Robinson (2008):22.</ref> Several of these voyages took him to Madras and other ports in India. In 1776 he received his first doctorate (MD) from Edinburgh University.

He joined the [[Indian Medical Service|Madras Medical Service]] as an Assistant Surgeon on 28 May 1776 and was promoted to the rank of Surgeon in 1780. He received a second doctorate (also MD) on 12 January 1790 from [[Marischal College]] in [[Aberdeen]].<ref name=noltie>{{cite book|author=Noltie, H.J. |year=1999| title=Indian botanical drawings 1793–1868.|isbn=1-872291-23-6}}</ref><ref name=grove>{{cite book|author=Grove, R. H. |year=1997| title=Ecology, Climate and Empire| publisher=The White House Press| isbn=1874267189|page=128}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Roxburgh Building - Indian Botanic Garden - Howrah 2013-03-31 5722.JPG|thumb|Roxburgh's residence at the [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]] at Howrah.<ref>"The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) | Metro | Restore Plan for Ruin." The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) | Metro | Restore Plan for Ruin. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 April 2013.</ref>]]
Roxburgh began work in the [[Carnatic region]] from 1781 and replaced [[Patrick Russell (herpetologist)|Patrick Russell]] as the Company Botanist in Madras in April 1789. His early work was on [[botany]] as superintendent in the Samalkot garden in the [[Northern Circars]]. Here he conducted [[economic botany]] experiments. He employed native artists to illustrate plants. He had 700 illustrations by 1790. He then succeeded [[Patrick Russell (herpetologist)|Patrick Russell]] (1727–1805) as Naturalist to the Madras Government in April 1789. From 1793, he and Andrew Ross established a garden at Corcondah, where they worked on sugarcane and indigo. He also studied the prospects of introducing sago and other food crops to help alleviate the effect of famine.<ref>Robinson (2008):32-33.</ref> He was invited to fill the position of Superintendent at the Calcutta Botanical Garden where the death of Colonel Robert Kyd had created a vacancy.<ref>Robinson (2008):38.</ref><ref name=jstor>{{cite journal |last=Sealy |first=J. R. |date=1956 |title=The Roxburgh Flora Indica Drawings at Kew |jstor=4109049|journal=Kew Bulletin |publisher=Springer |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=297–348 |doi=10.2307/4109049 |bibcode=1956KewBu..11..297S }}</ref> He made rapid progress and acquired a good reputation and was later invited by the government of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], to take charge of the [[Indian Botanical Gardens|Calcutta Botanical gardens]] from Colonel [[Robert Kyd]] in 1793 as Superintendent of the Company garden at Sibpur near Calcutta. A catalogue of the garden was made in 1814 – ''Hortus Bengalensis''. He was succeeded by [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]].

He had sent many illustrations to Sir [[Joseph Banks]], who in May 1795, started publishing ''Plants of the coast of Coromandel'' in 3 volumes with over 300 drawings and descriptions of plants. The last part was published in March 1820.<ref name=jstor/> The names of the local artists who produced the botanical illustrations were not recorded.

He meticulously collected vast amounts of meteorological data for years, and is considered as a pioneer in the collection of tropical meteorological data, to an extent unrivalled elsewhere until the 1820s.<ref name=grove /> He had begun collecting detailed meteorological data as soon as he set foot in India, at [[Madras]], and is known to have taken measurements three times a day, using Ramsden [[barometers]] and Nairne [[thermometers]], made by then reputed scientific instrument makers, [[Jesse Ramsden]] and [[Edward Nairne]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Roxburgh, W |year=1790|url=https://archive.org/details/philtrans03742676 |title=A meteorological diary kept at Fort St George in the East Indies|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|doi=10.1098/rstl.1778.0012|last2=Pringle|first2=J.|volume=68|pages=180–193|doi-access=free}}</ref> He trained under John Hope, who was the curator of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh|Edinburgh botanical garden]] as well an experimental physiologist. Roxburgh's interest in systematic meteorology may have stemmed from the influence of John Hope as well as his experiences at the [[Royal Society of Arts]] which, in the early 1770s, was greatly influenced by the climatic theories of [[Stephen Hales]] and [[Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau|Duhamel du Monceau]]. Such detailed measurements over many years led him to form an opinion on widespread famine and climate change in the [[British India|empire]].<ref name=grove />

He became a member of the [[Asiatic Society]], to whose Transactions he contributed, from time to time, many valuable papers. Amongst these was one of singular interest on the lacca insect, from which the substance [[Lac (resin)|lac]] is made.

In 1813, he returned to [[Scotland]] due to poor health.<ref>Robinson (2008):73.</ref> To recuperate from his illness before continuing his voyage to Scotland, he stopped at [[Saint Helena]] island on 7 June 1813 and left on 1 March 1814. Despite his poor health he produced an annotated list of Saint Helena plants during his stay. This list formed the only accessible printed account of the flora until 1875. This was published as an appendix to Beatson's Tracts 1816.<ref>[[Quentin Cronk|Cronk, Q.C.B.]] (1995). ''The Endemic Flora of St Helena''. Anthony Nelson Ltd., Oswestry.</ref>
He appears to have lived in, or close to, his original Edinburgh lodgings, then known as 4 Park Place or Street on the Meadows. He died there on 18 February 1815 and was buried nearby in [[Greyfriars Kirkyard]]. He was outlived by his third wife Mary.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Annals Of The Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta |journal=Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta |volume=V |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Recognition==
[[Image:Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden - Howrah 2011-01-08 9711.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Roxburgh monument at the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden.]]
In 1791 he was erected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]. His proposers were [[William Wright (botanist)|William Wright]], [[Daniel Rutherford]] and [[John Walker (natural historian)|John Walker]]. In 1799 he was elected a Fellow of the [[Linnean Society]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1802, Roxburgh was elected as a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] held in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=William+Roxburgh&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-04-01|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

In 1805, he received the gold medal of the [[Society for the Promotion of Arts]] for a series of highly interesting and valuable communications on the subject of the productions of the East and a second gold medal in 1803 for a communication on the growth of trees in India. On 31 May 1814, he was presented, in the presence of a large assembly, a third gold medal by the [[Duke of Norfolk]] (then, the president of the Society of Arts).

Soon after receiving this last honourable testimony of high respect, Roxburgh returned to Edinburgh, where he later died. He was created Keeper of the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh]] on arrival until death.

==Posthumous honours==
In 1820, at the Mission Press in Serampore, [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] posthumously edited and published vol. 1 of Dr. William Roxburgh's ''Flora Indica; or Descriptions of Indian Plants''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flora Indica; or Descriptions of Indian Plants, by the Late William Roxburgh. Edited by William Carey, D.D., to Which are Added Descriptions of Plants More Recently Discovered by Nathaniel Wallich. Serampore, West Bengal, India {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/p/935-2 |website=www.ipni.org |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref> In 1824, Carey edited and published vol. 2 of Roxburgh's ''Flora Indica'', including extensive remarks and contributions by Dr. [[Nathaniel Wallich]]. Carey and Wallich continued to work in the field of botany and in 1834, both Carey and Wallich contributed botanical specimens to the [[Royal Society for Agriculture and Botany]]'s Winter Show in [[Ghent]], Belgium.

''[[Rosa roxburghii]]'' was initially named ''Rosa microphylla'' by Dr. Roxburgh in 1820, but because [[René Louiche Desfontaines]] had previously applied the name 'microphylla' to an unrelated European species in 1798. The name was then changed in 1823 by (Austrian botanist) [[Leopold Trattinnick]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Chestnut Rose |url=http://www.southernedition.com/TheChestnutRose.html |publisher=southernedition.com |access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>

==Authority abbreviation==
{{botanist|Roxb.}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book|author=Robinson, Tim|year=2008| title=William Roxburgh. The Founding Father of Indian Botany. |publisher=Phillimore| place=Chichester, England}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/hortusbengalensi00roxb Hortus Bengalensis (1814)]
* [http://www.botanicus.org/title/b12006488 Plants of the coast of Coromandel on Botanicus]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060814214013/http://www.kew.org/floraIndica/home.do Searchable online version of ''Flora Indica''] Scanned volumes [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/589] [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/590]
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| title = Naturalist to the H.E.I.C. at [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]
| years = 1789–1793
| with =
| before = [[Patrick Russell (herpetologist)|Patrick Russell]]
| after = [[Benjamin Heyne]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roxburgh, William}}
[[Category:British pteridologists]]
[[Category:Economic botanists]]
[[Category:Botanists with author abbreviations]]
[[Category:1815 deaths]]
[[Category:1751 births]]
[[Category:Botanists active in India]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scottish surgeons]]
[[Category:Scottish people of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:People from East Ayrshire]]
[[Category:People from South Ayrshire]]
[[Category:Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard]]
[[Category:18th-century Scottish botanists]]
[[Category:18th-century Scottish medical doctors]]
[[Category:Scottish taxonomists]]
[[Category:International members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:18th-century surgeons]]

Dhan Dhana Dhan

2026-03-06T02:17:27Z

Ambi: brief rework references after review and fixed typos for consistency

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhan Dhana Dhan
| image =Dhan_Dhana_Dhan.jpg
| caption =
| director = Ramnath
| producer = Santhosh Singh Wasim. D
| writer =
| starring = [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]] [[Sharmila Mandre]]
| music = [[Sai Karthik]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|6|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Dhan Dhana Dhan''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Kannada film|Kannada]] film in the [[Romance film|romance]] genre starring [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]] and [[Sharmila Mandre]]. The film is directed by Ramnath Rigvedi. K. Sai Karthik is the music director of the film. Santhosh Singh has jointly produced the film with Wasim. D.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} This film is a remake of ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Nahin (2002 film)|Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]''.<ref name="R"/>

==Cast==
* [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]] as Prem
* [[Sharmila Mandre]] as Charmi
* [[Ravishankar Gowda]]
* [[Adi Lokesh]]

==Soundtrack==
[[Sai Karthik]] has set the tunes to the lyrics of [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]] and Ramanarayan

{{Track listing
| lyrics_credits =
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Kaavana
| length1 = |
| extra1 = [[Santhosh Venky|Santhosh]]
| title2 = Ninna Kanda
| length2 = |
| extra2 = [[Sai Karthik]], Suvarna Rathod
| title3 = Full Bottlu
| length3 = |
| extra3 = [[L. N. Shastry]], Santhosh
| title4 = Dhan Dhana Dhan
| length4 = |
| extra4 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| title5 = Kavana
| length5 = |
| extra5 = Santhosh, [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| total_length =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Adi Lokesh fails to bring out the vulnerability of a don in love, unlike Sanjay Dutt. Prem never settles down, while Sharmila looks pretty but little else. Ravishankar’s loud outburst can only sustain interest to a point. Dhan Dhana Dhan won’t be missed at all. What a pity!".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/171389/a-total-mishmash-affair.html|title=A total mishmash affair|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=24 June 2011}}</ref> Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 1.5 out of 5 stars and says "Director Ramanath Rigvedi, who had a winner in Budhhivanta, falls flat this time. Dhan Dhana Dhan is a failed attempt as a family entertainer. Look elsewhere for movie, masti and magic!"<ref name="R">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-dhan-dhana-dhan/20110624.htm|title=Dhan Dhana Dhan fails to tickle the funny bone|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=24 June 2011}}</ref> A critic from [[News18 India]] wrote "How Prem uses his intelligence to thwart off the attempts of the doctor and the mafia forms the climax of the story. "Dhan Dhana Dhan" is a tedious watch, better avoid it".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-dhan-dhana-dhan-a-tedious-film-379671.html|title=Kannada Review: Dhan Dhana Dhan a tedious film|work=[[News18 India]]|date=27 June 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6793656}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sai Karthik]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about murderers]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Juhi Singh

2026-03-04T21:33:21Z

Ambi:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Juhi Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|7|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| height =
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| currentclub = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]
| clubnumber = 3
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = Eves SC
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2025–
| clubs3 = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2024
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 = 3
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalyears3 = 2025–
| nationalteam3 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 1
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| medaltemplates =
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 2 January 2025
}}
'''Juhi Singh''' (born 29 July 2007)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AIFF - 2 Juhi Singh |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/136318?type=club |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=The AIFF}}</ref> is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] from [[Delhi]], who plays as a defender for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]] and the [[India women's national football team|India national football team]].

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from Delhi. She did her schooling at [[Tagore International School]], East of Kailash, Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Achievements – Tagore International School |url=https://eok.tagoreint.com/special-achievements/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> She started with the Eves Soccer Club in Delhi and also played for Delhi state team.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
She was selected among the Indian probables for the National camp ahead of the friendlies against [[Maldives women's national football team results|Maldives]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-12-29 |title=India women's football team coach Alexandersson announced 23-member squad for Maldives friendly |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-football-team-23-member-squad-maldives-friendly-full-team-venue-time/article69039441.ece |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> She made her senior India debut in the second [[FIFA]] friendly against Maldives at the [[Padukone - Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence|Padukone-Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence]] on 1 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ianslive |url=https://ianslive.in/debutant-lhingdeikim-stars-with-four-goals-as-india-women-maul-maldives-again--20250102184452 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=ianslive.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India women beat Maldives 11-1 in second friendly contest |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/sports/2025/01/02/spd13-spo-foot-wom-ind-friendly.html |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> She came off the bench to score her first goal for India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Women Beat Maldives 11-1 In Second Friendly Contest {{!}} Football News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/india-women-beat-maldives-11-1-in-second-friendly-contest-7385748 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2023, she was selected for the Indian under–17 women's football team to play the two friendlies against Jordan in Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-02-02 |title=India U17 women's football team to play two friendlies against Jordan |url=https://theprint.in/sport/india-u17-womens-football-team-to-play-two-friendlies-against-jordan/1351064/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In April 2023, she was also part of the Indian team for the [[AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup|AFC U–17 Women's Asian Cup Qualifiers]] Round 1 at [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyz Republic on 26 April and against [[Myanmar women's national football team|Myanmar]] on 28 April.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-04-19 |title=India names squad for U-17 AFC Women’s Asian Cup Qualifiers |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-womens-under-17-football-team-squad-asian-cup-qualifiers-full-list-of-players-april-2023/article66756297.ece |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Head Coach PV Priya announces U-17 squad for U-17 AFC Women's Asian Cup Qualifiers |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/head-coach-pv-priya-announces-u-17-squad-for-u-17-afc-womens-asian-cup-qualifiers20230419220012/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> In July 2023, she was also part of the 33 probables selected for the National camp at Indore under chief coach [[Priya P. V.|Priya PV]], in preparation for the [[AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup|AFC U–17 Women's Asian Cup Qualifiers]] Round 2.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-20 |title=India U-17 women's football camp for AFC Asian Cup Qualifiers Round 2 from July 7 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-u-17-womens-football-camp-for-afc-asian-cup-qualifiers-round-2-from-july-7/articleshow/101134377.cms |access-date=2025-04-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She played the Round 2 qualifier at Buriram City Stadium on 21 September 2023 coming off the bench in the 73rd minute. India lost 0–4 against Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Rajarshi |date=2023-09-21 |title=India lost to host Thailand 4-0 in AFC U17 Women’s Asian Cup Qualifiers Round 2 |url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/india-lost-to-host-thailand-4-0-in-afc-u17-womens-asian-cup-qualifiers-round-2/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=East Bengal Club {{!}} Official Website of EAST BENGAL the REAL POWER Fans {{!}} EBRP |language=en-CA}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|2 January 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=1|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2025
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!1
!0
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/136318?type=club Juhi Singh] at [[All India Football Federation]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Juhi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Kickstart FC players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Shama (1946 film)

2026-03-03T23:13:40Z

Ambi: Done

{{short description|1946 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Shama
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|director = Sibtain Fazli
|producer = [[Sohrab Modi]]
|writer =
|screenplay = K.B. [[Hakeem Ahmed Shuja]]
|story = K.B. Hakeem Ahmed Shuja
|starring = [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]] Chanda Bai Sadat Ali Wasti Ameem Banu Abu Baqar Anwari Prakash
|music = [[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]]
|cinematography = S.D. Patel
|editing = D.D. Shirdhankar
|studio = Minerva Movietone
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|df=yes|1946|||[[British India]]}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = Hindi/[[Urdu]]
}}

'''Shama''' is a [[Bollywood films of 1946|1946]] (pre-[[Partition of India|partition]]) [[Bollywood]] film, directed by Sibtain Fazli,<ref name=Upperstall>{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/films/1946/shama|title=Shama (1946 film)| website=Upperstall.com website|access-date=4 March 2025|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914182046/http://www.upperstall.com/films/1946/shama}}</ref> starring [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]], Chanda Bai, Sadat Ali, [[Wasti]] and Amir Bano in lead roles.<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

== Music ==
[[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]] composed the music<ref name=Upperstall/><ref name=Cinemaazi/> for the film and for playback singers, [[Shamshad Begum]], [[Hamida Banu (singer)|Hamida Banu]], [[Zohrabai Ambalewali]] and [[G. M. Durrani]]. Shams Lucknavi, Ehsan Rizvi and Shewan Rizvi wrote the lyrics.<ref name=Upperstall/><ref name=Cinemaazi>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/shama|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 November 2022|access-date=4 March 2025|title=Shama (1946 film)|website=Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation (Cinemaazi.com) website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126164901/https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/shama}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0362143|Shama (1946)}}

[[Category:1946 films]]
[[Category:1940s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:1946 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1946 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghulam Haider]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Kuttavum Shikshayum (2022 film)

2026-03-03T09:41:53Z

Ambi: expand structure per sources to improve readability

{{Short description|2022 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kuttavum Shikshayum
| image = Kuttavum Shikshayum (2021 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajeev Ravi]]
| producer = Arun Kumar V. R.
| writer = [[Sibi Thomas]] Sreejith Divakaran
| starring = [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] [[Sunny Wayne]] [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] [[Sharaf U Dheen]] [[Senthil Krishna]]
| music = [[Dawn Vincent]]
| cinematography = Suresh Rajan
| editing = [[B. Ajithkumar]]
| studio = Film Roll Productions
| distributor = Film Roll Productions
| released = {{film date|2022|5|27|df=yes}}
| runtime = 137 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Kuttavum Sikshayum |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kuttavum-sikshayum-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda0otmx |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

''''' Kuttavum Shikshayum''''' ({{Translation|Crime and punishment}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime drama film]] directed by [[Rajeev Ravi]] and produced by Arun Kumar V. R. under the banner of Film Roll Productions. The film stars [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]], [[Sharaf U Dheen]], and [[Senthil Krishna]]. The film revolves around a mysterious robbery that took place in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Location still of Asif Ali-Rajeev Ravi film Kuttavum Shikshayum out|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/apr/13/location-still-of-asif-ali-rajeev-ravi-film-kuttavum-shikshayum-out-18004.html|access-date=2020-12-30|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=13 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
In [[Kerala]], [[Inspector|CI]] Sajan Philip starts investigating a [[jewellery]] break in case in his locality. The thieves had cut open the jewelry safe and escaped with some gold. There are no visuals present at the area since the shop [[Closed-circuit television|CCTVs]] are not working for some time now. Sajan gathers the team consisting of [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Basheer, [[Civil Police Officer|CPOs]] Rajesh Mathew, Abin Raj and SI Rajeevan, where they initially investigate around a jewellery store's ex-employee named Aravindan, who is suspected by the owner's son since Aravindan was dismissed from service earlier for theft from the store.

Upon investigating further, the team finds out that Aravindan had earlier took some jewelry from store to help his lover's family in debt, believing their words that it will be replaced quickly with money from a loan amount. He had to sell his own property in the end to give back the ornaments to the owner and avoid any legal action. From the CCTV visuals on the market the team finds out a commercial purpose van which has a plate unidentified by the local taxi driver as a routine local vehicle. From Rajesh's local contacts they trace the ownership of that vehicle to a loan shark named Mookkan Balan.

On arresting him, Balan tells them that he had leased out the vehicle to a North Indian migrant worker family, who were traveling clothes salesman using the vehicle for that purpose. Almost certain that the robbery is done by the migrant laborer group, the team confirms their suspicions after secretly searching their rented house which had traces of the stolen jewellery boxes. They find that the phone number of one of the gang members received from Mukkan is switched off from the day of robbery and found to be in the range of an [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]]-[[Rajasthan]] border village in between momentarily.

The team sets out to [[North India]] to nab the culprits under the approval of [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Roopa. They are offered support by the local police station officials and receive rooms booked in a shoddy place. After spending a day there, Sajan and his team shifts themselves at their own expense to a much better place, but chooses not to vacate the initial lodge as they do not want to create any ill-feeling with the local cops. The team learns that the thefts are done by locals belonging to a nearby village notorious for the thieving inhabitants who do not allow any police to enter their area and are violent in defending their turf and kin.

They scan the nearby areas with photographs of the accused (extracted from the photo IDs they had given in Kerala to get [[SIM card]]s) and finds out one of them as a local hooch suppliers aid. The team arrests them after posing as prospective buyers and plans to stakeout their village to nab the rest. However, he breaks out of Rajesh's custody while he dozes off in the middle of his night watch. After a couple of unsuccessful attempts, the team finally nabs the gang members from the village at the night and escape from the womenfolk who came to attack them.

While preparing to take them back to Kerala, the villagers block the first hotels entrance thinking that the team is staying there. Gaining some time, Sajan and the team escape with the culprits from the opposite hotel when a passing vehicle blocks the villagers view and successfully arrives back to Kerala. Despite the daring operation carried out by Sajan and the team, the gang members end up getting bail. In the aftermath, Sajan and his team chases another gang of criminals for another case.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as [[Inspector#India|CI]] Sajan Philip{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as [[Sub Inspector of Police#Kerala|SI]] Basheer
* [[Sunny Wayne]] as [[Civil Police Officer|Senior CPO]] Rajesh Mathew
* [[Sharaf U Dheen]] as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Abin Raj
* [[Senthil Krishna]] as [[Sub Inspector of Police#Kerala|SI]] Rajeevan
* [[Sibi Thomas]] as Aravindan
*Madhusoodanan as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#India|DYSP]] Madhusoodhanan Nair
*Jenny Pallath as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Roopa.G [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*Mano Jose as Newspaper Agent Subair
*Dinesh Pradhan as [[Inspector of Police#India|Inspector]] Anil Sharma of Dholpur
*Bobby as [[Police Constable#India|Constable]] Manoj
*Sanjay Vidrohi as [[Inspector of Police#India|Inspector]] Ashok Pankaj
*Ashok Kumar as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] of Sanjay Kumar of Dholpur
*Jayashankar as Varghese (Jewellery owner)
*Arjun Narayanan as Rahul (Jewellery owner's son)
*G.Sethunath as Mukkan Balan
*[[Srindaa|Srinda]] as Mukkan's wife
*Deshraj Gurjar as Nethram
*Pooja Gurjar as Nethram's sister
*Maheshwari Shekhawat as Nethram's wife
*Jibin as [[Sub Inspector of Police#Kerala|SI]] Jeevan
*Renju as [[Police Constable#Kerala|CPO]] Aswin
*Vasudevan.R.Varma as Paily
*Siddik as Forensic officer
*Nithesh as Bajarangi
*Bhavar Singh as Sisodiya
}}

==Production==
The story is about a real-life incident that happened in [[Kasargode|Kasargod]]. It was written by real-life cop and actor [[Sibi Thomas]] with journalist Sreejith Divakaran. Principal photography of the film was started on 7 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajeev Ravi's directorial 'Kuttavum Shikshayum' goes on floors|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rajeev-ravis-directorial-kuttavum-shikshayum-goes-on-floors/articleshow/74002234.cms|access-date=2021-06-12|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|date=7 February 2020}}</ref> After taking a break due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the film resumed shooting in November 2020 and was completed in December in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=CUE|first=THE|title=കുറ്റവും ശിക്ഷയും രാജസ്ഥാന്‍ ഷെഡ്യൂള്‍ പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി, രാജീവ് രവിയുടെ പൊലീസ് ത്രില്ലര്‍|url=https://www.thecue.in/film-events/2020/12/09/rajeev-ravis-asifali-movie-kuttavum-shikshayum-rajasthan-schedule-packed-up|access-date=2020-12-30|website=The Cue|date=9 December 2020 |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=It is a wrap for Kuttavum Shikshayum|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/dec/18/it-is-a-wrap-for-kuttavum-shikshayum-21836.html|access-date=2020-12-30|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=18 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Release==
It was anticipated to release around September 2020, but the release was postponed several times due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2021 |title=കുറ്റവും ശിക്ഷയും തിയറ്ററുകളിൽ; ജൂലൈ രണ്ടിന് റിലീസ് |trans-title=Kuttavum Shikshayum ready for theatre release |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/04/12/kuttavum-shikashayum-ready-for-theatre-release.html |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}</ref> The film was released on 27 May 2022.
=== Home media ===
The film started streaming on [[Netflix]] from 26 June 2022.

==Reception==
=== Critical response ===
Anna Mathews from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Die-hard investigation thriller fans will enjoy ''Kuttavum Shikshayum''. It is a clean film, so it might also be an interesting film for a family outing."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kuttavum Shikshayum Movie Review : A humdrum police investigation |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kuttavum-shikshayum/movie-review/91837010.cms |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Kuttavum Shikshayum is an accurate, detailed portrayal of a police investigation, but lacks a script which can engage the audience."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2022-05-27 |title='Kuttavum Shikshayum' film review: Accurate portrayal of a police probe, minus the thrills |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kuttavum-shikshayum-film-review-accurate-portrayal-of-a-police-probe-minus-the-thrills/article65467713.ece |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "There is no compulsion to opt for commercial cinema gimmicks here (as seen in Kammattippadam). Kuttavum Shikshayum finds Rajeev Ravi at his most grounded."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review{{!}} Kuttavum Shikshayum : Strangers in a strange land |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/may/28/movie-review-kuttavum-shikshayum--strangers-in-a-strange-land-2458778.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=The New Indian Express|date=28 May 2022 }}</ref>[[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3.25/5 stars and wrote "Kuttavum Shikshayum is unusual within the universe of police procedurals. Rajeev Ravi is as purposeful in his storytelling as Sajan and his men are in their investigation. Without any sound and fury, the film manages to be a scary, edge-of-the-seat thriller. For those interested in police practices, this is unconventional yet exciting cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-30 |title=Kuttavum Shikshayum movie review: Tension-ridden, unconventional police procedural cum travelogue |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kuttavum-shikshayum-movie-review-tension-ridden-unconventional-police-procedural-cum-travelogue-10736661.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

Goutham VS of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "While watching Kuttavum Sikshayum, you might be reminded of ''[[Churuli]]'', but the narrative of Rajeev Ravi's latest movie is as realistic as it can get."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title=Kuttavum Sikshayum movie review: Rajeev Ravi's police procedural feels like a realistic Churuli |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kuttavum-sikshayum-movie-review-rajeev-ravis-police-procedural-feels-like-a-realistic-churuli-7939993/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Padmakumar. K of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote "The merits of the plot are dragged down by the lack of a solid script. Though, at times it provides the charm of a naturalistic portrayal, plenty of sloppy links mar the flow of sequences. Though the plot is engaging, it can't be termed thrilling."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/05/27/rajiv-ravi-kuttavum-sikshayum-movie-review.html|title=Rajeev Ravi's 'Kuttavum Sikshayum': Digging into the unseen police saga|website=Onmanorama}}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "While Kuttavum Shikshayum might not find its place among Rajeev Ravi's best two works, it does have his signature style written all over and the filmmakers deserves credit for taking a subject based on true incidents and not giving it an over-the-top treatment by making it as gripping entertainer. The performances of the cast as well as the brilliant cinematography ensures that the movie is a good watch, if you prefer realistic crime dramas."

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|12147800}}

[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kattappana]]

The Speaking Tree

2026-03-01T19:38:14Z

Ambi: Stub

{{Short description|Indian weekly newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Speaking Tree
| logo = New sptree logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_border = yes
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_border = yes
| image_alt =
| caption = Front page of The Speaking Tree in 19 September 2017
| motto =
| type = [[Weekly newspaper]]
| format =
| school =
| owner = [[The Times of India]]
| founder = 
| publisher = [[Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]
| president =
| general_manager =
| chief_editor =
| editor =
| deputy_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor = 
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| metro_editor =
| metro_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| founded = 
| political_position =
| language = English and Hindi
| ceased_publication = 
| relaunched =
| headquarters =
| publishing_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Calcutta]]
| publishing_country = India
| circulation = 3,18,000
| circulation_date =
| circulation_ref = <ref name=":1" />
| readership =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| eISSN =
| oclc =
| RNI = MAHENG12413
| website = {{URL|https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/speaking-tree}}
| free =
}}
'''''The Speaking Tree''''' is an Indian weekly newspaper which is published by [[Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd.|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PART – I: FIXATION OF WASTE RATE OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE AUDIT PERIOD JULY-DECEMBER 2020: |url=http://auditbureau.org/notifications/view/179 |website=Audit Bureau of Circulation}}</ref> It is one of the highest−circulation weekly newspapers in India, with a circulation of 315,000 (2014) and 318,000 (2016).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Highest Circulated amongst ABC Member Publications of 2016 |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/Highest%20Circulated%20amongst%20ABC%20Member%20Publications%20(across%20languages).pdf |website=Audit Bureau of Circulations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRCULATIONS for 2014 |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/Details%20of%20most%20circulated%20publications%20for%20the%20audit%20period%20July%20Dec%202014.pdf |website=Audit Bureau of Circulation}}</ref> It is circulated in [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHAPTER 5 OWNERSHIP OF PUBLICATIONS |url=http://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2016_17/pin-05.pdf |website=Registrar of Newspapers for India}}</ref> In [[Mumbai]], 204,067 newspapers are circulated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHAPTER – 7 CIRCULATION OF WEEKLIES AND OTHER PERIODICALS |url=http://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/PIN2017-18/CHAPTER-07.pdf |website=Registrar of Newspapers for India}}</ref> According to [[Comscore]], the website has 8 million pageviews.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Times Internet launches Hindi version of 'Speaking Tree' |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/times-internet-launches-hindi-version-of-%27speaking-tree%27-55373.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Exchange4Media |language=en}}</ref> It is available in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as well as English.<ref name=":0" /> It is a spiritual network intended to allow spiritual seekers to link with established practitioners.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.speakingtree.in/ Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Speaking Tree}}
[[Category:The Speaking Tree| ]]
[[Category:Asian news websites]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Delhi]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Publications of The Times Group]]
[[Category:Spiritual websites|T]]
[[Category:Weekly newspapers published in India]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

State Highway 61 (Kerala)

2026-02-27T11:22:57Z

Ambi:

{{Short description|Road in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{One source|date=March 2012}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Kerala
| route = 61
| alternate_name = Potta – Moonupeedika Road
| map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q7603332| stroke-width=3|title=StateHighway 61}}

| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = SH 61 highlighted in red
| spur_type =
| spur_of =
| maint = [[Kerala Public Works Department]]
| length_km = 27.665
| length_notes = 
| established =
| allocation =
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = {{jct|state=Kerala|NH|544|country=IND}} in [[Potta]] 
| junction = 
{{plainlist|
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|51|country=IND}} in Aloor
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|22|country=IND}} in [[Irinjalakkuda]]
}}
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = {{jct|state=Kerala|NH|66|country=IND}} in [[Moonupeedika]] 
| districts = [[Thrissur]]
| previous_type = SH
| previous_route = 60 
| next_type = SH
| next_route = 62 
}}

'''State Highway 61 (SH 61)''' is a State Highway in [[Kerala]], [[India]] that starts in [[Potta]] and ends in [[Moonupeedika]]. This highway is 21 km long.<ref name="keralapwd">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=maps&pageId=248|title=Kerala PWD - State Highways|publisher=Kerala State Public Works Department|access-date=26 February 2010}}</ref> It connects [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] to [[National Highway 544 (India)|National Highway 544]] which are two main national highways in Kerala. '''[[Irinjalakuda]]''' town is situated on this road which is the headquarters of [[Irinjalakuda Revenue Division]] and [[Mukundapuram Taluk]]. [[Irinjalakuda railway station]] is also located along this road

This road is primarily used by commuters traveling from the coastal belt (Kodungallur/Moonupeedika side) to the interior parts of Thrissur or toward Kochi/Palakkad via the National Highway.

== Route ==
Potta – Aloor - Kallettumkara- Vallakkunnu-Pullur- '''[[Irinjalakuda]]''' – Edathirinji - Moonupeedika

== See also ==
*[[Roads in Kerala]]
*[[List of state highways in Kerala]]
{{osmrelation-inline|1470510}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala State Highways Network}}

[[Category:State highways in Kerala]]
[[Category:Roads in Thrissur district]]

{{India-road-stub}}
{{Kerala-stub}}

Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education

2026-02-27T00:14:27Z

Ambi:

{{Short description|School education board}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| image =
| caption =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1965|03|24}}
| native name = JKBOSE
| logo = JKBOSE Logo.png
| type = Board of School Education
| headquarters = [[Jammu]]/ [[Bemina]], [[Srinagar]]
| language = Kashmiri, Hindi, English, Urdu, Bhoti, Balti, Dogri, Gojri, Sheena, Pahari, Punjabi, Persian and Arabic.
| owner = Government of Jammu and Kashmir
| leader_title = Minister of School Education
| leader_name = [[Sakina Itoo]]
| leader_title2 = Chairman
| leader_name2 = Ghulam Hassan Sheikh
| leader_title3 = Secretary
| leader_name3 = Mr. Ghulam Hassan Sheikh, [[Jammu and Kashmir Administrative Service|JKAS]] [NOW CHAIRMAN]
| name = The Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education
| abbreviation = JK BOSE
| nickname =
| pronounce =
| size =
| status = School Education Board
| professional_title = JKBOSE
| location = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], [[Ladakh]]
| origins = 1965
| membership =
| website = {{URL|http://Jkbose.jk.gov.in}}
{{URL | https://jkboseresult.in}}
{{URL | https://jkbose.unaux.com}}
}}

'''Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education''' ('''JKBOSE''') is the main board of school education in the [[Union Territories]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref name="official profile">{{cite web|url=http://jkboseresult.in |title=JKBOSE A PROFILE |work=Official site |access-date=4 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225085701/http://jkbose.nic.in/jkbprofile.html |archive-date=25 February 2010 }}</ref> and [[Ladakh]]. It is based in [[Jammu]] & [[Srinagar]] and is an autonomous body under the administration of the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]. The board gives affiliation to more than 10200 schools across the U.T of Jammu & Kashmir and U.T of Ladakh and employs 22856 teachers. The Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education was established on 24 March 1965 under the name of “Jammu & Kashmir Board of Secondary Education” under the Act No. II of 1965, which received the assent of the then “ Sadr-i-Riyasat Dr. Karan Singh. Prof. T.M Advani was first Chairman of Jammu & Kashmir Board of Secondary Education from 1965 to 1967. At that time i.e from 1965 to 1975, Vice- Chancellor of University of Jammu & Kashmir was also Chairman of JKBOSE. In 1975, through a legislation under the Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education Act, 1975 Jammu & Kashmir Board of Secondary Education renamed as Jammu & Kashmir State Board of School Education with Agha Ashraf Ali as its first independent chairman.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.kashmiruniversity.net/images/vc/12.jpg | title=Prof. T.M. Advani | access-date=3 April 2025 | archive-date=9 February 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209160354/https://www.kashmiruniversity.net/images/vc/12.jpg | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://kashmirreader.com/2018/.../march-session-not-feasible-for-kashmir-say-experts... {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref>https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/op-ed/agha-ashraf-ali-94-and.../211764.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coachingindians.com/state-boards/j&k-state-board-school-education.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education Exam Results 2018, J & K 10th and 12th Examination Results 2018|website=www.coachingindians.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2023 |title=J&K Class XII Results Delayed, Students Fear Missing Out on Admissions - Azadi Times |work=Azadi Times |url=https://azaditimes.com/news/jk-class-xii-results-delayed-students-fear-missing-out-on-admissions/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Composition==

The Board consists of:<ref name="official profile" />

*Chairman, Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education;
*Administrative Secretary, School Education Department;
*Administrative Secretary, Youth Service and Sports Department;
*Director School Education, Kashmir;
*Director School Education, Jammu;
*Director State Council of Educational Research and Training, Jammu and Kashmir or representative of
National Council of Educational Research and Training to be nominated by the Chairman, National Council of
Educational Research and Training;
*Two representatives not below the rank of Head of Departments from Universities and institutes of eminence e.g. Indian Institute of Technology/Indian Institute of Management/All India Institute of Medical Sciences situated in Jammu and Kashmir to be nominated by the Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir;
* Two eminent educationist unconnected with the administration, to be nominated by the Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir;
*Two officers to be nominated by the Lieutenant Governor from amongst the Principals, Headmasters and Headmistress of teaching institutions of the union territory.

==Major functions==
The board is empowered to specify the courses of instruction and create syllabi for them, and to select textbooks <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jkbosenotesolutions.com/|title=Latest JK Updates | Jobs | Study Materials | News|date=26 December 2025}}</ref> for the elementary, and secondary schools and for the higher secondary (school gradation) school examinations; to conduct public examinations and publish the results at the secondary school and higher secondary levels; to grant diplomas or certificates to people who have passed its examinations; to recognize educational institutions at the secondary school and higher secondary levels, and conduct inspections of recognized institutions, ensuring that required facilitates, equipment, and staff are in place, that only the approved books and courses are taught, and that the standards are in accord with the relevant regulations; to remove recognition from schools that do not meet the proper conditions; to supervise and control the recognized institutions; and exercise various other powers given to it by law.<ref name="official profile" />

==Exams conducted==
The exams conducted by the Board are:

* Elementary Teacher's Training Institute, [[Jammu]]
* Elementary Teacher's Training Institute, [[Kashmir]]
* Higher Secondary - Pt II Annual (Pvt) - Jammu Prov.
* Higher Secondary Pt II Annual (Reg.) Jammu Prov.
* Higher Secondary Pt II Annual (Pvt.) Kashmir Prov.
* Higher Secondary Part Two - Kashmir - Annual
* Higher Secondary - Part II Bi-Annual (Pvt)
* Jammu - Annual Private Class X Summer Zone & Winter Zone
* Jammu - Annual Regular Class X
* [[Leh]] - Annual Private & Regular Class X
* [[Leh]] - Higher Secondary - Part II Annual & Bi-Annual (Reg. & Pvt)
* [[Leh]] - Matric Bi-annual - [[Srinagar]]
* [[Kargil]] - Annual Regular & Private Class X
* [[Kargil]] -Higher Secondary - Part II Annual & Bi-Annual (Reg. & Pvt)
* Matric Bi-Annual - [[Srinagar]]
* Srinagar - Annual Private Class X

== Divisions and Grading Criteria. ==

=== Class 10: Subject-wise Grading System ===
The Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education (JKBOSE) uses a detailed subject-wise grading system for Class 10. Grades are assigned based on the percentage of marks obtained in individual subjects. This structure is documented in the official board regulations. '''Source: JKBOSE Regulations, page 187 point 11 (scheme of examination)[https://jkbose.nic.in/BoseRegulations.html]'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!'''Grade'''
!'''Description'''
!'''Percentage Range'''
|-
|'''A'''
|Excellent
|75% and above
|-
|'''B'''
|Very Good
|60% to below 74%
|-
|'''C'''
|Good
|52% to below 59%
|-
|'''D'''
|Average
|45% to below 51%
|-
|'''E'''
|Fair / Satisfactory
|33% to below 44%
|-
|'''F'''
|Marginal
|15% to below 32%
|-
|'''G'''
|Poor
|Below 15%
|}
Marks for Physical and Health Education are recorded numerically, not alphabetically.

Additional confirmation of this grading structure is available from educational platforms such as College [https://collegedunia.com/news/e-942-jk-board-class-10-passing-marks-subject-wise-marks-grading-system dunia]

=== Class 10: Aggregate Performance Classification ===
JKBOSE also categorizes students based on their overall aggregate performance.

'''Source: JKBOSE Regulations, page''' '''195 point (ix)[https://jkbose.nic.in/BoseRegulations.html]'''
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Divisions
!Aggregate Percentage Range
|-
|Distinctions
|75% and above
|-
|Grade I
|55% to below 75%
|-
|Grade II
|33% to below 55%
|}
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/jkbose-class-10-results-2024-when-to-release-jkbose-nic-in-9387980/ | title=JKBOSE 10th Results 2024 declared: How to check at jkbose.nic.in | date=13 June 2024 }}</ref>

=== Class 12: Marking and Evaluation System ===
Class 12 results are assessed numerically. JKBOSE does not use letter grades or GPA systems at this level.

Minimum pass marks (as per official marks distribution):

General English: 33%

All other subjects: 36% (with separate pass marks in theory, practical, and aggregate)<ref>Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education. "Marks Distribution for Class 12th Subjects." Available at: https://jkbose.nic.in/pdf/marksdistribution12th.pdf. Accessed June 2025.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://school.careers360.com/boards/jkbose/jkbose-passing-marks | title=JKBOSE Passing Marks 2025 Subject Wise: 33% for Class 10th, 36% for Class 12th | date=23 January 2025 }}</ref>

'''Official Source:JKBOSE Marks Distribution PDF''' '''Page no. 1'''<ref>{{Cite web| title=Maximum and Minimum Pass Marks for Higher Secondary Part-II (Class 12th) | url=https://jkbose.nic.in/pdf/marksdistribution12th.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419180848/https://jkbose.nic.in/pdf/marksdistribution12th.pdf | archive-date=2024-04-19}}</ref>

This differs from the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), which includes both letter grades and relative performance bands.

'''CBSE Grading System for comparison'''<ref>{{Cite web| title=Notification | url=https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/documents/Grading_System_Explained_16052024.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521230453/https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/documents/Grading_System_Explained_16052024.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-21}}</ref>

=== Class 12: Division Classification ===
Class 12 student performance is categorized into divisions according to total aggregate marks.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/girls-outshine-boys-as-jkbose-class-12th-result-2025-announced-101746015119209.html | title=Girls outshine boys as JKBOSE Class 12th result 2025 announced | work=Hindustan Times | date=30 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/jkbose-class-12-results-declared-girls-outperform-boys-overall-pass-percentage-at-75/articleshow/1207|title=Times of India jkbose class 12 results with Grading information}}</ref>

'''Official Source: JKBOSE Regulations, page''' '''228-point no.13'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://jkbose.nic.in/BoseRegulations.html | title=JKBOSE Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Divisions
!Aggregate Percentage Range
|-
!Distinction
!75% and above
|-
|First Division
|60% to 74.9%
|-
|Second Division
|48% to 59.9%
|-
|Third Division
|36% to 47.9%
|}
This system is publicly used in result announcements and covered in the national press:

'''Indian Express (JKBOSE Class 12 result coverage)'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/jkbose-class-12-results-2025-marksheet-date-time-jkbose-nic-in-9961227/ | title=JKBOSE Class 12th Result 2025 Declared: How to check on official website? | date=30 April 2025 }}</ref>

=== Note ===
This section summarizes the officially adopted evaluation structure of JKBOSE for both Class 10 and Class 12. All data is verifiable through official government sources or reputable secondary reporting. The structure presented aligns with standard practice for documenting school board grading systems on Wikipedia.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://jkbose.unuax.com}} [https://jkboseresult.in Result Website]

{{School education in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|34|33|35.5|N|76|7|32.3|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Education in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:State secondary education boards of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1975]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Vikram Kirloskar

2026-02-26T20:51:30Z

Ambi: New

{{short description |Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English |date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vikram Kirloskar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1958|11|19}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2022|11|29|1958|11|19}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = [[Businessman]], [[industrialist]]
| known_for = Vice Chairman of [[Toyota Kirloskar Motor]]
| education =
| alma_mater = The Lawrence School, Ooty [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
| spouse = Geetanjali Kirloskar
| children = 1 (Manasi Tata)
| awards = Suvarna Karnataka Award [[JRD Tata Award]] (2020)
}}

'''Vikram Kirloskar''' (19 November 1958 – 29 November 2022) was an Indian [[businessman]] and [[industrialist]] who served as the Vice Chairman of [[Toyota Kirloskar Motor]].<ref>{{cite news |title=At the wheel: Vikram Kirloskar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/tech/2013/Oct/20/at-the-wheel-vikram-kirloskar-528045.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=2013}}</ref> He was a fourth generation member of the Kirloskar business family and is credited with bringing Toyota's business to India in the late 1990s.<ref name=moneycontrol>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Sanya |title=Who was Vikram Kirloskar, the man who brought Toyota to India? |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/who-was-vikram-kirloskar-the-man-who-brought-toyota-to-india-9624531.html |publisher=Moneycontrol |date=2022-11-30}}</ref><ref name=Indiatoday>{{cite news |last1=Arun |first1=M.G. |title=How Vikram Kirloskar learnt business lessons from Rahul Bajaj |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-vikram-kirloskar-learnt-business-lessons-from-rahul-bajaj-2303696-2022-11-30 |publisher=India Today |date=2022-11-30}}</ref>

He died on 29 November 2022, at the age of 64, due to a heart attack.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kant |first1=Rishi |title=Obituary: Vikram Kirloskar, a passionate engineer who loved building factories |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/obituary/obituary-vikram-kirloskar-a-passionate-engineer-who-loved-building-factories/110577 |publisher=Fortune India |date=2022-11-30}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born in November 1958 in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], India. He attended [[Lawrence School, Lovedale|The Lawrence School]] in [[Ooty]] for his schooling. After school, Kirloskar went on to study at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), where his grandfather had also studied. He graduated with a degree in [[Mechanical engineering]] from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]. He was the son of Shreekant Kirloskar and the grandson of [[S. L. Kirloskar|S.L. Kirloskar]].<ref name=moneycontrol/>

== Career ==
In the 1990s, Vikram was key in bringing [[Toyota]]'s business to India. He initiated a partnership between Toyota and the [[Kirloskar Group]], which led to the establishment of [[Toyota Kirloskar Motor]] in 1997.<ref name=Indiatoday/> Over the next two decades, Toyota Kirloskar Motor launched successful models like the [[Toyota Kijang|Qualis]], [[Toyota Innova|Innova]], [[Toyota Fortuner|Fortuner]] and [[Toyota Corolla|Corolla]] in India.<ref name=money>{{cite news |last1=Khanna |first1=Sundeep |title=How Toyota's legacy of manufacturing excellence inspired this Renaissance Man |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/vikram-kirloskar-how-toyotas-legacy-of-manufacturing-excellence-inspired-this-renaissance-man-9624851.html |publisher=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=2022-11-30}}</ref><ref name=Indiatoday/>

He served as President of the Central Manufacturing Institute in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and was a member of the Government of India's Development Council for Automobiles and the National Council for Electric Mobility.<ref name=money/>

He served as the President of the [[Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram Kirloskar is new SIAM President |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/vikram-kirloskar-is-new-siam-president/articleshow/22368887.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2013-09-06}}</ref> (SIAM) from 2013 to 2015. He also held the presidency of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram Kirloskar takes charge as new CII president |url=https://www.exhibitionshowcase.com/vikram-kirloskar-takes-charge-new-cii-president/ |publisher=Exhibition Showcase |date=2019-04-23}}</ref> during 2019–2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doval |first1=Pankaj |title=Vikram, a gentleman auto leader who championed cause of climate change |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/vikram-a-gentleman-auto-leader-who-championed-cause-of-climate-change/articleshow/95898416.cms |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=2022-12-01}}</ref> Vikram also served as the president of [[Automotive Research Association of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Sumana |title=In Memoriam: Vikram Kirloskar (1958- 2022) |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/express-mobility-in-memoriam-vikram-kirloskar-1958-2022-2896254/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=2022-11-30}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Vikram Kirloskar lived in [[Bengaluru]] with his wife Geetanjali Kirloskar. They have a daughter named Manasi Tata, who is married to Neville Tata, the son of [[Noel Tata]].{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Vikram was a [[wine connoisseur]] with a large collection of wines. He also loved cooking and described it as his favourite hobby.<ref name=money/>

== Awards ==
He was given the Suvarna Karnataka award by the [[Government of Karnataka]]. He was given the [[Indian Institute of Metals]] (IIM) [[JRD Tata Award]] in 2020, in recognition of his excellence in corporate leadership in the metallurgical industries, at the [[National Metallurgists' Day Awards]] by the [[Government of India]], Ministry of Steel & Mines.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram Kirloskar gets IIM-JRD Tata Award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/vikram-kirloskar-gets-iim-jrd-tata-award/article33927012.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2021-02-24}}</ref>

In 2021 he was elected a Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] (INAE) and affiliated with its Engineering Section III (Mechanical Engineering).<ref>{{cite web |title=Obituary Mr Vikram S Kirloskar |url=https://www.inae.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Vikram-S-Kirloskar.pdf |publisher=www.inae.in}}</ref> He was posthumously awarded the India Business Leader Award by [[CNBC TV18|CNBC-TV18]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tribute To Vikram Kirloskar, Rajiv Luthra, Cyrus Mistry & Rakesh Jhunjhunwala At IBLA 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGWyo65QIVE |publisher=[[CNBC-TV18]] |date=11 May 2023}}</ref>

In March 2023, Vikram Kirloskar was posthumously conferred an [[honorary doctorate]] by [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Posthumous doctorate for Vikram Kirloskar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/posthumous-doctorate-for-vikram-kirloskar/articleshow/99048195.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 March 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kirloskar, Vikram}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Kirloskar Group]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]

Indian locomotive class WDS-6

2026-02-21T11:49:25Z

Ambi: cleanup lead for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian Railway shunter class diesel locomotive}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = WDS-6
| powertype = Diesel
| image = Tughlakabad-based WDS-6 locomotive at Anand Vihar Terminal.jpg
| alt =
| caption = A Tughlakabad-based WDS-6 at Anand Vihar Terminal
| builder = [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]], Central Railway Loco Workshop, Parel
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber =
| buildmodel =
| builddate = 1975+
| totalproduction = '''WDS-6:''' 300 '''WDS-6AD:''' 111<ref name = "BLW - WDS6ADT-1350">{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=WDS6ADT-1350 - Shunting Locomotive |url=https://blw.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/WDS6ADT.pdf |website= |location= |publisher=[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]] |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>
| rebuilder = Parel Workshops
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| Britishclass = [[Co-Co locomotives|Co-Co]]
| uicclass = [[Co′Co′]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| trucks =
| bogies = ALCO Asymmetric cast frame trimount
| wheeldiameter = {{convert|1092|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| trailingdiameter =
| minimumcurve =
| wheelbase = {{convert|12.834|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
| length = {{convert|16.088|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
| width = {{convert|2.864|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
| height = {{convert|4.185|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
| axleload = {{convert|21000|kg|abbr=on}}
| weightondrivers =
| locoweight = {{convert|113000|kg|abbr=on}}
| fueltype = [[Diesel fuel|Diesel]]
| fuelcap = {{convert|3000|L|abbr=on}}
| lubecap = {{convert|530|L|abbr=on}}, {{convert|630|L|abbr=on}} DLW
| coolantcap =
| watercap = {{convert|22|L|abbr=on}}, {{convert|28|L|abbr=on}} DLW
| sandcap =
| consumption =
| watercons =
| primemover = [[ALCO 251|ALCO 251-D]]
| rpmrange = 400-1100
| enginetype = [[Straight-six engine|Inline, 6-cylinder]], [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
| aspiration = [[Turbo-supercharger|Turbo-supercharged]]
| displacement = 267 mm
| alternator =
| generator = DC
| tractionmotors = 6 DC
| cylindercount = 6
| cylindersize =
| transmission = [[Diesel–electric transmission]]
| multipleworking = 2
| maxspeed = {{convert|71|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| poweroutput = Max:{{convert|1400|HP|abbr=on}} Site rated:{{convert|1300|HP|abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|34.0|t|0|abbr=on}} maximum {{convert|16.050|t|0|abbr=on}} continuous
| factorofadhesion =
| trainheating =
| locobrakes = 28LV-1, Air brake for Locomotive using SA-9 brake handle
| locobrakeforce =
| trainbrakes = Originally [[Vacuum brake|vacuum]], or [[Railway air brake|air]], but some modified to [[Vacuum brake#Dual brakes|dual]]
| safety =
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| operatorclass =
| powerclass =
| numinclass =
| fleetnumbers =
| officialname =
| nicknames =
| axleloadclass =
| locale = All over Indian Railways, and also leased and sold to some private- and public-sector industrial concerns<ref name = "SAIL - MAINTENANCE OF WDS-6 LOCOMOTIVES>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=METHOD OF PERIODIC MAINTENANCE OF WDS-6 LOCOMOTIVES IN STEEL PLANTS |url=https://www.sail.co.in/sites/default/files/ipss/2020-06/3-02-008-18_0.pdf |website= |location= |publisher=[[Steel Authority of India|SAIL]] |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>
| deliverydate =
| firstrundate =
| lastrundate =
| retiredate =
| withdrawndate =
| preservedunits =
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner = Indian Railways, Private industries
| disposition = Active
}}

The Indian locomotive class '''WDS-6''' is a [[diesel–electric locomotive]] used by the [[Indian Railways]] mainly for shunting and also for performing departmental duties. The model name stands for [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] (W), '''D'''iesel (D), '''S'''hunting (S) engine, '''6'''th generation (6). As of April 2022, 375 units of this class are currently in use all over India.

==History==
This class was designed in 1975 to address the need for a powerful shunting locomotive with the ability to haul 20- to 24-coach rakes. The previous [[WDS-4]] class was found to be grossly underpowered for this kind of operation. A WDS-6 locomotive basically consists of a [[YDM-4]] powerpack (a 6-cylinder, 4-stroke, inline, turbo-supercharged [[American Locomotive Company|ALCo]] engine) mounted on a [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]] body frame.
Beginning in 1975, these were initially manufactured solely by [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW, Varanasi]], but later, the Parel Workshop started building them using CKD (completely-knocked-down) kits provided by DLW.
WDS-6 units can be easily recognized by their low short hoods (with two cab windows above these) and flat-ended cabs on the long-hood end. Many of them were sold and transferred to private industrial concerns and public sector undertakings (PSUs) in huge numbers, but still display their IR road numbers.

== Locomotive sheds ==
Total Locomotives active as of March 2025 : 270

== Liveries ==
Generally, these locomotives are seen with the typical yellow livery with green/red stripes.

== Technical specifications ==
The technical specifications of WDS-6 are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco2d.html|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Locomotives -- Specific classes : AC Electric|website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|Manufacturers
|DLW, Parel Workshop
|-
|Engine
|[[American Locomotive Company|Alco]] 251-D, [[Straight-six engine|Inline-6]], {{convert|1,400|hp|abbr=on|lk=on}} ({{convert|1,300|hp|abbr=on|disp=or}} site rating) with Alco turbocharged engine. 1,100 rpm max, 400 rpm idle; {{convert|228|x|267|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} bore x stroke; compression ratio 12.5:1.
|-
|Transmission
|Electric, DC-DC (DC Generator and DC Traction motor)
|-
|[[Traction motor]]s
|GE for original Alco and MLW models, BHEL for DLW
|-
|-
|[[Axle load]]
|{{convert|21|t|abbr=on}}
|-
|total weight
|{{convert|113|t|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Bogie]]s
|Alco design cast frame trimount ([[Co-Co engine|Co-Co]]) bogies
|-
|Starting TE
|{{convert|34|t|abbr=on}}, at adhesion 27%
|-
|Length over [[buffer beam]]s
|{{convert|17,370|mm|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
|-
|Distance between [[bogie]]s
|{{convert|10,516|mm|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:WDS-6AD locomotive used in Indian Railways.jpg|A WDS-6AD locomotive in the outer area of [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur Junction]]
File:A Tondiarpet-based WDS6 locomotive at Chennai Central Station.jpg|A [[Tondiarpet|Tondiarpet-based]] WDS6 locomotive at [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central Station]]
File:Tughlakabad-based WDS-6 locomotive at Anand Vihar Terminal.jpg|A [[Tughlakabad railway station|Tughlakabad-based]] WDS-6 locomotive at [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]]
File:SHUNTING DUTY OF WDS-6AD AT NAGPUR JUNCTION.jpg|A [[Kurla railway station|Kurla-based]] WDS-6AD locomotive performing [[Shunting (rail)|shunting duty]] at [[Nagpur Junction railway station|Nagpur Junction]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* {{section link|Rail transport in India|History}}
* [[Locomotives of India]]
* [[Rail transport in India]]
* [[YDM-4|Indian locomotive class YDM-4]]

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos4}}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/WDS6.PDF RDSO document for WDS-6] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20190701124918/https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/WDS6.PDF Archived copy])
* https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco2d.html
* https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-specs.html#WDS-6
* https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/list
{{commons category|Indian locomotive class WDS6}}

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=open}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:WDS-6}}
[[Category:Diesel–electric locomotives of India|S-6]]
[[Category:Co-Co locomotives]]
[[Category:Banaras Locomotive Works locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1975]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Shunting locomotives]]

Oakridge International School

2026-02-21T06:52:32Z

Ambi: Added Data!

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Oakridge International School Gachibowli, Hyderabad
| image = Oakridge International School Logo.png
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| location = Khajaguda, Nanakramguda Road, Cyberabad
| city = Hyderabad
| county = India
| state = Telangana
| postal_code =
| zipcode = 500008
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.419637|78.363955|display=title,inline|format=dms}}
| type = [[Independent school|Independent]] [[international school]]
| founder = Shomie Das
Naga Tummala
Raj Yarlagadda
| established =
| opened = {{Start date and age|2001}} 
| district = 
| principal = Ms. Dipika Rao
| grades = Pre-primary to [[Twelfth grade|12]]
| mascot =
| website = https://www.oakridge.in/gachibowli/
| image_size = 250px
| campus_type = Suburban
| campus_size = {{convert|10.5|acre|m2}}
| colors =
| slogan = Create your Future
| feeder_schools =
}}
'''Oakridge International School''' is an [[International Baccalaureate]] [[school]] located in Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India. Oakridge International School provides the IB and [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] syllabus.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Menon|first1=K Sachidanand|title=Straight Answers|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/straight-answers/articleshow/44022.cms|agency=The Hyderabad Times|work=The Times of India|date=26 June 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pre-Primary at Oakridge International School|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/04/28/stories/2006042800930600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105100234/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/04/28/stories/2006042800930600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|work=The Hindu|date=28 April 2006}}</ref> It has two day-schools in Hyderabad, two in Bangalore, one in Punjab and one boarding campus in [[Visakhapatnam]] city. The school was acquired by [[Nord Anglia Education]] in 2019.

==History==
[[File:Oakridge International School.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Main Building, Oakridge Gachibowli]]
The school was established by educationist [[Shomie Das]] along with Naga Tummala and Raj Yarlagadda<ref>{{Cite web |title=People Combine |url=https://www.peoplecombine.com/team-behind.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.peoplecombine.com}}</ref> in 2001. The school opened on 11 June 2001, in rented premises in Jubilee Hills.<ref name="WhatsUpLife">{{cite news|title=Best International Schools in Hyderabad|url=https://www.whatsuplife.in/hyderabad/blog/best-top-international-schools-hyderabad|agency=WhatsUp Life|publisher=WhatsUp Life|date=9 June 2017|archive-date=4 May 2019|access-date=3 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504102614/https://www.whatsuplife.in/hyderabad/blog/best-top-international-schools-hyderabad/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2002 the campus moved to [[Khajaguda]], Hyderabad. The new campus covers {{convert|10.5|acre|ha}}<ref name="WhatsUpLife" /> and was inaugurated by chief minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Celebrations galore|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/26/stories/2002122601380300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030711123459/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/26/stories/2002122601380300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2003|work=The Hindu|date=2 December 2002}}</ref> The school has over 3000 students.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

In 2019, People Combine divested majority ownership of Oakridge International to [[Nord Anglia Education]] for an estimated price of about [[Indian rupee|₹]]16 billion.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/oakridges-international-deal-hong-kong-firm-buys-it-for-nearly-rs-1600-crore/articleshow/68105047.cms |title=Oakridge's international deal: Hong Kong firm buys it for nearly Rs 1,600 crore |newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 February 2019 |first=Sudipta |last=Sengupta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/students-of-oakridge-international-school-gachibowli-celebrate-joy-of-giving-122020101722_1.html|title=Students of Oakridge International School, Gachibowli celebrate "Joy of Giving"}}</ref>

It was later opened in another branch, Bachupally spreading over 8 acres offering international and holistic education for students, in the curricula of CBSE, IBDP, and CAIE.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{portal|Schools}}
* {{Official website}}

{{International schools in India|state=expanded}}

[[Category:International schools in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Cambridge schools in India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Von Ryan's Express

2026-02-20T06:04:24Z

Ambi: update citations additionally and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|1965 film by Mark Robson}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Von Ryan's Express
| image = VonRyansExpress.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster by [[Tom Chantrell]]
| director = [[Mark Robson (film director)|Mark Robson]]
| producer = [[Saul David (producer)|Saul David]]
| screenplay = [[Wendell Mayes]] Joseph Landon
| based_on = {{based on|''Von Ryan's Express'' 1964 novel|[[David Westheimer]]}}
| starring = [[Frank Sinatra]] [[Trevor Howard]] [[Raffaella Carrà]] [[Brad Dexter]] [[Sergio Fantoni]] [[John Leyton]] [[Edward Mulhare]] [[Wolfgang Preiss]]
| music = [[Jerry Goldsmith]]
| cinematography = [[William Daniels (cinematographer)|William H. Daniels]]
| editing = [[Dorothy Spencer]]
| distributor = [[20th Century Fox]]
| released = {{Film date|1965|06|23}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| language = English/Italian/German
| country = United States
| budget = $5.76 million<ref>{{cite book| last=Solomon| first=Aubrey| title=Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series)| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIZwZOz8LHsC&q=Twentieth+Century+Fox:+A+Corporate+and+Financial+History| location=Lanham, Maryland| publisher=Scarecrow Press| year=1989| isbn=978-0-8108-4244-1| page=254| url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| gross = $17.1 million<ref name="numbers">{{cite web| url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1965/0VREX.php| website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]| title=Von Ryan's Express, Box Office Information| access-date=January 22, 2013}}</ref>
}}

'''''Von Ryan's Express''''' is a 1965 [[World War II]] [[adventure film]] starring [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Trevor Howard]], and [[Raffaella Carrà]], and directed by [[Mark Robson (film director)|Mark Robson]]. Produced in [[CinemaScope]], the film depicts a group of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] prisoners of war ([[POW]]s) who attempt a daring escape by hijacking a freight train carrying Allied POWs, and then taking the train through [[Italian Social Republic|German-occupied Italy]] towards neutral [[Switzerland]]. Based on the 1964 novel by [[David Westheimer]], the film changes several aspects of the novel, most notably the ending, which is considerably more upbeat in the book. Financially, it became one of Sinatra's most successful films.

==Plot==
In 1943 Colonel Joseph Ryan, a [[United States Army Air Forces|USAAF]] fighter pilot, is shot down over Italy and taken to a POW camp run by the [[National Fascist Party|Fascist]] camp commander, Major Basilio Battaglia, and his sympathetic second-in-command, Captain Vittorio Oriani. Most prisoners are from the British 9th [[Fusilier#United Kingdom|Fusiliers]] whose commanding officer recently died after being placed in a "[[Box (torture)|sweat box]]" as punishment for hitting Battaglia. Ryan becomes the most senior Allied officer in the camp, and automatically assumes command of the POWs, replacing Major Eric Fincham, the senior British officer.

Friction develops between Ryan and Fincham. Ryan declines to support Fincham's escape attempts because Italy is close to [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|surrender]], he orders Fincham to distribute [[Red Cross]] medical supplies to the seriously ill prisoners after American prisoners are caught stealing medicine from a secret British hoard, and he reveals an escape plan to Battaglia in exchange for better treatment of the prisoners.

Battaglia refuses to issue new clothing, Ryan orders prisoners to strip and burn their filthy uniforms. Battaglia throws Ryan into the sweat box as punishment. After [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italy surrenders]], the camp guards flee. Ryan is freed and discovers the British are putting Battaglia on trial as a [[war criminal]]. Ryan steps in to save Battaglia from execution, instead sentencing him to his own sweat box.

A German fighter plane overflies the camp, forcing the POWs to flee into the Italian countryside. Captain Oriani agrees to make contact with Allied forces on their behalf but the Germans recapture the prisoners and force them into train [[covered goods wagon|boxcars]]. Fincham assumes Oriani betrayed them until he is found severely beaten on board. The freed Battaglia comes to gloat at their misfortune. Before leaving, the Germans shoot all the sick prisoners. Fincham blames Ryan for letting Battaglia live, and derogatively calls him "''[[von]]'' Ryan".

Major von Klemment, takes command of the prisoner transport. As the train heads toward northern Italy, Ryan, Fincham, and Lieutenant Orde escape their car and free some POWs, who kill the remaining guards and take their uniforms as a disguise. Ryan and Fincham find von Klemment and his Italian mistress, Gabriella, in the command car. Von Klemment reveals a German troop train is on the same schedule and he is expected to stop in [[Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station|Florence]] to receive new orders. To get through the station, German-speaking British chaplain, Captain Costanzo, impersonates the German commander with Fincham and Ryan dressed as German soldiers. The orders show that both trains are headed to [[Innsbruck]], Austria. Using a forged typewritten order, the prisoners switch their train onto a different line at [[Bologna]] while the troop train continues toward Innsbruck. Ryan, still dressed as a German soldier, is forced to shoot Von Klemment and Gabriella after they escape from the train. Her death disgusts the Italian civilians who see Ryan as a Nazi.

The German High Command discovers the train has been diverted, while the train is caught in an Allied bombing raid, killing three prisoners and wounding sixty. Oriani and the train's Italian engineer tell Ryan and Fincham their only option is to reroute the train at [[Milan]] to [[Switzerland during the world wars|neutral Switzerland]]. However, [[Waffen-SS|SS troops]] have set up an ambush. The prisoners capture a signal box and reroute the train.

In the [[Italian Alps]] just before the Swiss border, rockets from a [[Nord Pingouin|German aircraft]] topple boulders onto the track. SS troops in another train catch up as the prisoners clear and repair the track. Ryan and Fincham lead a group of POWs in holding them off until the train can move again. Ryan is killed as Fincham and the surviving POWs departs for the safety of Switzerland.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Frank Sinatra]] as Col. Joseph L. Ryan
* [[Trevor Howard]] as Maj. Eric Fincham
* [[Raffaella Carrà]] as Gabriella
* [[Brad Dexter]] as Sgt. Bostick
* [[Sergio Fantoni]] as Capt. Oriani
* [[John Leyton]] as Lt. Orde
* [[Edward Mulhare]] as Capt. Costanzo, the chaplain
* [[Wolfgang Preiss]] as Maj. von Klemment
* [[James Brolin]] as Private Ames
* [[John van Dreelen]] as Col. Gortz
* [[Adolfo Celi]] as Maj. Bassilio Battaglia
* [[Vito Scotti]] as Peppino the Italian engineer
* [[Richard Bakalyan]] as Cpl. Giannini
* [[Michael Goodliffe]] as Capt. Stein
* [[Michael St. Clair]] as Sgt. Dunbar
* [[Ivan Triesault]] as Obergruppenfuhrer Wilhelm von Kleist
{{div col end}}

==Production==

===Original novel===
The novel was published in 1963. The novelist David Westheimer had been a [[Prisoner of war|POW]] during World War II. He witnessed the bombing of [[Bolzano]] in 1943 from a box car.<ref>{{cite news| title=Books and Authors: Military Held a Culprit Projected Challenges Derring-Do Movie Book Reissued| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/12/20/archives/books-and-authors-military-held-a-culprit-projected-challenges.html| date=December 20, 1963| newspaper=The New York Times| page=27| url-access=subscription}}</ref> Martin Levin, reviewing the book for ''[[The New York Times]]'', said the novel "has everything for the screen but the camera directions."<ref>{{cite news| title=A Reader's Report| first=Martin| last=Levin| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/12/archives/a-readers-report.html| date=January 12, 1964| newspaper=The New York Times| page=BR24| url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Development===
The novel was a best seller and 20th Century Fox bought the film rights for a reported $125,000.<ref>{{cite news| title='Von Ryan's Express' Will Star Sinatra: Robson to Produce War Story; Taylor as 'Young Cassidy'| url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-von-ryans-express/132427997/| author=Hopper, Hedda| date=April 16, 1964| newspaper=Los Angeles Times| page=C8| url-access=subscription}}</ref> The studio assigned Saul David to produce and [[Mark Robson (film director)|Mark Robson]] to direct. Robson had intended to make ''The Centurians'', but this was delayed when his chosen star, [[Anthony Quinn]], was unavailable.<ref>{{cite news| title=Robson Will Drive Von Ryan's Express: 'Dice of God' to Get Shake; Image of Latins Challenged| url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-von-ryans-express/132428213/| author=Scheuer, Philip K.| newspaper=Los Angeles Times| date=March 12, 1964| page=C11| url-access=subscription}}</ref> Frank Sinatra had read the novel and wanted to buy the film rights himself; when he heard they had been lost to Fox, he offered his services for the lead role.<ref>{{cite news| title=Sinatra Swings Upward| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/18/archives/sinatra-swings-upward.html| first=Peter| last=Bart| author-link=Peter Bart| date=April 18, 1965| newspaper=The New York Times| page=X9| url-access=subscription}}</ref>

''Von Ryan's Express'' was a project keenly undertaken by [[20th Century Fox]], which was still financially reeling after the extravagance and critical bashing of ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]''. Fox, in a bid to prove that they were still able to make films on an epic scale, shot extensively on location in Europe and built a full-scale prison camp as opposed to shooting on a [[backlot]]. It was producer [[Saul David (producer)|Saul David]]'s first film for Fox. He followed it with ''[[Our Man Flint]]'', ''[[Fantastic Voyage]]'', and ''[[In Like Flint]]''.

===Filming===
Rumours of a [[personality clash]] between star [[Frank Sinatra]], who was flown by helicopter to the set, and director [[Mark Robson (film director)|Mark Robson]] were not enough to cause problems as the film was shot with relatively little trouble. However, Sinatra did insist that the ending of the film be altered, ending any chance of a sequel. Sinatra also insisted the film be shot in [[Panavision]] rather than Fox's [[CinemaScope]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/wingcs8.htm |title=The CinemaScope Wing 8 |website=The American WideScreen Museum |access-date=2014-03-25}}</ref>

The film score was written by [[Jerry Goldsmith]].<ref>Clemmensen, Christian. [http://www.filmtracks.com/composers/goldsmith.shtml "Jerry Goldsmith (1929–2004) tribute"]. ''[[Filmtracks.com]]''. Retrieved 2011-04-14.</ref>

[[File:Pasarelas sobre la vía del tren.jpg|thumb|The railway bridge in 2015.]]
''Von Ryan's Express'' achieved [[Verisimilitude (narrative)|reality]] using aircraft, trains, and wheeled vehicles photographed on location along with the occasional model. The aircraft alluded to as ''Messerschmitts'' were indeed [[Messerschmitt Bf 108]]s. A majority of the film was shot on location around [[Northern Italy]] in [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]] and [[Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station]] in [[Florence]] (in reality is [[Roma Ostiense railway station]]<ref>[http://www.reelstreets.com/films/von-ryans-express/ "Von Ryan's Express"]. ''Reelstreets''. Accessed September 25, 2023.</ref>). The [[Ferrovie dello Stato]]/Italian State Railway closely cooperated on the production, as reflected in the film's closing acknowledgment credit, providing a complete train headed by the specially-bulled up [[FS Class 735]].236. The train which the Nazis commandeer to pursue the escaping POWs is headed by a [[Franco-Crosti boiler]]-fitted Class 743.

The railway sequence at the film's conclusion, however, was shot in the [[Caminito del Rey]] walkway in the limestone gorge of [[El Chorro]] and in the adjacent railway bridge, near [[Málaga]] in [[Andalucía]], Spain.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GnaTOvs0Ek0C&dq=von%20ryan's%20express%20spain&pg=PT596 "Travel Andalusia, Spain"].{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/cjcZGvytKaU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170208161241/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjcZGvytKaU Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjcZGvytKaU&t=3m26s| title=Historia del Caminito del Rey| website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> This switch from filming in Italy was probably done as the bridge looked more suitably attractive for presenting the final set piece than anything that could be found on the Italian rail network. The train featuring in these sequences was laid on by the '''RENFE'''/Spanish National Railways and altered to resemble the Italy-based train. Interiors were completed at 20th Century Fox Studios in Los Angeles. The POW camp (Campo Concentramento Prigioneri di Guerra 202) was also built in the front lot of the Studios.<ref>{{cite book| last=Saul| first=David| title=The Industry: life in the Hollywood fast lane| publisher=Times Books| location=New York City| year=1981| url=https://archive.org/details/industrylifeinho0000davi/page/102/mode/2up?q=von+ryan%27s+express| isbn=978-0-8129-0971-5| pages=103, 158, 159| url-access=registration}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical===
Critics liked ''Von Ryan's Express''. ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' noted, "Mark Robson has made realistic use of the actual Italian setting of the David Westheimer novel in garmenting his action in hard-hitting direction and sharply drawn performances."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://variety.com/1964/film/reviews/von-ryan-s-express-1200420702/| title=Von Ryan's Express| magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]| date=December 31, 1964}}</ref> Frank Sinatra's daughter [[Nancy Sinatra|Nancy]] noted in her biography of her father that his performance fuelled speculation of another [[Academy Award]] nomination. ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' London called the film a "ripping adventure" that was "directed with amused panache by Robson, and helped no end by a fine cast...",<ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.timeout.com/film/reviews/63096/von_ryans_express.html| title=Von Ryan's Express| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626032735/http://www.timeout.com/film/reviews/63096/von_ryans_express.html| archive-date=2009-06-26| magazine=Time Out}}</ref> while the [[BBC]]'s TV, film and radio listings magazine ''[[The Radio Times]]'' described it as "a rattlingly exciting Second World War escape adventure, with a well-cast Frank Sinatra..."<ref>[http://www.radiotimes.com/servlet_film/com.icl.beeb.rtfilms.client.simpleSearchServlet?frn=17222&searchTypeSelect=5 "Von Ryan's Express"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524052735/http://www.radiotimes.com/servlet_film/com.icl.beeb.rtfilms.client.simpleSearchServlet?searchTypeSelect=5&frn=17222 |date=2011-05-24 }}. ''[[The Radio Times]]''.</ref>

{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|90||21||ref=yes}}

===Box office===
The film grossed $17,111,111<ref name="numbers"/> (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|17111111|1965|r=0}}}} in {{inflation/year|US}} consumer dollars) at the North American box office, equating to $7,700,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|7700000|1965|r=0}}}} in {{inflation/year|US}} consumer dollars) taken in box office rentals. ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' ranked ''Von Ryan's Express'' as the 10th-highest-grossing film of 1965. Additionally, this was Sinatra's highest-grossing and biggest-earning film of the decade.

According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $12,600,000 in rentals to break even and made over $17,000,000, meaning it made a profit.<ref>{{cite book| page=[https://archive.org/details/foxthatgotawayt00silv/page/324 324]| title=The Fox that got away: the last days of the Zanuck dynasty at Twentieth Century-Fox| url=https://archive.org/details/foxthatgotawayt00silv| url-access=registration| last=Silverman| first=Stephen M.| year=1988| publisher=L. Stuart| isbn=978-0-8184-0485-6}}</ref>

===Awards===
The film was nominated for a [[Academy Award for Best Sound Editing|Best Sound Editing]] ([[Walter Rossi (sound editor)|Walter Rossi]]) Academy Award in [[38th Academy Awards|1966]],<ref name="Oscars1966">{{cite web| url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1966| title=The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners| website=AMPAS| access-date=September 25, 2023}}</ref> while the [[Motion Picture Sound Editors]] also nominated the film for Best Sound Editing in a Feature Film.

British [[Channel 4]] ranked ''Von Ryan's Express'' number 89 on their list of 100 Greatest War Films, commenting, "A ripping yarn culminating in a wild train dash through [Italy], with director Mark Robson cranking up the tension and releasing it with some excellent action set-pieces."<ref>[http://www.channel4.com/film/newsfeatures/microsites/W/greatest_warfilms/results/90-86.html "100 Greatest War Films of all time"]. Channel 4. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212105434/http://www.channel4.com/film/newsfeatures/microsites/W/greatest_warfilms/results/90-86.html |date=2008-02-12 }}</ref> It has a 90% rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] from 20 reviews.

==See also==
* [[List of American films of 1965]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title| 0059885 }}
* {{TCMDb title| 94915 }}
* {{AFI film|22801}}
* {{Discogs release|10785492}} Soundtrack
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|von_ryans_express}}

{{Mark Robson}}

[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:1965 war films]]
[[Category:American war films]]
[[Category:World War II prisoner of war films]]
[[Category:Films about shot-down aviators]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films based on military novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mark Robson]]
[[Category:Films set in Italy]]
[[Category:Films about the Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:Rail transport films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith]]
[[Category:1965 English-language films]]
[[Category:1965 American films]]
[[Category:English-language war films]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]

Susan Daniel (translator)

2026-02-08T02:29:12Z

Ambi: Started

{{Short description|Indian translator}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Susan Daniel
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[University of Mysore]]
| occupation = Translator
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] (2019)
| influences =
| signature =
}}
'''Susan Daniel''' is a [[Kerala]] born academic and Kannada-English translator who is settled now in [[Ooty]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. For her English translation of [[Devanur Mahadeva|Devanura Mahadeva]]'s Kannada novel ''Kusumabale'', she received many awards including the [[Karnataka Government]]'s Kuvempu Bhasha Bharathi award for best translator and the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for the year 2019.

==Early life and education==
Susan Daniel was born in [[Kerala]] and brought up in [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pyarilal |first=Vasanth |date=2020-02-28 |title=Susan wins Sahitya award for translation {{!}} RITZ |url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/susan-wins-sahitya-award-for-translation/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> She studied literature from the [[University of Mysore]].<ref name="BLF" />

Although her mother tongue is [[Malayalam]], she studied [[Kannada]] and English as a subject from school to college, and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] by listening.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
She served as a teacher/academician at the University of Mysore,<ref name="BLF">{{cite web |title=Susan Daniel |url=https://bangaloreliteraturefestival.org/participant/susan-daniel/ |website=Bangalore Literature Festival (BLF)}}</ref> working as a professor of English literature.

While in Tamil Nadu, Daniel ran a press and edited a news magazine for the [[Nilgiris district]], and also edited a translation magazine called ''Anuvada''.<ref name="BLF"/> She represented the [[Nilgiris]] at the 2007 [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]]'s International Folklore Conference and the International Trade Fair Conference.<ref name="BLF"/>

Daniel translated Devenoora Mahadeva's critically acclaimed classic Kannada novel ''Kusumabale'' into English.<ref name="Times">{{cite news |title=Ooty translator wins Sahitya Akademi prize |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/ooty-translator-wins-sahitya-akademi-prize/articleshow/74347225.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 February 2020}}</ref> The translated version of the novel was released by [[Oxford University Press]] in 2015.<ref name="Times"/>

==Retirement==
She settled in [[Ooty]], her husband's hometown, after her retirement.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=ராமசாமி ,கே.அருண் |first=சதீஸ் |date=2020-02-27 |title="பெண்களுக்கும் தலித்களுக்கும் இந்த விருதை சமர்ப்பிக்கிறேன்!" சாகித்ய அகாடமி விருதாளர் சூசன் டேனியல் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/susan-daniel-won-sahitya-akademi-award-for-translation |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.vikatan.com |language=ta}}</ref>

After retirement, Daniel was involved in cross-cultural studies for students from the US, entrepreneurial activities related to education in the Nilgiris district, and a project to teach communication skills through drama to underprivileged children in Ooty.<ref name="BLF"/>

==Awards and honors==
In 2015, Susan Daniel received the Karnataka Government's Kuvempu Bhasha Bharathi award for best translator for her English translation of Devanura Mahadeva's novel ''Kusumabale'' from Kannada to English.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Prize laureates of the year 2015 - KUVEMPU BHASHABHARATHI PRADHIKAR |url=https://kuvempubhashabharathi.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Book%20Prize%20laureates%20of%20the%20year%202015/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422211408/https://kuvempubhashabharathi.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Book%20Prize%20laureates%20of%20the%20year%202015/en |archive-date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=kuvempubhashabharathi.karnataka.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Times"/> Susan Daniel has been awarded the 2019 [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for her translation into English of ''Kusumabale''.<ref name="Times"/> She also received many other awards including the Women's Day Award, Nilgiris 2020, and [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] Award 2021.<ref name="BLF"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Susan |date=2020-03-07 |title=What translating 'Kusumabale' meant to Susan Daniel, winner of the Sahitya Akademi award |url=https://scroll.in/article/955304/what-translating-kusumabale-meant-to-susan-daniel-winner-of-the-sahitya-akademi-award |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daniel, Susan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Translators to English]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire

2026-01-31T06:45:21Z

Ambi: small edit

{{short description|2015 book by Roger Crowley}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire
| name = Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire
| image = File: Conquerors- How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = First edition (UK)
| author = [[Roger Crowley]]
| audio_read_by =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = English
| subject = Early [[Portugal|Portuguese]] activities in the [[Indian Ocean]]
| genre = History
| publisher = [[Faber & Faber]] (UK) [[Random House]] (US)
| pub_date = 15 September 2015 (UK) 1 December 2015 (US)
| pages = 365
| awards =
| isbn = 978-0-571-29090-1
}}
'''''Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire''''' is a 2015 history book by historian [[Roger Crowley]].

==Summary==
''Conquerors'' focuses on the early history of the [[Portuguese presence in Asia]], specifically the period from the early Portuguese attempts to reach Asia by sailing around [[Africa]] to the death of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]].<ref name=CSM>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2015/1207/Conquerors-chronicles-the-fear-with-which-Portugal-shaped-a-global-empire|title='Conquerors' chronicles the fear with which Portugal shaped a global empire|website=Christian Science Monitor|last1=Romeo|first1=Nick|date=7 December 2015|accessdate=24 September 2020}}</ref> Crowley was noted for his comparison of the voyages of the Portuguese to the [[Ming treasure voyages]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/portuguese-explorers-often-overlooked-as-the-first-empire-builders-20160205-gmmk6l.html|title=Portuguese explorers often overlooked as the first empire builders|website=Sydney Morning Herald|last1=Southerwood|first1=Ross|date=6 February 2016|accessdate=27 September 2020}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Conquerors'' received generally positive reviews from critics. Michael Duggan of the ''[[Irish Examiner]]'' described it as "Eye-opening, thought-provoking popular history".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-20442001.html|title=Book review: Conquerors: How Portugal seized the Indian Ocean and forged the First Global Empire|website=Irish Examiner|last1=Duggan|first1=Michael|date=4 February 2017|accessdate=24 September 2020}}</ref> David Walton of the ''[[Dallas Morning News]]'' called it "a riveting tale" and praised its depiction of naval combat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/arts-entertainment/books/2015/12/24/history-conquerors-how-portugal-forged-the-first-global-empire-by-roger-crowley/|title=History: 'Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire,' by Roger Crowley|website=Dallas Morning News|last1=Walton|first1=David|date=24 December 2015|accessdate=27 September 2020}}</ref> Nick Romeo, writing in the ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'', declared that it had "incredible dramatic immediacy" and that it was "nuanced and fair".<ref name=CSM/>

Ian Morris of the ''[[New York Times]]'' praised the book for its "craftsmanship" and the style of its storytelling.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/books/review/conquerors-how-portugal-forged-the-first-global-empire-by-roger-crowley.html|title='Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire,' by Roger Crowley|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Morris|first1=Ian|date=17 January 2016|accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref> Matthew Price, writing in ''[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]'', gave a generally positive review, declaring that it "burst with action", while also finding that its descriptions could get somewhat repetitive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-conquerors-how-portugal-seized-the-indian-ocean-and-forged-the-first-global-empire-by-robert-crowley-1.89348|title=Book review: Conquerors: How Portugal seized the Indian Ocean and forged the First Global Empire, by Robert Crowley|website=The National|last1=Price|first1=Matthew|date=1 October 2015|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref> Jerry Brotton of ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' gave a more mixed review, giving the book 3 out of 5 stars and describing it as "pacy but predictable".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/conquerors-roger-crowley-review/|title=Conquerors by Roger Crowley, review: 'pacy but predictable'|website=The Telegraph|last1=Brotton|first1=Jerry|date=10 November 2015|accessdate=27 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2015 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:English non-fiction books]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:History books about Portugal]]
[[Category:Faber & Faber books]]
[[Category:Random House books]]

Smoke detector

2026-01-20T19:37:11Z

Ambi: brief fixed citations after review to improve readability

{{short description|Device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire}}
[[File:Smoke detector.JPG|thumb|Smoke detector mounted on a ceiling]]

A '''smoke detector''' is a device that senses [[smoke]], typically as an indicator of [[fire]]. Smoke detectors/alarms are usually housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a disk about {{convert|125|mm|in|0}} in diameter and {{convert|25|mm|in|0}} thick, but shape and size vary. Smoke can be detected either optically ([[Photodiode|photoelectric]]) or by physical process ([[ionization]]). Detectors may use one or both sensing methods. Sensitive detectors can be used to detect and deter smoking in banned areas. Smoke detectors in large commercial and industrial buildings are usually connected to a central [[fire alarm system]].

Household smoke detectors, also known as ''smoke alarms'', generally issue an audible or visual [[alarm]] from the detector itself or several detectors if there are multiple devices interconnected. Household smoke detectors range from individual battery-powered units to several interlinked units with battery backup. With interlinked units, if any unit detects smoke, alarms will trigger all of the units. This happens even if household power has gone out.

Residential smoke alarms are usually powered with a 9-volt battery, or by [[mains electricity]]. Some smoke alarms use a combination of the two, usually using a battery as an extra power source in the event of an outage. Commercial smoke detectors issue a signal to a [[fire alarm control panel]] as part of a fire alarm system. Usually, an individual commercial smoke detector unit does not issue an alarm; some, however, have built-in sounders.

The risk of dying in a residential fire is cut in half in houses with working smoke detectors. The [[National Fire Protection Association|US National Fire Protection Association]] reports 0.53 deaths per 100 fires in homes with working smoke detectors compared to 1.18 deaths without (2009–2013).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/fire-safety-equipment/smoke-alarms-in-us-home-fires |title=Smoke Alarms in U.S. Home Fires |website=nfpa.org |date=September 2015 |access-date=2017-07-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729010219/http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/fire-safety-equipment/smoke-alarms-in-us-home-fires |archive-date=2017-07-29 }}</ref> Smoke detectors are not suitable for every location in a building, for instance in a kitchen of a domestic property, where a [[heat detector]] would be more suitable instead.

== History ==
{{disputed section|date=September 2021}}

The first automatic electric fire alarm was patented in 1890 by [[Francis Robbins Upton]],<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=436961|inventor=[[Francis Robbins Upton]]}}.</ref> an associate of [[Thomas Edison]].<ref name="party1">{{cite news |title= Birthday Party to Edison; Men Associated with Him in the Early 80s Organize the Pioneers |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/02/03/102977088.pdf |quote=Francis R. Upton of Newark, Mr. Edison's oldest associate, has been elected President of the Pioneers. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date= February 3, 1918 |access-date= January 13, 2011 }}</ref> In 1902, George Andrew Darby patented the first European electrical [[heat detector]] in [[Birmingham]], [[England]].<ref>{{Cite patent|country=GB|number=190225805|title=An Electric Heat-indicator and Fire-alarm|inventor=George Andrew Darby}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Prosser|first=Richard|title=Birmingham Inventors And Inventions|year=1970|publisher=H.M. Patent Office (originally 1881) later published by S.R. Publishers 1970|isbn=0-85409-578-0}}</ref> In the late 1930s, Swiss physicist Walter Jaeger attempted to invent a sensor for poison gas.<ref name="nrc">{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/smoke-detectors.html|title=NRC: Fact Sheet on Smoke Detectors|date=4 September 2013|website=NRC.gov|publisher=United States Nuclear Regulation Commission|access-date=9 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727144647/http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/smoke-detectors.html|archive-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> He expected the gas entering the sensor to bind to ionized air molecules and thereby alter an electric current in a circuit of the instrument.<ref name="nrc" /> However, his device did not achieve its purpose as small concentrations of gas did not affect the sensor's conductivity.<ref name="nrc" /> Frustrated, Jaeger lit a cigarette and was surprised to notice that a meter on the instrument had registered a drop in current.<ref name="wallis">{{cite book |last=Wallis|first=Ian|date=1 November 2013|title=50 Best Business Ideas That Changed the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbgQAgAAQBAJ&q=duane+pearsall|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8495-284-1|access-date=2014-11-20}}</ref> Unlike poison gas, the smoke particles from his cigarette were able to alter the circuit's current.<ref name="wallis" /> Jaeger's experiment was one of the developments that paved the way for the modern smoke detector.<ref name="wallis" /> In 1939, Swiss physicist Ernst Meili devised an ionization chamber device capable of detecting combustible gases in mines.<ref name="madehow">{{cite web|url=http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Smoke-Detector.html|title=How smoke detector is made|website=MadeHow.com|publisher=Advameg|access-date=9 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607111645/http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Smoke-Detector.html|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> He also invented a [[cold cathode]] tube that could amplify the small signal generated by the detection mechanism so that it was strong enough to activate an alarm.<ref name="madehow" />

In 1951, ionization smoke detectors were first sold in the United States. In the following years, they were used only in major commercial and industrial facilities due to their large size and high cost.<ref name="madehow" /> In 1955, simple "fire detectors" for homes were developed,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=Hilton Ira|date=April 1955|title=Peeps at Things to Come|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5T8EAAAAMBAJ&q=home+fire+detectors+invented+1955&pg=PA37|journal=The Rotarian|publisher=Rotary International|volume=86|issue=4|access-date=2014-11-27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508184806/https://books.google.com/books?id=5T8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=home+fire+detectors+invented+1955&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8qtzVOL_B8qpNu-DgqAK&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=home%20fire%20detectors%20invented%201955&f=false|archive-date=2018-05-08}}</ref> which detected high temperatures.<ref name="whitepaper" /> In 1963, The [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]] (USAEC) granted the first license to distribute smoke detectors that used radioactive material.<ref name="nrc" /> In 1965, the first low-cost smoke detector for domestic use was developed by [[Duane D. Pearsall]] and Stanley Bennett Peterson. It was an individual, replaceable, battery-powered unit that could be easily installed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Smoke Detectors|url=https://thedailysecure.com/history-of-smoke-detectors/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The Daily Secure|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Ha|first=Peter|date=25 October 2010|title=Smoke Detector|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023689_2026093_2023789,00.html|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.|Time]]|issue=ALL-TIME 100 Gadgets|page=1|access-date=9 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714194451/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023689_2026093_2023789,00.html|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> The "SmokeGard 700"<ref>{{cite act|title=Voluntary Standards and Accreditation Act of 1977|number=S. 825 |language=en|date=1 March 1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okjQAAAAMAAJ&q=smokegard+700+pearsall|access-date=24 July 2014}}</ref> was beehive-shaped, fire-resistant, and made of steel.<ref>{{cite web |author=David Lucht |date=1 March 2013 |title=Where Theres Smoke |url=http://www.nfpa.org/newsandpublications/nfpa-journal/2013/march-april-2013/features/where-theres-smoke |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220185914/http://www.nfpa.org/newsandpublications/nfpa-journal/2013/march-april-2013/features/where-theres-smoke |archive-date=20 December 2015 |access-date=7 January 2016 |newspaper=Nfpa.org}} With picture of SmokeGard.</ref> The company began mass-producing these units in 1975.<ref name="wallis" /> Studies in the 1960s determined that smoke detectors respond to fires much faster than heat detectors.<ref name="whitepaper">{{cite tech report|title=White Paper: Home Smoke Alarms and Other Fire Detection and Alarm Equipment|number=1|institution=Public/Private Fire Safety Council|year=2006}}</ref>

The first single-station smoke detector was invented in 1970 and was brought out the next year.<ref name="whitepaper" /> It was an ionization detector powered by a single [[Nine-volt battery|9-volt battery]].<ref name="whitepaper" /> It cost about {{US$|125|1970}} and sold at a rate of a few hundred thousand units per year.<ref name="madehow" /> Several developments in smoke detector technology occurred between 1971 and 1976, including the replacement of cold-cathode tubes with [[solid-state electronics]]. This greatly reduced the detectors' cost and size and made it possible to monitor battery life.<ref name="madehow" /> The previous alarm horns which required special batteries were replaced with horns that were more energy-efficient and allowed the use of widely available batteries.<ref name="madehow" /> These detectors could also function with smaller amounts of radioactive source material, and the sensing chamber and smoke detector enclosure were redesigned to make the operation more effective.<ref name="madehow" /> The rechargeable batteries were often replaced by a pair of [[AA battery|AA batteries]] along with a plastic shell encasing the detector.

The photoelectric (optical) smoke detector was invented by Donald Steele and Robert Emmark from Electro Signal Lab and patented in 1972.<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=3863076|status=patent|title=Optical Smoke Detector|pridate=1973-07-24|gdate=1975-01-28|invent1=Donald F. Steele|invent2=Robert B. Enemark}}</ref> The 10-year-lithium-battery-powered smoke alarm was introduced years later, in 1995.<ref name="whitepaper" />

== Design ==

Smoke can be detected using a [[#Photoelectric|photoelectric]] sensor or an [[#Ionization|ionization]] process. Fire without smoke can be detected by [[#Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide detection|sensing carbon dioxide]]. Incomplete burning can be detected by [[#Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide detection|sensing carbon monoxide]].

=== Photoelectric === 
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2016}}
[[File:OpticalSD.jpg|thumb|Optical smoke detector with the cover removed; the angled plastic in an arc across the top is a light baffle]]
[[File:OpticalSmokeDetector.png|thumb|Optical smoke detector{{ordered list|Optical chamber|Cover|Case moulding|Photodiode (transducer)|Infrared LED}}]]

A '''photoelectric''', or '''optical smoke detector''', contains a source of [[infrared]], [[visible light|visible]], or [[ultraviolet]] light—typically an [[incandescent light bulb]] or [[light-emitting diode]] (LED)—a [[lens (optics)|lens]], and a [[photoelectric receiver]]—typically a [[photodiode]]. In spot-type detectors, all of these components are arranged inside a chamber where air, which may contain smoke from a nearby fire, flows. In large open areas such as atria and auditoriums, [[optical beam smoke detector|optical beam]] or projected-beam smoke detectors are used instead of a chamber within the unit: a wall-mounted unit emits a beam of infrared or ultraviolet light which is either received and processed by a separate device or reflected to the receiver by a reflector. In some types, particularly optical beam types, the light emitted by the light source passes through the air being tested and reaches the photosensor. The received [[Radiative transfer|light intensity will be reduced]] due to [[scattering]] from particulates of smoke, air-borne dust, or other substances; the circuitry detects the light intensity and generates the alarm if it is below a specified threshold, potentially due to smoke.<ref name="AirflowPatterns">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.afcom8-21.afcom-miami-admin.com/AFCOM%20%20-%20Effects%20of%20High%20Airflow%20and%20Complex%20Airflow%20Patt.pdf
| title = The Effects of High Air Velocity and Complex Airflow Patterns on Smoke Detector Performance
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320024300/http://www.afcom8-21.afcom-miami-admin.com/AFCOM%20%20-%20Effects%20of%20High%20Airflow%20and%20Complex%20Airflow%20Patt.pdf
| last = Brazzell
| first = D.
| website = AFCOM8-21.AFCOM-Miami-Admin.com
| archive-date = 2012-03-20
| access-date = 2009-05-13
}}</ref>

In other types, typically chamber types, the light source is directed away from the sensor, and detects no reflected light in the absence of particles. However, once the air in the chamber contains particles (smoke or dust), the light is [[scattering|scattered]] with some of it reflected back to the sensor, triggering the alarm.<ref name="AirflowPatterns" />

According to the [[National Fire Protection Association]] (NFPA), "photoelectric smoke detection is generally more responsive to fires that begin with a long period of smoldering". Studies by Texas A&M and the NFPA cited by the City of Palo Alto, California state, "Photoelectric alarms react slower to rapidly growing fires than ionization alarms, but laboratory and field tests have shown that photoelectric smoke alarms provide adequate warning for all types of fires and have been shown to be far less likely to be deactivated by occupants."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Risk Analysis of Residential Fire Detector Performance |url=https://propertyevaluation.net/Texas%20A&M%2095-0%20Risk%20Analysis%20of%20Residential%20Fire%20Detector%20Performance.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411233139/http://propertyevaluation.net/Texas%20A&M%2095-0%20Risk%20Analysis%20of%20Residential%20Fire%20Detector%20Performance.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-11 |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Walker Property Evaluation Services}}</ref>

Although photoelectric alarms are highly effective at detecting smoldering fires and do provide adequate protection from flaming fires, fire safety experts and the NFPA recommend installing what are called combination alarms, which are alarms that either detect both heat and smoke or use both the ionization (below) and photoelectric smoke sensing methods. Some combination alarms may also include a carbon monoxide detection capability.

The type and sensitivity of light source and photoelectric sensor and type of smoke chamber differ between manufacturers.

=== Ionization === 
[[File:Smoke-engineerguy.ogv|thumb|A video overview of how an ionization smoke detector works]]
[[File:smokealarm.JPG|thumb|Inside a basic ionization smoke detector. The black, round structure at the right is the ionization chamber. The white, round structure at the upper left is the [[piezoelectricity|piezoelectric]] horn that produces the alarm sound.]]
[[File:Americium-241.jpg|thumb|An americium container from a smoke detector]]

An '''ionization smoke detector''' uses a [[radioisotope]], typically [[americium-241]], to ionize air; a difference due to smoke is detected and an alarm is generated. Ionization detectors are more sensitive to the flaming stage of fires than optical detectors, while optical detectors are more sensitive to fires in the early smouldering stage.<ref name="ionizaton">Fleming, Jay. [https://www.scribd.com/doc/14390291/Smoke-Detector-Technology-Research-Chief-Jay-Fleming "Smoke Detector Technology Research"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420071735/https://www.scribd.com/doc/14390291/Smoke-Detector-Technology-Research-Chief-Jay-Fleming|date=2016-04-20}}, retrieved 2011-11-07.</ref>

The smoke detector has two [[ionization chamber]]s, one open to the air, and a reference chamber which does not allow the entry of particles. The radioactive source emits [[alpha particle]]s into both chambers, which [[ionizes]] some air [[molecule]]s. There is a [[potential difference]] (voltage) between pairs of [[electrode]]s in the chambers; the [[electrical charge]] on the [[ion]]s allows an [[electric current]] to flow. The currents in both chambers should be the same as they are equally affected by air pressure, temperature, and the diminishing radioactivity of the source. If any smoke particles enter the open chamber, some of the ions will attach to the particles and not be available to carry the current in that chamber. An electronic circuit detects the difference in current between the open and sealed chambers, and sounds the alarm.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cote |first1=Arthur |title=Principles of fire protection |last2=Bugbee |first2=Percy |publisher=National Fire Protection Association |year=1988 |isbn=0-87765-345-3 |location=Quincy, Massachusetts |page=249 |chapter=Ionization smoke detectors}}</ref> The circuitry also monitors the battery used to supply or back up power. It sounds an intermittent warning when power nears exhaustion. A user-operated test button simulates an imbalance between the ionization chambers and sounds the alarm if and only if the power supply, electronics, and alarm device are functional. The current drawn by an ionization smoke detector is low enough for a small battery used as a sole or backup power supply to be able to provide power for years without the need for external wiring.

Ionization smoke detectors are usually less expensive to manufacture than optical detectors. Ionization detectors may be more prone than photoelectric detectors to false alarms triggered by non-hazardous events,<ref>Residential Smoke Alarm Performance, Thomas Cleary, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, UL Smoke and Fire Dynamics Seminar. November, 2007.</ref><ref name="NIST">{{cite web|title=Performance of Home Smoke Alarms Analysis of the Response of Several Available Technologies in Residential Fire Settings|url=http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire07/art063.html|work=Bukowski, Cleary et al|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822192559/http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire07/art063.html|archive-date=2010-08-22}}</ref> and are much slower to respond to typical house fires:"In smoldering tests, the average time to first alarm was 2489 s ± 1324 s for ionization
alarms and 1927 s ± 1065 s for photoelectric alarms." <ref>Supplementary Questions and Answers Clarifying “Detector Sensitivity and Siting Requirements
for Dwellings,” Phase I (NBS GCR 75-51) and Phase II (NBS GCR 77-82)</ref><ref name="NIST">{{cite web|title=Detector Sensitivity and Siting Requirements for Dwellings|url=https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2017/05/09/Smoke-Detector_Supplementary-Qs-As_091107.pdf|work=anonymous}}</ref>

==== Radiation ====
[[File:Americium button hd.jpg|thumb|A 141 [[nanogram|ng]] speck of [[Americium dioxide|americium-241 dioxide]] on a coin-sized aluminum button<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Bettenhausen |first1=Craig |title=Chemistry in Pictures: Americium the beautiful |magazine=[[Chemical & Engineering News]] |date=July 7, 2021 |url=https://cen.acs.org/materials/Chemistry-Pictures-Americium-beautiful/99/web/2021/07 |access-date=11 June 2023 |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |issn=0009-2347}}</ref>]]
[[Americium-241]] is an [[Alpha decay|alpha emitter]] with a [[half-life]] of 432.6 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NuDat 3.0 database |url=https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat3/ |website=NNDC.BNL.gov |publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] |access-date=24 September 2022 }}</ref> Alpha particle radiation, as opposed to [[Beta decay|beta]] (electron) and [[Gamma ray|gamma]] (electromagnetic) radiation, is used for two reasons: the alpha particles can ionize enough air to make a detectable current; and they have low penetrative power, meaning they will be stopped, safely, by the air or the plastic shell of the smoke detector. During the alpha decay, {{SimpleNuclide|Americium|241}} emits [[gamma radiation]], but it is low-energy and therefore not considered a significant contributor to human exposure.<ref group=Note name=Note01/><ref group=Note name=Note02/><ref group=Note name=Note03/>

The amount of elemental americium-241 in ionization smoke detectors is small enough to be exempt from the regulations applied to larger radioactive sources. A smoke detector contains about {{convert|37|kBq|abbr=on|lk=on}} of radioactive element americium-241 ({{SimpleNuclide|Americium|241}}), corresponding to about 0.3 μg of the isotope.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://media.cns-snc.ca/pdf_doc/ecc/smoke_am241.pdf | title = Smoke detectors and americium-241 fact sheet | publisher = Canadian Nuclear Society | access-date = 2009-08-31 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173242/http://media.cns-snc.ca/pdf_doc/ecc/smoke_am241.pdf | archive-date = 2011-07-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp156.pdf|format=PDF; 2.1MiB|title=Toxicological Profile for Americium|first=Julie Louise|last=Gerberding|publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]/[[Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]]|access-date=2009-08-29|date=April 2004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906112953/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp156.pdf|archive-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> This provides sufficient ion current to detect smoke while producing a very low level of radiation outside the device. Some Russian-made smoke detectors, most notably the RID-6m and IDF-1m models, contain a small amount of plutonium (18 MBq), rather than the typical {{SimpleNuclide|Americium|241}} source, in the form of reactor-grade {{SimpleNuclide|Plutonium|239}} mixed with titanium dioxide onto a cylindrical alumina surface.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-07|title=Analysis of Soviet smoke detector plutonium|url=https://carlwillis.wordpress.com/2017/02/07/analysis-of-soviet-smoke-detector-plutonium/|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Special Nuclear Material|language=en}}</ref>

The amount of americium-241 contained in ionizing smoke detectors does not represent a significant radiological hazard.<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgrounder on Smoke Detectors |url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/smoke-detectors.html |website=NRC Library |publisher=U.S. [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> If the americium is left in the shielded ionization chamber of the alarm, the radiological risk is insignificant because the chamber acts as a shield to the alpha radiation. A person would have to open the sealed chamber and ingest or inhale the americium for the dose to be comparable to [[Background radiation#Natural background radiation|natural background radiation]]. The radiation risk of exposure to an ionizing smoke detector operating normally is much smaller than natural background radiation.

==== Disposal ====
Disposal regulations and recommendations for ionization smoke detectors vary from region to region. The government of New South Wales, Australia considers it safe to discard up to 10 ionization smoke detectors in a batch with domestic rubbish.<ref name="FireRescueNSWDisposal">{{cite web |date=26 November 2012 |title=Safe disposal of smoke alarms – Fire and Rescue NSW |url=http://www.fire.nsw.gov.au/page.php?id=704 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420103030/https://fire.nsw.gov.au/page.php?id=704 |archive-date=20 April 2013 |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=New South Wales Government |language=en |publication-place=Australia}}</ref> The U.S. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] considers ionizing smoke detectors safe to dispose with household trash.<ref>{{cite web |title=Americium in Ionization Smoke Detectors |url=https://www.epa.gov/radtown/americium-ionization-smoke-detectors |website=RadTown |date=27 November 2018 |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> Alternatively, smoke detectors can be returned to the manufacturer.<ref name="EPADisposal">{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/radiation/sources/smoke_dispose.html |title=Disposing of Smoke Detectors | Radiation Protection | US EPA |date=27 June 2012 |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] |access-date=2013-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602015411/http://www.epa.gov/radiation/sources/smoke_dispose.html |archive-date=2 June 2013 }}</ref>

=== Performance differences ===
Photoelectric detectors and ionization detectors differ in their performance depending on the type of smoke generated by a fire.

A presentation by [[Siemens]] and the [[Canadian Fire Alarm Association]] reports that the ionization detector is the best at detecting incipient-stage fires with invisibly small particles, fast-flaming fires with smaller 0.01–0.4 [[micron]] particles, and dark or black smoke, while more modern photoelectric detectors are best at detecting slow-smouldering fires with larger 0.4–10.0 micron particles, and light-coloured white/grey smoke.<ref name=siemens/>

Photoelectric smoke detectors respond faster to fire that is in its early, smoldering stage.<ref name="criticalapps">{{cite web |title=Fire and Life Safety in Mission-Critical Applications |url=http://www.systemsensor.com/lifesafety/2011/05/sophisticated-strategic-fire-and-life-safety-in-mission-critical-applications/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416013553/http://www.systemsensor.com/lifesafety/2011/05/sophisticated-strategic-fire-and-life-safety-in-mission-critical-applications/ |archive-date=April 16, 2012 |access-date=2011-07-01 |publisher=Life Safety Magazine}}</ref> The smoke from the smoldering stage of a fire is typically made up of large combustion particles between 0.3 and 10.0 [[μm]]. Ionization smoke detectors respond faster (typically 30–60 seconds) to the flaming stage of a fire. The smoke from the flaming stage of a fire is typically made up of microscopic combustion particles between 0.01 and 0.3 μm. Also, ionization detectors are weaker in high airflow environments.<ref name="criticalapps" />

Some European countries, including France,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lycée Blaise Pascal Rouen – Smoke alarms |url=http://pascal-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article1399&debut_article_actuel=5 |access-date=2015-12-28 |website=pascal-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr}}</ref> and some US states and [[Municipality|municipalities]] have banned the use of domestic ionization smoke alarms because of concerns that they are not reliable enough as compared to other technologies.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://cfpa-e.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/guidelines/CFPA_E_Guideline_No_10_2008.pdf | title = Smoke Alarms in the Home | website = CFPA-E.eu | publisher = Confederation of Fire Protection Associations in Europe | page = 5 | date = 2008 | access-date = 2015-05-11 | url-status = live | archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150511004024/http://cfpa-e.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/guidelines/CFPA_E_Guideline_No_10_2008.pdf | archive-date = 2015-05-11 }}</ref> Where an ionizing smoke detector has been the only detector, fires in the early stages have not always been effectively detected.

In June 2006, the [[Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council|Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council]] (AFAC), the peak representative body for all Australian and New Zealand fire departments, published an official report, 'Position on Smoke Alarms in Residential Accommodation'. Clause 3.0 states, "Ionization smoke alarms may not operate in time to alert occupants to escape from a smoldering fire".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://knowledgeweb.afac.com.au/positions/documents/AFACSmokeAlarmposition1June2006.pdf | title = Position on Smoke Alarms in Residential Accommodation | publisher = Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council | access-date = 2006-06-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121224033049/http://knowledgeweb.afac.com.au/positions/documents/AFACSmokeAlarmposition1June2006.pdf | archive-date = 2012-12-24 }}</ref>

In August 2008, the [[International Association of Fire Fighters]] (IAFF) passed a resolution recommending the use of photoelectric smoke alarms, saying that changing to photoelectric alarms "Will drastically reduce the loss of life among citizens and firefighters".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/76855071/IAFF-Resolution-Photoelectric-Smoke-Alarms-August-2008 | title = International Association of Fire Fighters Resolution 15 | publisher = The International Association of Fire Fighters, California, USA | access-date = 2013-06-27 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130828021903/http://www.scribd.com/doc/76855071/IAFF-Resolution-Photoelectric-Smoke-Alarms-August-2008 | archive-date = 2013-08-28 }}</ref>

In May 2011, the Fire Protection Association of Australia's (FPAA) official position on smoke alarms stated, "The Fire Prevention Association of Australia considers that all residential buildings should be fitted with photoelectric smoke alarms".<ref>{{cite web |date=May 2011 |title=Position Statement – Selection of Residential Smoke Alarms – clause 5.0 |url=http://www.fpaa.com.au/media/38231/ps_01_v1_selection_of_residential_smoke_alarms.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510011502/http://www.fpaa.com.au/media/38231/ps_01_v1_selection_of_residential_smoke_alarms.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-10 |access-date=2013-06-27 |publisher=Fire Protection Association Australia |page=7}}</ref> In December of the same year, the Volunteer Firefighter's Association of Australia published a World Fire Safety Foundation report, "Ionization Smoke Alarms are DEADLY", citing research outlining substantial performance differences between ionization and photoelectric technology.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/76543158/The-Volunteer-Fire-Fighter-Magazine-December-2011 | title = Ionization Smoke Alarms Are DEADLY | publisher = The World Fire Safety Foundation | access-date = 2001-06-27 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416175526/http://www.scribd.com/doc/76543158/The-Volunteer-Fire-Fighter-Magazine-December-2011 | archive-date = 2014-04-16 }}</ref>

In November 2013, the Ohio Fire Chiefs' Association (OFCA) published a position paper supporting the use of photoelectric technology in Ohioan residences. The OFCA's position states, "In the interest of public safety and to protect the public from the deadly effects of smoke and fire, the Ohio Fire Chiefs' Association endorses the use of photoelectric smoke alarms in both new construction and when replacing old smoke alarms or purchasing new alarms."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.photoelectricsaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Ohio-Fire-Chiefs-Association-Position-Paper.pdf | title = OFCA Position Statement on Smoke Alarms | publisher = Ohio Fire Chief's Association | access-date = 2014-10-03 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094232/http://www.photoelectricsaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Ohio-Fire-Chiefs-Association-Position-Paper.pdf | archive-date = 2014-10-06 }}</ref>

In June 2014, tests by the Northeastern Ohio Fire Prevention Association (NEOFPA) on residential smoke alarms were broadcast on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC's]] ''[[Good Morning America]]'' program. The NEOFPA tests showed ionization smoke alarms were failing to activate in the early, smoldering stage of a fire.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://neofpa.org/announcements/neofpa-abcs-good-morning-america-conduct-smoke-alarm-tests/ | title = 'GMA' Investigates: Will Your Smoke Detector Respond Fast Enough? | work = NEOFPA | publisher = Good Morning America | access-date = 2014-05-29 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903105443/http://neofpa.org/announcements/neofpa-abcs-good-morning-america-conduct-smoke-alarm-tests/ | archive-date = 2014-09-03 }}</ref> The combination ionization/photoelectric alarms failed to activate for an average of over 20 minutes after the stand-alone photoelectric smoke alarms. This vindicated the June 2006 official position of the Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council and the October 2008 official position of the [[International Association of Fire Fighters]] (IAFF). Both the AFAC and the IAFF recommend photoelectric smoke alarms, but not combination ionization/photoelectric smoke alarms.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/35526418/Smoke-Alarm-Myths-Explained | title = Smoke Alarm Myths Explained | publisher = The World Fire Safety Foundation | access-date = 2014-09-03 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092145/https://www.scribd.com/doc/35526418/Smoke-Alarm-Myths-Explained | archive-date = 2014-10-06 }}</ref>

According to fire tests conformant to [[EN 54]], the {{chem|CO|2}} cloud from open fire can usually be detected before particulates.<ref name=senseair /> Due to the varying levels of detection capabilities between detector types, manufacturers have designed multi-criteria devices which cross-reference the separate signals to both rule out false alarms and improve response times to real fires.<ref name="criticalapps" /> [[Wikt:obscuration|Obscuration]] is a unit of measurement that has become the standard way of specifying smoke detectors' [[Sensitivity (electronics)|sensitivity]]. Obscuration is the effect smoke has in reducing light intensity, expressed in percent absorption per unit length;<ref name="siemens">[http://www.cfaa.ca/Files/flash/EDUC/FIRE%20ALARM%20ARTICLES%20AND%20RESEARCH/SMOKE_DETECTOR_SENSITIVITY.pdf Smoke Detector Sensitivity testing: Siemens and Canadian Fire Alarm Association], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222054527/http://www.cfaa.ca/Files/flash/EDUC/FIRE%20ALARM%20ARTICLES%20AND%20RESEARCH/SMOKE_DETECTOR_SENSITIVITY.pdf|date=2016-02-22}}.</ref> higher concentrations of smoke result in higher obscuration levels.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Typical smoke detector obscuration ratings
|-
! Detector type
! Obscuration
|-
| Photoelectric
| 0.70–13.0% obs/m (0.2–4.0% obs/ft)<ref name="AirflowPatterns" />
|-
| Ionization
| 2.6–5.0% obs/m (0.8–1.5% obs/ft)<ref name="AirflowPatterns" />
|-
| [[Aspirating smoke detector|Aspirating]]
| 0.005–20.5% obs/m (0.0015–6.25% obs/ft)<ref name="AirflowPatterns" />
|-
| Laser
| 0.06–6.41% obs/m (0.02–2.0% obs/ft)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.systemsensor.com/en-us/Documents/7251_DataSheet_A05-0314.pdf | title = Low-Profile Plug-in Intelligent Laser Smoke Detector | website = SystemSensor.com | access-date = 2014-05-01 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002646/http://www.systemsensor.com/en-us/Documents/7251_DataSheet_A05-0314.pdf | archive-date = 2014-05-02 }}</ref>
|}

=== Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide detection ===
[[Carbon monoxide sensor]]s detect potentially fatal concentrations of [[carbon monoxide]], which may build up due to faulty ventilation where there are combustion appliances such as gas heaters and cookers, although there is no uncontrolled fire outside the appliance.<ref>{{cite web | last = New York City Fire Department | title = Carbon monoxide alarms | url = http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/safety/fire_safety_education/2010_02/08_smoke_and_carbon_monoxide_alarms_english.pdf | access-date = 2012-05-28 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120131024146/http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/safety/fire_safety_education/2010_02/08_smoke_and_carbon_monoxide_alarms_english.pdf | archive-date = 2012-01-31 }}</ref>

High levels of [[carbon dioxide]] ({{chem|CO|2}}) may indicate a fire, and can be detected by a [[carbon dioxide sensor]]. Such sensors are often used to measure levels of {{chem|CO|2}} which may be undesirable and harmful, but not indicative of a fire. This type of sensor can also be used to detect and warn of the much higher levels of {{chem|CO|2}} generated by a fire. Some manufacturers say that detectors based on {{chem|CO|2}} levels are the fastest fire indicators. Unlike ionization and optical detectors, they can also detect fires that do not generate smoke, such as those fueled by alcohol or gasoline. {{chem|CO|2}} detectors are not susceptible to false alarms due to particles making them particularly suitable for use in dusty and dirty environments.<ref name="senseair">{{cite web |title=Carbon Dioxide – Life and Death |url=http://senseair.senseair.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/carbon_dioxide.pdf |access-date=2018-12-21 |publisher=senseair.se |page=4}}</ref>

==Residential==
Smoke alarm systems used in a home or residential environment are typically smaller and less expensive than commercial units. The system may include one or more individual standalone units, or multiple, interconnected units. They typically generate a loud acoustic warning signal as their only action. Several detectors (whether standalone or interconnected) are normally used in the rooms of a dwelling. There are inexpensive smoke alarms that may be interconnected so that any detector triggers all alarms. They may be powered by mains electricity, with disposable or rechargeable battery backup, or with a non-removable battery that lasts for the device lifetime (typically 10 years)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/home-fire-safety/smoke-alarms|title=Smoke Alarm Information |access-date=2025-12-28 |quote=Whether you select a unit that requires yearly changing of batteries, or a 10-year unit that you change out at the end of the 10 years, either will provide protection.}}</ref>. They may be interconnected by wires, or wirelessly. They are required in new installations in some jurisdictions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nest.com/support/article/Why-are-interconnected-smoke-alarms-better-than-standalone-smoke-alarms |title=Why are interconnected smoke alarms better than standalone smoke alarms? |newspaper=Nest Web site |date=17 June 2015 |author=Nest Labs |access-date=7 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110902/https://nest.com/support/article/Why-are-interconnected-smoke-alarms-better-than-standalone-smoke-alarms |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

Several smoke detection methods are used and documented in industry specifications published by [[Underwriters Laboratories]].<ref>{{Cite document |publisher=Underwriters Laboratories 217 | title = Single and Multiple Station Smoke Alarms, UL 1971: Signaling Devices for the Hearing Impaired, UL 268: Smoke Detectors for Fire Alarm Signaling Systems }}</ref> Alerting methods include:

* Audible tones
** Varies between 2,900 and 3,500 [[Hertz|Hz]] depending on brand and model name
** 95 [[decibel|dB]] loudness at 3 ft, can vary between brands and models.
* Spoken voice alert
* Visual [[strobe light]]s
** 177 [[candela]] output
* [[Emergency light]] for illumination
* Tactile stimulation (e.g. bed or pillow shaker), although no standards existed as of 2008 for tactile stimulation alarm devices

Some models have a hush or temporary silence feature that allows silencing, typically by pressing a button on the housing, without removing the battery. This is especially useful in locations where false alarms can be relatively common (e.g. near a kitchen), or situations where users might remove the battery permanently to avoid the annoyance of false alarms, preventing the alarm from detecting a fire should one break out.

While current technology is very effective at detecting smoke and fire conditions, the deaf and hard-of-hearing community has raised concerns about the effectiveness of the alerting function in awakening sleeping individuals in certain high-risk groups. People part of groups like the elderly, those with hearing loss, and those who are intoxicated, may have a more difficult time using sound-based detectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hearingloss.org/advocacy/pressrelease080207.asp|title=Alarm concern from the Hearing Loss Association of America|website=hearingloss.org|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051359/http://www.hearingloss.org/advocacy/pressrelease080207.asp|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2007, research sponsored by the United States [[National Fire Protection Association]] (NFPA) focused on understanding the cause of the higher number of deaths in such high-risk groups. Initial research into the effectiveness of the various alerting methods is sparse. Research findings suggest that a mid-frequency (520 Hz) square wave output is significantly more effective at awakening high-risk individuals. Wireless smoke and carbon monoxide detectors linked to alert mechanisms such as vibrating pillow pads for the hearing impaired, strobes, and remote warning handsets are more effective at waking people with serious hearing loss than other alarms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hearinglossweb.com/tech/alrt/smoke/low.htm|title=All about Hearing Loss|website=www.hearinglossweb.com|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618073004/http://www.hearinglossweb.com/tech/alrt/smoke/low.htm|archive-date=18 June 2010}}</ref>

=== Batteries ===
[[File:Smoke detector alarm battery beep.webm|thumb|Audio of a smoke detector with low power]]
Batteries are used either as sole or as backup power for residential smoke detectors. Mains-operated detectors have disposable or rechargeable batteries as a backup. Purely battery-powered detectors typically use either a 9-volt disposable battery that must be replaced every one to two years, or non-replaceable batteries that last about 10 years, meaning the detector must be replaced when the battery runs low.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a 10-Year Sealed Battery Smoke Detector? |url=https://www.firstalert.com/us/en/safetycorner/what-is-a-10-year-smoke-alarm/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.firstalert.com |language=en}}</ref>

When the battery is exhausted, a battery-only smoke detector becomes inactive; most smoke detectors chirp repeatedly if the battery is low in power. It has been found that battery-powered smoke detectors in many houses have dead batteries. It has been estimated{{When|date=January 2016}} that in the UK, over 30% of smoke alarms have dead or removed batteries. In response public information campaigns have been created to remind people to change smoke detector batteries regularly. In Australia, for example, a public information campaign suggests that smoke alarm batteries should be replaced on [[April Fools' Day]] every year.<ref>{{cite web|last=Beacham|first=Janine|title=Don't be a fool: change alarm batteries|url=http://www.margaretrivermail.com.au/news/local/news/general/dont-be-a-fool-shange-alarm-batteries/2119255.aspx|publisher=Augusta Margaret River Mail|access-date=19 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403140053/http://www.margaretrivermail.com.au/news/local/news/general/dont-be-a-fool-shange-alarm-batteries/2119255.aspx|archive-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> In regions using [[daylight saving time]], campaigns may suggest that people change their batteries when they change their clocks or on a birthday.

Some mains-powered detectors are fitted with a non-rechargeable [[lithium battery]] for backup with a life of typically ten years. After this, it is recommended that the detector be replaced. User-replaceable disposable [[Nine-volt battery#Lithium 9V/PP3|9-volt lithium batteries]], which last at least twice as long as alkaline batteries, are also available for smoke detectors.

The US National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) recommends that homeowners replace smoke detector batteries at least once per year, or sooner if they start chirping (a signal that the battery is low on power output). Batteries should also be replaced when or if they fail a test, which the NFPA recommends to be carried out at least once per month by pressing the "test" button on the alarm.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=1647&itemID=39905&URL=Research%20&%20Reports/Fact%20sheets/Smoke%20alarms/Smoke%20alarm%20safety%20tips&cookie_test=1
|title = SMOKE ALARM SAFETY TIPS
|publisher = National Fire Protection Association
|work = Safety Information.
|access-date = 2009-05-17
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090821222032/http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=1647&itemID=39905&URL=Research%20&%20Reports%2FFact%20sheets%2FSmoke%20alarms%2FSmoke%20alarm%20safety%20tips&cookie_test=1
|archive-date = 2009-08-21
}}</ref>

=== Reliability ===
A 2004 [[NIST]] report concluded that "Smoke alarms of either the ionization type or the photoelectric type consistently provided time for occupants to escape from most residential fires," and, "Consistent with prior findings, ionization type alarms provided somewhat better response to flaming fires than photoelectric alarms (57 to 62 seconds faster response), and photoelectric alarms provided (often) considerably faster response to smoldering fires than ionization type alarms (47 to 53 minutes faster response)."<ref name="NIST" />

Regular cleaning can prevent false alarms caused by the build-up of dust and insects, particularly on optical-type alarms as they are more susceptible to these factors. A vacuum cleaner can be used to clean domestic smoke detectors to remove detrimental dust. Optical detectors are less susceptible to false alarms in locations such as near a kitchen producing cooking fumes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cleaning Smoke and Heat Alarms|url=http://www.sdfirealarms.co.uk/cleaning-smoke-and-heat-alarms|website=SDFireAlarms.co.uk|publisher=Hav Direct|date=2011|access-date=2015-07-31|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103532/http://www.sdfirealarms.co.uk/cleaning-smoke-and-heat-alarms|archive-date=2015-09-25}}</ref>

On the night of May 31, 2001, Bill Hackert and his daughter Christine of [[Rotterdam (town), New York|Rotterdam, New York]], died when their house caught fire and a [[First Alert]] brand ionization smoke detector failed to sound.<ref name="hackert">{{cite web | title = Federal appeals court upholds $2.8M award for faulty smoke alarm | url = http://www.wthr.com/global/story.asp?s=8109077 | date = April 2, 2008 | first = Bob | last = Segall | website = WTHR.com | publisher = [[WTHR]] | access-date = 2008-10-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207064422/http://www.wthr.com/global/story.asp?s=8109077 | archive-date = December 7, 2008 }}</ref> The cause of the fire was a frayed electrical cord behind a couch that smoldered for hours before engulfing the house with flames and smoke.<ref name="hackert" /> The ionization smoke detector was found to be defectively designed, and in 2006 a jury in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York decided that First Alert, and its then parent company, [[BRK Brands]], was liable for millions of dollars in damages.<ref name="hackert" />

=== Installation and placement ===
[[File:SmokeAlarmPlacement.svg|thumb|A 2007 U.S. guide to placing smoke detectors, suggesting that one be placed on every floor of a building, and in each bedroom]]

In the United States most [[U.S. state|state]] and [[Local government|local]] [[laws]] regarding the required number and placement of smoke detectors are based upon standards established in [[National Fire Protection Association|NFPA]] 72, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code.<ref name=nfpa72>{{cite act|title=NFPA 72|number=72-2013|language=en|year=2013|url=http://www.nfpa.org/Assets/files/AboutTheCodes/72/72-13ROPDraft.pdf|access-date=6 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922234529/http://www.nfpa.org/Assets/files/AboutTheCodes/72/72-13ROPDraft.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2014}}</ref> Laws governing the installation of smoke detectors vary depending on the locality. However, some rules and guidelines for existing homes are relatively consistent throughout the developed world. For example, Canada and Australia require a building to have a working smoke detector on every level. The United States NFPA code, cited earlier, requires smoke detectors on every habitable level and within the vicinity of all bedrooms. Habitable levels include attics that are tall enough to allow access.<ref name=nfpa72/> Many other countries have comparable requirements.

In new construction, minimum requirements are typically more stringent. For example, all smoke detectors must be hooked directly to the [[electrical wiring]], be interconnected and have a [[battery backup]]. In addition, typically, smoke detectors are required either inside or outside every [[bedroom]], depending on local codes. Smoke detectors on the outside will detect fires more quickly, assuming the fire does not begin in the bedroom, but the sound of the alarm will be reduced and may not wake some people. Some areas also require smoke detectors in [[stairway]]s, main [[hallway]]s and [[garage (house)|garages]].<ref name="rcahw">{{cite book|last=Fletcher|first=Gregory|date=18 May 2011|title=Residential Construction Academy: House Wiring|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugOkSeJlfisC&q=placing+smoke+detectors|publisher=Technology & Engineering|isbn=978-1-111-30621-2|access-date=24 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508184806/https://books.google.com/books?id=ugOkSeJlfisC&dq=placing+smoke+detectors&source=gbs_navlinks_s|archive-date=8 May 2018}}</ref>

A dozen or more detectors may be connected via wiring or wirelessly such that if one detects smoke, the alarms will sound on all the detectors in the network, improving the likelihood that occupants will be alerted even if smoke is detected far from their location. Wired interconnection is more practical in new construction than for existing buildings.

In the UK, the installation of smoke alarms in new builds must comply with British Standard BS5839 pt6. BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004, which recommends that a new-build property consisting of no more than 3 floors (less than 200 square metres per floor) should be fitted with a Grade D, LD2 system. Building Regulations in England, Wales and Scotland recommend that BS 5839: Pt.6 should be followed, but as a minimum a Grade D, LD3 system should be installed. Building Regulations in Northern Ireland require a Grade D, LD2 system to be installed, with smoke alarms fitted in the escape routes and the main living room and a heat alarm in the kitchen; this standard also requires all detectors to have a mains supply and a battery backup.<ref>{{cite act|title=BS 5839-6:2013 Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings - Code of practice for the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of fire detection and fire alarm systems in domestic premises|number=5839-6|language=en-GB|year=2013|url=http://www.safelincs.co.uk/pages/bs5839-6.html|access-date=24 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202161054/http://www.safelincs.co.uk/pages/bs5839-6.html|archive-date=2 December 2014}}</ref>

== Commercial ==
[[File:Integrierte-feststellanlage.JPG|thumb|An integrated locking mechanism for commercial building doors. Inside an enclosure are a locking device, smoke detector and power supply.]]

Commercial smoke detectors are either conventional or addressable, and are connected to [[security alarm]] or [[fire alarm system]]s controlled by [[fire alarm control panel]]s (FACP).<ref name="ssspl">{{cite web|url=http://www.ssspl.org/uploads/Products/Pdf/firealarmsystem.pdf|title=Fire Alarm System|website=ssspl.org|access-date=8 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829094729/http://www.ssspl.org/uploads/Products/Pdf/firealarmsystem.pdf|archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> These are the most common type of detector and are usually significantly more expensive than single-station battery-operated residential smoke alarms.<ref name="ssspl" /> They are used in most commercial and industrial facilities and other places such as ships and trains,<ref name="ssspl" /> but are also part of some security alarm systems in homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.hometech.com/tiki-index.php?page=Adding+Smoke+Detectors+to+a+Security+System|title=Adding Smoke Detectors to a Security System|last1=Fisher|first1=Jeff|website=Wiki.hometech.com|publisher=TechWiki|access-date=6 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145756/http://wiki.hometech.com/tiki-index.php?page=Adding+Smoke+Detectors+to+a+Security+System|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> These detectors do not need to have built-in alarms, as alarm systems can be controlled by the connected FACP, which will set off relevant alarms, and can also implement complex functions such as a staged evacuation.<ref name="ssspl" />

=== Conventional ===
The word "conventional" is slang used to distinguish the method used to communicate with the control unit in newer addressable systems.<ref name="ssspl" /> So-called "conventional detectors" are smoke detectors used in older interconnected systems and resemble electrical switches by their way of working.<ref name="ssspl" /> These detectors are connected in parallel to the signaling path so that the current flow is monitored to indicate a closure of the circuit path by any connected detector when smoke or other similar environmental stimuli sufficiently influences any detector.<ref name="ssspl" /> The resulting increase in current flow (or a dead short) is interpreted and processed by the control unit as a confirmation of the presence of smoke and a fire alarm signal is generated.<ref name="ssspl" /> In a conventional system, smoke detectors are typically wired together in each zone and a single fire alarm control panel usually monitors several zones which can be arranged to correspond to different areas of a building.<ref name="ssspl" /> In the event of a fire, the control panel can identify which zone or zones contain the detector or detectors in alarm. However, they cannot identify which individual detector or detectors are in a state of alarm.<ref name="ssspl" />

=== Addressable ===
[[File:Truealarmdetector.JPG|thumb|right|An addressable Simplex TrueAlarm smoke detector]]
An addressable system gives each detector an individual number or address.<ref name="ssspl" /> Addressable systems allow the exact location of an alarm to be plotted on the FACP while allowing several detectors to be connected to the same zone.<ref name="ssspl" /> In certain systems, a graphical representation of the building is provided on the screen of the FACP which shows the locations of all of the detectors in the building,<ref name="ssspl" /> while in others the address and location of the detector or detectors in alarm are simply indicated.<ref name="ssspl" />

Addressable systems are usually more expensive than conventional non-addressable systems,<ref>{{cite web |title=Addressable Equipment |url=http://www.wi-ltd.com/fire/Fire_Detection_Systems/Addressable_Systems/Addressable_Equipment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124071304/http://www.wi-ltd.com/fire/Fire_Detection_Systems/Addressable_Systems/Addressable_Equipment |archive-date=2009-11-24 |access-date=2010-06-09 |publisher=Westminster International Limited}}</ref> and offer extra options, including a custom level of sensitivity (sometimes called Day/Night mode) which can determine the amount of smoke in a given area and contamination detection from the FACP that allows determination of a wide range of faults in detection capabilities of smoke detectors.<ref name="ssspl" /> Detectors become contaminated usually as a result of the build-up of atmospheric particulates in the detectors being circulated by the heating and air-conditioning systems in buildings. Other causes include carpentry, sanding, painting, and smoke in the event of a fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://firewize.com/contaminated-smoke-detectors|title=Contaminated (dirty) Smoke Detectors|date=2012|website=Firewize.com|publisher=Firewize Holdings Pty|access-date=6 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729162623/http://firewize.com/contaminated-smoke-detectors|archive-date=29 July 2014}}</ref> Panels can also be interconnected to monitor a large number of detectors in multiple buildings.<ref name="ssspl" /> This is most commonly used in hospitals, universities, resorts and other large centres or institutions.<ref name="ssspl" />

== Standards ==

=== EN54 European standards ===
Fire detection products have the European Standard ''[[EN 54]] Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems'' that is a mandatory standard for every product that is going to be delivered and installed in any country in the European Union (EU). ''EN 54 part 7'' is the standard for smoke detectors. European standards are developed to allow free movement of goods in the EU countries. EN 54 is widely recognized around the world. The EN 54 certification of each device must be issued annually.<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-11-11 |title=CEN – Technical Bodies |url=http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/TechnicalCommitteesWorkshops/CENTechnicalCommittees/Pages/Standards.aspx?param=6055&title=Fire%20detection%20and%20fire%20alarm%20systems |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520093208/http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/TechnicalCommitteesWorkshops/CENTechnicalCommittees/Pages/Standards.aspx?param=6055&title=Fire%20detection%20and%20fire%20alarm%20systems |archive-date=2013-05-20 |access-date=2014-08-22 |publisher=Cen.eu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030151892 |title=BS EN 54-11:2001 - Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Manual call points – BSI British Standards |publisher=Shop.bsigroup.com |access-date=2014-08-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018011717/http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030151892 |archive-date=2014-10-18 }}</ref>

====Coverage of smoke and temperature detectors with European standard EN54====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Surface area (square meters)
! rowspan="2" | Type of detector
! rowspan="2" | Height (m)
! colspan="2" | Ceiling slope ≤20°
! colspan="2" | Ceiling slope >20°
|-
! Smax (square meters) !! Rmax (m) !! Smax (square meters) !! Rmax(m)
|-
| SA ≤80 || EN54-7 || ≤12 || 80 || 6,6 || 80 || 8,2
|-
| rowspan="2" | SA >80 || EN54-7 || ≤6 || 60 || 5,7 || 90 || 8,7
|-
| || 6 < h ≤ 12 || 80 || 6,6 || 110 || 9,6
|-
| rowspan="2" | SA ≤30 || EN54-5 Clase A1 || ≤7,5 || 30 || 4,4 || 30 || 5,7
|-
| EN54-5 Clase A2,B,C,D,F,G || ≤ 6 || 30 || 4,4 || 30 || 5,7
|-
| rowspan="2" | SA >30 || EN54-5 Clase A1 || ≤7,5 || 20 || 3,5 || 40 || 6,5
|-
| EN54-5 Clase A2,B,C,D,E,F,G || ≤6 || 20 || 3,5 || 40 || 6,5
|}

* EN54-7: Smoke detector
* EN54-5: Temperature detector
* SA: Surface area
* Smax (square meters): Maximum surface coverage
* Rmax (m): Maximum radio

Information that is in bold is the standard coverage of the detector. Smoke detector coverage is '''60 square meters''' and temperature smoke detector coverage is '''20 square meters'''. The height from the ground is an important issue for correct protection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aenor.es/DOCUMENTOS/NORMALIZACION/NORMASNACIONALES/EXTRACTOS/(EX)UNE_23007-14=2009.pdf |title=AENOR Noticias |access-date=2013-08-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103070833/http://www.aenor.es/DOCUMENTOS/NORMALIZACION/NORMASNACIONALES/EXTRACTOS/(EX)UNE_23007-14=2009.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-03 }}</ref>

An additional (harmonised) EN14604 also exists, which tends to be the standard usually cited at the domestic point of sale. This standard expands on the EN54 recommendations for domestic smoke alarms and specifies requirements, test methods, performance criteria, and manufacturer's instructions. It also includes additional requirements for smoke alarms, which are suitable for use in leisure accommodation vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CE marking to Smoke Alarm Device–EN 14604_Firefighting Device_Fire test center_FireTC.net |url=http://www.firetc.net/firetesting/show.php?itemid=706 |website=firetc.net}}</ref> However, much of EN14604 is voluntary. A study published in 2014 assessed six areas of compliance and found that 33% of devices claiming to meet this standard did not do so in one or more of the specifics. The study also found 19% of the products to have a problem with actual fire detection.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cfpa-e.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/docs/ARTICLE%20final%20aube%202014%20bst.pdf |title=Compliance of Smoke Alarm Devices to EN 14604 - Statistical Analysis of Market Surveillance Results |publisher=ANPI |date=October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222162026/https://cfpa-e.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/docs/ARTICLE%20final%20aube%202014%20bst.pdf |archive-date=December 22, 2018 |access-date=October 22, 2022}}</ref>

=== Australia and United States ===
In the United States, the first standard for home smoke alarms was established in 1967.<ref name="whitepaper" /> In 1969, the USAEC allowed homeowners to use smoke detectors without a license.<ref name="nrc" /> The [[Life Safety Code]] (NFPA 101), passed by the US National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in 1976, first required smoke alarms in homes.<ref name="whitepaper" /> Smoke alarm sensitivity requirements in [[UL 217]] were modified in 1985 to reduce susceptibility to nuisance alarms.<ref name="whitepaper" /> In 1988 [[Building Officials Code Administrators International|BOCA]], [[International Conference of Building Officials|ICBO]], and [[Southern Building Code Congress International|SBCCI]] model building codes begin requiring smoke alarms to be interconnected and located in all sleeping rooms.<ref name="whitepaper" /> In 1989 NFPA 74 first required smoke alarms to be interconnected in every new home construction, and 1993 NFPA 72 first required that smoke alarms be installed in all bedrooms.<ref name="whitepaper" /> The NFPA began requiring the replacement of smoke detectors after ten years in 1999.<ref name="whitepaper" /> In 1999, the [[Underwriters Laboratory]] (UL) changed smoke alarm labeling requirements so that all smoke alarms must have a manufactured date written in plain English.

In June 2013, a World Fire Safety Foundation report titled, 'Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted?' was published in the official magazine of the Australian Volunteer Firefighter Association. The report brings into question the validity of testing criteria used by American and Australian government agencies when undergoing scientific testing of ionization smoke alarms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/139524431/Can-Australian-and-US-Smoke-Alarm-Standards-be-Trusted
|title=Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted?|publisher=The World Fire Safety Foundation|access-date=2013-06-27}}</ref>

== Legislation ==
In June 2010 the City of [[Albany, California]], enacted a photoelectric-only legislation after a unanimous decision by the Albany City Council; several other Californian and Ohioan cities enacted similar legislation shortly afterwards.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.albanyca.org/index.aspx?page=926 | title = Albany, California Ordinance 2010-06 Photoelectric Specific Requirements | publisher = The Albany City Council, Albany, California, USA | access-date = 2013-06-27 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120203192234/http://www.albanyca.org/index.aspx?page=926 | archive-date = 2012-02-03 }}</ref>

In November 2011, the [[Northern Territory]] enacted Australia's first residential photoelectric legislation mandating the use of photoelectric smoke alarms in all new Northern Territory homes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Northern Territory Photoelectric smoke alarm legislation |url=http://pfes.nt.gov.au/Fire-and-Rescue/Territory-laws-on-smoke-alarms.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001081206/http://www.pfes.nt.gov.au/Fire-and-Rescue/Territory-laws-on-smoke-alarms.aspx |archive-date=2011-10-01 |access-date=2001-06-27 |publisher=Northern Territory Fire & Rescue Service |language=en |publication-place=Australia}}</ref>

From January 1, 2017, the Australian state of [[Queensland]] mandated all smoke alarms in new dwellings (or where a dwelling is substantially renovated) must be photoelectric, and not also contain an ionization sensor. They also were to be hardwired to the mains power supply with a secondary power source (i.e. battery) and be interconnected with every other smoke alarm in the dwelling. This is so all would be activated together. From that date, all replacement smoke alarms must be photoelectric; from January 1, 2022, all dwellings sold, leased, or where a lease is renewed must comply as for new dwellings; and from January 1, 2027, all dwellings must comply as for new dwellings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.qfes.qld.gov.au/community-safety/smokealarms/Documents/New-Smoke-Alarm-Legislation.pdf |title= Plan to survive - get compliant smoke alarms today - Archived copy |access-date=2017-02-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218233453/https://www.qfes.qld.gov.au/community-safety/smokealarms/documents/New-Smoke-Alarm-Legislation.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-18 }}</ref>

In June 2013, in an Australian Parliamentary speech, the question was asked, "Are ionization smoke alarms defective?" This was further to the Australian Government's scientific testing agency (the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation – [[CSIRO]]) data revealing serious performance problems with ionization technology in the early, smoldering stage of a fire, a rise in litigation involving ionization smoke alarms, and increasing legislation mandating the installation of photoelectric smoke alarms. The speech cited in May 2013, World Fire Safety Foundation report published in the Australian Volunteer Firefighter Association's magazine titled, 'Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted?' The speech concluded with a request for one of the world's largest ionization smoke alarm manufacturers and the CSIRO to disclose the level of visible smoke required to trigger the manufacturers' ionization smoke alarms under CSIRO scientific testing.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 June 2013 |title=Smoke Alarms |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/Prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20130620041?open&refNavID=HA8_1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203221/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/Prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20130620041?open&refNavID=HA8_1 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=2013-06-26 |publisher=Hansard – Mr Christopher Gulaptis MP, Private Member's Statements, New South Wales Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Assembly, New South Wales |page=22218 |publication-place=Australia}}</ref> The US state of California banned the sale of smoke detectors with replaceable batteries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abc7news.com/news/law-bans-sale-of-smoke-detectors-with-replaceable-batteries/891576/|title=Law bans sale of smoke detectors with replaceable batteries|first=Michael|last=Finney|date=29 July 2015|website=abc7news.com|access-date=8 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703172923/http://abc7news.com/news/law-bans-sale-of-smoke-detectors-with-replaceable-batteries/891576/|archive-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>

== Privacy concerns regarding smart smoke detectors ==
Smart smoke detectors, like other [[Internet of things]] devices, can collect and transmit a significant amount of data. This can include data about when and where the device is used, the frequency of alarms, and even audio and video data if the device includes a microphone or camera. This data can potentially infer sensitive information about a user's habits, routines, and lifestyle. Since smart smoke detectors are connected to the internet, they are vulnerable to hacking. An unauthorized person could potentially access the device and the data it collects. In extreme cases, if the device includes a camera or microphone, a hacker could use it to spy on the home's inhabitants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=How to secure IoT devices and protect them from cyber attacks {{!}} TechTarget |url=https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/post/How-to-secure-IoT-devices-and-protect-them-from-cyber-attacks |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=IoT Agenda |language=en}}</ref>

Many smart device manufacturers share user data with third parties, often for advertising or data analysis purposes. This can be a significant privacy concern if the data includes sensitive or personally identifiable information. Some manufacturers may also cooperate with law enforcement agencies, potentially providing them with access to users' data without their knowledge or consent.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IoT security: How we are keeping consumers safe from cyber threats |url=https://www.weforum.org/impact/iot-security-keeping-consumers-safe/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref>

Many users have taken steps to protect their privacy when using smart smoke detectors. This can include using strong, unique passwords for their devices, disabling unnecessary features, and regularly updating device software to protect against security vulnerabilities. Some users may also choose to use traditional smoke detectors that do not connect to the internet, to completely avoid these privacy concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IoT Security: Risks, Examples, and Solutions {{!}} IoT Glossary |url=https://www.emnify.com/iot-glossary/iot-security |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.emnify.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Notes== 
{{reflist|group=Note|refs=
<ref name=Note01>{{cite book |title=Systematic Radiological Assessment of Exemptions for Source and Byproduct Materials, NUREG-1717 |date=June 2001 |publisher=U.S. [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] |page=2-3 |url=https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0119/ML011980333.pdf |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
<ref name=Note02>
A study published by [[Argonne National Laboratory]] evaluates the exposure risk as low but cites 33 keV as the primary component of gamma radiation.
{{cite web |title=Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas |url=https://remm.hhs.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf |website=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services]] Radiation Emergency Medical Management |publisher=[[Argonne National Laboratory]] |access-date=25 September 2022 |page=5 |date=August 2005 }}</ref>
<ref name=Note03>
According to the physical study cited at [[Americium-241#Decay]], the primary component of the gamma radiation is 60 keV.
</ref>
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Smoke detector}}
* [https://www.nist.gov/el/fire_protection/buildings/home-smoke-alarm-tests.cfm Smoke alarm research from the National Institute of Standards and Technology]

{{Fire protection}}
{{Firefighting}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smoke Detector}}
[[Category:Active fire protection]]
[[Category:Americium]]
[[Category:American inventions]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Detectors]]
[[Category:Fire detection and alarm]]

Sonali Nikam

2026-01-20T17:23:36Z

Ambi: New

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
'''Sonali Nikam''' (born 31 March 1992) is an Indian television actress best known for playing the lead role Jassi in her show ''[[Aadhe Adhoore]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/100416/the-lovebirds-people-love-to-hate.html|title=The lovebirds people love to hate|date=2016-04-10|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sonali-Nikam-Aadhe-Adhoore-was-my-home-away-from-home/articleshow/51744584.cms|title=Sonali Nikam: Aadhe Adhoore was my home away from home - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=8 April 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref> which explored infidelity in rural India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/29709/when-a-bold-plot-finally-succumbs-to-pressures-of-tradition/|title=When a Bold Plot Finally Succumbs to Pressures of Tradition - The Wire|last=Ghosh|first=Shohini|website=thewire.in|access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref> Before her breakthrough role as Jassi,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/tv/i-relate-jassi-sonali-nikam-135|title=I relate to Jassi: Sonali Nikam|date=2015-12-20|newspaper=Asian Age|access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref> she has essayed parallel lead roles in many hit TV series such as ''[[Geet Hui Sabse Parayee]]'' and ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]''.

She was most recently seen as the female lead in the [[& TV]] show [[Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi (TV series)|''Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi'']] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/television-ek-vivaah-aisa-bhi-suman-ranveer-sonali-nikam-abhishek-malik-off-screen/18200161|title='Ek Vivaah Aisa Bhi' lead pair Sonali Nikam and Abhishek Malik don't get along well off-screen|date=2017-05-01|website=Mid-Day|language=en|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/sonali-nikams-no-glycerine-policy|title=Sonali Nikam's no-glycerine policy|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref> in 2020 she played in [[Qurbaan Hua|Qurbaan hua]] as saraswati neel's sister after that she played at [[Mauka-E-Vardaat|mauka-e-vardat]] and she played in [[Harphoul Mohini|Harphoul mohini]] show as shalini in 2022

==Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Channel
!Notes
|-
|2009
|''[[Hum Dono Hain Alag Alag]]''
|Mallika
|[[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|''[[Godh Bharaai]]''
|Kavita
|[[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
|
|-
|''[[Thoda Hai Bas Thode Ki Zaroorat Hai]]''
|Devki
|[[Colors TV]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2010–2011
|''[[Rakt Sambandh]]''
|Shraddha Deshmukh
|[[Imagine TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/launch-rakt-sambandh/Mazher-Sayed-Sonali-Nikam/articleshow/6085869.cms|title=Mazher Sayed, Sonali Nikam|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gobollywood.com/wallpapers/parties-events/rakt-sambandh/0006.jpg.html|title=Mazhar Syed and Sonali Nikam - Rakt Sambandh at Killick Nixon launch|website=gobollywood.com|access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref>''
|-
|''[[Geet Hui Sabse Parayee]]''
|Naintara Singh Rathore
|Star One
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sonali-nikam-play-naintara-geet|title=Sonali Nikam to play Naintara in Geet|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|newspaper=Tellychakkar.com|access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jaankhilavan Jasoos]]''
|Monalisa
|[[SAB TV]]
|''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://glamgold.com/sab-tv-launches-indias-first-funny-detective-comedy-jaankhilavan-jasoos/|title=SAB TV launches India's first funny detective comedy 'Jaankhilavan Jasoos' {{!}} Glamgold|website=glamgold.com|access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref>''
|-
|rowspan="3"|2012–2013
|''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains|Hum Ne Li Hai...Shapath]]''
|Neha
|[[Life OK]]
|''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bollyandhollynews.wordpress.com/2012/05/03/sonali-nikam-set-to-play-new-character-in-life-oks-shapath/|title=Sonali Nikam set to play new character in Life OK's Shapath!|date=2012-05-03|website=Tellywood|access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref>''
|-
|''[[Jhilmil Sitaaron Ka Aangan Hoga]]''
|Priyanka
|[[Sahara One]]
|
|-
|''[[Kaali – Ek Punar Avatar]]''
|Sayali
|[[StarPlus|Star Plus]]
|
|-
|2013–2014
|''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]''
|Revati Deewan
|Star Plus
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.metromasti.com/tv/gossip/Pyar-Ka-Dard-Hai-Sonali-Nikam-entry-as-Manik-Deewans-daughter/30107|title=Pyar Ka Dard Hai: Sonali Nikam entry as Manik Deewan's daughter|access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014–2015
|''[[Lakeeren Kismat Ki]]''
| Pallavi
|[[Doordarshan Lok Sabha|Doordarshan]]
|
|-
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Agent Raghav - Crime Branch]]''
| Akansha Arora (Ep.2)
| [[& TV]]
|Episodic role<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sonali-Nikam-and-Rushad-Rana-in-Agent-Raghav/articleshow/48789962.cms|title=Sonali Nikam and Rushad Rana in 'Agent Raghav' - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref>
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Aadhe Adhoore]]''
|Jassi
|[[Zindagi (TV channel)|Zindagi]]
|''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/aadhe-adhoor-on-zindagi-channel-starring-sonali-nikam-about-love-adultery-and-betrayal-275505-2015-12-03|title=Aadhe Adhoore: An unconventional story of a conventional woman|access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/a-lifetime-opportunity-to-play-lead-in-aadhe-adhoore-sonali-nikam/|title=A lifetime opportunity to play lead in 'Aadhe Adhoore': Sonali Nikam|date=2016-01-07|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref>''
|-
|2017
|''[[Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi (TV series)|Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi]]''
|Suman Parmar/Suman Mittal
|[[& TV]]
|''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-show-Ek-Vivaha-to-feature-the-extraordinary-journey-of-a-widow/articleshow/56905362.cms|title=TV show 'Ek Vivaha' to feature the 'extraordinary' journey of a widow - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-02-15}}</ref>''
|-
|2018
|''[[Kaun Hai?]]''
|
| Colors TV
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series) | Laal Ishq]]''
| Episode 160
| rowspan="3"|&TV
|
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Yeshu (TV series)|Yeshu]]''
| Mary
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Mauka-E-Vardaat]]''
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Harphoul Mohini]]''
| Shalini
| Colors TV
|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6004819}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nikam, Sonali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Women's Christian College, Kolkata

2026-01-18T03:56:42Z

Ambi: fix

{{Short description|College in West Bengal}}
{{Advert|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Women's Christian College
| motto = ‘By love serve one another’ ([[Bible]], Galatians: 5,13)
| established = {{start date and age|19 July 1945}}
| colours = Yellow {{color box|yellow}}
| academic_affiliation = [[University of Calcutta]]
| religious_affiliation = Bengal Christian Council
| type = Grant-in-aid undergraduate college
| principal = Ajanta Paul
| city = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]]
| country = India
| address = 6, Greek Church Row, Kalighat
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.51996|88.347037|type:edu_source:Googlemaps|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India
| website = {{url|womenschristiancollege.net}}
| logo = Women's Christian College, Calcutta logo.jpg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Women's Christian College''' is an undergraduate college for women students in southern [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India. It has been rated as a ''Grade A'' college by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]], an autonomous organization that evaluates post-secondary academic institutions in India.<ref name=NAAC_rating>http://web5.kar.nic.in/naac_ec/NAAC_accreditlist_pdf.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118225051/http://web5.kar.nic.in/naac_ec/NAAC_accreditlist_pdf.aspx |date=18 November 2016 }} NAAC accreditation of Women's Christian College</ref><ref name=Accreditation>{{cite web|url=http://www.womenschristiancollege.net/college-profile/naac-accredition/|title=NAAC accreditation|access-date=10 April 2015|archive-date=4 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404070648/http://www.womenschristiancollege.net/college-profile/naac-accredition/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It operates under the aegis of the ''Bengal Christian Council'', an autonomous interdenominational Christian body, that draws from the best practices of rival Christian denominations in administering educational institutions in West Bengal. In legal terms, it is a ''Grant-in-Aid college'' that is affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]]<ref name=CU>http://www.caluniv.ac.in/student/college.html Student College</ref> and aided by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref name=UGC>http://www.ugc.ac.in/recog_College.aspx College recognition</ref>

== History ==
It was established on 19 July 1945, for the education of Bengali speaking Indian Christians. The founders felt it necessary to have their self-administered college, following the closure of the Diocesan College for women students. The initiative to establish a Christian college for women was taken by Miss Nirajbashini Shome,<ref name=History>{{cite web|url=http://cnicalcutta.org/church_bhowanipur_congregational_church.html|title=Untitled Document|website=cnicalcutta.org}}</ref> founder secretary, and Miss Stella Bose, the founder principal of the college. The [[London Missionary Society]] allowed the founders to use the ground floor and two rooms on the first floor of the present building for one year free of rent. The intermediate in arts (I.A.) course was started with three students in 1945-‘46 and the figure rose to twenty-two by the end of the session. Calcutta University affiliation for the I.A. course was granted in 1947-‘48 and that for the B.A. course in 1948-‘49. Initially, the Honours Course was extended to Bengali, English, Sanskrit and Economics. The Saroj Nalini Memorial Institution donated furniture to the college while the Sisters of the Oxford Mission,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxford-mission.org/home/index.html|title=The Oxford Mission|website=www.oxford-mission.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnicalcutta.org/oxford_mission.html|title=Untitled Document|website=www.cnicalcutta.org}}</ref> helped with books and furniture. The [[London Missionary Society]] building was bought along with six [[cottah]] of land in May 1952 for Rs. 30,000/-. The property was augmented by the acquisition of two more premises after seven years. An additional building for the B.A. course classes and an assembly hall were built with the help of the [[State Government]] and [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]. Financial assistance was received from the [[Methodist Mission]], the [[Baptist Missions]] and an anonymous donor from the [[Church of England]].

Thus, Women's Christian College came into being neither through state patronage nor through missionary initiative. It was an indigenous educational enterprise that lay great store on imparting value-based education to young women hailing from diverse social, economic and religious backgrounds without discriminating on the basis of caste, creed or class. From the beginning the college has had a small hostel which is a boon for outstation students. Presently the college has three buildings encompassing a chapel, a hostel, a computer training centre, a central library, a seminar hall and an audio-visual room among other facilities.

== Courses ==
The college houses the Arts and Science departments which offer undergraduate (Honours and General) Degree courses in various subjects like English, Bengali, Political Science, Sociology, Education, Philosophy, Sanskrit, History, Geography, Mathematics and Economics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://womenschristiancollege.net/admission/courses-offered/|title=Courses Offered | Women's Christian College}}</ref> The Distance Education Postgraduate Programmes under the aegis of Netaji Subhas Open University (NSOU) in English, Bengali, Mathematics, Political Science, History, Social Work and English Language Teaching (ELT) are also conducted in this institution. The college is the sole Study Centre in West Bengal for the 2-Year MA Programme and the 1 Year Diploma Programme of the ELT Course under NSOU.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.womenschristiancollege.net/facilities/netaji-subhas-open-university-nsou-post-graduate-study-centre/ |title=NSOU | Women's Christian College |website=www.womenschristiancollege.net |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605073906/http://www.womenschristiancollege.net/facilities/netaji-subhas-open-university-nsou-post-graduate-study-centre/ |archive-date=5 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Departments ==
The college has six arts department, namely Bengali, English, Sanskrit, History, Political Science, Philosophy, Education and Sociology, and three science departments, namely Economics, Geography and Mathematics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://womenschristiancollege.net/academics/departments/|title=Departments | Women's Christian College}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
The college has three buildings – Block A, B and C. It has a Chapel, Hostel, Central Library, Seminar Libraries, Seminar Hall, Audio-Visual Room, Smart Classrooms, Students’ Common Room, Computer Training Centre and Cheap Store.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://womenschristiancollege.net/facilities/|title=Facilities | Women's Christian College}}</ref>

===Central Library===
The Central library is situated in Block C of the college building. Women's Christian College Library was started along with the establishment of the college in 1945.

===Computer Training Centre===
The college has a computer training centre which seeks to impart computer proficiency to students. In the first year students are taught the fundamentals of computer, Windows XP, Ms-Office 2007 and HTML. In their second year they graduate to multimedia software such as Photoshop, Sound Forge and Flash and in the third year they are taught Premiere and 3D Max. The centre has two faculty members and technological aid in the form of 16 computers, a television set, and internet.

===Smart Classrooms===
These rooms are equipped with a Smart-board, LCD Projector, Digital Visualizer and a Sound System. These rooms are used for small seminars and interactive classes enriched with modern technological audio-visual aids. The seminar hall is equipped with the same technological aids enhancing audio-visual communication.

===Self-Defence Training===
The students are trained in Karate and Self Defence Skills and are certified by International Gosoky Ryu Karate Do Association (West Bengal). Self-defence classes are incorporated as a part of the curriculum and held regularly within the college premises following a specific timetable. Participation in the self- defence classes is compulsory for all the students of this college from the year 2012.

== Club and Communities ==
The College has different cells, units and clubs to enable its students to serve the community not only in the educational sphere but also in the areas of women's welfare, environmental issues, poverty reduction etc.

===National Service Scheme (NSS)===
The college introduced a National Service Scheme (NSS) unit from the session 2009-10 under zone IV of the University of Calcutta. NSS carries out social services through its regular activities as well as its Special Camp. An orientation programme conducted by Sri Kunal Chattapadhyay, former Superintendent, NSS, (University of Calcutta) along with a talk by Dr. Kanchan Gaba in observance of International Woman's Day were held. In addition to these regular activities the 7-Day annual Camp is duly organized either in February or March in a nearby locality accommodating a large number of under privileged people.

In collaboration with Thare Machi Education which, administrated by a British Charity, operates in parts of Asia and Africa the Alumnae Association of the college held interactive sessions with NSS-volunteers through DVDs on basic life-skills. These values were subsequently communicated by NSS volunteers in the chosen area of their secular ministry in the course of the 7-day camp. The college won the ‘BEST COLLEGE’ Award and the Programme Officer of the Unit won the ‘Best Programme Officer’ Award from the University of Calcutta for the year 2012–13.

===Eco Club===
The Eco Club of WCC was started in the year 2009 with the objective of generating awareness among the young students of the college and also to motivate them to spread the message among everybody. The college students create an interesting platform for voicing their views regarding a clean and pollution-free environment. Eco Club regularly organizes Lectures by noted academics/activists on current environmental issues like climate change, usage of renewable forms of energy, wildlife conservation etc. Student volunteers of the Eco Club participate in various Interactive Workshops both within and outside the college campus. Regular Inter-college events such as Poster and Short Film making competitions are organised so as to facilitate an exchange of views and experiences with students from other institutions. The Eco Club encourages its student members to participate in Neighbourhood cleaning operations as part of their social responsibility and commitment towards local people.
Some unique achievements of the club are –
* Installation of Rain-water Harvesting Unit on the college roof-top which became operational from September, 2013.
* Creation of Sylvan Street, a beautiful garden in a linear, unused back alley of the college.
* Creation of a Herbal Garden.
* An active Solid Waste Management Programme where kitchen waste is segregated and utilised for making compost.
* Preventing the formation of a local garbage dump and painting of wall graffiti by the students as part of a Beautification Drive by the college Eco Club.

===Women's Study Cell===
In keeping with its pledge to respond to social issues the Women's Study Cell was set up with the intention of fostering gender awareness among its students. Primarily an extension of Vikasini, an organization for the dissemination of education among adults and children set up in 1990, which was sponsored by the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) during the initial years of its existence, the Women's Study Cell is dedicated to imparting confidence in impressionable young minds to stand up to gender discrimination, sexual assault and other forms of harassment faced by women in today's society.

The cell operates by organizing workshops and interactive sessions in association with NGO's like Swayam, Sanhita, Thoughtshop Foundation, Jabala etc. Eminent personalities from different walks of life such as academics, medicine and law are invited to make presentations and conduct programmes to help enrich students on various women related issues. The practical and need based approach of the Women's Study Cell is reflected in the regular organization of workshops on self-defence and reproductive health awareness, stressing the urgent need to build up a defence mechanism to overcome the natural vulnerability of the female body.

===Cine Club===
The Cine Club of the college aims to enlighten the students about the importance of cinema as a vibrant art form and makes arrangements for the screening of world-famous movies. It organizes screenings of nationally and internationally acclaimed films, engages renowned film experts to talk on the subject and generally helps the students to appreciate good cinema. Students have got opportunities to view films like Rashomon and The Day I Became a Woman, the subtle nuances of which have been explained to them by film experts.

===Performing Arts Cell===
It scouts for extra-curricular talents among the students. Performing arts include, singing, dancing, acting, recitation, script writing, anchoring etc.

===Guidance, Counselling & Placement Cell===
This Cell organizes various programmes for the welfare of the students of the college. A free eye screening camp was held by Rotary Narayan Netralaya and both students and staff members benefited from the exercise. In another such programme organized by an NGO, a noted physician spoke about HIV prevention. The third unit of this cell takes initiatives to -
* Create awareness among students regarding available career options and help them in identifying their career objectives.
* Guide the students in developing skills and job-search strategies required to achieve their career objectives.
* Identify suitable potential employers and help them to achieve their hiring goals.
* Organize activities concerning career planning.
* Act as a bridge between students, alumni and employers.
* Take feedback from industry and provide inputs for curriculum.
A number of IT companies and other service sector units organize campus recruitment in the college. The Cell also takes the initiative of organizing awareness programmes to keep the students abreast of various professional courses which they can opt for to gain a competitive edge in the job market. Through campus recruitment programmes, students have found placement in reputed organizations like Wipro etc.

===Seminar and Research Cell===
This Cell has the responsibility to organize the UGC-sponsored National and State-Level Seminars, Departmental Seminars, Special Lectures, Students’ Seminars, Lectures of the Inter-disciplinary Series, Inter-College Seminars etc. It also encourages students and other faculty members to actively participate in State-Level, National and International Seminars and Conferences.

===Public Relation Committee===
This unit helps administrator to maintain a positive image of the organization in the community by planning for and monitoring public relations and publicity activities.

===Internal Complaints Committee===
The National Policy for Empowerment of Women (2001), Government of India, had emphasized the elimination of discrimination and all forms of violence against women in both the public and the private sphere. Institutions and mechanisms/schemes for assistance are to be created and strengthened for prevention of such violence including sexual harassment at workplace. As per the guidelines of Supreme Court, Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition & Redressal) Act, 2013, an Anti-Sexual Harassment Cell was duly constituted in the college to develop guidelines and norms for a policy against sexual harassment.

* to develop principles and procedures for combating sexual harassment.
* to work out details for the implementation of the policy
* to prepare a detailed plan of actions, both short and long term.
* to collaborate with the Women's Study Cell, Women's Christian College.

== Publications ==

===Journal===
''Images'', the academic journal of the college is an annual publication. It publishes original research work, articles, book reviews in the spheres of Literature, Social Sciences and Science preferably accessible to a broad public. The Principal Dr. Ajanta Paul is the Editor-in-Chief and Sri Kushal Biswas is the Convenor of the Journal Sub Committee.

===Magazine===
''Srijan'', the college magazine, under the efficient editorship of two senior Professors gives opportunities to the students to try their hand in creative writing. Essays, poetry, stories penned by students in English, Bengali and even Sanskrit are published in it. Contributions from faculty members also find their place in it.

===Wall Magazines===
''Udita'', edited by Professor Devalina Gopalan and Professor Shomosree Roychowdhury, is the wall magazine for the students (contribution only from students are accepted) where as De-wall, edited by Professor Kushal Biswas, Professor Arnab Mazumdar, Dr. Chandana Mazumdar creates opportunity for the expression of the creative genius of the teachers.

===Newsletter===
''Panorama'', gives a panoptic view of the events and activities of the college, the achievements and ventures of various departments, laurels earned by the students in examinations and various competitions, the work done by the Alumnae Association and a myriad other things associated with the college. Panorama is the outcome of the combined effort by Professor Jayita Mukhopadhyay, Professor Sanchita Gupta and Professor Devalina Gopalan under the editorship of Professor Priyadarshini Sircar.

== Sports and Festivals ==
During the winter season the college holds its annual sports. Students, along with Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff members participate in the event with great enthusiasm. Some events include Breaking the Pyramid, Basketball, Passing the Ball, Ring Toss, Go As you Like, Relay etc. The Chief Guest distributes the prizes at the conclusion of the events. Besides, the College celebrates many events throughout the year, like College Foundation day, Independence Day, Teachers’ Day, Christmas, Reunion, International Women's Day, Earth Day, Sanskrit Bhasha Dibas, World Book Day, World Environment Day, Rabindra Jayanti etc.

== Social Activities ==
WCC indulges in many social activities. Some glimpse are as follows:
* NSS volunteers have been working with the Blind Persons’ Association. Recently they assisted in a Medical Camp in the Sundarbans distributing medicines (under the supervision of a doctor) and blankets to a few of the hapless inhabitants of this region.

* In the 7-Day Annual Camp organized by the NSS the College accommodates a large number of under privileged people from a nearby locality. From organizing classes for the children and teaching them basic life-skills to imparting to them the rudiments of painting the NSS volunteers showed great enthusiasm and commitment in serving the needs of their local environment.
* A neighbourhood cleaning operation and painting of wall graffiti for beatification were performed by the college students as part of their social responsibility and commitment towards surrounding society.

College timing

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://womenschristiancollege.net/ Women’s Christian College}}

{{University of Calcutta}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1945]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta affiliates]]
[[Category:Women's Christian College, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Church of North India]]
[[Category:Christian universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in India]]

Emuthi Puthi

2025-12-29T16:50:45Z

Ambi: put up initial details needs work - done

{{Short description|Assamese film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Emuthi Puthi - A Fishy Trip
| image = Emuthi Puthi.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kulanandini Mahanta
| writer = Bhaskar Hazarika Sunayana Dutta
| producer = Bhaskar Hazarika Shyam Bora Sunil Agarwal
| starring = Kenny Basumatary Pratibha Chaudhary Srishti Sharma
| released = {{Film date|2022|06|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Assamese
}}

'''''Emuthi Puthi''''' (Assamese: এমুঠি পুঠি) is an [[Assamese language|Assamese]]-language film directed by Kulanandini Mahanta<ref>{{Cite web | newspaper=The Assam Tribune |date=2024-08-17 |title=5 Assamese movies shine at 70th National Film Awards; here are the exciting details |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/5-assamese-movies-shine-at-70th-national-film-awards-here-are-the-exciting-details-1548215 |access-date=2024-10-12 |language=en}}</ref> which premiered on 17 June 2022.<ref name="www.assam.awazthevoice.in">{{cite web |date=18 June 2022 |title=অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ 'এমুঠি পুঠি – এ ভেৰী ফিচি ট্ৰিপ'ৰ মুক্তি লাভ |url=https://www.assam.awazthevoice.in/entertainment-news/assamese-film-emuthi-puthi-a-fishy-trip-released-2818.html |accessdate=2024-10-12 |publisher=www.assam.awazthevoice.in}}</ref> The film stars Neetali Das, Srishti Sharma and Pratibha Choudhury in leading roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=NewsDesk |first=T. N. M. |date=2022-06-17 |title=Assamese film 'Emuthi Puthi' hits theatres on June 17 |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2022/06/assamese-film-emuthi-puthi-hits-theatres-on-june-17/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thenewsmill.com |language=en-US}}</ref> It received the Best Feature Film Award for Assamese language at the [[National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=National Film Awards: 'Emuthi Puthi' bags best feature film in Assamese |url=https://www.nktv.in/national-film-awards-emuthi-puthi-bags-best-feature-film-in-assamese/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-10-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film centers on a teenage girl who sneaks out of her house at midnight to join her grandmother on a journey in search of a mysterious fish. Complicating matters, a police officer is pursuing them. This officer is the girl's mother and the grandmother's daughter. The story explores themes of family dynamics and personal discovery.

== Production ==
''Emuthi Puthi'' is noted for being the first full-length Assamese film shot entirely on an [[iPhone]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="thenewsmill.com">{{cite web|url=https://thenewsmill.com/assamese-film-emuthi-puthi-hits-theatres-on-june-17/|title=Assamese film 'Emuthi Puthi' hits theatres on June 17|publisher=thenewsmill.com|date=17 Jun 2022|accessdate=2024-10-12}}</ref> The screenplay was jointly written by Bhaskar Hazarika and Sunayana Dutta.<ref name=":0" /> It was produced by Bhaskar Hazarika, Shyam Bora, and Sunil Agarwal.<ref name="rupaliparda.com">{{cite web|url=https://rupaliparda.com/archives/22452|title=আকৌ এবাৰ শ্বুটিঙত ব্যস্ত বহু প্ৰত্যাশিত "এমুঠি পুঠি" ৰ কলা-কুশলীঃ|publisher=rupaliparda.com|date=2 December 2020|accessdate=2024-10-12}}</ref>

== Awards ==
''Emuthi Puthi'' won the Best Feature Film Award for Assamese language at the [[National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=70th National Film Awards: 'Emuthi Puthi' wins Best Assamese Film Award |url=https://nenews.in/assam/70th-national-film-awards-emuthi-puthi-wins-best-assamese-film-award/13006/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Northeast News - Northeast India news 24×7 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Assamese}}
[[Category:2022 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s Assamese-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Contempt of court in India

2025-12-23T14:48:32Z

Ambi: put up a details more to come - done

{{Short description|none}} 
In India, the offence of '''contempt of court''' is committed when a person either disobeys a court order (civil contempt), or when a person says or does anything that scandalizes, prejudices, or interferes with judicial proceedings and the administration of justice (criminal contempt). Contempt of court can be punished with imprisonment or a fine, or both.{{Sfn|Venugopal|Subramaniam|5=2011|p=4}}

== History and legislation ==
The offence of contempt of courts was established in [[common law]], and can also be traced to colonial legislation, with the earliest recorded penalties contained in the [[Regulating Act 1773]], which stated that the newly formed Mayor's Court of [[Calcutta]] would have the same powers as a court of the English [[Court of King's Bench (England)|King's Bench]] to punish persons for contempt.{{Sfn|Nair|2004|p=28}} Courts established in India under colonial rule followed the common law principle that all "courts of record" had the inherent power to punish for contempt. [[High courts of India|High courts]] established in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], and [[Chennai|Madras]] as courts of record subsequently exercised the power of contempt to penalise persons for interfering with the administration of justice.{{Sfn|Law Commission of India|2018|p=1-2}}

The Contempt of Courts Act 1926 was enacted to resolve a conflict of opinions between high courts in India on whether they had the power to penalise offences of contempt committed against other, subordinate courts that fell under their jurisdiction. The 1926 act specifically affirmed this power, and allowed the high courts to penalise contempt against subordinate courts as well as against their own judgments and proceedings. In 1952, the Contempt of Courts Act was replaced by a new legislation of the same name, which expanded the power to punish for contempt from high courts to other courts as well.{{Sfn|Law Commission of India|2018|p=4}}

The [[Constitution of India]], enacted in 1950, specifically established the [[Supreme Court of India]] as well as high courts in the states of India as courts of record with the power to punish for acts of contempt.<ref>[http://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india Constitution of India 1950], articles 129, 215</ref> Contempt of court is also a ground on which the right to freedom of speech in India can be restricted.<ref>[http://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india Constitution of India] (1950), art 19(2)</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Venkataramanan|first=K.|date=2020-08-02|title=The Hindu Explains {{!}} What is contempt of court?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindu-explains-what-is-contempt-of-court/article32249810.ece|access-date=2020-08-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 1961, a committee headed by H. N. Sanyal, an additional solicitor general for the [[government of India]], was appointed to examine the application of contempt laws in India. The Sanyal Committee recommended that contempt proceedings should be initiated not by the courts themselves, but on the recommendation of a law officer of the government.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Datar|first=Arvind|title=A seriously flawed judgment|url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/a-seriously-flawed-judgment|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Law Commission of India|2018|p=5}} These recommendations were incorporated in the Contempt of Courts Act 1971, enacted by the Parliament of India, which is the current legislation governing contempt of courts in India. The Contempt of Courts Act 1971 defines civil and criminal contempt, and lays down the powers and procedures by which courts can penalise contempt, as well as the penalties that can be given for the offence of contempt.{{Sfn|Contempt of Courts Act|1971|p=}} The act was amended in 2006, to limit the power of courts to punish for contempt, only when such contempt "interfered with the due course of justice",<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-02|title=Contempt Act challenged by Prashant Bhushan: Plea reopens old debate, courts have leaned in favour of law to punish|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-contempt-prashant-bhushan-case-6534833/|access-date=2020-08-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> and to allow truth as a defense to contempt.<ref name=":1" />

== Commission of contempt of court ==
The Contempt of Courts Act 1971 categorises the offence of contempt into civil and criminal contempt.{{Sfn|Contempt of Courts Act|1971|p=Section 2(a)}} The act specifies that high courts and the Supreme Court of India have the power to try and punish the offence of contempt, and high courts have the power to punish acts of contempt against courts subordinate to them; however, the Supreme Court of India has clarified that any court of record has the inherent power to punish for contempt. In addition to these courts, certain administrative tribunals also have been given the power to punish for contempt, in their governing statutes.{{Sfn|Venugopal|Subramaniam|2011|p=8-12}}

=== Civil contempt ===
Civil contempt, defined in Section 2(b) of the Contempt of Courts Act, is "wilful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other process of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court".{{Sfn|Contempt of Courts Act|1971|p=Section 2(b)}}{{Sfn|Venugopal|Subramaniam|2011|p=24}}

=== Criminal contempt ===
Criminal contempt, defined in Section 2(c), is committed when anything is published, or done, which "scandalises, or tends to scandalise, or lowers or tends to lower the authority of, any court", or "prejudices, or interferes or tends to interfere with, the due course of any judicial proceeding", or "interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the administration of justice in any other manner".{{Sfn|Contempt of Courts Act|1971|p=Section 2(c)}} The offence of criminal contempt has been held to cover false statements made to or about the judiciary, coercion and attempts to pervert judicial proceedings by attacking witnesses, parties, or judges, recording court proceedings without permission from the court, obstructing officers of the court from performing their functions, as well as verbal abuse and accusations of incompetence or bias against judges.{{Sfn|Venugopal|Subramaniam|2011|p=52-60}}

=== Procedure ===
The procedure for trying cases of contempt of court is provided in the Contempt of Courts Act 1971.{{Sfn|Contempt of Courts Act|1971|p=Section 14}} Proceedings can be initiated by courts ''suo motu'', i.e. by themselves, and require a notice in writing to be sent to person alleged to have committed contempt to appear before the court, when the contemptuous act or words occur in the presence of the court. Courts are required to conduct these hearings as soon as possible, and preferably on the same day when it concerns acts of contempt committed in their presence. Persons accused of contempt have the right to be heard in their defence and courts can hear evidence regarding the case as well. Detention in custody is permissible during a trial for contempt.{{Sfn|Venugopal|Subramaniam|2011|p=91-93}}

When contemptuous acts or words are alleged to have occurred outside of a courtroom, proceedings for contempt in the high courts or supreme courts can only be carried out if with the permission of the relevant law officer. In the case of high courts, the consent of the state's advocate general is required, and in the case of the Supreme Court, the consent of either the [[Attorney General of India]] or the [[Solicitor General of India]] is required.{{Sfn|Contempt of Courts Act|1971|p=Section 15}} Proceedings for contempt in the Supreme Court are also subject an additional set of regulations, known as the "Rules to Regulate Proceedings for Contempt of Supreme Court".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-26|title=SG Tushar Mehta refuses permission to prosecute Swara Bhasker for criminal contempt|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sg-tushar-mehta-refuses-permission-to-prosecute-swara-bhasker-for-criminal-contempt/story-HG1S11JU7ZEMAO9U4q8ScJ.html|access-date=2020-08-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Defenses ===
The Contempt of Courts Act allows three defenses to charges of contempt. It allows an exemption for those who innocently publish or commit acts that would otherwise amount to contempt, if they reasonably believed that there were no ongoing judicial proceedings regarding these acts, or if they reasonably believe that the content of their words or actions did not contain anything contemptuous. The act also specifically exempts fair and accurate reporting on judicial proceedings, and fair criticism of the judiciary.{{Sfn|Contempt of Courts Act|1971|p=Sections 3,4 and 5}} In 2006, the Contempt of Courts Act 1971 was amended to allow truth as a defense to contempt, provided that the person claiming this defence was acting in public interest.<ref name=":1" />

== Punishment and sentencing ==
Both civil and criminal contempt share the same punishment under the Contempt of Courts Act 1971. The act allows for a maximum term of imprisonment for six months, and this can be supplemented with a fine of up to ₹2000.{{Sfn|Contempt of Courts Act|1971|p=Section 12}} The Contempt of Courts Act 1971 also specifically allows courts to forgo the punishment if an apology is made to the court, and may use their discretion to determine whether the apology has been sufficient.{{Sfn|Venugopal|Subramaniam|2011|p=83-}}

== Criticism ==
In 1969, a challenge to the constitutional validity of the Contempt of Courts Act 1971 was dismissed by the Supreme Court of India, which found the law to be substantively valid. In 2020, lawyer and activist [[Prashant Bhushan]], along with journalist and politician [[Arun Shourie]], and publisher [[N. Ram]], filed a petition challenging the constitutional validity of the Contempt of Courts Act again<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-22|title=Arun Shourie interview: 'Judgments judges deliver, their conduct, determine public esteem, not a tweet'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/arun-shourie-interview-judgments-judges-deliver-their-conduct-determine-public-esteem-not-a-tweet-6563485/|access-date=2020-08-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Courts' powers to punish for criminal contempt have been repeatedly criticized by former judges and lawyers as having a [[chilling effect]] on freedom of speech, being too broad and vague in its definition and lending itself to misuse to shield the judiciary from criticism.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-23|title=Contempt of court provision vague: Former Supreme Court, High Court judges|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/contempt-of-court-provision-vague-former-sc-hc-judges/story-0rzJOODbOyIIrqrJhQwxnM.html|access-date=2020-08-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> [[Senior counsel|Senior advocate]] Sanjay Hegde has argued that the offence of "scandalizing the court" is "incapable of precise definition", and that it derives from English law, where it has since been abolished.<ref>{{Cite web|last=HEGDE|first=SANJAY|title=Vague definition of criminal contempt|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/vague-definition/article32439112.ece|access-date=2020-08-29|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, retired Supreme Court judge and former [[Press Council of India]] Chairman, [[Markandey Katju|Markandeya Katju]], called for amendments to the Contempt of Courts Act 1971 in order to allow the media to report better on law and judiciary-related matters.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-26|title=Contempt of Court Act needs to be amended for media: Katju|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/contempt-of-court-act-needs-to-be-amended-for-media-katju/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2018, the [[Law Commission of India]] was tasked by the government of India with re-examining Section 2 of the Contempt of Courts Act 1971, which defines the offence of contempt. The commission was asked to examine a proposal that suggested that contempt of court should be limited to cases of civil contempt, i.e. disobedience of court orders, and should not include the offence of "scandalising the court", i.e. criminal contempt. The commission recommended the retention of the offence of "criminal contempt" in India, noting that courts in India continue to use it widely, unlike other countries in which offences such as "scandalising the court" have fallen into disuse. The commission also noted that the power of courts to penalise contempt was inherent, and would continue to exist even if the act was amended or deleted altogether.{{Sfn|Law Commission of India|2018|p=53-54}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=2018-04-20|title=Reviewing the Contempt of Courts Act|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/reviewing-the-contempt-of-courts-act/article23606610.ece|access-date=2020-08-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Notable cases ==

* In 1978, two newspaper editors from the [[The Times of India|''Times of India'']] and the [[The Indian Express|''Indian'' ''Express'']] were charged with contempt following the publication of articles that contained criticisms of the Supreme Court's decision in ''[[ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla]]'', a case in which the Supreme Court refused to protect the right to ''[[habeas corpus]]'' during the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]]. The case was ultimately dropped after Chief Justice [[M. H. Beg]], who had initiated the proceedings, was not supported by the two other judges on the bench in his opinion that contempt had been committed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contempt, the Press and the Judiciary: A Tale from Another Time|url=https://thewire.in/law/contempt-the-press-and-the-judiciary-a-tale-from-another-time|access-date=2020-08-29|website=The Wire}}</ref>
* In 1981, V. K. Krishna Iyer, a former Supreme Court judge, delivered a public speech in which he criticised the functioning of the judiciary in India. The Kerala High Court tried him for criminal contempt after receiving a complaint from a person who heard the speech, but found him not guilty of the charges.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contempt of Court Is Not the Weapon the SC Should Wield To Preserve Its Honour|url=https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-contempt-of-court-respect-constitution-power|access-date=2020-08-29|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mandhani|first=Apoorva|date=2014-12-16|title=Peculiar case of contempt against Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer: Disposed of by Kerala High Court in 1983 acknowledging the bias [Read the Judgment]|url=https://www.livelaw.in/peculiar-case-contempt-justice-v-r-krishna-iyer-disposed-kerala-high-court-1983-acknowledging-bias/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en}}</ref>
* In 1997, [[Shiv Sena]] leader [[Bal Thackeray]] was convicted of contempt of court by the [[Bombay High Court]], after he accused a judge of corruption in a public speech. The Supreme Court set aside his conviction on appeal, in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SC sets aside Thackeray's conviction in contempt case|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/sc-sets-aside-thackerays-conviction-in-contempt-case/264326|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Outlook India}}</ref>
* In 2010, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] leader, [[M. V. Jayarajan]] was convicted of contempt of court after he criticized a [[Kerala High Court]] decision banning meetings in certain public places. The Kerala High Court sentenced him to six months' imprisonment, which was reduced to four months on appeal to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-31|title=Contempt of court case: Apex court upholds conviction of Kerala CPM leader Jayarajan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/contempt-of-court-case-apex-court-upholds-conviction-of-kerala-cpm-leader-jayarajan/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* In 2001, the Delhi High Court issued a notice to editor and journalist [[Madhu Trehan]] as well as four other people, in connection with an article published in the (now defunct) magazine, ''Wah India.'' The article in question had asked senior advocates in Delhi to anonymously rate Delhi High Court judges on various grounds, including their perceived honesty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=V.VENKATESAN|title=What constitutes 'scandalising the court'|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30159684.ece|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref> The Delhi High Court found them to be guilty of contempt, but accepted an apology and did not penalise the offence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Delhi|first=V. VENKATESAN in New|title=Contempt and punishment|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30159732.ece|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref>
* In 2002, writer [[Arundhati Roy]] was arrested and charged with contempt of court by the Supreme Court of India, after she wrote an article criticising one of the court's judgments concerning the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam|Narmada Dam]], and participated in a protest regarding this outside the Court. Following her arrest, Roy made a further statement questioning the Supreme Court's initiation of contempt proceedings against her, and turned down the Court's offer to allow her to escape punishment with an apology. She was imprisoned for one day and fined {{INRConvert|2000||lk=|year=2002}}.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Yates|first=Emma|date=2002-03-06|title=Booker-winner Arundhati Roy jailed|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/mar/06/arundhatiroy|access-date=2020-08-28|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In 2016, Roy faced contempt of court proceedings again after she criticised the arrest of [[Delhi University]] professor G.N. Saibaba, who was jailed for alleged links to Maoists in India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-23|title=SC refuses to stay contempt notice of HC against Arundhati Roy|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/sc-refuses-to-stay-contempt-notice-of-hc-against-arundhati-roy/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* In 2003, the [[Karnataka High Court]] initiated contempt proceedings against 56 persons, including publishers, editors, and journalists, from 14 publications. These publications had carried reports about an alleged sex scandal in Mysore, in which several High Court judges had been implicated. An investigation cleared the judges of wrongdoing, and the contempt proceedings were eventually stayed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=TNN|first=TNN /|date=7 February 2003|title=Mysore sex scandal: Media faces contempt case|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mysore-sex-scandal-Media-faces-contempt-case/articleshow/36704861.cms|access-date=2020-08-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Contempt case against the media|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30214979.ece|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref>
* In 2011, B. M. Patel was convicted of contempt of court by the [[Gujarat High Court]] and sentenced to imprisonment for three months as well as a fine of {{Indian Rupee|2,000=}}2000. Patel was convicted in relation to comments he made on the judiciary in connection with an ongoing litigation concerning property. The Gujarat High Court stated that this was only the second time that a conviction had been secured under the Contempt of Courts Act 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-04-28|title=HC convicts man for contempt of court|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/hc-convicts-man-for-contempt-of-court/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* In 2013, Bollywood actor [[Rajpal Yadav]] and his wife, Radha Yadav, were both convicted of contempt of court and jailed for ten days, after failing to appear before the [[Delhi High Court]] during a suit against them for recovery of debts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajpal Yadav, wife jailed for contempt of court in Rs 5 crore recovery suit - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rajpal-yadav-wife-jailed-for-contempt-of-court-in-rs-5-crore-recovery-suit/1202944/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
* In 2015, [[Madras High Court]] judge, [[C. S. Karnan]], wrote to the Supreme Court, indicating that he would initiate contempt of court proceedings against the then-Chief Justice of India, [[H. L. Dattu]], in the context of an ongoing dispute about the treatment of [[Dalit]] judges in the judiciary.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-11|title=Madras High Court judge warns CJ of contempt of court|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/madras-hc-judge-warns-cj-of-contempt-of-court/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court in turn, initiated contempt of court proceedings against Justice Karnan, sentencing him to six months' imprisonment. Justice Karnan initially refused to accept the warrant for his arrest<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-18|title=Calcutta HC Judge rejects apex court's warrant in contempt case|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/calcutta-hc-judge-rejects-sc-warrant-in-contempt-case/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> but was later arrested and served the period of imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-17|title=Completing six months incarceration, Justice Karnan to publish his controversial orders against SC judges as a book|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/completing-six-months-incarceration-justice-karnan-to-publish-his-controversial-orders-against-sc-judges-as-a-book-4942136/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* In October 2018, a Mumbai-based journalist-turned-social activist Ketan Tirodkar was convicted by a three-judge bench of Bombay High Court for Contempt of Court and sentenced to three months imprisonment with a fine of Rs. 2000. A two judge-bench of the Supreme Court of India headed by Justice Kurien Joseph suspended the sentence granting relief to Tirodkar. Tirodkar had allegedly criticised and also moved petitions against the alleged land-grabbing by judges of Bombay High Court.<ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court stays Bombay HC order convicting Ketan Tirodkar for defamatory comments on FB |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-supreme-court-stays-bombay-hc-order-convicting-ketan-tirodkar-for-defamatory-comments-on-fb-2689699 |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=DNA India |date=27 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is pertinent to note that in October 2018 itself; that is the same month when the Bombay High Court had announced a verdict of guilty against Tirodkar; another bench of the same High Court of Bombay had set a law in a PIL filed by Tirodkar that a judge can have only one flat in the State commenting that We have no hesitation to observe that if a person gets theadvantage of allotment of the tenements/houses from the government at a concessional rate on more than one occasion it would amount to nothing else but using office for unjust enrichment". The PIL by Tirodkar had challenged allotment of a plot of land to Surbhi Housing Society formed by Bombay High Court judges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Shibu |title=Maharashtra can allot only 1 flat per person: Bombay high court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/state-can-allot-only-1-flat-per-person-bombay-high-court/articleshow/66423082.cms |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=30 October 2018}}</ref>
* In 2020, lawyer and activist [[Prashant Bhushan]] was convicted of contempt of court. He had posted a press photograph of the current Chief Justice of India, [[Sharad Arvind Bobde|Sharad Bobde]], seated on a motorcycle without a face mask during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] in India, and criticized the judiciary for their selective focus in hearing cases during the lockdown. He declined an offer from the Supreme Court to apologise for these comments.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rautray|first=Samanwaya|title=SC holds Prashant Bhushan guilty of criminal contempt, says tweets based on distorted facts|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/supreme-court-holds-lawyer-prashant-bhushan-guilty-of-contempt-for-tweets-against-judiciary/articleshow/77539746.cms|access-date=2020-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-14|title=SC holds Prashant Bhushan guilty of contempt over tweets against CJI, judiciary|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-prashant-bhushan-guilty-contempt-of-court-twitter-sentence-6554260/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> A challenge to the constitutionality of the Contempt of Courts Act, filed by Bhushan and others, is still pending.<ref name=":0" />
* In 2022, senior independent journalist and whistleblower [[Savukku Shankar]] was convicted in Suo-moto contempt of court for 6 months of imprisonment. He had said in an interview that "The entire higher judiciary is riddled with corruption". He argued "I stand by what I said" in the trial. He was sent to jail on 15 September 2022.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources==
* {{Cite book|last=Venugopal|first=K.K.|title=Restatement of Indian Law: Contempt of Courts|last2=Subramaniam|first2=Gopal|publisher=Indian Law Institute|year=2011|location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book|last=Nair|first=K Balasankaran|title=Law of Contempt of Court in India|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|year=2004|isbn=9788126903597|location=India}}
* {{Cite web|last=Contempt of Courts Act|date=1971|title=(An Act to define and limit the powers of certain courts in punishing contempts of courts and to regulate their procedure in relation thereto) Act 70 of 1971|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1514?sam_handle=123456789/1362|access-date=28 August 2020|website=India Code}}
* {{Cite web|last=Law Commission of India|date=2018|title=Report No. 274: Review of the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 (Limited to Section 2 of the Act)|url=http://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/reports/Report274.pdf|website=Law Commission of India}}

[[Category:Law of India]]

2018–19 Indian cricket season

2025-12-08T01:32:36Z

Ambi: added first stub initial version.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket country season
| country = India
| season = 2018–19
| tournament1 = [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]]
| champions1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| tournament2 = [[2018–19 Duleep Trophy|Duleep Trophy]]
| champions2 = India Blue
| tournament3 = [[2018–19 Irani Cup|Irani Cup]]
| champions3 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| tournament4 = [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| champions4 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| tournament5 = [[2018–19 Deodhar Trophy|Deodhar Trophy]]
| champions5 = [[India C cricket team|India C]]
| tournament6 = [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| champions6 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| tournament7 = [[2019 Indian Premier League|Indian Premier League]]
| champions7 = [[Mumbai Indians]]

| wtournament1 = [[2018–19 Senior Women's One Day League|One-Day League]]
| wchampions1 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal women]]
| wtournament2 = [[2018–19 Senior Women's Challenger Trophy|One-Day Challenger Trophy]]
| wchampions2 = India Red Women
| wtournament3 = [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 League|T20 League]]
| wchampions3 = [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab women]]
| wtournament4 = [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy|T20 Challenger Trophy]]
| wchampions4 = India Blue Women
| wtournament5 = [[2019 Women's T20 Challenge|Women's T20 Challenge]]
| wchampions5 = IPL Supernovas

| prevseason = 2017–18
| nextseason = 2019–20
| flagicon = yes
}}
{{2018–19 Indian domestic cricket season}}
The '''2018–19 Indian cricket season''' was the 126th cricket season since the commencement of [[first-class cricket]] in India. The international cricket season started early in June 2018 with [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] playing its home matches against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Cricbuzz Staff |title=Afghanistan-Bangladesh T20I series to begin on June 3 in Dehradun |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/101951/afghanistan-bangladesh-cricket-team-t20i-series-to-begin-on-june-3-in-dehradun-india |work=Cricbuzz |date=9 May 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref> Afghanistan went on to win the [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] series 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23723173/afghanistan-bat,-bangladesh-make-three-changes |title=Rashid defends eight off the last over to seal 3–0 whitewash |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref> The Indian national team started its season hosting Afghanistan for the latter's Test cricket debut.<ref>{{cite news |author=Nagraj Gollapudi |title=Afghanistan to make Test debut against India |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21737236/afghanistan-make-test-debut-india |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=11 Dec 2017 |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Cricbuzz Staff |title=India-Afghanistan Test to be played in Bengaluru |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/99709/india-cricket-team-afghanistan-test-debut-bangalore-m-chinnaswamy-stadium |work=Cricbuzz |date=17 Jan 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref> India won the match in two days by an innings and 262 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23796904/india-v-afghanistan-live-report |title=Afghanistan's debut Test ends in two-day thrashing |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] toured India and lost the [[Test cricket|Test]] series 0–2, [[One Day International|ODI]] series 1–3 and the T20I series 0–3.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-west-indies-2nd-test-cricket-result-umesh-yadav-5401642/ |title=India vs West Indies: Umesh Yadav sets up India for 10-wicket win in 2nd Test |work=The Indian Express |date=14 October 2018 |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/894930 |title=All-round India demolish Windies to win series |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/west-indies-in-india/india-vs-west-indies-live-cricket-score-3rd-t20i/articleshow/66578146.cms |title=India vs West Indies, 3rd T20I: 3rd T20I: India beat Windies by six wickets, complete series sweep |work=The Times of India |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] toured India and won the T20I series 2–0 and ODI series 3–2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/india-australia-second-t20-international-bengaluru-match-report-live-scores-video-highlights/2019-02-28 |title=Maxwell magic stuns India in second T20I |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1105314 |title=Khawaja, bowlers stun India to claim 3–2 series win |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> India also played host to Afghanistan's home games against [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]].<ref name="FTP">{{cite web |title=Men's Future Tour Programme 2018–2023 |url=https://pulse-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2018/06/20/6dc2c8d4-e1a5-4dec-94b4-7121fab3cd7f/ICC_Tours.pdf |work=ICC(International Cricket Council) |access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref> Afghanistan won the T20I series 3–0 and Test series 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/rashids-five-for-helps-afghanistan-complete-whitewash-over-ireland-2047103.html |title=Rashid's Five-for Helps Afghanistan Complete Whitewash Over Ireland |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19052/report/1168120/day/4/afghanistan-vs-ireland-only-test-afg-v-ire-2018-19 |title=Rahmat Shah and Isanullah see Afghanistan through to maiden test win |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=18 March 2019 |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> The ODI series was drawn 2–2.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47515408 |title=Ireland beat Afghanistan by five wickets to draw one-day international series in India |work=BBC Sport |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> [[England women's cricket team|England women's]] toured India and lost the [[Women's One Day International cricket|WODI]] series 1–2 but won the [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]] series 3–0.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47397772 |title=England women in India: Tourists win consolation ODI |work=BBC Sport |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47506797 |title=India v England: Kate Cross stars as England claim thrilling win |work=BBC Sport |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref>

India was scheduled to host [[2018 Asia Cup|Asia Cup]] but it was moved to the United Arab Emirates, following ongoing political tensions between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |author=Umar Farooq |title=2018 Asia Cup moved from India to UAE| url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1142882.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 April 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref> In July, the scheduled [[2018 Asia Cup Qualifier|Asia Cup Qualifiers]] were also shifted from India to Malaysia.<ref>{{cite news |title= Six Countries to compete in 2018 Asia Cup Qualifier |url=http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/acc-asia-cup-qualifier-2018/3269 |work=Asian Cricket Council |date=27 July 2018 |access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ACC Calendar 2018 |url=http://asiancricket.org/downloads/2018/ACC%20CALENDAR%202018.jpg |work=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-date=19 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319213737/http://asiancricket.org/downloads/2018/ACC%20CALENDAR%202018.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25726005/australia-begin-india-tour-t20i-bengaluru |title=Australia to begin India tour with T20I in Bengaluru |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] was also scheduled to tour India but due to the conflicting dates with [[2019 Indian Premier League]], the Zimbabwe's tour was put in doubt and the series was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25749402/ipl-calendar-puts-zimbabwe-india-tour-doubt |title=IPL calendar puts Zimbabwe's India tour in doubt |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 January 2019|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/02/taylor-faces-fitness-race/ |title=Taylor faces fitness race |work=NewsDay |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref>

The A-team season consisted of tours from [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]], [[South Africa A cricket team|South Africa A]], [[England Lions (cricket team)|England Lions]] and Australia A Women. South Africa A lost the [[First-class cricket|first class]] series 0–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18744/report/1150075/india-a-vs-south-africa-a-2nd-unofficial-test-sa-a-in-india-2018|title=Siraj, Iyer, Bawne shine as rain holds sway|date=13 August 2018|access-date=15 May 2019|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> They were joined by [[India national cricket team|India B]] and Australia A for a [[List A cricket|List A]] Quadrangular Series. India B defeated Australia A in the final to win the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/photogallery/india-b-beat-australia-a-to-lift-quadrangular-series-trophy-1861851.html|title=India B Beat Australia A to Lift Quadrangular Series 2018 Trophy|date=30 August 2018|access-date=15 May 2019|work=Cricketnext(News18)}}</ref> Australia A drew the first class series 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18742/report/1150084/india-a-vs-australia-a-2nd-unofficial-test-aus-a-in-india-2018|title=India A square series with last-gasp win|date=11 September 2018|access-date=15 May 2019|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> England Lions lost the first class series 0–1 and List A series 1–4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/duckett-leads-england-lions-to-consolation-one-wicket-win-over-india-a-2020639.html|title=Duckett Leads England Lions to Consolation Win, India A Secure Series 4–1|date=31 January 2019|access-date=15 May 2019|work=CricketNext(News18)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/india-a-wallop-england-lions-by-an-innings-in-second-unofficial-test-2037655.html|title=India A Wallop England Lions by an Innings in Second Unofficial Test|date=15 February 2019|access-date=15 May 2019|work=CricketNext(News18)}}</ref> Australia A women won the women's list a series 0–3 but lost the women's T20 series 3–0.<ref name="WALA">{{cite news |author=Laura Jolly |title=Women's cricket: Australia A complete clean sweep against India, win 3rd ODI |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-women-s-cricket-australia-a-complete-clean-sweep-against-india-win-3rd-odi-2677043 |work=DNA |date=19 October 2018 |access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="WAT20">{{cite news|title=India A Women defeat Australia A, win T20 series 3–0 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/india-a-women-defeat-australia-a-win-t20-series-3-0/articleshow/66384494.cms |work=The Times of India|date=26 October 2018 |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>

The domestic season was the biggest ever after addition of nine new teams as per the Lodha Panel recommendations and overs 2000 matches were played.<ref name="18-19 season"/> During the season, BCCI faced strain on its resources(umpires and referees) due to high number of matches.<ref name="Ump1">{{cite news |author=K Shriniwas Rao |title=BCCI's domestic calendar could be in a royal mess
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/c+ricket/news/bccis-domestic-calendar-could-be-in-a-royal-mess/articleshow/65033430.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 July 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref> The domestic season began with [[2018–19 Duleep Trophy|Duleep trophy]] and finished in May with 12th season of [[2019 Indian Premier League|Indian Premiere League]].<ref name="18-19 season">{{cite web |title=BCCI to host over 2000 matches in the upcoming 2018–19 domestic season |url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17462/bcci-to-host-over-2000-matches-in-the-upcoming-2018-19-domestic-season |work=BCCI(Board of Control for Cricket in India) |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719115433/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17462/bcci-to-host-over-2000-matches-in-the-upcoming-2018-19-domestic-season |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="18-19 summary">{{cite web |title=BCCI domestic schedule 2018–19 |url=http://relaunch-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/documents/5b43034175a5e-BCCI%20Domestic%20Schedule%20%26%20Format%202018-19.pdf |work=BCCI(Board of Control for Cricket in India) |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-date=25 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025073029/http://relaunch-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/documents/5b43034175a5e-BCCI%20Domestic%20Schedule%20%26%20Format%202018-19.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> India Blue won the Duleep trophy.<ref name="duleep"/> Bengal won the Vijay Hazare trophy.<ref name="vijhaz"/> Vidharbha won the Ranji Trophy.<ref name="ranji"/> Vidharbha also won the Irani Trophy.<ref name="irani"/> Karnataka won the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy.<ref name="smat"/> Mumbai Indians won the [[2019 Indian Premier League]].<ref name ="IPL"/>

The women's domestic season began in August with the new [[Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy|Women's T20 Challenger Trophy]] and ended in May with [[2019 Women's T20 Challenge|Women's T20 Challenge]].<ref name="18-19 season"/><ref name="18-19 summary"/> India Blue Women won the T20 Challenger Trophy.<ref name="wt20ct"/> Bengal women won the one-day league.<ref name="wodl"/> India Red Women won the One-Day Challenger Trophy.<ref name="wodct"/> Punjab won the Senior Women's T20 League.<ref name="wt20l"/> IPL Supernovas won the [[2019 Women's T20 Challenge]].<ref name="WT20C"/>
{{TOC limit|3}}

==International==
{| class="wikitable ubsortable" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap"
! colspan=7 | Men's International tours
|-
! rowspan=2 | Dates
! rowspan=2 | Tournament
! rowspan=2 | Home team
! rowspan=2 | Away team
! colspan=3 | Results [Matches]
|-
! width=50 | [[Test cricket|Test]]
! width=50 | [[One-Day International|ODI]]
! width=50 | [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|1 June 2018}}– {{dts|7 June 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Bangladeshi cricket team against Afghanistan in India in 2018|Bangladesh against Afghanistan in India]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| style="text-align:left" | {{cr|BAN}}
| — || — || 3–0 [3]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|14 June 2018}}– {{dts|18 June 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Afghan cricket team in India in 2018|Afghanistan tour of India]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{cr|IND}}
| style="text-align:left" | {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| 1–0 [1] || — || —
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|29 September 2018}}– {{dts|11 November 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2018–19|West Indies tour of India]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{cr|IND}}
| style="text-align:left" | {{cr|West Indies}}
| 2–0 [2] || 3–1 [5] || 3–0 [3]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|21 February 2019}}– {{dts|19 March 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Irish cricket team against Afghanistan in India in 2018–19|Ireland against Afghanistan in India]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| style="text-align:left" | {{cr|IRE}}
| 1–0 [1] || 2–2 [5] || 3–0 [3]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|24 February 2019}}– {{dts|13 March 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Australian cricket team in India in 2018–19|Australia tour of India]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{cr|IND}}
| style="text-align:left" | {{cr|AUS}}
| — || 2–3 [5] || 0–2 [2]
|-
! colspan=7 | Women's International tours
|-
! rowspan=2 | Dates
! rowspan=2 | Tournament
! rowspan=2 | Home team
! rowspan=2 | Away team
! colspan=3 | Results [Matches]
|-
! width=50 | [[Women's Test cricket|WTest]]
! width=50 | [[Women's One Day International cricket|WODI]]
! width=50 | [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|18 February 2019}}– {{dts|8 March 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[English women's cricket team in India in 2018–19|English women tour of India]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{crw|IND}}
| style="text-align:left" | {{crw|ENG}}
| — || 2–1 [3] || 0–3 [3]
|-
|}
----

===India-A, India-B and India U-19 Teams===
{| class="wikitable ubsortable" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap"
! colspan=6 | International tours
|-
! rowspan=2 | Dates
! rowspan=2 | Tournament
! rowspan=2 | Home team
! rowspan=2 | Away team
! colspan=2 | Results [Matches]
|-
! width=50 | [[First-class cricket|FC]]
! width=50 | [[List A cricket|LA]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|30 July 2018}}– {{dts|13 August 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Australia A and South Africa A cricket team in India in 2018#India 'A' vs South Africa 'A' First-Class Series|India 'A' vs South Africa 'A' First-Class Series]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|RSA}} [[South Africa A cricket team|South Africa A]]
| 1–0 [2] || —
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{dts|2 September 2018}}– {{dts|11 September 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Australia A and South Africa A cricket team in India in 2018#Australia 'A' vs India 'A' First-Class series|India 'A' vs Australia 'A' First-Class series]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]]
| 1–1 [2] || —
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{dts|18 January 2019}}– {{dts|16 February 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[England Lions cricket team in India in 2018–19|India 'A' vs England Lions First-Class and List-A series]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England Lions (cricket team)|England Lions]]
| 1–0 [2] || 4–1 [5]
|-
! colspan=6 |Multiteam tournaments
|-
! Dates
! Tournament
! colspan=3 | Teams
! colspan=1 | Winners
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|17 August 2018}}– {{dts|29 August 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Australia A and South Africa A cricket team in India in 2018#Quadrangular Series|Quadrangular Series]] ([[List-A]])
| style="text-align:left" colspan=3 | {{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]], {{flagicon|IND}} [[India B cricket team|India B]], {{flagicon|AUS}}[[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]] and {{flagicon|RSA}} [[South Africa A cricket team|South Africa A]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[India B cricket team|India B]]
|-
! colspan=6 | Women's international tours
|-
! rowspan=2 | Dates
! rowspan=2 | Tournament
! rowspan=2 | Home team
! rowspan=2 | Away team
! colspan=2 | Results [Matches]
|-
! width=50 | Women's [[List A cricket|LA]]
! width=50 | Women's [[Twenty20|T20]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|15 October 2018}}– {{dts|26 October 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Australia A women cricket team in India in 2018–19|India 'A' Women vs Australia 'A' Women List-A and T20 series]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} India A Women
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|AUS}} Australia A Women
|| 0–3 [3] || 3–0 [3]
|}
----

==Domestic==
The domestic season was the largest ever with addition of nine new teams as per the Lodha Panel recommendations and over 2000 matches were held.<ref name="18-19 season"/> The nine new teams that will make their debut in the season are [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]], [[Manipur|Manipur cricket team]], [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]], [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]], [[Puducherry cricket team|Puducherry]], [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]] and [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]. The new teams played in the plate group with old 28 teams playing in Elite Groups A, B and C.<ref name="18-19 season"/> New teams also struggled for availability of grounds and players for the teams.<ref>{{cite news |author=Press Trust of India |title=Telangana Cricket Association questions BCCI over inclusion of teams from North East in Ranji Trophy |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/telangana-cricket-association-questions-bcci-over-inclusion-of-teams-from-north-east-in-ranji-trophy-4855481.html |work=Firstpost |date=29 July 2018 |access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref> The qualification structure, of top-5 teams qualifying from Group-A and B combined, was a source of confusion and controversy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy 2018–19 – a ready reckoner |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/104111/vijay-hazare-trophy-2018-19-a-ready-reckoner |author=Cricbuzz Staff |work=Cricbuzz |date=19 September 2018 |access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Disquiet in BCCI over relegation process in Vijay Hazare & Ranji Trophy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/disquiet-in-bcci-over-relegation-process-in-vijay-hazare-ranji-trophy/story-U0nTww1ckb7frTjHb9Ll0O.html |author= Baidurjo Bhose |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 September 2018 |access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref> The shortage of umpires and match officials also remained a serious issue for the BCCI.<ref name="Ump1"/><ref>{{cite news |author=K Shriniwas Rao |title=Ranji schedule rings in confusion and chaos |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/103233/ranji-trophy-2018-19-ranji-schedule-rings-in-confusion-and-chaos |work=Cricbuzz |date=21 July 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref> [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] complaint about the poor quality of umpires during Ranji Trophy.<ref name="Ump2">{{cite news |author=Gaurav Gupta |title=CAB cries foul over umpiring allotments for Ranji Trophy |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/105104/cab-cries-foul-over-umpiring-allotments-for-ranji-trophy |work=Cricbuzz |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> BCCI also had to face issue of players misusing their domicile to play for the new teams.<ref>{{cite news |author=Arani Basu |title=BCCI grapples with domicile loophole for new state teams |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/103358/india-cricket-news-bcci-grapples-with-domicile-loophole-for-new-state-teams-northeast-teams-bihar-uttarakhand-and-puducherry |work=Cricbuzz |date=29 July 2018 |access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Arani Basu |title=CoA's mid-season rule-change benefiting govt employees under |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/coas-mid-season-rule-change-benefiting-govt-employees-under-scanner/articleshow/66989661.cms|work=The Times of India|date=7 December 2018 |access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref>
----

===Men's===
{{Infobox cricket season
| tourney_name = India's Men's domestic cricket season
| year = 2018–19
| tournament1 = [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]]
| champions1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| runnersup1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| runs1 = [[Milind Kumar]] (1331) (Sik)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12592;type=tournament|title=Records. Ranji Trophy 2018–19. Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
| wickets1 = [[Ashutosh Aman]] (68) (Bih)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12592;type=tournament|title=Records. Ranji Trophy 2018–19. Most Wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
| tournament2 = [[2018–19 Duleep Trophy|Duleep Trophy]]
| champions2 = India Blue
| runnersup2 = India Red
| runs2 = [[Dhruv Shorey]] (293) (Ind Blu)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12493;type=tournament|title=Records. 2018–19 Duleep Trophy. Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref>
| wickets2 = [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]] (19) (Ind Blu)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/1153165.html?view=records|title=Records. 2018–19 Duleep Trophy. Most Wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref>
| tournament3 = [[2018–19 Irani Cup|Irani Cup]]
| champions3 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| runnersup3 = [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]
| runs3 = [[Hanuma Vihari]] (294) (RoI)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12882;type=series|title=Records. 2018–19 Irani Cup. Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref>
| wickets3 = [[Rahul Chahar]] (6) (RoI)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12882;type=series|title=Records. 2018–19 Irani Cup. Most Wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref>
| tournament4 = [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| champions4 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| runnersup4 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| runs4 = [[Abhinav Mukund]] (560) (TN)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12591;type=tournament|title=Records. Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2018/19. Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref>
| wickets4 = [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] (24) (Jha)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12591;type=tournament|title=Records. Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2018/19. Most Wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref>
| tournament5 = [[2018–19 Deodhar Trophy|Deodhar Trophy]]
| champions5 = [[India C cricket team|India C]]
| runnersup5 = [[India B cricket team|India B]]
| runs5 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] (199) (Ind-B)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12711;type=tournament|title=Records. Deodhar Trophy, 2018/19. Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>
| wickets5 = [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]] (7) (Ind-C)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12711;type=tournament|title=Records. Deodhar Trophy, 2018/19. Most Wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>
| tournament6 = [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| champions6 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| runnersup6 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| runs6 = [[Rohan Kadam]] (536) (Kar)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12593;type=tournament|title=Records. Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, 2018/19. Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref>
| wickets6 = [[Satyajeet Bachhav]] (20) (Mah)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12593;type=tournament|title=Records. Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, 2018/19. Most Wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref>
| tournament7 = [[2019 Indian Premier League|Indian Premier League]]
| champions7 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| runnersup7 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| runs7 = {{flagicon|AUS}}[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (692) (SRH)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2019/most-wickets|title=Statistics. Leaders. Batting. Most Runs |publisher=IPLT20.com|access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref>
| wickets7 = {{flagicon|RSA}}[[Imran Tahir]] (26) (CSK)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2019/most-wickets|title=Statistics. Leaders. Bowling. Most Wickets |publisher=IPLT20.com|access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[2017–18 Indian cricket season|2017–18]]
| nextseason = [[2019–20 Indian cricket season#Men's|2019–20]]
}}
The men's season began in August with [[2018–19 Duleep Trophy|Duleep Trophy]]. India Blue defeated India Red by an innings and 187 runs in the final to win the tournament.<ref name="duleep">{{cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/103958/clinical-india-blue-outclass-india-red-to-clinch-duleep-trophy-saurabh-kumar-deepak-hooda-cricket|title=Clinical Blue outclass Red to clinch Duleep Trophy|author=Cricbuzz Staff|date=7 September 2018|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> The [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare Trophy]] was played in September and October. Mumbai defeated Delhi in the final by 4 wickets to win the Vijay Hazare trophy.<ref name="vijhaz">{{cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/104647/aditya-tareshivam-dubey-star-in-mumbais-title-clinching-victory-vijay-hazare-trophy-2018|title=Tare, Dubey star in Mumbai's title-clinching victory|author=Aayush Puthran|date=20 October 2018|work=Cricbuzz |access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref> The [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]] started in November and finished with knockouts being played in January. For the new teams in Plate group, the professional players played the key role of guiding and holding their teams during the Ranji trophy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25465261/go-pro-template-success-ranji-trophy-plate-group|title=Go pro – the template to success in Ranji Trophy's Plate Group|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=6 December 2018|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref> Vidarbha successfully defended the Ranji Trophy crown by defeating Saurashtra by 78 runs in the final played at Nagpur.<ref name="ranji">{{cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/106562/aditya-sarwate-bags-eleven-as-vidarbha-cricket-team-defend-ranji-trophy-title|title=Sarwate bags eleven as Vidarbha defend Ranji title|work=Cricbuzz|date=7 February 2019|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref> By winning the Ranji Trophy, Vidharbha played Rest of India in a ''Best vs Rest format'' one-off match for Irani Cup. Vidharbha defeated Rest of India on first-innings basis to win the [[2018–19 Irani Cup|Irani Cup]].<ref name="irani">{{cite news |title=Irani Trophy 2019: Vidarbha defend title after getting vital first-innings lead against Rest of India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-irani-trophy-2019-vidarbha-defend-title-after-getting-vital-first-innings-lead-against-rest-of-india-2720733|work=DNA(Daily News and Analysis) |date=16 February 2019 |access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref> The [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] was held in February and March. Karnataka won the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy for the first time after beating Maharashtra by 8 wickets in the final.<ref name="smat">{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2019-karnataka-lift-maiden-t20-title-as-they-defeat-maharashtra-by-8-wickets-mayank-agarwal-manish-pandey/382811 |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2019: Karnataka lift maiden T20 title after defeating Maharashtra by 8 wickets |work=Times Now News |date=14 March 2019|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref> The men's season ended with the 12th season of [[2019 Indian Premier League|IPL]], which ran from 23 March to 12 May.<ref name="Cricbuzz dom">{{cite news |author=Cricbuzz Staff |title=BCCI announces 37-team Ranji Trophy for 2018–19 season |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/103193/bcci-announces-37-team-ranji-trophy-for-2018-19-season |work=Cricbuzz |date=18 July 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="18-19 season"/><ref name="18-19 summary"/> Mumbai Indians defeated Chennai Super Kings by 1 run in the final to win the [[2019 Indian Premier League]].<ref name ="IPL">{{cite news |title=Mumbai trump Super Kings to win record fourth IPL title|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1181768/mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-indian-premier-league-2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=12 May 2019 |access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" style="width: 70%;"
|-
! Dates
! Tournament
! Matches Format
! Teams Format (No. of Teams)
! Tournament format (No. of Matches)
! Winners
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|17 August 2018}}– {{dts|8 September 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[2018–19 Duleep Trophy|Duleep Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| style="text-align:left" | Intra-national (3 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format|Finals]] (4 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | India Blue
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|19 September 2018}}– {{dts|20 October 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[List A cricket|List A]]
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-state (37 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (160 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|23 October 2018}}– {{dts|27 October 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[2018–19 Deodhar Trophy|Deodhar Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[List A cricket|List A]]
| style="text-align:left" | Intra-national (3 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format|Finals]] (4 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | [[India C cricket team|India C]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|1 November 2018}}– {{dts|6 February 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-state (37 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (160 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|11 February 2019}}– {{dts|15 February 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[2018–19 Irani Cup|Irani Cup]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| style="text-align:left" | State and Intra-national (2 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | Single match (1 Match)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|21 February 2019}}– {{dts|13 March 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Twenty20]]
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-state (37 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (140 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|23 March 2019}}– {{dts|19 May 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[2019 Indian Premier League|Indian Premier League]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Twenty20]]
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-franchise (8 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Double Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (60 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mumbai Indians|Mumbai Indians]]
|-
|}

----

===Women's===
{{Infobox cricket season
| tourney_name = India's Women's domestic cricket season
| year = 2018–19
| tournament1 = [[2018–19 Senior Women's One Day League|One-Day League]]
| champions1 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal women]]
| runnersup1 = [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra women]]
| runs1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] (487) (Ben)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Senior Womens One Day League 2018–19. Batting Stats. Most Runs|publisher=bcci.tv|access-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223104/http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2018-19/stats/most-runs|archive-date=15 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| wickets1 = [[Tarannum Pathan]] (24) (Bar)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Senior Womens One Day League 2018–19. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets|publisher=bcci.tv|access-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222558/http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|archive-date=15 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| tournament2 = [[2018–19 Senior Women's Challenger Trophy|One-Day Challenger Trophy]]
| champions2 = India Red Women
| runnersup2 = India Blue Women
| runs2 = [[Harleen Deol]] (119) (Ind Red)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-cricket-challenger-trophy-one-day-match-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Senior Womens Cricket Challenger Trophy One Day Match 2018–19 – One-Day Statistics – Most Runs |website=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref>
| wickets2 = [[Shikha Pandey]] (8) (Ind Red)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-cricket-challenger-trophy-one-day-match-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Senior Womens Cricket Challenger Trophy One Day Match 2018–19 -One-Day Statistics – Most Wickets |website=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref>
| tournament3 = [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 League|T20 League]]
| champions3 = [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab women]]
| runnersup3 = [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka women]]
| runs3 = [[Priya Punia]] (382) (Del)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Senior Womens T20 League 2018–19. Batting Stats. Most Runs|publisher=bcci.tv|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223104/http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2018-19/stats/most-runs|archive-date=15 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| wickets3 = Priyanka Priyadarshini (17) (Odh)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-t20-league-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Senior Womens T20 League 2018–19. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=bcci.tv|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref>
| tournament4 = [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy|T20 Challenger Trophy]]
| champions4 = India Blue Women
| runnersup4 = India Red Women
| runs4 = [[Punam Raut]] (135) (Ind Red)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-senior-t20-challenger-trophy-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Women's Senior T20 Challenger Trophy 2018. T20 Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref>
| wickets4 = [[Anuja Patil]] (8) (Ind Blu)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-senior-t20-challenger-trophy-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Women's Senior T20 Challenger Trophy 2018. T20 Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref>
| tournament5 = [[2019 Women's T20 Challenge|Women's T20 Challenge]]
| champions5 = IPL Supernovas
| runnersup5 = IPL Velocity
| runs5 = {{flagicon|IND}}[[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (123) (Sup)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12970;type=tournament|title= Women's T20 Challenge{{!}} Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref>
| wickets5 = {{flagicon|NZ}}[[Amelia Kerr]] (6) (Vel)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12970;type=tournament|title= Women's T20 Challenge{{!}} Most Wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[2017–18 Indian cricket season|2017–18]]
| nextseason = [[2019–20 Indian cricket season#Women's|2019–20]]
}}
The [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|Inter-zonal multi-day game]] was eliminated from the women's season.<ref name="FP WomDom">{{cite news |author=[[Snehal Pradhan]] |title=More matches, better structured pools and heftier pay, but women's cricket in India is still undernourished|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/more-matches-better-structured-pools-and-heftier-pay-but-womens-cricket-in-india-is-still-undernourished-4788701.html |work=Firstpost |date=21 July 2018 |access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref> The Challenger Trophy was also held in T20 format along with previously played one-day format. The new [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy|T20 Challenger Trophy]] started the domestic season in August.India Blue Women defeated India Red women by 4 runs to win the inaugural trophy.<ref name="wt20ct">{{cite news |author=Cricbuzz Staff |title=Radha, Poonam star in India Blue's title win |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/103709/radha-yadav-poonam-yadav-star-in-india-blue-cricket-teams-title-win |work=Cricbuzz |date=21 August 2018 |access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> The [[2018–19 Senior Women's One Day League|One-Day League]] was played in December. Due to scheduling conflicts, the knockout for the one-day tournament were delayed and moved from 24 to 29 December to 26–31 December.<ref name="Delay2">{{cite news |author=Baidurjo Bhose |title=BCCI postpones Cooch Behar Trophy and Women's One-day games due to lack of umpires|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bcci-postpones-cooch-behar-trophy-and-women-s-one-day-games-due-to-lack-of-umpires/story-g5wig1X1GNyKk9GBJUNhaJ.html|work=Hindustan Times |date=4 November 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref> Bengal defeated Andhra by 10 runs in the final to win their first One Day League.<ref name="wodl">{{cite news |title=Deepti Sharma helps Bengal women win maiden Senior Women's One-Day League against Andhra|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-deepti-sharma-helps-bengal-women-win-maiden-senior-women-s-one-day-league-against-andhra-2702681|work=DNA(Daily News and Analysis) |date=31 December 2018 |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> One Day League was followed by [[2018–19 Senior Women's Challenger Trophy|One-Day Challenger Trophy]] in January. India Red defeated India Blue by 15 runs to win the Challenger Trophy for the 3rd time.<ref name="wodct">{{cite news |author=Cricket Country Staff |title=Radha, Poonam star in India Blue's title win |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/womens-challengers-trophy-shikha-pandeys-fifer-helps-india-red-beat-india-blue-by-15-runs-to-clinch-title-788042 |work=Cricket Country |date=6 January 2019 |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 League|T20 League]] was held in February.<ref name="Cricbuzz dom"/><ref name="18-19 season"/><ref name="18-19 summary"/> Punjab beat Karnataka by 4 runs to win the Senior Women T20 league.<ref name="wt20l">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/punjab-eves-conquer-t20-league/742676.html |title=Punjab eves conquer T20 League |work=The Tribune|date=13 March 2019 |access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref> A parallel women's tournament with [[2019 Indian Premier League|IPL]], a followup to [[2018 Women's T20 Challenge]] was held in May 2019 with three teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2019-to-see-women-s-t20-event-with-three-teams/story-7HwHRu5adb66H9CVxMdMiO.html |title=IPL 2019 to see women's T20 event with three teams |work=Hindustan Times|date=8 February 2019 |access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref> IPL Supernovas defeated IPL Velocity by 4 wickets in the final to win the [[2019 Women's T20 Challenge]].<ref name="WT20C">{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/supernovas-velocity-harmanpreet-kaur-mithali-raj-womens-t20-challenge-title-match-report/article27105146.ece |title=Women's T20 Challenge: Supernovas pips Velocity in thriller to lift title|work=Sportstar (The Hindu)|date=11 May 2019 |access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" style="width: 70%;"
|-
! Dates
! Tournament
! Matches Format
! Teams Format (No. of Teams)
! Tournament format (No. of Matches)
! Winners
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|13 August 2018}}– {{dts|18 August 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy|T20 Challenger Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Women's Twenty20 cricket|Women's Twenty20]]
| style="text-align:left" | Intra-national (3 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Double Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format|Finals]] (7 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | India Blue Women
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|1 December 2018}}– {{dts|31 December 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[2018–19 Senior Women's One Day League|One-Day League]]
| style="text-align:left" | Women's [[List A cricket|List A]]
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-state (36 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (151 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal Women]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|3 January 2019}}– {{dts|6 January 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[2018–19 Senior Women's Challenger Trophy|Challenger Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | Women's [[List A cricket|List A]]
| style="text-align:left" | Intra-national (3 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format|Finals]] (4 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | India Red Women
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|20 February 2019}}– {{dts|13 March 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 League|T20 League]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Women's Twenty20 cricket|Women's Twenty20]]
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-state (36 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (133 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab women]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|6 May 2019}}– {{dts|11 May 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[2019 Women's T20 Challenge|Women's T20 Challenge]]
| style="text-align:left" | Women's [[Twenty20]]
| style="text-align:left" | Intra-national (3 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format|Finals]] (4 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | IPL Supernovas
|-
|}

----

==Junior level==
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"
|+ Contents
|-
! colspan=3 | 1 [[#International_2|International Under-19 Men's]]
! colspan=7 | 2 [[#Domestic Men's|Domestic Men's]]
! colspan=7 | 3 [[#Domestic Women's|Domestic Women's]]
|-
| 1.1 [[#Under-19 Men's International Quadrangular Series 2018|Quadr- angular Series 2018]]
| 1.2 [[#Under-19 Men's Youth Test Series vs South Africa|Youth Test Series vs South Africa]]
| 1.3 [[#Under-19 Men's International Quadrangular Series 2019|Quadr- angular Series 2019]]
| 2.1 [[#Col C K Nayudu Trophy|Col C K Nayudu Trophy]]
| 2.2 [[#Men's U23 One-Day League and Knockout|U23 One-Day League and Knockout]]
| 2.3 [[#Vizzy Trophy|Vizzy Trophy]]
| 2.4 [[#Cooch Behar Trophy|Cooch Behar Trophy]]
| 2.5 [[#Vinoo Mankad Trophy|Vinoo Mankad Trophy]]
| 2.6 [[#Men's U19 One-Day Challenger Trophy|U19 One-Day Challenger Trophy]]
| 2.7 [[#Vijay Merchant Trophy|Vijay Merchant Trophy]]
| 3.1 [[#Women's U23 One-Day League|U23 One-Day League]]
| 3.2 [[#Women's U23 One-Day Challenger Trophy|U23 One-Day Challenger Trophy]]
| 3.3 [[#Women's U23 T20 League|U23 T20 League]]
| 3.4 [[#Women's U23 T20 Challenger Trophy|U23 T20 Challenger Trophy]]
| 3.5 [[#Women's U19 One-Day League|U19 One-Day League]]
| 3.6 [[#Women's U19 T20 League|U19 T20 League]]
| 3.7 [[#Women's U19 T20 Challenger Trophy|U19 T20 Challenger Trophy]]
|}
----

===International===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap"
! colspan=6 |Men's U-19 International tours
|-
! rowspan=2 | Dates
! rowspan=2 | Tournament
! rowspan=2 | Home team
! rowspan=2 | Away team
! colspan=2 | Results [Matches]
|-
! width=80 | Youth [[Test cricket|Test]]
! width=80 | Youth [[One-Day International|ODI]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|20 February 2019}}– {{dts|1 March 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Under-19 Men's Youth Test Series vs South Africa|India Under-19 vs South Africa Under-19 Youth Test Series]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|RSA}} [[South Africa national under-19 cricket team|South Africa U-19]]
| 2–0 [2] || —
|-
! colspan=6 |Men's U-19 International tournaments
|-
! Dates
! Tournament
! colspan=3 | Teams
! colspan=1 | Winners
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|12 September 2018}}– {{dts|18 September 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Under-19 Men's International Quadrangular Series 2018|Quadrangular Series 2018]] ([[List-A|One-Day]])
| style="text-align:left" colspan=3 | {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 A]], {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 B]], {{flagicon|AFG|2013}}[[Afghanistan national under-19 cricket team|Afghanistan U-19]] and {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Nepal national under-19 cricket team|Nepal U-19]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 B]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|5 March 2019}}– {{dts|11 March 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Under-19 Men's International Quadrangular Series 2019|Quadrangular Series 2019]] ([[List-A|One-Day]])
| style="text-align:left" colspan=3 | {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 A]], {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 B]], {{flagicon|AFG|2013}}[[Afghanistan national under-19 cricket team|Afghanistan U-19]] and {{flagicon|RSA}} [[South Africa national under-19 cricket team|South Africa U-19]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 B]]
|}
----

====Under-19 Men's International Quadrangular Series 2018====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2018 U-19 team Quadrangular Series, India
| fromdate = 12
| todate = 18 September 2018
| administrator =
| cricket format = U-19 [[List-A cricket|One-day]]
| host =
| champions = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 B]]
| runner up = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 A]]
| participants = 4
| matches = 8
| player of the series =
| most runs = Reyaz Hassan (324) ([[Afghanistan national under-19 cricket team|Afg U-19]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/quadrangular-u19-one-day-series-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Quadrangular U19 One Day Series 2018–19. One Day Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref>
| most wickets = Abdul Rahman Rahmani (8) ([[Afghanistan national under-19 cricket team|Afg U-19]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/quadrangular-u19-one-day-series-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Quadrangular U19 One Day Series 2018–19. One Day Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/quadrangular-u19-one-day-series-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year =
| next_tournament =
}}
BCCI announced the Under-19 quadrangular tournament between Afghanistan, Nepal, India-A and [[National Cricket Academy|NCA]]. NCA was later replaced by India-B while tournament was also shifted from Kolkata to Lucknow. The tournament was looked upon as a preparation for the [[2018 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup|Youth Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI announces the schedule of U19 quadrangular tournament |url=https://www.crictracker.com/bcci-announces-schedule-u19-quadrangular-tournament/ |work=CricTracker|date=6 August 2018 |access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> The tournament was played from 12 to 18 September 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title= Pavan Shah to lead India u-19 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/pavan-shah-to-lead-india-u-19/article24803323.ece |work=The Hindu|date=28 August 2018 |access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> India U-19 B defeated India U-19 A by 10 runs in the final to win the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=India B lift trophy as Sandhu spins a web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20180919/282475709738905|work=Hindustan Times(via PressReader.com)|date=19 September 2018 |access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref>

=====League=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:175px;"|Team<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/quadrangular-u19-one-day-series-2018-19/standings|title=Quadrangular U19 One Day Series 2018–19|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:65px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 A]] '''(RU)'''
| 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''9''' || +3.024
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 B]] '''(C)'''
| 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''5''' || −0.732
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Nepal national under-19 cricket team|Nepal U-19]]
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''2''' || −0.775
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Afghanistan national under-19 cricket team|Afghanistan U-19]] '''(3rd)'''
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || −1.118
|-
|}
{{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top two teams advanced to the [[2018–19 Indian cricket season#Final|final]]

=====Third place play-off=====
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 18 September 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Afghanistan national under-19 cricket team|Afghanistan U-19]]
| team2 = [[Nepal national under-19 cricket team|Nepal U-19]]
| score1 = 244/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 173 (45 overs)
| result = Afghanistan U-19 Won by 71 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/quadrangular-u19-one-day-series-2018-19/match/09 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana International Cricket Stadium]]-B, [[Lucknow]]
}}

=====Final=====
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 18 September 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 B]]
| team2 = [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 A]]
| score1 = 141 (42.2 overs)
| score2 = 131 (39.3 overs)
| result = India U-19 B Won by 10 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/quadrangular-u19-one-day-series-2018-19/match/08 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana International Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
}}
----

====Under-19 Men's Youth Test Series vs South Africa====
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = South Africa Under-19 cricket team in India in 2019
| team1_image =
| team1_name = India Under-19
| team2_image =
| team2_name = South Africa Under-19
| from_date = 20 February
| to_date = 1 March 2019
| team1_captain =
| team2_captain =
| no_of_tests = 2
| team1_tests_won = 2
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (197)<ref name="u19bat">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12889;type=series|title=Records. South Africa Under-19s in India Youth Test Series, 2018/19. Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>
| team2_tests_most_runs = Bryce Parsons (144)<ref name="u19bat"/>
| team1_tests_most_wickets = Hrithik Shokeen (10)<ref name="u19bow">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12889;type=series|title=Records. South Africa Under-19s in India Youth Test Series, 2018/19. Most Wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>
| team2_tests_most_wickets = Lifa Ntanzi (7)<ref name="u19bow"/>
| player_of_test_series =
}}
In February and March 2019, [[South Africa Under-19 cricket team]] toured India to play 2-match Youth Test series against [[India Under-19 cricket team]]. Both the matches were played at the [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. India Under-19 won the first test by 9 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/youth-test-india-u-19-beat-south-africa-by-nine-wickets/articleshow/68112629.cms|title=Youth Test: India U-19 beat South Africa by nine wickets |work=The Times of India|date=22 February 2019|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> In 2nd test, India Under-19 defeated South Africa by an innings and 158 runs. Hence, India clean swept the Under-19 Youth Test series 2–0.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/india-u-19-hand-south-africa-innings-defeat-take-series-2-0-2051513.html|title=India U-19 Hand South Africa Innings Defeat, Take Series 2–0 |publisher=CricketNext(News18)|date=28 February 2019|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>

{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 20–23 February 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = [[South Africa national under-19 cricket team|South Africa U-19]]
| team2 = [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19]]
| score1 = 197 (67.5 overs)
| score1_2nd = 167 (66 overs)
| score2 = 330 (92.3 overs)
| score2_2nd = 37/1 (7.5 overs)
| result = India U19 won by 9 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1174377.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 26 February-1 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = [[South Africa national under-19 cricket team|South Africa U-19]]
| team2 = [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19]]
| score1 = 152 (54.4 overs)
| score1_2nd = 85 (45.4 overs)
| score2 = 395 (101.2 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = India U19 won by an innings and 158 runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1174378.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
}}
----

====Under-19 Men's International Quadrangular Series 2019====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2019 U-19 team Quadrangular Series, India
| fromdate = 5
| todate = 11 March 2019
| administrator =
| cricket format = U-19 [[List-A cricket|One-day]]
| host =
| champions = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 B]]
| runner up = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 A]]
| participants = 4
| matches = 8
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Andile Mokgakane]] (140) ([[South Africa national under-19 cricket team|RSA U-19]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/quadrangular-u19-one-day-series-2019/stats/most-runs|title=Quadrangular U19 One Day Series 2019. One Day Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Marco Jansen]] (8) ([[South Africa national under-19 cricket team|RSA U-19]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/quadrangular-u19-one-day-series-2019/stats/most-wickets|title=Quadrangular U19 One Day Series 2019. One Day Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/quadrangular-u19-one-day-series-2019/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year =
| next_tournament =
}}
BCCI announced the Under-19 quadrangular tournament between Afghanistan, Oman, India-A and India-B. Due to visa issues, Oman was later replaced by Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI withdraws invitation to Oman team|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/cricket/bcci-withdraws-invitation-to-oman-team/articleshow/67839795.cms |work=Mumbai Mirror|date=5 February 2019 |access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> The tournament was played from 5 to 11 March 2019 at Thiruvananthapuram. India U-19 B defeated India U-19 A by 72 runs in the final to win the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title= India 'B' win U-19 Quadrangular title |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-b-win-u-19-quadrangular-title-119031100578_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=11 March 2019 |access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>

=====League=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:175px;"|Team<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/quadrangular-u19-one-day-series-2019/standings|title=Quadrangular U19 One Day Series 2019|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:65px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 B]] '''(C)'''
| 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''13''' || +0.919
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 A]] '''(RU)'''
| 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''10''' || +1.503
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|RSA}} [[South Africa national under-19 cricket team|South Africa U-19]] '''(3rd)'''
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''4''' || −0.993
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Afghanistan national under-19 cricket team|Afghanistan U-19]]
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || −1.504
|-
|}
{{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top two teams advanced to the [[2018–19 Indian cricket season#Final 2|final]]

=====Third place play-off=====
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 11 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = [[South Africa national under-19 cricket team|South Africa U-19]]
| team2 = [[Afghanistan national under-19 cricket team|Afghanistan U-19]]
| score1 = 231/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 176 (45 overs)
| result = South Africa U-19 Won by 55 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1174385.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St Xavier's College Ground]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
}}

=====Final=====
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 11 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 B]]
| team2 = [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 A]]
| score1 = 232/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 160 (38.3 overs)
| result = India U-19 B Won by 72 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1174386.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
}}
----

===Domestic Men's===
{{Infobox cricket season
| tourney_name = India's Junior Men's domestic cricket season
| year = 2018–19
| tournament1 = [[#Col C K Nayudu Trophy|Col C K Nayudu Trophy]] (U-23)
| champions1 = Punjab U-23 Men
| runnersup1 = Bengal U-23 Men
| runs1 = M A Hingrajia (872) (Guj U-23)<ref name="m23cknr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Col C K Nayudu Trophy 2018–19. One Day Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref>
| wickets1 = Sidak Singh (63) (Pud U-19)<ref name="m23cknw">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Col C K Nayudu Trophy 2018–19. One Day Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref>
| tournament2 = [[#Men's U23 One-Day League and Knockout|Men's U23 One-Day League and Knockout]] (U-23)
| champions2 = Vidarbha U-23 Men
| runnersup2 = Delhi U-23 Men
| runs2 = Suved Parkar (540) (Mum U-23)<ref name="m23odlr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/mens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Men's U23 One-Day League and Knockout. One Day Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>
| wickets2 = Dhrushant H Soni (23) (Rail U-23)<ref name="m23odlw">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/mens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Men's U23 One-Day League and Knockout. One Day Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>
| tournament3 = [[#Vizzy Trophy|Vizzy Trophy]] (Inter-University)
| champions3 = South Zone University Men
| runnersup3 = North Zone University Men
| runs3 = Abhirath Reddy (202) (Sou Zon)<ref name="munivizr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/vizzy-trophy-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Vizzy Trophy 2018–19. One Day Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref>
| wickets3 = K Shashank (13) (Sou Zon)<ref name="munivizw">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/vizzy-trophy-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Vizzy Trophy 2018–19. One Day Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref>
| tournament4 = [[#Cooch Behar Trophy|Cooch Behar Trophy]] (U-19)
| champions4 = Uttar Pradesh U-19 Men
| runnersup4 = Vidarbha U-19 Men
| runs4 = Vathsal (1235) (Ker U-19)<ref name="m19cbr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/cooch-behar-trophy-under-19-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Cooch Behar Trophy U19 2018–19. Multi Day (4 days) Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref>
| wickets4 = A Anand (28) (Bih U-19)<ref name="m19cbw">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/cooch-behar-trophy-under-19-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Cooch Behar Trophy U19 2018–19. Multi Day (4 days) Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref>
| tournament5 = [[#Vinoo Mankad Trophy|Vinoo Mankad Trophy]] (U-19)
| champions5 = Vidarbha U-19 Men
| runnersup5 = Tamil Nadu U-19 Men
| runs5 = Piyush Kumar Singh (534) (Bih U-19)<ref name="m19vmr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/vinoo-mankad-trophy-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-zonal-league-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Vinoo Mankad Trophy U19 One Day Limited Overs Zonal League 2018–19. One Day Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>
| wickets5 = Rohit Dattatraya (28) (Vid U-19)<ref name="m19vmw">{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/vinoo-mankad-trophy-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-zonal-league-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Vinoo Mankad Trophy U19 One Day Limited Overs Zonal League 2018–19. One Day Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=4 November 2018|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012259/http://www.bcci.tv/vinoo-mankad-trophy-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-zonal-league-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| tournament6 = [[#Men's U19 One-Day Challenger Trophy|Men's U19 One-Day Challenger Trophy]] (U-19)
| champions6 = India Green U-19 Men
| runnersup6 = India Blue U-19 Men
| runs6 = Pradosh Ranjan Paul (223) (Ind-U-19 Blue)<ref name="m19ctr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/challenger-trophy-mens-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Challenger Trophy Mens U19 One Day Limited Overs. One Day Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>
| wickets6 = Jaymeet Patel (7) (Ind-U-19 Yellow)<ref name="m19ctw">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/challenger-trophy-mens-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Challenger Trophy Mens U19 One Day Limited Overs. One Day Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>
| tournament7 = [[#Vijay Merchant Trophy|Vijay Merchant Trophy]] (U-16)
| champions7 = Haryana U-16 Men
| runnersup7 = Jharkhand U-16 Men
| runs7 = Aryan Hooda (903) (Jha U-16)<ref name="m16vmr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Vijay Merchant Trophy U-16 2018–19. Multi Day (4 days) Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref>
| wickets7 = Abhishek (46) (Jha U-16)<ref name="m16vmw">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Vijay Merchant Trophy U-16 2018–19. Multi Day (4 days) Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[2017–18 Indian cricket season|2017–18]]
| nextseason = [[2019–20 Indian cricket season#Domestic Men's|2019–20]]
}}
Vijay Merchant Trophy was originally scheduled to start from 3 October but was postponed to 21 October after the request from state associations.<ref name="VMdel">{{cite news |author=Press Trust of India |title=BCCI revises dates of U16 Vijay Merchant Trophy|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-revises-dates-of-u16-vijay-merchant-trophy-5299667/ |work=The Indian Express|date=9 August 2018 |access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref> Due to scheduling conflicts, the Cooch Behar trophy was also delayed.<ref name="Delay2"/> Vidarbha U-19 Men defeated Tamil Nadu U-19 Men by 83 runs in the final to win Vinoo Mankad Trophy.<ref name="m19vm">{{cite news |author=Pratik Siddharth|title=Vidarbha win maiden U-19 Vinoo Mankad Trophy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/vidarbha-win-maiden-u-19-vinoo-mankad-trophy/articleshow/66501249.cms |work=The Times of India|date=4 November 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref> India Green Under-19 defeated India Blue Under-19 by 6 wickets in the final to win the Men's U19 One-Day Challenger Trophy.<ref name="mu19ct">{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-india-green-won-by-arya-sethis-inning-18645155.html|title=Uttrakand's Aarya Seth's innings leads India Green to Championship|work=Dainik Jagran|language=Hindi|date=16 November 2018|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> Haryana Under-16 defeated Jharkhand Under-16 on first-innings basis in the final to win the Vijay Merchant Trophy for the first time.<ref name="m16vm">{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-vijay-merchant-trophy-haryana-beat-jharkhand-to-win-national-u-16-cricket-tournament-2708707|title=Vijay Merchant Trophy: Haryana beat Jharkhand to win National U-16 cricket tournament|work=DNA|date=16 January 2019|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref> Punjab Under-23 defeated Bengal Under-23 by 1 wicket in the final to win the Col C K Nayudu Trophy.<ref name="m23ckn">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/punjab-beat-bengal-to-win-c-k-nayudu-trophy/articleshow/67855571.cms|title=Punjab beat Bengal to win CK Nayudu Trophy|work=The Times of India|date=5 February 2019|access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh U-19 Men defeated Vidarbha U-19 Men on first-innings basis in the final to win the Cooch Behar Trophy.<ref name="m19cb">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/uttar-pradesh-win-u-19-cooch-behar-trophy/articleshow/68004658.cms|title=Uttar Pradesh win U-19 Cooch Behar Trophy|work=The Times of India|date=15 February 2019|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref> Vidarbha U-23 Men defeated Delhi U-23 Men by 4 wickets in the final to win the trophy.<ref name="m23odl">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/all-round-vidarbha-floor-delhi-emerge-under-23-champions/articleshow/68436691.cms|title=All-round Vidarbha floor Delhi, emerge Under-23 champions|work=The Times of India|date=16 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> In the final tournament of the season, South Zone University Men defeated North Zone University Men by 60 runs to win the Vizzy Trophy.<ref name="muniviz">{{cite web |url=https://starofmysore.com/south-zone-bags-vizzy-trophy/|title=South Zone bags Vizzy Trophy|work=Star of Mysore|date=24 March 2019|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" style="width: 70%;"
|-
! Dates
! Tournament
! Age-Group (Matches Format)
! Teams Format (No. of Teams)
! Tournament format (No. of Matches)
! Winners
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|5 October 2018}}– {{dts|4 November 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Vinoo Mankad Trophy|Vinoo Mankad Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | Men's U-19 ([[List-A|One-Day]])
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-state (35 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (143 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | Vidarbha U-19 Men
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|21 October 2018}}– {{dts|15 January 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Vijay Merchant Trophy|Vijay Merchant Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | Men's U-16 ([[First-class cricket|Multi-Day]])
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-state (35 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (97 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | Haryana U-16 Men
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|2 November 2018}}– {{dts|7 February 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Col C K Nayudu Trophy|Col C K Nayudu Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | Men's U-23 ([[First-class cricket|Multi-Day]])
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-state (36 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (151 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | Punjab U-23 Men
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|10 November 2018}}– {{dts|16 November 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Men's U19 One-Day Challenger Trophy|Men's U19 One-Day Challenger Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | Men's U-19 ([[List-A|One-Day]])
| style="text-align:left" | Intra-national (4 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format|Finals]] (7 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | India Green U-19 Men
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|19 November 2018}}– {{dts|14 February 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Cooch Behar Trophy|Cooch Behar Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | Men's U-19 ([[First-class cricket|Multi-Day]])
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-state (35 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (143 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | Uttar Pradesh U-19 Men
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|13 February 2019}}– {{dts|15 March 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Men's U23 One-Day League and Knockout|Men's U23 One-Day League and Knockout]]
| style="text-align:left" | Men's U-23 ([[List-A|One-Day]])
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-state (36 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (151 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | Vidarbha U-23 Men
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|17 March 2019}}– {{dts|23 March 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Vizzy Trophy|Vizzy Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | Men's Inter-University ([[List-A|One-Day]])
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-zonal (4 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format|Finals]] (7 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | South Zone University Men
|-
|}
----

====Under-23====
The Under-23 age group consisted of Col C K Nayudu Trophy (Multi-day competition) and One-Day League and Knockout.
----

=====Col C K Nayudu Trophy=====

{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = Col C K Nayudu Trophy
| fromdate = 2 November 2018
| todate = 7 February 2019
| administrator =
| cricket format = Men's U-23 [[First-class cricket|Multi-Day]]
| host =
| champions = Punjab U-23 Men
| runner up = Bengal U-23 Men
| participants = 36
| matches = 151
| player of the series =
| most runs = M A Hingrajia (872) (Guj U-23)<ref name="m23cknr"/>
| most wickets = Sidak Singh (63) (Pud U-19)<ref name="m23cknw"/>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019–20
| next_tournament = 2019–20 Indian cricket season#Col C K Nayudu Trophy
}}
Col C K Nayudu Trophy was played from 2 November 2018 to 7 February 2019. BCCI's move to allot women umpires for the tournament was appreciated.<ref name="Ump2"/> [[Shiva Singh]]'s 360-degree action in a match was Bengal was a source of controversy leading to a clarification from [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Sreshth Shah|title=Shiva Singh's 360-degree delivery falls foul of umpires|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25213327/shiva-singh-360-degree-delivery-falls-foul-umpires|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 November 2018 |access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> Puducherry's [[Rex Singh]] took all 10 wickets in an innings in a league stage match against Manipur.<ref>{{cite news|title=U-23 CK Nayudu Trophy: After action correction, Sidak Singh takes perfect ten |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/after-action-correction-sidak-singh-takes-perfect-ten-5433088/|work=The Indian Express|date=4 November 2018|access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref> Punjab Under-23 defeated Bengal Under-23 by 1 wicket in the final to win the tournament.<ref name="m23ckn"/>

======League======
'''Points table'''

'''Elite Group-A'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m23cknpt">{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy-2018-19/standings|title=Col C K Nayudu Trophy 2018–19|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | D | Draw}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | Q | Quotient}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Gujarat||8||4||1||3||0||0||32||1.301
|-
| Baroda||8||3||1||4||0||0||30||1.296
|-
| Delhi||8||3||2||3||0||0||27||1.296
|-
| Hyderabad||8||4||3||1||0||0||26||0.908
|-
| Karnataka||8||3||2||3||0||0||24||1.161
|-
| Tamil Nadu||8||3||2||3||0||0||24||1.008
|-
| Madhya Pradesh||8||3||4||1||0||0||22||0.993
|-
| Assam||8||2||6||0||0||0||12||0.682
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Jharkhand||8||1||5||2||0||0||8||0.633
|}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
'''Elite Group-B'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m23cknpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | D | Draw}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | Q | Quotient}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Punjab||8||6||2||0||0||0||39||1.453
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Bengal||8||5||1||2||0||0||39||1.592
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Mumbai||8||5||1||2||0||0||35||1.391
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Uttar Pradesh||8||4||2||2||0||0||32||1.291
|-
| Maharashtra||8||2||3||3||0||0||19||0.893
|-
| Rajasthan||8||2||3||3||0||0||15||0.916
|-
| Saurashtra||8||2||4||2||0||0||14||0.682
|-
| Andhra||8||1||5||2||0||0||11||0.859
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Tripura||8||0||6||2||0||0||6||0.544
|}
{{col-3}}
'''Elite Group-C'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m23cknpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | D | Draw}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | Q | Quotient}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Vidarbha||8||6||1||1||0||0||42||1.424
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Himachal||8||5||1||2||0||0||35||1.257
|-
| Railways||8||4||2||2||0||0||29||1.515
|-
| Haryana||8||4||3||1||0||0||28||1.165
|-
| Kerala||8||3||5||0||0||0||19||1.002
|-
| Jammu & Kashmir||8||2||3||3||0||0||18||0.915
|-
| Chhattisgarh||8||2||3||3||0||0||18||0.861
|-
| Goa||8||1||5||2||0||0||8||0.581
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Odisha||8||0||4||4||0||0||8||0.595
|}
{{col-3}}
'''Plate'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m23cknpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | D | Draw}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | Q | Quotient}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Uttarakhand||8||8||0||0||0||0||53||3.154
|-
| Puducherry||8||6||1||1||0||0||42||1.736
|-
| Nagaland||8||6||2||0||0||0||38||1.383
|-
| Bihar||8||5||2||1||0||0||35||1.602
|-
| Manipur||8||4||4||0||0||0||26||1.160
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh||8||3||5||0||0||0||20||1.064
|-
| Mizoram||8||2||6||0||0||0||12||0.411
|-
| Meghalaya||8||1||7||0||0||0||7||0.767
|-
| Sikkim||8||0||8||0||0||0||0||0.140
|}
{{col-end}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top five teams across Groups A and B advanced to the [[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]. Top two teams from Group C advanced to the [[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]] and are promoted to Groups A and B for the next season. Top team from Group C advanced to the [[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]] and are promoted to Group C for the next season.
* {{Color box|#fcc|border=darkgray}} Bottom two teams across Groups A and B relegated to the Group C for the next season. Bottom ranked team in Group-C is relegated to the Plate Group for the next season.}}

======Knockout stage======
======Quarter-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 17–20 January 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Uttarakhand U-23 Men
| team2 = Punjab U-23 Men
| score1 = 160 (43 overs)
| score1_2nd = 147 (31 overs)
| score2 = 713 (183.1 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Punjab U-23 Men won by an innings and 406 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy-2018-19/match/146 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dhruve Pandove Stadium]], [[Patiala]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 17–20 January 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Bengal U-23 Men
| team2 = Himachal U-23 Men
| score1 = 620/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (168.3 overs)
| score1_2nd = 164/3 (42 overs)
| score2 = 406 (126.1 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Match Drawn (Bengal U-23 Men qualified on first innings lead)
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy-2018-19/match/149 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 17–20 January 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Vidarbha U-23 Men
| team2 = Mumbai U-23 Men
| score1 = 331 (105 overs)
| score1_2nd = 221 (65.4 overs)
| score2 = 154 (54.3 overs)
| score2_2nd = 104 (35.1 overs)
| result = Vidarbha U-23 Men won by 294 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy-2018-19/match/150 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 17–20 January 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Gujarat U-23 Men
| team2 = Uttar Pradesh U-23 Men
| score1 = 428 (128.2 overs)
| score1_2nd = 322/9 (100 overs)
| score2 = 377 (102 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Match Drawn (Gujarat U-23 Men qualified on first innings lead)
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy-2018-19/match/151 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Valsad|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium]], [[Valsad]]
}}

======Semi-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 26–29 January 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Gujarat U-23 Men
| team2 = Punjab U-23 Men
| score1 = 165 (55.3 overs)
| score1_2nd = 240 (71.3 overs)
| score2 = 447 (105 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Punjab U-23 Men won an innings and 42 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy-2018-19/match/147 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Valsad|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium]], [[Valsad]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 26–29 January 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Vidarbha U-23 Men
| team2 = Bengal U-23 Men
| score1 = 351 (112.4 overs)
| score1_2nd = 111 (42.1 overs)
| score2 = 348 (117.5 overs)
| score2_2nd = 115/2 (23.1 overs)
| result = Bengal U-23 Men won by 8 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy-2018-19/match/152 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
}}

======Final======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 4–7 February 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Bengal U-23 Men
| team2 = Punjab U-23 Men
| score1 = 191 (54.2 overs)
| score1_2nd = 76 (26.2 overs)
| score2 = 133 (48.1 overs)
| score2_2nd = 137/9 (30.1 overs)
| result = Punjab U-23 Men won by 1 wicket
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy-2018-19/match/148 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dhruve Pandove Stadium]], [[Patiala]]
}}
----

=====Men's U23 One-Day League and Knockout=====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = Men's U23 One-Day League and Knockout
| fromdate = 13 February
| todate = 15 March 2019
| administrator =
| cricket format = Men's U-23 [[List-A|One-day]]
| host =
| champions = Vidarbha U-23 Men
| runner up = Delhi U-23 Men
| participants = 36
| matches = 151
| player of the series =
| most runs = Suved Parkar (540) (Mum U-23)<ref name="m23odlr"/>
| most wickets = Dhrushant H Soni (23) (Rail U-23)<ref name="m23odlw"/>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/mens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019–20
| next_tournament = 2019–20 Indian cricket season#Men's U23 One-Day League and Knockout
}}
Men's U23 One-Day League and Knockout was played from 13 February to 15 March 2019. The tournament's qualification structure was similar to Ranji Trophy. Vidarbha U-23 Men defeated Delhi U-23 Men by 4 wickets in the final to win the trophy.<ref name="m23odl"/>

======League======
'''Points table'''

'''Elite Group-A and B'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m23odlpt">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/mens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/standings|title=Men's U23 One-Day League|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Punjab||8||7||1||0||0||28||+1.141
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Mumbai||8||6||1||1||0||26||+1.307
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Delhi||8||6||2||0||0||24||+0.337
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Maharashtra||8||6||2||0||0||24||+0.801
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Vidarbha||8||5||2||1||0||22||+0.696
|-
| Railways||8||5||3||0||0||20||+0.328
|-
| Andhra||8||5||3||0||0||20||+0.368
|-
| Karnataka||8||5||3||0||0||20||+0.507
|-
| Madhya Pradesh||8||5||3||0||0||20||−0.300
|-
| Bengal||8||4||4||0||0||16||+0.819
|-
| Uttar Pradesh||8||4||4||0||0||16||+0.381
|-
| Gujarat||8||3||5||0||0||12||−0.571
|-
| J & K||8||3||5||0||0||12||−0.671
|-
| Rajasthan||8||3||5||0||0||12||−0.633
|-
| Kerala||8||2||6||0||0||8||−0.603
|-
| Tamil Nadu||8||1||7||0||0||4||−0.747
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Chhattisgarh||8||1||7||0||0||4||−1.214
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Odisha||8||0||8||0||0||0||−2.144
|}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Elite Group-C'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m23odlpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Baroda||8||6||2||0||0||24||+1.129
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Jharkhand||8||5||3||0||0||20||+0.867
|-
| Himachal||8||5||3||0||0||20||+0.604
|-
| Saurashtra||8||4||4||0||0||16||−0.295
|-
| Haryana||8||4||4||0||0||16||−0.323
|-
| Hyderabad||8||4||4||0||0||16||+0.366
|-
| Goa||8||3||5||0||0||12||+0.064
|-
| Tripura||8||3||5||0||0||12||−0.824
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Assam||8||2||6||0||0||8||−1.468
|}
{{col-2}}
'''Plate'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m23odlpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Uttarakhand||8||8||0||0||0||32||+2.509
|-
| Bihar||8||7||1||0||0||28||+1.061
|-
| Nagaland||8||5||3||0||0||20||+1.398
|-
| Manipur||8||5||3||0||0||20||+0.559
|-
| Puducherry||8||5||3||0||0||20||+0.260
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh||8||3||5||0||0||12||+0.104
|-
| Mizoram||8||2||6||0||0||8||−1.724
|-
| Sikkim||8||1||7||0||0||4||−2.078
|-
| Meghalaya||8||0||8||0||0||0||−1.854
|-
|}
{{col-end}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top five teams across Groups A and B advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_2|knockout stage]]. Top two teams from Group C advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_2|knockout stage]] and are promoted to Groups A and B for the next season. Top team from Group C advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_2|knockout stage]] and are promoted to Group C for the next season.
* {{Color box|#fcc|border=darkgray}} Bottom two teams across Groups A and B relegated to the Group C for the next season. Bottom ranked team in Group-C is relegated to the Plate Group for the next season.}}

======Knockout stage======
======Quarter-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 9 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Punjab U-23 Men
| team2 = Uttarakhand U-23 Men
| score1 = 177 (46.4 overs)
| score2 = 103 (32.5 overs)
| result = Punjab U-23 Men won by 73 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/mens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/146 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 9 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Mumbai U-23 Men
| team2 = Jharkhand U-23 Men
| score1 = 251 (40.4 overs)
| score2 = 179 (40.5 overs)
| result = Mumbai U-23 Men won by 72 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/mens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/151 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad|Gymkhana Ground]], [[Hyderabad]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 10 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Baroda U-23 Men
| team2 = Delhi U-23 Men
| score1 = 245 (50 overs)
| score2 = 246/6 (49.5 overs)
| result = Delhi U-23 Men won by 4 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/mens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/147 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 10 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Maharashtra U-23 Men
| team2 = Vidarbha U-23 Men
| score1 = 101 (30.2 overs)
| score2 = 102/3 (28.4 overs)
| result = Vidarbha U-23 Men won by 7 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/mens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/152 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad|Gymkhana Ground]], [[Hyderabad]]
}}

======Semi-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 12 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Vidarbha U-23 Men
| team2 = Punjab U-23 Men
| score1 = 209 (50 overs)
| score2 = 151 (44.1 overs)
| result = Vidarbha U-23 Men won by 58 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/mens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/148 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 12 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Mumbai U-23 Men
| team2 = Delhi U-23 Men
| score1 = 256/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 260/1 (44.3 overs)
| result = Delhi U-23 Men won by 9 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/mens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/149 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad|Gymkhana Ground]], [[Hyderabad]]
}}

======Final======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 15 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Delhi U-23 Men
| team2 = Vidarbha U-23 Men
| score1 = 211 (50 overs)
| score2 = 215/6 (48.2 overs)
| result = Vidarbha U-23 Men won by 4 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/mens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/150 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
}}
----

====Inter-University====
Inter-University competition consisted of sole Vizzy Trophy tournament.
----

=====Vizzy Trophy=====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = Vizzy Trophy
| fromdate = 17
| todate = 23 March 2019
| administrator =
| cricket format = Inter-university [[List-A cricket|One-day]]
| host =
| champions = South Zone University Men
| runner up = North Zone University Men
| participants = 4
| matches = 7
| player of the series =
| most runs = Abhirath Reddy (202) (Sou Zon)<ref name="munivizr"/>
| most wickets = K Shashank (13) (Sou Zon)<ref name="munivizw"/>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/vizzy-trophy-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019–20
| next_tournament = 2019–20 Indian cricket season#Vizzy Trophy
}}
Vizzy Trophy was initially scheduled to be played in [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout format]] from 20 to 23 March 2019.<ref name="18-19 summary"/> The tournament's format was changed to Round-Robin format which was followed by a final. It was played from 17 to 23 March 2019. South Zone University Men defeated North Zone University Men by 60 runs to win the tournament.<ref name="muniviz"/>

======League======
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:175px;"|Team<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/vizzy-trophy-2018-19/standings|title=Vizzy Trophy|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref>
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:65px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left" |South Zone University '''(C)'''
| 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''12''' || +0.682
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left" |North Zone University '''(RU)'''
| 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || +0.881
|-
| style="text-align:left" |West Zone University
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''4''' || +0.281
|-
| style="text-align:left" |East Zone University
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || −1.734
|-
|}
{{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top two teams advanced to the [[2018–19 Indian cricket season#Final 5|final]]

======Final======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 23 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = South Zone University Men
| team2 = North Zone University Men
| score1 = 274/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 214 (45.2 overs)
| result = South Zone University Men won by 60 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vizzy-trophy-2018-19/match/09 Scorecard]
| venue = [[ITM University (Gwalior)|ITM University]], [[Gwalior]]
}}
----

====Under-19====
The Under-19 age group consisted of Cooch Behar Trophy(Multi-day competition), Vinoo Mankad Trophy(One-day competition) and One-Day Challenger Trophy.
----

=====Cooch Behar Trophy=====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = Cooch Behar Trophy
| fromdate = 19 November 2018
| todate = 14 February 2019
| administrator =
| cricket format = Men's U-19 [[First-class cricket|Multi-Day]]
| host =
| champions = Uttar Pradesh U-19 Men
| runner up = Vidarbha U-19 Men
| participants = 35
| matches = 143
| player of the series =
| most runs = Vathsal (1235) (Ker U-19)<ref name="m19cbr"/>
| most wickets = A Anand (28) (Bih U-19)<ref name="m19cbw"/>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/cooch-behar-trophy-under-19-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019–20
| next_tournament = 2019–20 Indian cricket season#Cooch Behar Trophy
}}
Cooch Behar Trophy was played from 19 November 2018 to 14 February 2019. The tournament's qualification structure was similar to Ranji Trophy. Uttar Pradesh U-19 Men defeated Vidarbha U-19 Men on first-innings basis in the final to win the trophy.<ref name="m19cb"/> Due to shortage of umpire and match officials, the third round of tournament was delayed from 17 to 20 December to 21 to 24 January and the knockouts were shifted from 29 January to 18 February.<ref name="Delay2"/> Manipur's [[Rex Singh]] took all 10 wickets in an innings in a league stage match against Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manipuri teen Rex Singh takes 10-wickets in an inning in Cooch Behar Trophy|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/manipur-teenager-10-wickets-inning-record-5489856/|work=The Indian Express|date=16 December 2018 |access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref>

======League======
'''Points table'''

'''Elite Group-A and B'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m19cbpt">{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/cooch-behar-trophy-under-19-2018-19/standings| title=Cooch Behar Trophy 2018–19|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | D | Draw}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | Q | Quotient}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Uttar Pradesh||8||6||0||2||0||0||45||2.370
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Maharashtra||8||4||1||3||0||0||33||1.205
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Vidarbha||8||4||3||1||0||0||29||1.435
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Madhya Pradesh||8||3||1||4||0||0||28||1.250
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Rajasthan||8||3||1||4||0||0||28||1.101
|-
| Karnataka||8||3||0||5||0||0||27||1.178
|-
| Mumbai||8||3||0||5||0||0||27||1.079
|-
| Delhi||8||3||1||4||0||0||26||1.081
|-
| Bengal||8||2||0||6||0||0||22||1.085
|-
| Jharkhand||8||2||3||3||0||0||17||0.930
|-
| Gujarat||8||2||3||3||0||0||17||0.842
|-
| Punjab||8||1||3||4||0||0||17||0.990
|-
| Chhattisgarh||8||2||5||1||0||0||15||0.771
|-
| Hyderabad||8||1||2||5||0||0||15||0.887
|-
| Himachal||8||1||2||5||0||0||13||0.729
|-
| Haryana||8||1||5||2||0||0||11||0.828
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Tamil Nadu||8||0||4||4||0||0||8||0.709
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Baroda||8||0||7||1||0||0||1||0.589
|}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Elite Group-C'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m19cbpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | D | Draw}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | Q | Quotient}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Andhra||7||5||0||2||0||0||35||1.441
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Kerala||7||4||0||3||0||0||35||1.778
|-
| Saurashtra||7||2||0||5||0||0||24||1.303
|-
| Odisha||7||3||2||2||0||0||22||0.879
|-
| Jammu & Kashmir||7||2||4||1||0||0||14||0.889
|-
| Tripura||7||2||4||1||0||0||14||0.788
|-
| Assam||7||2||4||1||0||0||13||0.876
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Goa||7||0||6||1||0||0||1||0.505
|}
{{col-2}}
'''Plate'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m19cbpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | D | Draw}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | Q | Quotient}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Uttarakhand||8||8||0||0||0||0||56||5.209
|-
| Nagaland||8||7||1||0||0||0||46||1.746
|-
| Bihar||8||6||2||0||0||0||41||1.504
|-
| Meghalaya||8||5||3||0||0||0||32||0.895
|-
| Manipur||8||4||4||0||0||0||27||0.915
|-
| Puducherry||8||2||5||1||0||0||15||0.700
|-
| Sikkim||8||2||5||1||0||0||13||0.639
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh||8||1||7||0||0||0||7||0.626
|-
| Mizoram||8||0||8||0||0||0||0||0.258
|}
{{col-end}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top five teams across Groups A and B advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_3|knockout stage]]. Top two teams from Group C advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_3|knockout stage]] and are promoted to Groups A and B for the next season. Top team from Group C advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_3|knockout stage]] and are promoted to Group C for the next season.
* {{Color box|#fcc|border=darkgray}} Bottom two teams across Groups A and B relegated to the Group C for the next season. Bottom ranked team in Group-C is relegated to the Plate Group for the next season.}}

======Knockout stage======
======Quarter-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 28 January-1 February 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Uttarakhand U-19 Men
| team2 = Uttar Pradesh U-19 Men
| score1 = 101 (44.5 overs)
| score1_2nd = 86 (31.1 overs)
| score2 = 272 (76.1 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Uttar Pradesh U-19 Men won by an innings and 85 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/cooch-behar-trophy-under-19-2018-19/match/134 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 28 January-1 February 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Maharashtra U-19 Men
| team2 = Kerala U-19 Men
| score1 = 502 (128.2 overs)
| score1_2nd = 318 (82.2 overs)
| score2 = 266 (88.5 overs)
| score2_2nd = 211/3 (40 overs)
| result = Match Drawn (Maharashtra U-19 Men qualified on first innings lead)
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/cooch-behar-trophy-under-19-2018-19/match/142 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sanatana Dharma College Ground]], [[Alappuzha]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 28 January-1 February 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Andhra U-19 Men
| team2 = Vidarbha U-19 Men
| score1 = 138 (43.1 overs)
| score1_2nd = 181 (60.2 overs)
| score2 = 173 (54.1 overs)
| score2_2nd = 147/3 (36.5 overs)
| result = Vidarbha U-19 Men won by 7 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/cooch-behar-trophy-under-19-2018-19/match/143 Scorecard]
| venue = [[CSR Sharma College Ground]], [[Ongole]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 28 January-1 February 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Rajasthan U-19 Men
| team2 = Madhya Pradesh U-19 Men
| score1 = 281 (99.4 overs)
| score1_2nd = 407 (136.1 overs)
| score2 = 254 (88.3 overs)
| score2_2nd = 34/1 (10 overs)
| result = Match Drawn (Rajasthan U-19 Men qualified on first innings lead)
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/cooch-behar-trophy-under-19-2018-19/match/144 Scorecard]
| venue = [[KL Saini Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
}}

======Semi-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 4–7 February 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Rajasthan U-19 Men
| team2 = Uttar Pradesh U-19 Men
| score1 = 114 (41.2 overs)
| score1_2nd = 102 (34.2 overs)
| score2 = 273 (105.1 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Uttar Pradesh U-19 Men won an innings and 57 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/cooch-behar-trophy-under-19-2018-19/match/135 Scorecard]
| venue = [[KL Saini Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 4–7 February 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Vidarbha U-19 Men
| team2 = Maharashtra U-19 Men
| score1 = 653 (192 overs)
| score1_2nd = 138/6[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (45 overs)
| score2 = 239 (82.2 overs)
| score2_2nd = 43/3 (20 overs)
| result = Match Drawn (Vidarbha U-19 Men qualified on first innings lead)
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/cooch-behar-trophy-under-19-2018-19/match/145 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
}}

======Final======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 11–14 February 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Uttar Pradesh U-19 Men
| team2 = Vidarbha U-19 Men
| score1 = 283 (101.2 overs)
| score1_2nd = 305 (124.2 overs)
| score2 = 251 (95.2 overs)
| score2_2nd = 53/1 (15 overs)
| result = Match Drawn (Uttar Pradesh U-19 Men won on first innings lead)
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/cooch-behar-trophy-under-19-2018-19/match/136 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
}}
----

=====Vinoo Mankad Trophy=====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = Vinoo Mankad Trophy
| fromdate = 5 October 2018
| todate = 4 November 2018
| administrator =
| cricket format = Men's U-19 [[List-A|One-day]]
| host =
| champions = Vidarbha U-19 Men
| runner up = Tamil Nadu U-19 Men
| participants = 35
| matches = 143
| player of the series =
| most runs = Piyush Kumar Singh (534) (Bih U-19)<ref name="m19vmr"/>
| most wickets = Rohit Dattatraya (28) (Vid U-19)<ref name="m19vmw"/>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/vinoo-mankad-trophy-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-zonal-league-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019–20
| next_tournament = 2019–20 Indian cricket season#Vinoo Mankad Trophy
}}
Vinoo Mankad Trophy was played from 5 October to 4 November 2018. The tournament's qualification structure was similar to Ranji Trophy. Vidarbha U-19 Men defeated Tamil Nadu U-19 Men by 83 runs in the final to win their maiden trophy.<ref name="m19vm"/>

======League======
'''Points table'''

'''Elite Group-A and B'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m19vmpt">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/vinoo-mankad-trophy-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-zonal-league-2018-19/standings|title=Vinoo Mankad Trophy U19 One Day Limited Overs Zonal League 2018–19|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Andhra||8||7||1||0||0||28||+1.085
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Uttar Pradesh||8||7||1||0||0||28||+0.799
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Delhi||8||6||2||0||0||24||+1.336
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Madhya Pradesh||8||6||2||0||0||24||+1.121
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Vidarbha||8||6||2||0||0||24||+0.038
|-
| Punjab||8||6||2||0||0||24||+0.918
|-
| Karnataka||8||5||3||0||0||20||+0.216
|-
| Mumbai||8||5||3||0||0||20||+0.864
|-
| Haryana||8||4||4||0||0||16||+0.484
|-
| Bengal||8||4||4||0||0||16||+0.295
|-
| Hyderabad||8||4||4||0||0||16||+0.170
|-
| Maharashtra||8||3||5||0||0||12||−0.186
|-
| Jharkhand||8||3||5||0||0||12||−0.465
|-
| Gujarat||8||2||6||0||0||8||−0.430
|-
| Tripura||8||2||6||0||0||8||−1.434
|-
| Chhattisgarh||8||1||7||0||0||4||−1.551
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Assam||8||1||7||0||0||4||−2.131
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Baroda||8||0||8||0||0||0||−1.055
|-
|}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Elite Group-C'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m19vmpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Tamil Nadu||7||7||0||0||0||28||+0.718
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Rajasthan||7||6||1||0||0||24||+1.421
|-
| Kerala||7||4||3||0||0||16||+0.099
|-
| Saurashtra||7||3||4||0||0||12||+0.198
|-
| Himachal||7||3||4||0||0||12||−0.037
|-
| Jammu & Kashmir||7||3||4||0||0||12||−0.279
|-
| Odisha||7||2||5||0||0||8||−0.611
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Goa||7||0||7||0||0||0||−1.446
|-
|}
{{col-2}}
'''Plate'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m19vmpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Bihar||8||6||0||0||2||28||+3.271
|-
| Nagaland||8||6||1||0||1||26||+1.614
|-
| Uttarakhand||8||5||1||0||2||24||+2.927
|-
| Manipur||8||5||2||0||1||22||+1.563
|-
| Meghalaya||8||3||3||0||2||16||+0.502
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh||8||3||4||0||1||14||−1.217
|-
| Puducherry||8||1||6||0||1||6||−0.642
|-
| Mizoram||8||1||6||0||1||6||−2.731
|-
| Sikkim||8||0||7||0||1||2||−3.867
|-
|}
{{col-end}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top five teams across Groups A and B advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_4|knockout stage]]. Top two teams from Group C advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_4|knockout stage]] and are promoted to Groups A and B for the next season. Top team from Group C advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_4|knockout stage]] and are promoted to Group C for the next season.
* {{Color box|#fcc|border=darkgray}} Bottom two teams across Groups A and B relegated to the Group C for the next season. Bottom ranked team in Group-C is relegated to the Plate Group for the next season.}}

======Knockout stage======
======Quarter-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 29 October 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = Andhra U-19 Men
| team2 = Bihar U-19 Men
| score1 = 263/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 248/8 (50 overs)
| result = Andhra U-19 Men won by 15 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vinoo-mankad-trophy-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-zonal-league-2018-19/match/138 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 29 October 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = Rajasthan U-19 Men
| team2 = Uttar Pradesh U-19 Men
| score1 = 257 (50 overs)
| score2 = 197 (48.1 overs)
| result = Rajasthan U-19 Men won by 60 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vinoo-mankad-trophy-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-zonal-league-2018-19/match/143 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 30 October 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = Delhi U-19 Men
| team2 = Tamil Nadu U-19 Men
| score1 = 169 (43.5 overs)
| score2 = 170/4 (33.3 overs)
| result = Tamil Nadu U-19 Men won by 6 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vinoo-mankad-trophy-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-zonal-league-2018-19/match/139 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 30 October 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = Madhya Pradesh U-19 Men
| team2 = Vidarbha U-19 Men
| score1 = 283/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 284/2 (45.5 overs)
| result = Vidarbha U-19 Men won by 8 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vinoo-mankad-trophy-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-zonal-league-2018-19/match/144 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
}}

======Semi-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 1 November 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = Andhra U-19 Men
| team2 = Vidarbha U-19 Men
| score1 = 201/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 202/8 (48.3 overs)
| result = Vidarbha U-19 Men won by 2 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vinoo-mankad-trophy-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-zonal-league-2018-19/match/140 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 1 November 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = Rajasthan U-19 Men
| team2 = Tamil Nadu U-19 Men
| score1 = 148 (50 overs)
| score2 = 150/8 (38.1 overs)
| result = Tamil Nadu U-19 Men won by 2 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vinoo-mankad-trophy-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-zonal-league-2018-19/match/141 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
}}

======Final======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 4 November 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = Vidarbha U-19 Men
| team2 = Tamil Nadu U-19 Men
| score1 = 297/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 214 (45 overs)
| result = Vidarbha U-19 Men won by 83 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vinoo-mankad-trophy-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-zonal-league-2018-19/match/142 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
}}
----

=====Men's U19 One-Day Challenger Trophy=====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = Men's U19 One-Day Challenger Trophy
| fromdate = 10
| todate = 16 November 2018
| administrator =
| cricket format = U-19 [[List-A cricket|One-day]]
| host =
| champions = India Green Under-19 Men
| runner up = India Blue Under-19 Men
| participants = 4
| matches = 7
| player of the series =
| most runs = Pradosh Ranjan Paul (223) (Ind-U-19 Blue)<ref name="m19ctr"/>
| most wickets = Jaymeet Patel (7) (Ind-U-19 Yellow)<ref name="m19ctw"/>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/challenger-trophy-mens-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019–20
| next_tournament = 2019–20 Indian cricket season#Men's U19 One-Day Challenger Trophy
}}
Men's U19 One-Day Challenger Trophy was played from 10 to 16 November 2018 at [[Lucknow]]. India Green Under-19 Men defeated India Blue Under-19 Men by 6 wickets in the final to win the tournament.<ref name="mu19ct"/>

======League======
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:175px;"|Team<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/challenger-trophy-mens-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-2018-19/standings|title=Challenger Trophy Mens U19 One Day Limited Overs|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:65px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left" |India Green U-19 Men '''(C)'''
| 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''12''' || +1.269
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left" |India Blue U-19 Men '''(RU)'''
| 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || −0.117
|-
| style="text-align:left" |India Yellow U-19 Men
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''4''' || +0.153
|-
| style="text-align:left" |India Red U-19 Men
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || −1.440
|-
|}
{{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top two teams advanced to the [[2018–19 Indian cricket season#Final 8|final]]

======Final======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 16 November 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = India Blue U-19 Men
| team2 = India Green U-19 Men
| score1 = 206 (47.3 overs)
| score2 = 209/4 (43.4 overs)
| result = India Green U-19 Men won by 6 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/challenger-trophy-mens-under-19-one-day-limited-overs-2018-19/match/07 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana International Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
}}
----

====Under-16====
The Under-16 age group solely consisted of Vijay Merchant Trophy(Multi-day competition).
----

=====Vijay Merchant Trophy=====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = Vijay Merchant Trophy
| fromdate = 21 October 2018
| todate = 15 January 2019
| administrator =
| cricket format = Men's U-16 [[First-class cricket|Multi-Day]]
| host =
| champions = Haryana U-16 Men
| runner up = Jharkhand U-16 Men
| participants = 35
| matches = 97
| player of the series =
| most runs = Aryan Hooda (903) (Jha U-16)<ref name="m16vmr"/>
| most wickets = Abhishek (46) (Jha U-16)<ref name="m16vmw"/>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019–20
| next_tournament = 2019–20 Indian cricket season#Vijay Merchant Trophy
}}
Vijay Merchant Trophy was played from 21 October 2018 to 15 January 2019. It remained the only tournament to be played at intrazonal basis at round-robin stage. The tournament was originally scheduled to start from 3 October but was postponed to 21 October after the request from state associations.<ref name="VMdel"/> Mumbai Under-16 team's captain Musheer Khan was banned for three years for misbehaviour towards his teammates.<ref>{{cite news|title= Mumbai U-16 captain Musheer suspended for three years|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/mumbai-u-16-captain-musheer-suspended-for-three-years/article26021094.ece|work=The Hindu|date=18 January 2019 |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> Haryana Under-16 defeated Jharkhand Under-16 on first-innings basis in the final to win the tournament for the first time.<ref name="m16vm"/>

======League======
'''Points table'''

'''North Zone'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m16vmpt">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/standings|title=Vijay Merchant Trophy U-16 2018–19|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | D | Drawn}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | Q | Quotient}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Haryana||4||2||0||2||0||0||20||2.538
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Delhi||4||2||0||2||0||0||18||1.520
|-
| Punjab||4||0||0||4||0||0||8||1.283
|-
| Himachal||4||0||2||2||0||0||2||0.403
|-
| Jammu & Kashmir||4||0||2||2||0||0||2||0.272
|-
|}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Central Zone'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m16vmpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | D | Drawn}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | Q | Quotient}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Uttar Pradesh||5||3||0||2||0||0||26||2.805
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Madhya Pradesh||5||2||0||3||0||0||19||1.153
|-
| Vidarbha||5||1||1||3||0||0||12||1.202
|-
| Chhattisgarh||5||1||2||2||0||0||9||0.635
|-
| Rajasthan||5||0||2||3||0||0||9||0.983
|-
| Uttarakhand||5||0||2||3||0||0||3||0.376
|-
|}
'''West Zone'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m16vmpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | D | Drawn}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | Q | Quotient}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Mumbai||4||1||0||3||0||0||16||1.699
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Maharashtra||4||1||0||3||0||0||9||1.576
|-
| Saurashtra||4||0||0||4||0||0||8||1.021
|-
| Gujarat||4||0||0||4||0||0||6||0.880
|-
| Baroda||4||0||2||2||0||0||4||0.519
|-
|}
{{col-2}}
'''East Zone'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m16vmpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | D | Drawn}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | Q | Quotient}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Bengal||5||4||0||1||0||0||28||2.338
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Jharkhand||5||3||0||2||0||0||25||2.067
|-
| Odisha||5||1||1||3||0||0||14||0.971
|-
| Bihar||5||1||2||2||0||0||9||0.797
|-
| Tripura||5||1||4||0||0||0||7||0.485
|-
| Assam||5||0||3||2||0||0||4||0.501
|}
'''South Zone'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m16vmpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | D | Drawn}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | Q | Quotient}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Tamil Nadu||6||2||0||4||0||0||26||1.571
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Karnataka||6||2||0||4||0||0||22||1.449
|-
| Andhra||6||2||1||3||0||0||21||1.643
|-
| Kerala||6||2||0||4||0||0||17||1.196
|-
| Hyderabad||6||0||1||5||0||0||7||0.945
|-
| Puducherry||6||0||3||3||0||0||7||0.377
|-
| Goa||6||0||3||3||0||0||3||0.399
|-
|}
{{col-end}}
'''North East and Bihar'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="m16vmpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | D | Drawn}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | Q | Quotient}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Meghalaya||5||5||0||0||0||0||31||1.013
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Nagaland||5||4||1||0||0||0||26||1.365
|-
| Manipur||5||3||2||0||0||0||20||1.416
|-
| Mizoram||5||2||3||0||0||0||12||0.576
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh||5||1||4||0||0||0||6||0.751
|-
| Sikkim||5||0||5||0||0||0||0||0.452
|-
|}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}}Top 2 teams from each group advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_5|knockout stage]].}}

======Knockout stage======
======Pre-Quarter-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 8–11 December 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = Nagaland U-16 Men
| team2 = Uttar Pradesh U-16 Men
| score1 = 157 (38.3 overs)
| score1_2nd = 134 (33.1 overs)
| score2 = 561/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (98.5 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Uttar Pradesh U-16 Men won by an innings and 270 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/match/86 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 8–11 December 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = Karnataka U-16 Men
| team2 = Jharkhand U-16 Men
| score1 = 174 (71.2 overs)
| score1_2nd = 318 (117 overs)
| score2 = 518/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (118 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Jharkhand U-16 Men won by an innings and 26 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/match/90 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Railway Stadium, Dhanbad|Railway Stadium]], [[Dhanbad]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 15–18 December 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = Madhya Pradesh U-16 Men
| team2 = Delhi U-16 Men
| score1 = 316 (82.3 overs)
| score1_2nd = 262 (76.3 overs)
| score2 = 285 (81.3 overs)
| score2_2nd = 168 (60 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh U-16 Men won by 125 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/match/91 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Krishnagiri Stadium]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 15–18 December 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = Maharashtra U-16 Men
| team2 = Meghalaya U-16 Men
| score1 = 623/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (163 overs)
| score1_2nd =
| score2 = 65 (52 overs)
| score2_2nd = 84 (31.1 overs)
| result = Maharashtra U-16 Men won by an innings and 474 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/match/92 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Kadapa]]
}}
======Quarter-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 22–25 December 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = Mumbai U-16 Men
| team2 = Uttar Pradesh U-16 Men
| score1 = 113 (51 overs)
| score1_2nd = 265 (106.5 overs)
| score2 = 409 (110.4 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Uttar Pradesh U-16 Men won by an innings and 31 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/match/87 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Kadapa]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 22–25 December 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = Jharkhand U-16 Men
| team2 = Tamil Nadu U-16 Men
| score1 = 226 (84.3 overs)
| score1_2nd = 176 (63.2 overs)
| score2 = 88 (37 overs)
| score2_2nd = 229 (113.1 overs)
| result = Jharkhand U-16 Men won by 85 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/match/93 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gokulbhai Somabhai Patel Stadium]], [[Nadiad]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 29 December 2018 – 1 January 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Madhya Pradesh U-16 Men
| team2 = Bengal U-16 Men
| score1 = 422 (142 overs)
| score1_2nd = 337 (81.2 overs)
| score2 = 127 (30.5 overs)
| score2_2nd = 228 (45.4 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh U-16 Men won by 404 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/match/94 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jadavpur University Campus]], [[Kolkata]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 29 December 2018 – 1 January 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Haryana U-16 Men
| team2 = Maharashtra U-16 Men
| score1 = 198 (71.5 overs)
| score1_2nd = 359 (130.3 overs)
| score2 = 96 (50.5 overs)
| score2_2nd = 140 (55.3 overs)
| result = Haryana U-16 Men won by 321 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/match/95 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Kadapa]]
}}

======Semi-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 5–8 January 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Haryana U-16 Men
| team2 = Uttar Pradesh U-16 Men
| score1 = 480 (159.4 overs)
| score1_2nd = 255/4 (76 overs)
| score2 = 353 (123.4 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Match Drawn (Haryana U-16 Men qualified on first innings lead)
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/match/88 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gokulbhai Somabhai Patel Stadium]], [[Nadiad]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 5–8 January 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Madhya Pradesh U-16 Men
| team2 = Jharkhand U-16 Men
| score1 = 236 (73 overs)
| score1_2nd = 363 (75.1 overs)
| score2 = 383 (142.4 overs)
| score2_2nd = 196/3 (79 overs)
| result = Match Drawn (Jharkhand U-16 Men qualified on first innings lead)
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/match/96 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Shastri Maidan, Anand|Shastri Maidan]], [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]
}}

======Final======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 12–15 January 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Haryana U-16 Men
| team2 = Jharkhand U-16 Men
| score1 = 247 (101.2 overs)
| score1_2nd = 502/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (66.1 overs)
| score2 = 186 (163.1 overs)
| score2_2nd = 93/3 (20 overs)
| result = Match Drawn (Haryana U-16 Men win on first innings lead)
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/vijay-merchant-trophy-under-16-2018-19/match/89 Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA–KDCA Cricket Ground|Devineni Venkata Ramana Praneetha Ground]], [[Mulapadu]]
}}
----

===Domestic Women's===
{{Infobox cricket season
| tourney_name = India's Junior Women's domestic cricket season
| year = 2018–19
| tournament1 = [[#Women's U23 One-Day League|Women's U23 One-Day League]]
| champions1 = Bengal Under-23 Women
| runnersup1 = Mumbai Under-23 Women
| runs1 = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (960) (Mum U-23)<ref name="w23odlr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Womens Cricket Under 23 One Day league and Knockout 2018–19. One Day Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref>
| wickets1 = D D Dutta (31) (Meg U-23)<ref name="w23odlw">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Womens Cricket Under 23 One Day league and Knockout 2018–19. One Day Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref>
| tournament2 = [[#Women's U23 One-Day Challenger Trophy|Women's U23 One-Day Challenger Trophy]]
| champions2 = India Blue Under-23 Women
| runnersup2 = India Green Under-23 Women
| runs2 = Shafali Verma (114) (Ind-U-23 Blue)<ref name="w23odctr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-under-23-one-day-challenger-trophy-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Womens U23 One Day Challenger Trophy 2018–19. One Day Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>
| wickets2 = [[Arundhati Reddy]] (7) (Ind-U-23 Blue)<ref name="w23odctw">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-under-23-one-day-challenger-trophy-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Womens U23 One Day Challenger Trophy 2018–19. One Day Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>
| tournament3 = [[#Women's U23 T20 League|Women's U23 T20 League]]
| champions3 = Railways Under-23 Women
| runnersup3 = Maharashtra Under-23 Women
| runs3 = [[Devika Vaidya]] (395) (Mah U-23)<ref name="w23t20lr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-t20-league-and-knockout-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Womens Cricket Under 23 T20 league and Knockout 2018–19. T20 Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref>
| wickets3 = MD Sonawane (22) (Mah U-23)<ref name="w23t20lw">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-t20-league-and-knockout-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Womens Cricket Under 23 T20 league and Knockout 2018–19. T20 Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref>
| tournament4 = [[#Women's U23 T20 Challenger Trophy|Women's U23 T20 Challenger Trophy]]
| champions4 = India Green Under-23 Women
| runnersup4 = India Blue Under-23 Women
| runs4 = Disha Kasat (89) (Ind-U-23 Green)<ref name="w23t20ctr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-u23-t20-challenger-trophy-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Womens U23 T20 Challenger Trophy 2018–19. T20 Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref>
| wickets4 = Sushree Dibyadarshini (6) (Ind-U-23 Green)<ref name="w23t20ctw">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-u23-t20-challenger-trophy-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Womens U23 T20 Challenger Trophy 2018–19. T20 Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref>
| tournament5 = [[#Women's U19 One-Day League|Women's U19 One-Day League]]
| champions5 = Bengal Under-19 Women
| runnersup5 = Delhi Under-19 Women
| runs5 = S K Raut (440) (Mum U-19)<ref name="w19odlr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Womens Cricket U19 One Day league and Knockout 2018–19. One Day Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref>
| wickets5 = Tejashwini N Duragad (26) (Goa U-19)<ref name="w19odlw">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Womens Cricket U19 One Day league and Knockout 2018–19. One Day Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref>
| tournament6 = [[#Women's U19 T20 League|Women's U19 T20 League]]
| champions6 = Uttar Pradesh Under-19 Women
| runnersup6 = Andhra Under-19 Women
| runs6 = Shobha Devi (391) (U.P. U-19)<ref name="w19t20lr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-t20-league-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Womens Cricket U19 T20 league 2018–19. T20 Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>
| wickets6 = Anjali Singh (19) (U.P. U-19)<ref name="w19t20lw">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-t20-league-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Womens Cricket U19 T20 league 2018–19. T20 Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>
| tournament7 = [[#Women's U19 T20 Challenger Trophy|Women's U19 T20 Challenger Trophy]]
| champions7 = India Red U-19 Women
| runnersup7 = India Blue U-19 Women
| runs7 = Ellutla Padmaja (63) (Ind-U-19 Blue)<ref name="w19tctr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-u19-t20-challenger-trophy-2018-19/stats/most-runs|title=Womens U19 T20 Challenger Trophy 2018–19. T20 Statistics. Batting Stats. Most Runs |publisher=Bcci.tv |access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>
| wickets7 = Shafali Verma (4) (Ind-U-19 Green)<ref name="w19tctw">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-u19-t20-challenger-trophy-2018-19/stats/most-wickets|title=Womens U19 T20 Challenger Trophy 2018–19. T20 Statistics. Bowling Stats. Most Wickets |publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[2017–18 Indian cricket season|2017–18]]
| nextseason = [[2019–20 Indian cricket season#Domestic Women's|2019–20]]
}}
The Inter Zonal competition and Multi-Day Game format was eliminated from the season.<ref name="FP WomDom"/> The junior women's domestic season began in October with Women's U23 T20 Challenger Trophy. India Green Under-23 Women defeated India Blue Under-23 Women by 8 wickets to win the tournament.<ref name="wu23tct">{{cite news |title= India Green triumphs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/india-green-triumphs/article25162082.ece|work=The Hindu|date=9 October 2018 |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh U-23 Women defeated Andhra U-23 Women in the final by 18 runs to win the Women's U19 T20 League.<ref name="wu19t20l">{{cite web |url=https://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/1883100/Guntur/04.11.2018#clip/33699603/4e258b00-e4df-440a-b07c-901a98da6f39/881.5533980582524:1022.3029045643152|title=Andhra finishes as Runners-up in Cricket|newspaper=Andhra Jyothy|language=Telugu|date=4 November 2018|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> India Red Under-19 Women defeated India Blue Under-19 Women by 10 runs to win the Women's U19 T20 Challenger Trophy.<ref name="wu19tct">{{cite web |url=http://epaper.sakshi.com/1898344/Guntur-District/17-11-2018#dual/10/2|title=India Red Too Good|newspaper=Sakshi|language=Telugu|date=17 November 2018|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> Railways U-23 Women defeated Maharashtra U-23 Women in the final by 3 wickets to win the Women's U23 T20 League.<ref name="wu23t20l">{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/rajasthan-news-players-team-champion-employees-prasad-patil-champion-captain-railways-player-professional-nujahut-parveen-patil-sir-arun-kumar-haseeja-bedoy-50-hashabnis-trainers-video-analyst-girls-najahat-captain-najahat-champions-maharashtra-badami-hotels-sports-team-railway-office-bcci-team-teams-railway-team-maharashtra39-sports-council-dp-game-round-finals-t20-cricket-world-cup-class-camp-need-rule-job-faces-wickets-cricket-women-cricket-runs-maharashtra-professionalism-lot-women-ts-flight-way-physio-.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020019/https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/rajasthan-news-players-team-champion-employees-prasad-patil-champion-captain-railways-player-professional-nujahut-parveen-patil-sir-arun-kumar-haseeja-bedoy-50-hashabnis-trainers-video-analyst-girls-najahat-captain-najahat-champions-maharashtra-badami-hotels-sports-team-railway-office-bcci-team-teams-railway-team-maharashtra39-sports-council-dp-game-round-finals-t20-cricket-world-cup-class-camp-need-rule-job-faces-wickets-cricket-women-cricket-runs-maharashtra-professionalism-lot-women-ts-flight-way-physio-.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2019|title=Railways become champions, will get the year off|work=Dainik Bhaskar|language=Hindi|date=6 February 2019|access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> Bengal U-19 Women defeated Delhi U-19 Women by 26 runs (by [[Jayadevan's system|VJD method]]) to win the Women's U19 One-Day League.<ref name="wu19todl">{{cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/bengal-women-s-u19-team-wins-one-day-league/Sports/news/1525567.html|title=Bengal Women's U19 team wins One Day League|work=United News of India|date=12 March 2019|access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref> India Blue Under-23 Women defeated India Green Under-23 Women by 5 wickets to win the Women's U23 One-Day Challenger Trophy.<ref name="wu23odct">{{cite news |title= India Green beats India Blue to become champion|url=https://epaper.prabhatkhabar.com/2126124/RANCHI-City/City#life-ranchi/4/1|newspaper=Prabhat Khabar|language=Hindi|date=25 April 2019|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" style="width: 70%;"
|-
! Dates
! Tournament
! Age-Group (Matches Format)
! Teams Format (No. of Teams)
! Tournament format (No. of Matches)
! Winners
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|4 October 2018}}– {{dts|8 October 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Women's U23 T20 Challenger Trophy|Women's U23 T20 Challenger Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | Women's U-23 ([[Twenty20]])
| style="text-align:left" | Intra-national (3 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format|Finals]] (4 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | India Green Under-23 Women
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|14 October 2018}}– {{dts|3 November 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Women's U19 T20 League|Women's U19 T20 League]]
| style="text-align:left" | Women's U-19 ([[Twenty20]])
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-state (35 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (126 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | Uttar Pradesh Under-19 Women
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|12 November 2018}}– {{dts|16 November 2018}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Women's U19 T20 Challenger Trophy|Women's U19 T20 Challenger Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | Women's U-19 ([[Twenty20]])
| style="text-align:left" | Intra-national (3 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format|Finals]] (4 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | India Red U-19 Women
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|14 January 2019}}– {{dts|5 February 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Women's U23 T20 League|Women's U23 T20 League]]
| style="text-align:left" | Women's U-23 ([[Twenty20]])
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-state (36 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (133 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | Railways Under-23 Women
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|10 February 2019}}– {{dts|11 March 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Women's U19 One-Day League|Women's U19 One-Day League]]
| style="text-align:left" | Women's U-19 ([[List-A|One-Day]])
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-state (35 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (143 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | Bengal Under-19 Women
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|17 March 2019}}– {{dts|14 April 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Women's U23 One-Day League|Women's U23 One-Day League]]
| style="text-align:left" | Women's U-23 ([[List-A|One-Day]])
| style="text-align:left" | Inter-state (36 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]] (151 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | Bengal Under-23 Women
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{dts|20 April 2019}}– {{dts|24 April 2019}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[#Women's U23 One-Day Challenger Trophy|Women's U23 One-Day Challenger Trophy]]
| style="text-align:left" | Women's U-23 ([[List-A|One-Day]])
| style="text-align:left" | Intra-national (3 Teams)
| style="text-align:left" | [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format|Finals]] (4 Matches)
| style="text-align:left" | India Blue Under-23 Women
|-
|}
----

====Under-23====
The Under-23 age group consisted of One-Day League, One-Day Challenger Trophy, T20 League and T20 Challenger Trophy.
----

=====Women's U23 One-Day League=====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = Women's U23 One-Day League
| fromdate = 17 March
| todate = 14 April 2019
| administrator =
| cricket format = Women's U-23 [[List-A cricket|One-day]]
| host =
| champions = Bengal Under-23 Women
| runner up = Mumbai Under-23 Women
| participants = 36
| matches = 151
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (960) (Mum U-23)<ref name="w23odlr"/>
| most wickets = D D Dutta (31) (Meg U-23)<ref name="w23odlw"/>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019–20
| next_tournament = 2019–20 Indian cricket season#Women's U23 One-Day League
}}
Women's U23 One-Day League was played from 17 March to 14 April 2019. Bengal U-23 Women defeated Mumbai U-23 Women by 2 runs to win the tournament.{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}

======League======
'''Points table'''

'''Elite Group-A and B'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w23odlpt">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-2018-19/standings|title=Womens Cricket U23 One Day league and Knockout 2018–19|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Bengal||8||8||0||0||0||32||+2.154
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Himachal||8||8||0||0||0||32||+0.834
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Mumbai||8||6||2||0||0||24||+0.873
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Delhi||8||6||2||0||0||24||+0.347
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Karnataka||8||6||2||0||0||24||+0.256
|-
| Kerala||8||6||2||0||0||24||+0.227
|-
| Maharashtra||8||5||3||0||0||20||+0.552
|-
| Railways||8||5||3||0||0||20||+0.482
|-
| Andhra||8||5||3||0||0||20||+0.460
|-
| Uttar Pradesh||8||4||4||0||0||16||+0.248
|-
| Madhya Pradesh||8||3||5||0||0||12||−0.314
|-
| Punjab||8||2||5||1||0||10||−0.225
|-
| Odisha||8||2||5||1||0||10||−0.590
|-
| Vidarbha||8||2||6||0||0||8||−0.202
|-
| Gujarat||8||1||7||0||0||4||−0.764
|-
| Hyderabad||8||1||7||0||0||4||−0.790
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Tamil Nadu||8||1||7||0||0||4||−1.823
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Tripura||8||0||8||0||0||0||−1.987
|}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Elite Group-C'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w23odlpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Jharkhand||8||7||1||0||0||28||+0.959
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Baroda||8||6||2||0||0||24||+1.453
|-
| Haryana||8||5||3||0||0||20||+0.770
|-
| Assam||8||4||4||0||0||16||−0.308
|-
| Rajasthan||8||4||4||0||0||16||+0.930
|-
| Goa||8||4||4||0||0||16||+0.520
|-
| Chhattisgarh||8||3||5||0||0||12||−0.529
|-
| Saurashtra||8||2||6||0||0||8||−1.659
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Jammu & Kashmir||8||1||7||0||0||4||−1.899
|-
|}
{{col-2}}
'''Plate'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w23odlpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Uttarakhand||8||8||0||0||0||32||+4.043
|-
| Bihar||8||7||1||0||0||28||+1.174
|-
| Nagaland||8||6||2||0||0||24||+0.655
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh||8||4||4||0||0||16||−0.300
|-
| Meghalaya||8||4||4||0||0||16||−0.744
|-
| Pudicherry||8||3||5||0||0||12||+0.155
|-
| Sikkim||8||2||6||0||0||8||−0.614
|-
| Manipur||8||2||6||0||0||8||−1.055
|-
| Mizoram||8||0||8||0||0||0||−2.654
|}
{{col-end}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top five teams across Groups A and B advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_6|knockout stage]]. Top two teams from Group C advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_6|knockout stage]] and are promoted to Groups A and B for the next season. Top team from Group C advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_6|knockout stage]] and are promoted to Group C for the next season.
* {{Color box|#fcc|border=darkgray}} Bottom two teams across Groups A and B relegated to the Group C for the next season. Bottom ranked team in Group-C is relegated to the Plate Group for the next season.}}

======Knockout stage======
======Quarter-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 9 April 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Uttarakhand U-23 Women
| team2 = Bengal U-23 Women
| score1 = 102 (48.5 overs)
| score2 = 103/2 (22.5 overs)
| result = Bengal U-23 Women won by 7 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-2018-19/match/146 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 9 April 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Himachal U-23 Women
| team2 = Baroda U-23 Women
| score1 = 222/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 223/6 (48.1 overs)
| result = Himachal U-23 Women won by 2 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-2018-19/match/153 Scorecard]
| venue = VCA Kalmana Cricket Ground, [[Nagpur]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 10 April 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Mumbai U-23 Women
| team2 = Jharkhand U-23 Women
| score1 = 273/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 200 (46 overs)
| result = Mumbai U-23 Women won by 73 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-2018-19/match/148 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 10 April 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Delhi U-23 Women
| team2 = Karnataka U-23 Women
| score1 = 187/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 145 (49.1 overs)
| result = Delhi U-23 Women won by 42 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-2018-19/match/149 Scorecard]
| venue = VCA Kalmana Cricket Ground, [[Nagpur]]
}}

======Semi-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 12 April 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Bengal U-23 Women
| team2 = Delhi U-23 Women
| score1 = 203/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 146/9 (50 overs)
| result = Delhi U-23 Women won by 57 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-2018-19/match/150 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 12 April 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Mumbai U-23 Women
| team2 = Himachal U-23 Women
| score1 = 263/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 125 (36.2 overs)
| result = Mumbai U-23 Women won by 138 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-2018-19/match/151 Scorecard]
| venue = VCA Kalmana Cricket Ground, [[Nagpur]]
}}

======Final======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 14 April 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Bengal U-23 Women
| team2 = Mumbai U-23 Women
| score1 = 181/8 (44 overs)
| score2 = 110/5 (49.1 overs)
| result = Bengal U-23 Women won by 2 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-one-day-league-2018-19/match/152 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
}}
----

=====Women's U23 One-Day Challenger Trophy=====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = Women's U23 One-Day Challenger Trophy
| fromdate = 20
| todate = 24 April 2019
| administrator =
| cricket format = Women's U-23 [[List-A cricket|One-Day]]
| host =
| champions = India Blue U-23 Women
| runner up = India Green U-23 Women
| participants = 3
| matches = 4
| player of the series =
| most runs = Shafali Verma (114) (Ind-U-23 Blue)<ref name="w23odctr"/>
| most wickets = [[Arundhati Reddy]] (7) (Ind-U-23 Blue)<ref name="w23odctw"/>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-under-23-one-day-challenger-trophy-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019–20
| next_tournament = 2019–20 Indian cricket season#Women's U23 One-Day Challenger Trophy
}}
Women's U23 One-Day Challenger Trophy was played from 20 to 24 April 2019 at [[Ranchi]]. India Blue Under-23 Women defeated India Green Under-23 Women by 5 wickets in the final to win the tournament.<ref name="wu23odct"/>

======League======
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:175px;"|Team<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-under-23-one-day-challenger-trophy-2018-19/standings|title=Womens U23 One-Day Challenger Trophy 2018–19|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:65px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left" |India Blue U-23 Women '''(C)'''
| 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || +0.294
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left" |India Green U-23 Women '''(RU)'''
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''4''' || +0.872
|-
| style="text-align:left" |India Red U-23 Women
| 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || −1.150
|-
|}
{{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top two teams advanced to the [[2018–19 Indian cricket season#Final 11|final]]

======Final======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 8 October 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = India Green U-23 Women
| team2 = India Blue U-23 Women
| score1 = 117 (44 overs)
| score2 = 120/5 (28.4 overs)
| result = India Green U-23 Women won by 5 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-under-23-one-day-challenger-trophy-2018-19/match/04 Scorecard]
| venue = [[JSCA International Stadium Complex]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----

=====Women's U23 T20 League=====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = Women's U23 T20 League
| fromdate = 14 January
| todate = 5 February 2019
| administrator =
| cricket format = Women's U-23 [[Twenty20|T20]]
| host =
| champions = Railways U-23 Women
| runner up = Maharashtra U-23 Women
| participants = 36
| matches = 133
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Devika Vaidya]] (395) (Mah U-23)<ref name="w23t20lr"/>
| most wickets = MD Sonawane (22) (Mah U-23)<ref name="w23t20lw"/>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-t20-league-and-knockout-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019–20
| next_tournament = 2019–20 Indian cricket season#Women's U23 T20 League
}}
Women's U23 T20 League was played from 14 January to 5 February 2019. Two teams each from 5 groups qualified for the 2-group Super League. Winners of the two groups met in the final. Railways U-23 Women defeated Maharashtra U-23 Women in the final by 3 wickets to win the tournament.<ref name="wu23t20l"/>

======League======
'''Points table'''

'''Group-A'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w23t20lpt">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-t20-league-and-knockout-2018-19/standings|title=Womens Cricket U19 T20 league 2018–19|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Baroda||6||6||0||0||0||24||+2.907
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Punjab||6||5||1||0||0||20||+1.163
|-
| Kerala||6||4||2||0||0||16||+2.167
|-
| Uttar Pradesh||6||3||3||0||0||12||+1.407
|-
| Goa||6||2||4||0||0||8||+0.244
|-
| Meghalaya||6||1||5||0||0||4||−4.109
|-
| Manipur||6||0||6||0||0||0||−5.746
|-
|}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Group-B'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w23t20lpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Maharashtra||6||5||1||0||0||20||+2.938
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Jharkhand||6||4||2||0||0||16||+2.050
|-
| Rajasthan||6||4||2||0||0||16||+1.323
|-
| Hyderabad||6||4||2||0||0||16||+1.216
|-
| Assam||6||3||3||0||0||12||+0.508
|-
| Nagaland||6||1||5||0||0||4||−1.977
|-
| Sikkim||6||0||6||0||0||0||−6.338
|-
|}

'''Group-C'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w23t20lpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Mumbai||6||5||0||0||1||22||+2.121
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Delhi||6||4||1||0||1||18||+1.790
|-
| Himachal||6||4||2||0||0||16||+1.998
|-
| Haryana||6||3||3||0||0||12||+2.291
|-
| Tripura||6||3||3||0||0||12||+0.496
|-
| Bihar||6||1||5||0||0||4||−3.742
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh||6||0||6||0||0||0||−6.323
|}
{{col-2}}
'''Group-D'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w23t20lpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Bengal||6||6||0||0||0||24||+0.759
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Gujarat||6||5||1||0||0||20||+1.227
|-
| Andhra||6||4||2||0||0||16||+0.968
|-
| Karnataka||6||3||3||0||0||12||+0.195
|-
| Tamil Nadu||6||1||5||0||0||4||−0.457
|-
| Chhattisgarh||6||1||5||0||0||4||−0.583
|-
| Uttarakhand||6||1||5||0||0||4||−2.310
|}
'''Group-E'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w23t20lpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Railways||7||7||0||0||0||28||+3.698
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Vidarbha||7||6||1||0||0||24||+3.367
|-
| Odisha||7||5||2||0||0||20||+2.600
|-
| Madhya Pradesh||7||4||3||0||0||16||+2.146
|-
| Saurashtra||7||3||4||0||0||12||−0.002
|-
| Puducherry||7||2||5||0||0||8||−1.248
|-
| Jammu & Kashmir||7||1||6||0||0||4||−2.026
|-
| Mizoram||7||0||7||0||0||0||−8.415
|-
|}
{{col-end}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}}Top 2 teams from each group advanced to the [[#Super League|Super League]].}}

======Super League======
'''Points table'''

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Super Group-A'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w23t20lpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Railways||4||4||0||0||0||16||+0.308
|-
| Jharkhand||4||2||2||0||0||8||+0.656
|-
| Mumbai||4||2||2||0||0||8||+0.342
|-
| Gujarat||4||2||2||0||0||8||−0.361
|-
| Baroda||4||0||4||0||0||0||−0.710
|-
|}
{{col-2}}
'''Super Group-B'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w23t20lpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Maharashtra||4||4||0||0||0||16||+1.746
|-
| Bengal||4||3||1||0||0||12||+0.188
|-
| Delhi||4||2||2||0||0||8||−0.261
|-
| Vidarbha||4||1||3||0||0||4||−0.950
|-
| Punjab||4||0||4||0||0||0||−1.013
|-
|}
{{col-end}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}}Top team from both the groups advanced to the [[#Final_12|final]].}}

======Final======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 5 February 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Maharashtra U-23 Women
| team2 = Railways U-23 Women
| score1 = 116/2 (20 overs)
| score2 = 117/7 (18.3 overs)
| result = Railways U-23 Women won by 3 wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-23-t20-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/133 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
}}
----

=====Women's U23 T20 Challenger Trophy=====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = Women's U23 T20 Challenger Trophy
| fromdate = 4
| todate = 8 October 2018
| administrator =
| cricket format = Women's U-23 [[Twenty20|T20]]
| host =
| champions = India Green U-23 Women
| runner up = India Blue U-23 Women
| participants = 3
| matches = 4
| player of the series =
| most runs = Disha Kasat (89) (Ind-U-23 Green)<ref name="w23t20ctr"/>
| most wickets = Sushree Dibyadarshini (6) (Ind-U-23 Green)<ref name="w23t20ctw"/>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-u23-t20-challenger-trophy-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019–20
| next_tournament = 2019–20 Indian cricket season#Women's U23 T20 Challenger Trophy
}}
Women's U23 T20 Challenger Trophy was played from 4 to 8 October 2018 at [[Mysuru]]. India Green Under-23 Women defeated India Blue Under-23 Women by 8 wickets in the final to win the tournament.<ref name="wu23tct"/>

======League======
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:175px;"|Team<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-u23-t20-challenger-trophy-2018-19/standings|title=Womens U23 T20 Challenger Trophy 2018–19|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:65px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left" |India Blue U-23 Women '''(RU)'''
| 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || +1.667
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left" |India Green U-23 Women '''(C)'''
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''4''' || −0.407
|-
| style="text-align:left" |India Red U-23 Women
| 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || −1.038
|-
|}
{{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top two teams advanced to the [[2018–19 Indian cricket season#Final 13|final]]

======Final======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 8 October 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = India Blue U-23 Women
| team2 = India Green U-23 Women
| score1 = 70 (17.4 overs)
| score2 = 72/2 (12.5 overs)
| result = India Green U-23 Women won by 8 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-u23-t20-challenger-trophy-2018-19/match/04 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground]], [[Mysuru]]
}}
----

====Under-19====
The Under-19 age group consisted of One-Day League, T20 League and T20 Challenger Trophy.
----

=====Women's U19 One-Day League=====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = Women's U19 One-Day League
| fromdate = 10 February
| todate = 11 March 2019
| administrator =
| cricket format = Women's U-19 [[List-A cricket|One-day]]
| host =
| champions = Bengal Under-19 Women
| runner up = Delhi Under-19 Women
| participants = 35
| matches = 143
| player of the series =
| most runs = S K Raut (440) (Mum U-19)<ref name="w19odlr"/>
| most wickets = Tejashwini N Duragad (26) (Goa U-19)<ref name="w19odlw"/>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019–20
| next_tournament = 2019–20 Indian cricket season#Women's U19 One-Day League
}}
Women's U19 One-Day League was played from 10 February to 11 March 2019. The tournament's qualification structure was similar to Ranji Trophy. Bengal U-19 Women defeated Delhi U-19 Women by 26 runs (by [[Jayadevan's system|VJD method]]) to win the tournament.<ref name="wu19todl"/>

======League======
'''Points table'''

'''Elite Group-A and B'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w19odlpt">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/standings|title=Womens Cricket U19 One Day league and Knockout 2018–19|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Bengal||8||7||1||0||0||28||+1.081
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Delhi||8||6||1||0||1||26||+1.005
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Uttar Pradesh||8||6||2||0||0||24||+0.835
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Punjab||8||6||2||0||0||24||+0.412
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Mumbai||8||6||2||0||0||24||+1.428
|-
| Andhra||8||6||2||0||0||24||+1.158
|-
| Madhya Pradesh||8||5||3||0||0||20||+0.602
|-
| Haryana||8||5||3||0||0||20||−0.027
|-
| Assam||8||4||2||1||1||20||+0.555
|-
| Himachal||8||4||3||1||0||18||−0.145
|-
| Baroda||8||3||5||0||0||12||+0.053
|-
| Rajasthan||8||3||5||0||0||12||−0.920
|-
| Kerala||8||3||5||0||0||12||−0.646
|-
| Jharkhand||8||2||6||0||0||8||−1.013
|-
| Hyderabad||8||2||6||0||0||8||−0.308
|-
| Maharashtra||8||1||7||0||0||4||−0.780
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Karnataka||8||1||7||0||0||4||−1.088
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Chhattisgarh||8||0||8||0||0||0||−2.186
|-
|}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Elite Group-C'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w19odlpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Odisha||7||7||0||0||0||28||+1.734
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Goa||7||6||1||0||0||24||+1.840
|-
| Gujarat||7||5||2||0||0||20||+0.198
|-
| Tamil Nadu||7||4||3||0||0||16||+1.465
|-
| Saurashtra||7||3||4||0||0||12||−0.928
|-
| Vidarbha||7||2||5||0||0||8||−0.258
|-
| Tripura||7||1||6||0||0||4||−0.783
|-style="background:#fcc"
| Jammu & Kashmir||7||0||7||0||0||0||−3.337
|-
|}
{{col-2}}
'''Plate'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w19odlpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Uttarakhand||8||7||0||0||1||30||+4.491
|-
| Bihar||8||4||1||0||3||22||+1.561
|-
| Manipur||8||4||1|||0||3||22||−0.912
|-
| Nagaland||8||3||2||0||3||18||+0.276
|-
| Meghalaya||8||3||3||0||2||16||−0.508
|-
| Mizoram||8||2||4||0||2||12||−1.046
|-
| Sikkim||8||2||4||0||2||12||−0.953
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh||8||0||5||0||3||6||−0.778
|-
| Puducherry||8||0||5||0||3||6||−1.475
|-
|}
{{col-end}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top five teams across Groups A and B advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_7|knockout stage]]. Top two teams from Group C advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_7|knockout stage]] and are promoted to Groups A and B for the next season. Top team from Group C advanced to the [[#Knockout stage_7|knockout stage]] and are promoted to Group C for the next season.
* {{Color box|#fcc|border=darkgray}} Bottom two teams across Groups A and B relegated to the Group C for the next season. Bottom ranked team in Group-C is relegated to the Plate Group for the next season.}}

======Knockout stage======
======Quarter-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 6 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Bengal U-19 Women
| team2 = Uttarakhand U-19 Women
| score1 = 224/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 57 (38.4 overs)
| result = Bengal U-19 Women won by 167 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/138 Scorecard]
| venue = Abhimanyu Cricket Academy, [[Dehradun]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 6 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Odisha U-19 Women
| team2 = Uttar Pradesh U-19 Women
| score1 = 140 (47.3 overs)
| score2 = 143/7 (36.1 overs)
| result = Uttar Pradesh U-19 Women won by 3 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/142 Scorecard]
| venue = Tanush Academy Ground, [[Dehradun]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 7 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Goa U-19 Women
| team2 = Delhi U-19 Women
| score1 = 73 (31.3 overs)
| score2 = 74/6 (25.3 overs)
| result = Delhi U-19 Women won by 4 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/139 Scorecard]
| venue = Abhimanyu Cricket Academy, [[Dehradun]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 7 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Punjab U-19 Women
| team2 = Mumbai U-19 Women
| score1 = 164/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 165/5 (49.1 overs)
| result = Mumbai U-19 Women won by 5 Wickets
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/143 Scorecard]
| venue = Tanush Academy Ground, [[Dehradun]]
}}

======Semi-finals======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 9 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Bengal U-19 Women
| team2 = Mumbai U-19 Women
| score1 = 150 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 130 (46.2 overs)
| result = Bengal U-19 Women won by 20 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/140 Scorecard]
| venue = Abhimanyu Cricket Academy, [[Dehradun]]
}}
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 9 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Delhi U-19 Women
| team2 = Uttar Pradesh U-19 Women
| score1 = 172/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 81 (32.4 overs)
| result = Delhi U-19 Women won by 91 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/144 Scorecard]
| venue = Tanush Academy Ground, [[Dehradun]]
}}

======Final======
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 11 March 2019
| daynight =
| team1 = Bengal U-19 Women
| team2 = Delhi U-19 Women
| score1 = 181 (50 overs)
| score2 = 110/5 (38 overs)
| result = Bengal U-19 Women won by 26 Runs ([[Jayadevan's system|VJD method]])
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-one-day-league-and-knockout-2018-19/match/141 Scorecard]
| venue = Abhimanyu Cricket Academy, [[Dehradun]]
}}
----

=====Women's U19 T20 League=====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = Women's U19 T20 League
| fromdate = 14 October 2018
| todate = 3 November 2018
| administrator =
| cricket format = Women's U-19 [[Twenty20|T20]]
| host =
| champions = Uttar Pradesh U-19 Women
| runner up = Andhra U-19 Women
| participants = 35
| matches = 126
| player of the series =
| most runs = Shobha Devi (391) (U.P. U-19)<ref name="w19t20lr"/>
| most wickets = Anjali Singh (19) (U.P. U-19)<ref name="w19t20lw"/>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-t20-league-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019–20
| next_tournament = 2019–20 Indian cricket season#Women's U19 T20 League
}}
Women's U19 T20 League was played from 14 October to 3 November 2018. Two teams each from 5 groups qualified for the 2-group Super League. Winners of the two groups met in the final. Uttar Pradesh U-19 Women defeated Andhra U-19 Women in the final by 18 runs to win the tournament.<ref name="wu19t20l"/>

======League======
'''Points table'''

'''Group-A'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w19t20lpt">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-t20-league-2018-19/standings|title=Womens Cricket U19 T20 league 2018–19|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|Punjab||6||4||0||0||2||20||+2.991
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|Andhra||6||3||0||0||3||18||+7.831
|-
|Hyderabad||6||3||2||0||1||14||+3.884
|-
|Gujarat||6||3||2||0||1||14||+1.777
|-
|Tamil Nadu||6||3||3||0||0||12||+1.230
|-
|Sikkim||6||1||4||0||1||6||−5.829
|-
|Meghalaya||6||0||6||0||0||0||−6.472
|-
|}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Group-B'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w19t20lpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Delhi||6||6||0||0||0||24||+3.451
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Odisha||6||5||1||0||0||20||+2.685
|-
| Mumbai||6||4||2||0||0||16||+2.302
|-
| Maharashtra||6||3||3||0||0||12||+1.246
|-
| Tripura||6||2||4||0||0||8||+0.027
|-
| Manipur||6||1||5||0||0||4||−4.780
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh||6||0||6||0||0||0||−5.438
|-
|}

'''Group-C'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w19t20lpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|Himachal||6||6||0||0||0||24||+1.386
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|Kerala||6||5||1||0||0||20||+1.900
|-
|Goa||6||4||2||0||0||16||+0.640
|-
|Haryana||6||3||3||0||0||12||+1.240
|-
|Uttarakhand||6||2||4||0||0||8||−0.782
|-
|Jharkhand||6||1||5||0||0||4||−0.376
|-
|Nagaland||6||0||6||0||0||0||−5.171
|}
{{col-2}}
'''Group-D'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w19t20lpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Bengal||6||6||0||0||0||24||+3.167
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Assam||6||4||2||0||0||16||+1.310
|-
| Madhya Pradesh||6||4||2||0||0||16||+1.172
|-
| Rajasthan||6||4||2||0||0||16||+0.483
|-
| Vidarbha||6||2||4||0||0||8||−0.587
|-
| Bihar||6||1||5||0||0||4||−0.722
|-
| Puducherry||6||0||6||0||0||0||−5.128
|}
'''Group-E'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w19t20lpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Uttar Pradesh||6||6||0||0||0||24||+3.926
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Baroda||6||5||1||0||0||20||+2.338
|-
| Karnataka||6||4||2||0||0||16||+1.328
|-
| Chhattisgarh ||6||3||3||0||0||12||+0.342
|-
| Saurashtra||6||2||4||0||0||8||−1.623
|-
| Jammu & Kashmir||6||1||5||0||0||4||−2.201
|-
| Mizoram||6||0||6||0||0||0||−4.609
|}
{{col-end}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}}Top 2 teams from each group advanced to the [[#Super League_2|Super League]].}}

======Super League======
'''Points table'''

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Super Group-A'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w19t20lpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Uttar Pradesh||4||4||0||0||0||16||+1.598
|-
| Assam||4||3||1||0||0||12||−0.106
|-
| Punjab||4||2||2||0||0||8||−0.050
|-
| Himachal||4||1||3||0||0||4||−0.427
|-
| Odisha||4||0||4||0||0||0||−1.004
|-
|}
{{col-2}}
'''Super Group-B'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team<ref name="w19t20lpt"/>
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| Andhra||4||4||0||0||0||16||+1.646
|-
| Bengal||4||3||1||0||0||12||+0.338
|-
| Delhi||4||1||3||0||0||4||−0.460
|-
| Kerala||4||1||3||0||0||4||−0.579
|-
| Baroda||4||1||3||0||0||4||−0.930
|-
|}
{{col-end}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}}Top team from both the groups advanced to the [[#Final_15|final]].}}

======Final======
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 3 November 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = Uttar Pradesh U-19 Women
| team2 = Andhra U-19 Women
| score1 = 103/9 (20 overs)
| score2 = 85 (20 overs)
| result = Uttar Pradesh U-19 Women won by 18 Runs
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-cricket-under-19-t20-league-2018-19/match/126 Scorecard]
| venue = [[JKC College Cricket Ground]], [[Guntur]]
}}
----

=====Women's U19 T20 Challenger Trophy=====
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = Women's U19 T20 Challenger Trophy
| fromdate = 12
| todate = 16 November 2018
| administrator =
| cricket format = Women's U-19 [[Twenty20|T20]]
| host =
| champions = India Red U-19 Women
| runner up = India Blue U-19 Women
| participants = 3
| matches = 4
| player of the series =
| most runs = Ellutla Padmaja (63) (Ind-U-19 Blue)<ref name="w19tctr"/>
| most wickets = Shafali Verma (4) (Ind-U-19 Green)<ref name="w19tctw"/>
| website = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-u19-t20-challenger-trophy-2018-19/overview bcci.tv]
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019–20
| next_tournament = 2019–20 Indian cricket season#Women's U19 T20 Challenger Trophy
}}
Women's U19 T20 Challenger Trophy was played from 12 to 16 November 2018 at [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. India Red Under-19 Women defeated India Blue Under-19 Women by 10 runs in the final to win the tournament.<ref name="wu19tct"/>

=====League=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:175px;"|Team<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/womens-u19-t20-challenger-trophy-2018-19/standings|title=Womens U19 T20 Challenger Trophy 2018–19|publisher=Bcci.tv|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | P | Played}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | W | Won}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | L | Lost}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | T | Tied}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | NR | No result}}
! style="width:20px;"|{{Abbr | Pts | Points}}
! style="width:65px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left" |India Red U-19 Women '''(C)'''
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''4''' || +0.924
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="text-align:left" |India Blue U-19 Women '''(RU)'''
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''4''' || −0.100
|-
| style="text-align:left" |India Green U-19 Women
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''4''' || −0.783
|-
|}
{{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top two teams advanced to the [[2018–19 Indian cricket season#Final 16|final]]

=====Final=====
{{Cricket match summary | bg=#eee
| date = 16 November 2018
| daynight =
| team1 = India Blue U-19 Women
| team2 = India Red U-19 Women
| score1 = 85/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 83/7 (17.4 overs)
| result = India Red U-19 Women won by 10 Runs ([[Jayadevan's system|VJD method]])
| scorecard = [http://www.bcci.tv/womens-u19-t20-challenger-trophy-2018-19/match/04 Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA Women's Cricket Academy Ground]], [[Guntur]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{2018–19 in Indian cricket}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2018-19 Indian cricket season}}
[[Category:Indian cricket seasons from 2000–01]]
[[Category:2018 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2019 in Indian cricket]]

Ashoke Pandit

2025-11-29T03:28:52Z

Ambi: redirect

#REDIRECT [[72 Hoorain]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Montu Solanki

2025-10-03T08:33:06Z

Ambi: Put up some pg added tags.

−{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Montu Solanki''' (born 1982)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Montu Solanki(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SENDHWA (ST)(BARWANI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=1517 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Sendhawa Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Barwani district|Barwani District]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sendhwa Constituency Election Results 2023: Sendhwa Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/sendhwa |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sendhwa (ST) assembly election results 2023: Sendhwa (ST) Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/sendhwa-st-assembly-result-12187 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Solanki is from [[Sendhwa|Sendhawa]], Barwani District, Madhya Pradesh. He is the son of Lakshman Singh. He studied Class 12 at Government Subhash Higher Secondary School, [[Indore]], and passed the examination conducted by Madhyamik Shiksha Mandal, [[Bhopal]] in 2001. His wife [[Rajkala Solanki]] served as a district panchayat member.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Solanki won from Sendhawa Assembly constituency in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Montu Solanki , Cong Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Montu Solanki , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/madhya-pradesh/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/montu-solanki-12187-2 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> He polled 106,136 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Antar Singh Arya of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 1,677 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Sendhawa, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Montu Solanki ने Sendhawa सीट पर फिर लहराया परचम |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/sendhawa-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830332-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sendhwa Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Montu Solanki of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/sendhwa-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687455.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Sendhawa Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Montu Solanki Wins From Sendhawa |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/sendhawa-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-mp-assembly-election-results-news-1646966 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solanki, Montu}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Barwani district]]

Missed call

2025-09-15T10:59:32Z

Ambi: Put up first info needs work.

{{Short description|Deliberate termination of telephone call by recipient}}
{{About|the practice of deliberately missing calls to communicate information|missed phone calls in general|Telephone call|the film|Missed Call (film)|other uses|One Missed Call (disambiguation)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
[[File:Icons8 flat missed call.svg|right|thumb|A missed-call icon|alt=A blue phone handset icon lying horizontally in the center of the image with a reddish-orange arrow, the head at the left, bouncing diagonally off the top]]
A '''missed call''' is a [[telephone call]] that is deliberately terminated by the caller before being answered by its intended recipient, in order to communicate a pre-agreed message. It is a form of [[One-bit message|one-bit messaging]].

Missed calls were common in [[emerging markets]] where mobile phones with limited outgoing calls were widely used; as the call is not actually completed and connected, it does not carry a cost to the caller, hence they can conserve their remaining [[Prepay mobile phone|prepaid]] credit. Specific patterns of consecutive missed calls have been developed in some countries to denote specific messages. Missed calls are also referred to in some parts of [[Africa]] as '''beeping''',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1132926.stm|title=Uganda's 'beeping' nuisance|date=23 January 2001|work=BBC News|access-date=6 October 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/news-blog/rules-of-beeping/|title=Rules of beeping|last=Stix|first=Gary|work=Scientific American Blog Network|access-date=6 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> '''flashing''' in [[Nigeria]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opRVCwAAQBAJ&q=nigeria+flashing+cell+phone&pg=PA6 |title=Glocal English: The Changing Face and Forms of Nigerian English in a Global World|last=Kperogi|first=Farooq A. |date=22 June 2015 |publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=9781433129261|language=en}}</ref> a '''flashcall''' in Pakistan,<ref name="penn-takenhold"/> '''miskol''' in the Philippines and Indonesia, and '''ring-cut''' in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka's mobile missed calls boost communication, cut telecoms revenue |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/3368573/sri-lankas-mobile-missed-calls-boost-communication-cut-telecoms-revenue-20070226532774 |access-date=6 January 2021 |date=26 February 2007}}</ref>

Missed calls were especially prominent in India when [[mobile broadband]] and [[smartphone]]s were not yet ubiquitous: expanding upon their use as a communications method, they were adopted as a form of [[marketing communications]], in which users can "missed call" specific numbers and receive a call or text back that contains advertising and other content. Other forms of services were also built around the use of missed calls. By the mid-2010s, missed calling began to decline in popularity as access to low-cost smartphones and mobile data plans proliferated.

== Justification and impact ==

[[Prepay mobile phone|Prepaid]] mobile phones are popular in [[emerging market]]s, due to their lower cost in comparison to post-paid contracts.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="penn-takenhold" /> Prepaid plans have a limited number of minutes allotted for outgoing calls; as a missed call does not connect, they can be used to convey communications without consuming outgoing phone credit.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="penn-takenhold" /> Missed calls also bypass the [[language barrier]], since they do not require voice or text to be transmitted.<ref name="penn-takenhold" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://infotech.indiatimes.com/Telecom/Telcos_miss_moolah_on_missed_calls/articleshow/1108866.cms |title=Telcos miss moolah on missed calls |website=India Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309021729/http://infotech.indiatimes.com/Telecom/Telcos_miss_moolah_on_missed_calls/articleshow/1108866.cms |archive-date=9 March 2007|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode]] professor of marketing management Keyoor Purani remarked that missed calls are an "economical and wide-reaching mechanism of communication."<ref name="penn-takenhold" />

In countries where missed calling is common, some [[wireless carrier]]s showed concerns that the practice uses their networks in a manner [[Free-rider problem|they cannot derive revenue from]].<ref name="penn-takenhold" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/etiquettes-go-missing-in-missed-calls/97627/|title=Etiquettes go missing in missed calls!|work=The Financial Express|access-date=6 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2005, a Kenyan mobile operator estimated that four million missed calls were placed on their network daily.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/telecoms-en/6334/flashing-report-identifies-four-million-flash-calls-on-mobile-network|title='FLASHING' REPORT IDENTIFIES FOUR MILLION FLASH CALLS ON MOBILE NETWORK|website=Balancing Act|language=en|access-date=6 October 2017|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710041930/https://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/telecoms-en/6334/flashing-report-identifies-four-million-flash-calls-on-mobile-network|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="loosewireblog1">{{cite web|url=http://www.loosewireblog.com/2010/11/the-missed-call-the-decades-zeitgeist.html|title=The Missed Call: The Decade's Zeitgeist?|last1=Wagstaff|first1=Jeremy|date=10 November 2010|publisher=[[WP:SPS|Self-published]]|access-date=7 August 2013}}</ref> In 2006, industry estimates indicated that 20–25% of mobile calls in India were missed calls.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article1648465.ece|title=Missed call ends in missing revenue|date=4 February 2007|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=6 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> In 2007, the [[Cellular Operators Association of India]] announced that it would conduct a study on the effects of missed calls on Indian mobile networks.<ref name=":5" />

"Miskol", a [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] [[loanword]] for "miss call", was declared the "word of the year" at a language convention held by the [[University of the Philippines Diliman]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/infotech/view_article.php?article_id=82266|title="Miskol" is Filipino word of the year at conference|last=Alexander|first=Villafania|date=13 August 2007|access-date=3 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316042417/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/infotech/view_article.php?article_id=82266|archive-date=16 March 2008|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/10684/%E2%80%98miskol%E2%80%99-word-year|title='Miskol' is word of the year |work=philstar.com|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref>

== Use cases ==
=== Social usage ===
The information communicated by a missed call is pre-agreed and contextual in nature.<ref name=":4" /> They are typically used to signal the sender's status, such as indicating their arrival at a specific destination, or a business informing a customer that their order is ready for pickup.<ref name="loosewireblog1" /> In some countries, patterns have been established to indicate specific messages; in Bangladesh, two missed calls in a row is considered an indication that someone is running late, and in Syria, five missed calls in a row is considered a signal that the sender wishes to chat online.<ref name="loosewireblog1" /> Young couples miscall one another to see if the line is free, or to intentionally keep the line busy.<ref name="loosewireblog1"/> In Africa{{clarify|reason=Where in Africa?|date=March 2018}} there are established norms for how missed calls are used, such as for indicating who should call back with a voice call (and thus, bear the responsibility of paying for it).<ref name=":3" />

[[one-bit message|One-bit messaging]] [[Mobile app|apps]] such as [[Yo (app)|Yo]] (which is only capable of sending the word "[[Yo (greeting)|Yo]]" to other contacts) have been compared to the social practice of missed calls.<ref name="penn-takenhold" />

=== Marketing and services ===
Missed calls were adopted as a method of [[mobile marketing|mobile]] [[permission marketing]], known as '''missed call marketing''' (MCM).<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/08/mobile-advertising-india|title=Marketing a missed call|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=6 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> MCM campaigns take advantage of how cellular providers may offer unlimited incoming calls and [[text messaging|text messages]]: advertisements contain an [[Call to action (marketing)|instruction]] for customers to place a missed call at a specific number.<ref name="penn-takenhold" /> The number may be configured to automatically hang up on the caller when dialed.<ref name=":9" /> The number then [[Callback (telecommunications)|calls]] or texts back with supplemental content, such as product information, offers, or sponsored celebrity messages. Advertisers can retain the phone numbers of callers to build a [[Customer data management|customer database]], which could be used for future [[Engagement marketing|engagement]] and analytics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://digiday.com/marketing/wtf-is-missed-call-marketing-zipdial/|title=WTF is missed-call marketing?|date=21 January 2015|work=[[Digiday]]|access-date=5 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="penn-takenhold">{{Cite news|url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/missed-call-marketing-taken-hold-india/|title=Why 'Missed Call' Marketing Has Taken Hold in India|work=Knowledge@Wharton|access-date=6 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-05 |title=Don't pick up! The rise and fall of a massive industry based on missed calls |url=https://restofworld.org/2021/the-rise-and-fall-of-missed-calls-in-india/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=[[Rest of World]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

MCM was a prominent practice in India, where it appealed to the country's cultural and economic environment: in the early-2010s, at least 90% of all cellular phone users in India were on prepaid services, [[feature phone]]s were still commonplace,<ref name=":0" /><ref name="livemint-howmuch" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name="penn-takenhold" /> internet access was not widely-available in some rural regions, and there was a low market penetration for [[mobile broadband]] services.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="penn-takenhold" /> Along with advertising, missed call numbers were also used for other services, such as [[telephone banking]], as well as program listings and [[televoting|viewer voting]] by television channels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2016/05/13/5-things-five-things-you-can-get-in-india-by-using-a-missed-call/|title=5 Things You Can Get in India With a Missed Call|last=Anand|first=Shefali|date=13 May 2016|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|language=en-US|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26028381|title=Five unusual ways in which Indians use mobile phones|last=Banerjee|first=Tushar|date=12 February 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=6 October 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/09/stories/2006080922870300.htm|title=Give a 'missed call' to get information on city|date=9 August 2006|access-date=2 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822185623/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/09/stories/2006080922870300.htm|archive-date=22 August 2006|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Madras, India}}</ref>

A number of companies specialised in MCM, including Flashcall,<ref name="livemint-howmuch">{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/LMEKSW86jVm45gsDfZc5dL/How-much-is-a-missed-call-worth.html|title=How much is a missed call worth?|last=Dina|first=Arzoo|date=13 February 2015|work=Livemint|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mashable.com/2014/07/02/facebook-missed-call-ads-india/|title=Facebook Launches 'Missed Call' Ads in India|last=Wasserman|first=Todd|work=Mashable|access-date=5 October 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="penn-takenhold" /> [[VivaConnect]],<ref name="livemint-howmuch" /><ref name="penn-takenhold" /> and Zipdial.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/19/twitter-confirms-acquistion-of-indias-missed-call-marketing-platform-zipdial/|title=Twitter Confirms Acquisition Of India's Missed Call Marketing Platform ZipDial|last=Constine|first=Josh|work=TechCrunch|access-date=5 October 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/06/zipdial-has-turned-400m-missed-calls-into-moneymaking-connections/|title=ZipDial Has Turned 400M Missed Calls Into Moneymaking Connections|last=Olanoff|first=Drew|work=TechCrunch|access-date=5 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> Tested during the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], Zipdial was popularized by missed call services for [[cricket]] scores and [[Anna Hazare]]'s [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|anti-corruption movement]]; after serving over 415 million calls in its first three years of operation, the company was acquired by [[Twitter]] in 2015 for a value reported to be between [[United States dollar|US$]]20 and 40 million.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2011/03/14/this-missed-call-got-the-right-number-for-zipdial/|title=This Missed Call Got The Right Number For Zipdial|date=14 March 2011|work=Techcircle.in|access-date=7 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2014, the [[social networking service]] [[Facebook]] announced that it would support links to missed call numbers as an ad format, as part of an effort to bolster its advertising business in emerging markets such as Brazil, India, Indonesia, and South Africa. The company partnered with Zipdial, and later VivaConnect, to offer this service.<ref name="livemint-howmuch" /><ref name="penn-takenhold" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://adage.com/article/digital/facebook-introduces-missed-call-ad-format-india/293986/|title=Facebook To Use 'Missed Calls' To Dial Up Ad Dollars In India|date=3 July 2014|work=Advertising Age|access-date=4 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> Twitter would also offer the ability for users to subscribe to SMS notifications of tweets by celebrities via missed call numbers.<ref name=":13"/>

In 2013, [[Hindustan Unilever]] launched ''Kan Khajura Tesan'' (''Earworm Radio''), a missed call service that responded with a 15-minute block of Hindi entertainment content (such as [[Bollywood music]] and devotionals), interspersed with advertising for the company's brands.<ref name=":13"/> Unilever intended the service to be a method of engaging consumers in markets that were underserved by media and internet communications (such as [[Bihar]], where the service was described as being the state's most popular "[[radio station]]"); as of 2015, it had achieved 200 million [[Impression (online media)|impressions]]. Companies that are not direct competitors to Unilever were also allowed to advertise on the service;<ref name="livemint-howmuch" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/hul-opens-up-kan-khajura-tesan-to-advertisers/47824652|title=HUL opens up Kan Khajura Tesan to advertisers|website=ETBrandEquity|language=en|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/brand-equity/likeaboss-rural-india-plugged-in-now-huls-kan-khajura-looks-at-bringing-other-brands-on-board/articleshow/47879060.cms|title=#LikeABoss: Rural India plugged in, now HUL's Kan Khajura looks at bringing other brands on board|last=Irani|first=Delshad|date=1 July 2015|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> a campaign promoting the film ''[[Singham Returns]]'' through ''Kan Khajura Tesan'' generated 17 million calls.<ref name=":10" /> In 2014, ''Kan Khajura Tesan'' earned two gold [[Cannes Lions]] in media for "Use of Audio" and "Use of Mobile Devices", and a third in mobile for "Response/Real Time Activity".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/3-golds-india-cannes-lions-courtesy-hindustan-unilevers-kaan-khajura-tesan-1576131.html|title=3 golds for India at Cannes Lions, courtesy Hindustan Unilever's 'Kaan Khajura Tesan'|date=18 June 2014|work=Firstpost|access-date=6 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2015, the campaign won a bronze Lion for "Creative Effectiveness".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/cannes-lions-2015-3-silvers-3-bronzes-for-india-in-outdoor/47788331|title=Cannes Lions 2015: 3 Silvers, 3 Bronzes for India in Outdoor|website=ETBrandEquity|language=en|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref>

MCM faced criticism; Purani warned that "just as shortsighted abuse of advertising, direct mail and telemarketing has contributed to [[spamming]]-related problems, MCM runs the risk of degenerating into a marketing tool shunned by a large number of phone users."<ref name="penn-takenhold" /> High-end brands perceived MCM as being inappropriate for targeting their target markets.<ref name="penn-takenhold" /> Flashcall found that the concept was not viable in regions where missed calls were not an established social practice, such as the United States (where [[smartphone]]s and mobile broadband were widely-available).<ref name="penn-takenhold" />

=== As activism ===
During the [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|Indian anti-corruption movement]] in 2011, citizens could pledge support to [[Anna Hazare]]'s campaign through a Zipdial number. The number received 4.5 million calls, which significantly outpaced the number of Facebook [[Like button|likes]] and Twitter retweets that the campaign's posts received online.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9"/>

In January 2013, a protest was organized against high mobile internet rates in [[Bangladesh]], in which protesters simultaneously exchanged millions of missed calls in an effort to [[Denial-of-service attack|overload]] the cellular network.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/bangladesh-youth-protest-exorbitant-internet-fees-with-mass-missed-calls/|title=Bangladesh Youth Protest Exorbitant Internet Fees With Millions of Coordinated Missed Calls|date=29 January 2013|work=Motherboard|access-date=5 October 2017|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalvoices.org/2013/01/25/bangladesh-missed-call-a-tool-for-protest|title=Bangladesh: Missed Call – A Tool For Protest?|author=Gabe Wachob|date=25 January 2013|website=Global Voices|access-date=7 August 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, India's [[Aam Aadmi Party]] used missed call numbers for a recruitment campaign. In less than a month, the line was used to recruit 700,000 new members.<ref name=":11" />

On 31 January 2016, [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]'s monthly radio address ''[[Mann Ki Baat]]'' became available by phone through a missed call number. A government official stated that from 31 January to 23 February 2016, over 30 million calls were made to the number, and 20 million unique calls were returned.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nearly-10-lakh-people-heard-pm-narendra-modis-mann-ki-baat-on-mobile-by-giving-missed-call/articleshow/51147036.cms|title=Nearly 10 lakh people heard PM Narendra Modi's Mann Ki Baat on mobile by giving missed call|last=Sharma|first=Aman|date=26 February 2016|work=The Economic Times|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref>

=== Spam ===
Missed calls have also been used for [[Phone fraud|fraudulent purposes]] in a scam known as "[[Wangiri]]" or "one ring and cut" (from Japanese {{wikt-lang|ja|ワン切り}}). A scammer leaves a missed call using an international [[Premium-rate telephone number|premium rate phone number]], trying to lure the recipient into calling back and thus being charged.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/wangiri-fraud-what-happens-when-you-return-a-missed-call-from-an-unusual-number-1.3260810|title=Wangiri fraud: What happens when you return a missed call from an unusual number?|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=27 February 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/new-phone-scam-involves-overseas-calls|title=New phone scam involves overseas calls|date=11 November 2017|work=Windsor Star|access-date=27 February 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Beware-of-calls-from-unknown-numbers/articleshow/46361618.cms|title=Beware of calls from unknown numbers - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref>

== Decline in popularity ==
By the 2010s, the practice of missed calling had begun to decline in India, as cheaper [[smartphone]]s and [[mobile broadband]] plans became more ubiquitous.<ref name=":13"/> In 2014, Zipdial had been increasingly used for campaigns by [[e-commerce]] companies such as [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and [[Flipkart]] to advertise their [[mobile app]]s, targeting new smartphone users still familiar with missed calling.<ref name=":13" /> The 2016 launch of [[Jio]]—which offered competitively-priced plans and devices on a national [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] network (including coverage in both urban and rural regions), and launch offers with large amounts of free data allotments—triggered a significant growth in mobile broadband usage in the country, a [[price war]] between its established rivals, and the increased use of [[internet video]], [[e-commerce]], [[social networking service]]s, and messaging apps.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-05 |title=Two Years Ago, India Lacked Fast, Cheap Internet—One Billionaire Changed All That |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/two-years-ago-india-lacked-fast-cheap-internetone-billionaire-changed-all-that-1536159916 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200531042159/https://www.wsj.com/articles/two-years-ago-india-lacked-fast-cheap-internetone-billionaire-changed-all-that-1536159916 |archive-date=2020-05-31 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref name=":13" />

The increasing ubiquity of smartphones prompted advertisers to shift away from missed calling, as [[Digital marketing|digital]] and [[social media marketing]] campaigns became more viable in the market.<ref name=":13" /> In September 2016, Zipdial was shut down by Twitter as part of layoffs, leading to the closure of the company's engineering centre in [[Bangalore]].<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2016-09-20 |title=Twitter to shut down Bengaluru engineering centre, lay off 20-60 employees |url=https://scroll.in/article/816974/twitter-to-shut-down-bengaluru-engineering-centre-lay-off-20-60-employees |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Phone tag]]
* {{portal-inline|Telephones}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Telephony}}

{{Nonverbal communication}}

[[Category:Telephony]]

Committee on Medium-term Path on Financial Inclusion

2025-09-04T13:02:53Z

Ambi: put up the entry v1 - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
'''Committee on Medium-term Path on Financial Inclusion''' was an experts committee formed by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) on 15 July 2015 to create a five-year plan for [[financial inclusion]] in [[India]]. It was headed by [[Deepak Mohanty]], executive director of RBI.

It published its final report in December 2015 with a number of recommendations split into 10 broad areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://im4change.org/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/RBI%20Report%20of%20the%20Committee%20on%20Medium%20term%20Path%20on%20Financial%20Inclusion.pdf |title=Report of the Committee on Medium-term Path on Financial Inclusion |date=December 2015 |publisher=iam4change }}</ref><ref name=Hindu1>{{cite news|title=RBI sets up panel on financial inclusion|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/rbi-sets-up-panel-on-financial-inclusion/article7425907.ece|accessdate=21 July 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 July 2015}}</ref>

==Members==
The committee was headed by [[Deepak Mohanty]]. Other members of the committee were: <ref name=RBI1>{{cite news|title=RBI constitutes a Committee on Medium-term Path on Financial Inclusion (Press release)|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=34459|accessdate=21 July 2015|work=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|date=15 July 2015}}</ref>

* [[Ashok Gulati]], Infosys Chair Professor for Agriculture, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)
* [[Asli Demirgüç-Kunt]], director of research, [[The World Bank]]
* A. P. Hota, MD & CEO, [[National Payments Corporation of India]]
* Paresh Sukthankar, deputy managing director, [[HDFC Bank]]
* Kishor P. Kharat, executive director, [[Union Bank of India]]
* Subrata Gupta, chief general manager, [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]]
* Pawan Bakhshi, head – Financial Services for the poor programme in India, [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]]
* Sudarshan Sen, principal chief general manager, Department of Banking Regulation, Reserve Bank of India
* Arun Pasricha, chief general manager, Consumer Education and Protection Department, Reserve Bank of India
* Nanda S. Dave, chief general manager, Department of Payment and Settlement Systems, Reserve Bank of India
* Y. K. Gupta, director, Department of Statistics and Information Management, Reserve Bank of India
* Saibal Ghosh, deputy adviser, research, Centre for Advanced Financial Research and Learning (CAFRAL)

==Objective==
The objective of the committee was to examine the existing policy regarding financial inclusion and to form a five-year action plan.<ref name=live1>{{cite news|title=RBI sets up committee to work out medium-term path on financial inclusion|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/LkMsgsguvXGc2jltxHstUK/RBI-sets-up-committee-to-work-out-mediumterm-path-on-financ.html|accessdate=21 July 2015|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=15 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=BL1>{{cite news|title=RBI panel to push financial inclusion|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/banking/rbi-panel-to-push-financial-inclusion/article7425989.ece|accessdate=21 July 2015|work=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=15 July 2015}}</ref> The plan had several components with regard to [[payment]]s, [[deposit (finance)|deposits]], [[credit (finance)|credit]], [[social security]] transfers, [[pension]] and [[insurance]].<ref name=BL1/>

==See also==
* [[Raghuram Rajan Committee on Financial Sector Reforms]]
* [[Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses and Low Income Households]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Committees of the Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Microfinance in India]]
[[Category:2015 in Indian economy]]

Pathlaag

2025-07-10T04:04:30Z

Ambi: corrected formatting and corrected details

{{short description|1964 film by Raja Paranjape}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pathlaag
| image = Pathlaag.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Raja Paranjape]]
| producer = Raja Paranjape
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar|G. D. Madgulkar]]
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''Asha Parat Yete''|Jayant Deokule}}
| starring = [[Kashinath Ghanekar]] Bhavana
| narrator =
| music = [[Datta Davjekar]]
| cinematography = Datta Gorle
| editing =
| studio = Shripad Chitra
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1964}}
| runtime = 123 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=381}}
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pathlaag''''' ({{translation|The Chase}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[thriller film]] produced and directed by [[Raja Paranjape]]. It is an adaptation of the Jayant Deokule novel ''Asha Parat Yete'' (Asha comes back). The film stars [[Kashinath Ghanekar]] and Bhavana. It was a commercial success, and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]] and [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor]] for Ghanekar. The film was later remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Idhaya Kamalam]]'' (1965) and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Mera Saaya]]'' (1966).

== Plot ==
When Balasaheb Panse, a renowned Indian lawyer goes abroad, he receives a telegram informing him of the sudden death of his wife Asha. After she has been cremated and he is still in mourning, a woman arrested as a member of a criminal gang by the police claims to be Asha. She keeps telling Panse intimate details about their lives, expresses surprise that anyone could have thought her dead and implores him to have her released, causing a major emotional dilemma for Panse. Eventually, the second woman is revealed as indeed his wife, while the woman who died was her hitherto unmentioned twin sister.

== Cast ==
* [[Kashinath Ghanekar]] as Balasaheb Panse{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=381}}
* Bhavana as Asha and Nisha/Raina {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=381}}

== Production ==
''Pathlaag'' is based on Jayant Deokule's novel ''Asha Parat Yete''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yyqc0Qa6b60C&q=Asha+Parat+Yete&pg=PA904 |title=The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-85739-229-6 |editor-last=Goble |editor-first=Alan |pages=125, 904}}</ref> It was produced and directed by [[Raja Paranjape]] under Shripad Chitra,<ref name="12thaward" /> and the screenplay was written by [[G. D. Madgulkar]]. The cinematography was handled by Datta Gorle. [[Kashinath Ghanekar]] and Bhavana made their acting debuts with this film.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=381}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Datta Davjekar]], and screenwriter Madgulkar also served as lyricist.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=381}} There are only two songs in the film: "Ya Dolyanchi Don Pakhare" and "Nako Marus Hak", both sung by [[Asha Bhosle]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathlag Mar |url=https://gaana.com/album/pathlag-mar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180821073928/https://gaana.com/album/pathlag-mar |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=21 August 2018 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> The former attained popularity.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=382}}

== Release and reception ==
''Pathlaag'' became a commercial success, and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]].<ref name="12thaward">{{Cite web |title=12th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225220334/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=21 August 2018 |website=[[International Film Festival of India]]}}</ref> The film was later remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Idhaya Kamalam]]'' (1965)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=3 August 2013 |title=Idhaya Kamalam (1965) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/idhaya-kamalam-1965/article4985463.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821060822/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/idhaya-kamalam-1965/article4985463.ece |archive-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Mera Saaya]]'' (1966).{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=382}} Despite its success, ''Pathlaag'' failed to set a trend of more detective films being made in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Narwekar |first1=Sanjit |title=Marathi Cinema: in retrospect |last2=Kul |first2=Raghuvir |last3=Samant |first3=D. B. |publisher=Maharashtra Film, Stage & Cultural Development Corporation |year=1995 |page=104 |author-link=Sanjit Narwekar}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-year=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0323598}}
{{National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi}}

[[Category:1960s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:1964 thriller films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:Best Marathi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Marathi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Bombers (web series)

2025-07-08T17:08:14Z

Ambi: put up some post v1

{{short description|Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Vishal Puria
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|[[Ranvir Shorey]]|[[Anup Soni]]|[[Aahana Kumra]]|''(See full cast [[#Cast|below]])''}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| producer =
| runtime = 31–40 minutes
| company = Horseshoe Motion Pictures [[Banijay|Banijay Asia]]
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| writer = Vishal Kapoor
| director = Vishal Furia
| list_episodes = Bombers (web series)#Episodes
| cinematography = Vikram Amladi
| released = {{Start date|2019|06|22|df=y}}
}}

'''Bombers''' is a sports drama web series<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/zee5-launches-bombers-sports-football-drama-with-sunil-chhetri-36778|title=Zee5 Launches A New Sports Drama 'Bombers'|publisher=Mumbai Live|language=en}}</ref> starring [[Ranvir Shorey]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ranvir-shorey-bombers-zee5-5794243/|title=Ranvir Shorey on ZEE5 web series Bombers, working in multi-starrer projects and the digital space|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en|date=22 June 2019}}</ref> [[Aahana Kumra]], [[Sapna Pabbi]] and Varun Mitra in lead roles. The series follows the trials and tribulations of the fictional Chandannagar-based football club Bombers FC - primarily set in West Bengal. The football-based web series was released by [[ZEE5]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-from-parchhayee-to-bombers-brace-yourself-for-an-exciting-monsoon-season-with-zee5-s-exciting-line-up-this-june-2756817|title=From 'Parchhayee' to 'Bombers': Brace yourself for an exciting monsoon season with ZEE5's exciting line-up this June!|publisher=Daily News and Analysis India|language=en|date=3 June 2019}}</ref> on 22 June 2019 as a part of its on-demand content streaming service. Bombers is directed by Vishal Furia and written by Vishal Kapoor.

The series is the digital debut of [[India national football team]] captain and the captain of [[Bengaluru FC]], [[Sunil Chhetri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/sunil-chhetri-to-make-digital-debut-with-bombers|title=Sunil Chhetri to make digital debut with 'Bombers'|publisher=The Quint|language=en|date=15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/sunil-chhetri-special-appearance-bombers-web-series-movies-struggles-indian-football/article27947504.ece|title=Lights, camera, action: A new role for Sunil Chhetri|work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Ranvir Shorey]]
* [[Aahana Kumra]] as Sanjana
* [[Sapna Pabbi]] as Andy
* [[Varun Mitra]] as Badol
* [[Prince Narula]] as Bali
* [[Meiyang Chang]] as Tokai
* [[Gaurav Sharma (actor)|Gaurav Sharma]] as Atul
* [[Flora Saini]] as Minister's wife
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Samu Da
* [[Anup Soni]] as Manik
* [[Shivam Patil]] as Toto
* [[Madhurima Roy]]
* [[Shivam Bhaargava]] as Ron<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-08 |title=I shifted my focus to content driven projects: Shivam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/i-shifted-my-focus-to-content-driven-projects-shivam-101625762486031.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = The End
|DirectedBy = Vishal Puria
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|06|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Bombers Arik Baar
|DirectedBy = Vishal Puria
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|06|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = The Challenge
|DirectedBy = Vishal Puria
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|06|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Challenge Accepted
|DirectedBy = Vishal Puria
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|06|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Into the League
|DirectedBy = Vishal Puria
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|06|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Catastrophe Strikes
|DirectedBy = Vishal Puria
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|06|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Bali vs Badol
|DirectedBy = Vishal Puria
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|07|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Testing Times
|DirectedBy = Vishal Puria
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|07|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Down and Out!
|DirectedBy = Vishal Puria
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|07|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = Fort Et Fier
|DirectedBy = Vishal Puria
|WrittenBy = Vishal Kapoor
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|07|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt10478670}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/bombers/0-6-1776 ''Bombers''] at [[Zee5|ZEE5]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2019 web series debuts]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Television series by Banijay]]

Swadesh Chatterjee

2025-07-07T03:37:54Z

Ambi: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{Short description|American activist}}
{{Infobox person
|name =Swadesh Chatterjee
|birth_date =1947
|occupation =Activist
}}
'''Swadesh Chatterjee''' (born 1947) is an American leader and activist dedicated to fostering a better relationship among American and Indian people, politicians and businesses.<ref>NRI Profile-Swadesh Chatterjee (http://www.calcuttaweb.com/nri/Swadesh_Chatterjee.shtml)</ref> In recognition of his contributions, the [[President of India]] conferred on him the [[Padma Bhushan]] award in 2001.<ref>America honours Padma Bhushan winner, ''Rediff India Abroad'', September 2, 2001 (http://www.rediff.com/us/2001/sep/02us.htm)</ref><ref>Hon. David E. Price, "India Honors Swadesh Chatterjee," ''Congressional Records'', V147 (2001), Part 8, June 19, 2001 (http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRECB-2001-pt8/html/CRECB-2001-pt8-Pg11087-3.htm)</ref> He was the first Indian American to receive this award in the public affairs category. Chatterjee was inducted as a member of [[Prime Minister of India|India's Prime Minister's]] Global Advisory Council of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Overseas Indians]] in January 2009.<ref>Constitution of the Prime Minister's Global Advisory Council of Overseas Indians, Government of India (http://moia.gov.in/writereaddata/pdf/PM_Global_Council_Notification_2.1.09.pdf)</ref><ref>The Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, Government of India (http://moia.gov.in/services.aspx?id1=284&idp=284&mainid=196)</ref>

Chatterjee was chairman and co-founder of the U.S.-India Friendship Council, a coalition of prominent Indian American individuals and associations that lobbied U.S. Senators and House members that was instrumental in the passage of the [[U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement|US-India Civilian Nuclear Deal]].<ref>A New Kind of Indian Power, ''Los Angeles Times'', January 20, 2007 (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-20-oe-kripalani20-story.html)</ref><ref>Congressman Ackerman Headlines USIBC & FICCI Luncheon with Indian Parliamentarians," ''USIBC Update'', November 2007 (http://www.usibc.com/sites/default/files/news/files/0711usibcnewsletter.pdf)</ref><ref>US-India Friendship Council Hails Approval of US-India Civil Nuclear Agreement, ''Asian Tribune'', October 2, 2008 (http://www.asiantribune.com/node/13488)</ref> The historic bill was signed into law by [[Presidency of George W. Bush|President George W. Bush]] on Wednesday, October 8, 2008.<ref>President Bush Signs H.R. 7081, the United States-India Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Nonproliferation Enhancement Act, October 8, 2008, ''White House Press Release'' (https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/10/20081008-4.html</ref>

In 1998, Chatterjee was elected the President of the Indian American Forum for Political Education (IAFPE),<ref>Indian American Forum for Political Education (http://www.iafpe.org/)</ref> a nationwide organization whose goals are to boost political participation by members of the Indian American Community and to improve the relationship between the United States and India. Under his leadership, IAFPE played a key role in [[Bill Clinton|President Clinton]]’s March 2000 visit to India. He and others from the Indian American community briefed the White House before the visit. He was part of the Indian American delegation that accompanied the president during the visit.<ref>IAFPE Completes 20 years of Political Activism, N.C. Srirekha, ''India Post News Service'', New York, November 1, 2002 (http://www.iafpe.org/php/showNewsDetails.php?linkid=5&newsid=8)</ref>

Chatterjee is credited with transforming [[Jesse Helms|Senator Jesse Helms]], then chairman of the powerful [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee]], from an India-basher to a friend and an ally. It is believed that this transformation laid the foundation of future successes in improving the U.S.-India relationship.<ref>From Political Apathy to Activism, ''Khabar'', September 2002 (http://www.khabar.com/magazine/cover-story/From_Political_Apathy_to_Activism_0.aspx)</ref>

A long-time [[North Carolina]] resident, Chatterjee is a businessman and entrepreneur. He is president and CEO of Swadesh Chatterjee and Associates, and was earlier president of Brandt Instruments. He served on the N.C. Joining our Businesses and Schools (JOBS) Commission under the leadership of [[Walter H. Dalton|Walter Dalton]], a former Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina (2009-2013).<ref>N.C. Joining our Businesses and Schools (JOBS) Commission (https://www.ncstem.org/news/jobs-commission.html)</ref> Chatterjee is a co-founder of TiE Carolinas,<ref>TiE Carolinas (http://carolinas.tie.org/)</ref> a group of successful business people whose primary goal is to develop and assist fledgling entrepreneurs. He served a two-year term (2003-2004) as President of the group.

Chatterjee serves on the board of directors for The Center for International Understanding Council of North Carolina<ref>Center for International Understanding Council of North Carolina (http://ciu.northcarolina.edu/)</ref> and on the Advisory Board for International and Area studies in the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]].<ref>UNC Global, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (http://global.unc.edu/)</ref>

Chatterjee was the first recipient of the Community Leader of Year award by the ethnic newspaper, [[India Abroad]] (2006).<ref>This man bridges gaps across continents, ''Rediff India Abroad'', March 23, 2007 (http://specials.rediff.com/news/2007/mar/23indiad1.htm)</ref>

Chatterjee has a B.Sc.Degree in Physics from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]], a B.E. in Instrumentation and Electronic Engineering from [[Jadavpur University]], and an M.B.A. from [[North Carolina State University]]. He and his wife Manjusri Chatterjee, a practicing Physician, reside in [[Cary, North Carolina]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Swadesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]

Swadesh Chatterjee

2025-07-07T03:37:54Z

Ambi: Enhanced and reorganized content

Maiestas belonus

2025-06-11T21:03:32Z

Ambi: Put up initial details first draft.

{{Short description|Species of bug in the Cicadellidae family endemic to India}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Maiestas
| species = belonus
| authority = (Dash & [[Viraktamath]], 1998)<ref>https://hoppers.speciesfile.org/otus/24361/overview</ref>
}}

'''''Maiestas belonus''''' is a species of bug from the [[leafhopper|Cicadellidae]] family that is endemic to [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2457841|title=Recilia belonus |publisher=Globalspecies.org|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref> It was originally placed within ''[[Recilia]]'' as ''R. belonus'', but a 2009 revision placed it into ''[[Maiestas]]''.<ref name=WeebViraktamath2009>Webb, M.D.; Viraktamath, C.A. 2009: Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the ''Deltocephalus'' group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae). ''Zootaxa'', '''2163''': 1-64. [http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02163p064f.pdf Abstract & excerpt]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3081849}}

[[Category:Insects described in 1998]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Insects of India]]
[[Category:Maiestas|belonus]]

{{Deltocephalinae-stub}}