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Aaditi Pohankar

2026-05-07T15:46:26Z

Ambaputra:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aaditi Pohankar
| image = Aaditi Pohankar snapped during Ashram 3 promotions (cropped).jpg
| caption = Pohankar in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|01|01}}
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2010–present
| notable_works = ''[[She (TV series)|She]]'', ''[[Aashram]]''
}}

'''Aaditi Pohankar''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films and web series. She had her breakthrough role alongside [[Riteish Deshmukh]] in the Marathi action film ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Suhani |date=27 February 2021 |title=The OTT Generation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cinema/story/20210308-the-ott-generation-1773226-2021-02-27 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> She gained wider attention for her roles in the Hindi web series ''[[She (TV series)|She]]'' and ''[[Aashram]]'' (both 2020–present).<ref name="HindustanTimes-Remember-2021">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2021 |title=Aaditi Pohankar: I want people to remember my roles |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/aaditi-pohankar-i-want-people-to-remember-my-roles-101612009281041.html |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Early life==
Aaditi Pohankar was born to Sudhir and Shobha Pohankar, both athletes.<ref name="thehindu"/> While in school, she represented [[Maharashtra]] in [[sport of athletics|athletics]] and won medals in [[100 metres]] and [[200 metres]] races.

==Career==
Pohankar began her career in theatre and had her first minor film role in the Hindi anthology film ''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha]]'' (2010) and her first major film role in the Marathi film ''Kunasathi Kunitari'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/aaditi-pohankar/articleshow/88715232.cms|title=Aaditi Pohankar|date=5 January 2022|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/straddling-stage-screen-and-stadium/article4040260.ece |title=Straddling stage, screen and stadium |first=K. |last=Santhosh |date=28 October 2012 |website=The Hindu |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323115913/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/straddling-stage-screen-and-stadium/article4040260.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Aaditi-to-debut-in-Mollywood/articleshow/16653417.cms |title=Aaditi to debut in Mollywood |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204073539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Aaditi-to-debut-in-Mollywood/articleshow/16653417.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She was spotted by director [[Nishikant Kamat]] when he saw Makarand's play ''Time Boy'' in Mumbai, where the actress starred as a seven-year-old boy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Kamat made her go through two days of screen tests for a role in his Marathi film ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' (2014) and cast her opposite [[Riteish Deshmukh]] after being impressed with her temperament. Pohankar revealed that during the shoot, Kamat gave her the liberty to do what she wanted as an actress and to get into her character, she visualized herself as "an evil person".{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} ''Lai Bhaari'' opened to positive reviews, with Pohankar's villainous character receiving praise.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-lai-bhaari-is-awesome/20140711.htm |title=Review: Lai Bhaari is awesome |website=Rediff |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323115912/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-lai-bhaari-is-awesome/20140711.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://starblockbuster.com/aditi-pohankar-vile-yet-beautiful |title=Interview : Aditi Pohankar : Vile Yet beautiful |website=Satarblockbuster |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425115437/http://starblockbuster.com/aditi-pohankar-vile-yet-beautiful |archive-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> The film went on to become one of the highest-grossing Marathi films.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-would-be-a-fantastic-father-aaditi-pohankar/ |title=Riteish Deshmukh would be a fantastic father: Aaditi Pohankar |date=27 November 2014 |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323115915/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-would-be-a-fantastic-father-aaditi-pohankar/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Pohankar starred alongside [[Atharvaa]] in the [[Tamil film]] ''[[Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Anandhi-walks-out-now-Aaditi-in-Atharvaas-film/articleshow/54938584.cms |title=Anandhi walks out; now, Aaditi in Atharvaa's film |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011231905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Anandhi-walks-out-now-Aaditi-in-Atharvaas-film/articleshow/54938584.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Three years later, Pohankar starred in the [[Netflix]] web series ''[[She (TV series)|She]]'' (2020), playing a [[police constable]] used as a [[Honey trapping|honeytrap]].<ref name="Scroll-Arrived-2020">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=25 March 2020 |title='I have arrived': How web series 'She' has given Aaditi Pohankar the role of a lifetime |url=https://scroll.in/reel/956971/i-have-arrived-how-web-series-she-has-given-aaditi-pohankar-the-role-of-a-lifetime |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] found Pohankar to be "riveting" in the role, adding that she successfully "unlocks her character's complexity".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |title='She' review: Profane games and limp erotic thrills in Imtiaz Ali's first web series for Netflix |url=https://scroll.in/reel/956416/she-review-profane-games-and-limp-erotic-thrills-in-imtiaz-alis-first-web-series-for-netflix |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

Later in 2020, she starred in ''[[Aashram]]'', playing the role of a young wrestler who is attracted to the seemingly democratic setup of the ashram, upon learning that her being a [[Dalit]] is keeping her from success due to [[casteism]]. She gained wider attention for her roles in the Hindi web series ''[[She (TV series)|She]]'' and ''[[Aashram]]'' (both 2020–present).<ref name="HindustanTimes-Remember-2021"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sachin |first=Ambica |date=24 November 2020 |title=Aaditi Pohankar basks in the success of 'Aashram' |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/aaditi-pohankar-basks-in-the-success-of-aashram |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=bureau |first=Odisha Diary |date=2 September 2020 |title=Actress Aaditi Pohankar Speaks About Her Journey In MX Player Originals 'Aashram' |url=https://orissadiary.com/actress-aaditi-pohankar-speaks-about-her-journey-in-mx-player-originals-aashram/ |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=Odisha Diary |language=en-US}}</ref> For this role, she was trained by wrestler [[Sangram Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashram 2: Sangram Singh trains Aaditi Pohankar for her role as a wrestler in Aashram |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/ashram-2-aditi-pohankar-learned-wrestling-from-world%27s-biggest-wrestler-57510 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=Mumbai Live}}</ref> A reviewer for [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] opined, "Aaditi Pohankar's zestful Pammi stands out for the way the actress traces the character arc."{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== In the media ==
Pohankar has appeared in over twenty brand ads and commercials including for Cadbury Munch, Godrej AER, Airtel, Lenskart and Samsung, in which she was directed by [[Shoojit Sircar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://urbanasian.com/whats-happenin/2015/10/when-aaditi-pohankar-went-fishing-with-the-king-sushant-singh-rajput/ |title=When Aaditi Pohankar went fishing with the King - Sushant Singh Rajput! |date=6 October 2015 |website=Urban Asian |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323115914/https://urbanasian.com/whats-happenin/2015/10/when-aaditi-pohankar-went-fishing-with-the-king-sushant-singh-rajput/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Pohankar was ranked in [[The Times of India|''The Times'' Most Desirable Women]] at No. 47 in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Times Most Desirable Women of 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms |url-status=live |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608013431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms |archive-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2010 || ''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha]]'' || Aditi || [[Hindi]]|| credited as Aditi Singh Pohankar
|-
| 2011 || ''Kunasathi Kunitari'' || Neha Shinde || rowspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]]||
|-
|2014 || ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' || Nandini ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || ''Typecaste'' || Nalini || Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum]]'' || Saroja Devi || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|2018 || ''[[Truckbhar Swapna]]'' || Kajal
|Marathi||
|-
|2024 || [[Star (2024 film)|''Star'']]|| Surabi Kalaiarasan||Tamil
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2020–2022 || ''[[She (TV series)|She]]'' || Bhumika "Bhumi" Pardeshi || rowspan="4" | Hindi || [[Netflix]] series
|-
|2020–present
|''[[Aashram]]''
|Parminder "Pammi" Lochan
|[[MX Player]] series
|-
|2025–present
|''[[Mandala Murders]]''
|Moksha
|Netflix series
|-
|2025
|''[[Ziddi Ishq]]''
| Mehul Bose
|[[JioHotstar]] series <ref>https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/ziddi-ishq-review-toxicity-absurdity-found-home-in-aaditi-pohankar-parambrata-chatterjees-show-ps-no-mikesh-dont-do-villains/</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|4556443|Aditi Sudhir Pohankar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pohankar, Aaditi}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

Sadbhav Yatra

2026-05-07T12:46:47Z

Ambaputra: Done

{{Infobox
| image = [[File:Brijendra Singh Sadbhav Yatra.jpg|thumb|[[Brijendra Singh]] addressing a public meeting during Sadbhav Yatra in January 2026]]
| caption =
| label1 = Date
| data1 = 5 October 2025 - present
| label2 = Location
| data2 = [[Haryana]]
| label3 = Type
| data3 = [[Padayatra]], [[protest]]
| label4 = Theme
| data4 = [[Political movement]], [[social movement]]
}}
{{Short description|Padayatra in Haryana}}'''Sadbhav Yatra''' is a [[padayatra]] across all 90 Assembly Constituencies of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]], led by [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Brijendra Singh (Haryana politician)|Brijendra Singh]]. The Yatra began on 5 October, 2025 from [[Narwana Assembly constituency|Narwana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-30 |title=Congress leader and former Hisar MP Brijendra Singh on Tuesday announced that he will launch the "Sadbhav Yatra," starting from Danoda village in Narwana, Jind, on October 5. |url=https://newsarenaindia.com/states/cong-leader-brijendra-singh-to-launch-sadbhav-yatra-from-oct-5/57939 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=News Arena India |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==

The Yatra's aims include restoration of ''bhaichara'' (brotherhood) in Haryana, political revival of the Congress following [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|electoral defeat]] in 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ashok |date=2026-04-23 |title=‘Sadbhav Yatra’ has posed political challenge to BJP’s divisive politics, says Congress leader Brijendra Singh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/haryana/sadbhav-yatra-has-posed-political-challenge-to-bjps-divisive-politics-says-congress-leader-brijendra-singh/article70897043.ece |access-date=2026-04-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-26 |title=Express Interview: ‘Cong must fully occupy its political space, being visible on the ground and on the streets,’ says Brijendra Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/express-interview-cong-must-fully-occupy-its-political-space-being-visible-on-the-ground-and-on-the-streets-says-brijendra-singh-10386526/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and raising awareness regarding national and state issues such as [[Vote Chori]], [[Unemployment in India|unemployment]], [[agrarian distress]], deteriorating law and order situation in Haryana, and Indian [[Foreign relations of India|foreign policy]] failures, among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadbhav Yatra, led by Congress leader, covers 72 Assembly segments in 183 days |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/congresss-sadbhav-yatra-covers-72-assembly-segments-in-183-days/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Haryana, Congressman Brijendra Singh’s ‘Sadbhav Yatra’ Is Creating Interest |url=https://thewire.in/politics/in-haryana-congressman-brijendra-singhs-sadbhav-yatra-is-creating-interest |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manav |first=Sushil |date=2026-03-10 |title=5 months, 57 seats & Philosopher-grade beard—ex-IAS Brijendra Singh walks so Haryana Congress doesn’t stand still |url=https://theprint.in/politics/5-months-57-seats-philosopher-grade-beard-ex-ias-brijendra-singh-walks-so-haryana-congress-doesnt-stand-still/2873825/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-14 |title=Brijendra briefs Rahul as ‘Sadbhav Yatra’ covers 2,000 km in Haryana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/brijendra-briefs-rahul-as-sadbhav-yatra-covers-2-000-km-in-haryana-101773428237148.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnal News: पांच गांव से निकली बृजेंद्र सिंह की सद्भावना यात्रा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/karnal/brijendra-singhs-goodwill-tour-started-from-five-villages-karnal-news-c-18-knl1018-879379-2026-04-05 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Focus on governance, Brijendra Singh urges Haryana CM |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/focus-on-governance-brijendra-urges-cm/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Sadbhav Yatra is inspired by [[Rahul Gandhi|Rahul Gandhi's]] [[Bharat Jodo Yatra]], which traversed over 4,000 kilometres from [[Kanyakumari]] to [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-06 |title=Father-son duo Birender and Brijendra Singh hit the road to reclaim lost ground in Haryana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/father-son-duo-birender-and-brijendra-singh-hit-the-road-to-reclaim-lost-ground-in-haryana/articleshow/124325642.cms |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ashok |date=2026-02-13 |title=Ex-MP on foot march in Haryana ruffles a few feathers within the Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/haryana/ex-mp-on-foot-march-in-haryana-ruffles-a-few-feathers-within-the-congress/article70625828.ece |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Phases ==

[[File:Phase1SY.jpg|thumb|[[Brijendra Singh (Haryana politician)|Brijendra Singh]] walking in the first phase of Sadbhav Yatra]]

The Yatra is divided into multiple phases. After the conclusion of each phase, a 'Samman Samaaroh' (felicitation ceremony) is held.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ashok |date=2026-04-23 |title=‘Sadbhav Yatra’ has posed political challenge to BJP’s divisive politics, says Congress leader Brijendra Singh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/haryana/sadbhav-yatra-has-posed-political-challenge-to-bjps-divisive-politics-says-congress-leader-brijendra-singh/article70897043.ece |access-date=2026-04-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The first phase of Sadbhav Yatra covered 14 Assembly Constituencies between 5 October and 6 November 2025: [[Jind Assembly constituency|Jind]], [[Narwana Assembly constituency|Narwana]], [[Kalayat Assembly constituency|Kalayat]], [[Safidon Assembly constituency|Safidon]], [[Julana Assembly constituency|Julana]], [[Narnaund Assembly constituency|Narnaund]], [[Uchana Kalan Assembly constituency|Uchana]], [[Uklana Assembly constituency|Uklana]], [[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency|Adampur]], [[Nalwa Assembly constituency|Nalwa]], [[Hisar Assembly constituency|Hisar]], [[Barwala Assembly constituency|Barwala]], [[Hansi Assembly constituency|Hansi]], and [[Bawani Khera Assembly constituency|Bawani Khera]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01 |title=Brijendra Singh’s ‘Sadbhav Yatra’ will begin on Oct 5, will focus on Haryana’s harmony |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/brijendra-singhs-sadbhav-yatra-will-begin-on-oct-5-will-focus-on-haryanas-harmony-10280978/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-01 |title=Congress unity will be visible in 2nd phase of Sadbhav Yatra, claims Former Hisar MP Brijendra Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/congress-unity-will-be-visible-in-2nd-phase-of-sadbhav-yatra-claims-former-hisar-mp-brijendra-singh/articleshow/125004689.cms |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This phase was attended by [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) [[Selja Kumari|Kumari Selja]] and [[Rahul Kaswan]], former [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister]] [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Birender Singh]], and MLA [[Aditya Surjewala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-16 |title=Hooda to Selja, why Haryana Congress is enthused, divided over ex-MP’s foot march |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/hooda-to-selja-why-haryana-congress-is-enthused-divided-over-ex-mps-foot-march-10534105/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress leader Brijendra Singh kicks off Sadbhav yatra from Jinds Danoda village |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/congress-leader-brijendra-singh-kicks-off-sadbhav-yatra-from-jinds-danoda-village/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana: बृजेंद्र सिंह के नेतृत्व में कांग्रेस की सद्भाव यात्रा शुरू, राहुल कस्वां, आदित्य सुरजेवाला सहित कई नेता पहुंचे |url=https://www.dainiktribuneonline.com/news/nation/haryana-congresss-sadbhavna-yatra-begins-under-the-leadership-of-brijendra-singh-several-leaders-including-rahul-kaswan-and-aditya-surjewala-arrive/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Dainiktribuneonline.com |language=hi}}</ref>

The second phase was held between 11 November and 13 December 2025. It passed through [[Nangal Chaudhry Assembly constituency|Nangal Chaudhary]], [[Narnaul Assembly constituency|Narnaul]], [[Mahendragarh Assembly constituency|Mahendragarh]], [[Loharu Assembly constituency|Loharu]], [[Tosham Assembly constituency|Tosham]], [[Bhiwani Assembly constituency|Bhiwani]], [[Badhra Assembly constituency|Badhra]], [[Dadri, Haryana Assembly constituency|Dadri]], [[Kalanaur Assembly constituency|Kalanaur]], [[Maham Assembly constituency|Maham]], [[Gohana Assembly constituency|Gohana]], [[Baroda Assembly constituency|Baroda]], and [[Israna Assembly constituency|Israna]] constituencies.

The third phase of Sadbhav Yatra, organised between 18 December 2025 and 22 January 2026, included [[Bawal Assembly constituency|Bawal]], [[Rewari Assembly constituency|Rewari]], [[Sohna Assembly constituency|Sohna]], [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh]], [[Ferozepur Jhirka Assembly constituency|Firozpur Jhirka]], [[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punahana]], [[Hathin Assembly constituency|Hathin]], [[Hodal Assembly constituency|Hodal]], [[Palwal Assembly constituency|Palwal]], [[Prithla Assembly constituency|Prithla]], [[Ballabgarh Assembly constituency|Ballabgarh]], [[Faridabad NIT Assembly constituency|NIT-Faridabad]], [[Badkhal Assembly constituency|Badkhal]], [[Faridabad Assembly constituency|Old Faridabad]], and [[Tigaon Assembly constituency|Tigaon]]. Former Haryana Minister [[Ajay Singh Yadav]] and former MP Pandit Ramkishan joined the Yatra in this phase, alongside [[Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee|District Congress Committee]] leadership.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2025 |title=बृजेंद्र सिंह की सद्भाव यात्रा को कैप्टन अजय का साथ: रेवाड़ी में 3 दिन रहेंगे पूर्व MP; कांग्रेस प्रदेशाध्यक्ष, राव दान सिंह कर चुके किनारा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/panchkula/news/captain-ajay-joins-brijendras-sadbhav-yatra-136642689.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2026 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-26 |title=Veteran socialist leader Pandit Ramkishan backs former MP Brijendra Singh’s ‘Sadbhav Yatra’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/veteran-socialist-leader-pandit-ramkishan-backs-former-mp-brijendra-singhs-sadbhav-yatra-10438834/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सद्भाव यात्रा का उद्देश्य भाईचारे को मजबूत करना : पूर्व सांसद बृजेन्द्र सिंह |url=https://www.dainiktribuneonline.com/news/gurugram/the-aim-of-sadbhavna-yatra-is-to-strengthen-brotherhood-former-mp-brijendra-singh/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Dainiktribuneonline.com |language=hi}}</ref>

[[File:Phase 4 Samman Samaroh.jpg|thumb|[[Salman Khurshid]] felicitating Sadbhav Yatra participants in Palwal]]
The fourth phase was held between 27 January and 1 March 2026, covering [[Yamunanagar Assembly constituency|Yamunanagar]], [[Jagadhri Assembly constituency|Jagadhri]], [[Sadhaura Assembly constituency|Sadhaura]], [[Kalka Assembly constituency|Kalka]], [[Panchkula Assembly constituency|Panchkula]], [[Naraingarh Assembly constituency|Naraingarh]], [[Mulana Assembly constituency|Mulana]], [[Ambala Cantonment Assembly constituency|Ambala Cantt]], [[Ambala City Assembly constituency|Ambala City]], [[Shahbad Assembly constituency|Shahbad]], [[Thanesar Assembly constituency|Thanesar]], [[Radaur Assembly constituency|Radaur]], [[Ladwa Assembly constituency|Ladwa]], [[Pehowa Assembly constituency|Pehowa]], and [[Guhla Assembly constituency|Guhla-Chika]]. It was attended by Haryana MLAs [[Akram Khan (politician)|Akram Khan]] and [[Renu Bala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2026 |title=यमुनानगर पहुंची कांग्रेस की सद्भाव यात्रा:बृजेंद्र सिंह बोले- शंकराचार्य जैसे संतों पर उठाए जा रहे सवाल; BJP पर साधा निशाना |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/yamunanagar/news/yamunanagar-congress-sadbhavna-yatra-brijendra-singh-criticizes-bjp-137055982.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2026 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-18 |title=शैलजा-सुरजेवाला के बाद क्या हरियाणा कांग्रेस में हुड्डा कैंप के लिए नया खतरा तैयार हो रहा है? |url=https://www.thelallantop.com/lallankhas/post/haryana-congress-splits-on-brijendra-singh-sadbhav-yatra-hudda-vs-surjewala-camp |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Lallantop |language=hi}}</ref>

The fifth phase of Sadbhav Yatra started on 6 March 2026, and passed through [[Kaithal Assembly constituency|Kaithal]], [[Pundri Assembly constituency|Pundri]], [[Nilokheri Assembly constituency|Nilokheri]], [[Indri Assembly constituency|Indri]], [[Assandh Assembly constituency|Assandh]], [[Tohana Assembly constituency|Tohana]], [[Ratia Assembly constituency|Ratia]], [[Fatehabad, Haryana Assembly constituency|Fatehabad]], [[Sirsa Assembly constituency|Sirsa]], [[Ellenabad Assembly constituency|Ellenabad]], [[Rania Assembly constituency|Rania]], [[Dabwali Assembly constituency|Dabwali]], and [[Kalanwali Assembly constituency|Kalanwali]], where it concluded on 31 March. Former Haryana Assembly [[List of speakers of the Haryana Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] [[Kuldeep Sharma (politician)|Kuldeep Sharma]] and former MLAs [[Shamsher Singh Gogi]] and [[Balkaur Singh]] joined the Yatra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirsa News: पूर्व सांसद बृजेंद्र सिंह बोले- कांग्रेस सबसे मजबूत राजनीतिक दल, कांग्रेस की सद्भावना यात्रा डबवाली हलके में पहुंची |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/sirsa/former-mp-brijendra-singh-said-congress-is-the-strongest-political-party-congresss-goodwill-journey-reached-the-dabwali-constituency-sirsa-news-c-128-1-svns1027-155613-2026-03-29 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factionalism comes to the fore during Brijendra’s ‘Sadbhav Yatra’ |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/factionalism-comes-to-the-fore-during-brijendras-sadbhav-yatra/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> During this phase, the Yatra completed 2,000 kilometres and 62 constituencies. On this occasion, Rahul Gandhi unveiled the official t-shirt of Sadbhav Yatra alongside Brijendra Singh in [[Delhi]] on 12 March.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahar |first=Sunil |date=2026-03-14 |title=Brijendra briefs Rahul as ‘Sadbhav Yatra’ covers 2,000 km in Haryana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/brijendra-briefs-rahul-as-sadbhav-yatra-covers-2-000-km-in-haryana-101773428237148.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana: Rahul Gandhi lends support, Brijendra Singhs yatra now official |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/rahul-lends-support-brijendra-turns-yatra-into-official-march/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सद्भाव यात्रा के अंतिम चरण में शामिल होंगे राहुल गांधी : बृजेंद्र |url=https://www.dainiktribuneonline.com/news/karnal/rahul-gandhi-will-participate-in-the-last-leg-of-sadbhavna-yatra-brijendra/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Dainiktribuneonline.com |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:BSRG.jpg|thumb|[[Rahul Gandhi]] launching the official t-shirt of Sadbhav Yatra on 12 March 2026]]

The sixth and final phase of Sadbhav Yatra began on 3 April 2026 from [[Karnal Assembly constituency|Karnal]]. Rahul Gandhi is scheduled to join the Yatra in [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]] on 8 May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-07 |title=Why Rahul Gandhi’s Gurgaon visit could bring faction-ridden Haryana Congress to Brijendra Singh’s Sadbhav Yatra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/rahul-gandhi-brijendra-singh-sadbhav-yatra-gurgaon-10677301/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahar |first=Sunil |date=2026-05-07 |title=Rahul Gandhi to join Congress leader’s ‘Sadbhav Yatra’ in Gurugram on May 8 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/rahul-gandhi-to-join-congress-leader-s-sadbhav-yatra-in-gurugram-on-may-8-101778095907645.html |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The Yatra is scheduled to conclude in [[Rohtak]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=कनीना पहुंची कांग्रेस की सद्भावना यात्रा |url=https://www.dainiktribuneonline.com/news/gurugram/congresss-goodwill-tour-reached-kanina/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Dainiktribuneonline.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnal News: पांच गांव से निकली बृजेंद्र सिंह की सद्भावना यात्रा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/karnal/brijendra-singhs-goodwill-tour-started-from-five-villages-karnal-news-c-18-knl1018-879379-2026-04-05 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Will join Rahul’s meeting, but not Brijendra’s yatra: Hooda |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/will-join-rahuls-meeting-but-not-brijendras-yatra-hooda/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Sadbhav Yatra}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Haryana]]
[[Category:Political movements]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress campaigns]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]

INS Airavat

2026-05-05T16:59:20Z

Ambaputra:

{{Short description|Indian Navy ship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}{{italic title|string=Airavat}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = The INS Airavat sails out of Visakhapatnam harbour after commissioning on May 19, 2009.jpg
| image_caption = The INS Airavat sails out of Visakhapatnam harbour after commissioning on 19 May 2009
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Airavat''<ref name=in-comm>[http://indiannavy.nic.in/pres08b.htm] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619064717/http://indiannavy.nic.in/pres08b.htm |date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>
| namesake = [[Indra]]'s [[Airavata|mount]]
| ordered =
| awarded =
| builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]]
| original_cost =
| yard_number = Yard 3016<ref name=mb-airavat>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinebuzz.com/2009/05/19/indian-navy-commissions-ins-airavat-landing-ship-tank/|title=Indian Navy Commissions INS Airavat, Landing Ship Tank|publisher=MarineBuzz.com|date=19 May 2009|accessdate=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221232826/http://www.marinebuzz.com/2009/05/19/indian-navy-commissions-ins-airavat-landing-ship-tank/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| way_number =
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| commissioned = 19 May 2009
| recommissioned =
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| maiden_voyage =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport =
| identification = [[Pennant number]]: L24
| motto =
| nickname =
| honours =
| captured =
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| status = Active
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Shardul|tank landing ship}}<ref name=br-shardul>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/166-Shardul-Class.html|title=Shardul class|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|date=4 January 2007|accessdate=21 February 2015|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228164424/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/166-Shardul-Class.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| displacement = 5650 tons
| length = {{convert|125|m|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|17.5|m|abbr=on}}
| height =
| draught = {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}}
| depth =
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| ramps =
| power =
| propulsion = [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar]] PA6 STC engines
| speed = {{convert|16|kn|abbr=on}}
| range =
| endurance =
| boats =
| capacity = *11 MBT
*10 infantry trucks or APC
*500 troops
| troops = 500
| complement = 11 officers, 145 sailors
| crew =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors =
| EW = Chaff launchers
| armament = *2 × WM-18 rocket launchers
*4 × [[CRN 91 Naval Gun|CRN-91]] AA (Naval 30 mm Medak) guns, MANPAD's
*shoulder-launched IGLA SAMs
| armour =
| aircraft = 1 [[Westland Sea King]] or [[HAL Dhruv]]<ref name=sp-airavat>{{cite news|url=http://www.stratpost.com/images-ins-airavat-landing-ship-tank|title=INS Airavat (Landing Ship Tank)|publisher=StratPost|date=19 May 2009 |accessdate=21 February 2015}}</ref>
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Airavat'' (L24)''' is the third {{sclass|Shardul|tank landing ship|1}} of the [[Indian Navy]].

==History==
INS ''Airavat'' was built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] in [[Kolkata]] at Yard 2016.<ref name=mb-airavat/> She began sea trials in July 2008 after completing basin trials in May. She was commissioned at the [[Eastern Naval Command]] in [[Visakhapatnam]] on 19 May 2009, by the [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]], Admiral [[Sureesh Mehta]]. She is named for the mount of god [[Indra]], the elephant [[Airavata]], as mentioned in the [[Rigveda]].<ref name=gs-shardul>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/l-shardul.htm|title=LST(L) Shardul|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|accessdate=21 February 2015}}</ref>

==Design==
Safety features aboard the ''Airavat'' include anti-roll flume stabilisation system, smoke curtains to impede spreading of smoke and toxic gases in case of fire, as well as battle damage control systems. Fully loaded, she can operate independently at high seas for up to 45 days.<ref name=sp-airavat/>

While primarily designed for [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious assault operations]], ''Airavat''{{'}}s missions also include humanitarian assistance & disaster relief (HADR) during natural disasters, including tsunamis, cyclones and earthquakes. She has a fully functioning hospital on board, the capacity to carry 500 soldiers, and can provide stern refuelling for other naval vessels.

Primary suppliers for her equipment are [[Bharat Electronics Limited]], [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar Oil Engines]], [[Larsen & Toubro]], [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], [[Keltron]] and the [[Godrej Group]].

==Deployments==
On 11 July 2011, INS ''Airavat'' made a goodwill visit to [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]], [[Cambodia]]. Between 19 and 28 July 2011, she made courtesy calls at [[Nha Trang]] and [[Hai Phong]] in [[Vietnam]].<ref name=dna-downplay>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_indian-navy-downplays-chinese-warning-to-its-warship_1582363|title=Indian Navy downplays Chinese warning to its warship |work=Daily News & Analysis |agency=PTI|date=1 September 2011 |accessdate=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=tt-china-angle>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110917/jsp/nation/story_14518257.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203152603/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110917/jsp/nation/story_14518257.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=China in mind, salute & port plea to Vietnam |last=Dutta |first=Sujan |work=The Telegraph|date=17 September 2011 |accessdate=21 February 2015}}</ref>

On 1 May 2016, INS ''Airavat'' arrived at Brunei to participate in the ADMM Plus (ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus) Exercise on Maritime Security and Counter Terrorism(Ex MS & CT) which took place from 1–9 May 2016. During the exercise, she engaged with participating navies from Brunei, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Myanmar, China, Japan, Russia, Australia, Republic of Korea and the United States, through professional interactions in harbor and complex operations at sea.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/admm-plus-exercise-on-maritime-security-and-counter-terrorism-at-brunei-116050100287_1.html|title=ADMM Plus Exercise on Maritime Security and Counter Terrorism at Brunei|date=2 May 2016|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref>

In November 2020, as part of [[Security and Growth for All in the Region|Mission Sagar-II]], INS ''Airavat'' delivered food aid to [[Sudan]], [[South Sudan]], [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Mission Sagar|url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-sagar-3|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Drishti IAS|language=en}}</ref> She participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026 |url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219124733/https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |archive-date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=IFR & MILAN 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Shardul-class tank landing ship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Airavat (L24)}}
[[Category:Shardul-class tank landing ships]]
[[Category:Amphibious warfare vessels of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kolkata]]

Madhur Temple

2026-05-04T10:17:46Z

Ambaputra: started the place v1

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=July 2012}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2012}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Madhur Temple
| native_name =
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| image = Madhur temple.jpg
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| caption = Madhur Temple
| map_type = India
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| deity = [[Shiva]] and [[Ganapathi]]
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'''Madhur Shree Madanantheshwara-Siddhivinayaka Temple''' is a popular [[Shiva]] and [[Ganapathi]] temple located {{cvt|7|km|mi}} from [[Kasaragod Town|Kasaragod]] town, on the banks of [[Mogral River|Mogral river]], locally known as ''Madhuvahini''.<ref>{{cite news |last= Sastry|first= Anil Kumar|date=26 December 2018|title=Madhur temple undergoes massive renovation|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/madhur-temple-undergoes-massive-renovation/article25828981.ece|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Though the main deity of this temple is Lord Shiva known as ''Madanantheshwara'', meaning the god who killed [[Kama]], the god of desires, more importance is given to Lord Ganapathi, who is installed facing south in the main sanctum itself. Priests of this temple belong to the [[Shivalli Brahmin]] community. [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Kashi Vishwanatha]], [[Ayyappan|Dharmasastha]], [[Subrahmanya]], [[Durga]] Parameshwari, [[Veerabhadra]] and [[Gulika]] are the sub-deities of this temple. There is also presence of Goddess [[Parvati]] inside the main sanctum.

==History==
[[File:Paddy-field-madhur-south-thulunad.jpg|thumbnail|Vicinity of Madhur]]
Madhur temple was originally Shree Madaneshwara (Shiva) Temple and as the lore goes, an old woman called Madaru from the local [[Tulu people|Tulu]] Moger Community discovered an "Udbhava Murthy" (a statue that was not made by a human) of [[shiva linga]]. Initially, the Ganapathy picture was drawn by a boy, on the southern wall of the [[Garbhagriha]]([[sanctum sanctorum]]) while playing. Day by day it became big and fat; so that the boy called Ganapathi as "boddajja" or "Bodda Ganesha". The legend of Kumble seme says [[Tipu Sultan]] wanted to demolish the temple like Adooru Mahalingeswara temple during his invasion of [[Coorg]], [[Tulunadu]], and [[Kerala]]. But after drinking water from the well of the temple, he changed his mind on attacking and demolishing the Garbhagudi and marched past Madhur. But to satisfy his soldiers and Islamic scholars he made a cut with his sword symbolizing the attack. The mark is still visible on the building that is built around the temple well.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://kasargod.nic.in/index_main.htm|title= TOURISM IN KASARAGOD|access-date= 20 May 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120414141741/http://kasargod.nic.in/index_main.htm|archive-date= 14 April 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref>
[[File:Sword mark left by Tipu Sultan at Madhur temple.jpg|thumb|Sword mark left by Tipu Sultan at Madhur temple]]

==Overview==
This is one of the six [[Ganapathi]] temples of ancient [[Tulunadu]]. The other five are Sharavu Mahaganapathy in [[Mangalore]], Mahaganapathy in Anegudde ([[Kumbashi]]), Siddi Vinayaka in [[Hattiangadi]] (Kundapura), [[Ganesha Temple, Idagunji|Dwibhuja Ganapathy in Idagunji]], and Ganapati at [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=17 September 2005|title=The one-day speedy darshan|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/09/17/stories/2005091703680100.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121102200314/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/09/17/stories/2005091703680100.htm|archive-date= 2 November 2012}}</ref>

Devotees from all over throng during the various festivals that happen here. Currently, the temple is managed by the government. The temple also offers Veda classes to young vatus during summer vacation which also includes the basics of Sanskrit. The accommodation and food for the vatus are arranged by the temple authorities.

==Architecture==
The temple architecture is of 3-tiered gajaprishta type resembling the back of an elephant. The lower layer walls feature intricate wooden carvings of Ganesha in different poses. One can also find beautiful wooden carvings depicting scenes from the Ramayana. The vast spacious [[gopuram]]s give a good ambiance for the devotees to relax and enjoy the [[Ganesha|Ganapathi]]`s presence.<ref name="Govt of Kerala"/>

[[File:Intricate wood carvings of Ganesha at Madhur temple.jpg|thumb|Intricate wood carvings at Madhur temple featuring Ganapathi in different poses]]

==Prayers and offerings made==
[[File:Madhuvahini.jpg|thumb|Madhuvahini stream near Madhur Temple]]
Devotees usually offer prayers to Mahaganapathi in the form of "Udayastamana". A [[prasada]] known as "Appa" is prepared daily at the site, and offered to worshippers. Among the poojas that are performed, "Sahasrappa" (Thousand appas) is very prominent. It consists of making an offering of thousand appas and then the devotees get to take home all these (and eat them with full relish). Another very special pooja that happens is ''Moodappam Seva'' which involves covering the Mahaganapathi statue with ''Appam''. This is usually done on a community scale. Ganesh Chaturthi and Madhur Bedi are the occasions when the temple is at its busiest. The temple usually carries out special poojas on all the major festivals.<ref name="Govt of Kerala">{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/malabar/madhur-temple/158|title= Madhur Temple|publisher=Dept of Tourism, Govt of Kerala}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kanipura Sri Gopalakrishna Temple]]
* [[Ananthapura Lake Temple]]
* [[Temples of Kerala]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Ganesha temples]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kasaragod district]]

K. V. Tirumalesh

2026-05-01T04:28:30Z

Ambaputra: adding new article basic info

{{Short description|Indian writer (1940–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = K. V. Tirumalesh
| embed =
| image =
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| caption = Tirumalesh in 2018
| native_name =
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| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1940}}
| birth_place = [[Karadka]], [[Kasargod district|Kasargod]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2023|01|30|82|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = Writer, [[professor]]
| language = [[Kannada]], English
| nationality = Indian
| education =
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'''K. V. Tirumalesh''' (1940 – 30 January 2023) was an Indian poet, writer and critic in the [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and English languages, and a retired professor.<ref name="EIL">{{cite book|last1=Lal|first1=Mohan|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot (Volume 5)|date=1992|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=8126012218|page=4358|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C|access-date=2 April 2017}}</ref> For his collections of poems ''Akshaya Kavya'' in Kannada (2010), he was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirumalesh, Mistry among Akademi award winners|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/518154/tirumalesh-mistry-among-akademi-award.html|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2 April 2017|date=17 December 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Tirumalesh was born in 1940 in the village of [[Karadka]] in the [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British India]] (present-day [[Kasargod district]], of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|State]] of [[Kerala]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=A reader's guide to the 24 books that have won the Sahitya Akademi awards|url=https://scroll.in/article/803907/a-readers-guide-to-the-24-books-that-have-won-the-sahitya-akademi-awards|publisher=scroll.in|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224105349/http://scroll.in/article/803907/a-readers-guide-to-the-24-books-that-have-won-the-sahitya-akademi-awards|archive-date=24 February 2016|date=21 February 2016}}</ref> He held a master's degree in English literature and a doctorate degree in [[linguistics]]. He taught at the [[English and Foreign Languages University]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=K. V. Tirumalesh profile|url=https://iwp.uiowa.edu/writers/kv-tirumalesh|work=The International Writing Program|publisher=iwp.uiowa.edu|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402061820/https://iwp.uiowa.edu/writers/kv-tirumalesh|archive-date=2 April 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Tirumalesh's career as a writer began in the 1960s when he wrote the collection of poems ''MukhavaaDagalu'' (Masks, 1968) in the [[Kannada literature#Navya|Navya]] style, the modernist school of writing in [[Kannada literature]]. His ''Mahaprasthana'' (1990) was said to be the result of his exploration of ways of transcending the constraints of modernism.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramachandrn|first1=C. N.|title=Labyrinth of recursive images|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/labyrinth-of-recursive-images/article8253134.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 April 2017|date=22 February 2016}}</ref> It dealt with the theme of disillusionment after victory, with the mythological [[Svargarohana Parva|heavenward journey of the Pandavas]] as the setting.<ref name="EIL"/>

Tirumalesh's collection of poems, ''Akshaya Kavya'' (2010), as described by him is an "epic fragment".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara|title=Tirumalesh chosen for Sahitya Akademi award|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/tirumalesh-chosen-for-sahitya-akademi-award/article8002771.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 April 2017|date=18 December 2015}}</ref> He elaborated: "Aksh aya Kavya imbibes this spirit in an extensive way . It is a long narrative sans story, sans didacticism, sans any aim, a sort of poetic sojourn with a lot of gaps. It is long and fragmentary at the same time: my models are [[Ezra Pound]], [[William Carlos Williams]] and [[Charles Olson]]."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shrikant|first1=Rashmi|title=Intolerance has been part of our history: Tirumalesh|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Intolerance-has-been-part-of-our-history-Tirumalesh/articleshow/50341003.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 April 2017|date=27 December 2015}}</ref> The work won him the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kannada|Sahitya Akademi Award for Kannada]] in 2015.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi awards 2015">{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2015-e.pdf | title=Sahitya Akademi Awards 2015 | accessdate=27 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222130920/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2015-e.pdf | archive-date=22 December 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Death==
Tirumalesh died in [[Hyderabad]] on 30 January 2023, at the age of 82.<ref>{{cite news |title=Noted writer K.V. Tirumalesh no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/noted-writer-kv-tirumalesh-no-more/article66449374.ece |access-date=30 January 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=30 January 2023}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Poetry collections===
* ''Mukhavaadagalu/ಮುಖವಾಡಗಳು'' (''Masks'', 1968)
* ''Vathara/ವಠಾರ'' (''Apartments'', 1969)
* ''Mahaprasthana/ಮಹಾಪ್ರಸ್ಥಾನ'' (''The Great March'', 1971)
* ''Mukhamukhi/ಮುಖಾಮುಖಿ'' (''Face to Face'', 1978)
* "Avadha/ಅವಧ" (1988)
* "Paapiyoo... /ಪಾಪಿಯೂ" (1993)
* ''Akshaya Kavya/ಅಕ್ಷಯ ಕಾವ್ಯ'' (2010)
* "Aayda Kavitegalu/ಆಯ್ದ ಕವಿತೆಗಳು" (2011)
* "Arabbi/ಅರಬ್ಬಿ" (2015)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Arabbi : kavana saṅkalana |publisher=Abhinava |year=2015 |location=Bengaluru |script-title=kn:ಅರಬ್ಬಿ : ಕವನ ಸಂಕಲನ |trans-title=Arabbi : anthology of poems |oclc=1044770590}}</ref>

===Novels/short stories===
* "Tarangantaranga/ತರಂಗಾಂತರಂಗ"
* "Dawn Quixote/ಡಾನ್ ಕ್ವಿಕ್ಸೇೂಟ್"

===Essays/criticism===
* "Sammukha/ಸಮ್ಮುಖ"
* "Vyakti Mattu Paramparegalu/ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಪರಂಪರೆಗಳು"
* "Ullekha/ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ"
* "Ala-Nirala/ಆಳ-ನಿರಾಳ" (1–4)
* "Kavya Karana/ಕಾವ್ಯ ಕಾರಣ"
* "Namma Kannada/ನಮ್ಮ ಕನ್ನಡ"
* "Vagartha/ವಾಗರ್ಥ"
* "Vaachanashale/ವಾಚನಶಾಲೆ

=== Non-fiction ===
* ''Derrida's Heel of Achilles and Other Essays''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tirumalesh |first=K. V. |title=Derrida's heel of Achilles and other essays |date=1990 |publisher=Bahri Publications |isbn=81-7034-055-1 |location=[New Delhi] |oclc=25009177}}</ref>
* ''Grammar and Communication: Essays on the Form and Function of Language'' (1999)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tirumalesh |first=K. V. |title=Grammar and communication : essays on the form and function of language |date=1999 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=81-7023-946-X |location=New Delhi |oclc=42762069}}</ref>
* ''The Landscape of Language: Issues in Kannada Linguistics'' (2000)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tirumalesh |first=K. V. |url=https://archive.org/details/landscapeoflangu0000tiru |title=The landscape of language : issues in Kannada linguistics |date=2000 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=81-7764-006-2 |location=New Delhi |oclc=45025713}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://chilume.com/?author=63 Works of KV Tirumalesh], Chilume.com
* [http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/a-poet-within-and-without/article8253151.ece A poet - within and without], The Hindu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160121011905/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160117/jsp/7days/story_64218.jsp "I take my own writing as a big protest; I cannot conceive of a greater protest"], The Telegraph
* [https://91b33d06-5e91-4fe5-919c-f23e70d3e168.filesusr.com/ugd/cc0cb5_9ad5deb0f18446288d94309ae9910dcc.pdfj Seven Kannada poems of K. V. Tirumalesh translated into English by S. Jayasrinivasa Rao. Published in CAESURAE: POETICS OF CULTURAL TRANSLATION VOL3: 1 (ISSN 2454-9495)Combined Volumes (3: 2 & 4:1) (ISSN 2454-9495) 2019-2020]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://museindia.com/Home/ViewContentData?arttype=poems&issid=100&menuid=9844 Three Kannada poems of K. V. Tirumalesh translated into English by S. Jayasrinivasa Rao. Published in MUSE INDIA: The Literary Journal (ISSN 0975-1815) Hemanta Ritu – Pre-Winter, Issue 100 (Nov-Dec 2021)]
* [https://maidaanam.com/kannada-modernism-in-hyderabad-5-poems-by-k-v-tirumalesh/ Kannada Modernism in Hyderabad: 5 Poems by K. V. Tirumalesh (translated into English by S. Jayasrinivasa Rao). Published in MAIDAANAM: CULTURE, HISTORY, AND POLITICS FROM THE DECCAN AND SOUTHERN INDIA (June 6, 2022)]

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirumalesh, K. V.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]

Belchhi

2026-05-01T00:47:08Z

Ambaputra: creating some article initial version!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Belchhi
| native_name =बेल्छी
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name = Belchi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Patna district.PNG
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.36270|85.47994|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patna district|Patna]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = state
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6731
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Magahi language|Magadhi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pincode
| postal_code = 803110
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Belchhi'''<ref name="d989"/> (hi:बेल्छी), also written as '''Belchi'''<ref name="t679"/> is a historically important village in [[Bihar]] state, India. It is situated 90 km from Patna and is a [[Community development block|Block]] in [[Barh]] subdivision (Tehsil) of [[Patna District]].<ref name="t679">{{cite web | title=Tehsil | website=District Patna, Government of Bihar | date=20 February 2018 | url=https://patna.nic.in/tehsil/ | access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref> It lies on [[National Highway 431 (India)|National Highway 431]], which runs from [[Fatuha]] (Fatuwah) to [[Barh]]. <ref name="r686">{{cite web | title=Belchhi on 431 | website=Google Maps | url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Belchhi,+Bihar+803213/@25.3524708,85.6398046,6124m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m15!1m8!3m7!1s0x39f28f00ca2241a7:0x91838d6e2fbc360!2sBelchhi,+Bihar+803110!3b1!8m2!3d25.3620265!4d85.4807392!16s%2Fm%2F02vq6v_!3m5!1s0x39f263a3124eb2fb:0xc7f5c740cc958a4f!8m2!3d25.35325!4d85.6563314!16s%2Fg%2F12hmhdwks?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDQxNi4xIKXMDSoJLDEwMjExNDU1SAFQAw%3D%3D | access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

==Demographics==

As per [[2011 Census of India]], Belchhi had a population of 3821, with 1956 males and 1865 females in a total of 673 families. Schedule Caste (SC) constituted 42.95 % of its total population.<ref name="d989"/>The literacy rate of Belchhi village was 47.15 %.<ref name="d989">{{cite web | title=Belchhi Village Population | website=Census 2011 India | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/246381-belchhi-bihar.html | access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref>

==1977 Belchhi massacre==
{{main|Belchhi massacre}}
The incident occurred on May 27, 1977 at around 11 am, the village was surrounded by 60-70 men and a gang of the land-owning Kurmi caste led by Mahavir Mahato, shot 11 men, including eight [[dalits]] (lower caste) and three members of the [[backward caste]], [[Sunar]]. Subsequently, they were burnt alive in a common pyre with their hands tied. Subsequently, based on the key testimony of survivor Janaki Paswan, 2 of the accused received death sentences and 11 others were given life sentences. <ref name="u826">{{cite web | last=Bharat | first=ETV | title='मेरे सामने मेरे घर के चार लोगों को जिंदा जला दिया था..' बेलछी नरसंहार और इंदिरा गांधी की 'हाथी' पर लौटती सियासत की वो दास्तां | website=ETV Bharat News | date=31 October 2023 | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/delhi/bharat/belchhi-massacre-victims-told-whole-story-in-nalanda-11-people-burnt-alive/na20231031210918090090833 | language=hi | access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Farz|first=Ahmed|date=July 15, 1977|title=Caste differences claim more lives in Bihar than any other state in India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime/story/19770715-caste-differences-claim-more-lives-in-bihar-than-any-other-state-in-india-823829-2014-08-23|access-date=2022-01-13|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name="t087">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Pratul | title=Life hasn't changed much for residents of village where Indira arrived on elephant | website=The Week | date=22 August 2021 | url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2021/08/12/life-hasnt-changed-much-for-residents-of-village-where-indira-arrived-on-elephant.html | access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="x736">{{citation | title=Bihar Elections: Lone Surviving Witness of Belchi Massacre Wants to Oust Nitish Kumar from Power |website= NewsClick | date=31 October 2020 | url=https://www.newsclick.in/Bihar-Elections-Lone-Surviving-Witness-Belchi-Massacre-Oust-Nitish-Kumar-Power | access-date=19 April 2025 | page=}}</ref> The death penalty was given by the [[Patna High Court]] in 1982 and upheld by the Supreme Court bench headed by Justice [[Syed Murtaza Fazl Ali]] in 1983. This made it an important event in the legal history of India, where the death penalty was given to perpetrators in [[caste-related violence in Bihar|Caste-related violence]].<ref name="g419">{{cite web | last=Lakshmi | first=Rama | title=Belchi wasn't just Indira Gandhi's moment. A legal landmark for Dalits too, new book says | website=ThePrint | date=5 May 2023 | url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/book-scene/belchi-wasnt-just-indira-gandhis-moment-a-legal-landmark-for-dalits-too-new-book-says/1557369/ | access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

===Indira Gandhi visit===

In 1977, [[Indira Gandhi]] was out of power. It was then, on 13 August 1977,<ref name="u826"/> that she visited Belchhi to meet with surviving victims of atrocities perpetrated there against untouchables. She went to Belchhi by riding an elephant because it was impassable due to the monsoon season, and thus she inspired a new public image. This event triggered a reversal of fortunes for her and for the Congress Party, and became a turning point in modern Indian politics. It also put Belchhi front and centre in the national news. This also meant the case received public attention and the Chief Minister of the time, Jaganath Mishra, himself got involved, and the victims got justice, which is rare in such cases. <ref name="g419"/><ref name="y642">{{cite web | last=Ojha | first=Ankit | title=जब हाथी पर बैठकर बेलछी पहुंच गई थीं इंदिरा गांधी, क्या थी दलितों के नरसंहार की वह घटना? | website=Hindustan | date=3 October 2023 | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-when-indira-gandhi-reached-bhalchi-riding-on-an-elephant-dalits-massacre-bihar-8795332.html | language=hi | access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref> And that time, the Bihar government passed a new policy to build a police station, a block office and a post office. <ref name="g419"/>

==Sufi Chillah==

The part of Belchi where the famous Sufi chillah is situated is located in [[Nalanda district]] (Bihar Sharif).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FKepYC6wzwC&q=indira+gandhi+belchi&pg=PA536 |title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy - Ramachandra Guha - Google Books |date= 10 February 2011|isbn=9780330540209 |access-date=2014-01-16|last1=Guha |first1=Ramachandra }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?204908 |title=Charisma To The Test | Yubaraj Ghimire |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date=1998-01-19 |access-date=2014-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/@25.3537346,85.660155,2297m/data=!3m1!1e3|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=11 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/@25.1860429,85.6103956,5460m/data=!3m1!1e3|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=11 November 2018}}</ref> Nalanda adjoins Patna district, having split off from Patna in 1972.

The 12th century Sufi saint [[Usman Harooni]]'s chillah (a shrine, but not a burial shrine) is in Belchi. According to legend, Usman had a muridah (a female Sufi student) who resided in Belchi and had promised her that after her death her tomb would be positioned beneath Usman Harooni's legs. Eventually, Usman Harooni died in [[Mecca|Makkah]], Arabia, and his body was buried there. To fulfill his promise, he came to Belchi in spirit and ordered his chillah to be built, and beside it the tomb of the muridah. Thus, Usman's chillah in Belchi is regarded as a tangible emblem of his spiritual strength.

Since the discovery of the chillah site by a traveling [[Chishti Order|Chishti]] shaikh in the 15th century A.D., a celebration of Usman Harooni's urs (anniversary of his transitioning out of the world) has been a popular annual event at the Chillah Belchi, from the 14th to the 16th of Shawwal (Islamic calendar).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Patna district]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in Bihar]]
[[Category:Dalit history]]

{{Bihar-stub}}

Tribal Rain

2026-04-30T22:24:37Z

Ambaputra: Page

{{Short description|Nepali music band from Sikkim (2013–present)}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Tribal Rain
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| origin = [[Namchi]], [[Sikkim]], India
| genre = Nepali Acoustic Experimental
| years_active = 14 October 1989-Present
| current_members = *Kenneth Adhikari
*Prawes Lama
*Sushant Ghatani.
| past_members = Rahul Rai
}}
'''''Tribal Rain''''' is a [[Nepali language|Nepali]] acoustic experimental band from [[Sikkim]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Republica |title=Tribal Rain's 'Sahara' in memory of late Rahul Rai |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/75533/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=My City |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-13 |title=Remembering Rahul Rai: Tribal Rain Lead Singer |url=https://www.nepwave.com/remembering-rahul-rai-tribal-rain-lead-singer/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=NEPWAVE |language=en-US}}</ref> The band released their first album—''Roka Yo Samay'' in 2017. ''Bhanai'', ''Chinta'' and ''Narisawna'' are some of their popular songs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In conversation with Sikkim's freestyle acoustic band – Tribal Rain |url=https://etchronicle.com/in-conversation-with-sikkims-freestyle-acoustic-band-tribal-rain/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Formation and debut album ==

The band was formed in 2013 by Rahul Rai, Kenneth Adhikari, Prawes Lama, and Sushant Ghatani. Rai served as the lead vocalist and guitarist, while Lama played the guitar, Ghatani the cajón, and Adhikari the keyboard.

They initially released a single titled ''Chinta'', which was followed by two other singles ''Bhanai'' and ''Narisawna''. In 2017 they released an album titled ''Roka Yo Samay'', consisting of 11 tracks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-16 |title=Sikkim's popular band 'Tribal Rain' to release their first album today |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/entertainment/lifestyle/sikkims-popular-band-tribal-rain-to-release-their-first/cid2538315.htm |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=thenortheasttoday.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Death of Rahul Rai ==
The music video of 'Bhanai' from the album 'Roka yo Samay' was set to be released on 14 February 2018, but Rahul Rai had died, therefore the music video was delayed. It is also featured on the Movie 'Tara- the lost star' which premiered on 14 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-09 |title=The Lost Star: A tribute to Rahul Rai of Tribal Rain. |language=en-US |work=Wandering Souls Of Sikkim |url=https://wanderingsoulsofsikkim.com/2018/03/09/the-lost-star-a-tribute-to-rahul-rai-of-tribal-rain/ |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=TheDC News |date=2018-02-15 |title=Tribute to Rahul Rai - It Shall Rain No More |url=https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/tribute-rahul-rai-shall-rain-no/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=The Darjeeling Chronicle |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamang |first=Yougan |date=2018-03-25 |title=Namchi pays tribute to Tribal Rain frontman, the Late Rahul Rai |url=https://www.summittimes.com/single-post/2018/03/25/namchi-pays-tribute-to-tribal-rain-frontman-the-late-rahul-rai |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=summittimes |language=en}}</ref> A documentary on the life of Rahul Rai was released on 14 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-14 |title=The idiosyncrasies of a gem: Documentary film on the life of Rahul Rai set to premiere - Sikkim Breaking News {{!}} Trending News |url=https://www.thesikkimchronicle.com/the-idiosyncrasies-of-a-gem-documentary-film-on-the-life-of-rahul-rai-set-to-premiere/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414082303/https://www.thesikkimchronicle.com/the-idiosyncrasies-of-a-gem-documentary-film-on-the-life-of-rahul-rai-set-to-premiere/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 14, 2022 |access-date=2022-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Discography ==
'''''Roka Yo Samay'' (2017)'''

{{Track listing
| title1 = Narisawana
| length1 = 04:47
| title2 = Hunude Je Hunuchha
| length2 = 03:53
| title3 = Roka Yo Samay
| length3 = 04:45
| title4 = Traditional Swang
| length4 = 04:24
| title5 = Chinta
| length5 = 04:19
| title6 = Sunyata
| length6 = 03:51
| title7 = Bhanai
| length7 = 03:49
| title8 = Kalo
| length8 = 04:20
| title9 = Laijaw Malai
| length9 = 03:36
| title10 = Manawata
| length10 = 03:15
| title11 = Jiunu Nai Hola
| length11 = 03:55
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian musical groups]]
[[Category:Culture of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Nepalese musical groups]]

{{India-music-stub}}

Lakshmi Kannan

2026-04-29T04:39:39Z

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{{short description|Indian poet and novelist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
'''Lakshmi Kannan''', also known by her [[Tamil language|Tamil]] pen name '''Kaaveri''', (born 1947) is an Indian poet, novelist and short story writer. Writing in Tamil, she translates her works into English.<ref name="(Organization)Alexander1990">{{cite book|last1=(Organization)|first1=Kali for Women|last2=Alexander|first2=Meena|title=Truth Tales: Contemporary Stories by Women Writers of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duxfBLYaRUgC&pg=PA178|year=1990|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=978-1-55861-012-5|pages=178–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=1097|title=Lakshmi Kannan|publisher=Muse India|accessdate=11 November 2016|language=|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112020408/http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=1097|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her poetry has received positive reviews in the Indian press.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lr/2005/07/03/stories/2005070300310600.htm|title=Two different kinds of craft |date=3 July 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=11 November 2016 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Biography==
Born in [[Mysore]] in south-western India on 13 August 1947, Kannan graduated in English language and literature at the [[University of Delhi]] before earning a [[PhD]] from [[Calcutta]]'s [[Jadavpur University]] in 1977. In addition to her writing, Kannan has spent at least 15 years teaching English.<ref name="BensonBenson2004">{{cite book|last1=Benson|first1=Eugene|last2=Benson|first2=University Professor Emeritus of English Eugene|last3=Conolly|first3=L.W.|title=Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGfMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA753|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-46848-5|pages=753–}}</ref> In 1993, she was writer in residence at the [[University of Kent]] in [[Canterbury]], England. Thereafter, career assignments have included fellow of the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]] in [[Shimla]], India, convenor for Tamil Bhasha Samiti at the K.K. Birla Foundation, Delhi, scholar in residence at the American Studies Research Centre in [[Hyderabad]], group chief, Bharat Soka Gakkai, member of the governing body of the [[The Poetry Society (India)|Poetry Society of India]] and member of the jury for the Commonwealth Writers Prize, Eurasia.<ref name="Publications,2004">{{cite book|last=Publications|first=Europa|title=International Who's Who in Poetry 2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAY2Ja6t6eAC&pg=PA818|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-35519-7|pages=818–}}</ref> She has also been an honorary fellow in writing at the [[University of Iowa]] and British Council visitor at the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref name="Publications2003">{{cite book|last=Publications|first=Europa|title=International Who's Who of Authors and Writers 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phhhHT64kIMC&pg=PA283|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-179-7|pages=283–}}</ref>

==Publications==
Kannan released three poetry collections in English from 1974 to 1985, authored three short story volumes between 1986 and 1993, and published a novel in 1998. She is particularly celebrated for her sharp, brief verses concerned with a woman's search for identity, the place of nature in human experience, or cultural identity. They frequently examine how women are viewed in Indian society, adopting an increasingly feminist tone. Her short stories are her own translations of their Tamil originals. They focus on the experiences of middle-class women in both India and abroad. There is however one exception in ''Muniyakka'' which deals with the lower classes.<ref name="BensonBenson2004"/> In her novel ''Going Home'', also translated from the original Tamil, Kannan tells the nostalgic story of a housewife in Delhi who yearns for her affluent past. The tale constantly evokes the hypocrisy of cultured [[TamBrahm|Tam Brahm]] communities.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/19990412-book-review-of-lakshmi-kannan-going-home-780650-1999-04-11|title=Going Home|magazine=India Today|date=12 April 1999|access-date=12 November 2016 }}</ref>

===Poems===
*1974: ''Impressions: Poems''. Writers Workshop, Calcutta
*1976: ''The Glow and the Grey: Poems''. Writers Workshop, Calcutta
*1985: ''Exiled Gods: Poems''. Arnold-Heinemann, Delhi

===Short stories===
*1986: ''Rhythms: Short Fiction''. Translated from the original Tamil by the author. Vikas, Delhi, {{ISBN|978-0-70693-053 5}}
*1992: ''Parijata and Other Stories'': Short Fiction. Translated from the original Tamil by the author, National Publishing House, Delhi, {{ISBN|978-81-214-0459-4}}
*1993: ''India Gate and Other Stories'': Short Stories. Translated from the original Tamil by the author, Orient BlackSwan Private Limited, Delhi, {{ISBN|978-0-86311-345-1}}

===Novel===
*1998: ''Going Home: Novel''. Translated from the original Tamil by the author. Orient BlackSwan Private Limited, Delhi, {{ISBN|978-81-250-1611-3}}

==Personal details==
Kannan was married to L.V. Kannan, now deceased. She lives in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref name="Publications2003"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannan, Lakshmi}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Novelists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Writers from Mysore]]
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Timeline of Naga history

2026-04-23T06:55:47Z

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{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}

This is a '''timeline of the [[history of the Nagas]]'''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haksar |first1=Nandita |author-link=Nandita Haksar |last2=M Hongray |first2=Sebastian |date=19 August 2019 |title=Naga resistance is not recent – its history goes back to the 13th century |url=https://scroll.in/article/934287/naga-resistance-is-not-recent-its-history-goes-back-to-the-13th-century |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=scroll.in}}</ref>

==Before 19th century==
*'''1228''': The Nagas first comes into contact with the [[Ahoms]].

==19th century==
*'''1832''': The first Europeans enter the [[Naga Hills]]. Captains Jenkins and [[Robert Boileau Pemberton|Pemberton]] enter [[Angami Naga|Angami]] territory.
*'''1839''': [[Miles Bronson]], the first missionary to the Naga Hills arrives in [[Namsang]] under [[Tirap district|Tirap District]] of present-day [[Arunachal Pradesh]].
*'''1851''': The [[Battle of Kikrüma]] was fought on 11 and 12 February between the forces of the British [[East India Company]] and the [[Eastern Angami]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=11 May 2022|title=Monolith in memory of 1851 battle erected at Kikrüma|url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/index.php/monolith-in-memory-of-1851-battle-erected-at-Kikrüma/|newspaper=Nagaland Post}}</ref>
*'''1866''': The British Raj establishes its first headquarters of the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]] at ''Samaguting'' (present day [[Chümoukedima]]).
*'''1878''': The headquarters was transferred to [[Kohima]] creating a city that remains an important center of administration, commerce and culture for Nagaland.
*'''1879''': 4 October, British Political Agent [[Guybon Henry Damant|G. H. Damant]] and 35 of his team men were shot dead at [[Khonoma]] which led the British Raj to return and respond. The subsequent defeat of Khonoma marked the end of serious and persistent ultimatums in the Naga Hills.
*'''1881''': 27 March, The Naga Hills was officially annexed into British India.

==20th century==
*'''1918''': The [[Naga Club]] was formed.
*'''1929''': The Naga Club writes to the [[Simon Commission]] demanding that ''“Nagas should not be included within the Reformed Scheme of India”''.
*'''1944''': 4 April, The [[Battle of Kohima]] begins.
*'''1946''': February, The Naga Club was reorganized as a political organization called [[Naga National Council]] (NNC).
*'''1947''': 14 August, The [[Naga Army]] declares its independence from British rule.
*'''1960''': 6 September, The [[16th Punjab Regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]] commits an act of [[Matikhrü massacre|mass murder against the village of Matikhrü]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unpo.org/article/16355|title=Nagalim: Remembrance Of Matikhrü Incident|date=9 September 2013|website=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]|access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
*'''1963''': 1 December, The state of [[Nagaland]] was inaugurated as the 16th state of the Indian Union.
*'''1975''': 11 November, The [[Shillong Accord of 1975]] was signed between the Naga National Council and the Government of India (GoI).
*'''1980''': 31 January, The [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN) is formed.
*'''1985''': 4–8 June, A [[1985 Merapani Incident|violent confrontation broke out between police forces from the states of Assam and Nagaland]] over a border fence dispute, resulting in significant casualties and widespread destruction in the [[Merapani]] area of the Doyang Reserve Forest.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/08/world/around-the-world-32-indians-are-killed-in-a-police-battle.html|title=Around the World; 32 Indians Are Killed in a Police Battle|access-date=19 April 2025|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=8 June 1985}}</ref>
*'''1986''': 20 March, Two students [[1986 Killings of Kekuojalie Sachü and Vikhozo Yhoshü|Kekuojalie Sachü and Vikhozo Yhoshü]] were killed in indiscriminate firing by [[Nagaland Police]] when they participated in a peaceful protest called by the [[Naga Students' Federation]] (NSF) to rally against the state government's decision on the introduction of [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) cadres and the extension of the Disturbed Area Belt from 5 to 20 km along the Indo-Myanmar (Indo-[[Burma]]) border. The event was so tumultuous that it led three Cabinet ministers and five State Ministers of Nagaland to resign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://morungexpress.com/remembering-kekuojalie-sachu-vikhozo-yhoshu/|title=Rememembering Kekuojalie Sachü & Vikhozo Yhoshü|website=Morung Express|date=24 September 2016 |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
*'''1988''': 30 April, The National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) splits into two—the NSCN Isak–Muivah (NSCN-IM) and the NSCN Khaplang (NSCN-K)
*'''1993''': 23 January, The Isak–Muivah group of the NSCN was admitted to the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] (UNPO).
*'''1994''': 27 December, The 10th [[Assam Rifles]] and the 12th [[Maratha Light Infantry]] of the Indian Army [[1994 Mokokchung Massacre|raided upon the civilian populace of Mokokchung]] leaving 12 killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/1994-isnt-just-number|title=1994 isn't just a number|date=22 September 2011|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
*'''1995''': 5 March, The forces of the 16th [[Rashtriya Rifles]] of the [[1995 Kohima massacre|Indian Army fired upon the civilian populace of Kohima]] after mistaking a tyre burst of one their own vehicle for a bomb attack. 7 civilians were killed in the incident.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naleo|first=Villo|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/remembering-truthfully-and-forgiving-generously/|title=Nagaland: Remembering Truthfully and Forgiving Generously|date=23 August 2016|website=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
*'''1997''': 25 July, A cease-fire agreement signed between Government of India and NSCN-IM.
*'''1997''': 1 August, The cease-fire agreement comes into effect.

==21st century==
*'''2000''': 1 December, The [[Hornbill Festival]] was first held in Kohima.
*'''2004''': 2 October, [[2004 Dimapur bombings|
Two powerful bombs were set off]]—one at the [[Dimapur railway station|Dimapur Railway Station]] and the other at Hong Kong Market killing 30.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bombs in northeast India kill 35|work=[[CNN]]|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/10/02/india.naga.blasts/|access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref>
*'''2007''': 31 July, The cease-fire agreement signed in 1997 between GoI and NSCN-IM extended indefinitely.
*'''2015''': 3 August, The [[Naga Peace Accord]] was signed between the NSCN-IM and the Government of India.
*'''2017''': January – February, [[2017 Nagaland protests|Nagaland goes into a state of civil unrest and protests]] in response against the announcement to implement 33% women reservation in the Civic Elections.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rutsa|first=Xavier|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-offices-torched-in-kohima-situation-worsening-in-nagaland/articleshow/56938643.cms|title=Violence in Nagaland: Protesters attack government offices in Kohima|date=3 February 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
*'''2021''': 4 December, A unit of [[Para (Special Forces)|21st Para Special Forces]], the [[Special forces of India|special forces]] unit, [[2021 Nagaland killings|killed six civilian labourers near Oting]] village in the [[Mon district|Mon District]] of [[Nagaland]]. Eight more civilians and a soldier were killed in subsequent violence. The incident was widely condemned with many voicing out to repeal and revoke the [[Armed Forces Special Powers Act]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian troops kill 14 civilians in weekend incidents, spurring demands for repeal of special powers in some regions|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/12/06/india-nagaland-encounter/|access-date=10 January 2022|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of the Nagas]]
*[[Timeline of the Naga conflict]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Sanyü |first=Visier |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1D1uAAAAMAAJ&q=history+of+the+nagas |title=A History of Nagas and Nagaland: Dynamics of Oral Tradition in Village |location=Delhi |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|isbn=9788171693696 }} From [[Google Books]].
* {{cite book |author-link=Bipin Bhatt |last=Bhatt |first=Bipin |year=2019 |title=A History of Nagas and Nagaland |location=Chennai |publisher=Venus Publications |isbn=978-9-3878-5101-6}}

[[Category:Naga-related lists]]
[[Category:History of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Timelines of Indian states]]

RGNIYD Regional Centre (Chandigarh)

2026-04-19T10:53:09Z

Ambaputra: starting pg...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development, Regional Centre, Chandigarh
|image = Rajiv_Gandhi_National_Institute_of_Youth_Development_Logo.png
|caption =
|established = 2014
|type = Public university
|city = [[Chandigarh]]
|country = India
|campus = Urban
|website = [http://www.rgniyd.gov.in/ rgniyd.gov.in]
|nickname = RGNIYD. Regional Centre, Chandigarh
|academic_affiliation = [Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India] }}

The [[Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development]] '''(RGNIYD), Regional Centre, Chandigarh''' was established in 2014 in city of [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rgniyd.gov.in/content/rgniyd-regional-centres|title=RGNIYD Regional Centres {{!}} Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development|website=www.rgniyd.gov.in|access-date=2016-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104476|title=Youth Affairs and Sports Minister Jitendra Singh Inaugurates Central Library and laid Foundation Stone of the New Academic & Residential Complex of RGNIYD at Sriperumbudur, Tamilnadu|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2016-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Annual%20Report13-14.pdf|title=Ministry of youth affairs and sport, government of India Annual Report|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> The Regional Centre is part of its parent institution [[Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development]] located at [[Sriperumbudur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India, which is an [[List of Institutes of National Importance|Institute of National Importance]] by an Act of Parliament no. 35/2012 under the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports (India)|Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports]], [[Government of India]] and a Deemed University declared under Section 3 of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] Act, 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/deemed_uniinfo.aspx?id=146|title=University|website=www.ugc.ac.in|access-date=2016-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/ecreportdu/rgniyd.PDF|title=UGC report|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Campus ==
[[File:Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development (rgniyd), Regional Centre, Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|263x263px|RGNIYD Regional Centre campus building]]
The Regional Centre campus is on a campus of 11 acres of Sector 12 in the city of [[Chandigarh]]. The campus is adjacent to a medical institution known as the [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]].

== Key functions ==
RGNIYD, Regional Centre, Chandigarh offers courses in the following areas through training, workshops and consultancy:
* Formulation of Youth Policies and Programmes
* Training of Trainers/Capacity Building
* Preparation of Core Training Material and Facilitators’ Manuals
* Enhancing Employability Skills of Youth
* Implementing Skill Development Programmes
* Monitoring and Evaluation Studies
* Client-based and Demand-driven Training Programmes
* Academic Programmes in Youth Work
* Organizing Seminars on Youth Work
* Study and Exposure Visits
* Professional Development Programmes for Government official and International organizations<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2016|title=Annual Report 2015-16|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/FY_English_Annual%20Report_2015-16.pdf|journal=Annual Report 2015–16|publisher=Govt of India, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|page=37}}</ref>

== Skill development programmes ==
[[File:Skill Development Training at RGNIYD Regional centre Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|263x263px|Skill Development Training at RGNIYD Regional centre Chandigarh]][[File:Skill Development Computer Enabled Bus at RGNIYD Regional Centre Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|261x261px|Skill Development Computer Enabled Bus at RGNIYD Regional Centre Chandigarh]]
RGNIYD, Regional Centre, Chandigarh runs demand-driven and job-oriented skill development programmes through its state-of-the-art Information Technology Lab and computer equipped bus under the aegis of [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]], [[Government of India]] and with the support of State Urban Poverty Alleviation Cell ([[Municipal Corporation Chandigarh]]) to empower them for the access of employment opportunities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Regional-Centre-of-Rajeev-Gandhi-Institute-of-Youth-Development-inaugurates-programme-to-empower-youth/articleshow/46289859.cms|title=Regional Centre of Rajeev Gandhi Institute of Youth Development inaugurates programme to empower youth|last=Mehta|first=Kamini|date=18 February 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>

The Skill Development Programme has benefited more than 700 poor youth through computer education and personality development for eight months and is provided with toolkits which includes bags, T-shirts and books.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/700-beneficiaries-get-certificates-toolkits/218002.html|title=700 beneficiaries get certificates, toolkits|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/civil-dispensary-opens-at-sarangpur-75000-residents-to-benefit-2999917/|title=Civil dispensary opens at Sarangpur, 75,000 residents to benefit|date=2016-08-28|access-date=2016-09-24}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Youth development organizations]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Chandigarh]]

Matia Mahal Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:44Z

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{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Matia Mahal
| mla = [[Aaley Mohammad Iqbal]]
| party = [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[Chandni Chowk]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
| electors = 1,25,845
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Aaley Mohammad Iqbal.jpg
| constituency_no = 21
}}

'''Matia Mahal Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India.
Matia Mahal assembly constituency is a part of [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Electoral history==
The constituency was created in 1993 after abolition of Metropolitan Council. Since then, it has been represented by [[Shoaib Iqbal]] who contested the seats 7 times from different parties.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi polls: Not all 'party hoppers' turned out lucky |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-polls-not-all-party-hoppers-turned-out-lucky/articleshow/46190931.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> However, during [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]], he contested from [[Indian National Congress]] and lost to [[Asim Ahmed Khan]] by a huge margin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asim Ahmed Khan |url=http://delhiassembly.nic.in/aspfile/whos_who/VIthAssembly/WhosWho/AsimAhmedKhan.htm |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=delhiassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

After the reunification of three municipal corporations into Municipal Corporation of Delhi, the Constituency was divided into 3 wards - '''Chandni Mahal, Sita Ram Bazaar and Delhi Gate'''.The constituency has 3 wards under it each represented by a [[Councillor]].

# Chandni Mahal - Imran Chaudhary (AIFB)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baranwal |first=Rishika |date=2025-12-03 |title=Delhi MCD By-Election 2025: Shoaib Iqbal’s hold on Chandni Mahal unshaken as AAP’s big names fall flat News24 - |url=https://news24online.com/india/delhi-mcd-by-election-2025-shoaib-iqbals-hold-on-chandni-mahal-unshaken-as-aaps-big-names-fall-flat/679706/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref>
# Delhi Gate - Kiran Rakesh Kumar (AAP)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Delhi Gate Ward LIVE results: AAP Candidate Kiran Bala Wins Ward No.77 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/delhi-gate-ward-live-results-leading-trailing-won-lost-in-ward-no-77-6545401.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
# Bazar Sita Ram - Rafia Mahir (AAP)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Bazar Sita Ram Ward LIVE results: AAP Candidate Rafia Mahir Wins Ward No.78 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/bazar-sita-ram-ward-live-results-leading-trailing-won-lost-in-ward-no-78-6545455.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Assembly Election 2020 - State Wise and Party Wise Results |url=https://www.elections.in/delhi/assembly-constituencies/matia-mahal.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Shoaib Iqbal]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[Asim Ahmed Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| [[Shoaib Iqbal]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Aaley Mohammad Iqbal]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Matia Mahal<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Matia Mahal">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Matia Mahal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0521.htm |access-date=11 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311090819/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0521.htm |archive-date=11 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Matia Mahal Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Matia Mahal Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/matia-mahal |access-date=11 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311090920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/matia-mahal |archive-date=11 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Aaley Mohammad Iqbal]]
| votes = 58,120
| percentage = 68.80
| change = {{decrease}}7.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Deepti Indora
| votes = 15,396
| percentage = 18.23
| change = {{decrease}}1.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Asim Ahmed Khan]]
| votes = 10,295
| percentage = 12.19
| change = {{increase}}8.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = NOTA
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 217
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 42,724
| percentage = 50.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 84,475
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Matia Mahal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Shoaib Iqbal]]
| votes = 67,282
| percentage = 75.96
| change = +16.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ravinder Gupta
| votes = 17,041
| percentage = 19.24
| change = +7.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mirza Javed Ali
| votes = 3,409
| percentage = 3.85
| change = -22.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Tej Ram|votes=223|percentage=0.25|change=-0.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 216
| percentage = 0.24
| change = -0.01
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 50,241
| percentage = 56.72
| change = +24.24
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 88,590
| percentage = 70.43
| change = +1.12
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +16.73
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Matia Mahal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Asim Ahmed Khan]]
| votes = 47,584
| percentage = 59.23
| change = +33.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Shoaib Iqbal]]
| votes = 21,488
| percentage = 26.74
| change = -0.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Shakeel Anjum Dehalvi
| votes = 9,105
| percentage = 11.33
| change = +2.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 203
| percentage = 0.25
| change = -0.16
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 26,096
| percentage = 32.49
| change = +28.46
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 80,348
| percentage =69.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Janata Dal (United)
| swing = +33.18
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Matia Mahal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Shoaib Iqbal
| votes = 22,732
| percentage = 31.72
| change = +31.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mirza Javed Ali
| votes = 19,841
| percentage = 27.68
| change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Shakeel Anjum
| votes = 18,668
| percentage = 26.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Nizamuddin
| votes = 6,061
| percentage = 8.46
| change = -0.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 296
| percentage = 0.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,891
| percentage = 4.03
| change = -7.78
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 71,780
| percentage = 65.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Janata Dal (United)
| loser = Lok Janshakti Party
| swing = +11.56
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Matia Mahal<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Janshakti Party
| candidate = Shoaib Iqbal
| votes = 25,474
| percentage = 39.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mehmood Zia
| votes = 17,870
| percentage = 27.75
| change = -8.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Abhey Singh Yadav
| votes = 11,714
| percentage = 18.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Talat Sultana
| votes = 6,015
| percentage = 9.34
| change = +2.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohd Shafiq
| votes = 814
| percentage = 1.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Puran Chand
| votes = 436
| percentage = 0.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party of India (Athvale)
| candidate = Nasiruddin
| votes = 334
| percentage = 0.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Minorities Front
| candidate = Rukhsana
| votes = 322
| percentage = 0.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Ikramuddin
| votes = 273
| percentage = 0.42
| change = +0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Smt Chander Kanta Bharti
| votes = 267
| percentage = 0.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Satish Kumar Dhawan
| votes = 137
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jaini Prasad
| votes = 132
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Hafizul Haque
| votes = 121
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sibghat Ullah
| votes = 117
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
| candidate = Tariq Mirza
| votes = 88
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Ganga Ram
| votes = 76
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Hith Congress
| candidate = Mahendra
| votes = 73
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Gurdeep Singh Chawla
| votes = 69
| percentage = 0.11
| change = +0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vikram Singh
| votes = 57
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,607
| percentage = 11.81
| change = -4.12
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 64,389
| percentage = 56.3
| change = +0.84
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Lok Janshakti Party
| loser = Janata Dal (Secular)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Matia Mahal<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (Secular)
| candidate = Shoaib Iqbal
| votes = 25,222
| percentage = 52.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Azhar Shagufa
| votes = 17,524
| percentage = 36.28
| change = +16.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Qasim Malik
| votes = 3,114
| percentage = 6.45
| change = -5.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Abdul Jabbar
| votes = 1,185
| percentage = 2.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
| candidate = Nazar Mohd
| votes = 362
| percentage = 0.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Satish Kumar
| votes = 345
| percentage = 0.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Alimuddin Kurashi
| votes = 211
| percentage = 0.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Abdul Mueen
| votes = 149
| percentage = 0.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Faiz Mohd Khan
| votes = 107
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Gulfam
| votes = 45
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = United Citizen Party
| candidate = Alim
| votes = 44
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,698
| percentage = 15.93
| change = -29.03
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 48,308
| percentage = 55.46
| change = -1.08
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
| loser = Janata Dal
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/>

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Matia Mahal<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Shoaib Iqbal
| votes = 28,872
| percentage = 65.18
| change = +2.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Aziz Ahmad Siddiqui
| votes = 8,956
| percentage = 20.22
| change = +10.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Aslam Sadar
| votes = 5,230
| percentage = 11.81
| change = -5.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Mohd Asif
| votes = 406
| percentage = 0.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Awami Party
| candidate = Mohd Irfan Qureshi
| votes = 335
| percentage = 0.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bhagat Singh
| votes = 169
| percentage = 0.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Shakti
| candidate = Zahida Khatun
| votes = 142
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Riazuddin
| votes = 79
| percentage = 0.18
| change = -0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Satish Kumar Dhawan
| votes = 43
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Devraj
| votes = 41
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Dal
| candidate = Man Mohan Lal
| votes = 22
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 19,916
| percentage = 44.96
| change = -0.37
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 44,295
| percentage = 56.54
| change = -13.10
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Janata Dal
| swing = +2.41
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998"/>

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Matia Mahal<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = [[Shoaib Iqbal]]
| votes = 27,617
| percentage = 62.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Begum Khurshid
| votes = 17,672
| percentage = 17.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Memood Pracha
| votes = 16,221
| percentage = 16.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Saeed Khan
| votes = 2,068
| percentage = 4.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Khalil
| votes = 677
| percentage = 1.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Union Muslim League
| candidate = Syed Hamid Hussin Khizer
| votes = 539
| percentage = 1.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Madan Lal Bhalla
| votes = 338
| percentage = 0.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shijauddin
| votes = 189
| percentage = 0.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = C B Lall Saxena
| votes = 184
| percentage = 0.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = Javed Malik
| votes = 99
| percentage = 0.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Om Prakash
| votes = 86
| percentage = 0.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = National Democratic Peoples Front
| candidate = Shakil Ahmed
| votes = 52
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohd Aziz
| votes = 46
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Zamil Hussain
| votes = 34
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Har Bhajan Singh
| votes = 31
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Irfan
| votes = 24
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Vijay Singh
| votes = 23
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Man Mohan Lal
| votes = 19
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohd Furkan
| votes = 19
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Satish Verma
| votes = 19
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sagir Ahmed
| votes = 15
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Manzoor Hasan
| votes = 14
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Javed Iqbal
| votes = 12
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 19,945
| percentage = 45.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 43,998
| percentage = 69.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Janata Dal
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.648|77.234|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Vanashakti

2026-04-18T21:36:01Z

Ambaputra: Stub

{{Short description|Non-profit environmental organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Vanashakti
| website = http://vanashakti.org/
| type = Environmental
| founded = 2006
| image = Vanashakti Logo.jpg
| image_size = 190px
| caption = Vanashakti Logo
| founders = Meenakshi Menon, Namita Roy Ghose, Peter Armand Menon
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
}}

'''Vanashakti''' is a non-profit environmental [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. It was formed in 2006, by Meenakshi Menon, Namita Roy Ghose, and Peter Armand Menon.<ref>[http://vanashakti.in/about_founders.html "About Us", http://vanashakti.in/, 21 October 2013]</ref> Vanashakti aims to conserve the forests, wetlands, wildlife corridors, habitats, through education and litigation to achieve its objectives of creating awareness about environmental topics, protecting and reviving rivers and preventing opencast mining in areas that are well-endowed with biodiversity.<ref name="timeout">Mithila Phadke, "Vanashakti’s mangrove tours explore the city’s wetlands", http://www.timeoutbengaluru.net/, 21 October 2013 [http://www.timeoutbengaluru.net/around-town/features/green-therapy]{{Dead link|date=October 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> It also directs its efforts in involving local forest-dwelling communities to protect the biodiversity of the region and provides sustainable livelihood options for forest dependent and coastal communities.
Vanashakti's thrust areas are forest, mangrove and wetland protection, environmental education for both urban and rural schools, livelihoods for forest based communities and scientific investigation into local [[environmental degradation]].

==Projects==

===Mangrove and Wetland Conservation===
One of the major initiatives of Vanashakti is conservation of [[Wetland]]s, specifically mangroves in Mumbai metropolitan areas. Vanashakti conducts research on Mangroves through "photo documentation, regular visits, and archive databases".<ref name ="projects">[http://vanashakti.in/projects_mangroves.html "Projects", http://www.vanashakti.in/, 21 October 2013]</ref> Over the years, Vanashakti has fought many court cases against activities that have harmful impact on the health of the wetlands in Maharashtra. Following are the examples of Vanashakti’s legal efforts to save the Mangroves:-
*[[Public-interest litigation|PIL]] filed to stop reclamation of coastal wetlands to construct [[Special Economic Zone|SEZ]] (Special Economic Zone) in Important Bird Area, the Thane Creek.<ref>Shibu Thomas, "Halt dumping of waste on Thane mangrove plot: HC", http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com, 6 January 2012 [https://archive.today/20131114064721/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-06/mumbai/30597049_1_mangroves-crz-rules-thane-creek]</ref> In response to the PIL, Bombay High Court ordered the project proponent to stop dumping of solid waste in Mulund-Thane SEZ.<ref>Ashwin Aghor, "Bombay HC halts work at Mulund-Thane SEZ", http://www.downtoearth.org.in, 7 January 2012 [http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/bombay-hc-halts-work-mulund-thane-sez]</ref>
*PIL filed against Kanjurmarg dumping ground for destruction of [[mangrove]]s and violation of waste management rules by [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]].Following the PIL, Bombay High Court ordered BMC to stop dumping waste in Kanjurmarg Landfill.<ref>Shibu Thomas, "HC Stops dumping at Kanjurmarg Landfill", http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com, 7 November 2012 [https://archive.today/20131114064633/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-07/mumbai/34972476_1_kanjurmarg-landfill-vanashakti-leachate-collection]</ref>
*Complaints filed highlighting issues of degradation/destruction of mangroves and wetlands at all levels of government.<ref>Chimayi Shalya, "Environmental NGO urges authority to save Mahul mangroves", http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com, 25 March 2013 [https://archive.today/20131114064632/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-25/mumbai/38009104_1_mangrove-site-oil-sludge-vanashakti]</ref>
*PIL filed by Vanashakti on the non-implementation of Wetland Rules led to High Court ruling that banned all construction on Wetlands.<ref>Chinmaye Shalya,"High court order to give a fresh lease of life to wetlands", http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com, 16 October 2013 [https://archive.today/20131114064705/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-16/mumbai/43105980_1_wetland-rules-mangroves-vanashakti]</ref>
*Along with two other NGOs, Vanashakti filed a PIL against illegal reclamation and dumping on the [[Coastal Regulation Zone|CRZ-I]]. The PIL also asked for the creation of a governing body to keep the destruction of wetlands in check.<ref>Nikhil M Ghanekar, "NGO's want a new state body to check destruction of wetlands", http://www.hindustantimes.com/, 30 April 2013 [https://web.archive.org/web/20130501065249/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/NGOs-want-a-new-state-body-to-check-destruction-of-wetlands/Article1-1052485.aspx]</ref>
*The state environment department directed the [[Maharashtra Pollution Control Board]] to carry out an inspection at Sewri Bay in response to Dayanand's letter to the state government urging the protection of its wetlands and birds.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/pollution-board-to-inspect-sewri-mangroves/story-QRSGGjzyXRmjjjAvgUQNUP.html Pollution board to inspect Sewri mangroves]</ref> The [[Mumbai High Court]] issued notices to port trust and Maharashtra Coastal Zone Management Authority. Meanwhile, officials from the city collectorate confirmed that indeed there was destruction of mangroves at Sewri Bay.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/city-collectorate-confirms-destruction-of-sewri-mangroves/story-A1cwA2wGd7BkLBVlciTmBI.html City collectorate confirms destruction of Sewri mangroves]</ref>
*Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary has more than one and a half lakh birds, many of which are migratory species and many of them critically endangered species. The state of Maharashtra had refused to take steps to protect it. In 2011, Vanashakti proposed to declare the area as Sanctuary and requested the State Government to protect the area. Finally, in 2016 the notification was issued where the Thane creek from Airoli bridge to Vashi bridge was declared the ‘Thane creek Flamingo Sanctuary’.

===Restoration of Degraded Wetlands===
Vanashakti was a part of a restoration programme launched by state of Maharashtra which involved plantation of mangroves over 60 hectares across the city of Mumbai.<ref>Clara Lewis, "State govt to kick off mangrove rejuvenation drive in Mumbai" http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105000533/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|date=5 November 2012}}, 1 February 2013 [https://web.archive.org/web/20130705221043/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-01/flora-fauna/36683139_1_mangrove-areas-d-stalin-forest-land]</ref> Vanashakti collected 300 kg of garbage from 200 acres of mangrove forests in Bhandup.<ref>Viju B, "Mangroves in Bhandup get breathing room", http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105000533/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|date=5 November 2012}}, 3 February 2013 [https://archive.today/20131114064701/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-03/mumbai/28365853_1_mangroves-thane-creek-world-wetlands-day]</ref>

===Forests and Wildlife Protection===
*PIL against construction of a dam on the perennial Dabhil River to protect its ecology and [[water security]] of the [[Dodamarg|Sawantwadi-Dodamarg]] [[wildlife corridor]].<ref>Snehal Rebello, "Dabhil villages set to move HC against project", http://www.hindustantimes.com/, 4 December 2012 [https://web.archive.org/web/20140421082122/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Dabhil-villagers-set-to-move-HC-against-project/Article1-968051.aspx]</ref>
*Petition filed against felling of 3000 trees along the Shirsha Phata Ambadi Road in [[Thane]] for widening of roads.<ref>Snehal Rebello, "Mumbai NGO asks HC to prevent tree cutting at Thane", http://www.hindustantimes.com/, 26 September 2013 [https://web.archive.org/web/20130926072054/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-NGO-asks-HC-to-prevent-tree-cutting-at-Thane/Article1-1127299.aspx]</ref>
*Campaigns by Vanashakti helped in declaration of Sawantwadi-Dodamarg belt as Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA) by Bombay High Court.<ref>Ketki Angre, "Crucial tiger corridor in Maharashtra gets legal cover", http://www.ndtv.com/, 27 September 2013 [http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/crucial-tiger-corridor-in-maharashtra-gets-legal-cover-424801]</ref>
*Stalin and Vanashakti NGO filed a Public Interest Litigation with the Bombay High Court petitioning to identify and demarcate "Critical Wildlife Habitats" in wildlife sanctuaries in the state of Maharashtra.<ref>[http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/generatenewauth.php?auth=cGF0aD0uL2RhdGEvY2l2aWwvMjAxNi8mZm5hbWU9UElMMTAxMjUxNDE2MDgxNi5wZGYmc21mbGFnPU4mcmp1ZGRhdGU9JnVwbG9hZGR0PTE2LzA4LzIwMTYmc3Bhc3NwaHJhc2U9MjkxMjE2MTYxODQz An order by the Mumbai High Court in the case regarding identification and demarcation of "Critical Wildlife Habitats"]</ref>
*The biodiversity rich forests of Tungareshwar have an endangered buffer zone, with human industry such as quarrying, construction of roads and religious structures, deforestation and hunting have continually violated the bulwark of the ecologically sensitive zone. the State Government had not declared the ESZ despite requests by Vanashakti since 2012. After a 6 year delay, Vanashakti moved the Honourable High Court of Bombay seeking the issuance of a directive to the State Government to finalize the ESZ. In 2019, The ministry of environment forests and [[climate change]] (MoEFCC) approved the final notification to create a protective, eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) around Tungareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary (TWLS) and Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary in Palghar and Thane districts of Maharashtra.

=== Save Aarey ===
Vanashakti had filed petition with the National Green Tribunal (NGT) demanding that Aarey Milk Colony be declared a No Development Zone.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mumbai-activists-skeptical-of-mmrc-shutting-shop-at-aarey-colony-2200568 Mumbai: Activists skeptical of MMRC shutting shop at Aarey Colony]</ref>
The NGT prohibited any construction work in the Aarey Milk Colony until it decided on the dispute over the Metro III car shed.<ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/articles/construction-material-spotted-near-metro-site-at-aarey-activists-irked/17206187 Construction material spotted near Metro site at Aarey; activists irked]</ref>

=== Sanjay Gandhi National Park ===
Stalin had written a letter to Sanjay Gandhi National Park alleging hills in Dindoshi which were in the vicinity of SGNP were being flattened based on satellite images of the area and requested the authorities to take necessary steps to prevent further deforestation.<ref>[http://afternoondc.in/city-news/hills-in-dindoshi-are-destroyed-says-ngo/article_139471 Hills in Dindoshi are destroyed, says NGO]</ref>

In 2015, in a petition filed by Vanashakti, it sought to demarcate “Critical Wildlife Areas” in order protect the various species from extinction inside forests and sanctuaries.
<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/hc-petition-seeks-to-protect-species-from-going-extinct/story-CboA3Pz4Woi8O0be2N5heJ.html HC petition seeks to protect species from going extinct]</ref>

In January 2016, the Ministry of Environment and Forests in an affidavit in the National Green Tribunal that they were in the final stages of setting up an eco-sensitive zone around Sanjay Gandhi National Park. NGO Vanashakti had filed a petition seeking the declaration of Aarey Milk Colony as an Eco-Sensitive Zone.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/in-final-stages-of-approving-up-to-4-km-boundary-of-sgnp-as-eco-sensitive-zone/ In final stages of approving up to 4 km boundary of SGNP as eco-sensitive zone]</ref>

===Anti-Opencast Mining===
Vanashakti was the first NGO to take up the issue of mining near Sindhudurg region in Maharashtra in 2010 following which the Union Minister of environment and forest [[Jairam Ramesh]] wrote a letter to then Chief Minister of Maharashtra [[Ashok Chavan]] asking him to review all 49 mining leases in that region.<ref>Viju B, "Jairam asks Maha CM to review 49 leases in Sindhudurg", http://www.minesandcommunities.org/, 18 October 2010 [http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=10508]</ref>

===River Conservation and Restoration===
*Save Ulhas River Project under which independent research on the water quality of [[Ulhas River]] was conducted by Vanashakti. Results included increase in salinity and BOD levels, following which the complaint was filed.<ref>Nikhil M Ghanekar,"Water Sample from Ulhas River to be Tested for Pollution", http://cmsenvis.cmsindia.org/, 24 June 2013 [http://cmsenvis.cmsindia.org/newsletter/enews/NewsDetails.asp?id=48087]</ref>
*Public Trust Doctrine for Rivers is a Regulation Policy for Rivers. Urban spaces established closer to river origins lead to detrimental effects on these rivers. Discharge of sewage into these rivers makes the water non-potable for up to 30 km downstream and also disturbs groundwater percolation and recharge. Vanashakti moved the High Court to enforce the Doctrine of Public Trust for rivers, by which the State as the custodian of natural resources must keep it from pollution and should allow unrestricted access to all citizens and animals.
*The Mithi River is a seasonal river which has seen decades of abuse and encroachments on its floodplains and estuaries. Vanashakti challenged the Coastal Regulation Zone clearance granted for construction of retaining walls and service road along the banks of Mithi River by [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]. On August 16, 2017, the Supreme Court in its verdict ordered the immediate barring of any deepening, widening or blasting operations in the river. It further mandated the establishment of a panel to ensure pollution in the river reduces and its restoration begins soon.

===Coastal Conservation===
*In 2019, Vanashakti held a Morjim-Sea Turtle Festival in collaboration with the Goa Forest Department where workshops were conducted among tourists and citizens to create awareness on Olive Ridleys turtles, their nesting habits and, the efforts of the Forest Department to preserve their nesting sites and patterns, the hatchlings and their zoological behaviour in surviving in the vast ocean, citizen dos and don'ts and the various threats to their survival in Morjim. The impact of the festival from awareness building, outreach, beach clean ups and applying the community-conservation model in Morjim were noticed.
*The coastal road project was a reclamation project that proposed reclamation up to 95 hectares of the intertidal rocky shore from Princess Street to Worli. Vanashakti through its coastal division Sagarshakti conducted a biodiversity shorewalk at Worli and documented 36 species at the Worli 'to be reclaimed' intertidal shore. Vanashakti intervened on wildlife protection and biodiversity grounds and the High Court in April 2019 squashed the CRZ (Coastal Regulation Zone) clearance and stalled the project. The matter has now been listed in the Supreme Court for which the Honourable court has refused to lift the stay on the Coastal Road CRZ clearance. The CRZ clearance had several loopholes on biodiversity and livelihood grounds that had missing data on keystone species such as corals and gorgonians.

===Tribal Community Based Conservation===
Vanashakti works with tribal communities living in the Mangroves to prevent deforestation and illegal usage of forest resources. Alternative methods of livelihood like apiculture are encouraged to provide financial independence to these communities.<ref name="projects"/> Paper bags production from Woman Self Help groups in [[Vada, Thane|Wada Taluka]], initiated by Vanashakti gives an opportunity to women to provide for their families and reduces the incoming waste in [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]].<ref>Sudeshna Chatterjee, "Shiva devotees at SGNP get paper bags in place of plastic", http://m.mumbaimirror.com/, 21 February 2012 [http://m.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=2&contentid=20120221201202210208541982949709d]</ref>

===Awareness Programmes===
Vanashakti regularly holds activities like beach and mangrove cleanup, rallies, cleanliness drive, workshops, tree plantation, bird watching tours and educational programs and competition in schools to generate awareness about environment amongst students and general public alike.<ref>Tanumoy Bose, "Rare birds start flocking to city's wetlands", http://www.hindustantimes.com/, 5 January 2012
[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203145430/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Rare-birds-start-flocking-to-city-s-wetlands/Article1-646489.aspx]</ref><ref>Vijay Singh, "Celebrating the city's mangroves", http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105000533/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|date=5 November 2012}}, 29 January 2012 [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002827/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-29/mumbai/30675582_1_mangroves-world-wetlands-day-local-bodies]</ref> Vanashakti hosts tours of mangrove forests in [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region|Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR)]] to educate public on the importance of mangroves and are among the forerunners in raising awareness about conservation of coastal ecology.<ref name="timeout"/> Vanashakti works to address all aspects of conservation like education, awareness, sustainable livelihoods, engage with government authorities and judicial battles as a last resort.

===External links===
*[http://vanashakti.in/ Official Site]
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChLhZtK5PVQKOMBg8VYC_MA Youtube Channel]

==Introduction==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Nature conservation organisations based in India]]

Abdul Rob Laskar

2026-04-18T19:39:00Z

Ambaputra: creating the article w/ sources!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Rob Laskar
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1985
| term_end = 1991
| predecessor = [[Nurul Haque Choudhury]]
| successor = [[Badrinarayan Singh]]
| constituency = [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Abdul Rob Laskar''' is an Indian politician and former legislator. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai constituency]] in the [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060853/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4000-assam-1985/ ECI 1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]</ref><ref>[http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1985-91.html Assam Legislative Assembly - Members 1985-91] (in Hindi)</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laskar, Abdul Rob}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1985–1991]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Basudevpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:07Z

Ambaputra: creating new details w/ refs!

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Odisha}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Basudevpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Basudevpur
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 45
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = Ashok Kumar Das
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,72,821{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Basudevpur''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Bhadrak district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=45|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113145031/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=45|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 January 2017|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Basudevpur (45) District : Bhadrak|accessdate= 24 February 2014}}</ref>

Area of this constituency includes [[Basudevpur]], Basudevpur block and 7 [[Gram panchayat|GP]]s (Bhatapada, Saya, Bahabalpur, Sindol, Kolha, Mukundapur and Maharampur) of Tihidi block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp22.htm |title= 22 - Basudevpur Assembly Constituency |work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate=23 February 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.11}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.37}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.46}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.49}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.01}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|55.04}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|44.94}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|54.44}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.48}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|47.55}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|53.66}}
}}

Since its formation in 1961, 15 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Basudevpur constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |access-date=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Basudevpur Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/basudevpur.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate=23 February 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Basudevpur Assembly Election Results 2024: Basudevpur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/basudevpur-constituency-result-18045 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|Ashok Kumar Das
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019" />
|[[Bishnubrata Routray]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=7 October 2021}}</ref>
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":0" />
|rowspan=6|[[Bijayshree Routray]]
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Madhusudan Panigrahi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Jagabandhu Das
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Nilamani Routray]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Jagabandhu Das
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|[[Nilamani Routray]]
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
|{{full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
||[[Nilamani Routray]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election Results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Ashok Kumar Das defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bishnubrata Routray]] by a margin of 631 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Basudevpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Das
|votes = 77,843
|percentage = 39.11
|change = {{increase}}1.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Bishnubrata Routray]]|votes=77,212|percentage=38.79|change={{decrease}}3.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Banikalyan Mohanty|votes=42,278|percentage=21.24|change={{increase}}2.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=555|percentage=0.28|change={{decrease}}0.12}}
{{Election box majority||votes=631|percentage=0.32|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,99,051|percentage=72.96|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bishnubrata Routray]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Ashok Kumar Das by a margin of 9,581 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Basudevpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bishnubrata Routray]]
|votes = 78,963
|percentage = 42.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Das
|votes = 69,382
|percentage = 37.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Madhabananda Mallick
|votes = 35,777
|percentage = 19.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 744
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,581
|percentage = 5.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,86,355
|percentage = 74
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bijayshree Routray]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Madhabananda Mallick by a margin of 6,506 votes.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Basudevpur<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Basudevpur|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1841.htm?ac=41|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520001619/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1841.htm?ac=41|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Basudevpur (41)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=41|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181716/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=41|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 July 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bijayshree Routray]]
|votes = 77,781
|percentage = 46.46
|change = 2.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Madhabananda Mallick
|votes = 71,275
|percentage = 42.57
|change = 1.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dinabandhu Pati
|votes = 15,339
|percentage = 9.16
|change = 2.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 710
|percentage = 0.42
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,506
|percentage = 3.89
|change = 0.79
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,67,143
|percentage = 76.78
|change = 6.72
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,18,048
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]], [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bijayshree Routray]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Madhabananda Mallick by a margin of 6,840 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |access-date=24 February 2014 |work=leadtech.in |quote=6840}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Basudevpur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bijayshree Routray]]
|votes = 70,020
|percentage = 48.49
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Madhabananda Mallick
|votes = 64,016
|percentage = 43.88
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Sahu
|votes = 9,277
|percentage = 6.35
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,840
|percentage = 4.68{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,46,153
|percentage = 70.06
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Bhadrak district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|21.13|86.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Bhadrak district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]

Basavana Bagevadi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:17:16Z

Ambaputra: creating first pg basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Basavana Bagevadi
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 28
| map_image = 28-Basavana Bagevadi constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Shivanand Patil]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = S. K. Bellubbi
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bijapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]]
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:210088}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
}}
'''Basavana Bagevadi Assembly constituency''' is one of 224 assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka]] in India. It is part of [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | Sushilabai Hirachand Shah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="4" | Somanagouda Basanagouda Patil
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Kumaragouda Adiveppagouda Patil || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="2" | Somanagouda Basanagouda Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Bellubbi Sangappa Kallappa || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Shivanand Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Bellubbi Sangappa Kallappa || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="3" | [[Shivanand Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shivanand Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 68,126 |percentage = 43.00% |change = {{increase}}3.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bellubbi Sangappa Kallappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,263 |percentage = 27.30% |change = {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appugouda. Urf Somanagouda. Basanagouda Patil |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 40,197 |percentage = 25.37% |change = {{decrease}}12.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Allahbaksh Bijapur |party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 1,475 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxmimbai S. G. Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,050 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 838 |percentage = 0.53% |change = {{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,863 |percentage = 15.69% |change = {{increase}}13.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,602 |percentage = 75.97% |change = {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 158,446}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,088 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shivanand Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 58,647 |percentage = 39.79% |change = {{decrease}}4.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somanagouda(appugouda) B. Patil(managuli) |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 55,461 |percentage = 37.63% |change = {{increase}}23.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sangaraj Desai |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,501 |percentage = 17.30% |change = {{decrease}}11.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yallappa Basappa Gundakarajagi |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,008 |percentage = 2.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxmimbai S. G. Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,252 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Alur Ninganna Mallappa |party = Jana Samanyara Party (Karnataka) |votes = 904 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,684 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,186 |percentage = 2.16% |change = {{decrease}}13.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,472 |percentage = 73.27% |change = {{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 147,404}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 201,271 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shivanand Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,329 |percentage = 44.42% |change = {{increase}}11.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bellubbi Sangappa Kallappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,653 |percentage = 28.90% |change = {{decrease}}17.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somanagouda (appugouda) B. Patil |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 18,136 |percentage = 14.30% |change = {{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Sangraj Annasaheb |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 9,834 |percentage = 7.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddappa. B. Ganji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,259 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Katti Mariyappa Chandramappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,079 |percentage = 0.85% |change = {{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopal Shivappa Dhanashetty |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,035 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,676 |percentage = 15.52% |change = {{increase}}2.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,939 |percentage = 72.18% |change = {{increase}}7.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 126,819}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,856 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.26 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bellubbi Sangappa Kallappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,481 |percentage = 46.53% |change = {{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shivanand Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,594 |percentage = 33.20% |change = {{decrease}}15.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somanagouda Basanagouda Patil |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 15,370 |percentage = 14.75% |change = {{increase}}11.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dundasi Nazeer. M |party = Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes = 3,615 |percentage = 3.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yaranal Rajashekhar. C |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,133 |percentage = 2.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,887 |percentage = 13.33% |change = {{increase}}10.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,215 |percentage = 64.75% |change = {{increase}}1.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,193}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,950 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shivanand Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,238 |percentage = 48.46% |change = {{increase}}5.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bellubbi Sangappa Kallappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,933 |percentage = 45.27% |change = {{decrease}}8.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yaranal Shashidhar Adiveppa |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 3,481 |percentage = 3.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Domanal Ramappa Siddappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,012 |percentage = 2.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,305 |percentage = 3.19% |change = {{decrease}}7.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,726 |percentage = 63.55% |change = {{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,664}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,223 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.62 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bellubbi Sangappa Kallappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,543 |percentage = 53.94% |change = {{increase}}37.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somanagouda Basanagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,487 |percentage = 43.21% |change = {{increase}}7.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chalawadi Bhagawanth Basappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,678 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,056 |percentage = 10.73% |change = {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,401 |percentage = 67.20% |change = {{increase}}4.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,708}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,667 |percentage = 3.76% |change = {{increase}}0.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,938 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.27 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}18.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Somanagouda Basanagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,557 |percentage = 35.63% |change = {{decrease}}17.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kumaragouda Adiveppagouda Patil |party = Janata Dal |votes = 19,270 |percentage = 24.91% |change = {{decrease}}10.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bellubbi Sangappa Kallappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 13,327 |percentage = 17.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkond Sanganagoud Kallanagouda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,463 |percentage = 16.11% |change = {{increase}}12.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salunke Maruti Dondiba |party = Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha |votes = 2,523 |percentage = 3.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basangouda Dharappagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,257 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veera Mahanteshwars Swamiji |party = Independent politician |votes = 731 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,287 |percentage = 10.71% |change = {{decrease}}6.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,805 |percentage = 62.37% |change = {{decrease}}1.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,344}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,461 |percentage = 3.08% |change = {{decrease}}2.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,953 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Somanagouda Basanagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,868 |percentage = 52.71% |change = {{increase}}10.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kumaragouda Adiveppagouda Patil |party = Janata Dal |votes = 25,235 |percentage = 35.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Domanal Ramappa Siddappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,886 |percentage = 6.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nalatwad Shivabasappa Rachappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,834 |percentage = 3.94% |change = {{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pattar Kashipati Kalappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 625 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,633 |percentage = 17.58% |change = {{increase}}7.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,150 |percentage = 64.07% |change = {{increase}}2.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,841}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,309 |percentage = 5.66% |change = {{increase}}3.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,863 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.43 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kumaragouda Adiveppagouda Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 29,320 |percentage = 52.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bimanagouda Thimmanagoud |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,744 |percentage = 42.36% |change = {{decrease}}26.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bistagond Muttappa Ningappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,989 |percentage = 5.33% |change = {{decrease}}25.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,576 |percentage = 9.95% |change = {{decrease}}27.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,491 |percentage = 61.63% |change = {{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,053}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,438 |percentage = 2.50% |change = {{decrease}}1.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,277 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.50 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Somanagouda Basanagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,386 |percentage = 68.82% |change = {{increase}}63.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pattanashetti Rajashekhar Viragondappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,577 |percentage = 31.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,809 |percentage = 37.65% |change = {{increase}}14.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,997 |percentage = 59.93% |change = {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,963}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,034 |percentage = 3.91% |change = {{increase}}0.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,767 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.76 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Somanagouda Basanagouda Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,806 |percentage = 55.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basavantraya Ninganagouda Sulibhavi Ramesh Ningappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 16,048 |percentage = 31.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sulibhavi Ramesh Ningappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,666 |percentage = 5.30% |change = {{decrease}}34.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pattanashetti Manamallappa Irappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,829 |percentage = 3.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bellubbi Raghavendrarao Bhimacharya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,064 |percentage = 2.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bidari Gopal Ramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 862 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,758 |percentage = 23.39% |change = {{increase}}6.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,806 |percentage = 63.15% |change = {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,275}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,531 |percentage = 2.96% |change = {{increase}}2.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,040 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.76 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing = {{decrease}}1.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Somanagouda Basanagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 23,061 |percentage = 56.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. V. Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,250 |percentage = 40.12% |change = {{decrease}}50.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bidari Gopal Ramappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,193 |percentage = 2.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,811 |percentage = 16.82% |change = {{decrease}}63.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,276 |percentage = 63.78% |change = {{increase}}12.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,504}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,289 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.83 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}33.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Somanagouda Basanagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,173 |percentage = 90.12% |change = {{increase}}38.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. B. Irayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,759 |percentage = 9.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,414 |percentage = 80.24% |change = {{increase}}55.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,617 |percentage = 51.75% |change = {{decrease}}0.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,932}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,230 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}38.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sushilabai Hirachand Shah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,941 |percentage = 51.57% |change = {{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramangouda Gurappa Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,113 |percentage = 26.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maktumsa Aminsa Pinjar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,133 |percentage = 9.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sangappa Gangawwa Janakar |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,110 |percentage = 4.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurasangappa Chandramappa Malagar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,095 |percentage = 4.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Changouda Shidalingappa Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 765 |percentage = 3.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,828 |percentage = 25.17% |change = {{decrease}}6.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,665 |percentage = 52.35% |change = {{increase}}1.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,157}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,030 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavana Bagevadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sushilabai Hirachand Shah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,365 |percentage = 51.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kallur Ramanna Basappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,883 |percentage = 20.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basangouda Shamraya |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,101 |percentage = 17.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurasangappa Chandramappa Malagar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,574 |percentage = 10.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,482 |percentage = 31.28% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,923 |percentage = 51.02% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,923}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,891 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
[[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|16.57|75.97|display=title}}

Ramdas Soren

2026-04-11T20:51:58Z

Ambaputra: starting a info...

{{Short description|Indian politician (1963–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramdas Soren
| office = [[Government of Jharkhand|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| term_start = 5 December 2024
| term_end = 15 August 2025
| predecessor =
| governor = [[Santosh Gangwar]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Hemant Soren]]
| minister = * Minister of School Education and Literacy
| office2 = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Ghatsila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatsila]]
| term_start2 = 23 December 2019
| predecessor2 = [[Laxman Tudu]]
| term_end2 = 15 August 2025
| successor2 = [[Somesh Chandra Soren]]
| term_start3 = 2009
| term_end3 = 2014
| predecessor3 = [[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]]
| successor3 = [[Laxman Tudu]]
| constituency3 = [[Ghatsila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatsila]]
| office4 = [[Government of Jharkhand|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| term_start4 = 30 August 2024
| term_end4 = 28 November 2024
| predecessor4 =
| governor4 = [[Santosh Gangwar]]
| 1blankname4 = [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata4 = [[Hemant Soren]]
| minister4 = * Minister of Water Resources Department
* Minister of Higher Education
* Minister of Technical Education
| education = Graduate (Co-operative College, Jamshedpur)
| occupation = Social Service, Politician
| father = Bahadur Soren
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| image = Ramdas Soren.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1963|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]], Bihar, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|08|15|1963|01|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| birth_name = Ramdas Soren
| alma_mater = [[Ranchi University]]
| image_size = 200
}}

'''Ramdas Soren''' (1 January 1963 – 15 August 2025) was an Indian politician. He was a member of [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]. Soren was the cabinet minister for the Minister of School Education and Literacy in [[Government of Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-08-30 |title=JMM MLA Ramdas Soren takes oath as Minister, replaces Champai Soren in Jharkhand Cabinet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/jmm-mla-ramdas-soren-takes-oath-as-minister-replaces-champai-soren-in-jharkhand-cabinet/article68584515.ece |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=As Champai joins BJP today, one Soren replaces another in Jharkhand Cabinet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jmm-mla-ramdas-soren-oath-as-minister-replaces-champai-soren-in-jharkhand-cabinet-9540987/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was the member of [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Ghatsila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatshila Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramdas Soren (JMM):Constituency- Ghatsila(East Singhbhum ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jarka09/candidate.php?candidate_id=758 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> Soren died on 15 August 2025, at the age of 62.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jharkhand Education Minister Ramdas Soren passes away at 62; CM Hemant Soren expresses grief |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-education-minister-ramdas-soren-passes-away-at-62-cm-hemant-soren-expresses-grief-2025-08-16-1003723 |access-date=15 August 2025 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Jharkhand Education Minister and JMM leader Ramdas Soren passes away">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |author1-link=15 November 2025 |title=Jharkhand Education Minister and JMM leader Ramdas Soren passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/jharkhand-education-minister-ramdas-soren-dies-at-62/article69939561.ece |access-date=15 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=16 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115084228/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/jharkhand-education-minister-ramdas-soren-dies-at-62/article69939561.ece |archivedate=15 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! From
! To
! Position
|-
| 2009
| 2014
| MLA in the [[3rd Jharkhand Assembly]] from Ghatshila
|-
| 2019
| 2025
| MLA in the [[5th Jharkhand Assembly]] from Ghatshila
|-
| rowspan=2|2024
| rowspan=2|2025
| [[Third Hemant Soren ministry|Cabinet Minister]] -
* Minister of Water Resources Department
* Minister of Higher Education
* Minister of Technical Education {{small|(30 August 2024–28 November 2024)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2024-08-29 |title=After ex-CM Champai Soren quits JMM, Ramdas Soren to replace him in Jharkhand cabinet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/29/after-ex-cm-champai-soren-quits-jmm-ramdas-soren-to-replace-him-in-jharkhand-cabinet |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Fourth Hemant Soren ministry|Cabinet Minister]] -
* Minister of School Education and Literacy {{small|(5 December 2024 - 15 August 2025)}}
|-
|}

==Electoral history==
=== Jharkhand Legislative Assembly elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|rowspan=5|[[Ghatsila Assembly constituency|Ghatsila]]
| {{party name with colour|Independent politician}}
|34,489
|27.05
|{{Lost}}
|-
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| {{party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=4}}
|38,283
|30.19
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|46,103
|28.52
|{{Lost}}
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>
|63,531
|37.36
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|98,356
|51.50
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
* [[Third Hemant Soren ministry]]
* [[Hemant Soren]]
* [[Mithilesh Kumar Thakur]]
* [[Government of Jharkhand]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soren, Ramdas}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from East Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Santali people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jharkhand]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Nagpada Assembly constituency

2026-04-07T12:00:26Z

Ambaputra: started some info from scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nagpada
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1972
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Nagpada Assembly constituency''' was one of the 288 assembly constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] a western state of [[India]]. [[Nagpada]] was also part of [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Nagpada-in-Maharashtra Elections Traceall]</ref> [[Nagpada]] existed till 2004 elections until [[Byculla Assembly constituency]] was formed in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Safia Zubair || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Vishwanath Rajanna Tulla
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || S. A. Usman
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Kazi Umar Abdul Aziz
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || [[Ishaq Jamkhanawala|Dr. Ishaq Jamkhanawala Abedin]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=3 | [[Syed Ahmed (politician)|Dr. Syed Ahmed]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Lokhandwala Suhail Haji Umer || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | [[Syed Ahmed (politician)|Dr. Syed Ahmed]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpada}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Syed Ahmed (politician)|Dr. Syed Ahmed (politician)]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,869 |percentage = 45.02% |change={{increase}}8.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yashwant Jadhav]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 17,095 |percentage = 36.88% |change={{increase}}9.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lokhandwala Suhail Haji Umer |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 5,505 |percentage = 11.88% |change={{decrease}}20.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhanji Mahida |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 1,999 |percentage = 4.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagwan Ramdas Tambe |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 464 |percentage = 1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagwansingh Bapsingh Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes = 286 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,774 |percentage = 8.14% |change= {{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,355 |percentage = 44.06% |change= {{increase}}2.38 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,355}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,220|ref = |change= {{decrease}}14.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sayyed Ahmed Alinki |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,725 |percentage = 36.55% |change={{increase}}16.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abrani Yusuf |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 16,595 |percentage = 32.39% |change={{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Balaram Tammal |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 13,923 |percentage = 27.18% |change={{decrease}}3.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mujawar Yusuf Husen |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes = 1,004 |percentage = 1.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Nizamuddin Mahamed Akber |party=Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh |votes = 496 |percentage = 0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Y. A. Naik |party=Independent politician |votes = 491 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,130 |percentage = 4.16% |change= {{increase}}0.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,240 |percentage = 41.68% |change= {{decrease}}14.91 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,234}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,22,946|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Samajwadi Party |swing= {{increase}}2.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Lokhandwala Suhail Haji Umer |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 23,099 |percentage = 33.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Balaram Tammal |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 20,793 |percentage = 30.24% |change={{increase}}5.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Syed Ahmed (politician)|Dr. Syed Ahmed (politician)]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,963 |percentage = 20.31% |change={{decrease}}12.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kazi Nazim A. Hamid |party=Janata Dal |votes = 7,519 |percentage = 10.94% |change={{increase}}2.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lakeshree Rajendra Shankar |party=Samajwadi Janata Party (Maharashtra) |votes = 1,338 |percentage = 1.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anopsingh Deol |party=Janata Party |votes = 707 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,306 |percentage = 3.35% |change= {{increase}}0.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,876 |percentage = 57.52% |change= {{increase}}5.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,749}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,490|ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Samajwadi Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Syed Ahmed (politician)|Dr. Syed Ahmed (politician)]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,026 |percentage = 32.54% |change={{decrease}}16.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yusuf Husain Mujawar |party=All-India Muslim League |votes = 19,467 |percentage = 30.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anjum Ahmed |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 16,225 |percentage = 25.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Syed Afroj Ali |party=Janata Dal |votes = 5,487 |percentage = 8.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salim Ibraheem |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 1,134 |percentage = 1.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,559 |percentage = 2.41% |change= {{decrease}}17.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,510 |percentage = 52.13% |change= {{increase}}9.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,620}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,25,666|ref = |change= {{increase}}27.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Syed Ahmed (politician)|Dr. Syed Ahmed (politician)]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,081 |percentage = 48.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ishaq Jamkhanawala|Dr. Ishaq Jamkhanawala Abedin]] |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 11,695 |percentage = 28.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sarfaraz Arzu |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,089 |percentage = 12.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Diwar Manohar Tukaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,994 |percentage = 7.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Divakar Mahadev Natu |party=Independent politician |votes = 417 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,386 |percentage = 20.31% |change= {{decrease}}16.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,891 |percentage = 42.64% |change= {{increase}}12.43 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,284}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,237|ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}9.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Syed Ahmed (politician)|Dr. Syed Ahmed (politician)]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 17,975 |percentage = 58.01% |change={{increase}}36.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adam Adil |party=Janata Party |votes = 6,670 |percentage = 21.53% |change={{decrease}}33.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Syed Suhali Ashraf |party=All-India Muslim League |votes = 6,072 |percentage = 19.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ishtiaque Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes = 269 |percentage = 0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,305 |percentage = 36.48% |change= {{increase}}4.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,463 |percentage = 30.06% |change= {{decrease}}25.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,986}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,04,684|ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ishaq Jamkhanawala|Dr. Ishaq Jamkhanawala Abedin]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 32,416 |percentage = 54.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kazi Umar Abdul Aziz |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,594 |percentage = 23.04% |change={{decrease}}14.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahmed Sayed Alinaki |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 12,528 |percentage = 21.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Hasanmiyan Fakir Mohamad |party=Independent politician |votes = 364 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,822 |percentage = 31.90% |change= {{increase}}28.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,139 |percentage = 56.37% |change= {{decrease}}9.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,999}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,695|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}17.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kazi Umar Abdul Aziz |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,293 |percentage = 37.06% |change={{increase}}1.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khwaja Gulam Jilani |party=Independent politician |votes = 19,502 |percentage = 33.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Parab Vamanrao Ganpatrao |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 11,374 |percentage = 19.79% |change={{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Manohar Shankarrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,163 |percentage = 7.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. M. Mohamed Mahmood |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 786 |percentage = 1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,791 |percentage = 3.12% |change= {{decrease}}6.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,676 |percentage = 66.02% |change= {{increase}}4.54 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,461}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,875|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=S. A. Usman |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,292 |percentage = 35.84% |change={{decrease}}3.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=F. M. Hanif Hanif |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,240 |percentage = 25.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. S. Bhowar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 9,155 |percentage = 17.94% |change={{increase}}6.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=T. V. Rajanna |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,383 |percentage = 12.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. P. Kamble |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,404 |percentage = 4.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=F. R. Abdulbari |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 1,568 |percentage = 3.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,052 |percentage = 9.90% |change= {{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,121 |percentage = 63.74% |change= {{increase}}2.86 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,042}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,903|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vishwanath Rajanna Tulla |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,625 |percentage = 39.82% |change={{decrease}}7.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahmood Mahomed Mulla |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,664 |percentage = 28.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sultana Begam Ali Sardar Jafri |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 9,024 |percentage = 20.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vyankatrajayya Kishtayya Chowki |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,950 |percentage = 11.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,961 |percentage = 11.21% |change= {{increase}}4.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,921 |percentage = 59.40% |change= {{decrease}}6.81 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,263}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,302|ref = |change= {{increase}}25.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Safia Zubair |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,877 |percentage = 47.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tulla Vishwanath Rajanna |party=Independent politician |votes = 16,401 |percentage = 41.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D' Mello Placid Raymond |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,234 |percentage = 10.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,476 |percentage = 6.27% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,512 |percentage = 64.07% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,512}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,674|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
https://resultuniversity.com/election/nagpada-maharashtra-assembly-constituency

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2009 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mumbai City district]]

Sita Ramam (TV series)

2026-04-05T22:49:20Z

Ambaputra: Done

{{short description|2023 Indian Tamil language drama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sita Ramam Malayalam.jpeg
| image_alt =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| writer = S.Indran
| director = Biju Varghese
| based_on = [[Sevvanthi]]
| starring =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 100
| network = [[Surya TV]]
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| company = {{Ubl | [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] | 18 Reels Private Limited}}
| producer = Biju Dhanan/ Dr.Santhosh
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|03|13|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|06|25|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Sitaramam'''''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.doolnews.com/criticism-against-seetharamam-seriel-64-116.html |script-title=ml:രാമേട്ടന്‍ പറഞ്ഞാല്‍ കുളത്തില്‍ ചാടി ചാവുന്ന ഭാര്യ; സീരിയല്‍ പ്രൊമോക്കെതിരെ വിമര്‍ശനം |language=ml |trans-title=A wife who jumps into the pool and laughs if Rametta says; Criticism against serial promo |date=10 March 2023 |website=doolnews.com |access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref> is an Indian [[Malayalam language]] family [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series, starring [[Snisha Chandran]] and [[Vivek Gopan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/seetha-ramam-serial-surya-tv/|title=Seetha Ramam Serial Surya TV Starring Snisha Chandran In Lead Role - Sevanthi Remake|date=10 March 2023|website=Kerala TV}}</ref> It premiered on [[Surya TV]] on 13 March 2023, and ended on 25 June 2023 and is available for streaming in selected markets on [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/sita-ramam-serial-surya-tv/|title=Sita Ramam Serial On Surya TV From 13th March 2023 Every Monday To Sunday At 7:00 PM|date=4 March 2023|website=Indian TV News}}</ref> The show is an official remake of [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] television series [[Sevvanthi (2022 TV series)|Sevvanthi]] which is being aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-malayalam-serial-sitaramam-Mar13-2023/detail/160380/0 | title=Watch Sitaramam (Episode) Malayalam serial online for Free in India | Sun NXT }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Snisha Chandran]] as Sita Lakshmi a.k.a. sita<ref name="toi.sita.ramam.2023.03.14"/>
* [[Vivek Gopan]] as Ramdas a.k.a. Raman<ref name="toi.sita.ramam.2023.03.14"/>
* [[Reneesha Rahiman]] (Episode 1–22)<ref name="toi.sita.ramam.2023.03.14"/> / Raheena Anas (Episode 24–100) as Poornima (Poorni)
* Vishnu Mohan as Mahesh (Mahi): Raman's brother and Poornima's husband{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* [[Ambika Mohan]]<ref name="toi.sita.ramam.2023.03.14"/> as Bharathi: Raman, Mahi, Aishwarya's mother
* [[M. R. Gopakumar]]<ref name="toi.sita.ramam.2023.03.14"/> as Sreedharan: Raman, Mahi, Aishwarya's father
* Anjusha Gopi as Aishwarya (Aishu): Raman and Mahi's sister{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* Kalady Omana<ref name="toi.sita.ramam.2023.03.14"/> as Sundari Muthashi: Raman, Mahi, Aishwarya's grandmother
* Master Arjun Syam as Appu: Raman and Seeths's son{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* Baby Devna P Didhin as Ammu: Raman and Seeths's daughter{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* [[Pallavi Gowda]] as Meera: Raman's ex-girlfriend (episode 1-77){{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* Lakshmi as Meenakshi: Meera's daughter
* [[Shalu Menon]] as Vasundhara: Poornima's mother{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* Rahul Menon as Rajendran, Poornima's father{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* Souparnika Subhash as Radha Venu:{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} wife of Venu, Sita's sister in law
* Santhosh Sashidharan as Venu Narayanan: Sita's brother
* Vallikode Vikraman as Narayanan: Venu and Sita's father
* Ramya Sudha as Bhadra{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}: Abhi's mother and Bhuvanachandran's wife, PWD ENGINEER
* Sreedev as Abhijit: Aishu's groom
*Prasanth Kumar as Rajeev: Raman's best friend{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
*Bindu Krishna as Gayathri: hostel warden who takes care of Meenu, Bhadra's sister, Abhijit's aunt
*Karthika Kannan as Rajeshwari : Rajendran's sister, Poornima's aunt
*Sarita balakrishnan as Mandakini : Bhuvanachandran's sister, Abhijit's aunt
}}

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; " scope="col" | Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; " scope="col" | Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; " scope="col" | Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; " scope="col" | Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; " scope="col" | Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; " scope="col" | Notes
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Sevvanthi (TV series)|Sevvanthi]]'' செவ்வந்தி
| 11 July 2022
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| rowspan="2"| Ongoing
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Geethanjali (Telugu TV series)|Geethanjali]]'' గీతాంజలి
| 27 February 2023
| [[Gemini TV]]
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Sita Ramam'' സീതാ രാമം
| 13 March 2023
| [[Surya TV]]
|25 June 2023
|}

== References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="toi.sita.ramam.2023.03.14">{{Cite news
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/vivek-gopan-and-snisha-chandran-starrer-sita-ramam-gains-attention/articleshow/98635076.cms
|title=Vivek Gopan and Snisha Chandran starrer 'Sita Ramam' gains attention
|date=14 March 2023
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date=15 March 2023
|quote=New show, 'Sita Ramam' is gaining attention with its interesting storyline. The Vivek Gopan and Snisha Chandran starrer portrays the life of a naive wife and her loving hubby. Along with the duo, the show has Gopakumar, Ambika Mohan, Kaladi Omana, Reneesha, and others playing the lead roles.
}}
</ref>
}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Surya original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Barkha Sharma

2026-03-31T13:50:28Z

Ambaputra: creating basic bio basic info!

{{short description|Indian fashion designer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox fashion designer
|name = Barkha Sharma
|image = Barkha Sharma.jpg
|occupation = Designer, author, classical dancer
|birth_place = [[Mumbai, India]]
|education = Purdue University, United States
|spouse = [[Rahul Sharma (musician)|Rahul Sharma]]
|awards = Nominated for International Woolmark Prize, 2014–15
|website = {{URL|barkhansonzal.com}}
}}

'''Barkha Sharma''' is an Indian fashion designer, classical dancer, author, and co-founder of the men's clothing label Barkha 'n' Sonzal.<ref name="BangaloreMirror">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/designers/Rock-on-in-style/articleshow/6063115.cms|title=Rock on in style!|accessdate=19 July 2010|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> In 2014, she was nominated to represent India in the [[Woolmark|International Woolmark Prize]] in the menswear category.<ref name="DNAIndia">{{cite web | title =Three Indian designers | publisher =DNAIndia | url =http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-three-indian-designers-nominated-for-international-woolmark-prize-1978604 | accessdate =15 April 2014 }}</ref> Barkha, under the label Rhydhun, also designs handicrafts.<ref name="BollywoodXO">{{cite web | title =Designer Barkha and Sonzal | publisher =BollywoodXO | url =http://www.bollywoodxo.com/designer-barkha-and-sonzal-445/ | accessdate =15 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303015800/http://www.bollywoodxo.com/designer-barkha-and-sonzal-445 | archive-date =3 March 2016 | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref name="Idiva">{{cite web|url=http://www.idiva.com/interviews-work-life/designer-duo-barkha-n-sonzal-on-designing-for-men-diva-in-focus/20035|title=Barkha and Sonzal on designing for men|date=7 March 2013 |publisher=Idiva|accessdate=21 April 2016}}</ref> She is a trained dancer and [[tanpura]] player who was invited to perform with her husband Rahul Sharma for [[Prince William]] and [[Kate Middleton]] at the Hyderabad House, in the presence of the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] in April 2016.<ref name="TindustanTimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/i-played-the-beatles-on-the-santoor-for-the-royal-couple-rahul-sharma/story-B9N3X9ZB1ETsNcrkeuQCDN.html|title=Rahul and Barkha Sharma perform for PM Modi, Prince William and Kate in Delhi|date=13 April 2016 |publisher=HinduTimes|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> Barkha is the author of “Global Little Yogis,” a book about making yoga and wellness a regular part of one's routine.

== Career ==

===Fashion Design===

In 2009, Barkha and her sister founded their fashion label, "Dance of the Warrior," with a men's collection. They styled [[Pandit Shivkumar Sharma]] and [[Rahul Sharma (musician)|Rahul Sharma]] for the song "[[Mile Sur Mera Tumhara]]" in 2010. The sister duo has designed – The Yogi,<ref name=Gomolo>{{cite web | title =Anil Kapoor at the launch of Barkha 'n' Sonzal's Yogi collection | publisher =Gomolo | url =http://www.gomolo.com/605069/photos-anil-kapoor-at-the-launch-of-barkha-sonzals-the-yogi-collection | accessdate =21 April 2014 | archive-date =28 April 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160428053522/http://www.gomolo.com/605069/photos-anil-kapoor-at-the-launch-of-barkha-sonzals-the-yogi-collection | url-status =dead }}</ref> Rebel, Spirituale, Wah Taj Tea Ad, and Tata Ad shot in Kashmir. She designed the album cover for Rahul Sharma's Namaste India,<ref name=DNAindia>{{cite web | title = It was surreal Rahul Sharma | publisher =DNAindia | url =http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-it-was-surreal-rahul-sharma-1273174 | accessdate =11 July 2009 }}</ref> as well as the music video "Meeting by the Nile."<ref name=Missmalini>{{cite web | title = Lakme Fashion week preview: Barkha 'n'Sonzal | date =26 August 2013 | publisher =Missmalini | url =http://www.missmalini.com/2013/08/26/lakme-fashion-week-preview-barkha-sonzal | accessdate =26 August 2013 }}</ref> Barkha's label is the first to design a sherwani made of string beans, purple cabbage, and green peas for [[PETA]] India.<ref name="Times OF India">{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/you/Animal-warriors-in-green/articleshow/21827448.cms?|title=Animal warriors in green|accessdate=17 August 2010|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Barkha has worked with numerous tribes in India, South Africa, Europe, Egypt, Russia, etc. She volunteered for numerous NGOs, one of them being Aseema for which she made jackets for the winners of the rickshaw challenge in 2009, the benefits of which were donated to charity.<ref name="Dnaindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-sisters-salute-fashion-1282662|title=Sisters salute fashion|publisher=dnaindia|accessdate=20 June 2014}}</ref>

===Music & Art===

Barkha has lent her voice to Rahul Sharma's album "Spirituale," reciting Rumi's poems. She appeared as a model alongside her husband in Richard Clayderman's music video from the album Confluence 2.<ref name="YouTube">{{cite web | title = richard clayderman and rahul sharma – confluence 2 | date=10 July 2008 | publisher=Prashant Singh | url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHMJSNlRLcY | accessdate =10 July 2008 }}</ref> Barkha and her sister conceptualized a fashion film starring [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terrence Lewis]], which was selected for the Fashion Films Premiere at Lakmé Fashion Week Winter/ Festive 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2014/03/18/exclusive-like-shifting-sands-contained-terence-lewis-channels-buddha-fashion-film/|title=Buddha Fashion Film|date=18 March 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Bharatstudent">{{cite web | title = Lakme Fashion Week winter Festive 2013 day 4 | publisher =Bharatstudent | url =http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/event_photos_3-Hindi-Events-Celebs_at_Lakme_Fashion_Week_Winter_Festive_2013_Day_4-Photo-Galleries-1,8,21804,7.php | accessdate =21 April 2016 }}</ref> Barkha performed [[tanpura]] with her husband Rahul Sharma for President of India [[Ram Nath Kovind]], Chief Minister of Maharashtra [[Devendra Fadnavis]], Governor of Maharastra [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] and [[Hansa Yogendra]] to commemorate the Yoga Institute's 100th anniversary.<ref name="Yogasattva magazine=">{{cite web|url=http://theyogainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/YogaSattva-January19.pdf|title=Santoor Maestro Shri Rahul Sharma & Smt. BarkhaSharma performing during the Presidential event.|publisher=Yogasattva magazine|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183522/http://theyogainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/YogaSattva-January19.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Barkha performed for Yoga International Day to the song "Yug O' Vision," composed by [[Rahul Sharma (musician)|Rahul Sharma]] and sung by [[Siddharth Basrur]], under the guidance of [[Hansa Yogendra]], director of The Yoga Institute. Padmabhushan [[Padma Subrahmanyam]] choreographed it.<ref>{{cite web | title = Yug O' Vision | date =20 June 2018 | publisher =Times Music | url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NZ9dAo7edI | accessdate =20 June 2018 }}</ref>

===Writer===

Barkha Sharma is a globally celebrated author for children’s books on yoga, called 'Global Little Yogis', published by [[Rupa Publications]].<ref>{{cite web | title =Global Little Yogis: Secrets from India and Other Parts of the World | publisher =Rupa Publications | url =https://rupapublications.co.in/books/global-little-yogis-secrets-from-india-and-other-parts-of-the-world | accessdate =30 March 2023 | archive-date =30 March 2023 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230330111100/https://rupapublications.co.in/books/global-little-yogis-secrets-from-india-and-other-parts-of-the-world/ | url-status =dead }}</ref> The aim of the book is promoting mindful and holistic living for greater happiness, as opposed to solely seeking material and commercial gratification.<ref>{{cite web | title = Catch them young: How to guide children to holistic spiritual development | date =19 March 2023 | publisher =India Today | url =https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/catch-them-young-how-to-guide-children-to-holistic-spiritual-development-2348737-2023-03-19 | accessdate =30 March 2023 }}</ref> Cricketer [[Sachin Tendulkar]] wrote about the book, "A fun yoga book for children that guides them towards positivity, harmony and dynamic self-development. This has something for everyone." Actress [[Juhi Chawla]] noted that the book is "a delightful gift for every little child and young parent for living a healthy, fun, and successful life!"<ref>{{cite book | title = Global Little Yogis | id ={{ASIN|9357020039|country=in}} }}</ref>

'''''Global Little Yogis''''', a children’s wellness book by Barkha Sharma, was unveiled at the [[United Nations Headquarters]] in [[New York City]] by India’s Permanent Representative, Ambassador [[Ruchira Kamboj]]. Showcasing the perceived power of ancient yogic techniques, the book reimagines them as a new and accessible guide for aspiring yogis. ''Global Little Yogis'' was gifted to the heads of state of all 194 UN member nations, marking a moment of cultural diplomacy and placing a spotlight on Indian culture.<ref>{{cite web | title = Ruchira Kamboj on X | url =https://x.com/ruchirakamboj/status/1721929345801781583 | access-date = 16 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Ruchira Kamboj on X | url =https://x.com/ruchirakamboj/status/1792163463587860519 | access-date = 16 May 2025 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Barkha Sharma was born and brought up in [[Mumbai]] and later moved to the United States. She graduated with a B.Sc. degree from [[Purdue University]] and underwent a marketing program at [[The Wharton School|The Wharton Business School]], followed by an entrepreneurship program at [[Harvard University]]. Barkha's father is a Gujarati and her mother hails from the Kashmiri Pandit origin. She is married to [[Rahul Sharma (musician)|Rahul Sharma]] and they have a son, Abhinav Rahul Sharma, who was born in June 2014.<ref name="TimesOfIndia">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Rahul-Sharma-and-Barkha-Baby-boy-for-santoor-maestro/articleshow/36826096.cms|title=Rahul Sharma and Barkha baby boy for santoor maestro|work=The Times of India|date=20 June 2014 |accessdate=20 June 2014}}</ref> Barkha is also a classical dancer trained in Mohiniattam and other dance forms. She studied [[Kalaripayattu]] at CVN Kalari.<ref name="Dnasyndication">{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna_photogallery_editorial_images/pid=DNPUN3592&filename=Barkha_Sharma|title=Barkha Sharma – Mohiniattam Dancer|publisher=dnasyndication|accessdate=21 February 2009}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|www.barkhansonzal.com}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Barkha}}
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in fashion]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Purdue University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Wharton School alumni]]

Parsurameswara Temple

2026-03-28T23:52:41Z

Ambaputra: starting a place...

{{Short description|Hindu temple of the god Shiva in Bhubaneswar, India}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Parsurameswara Temple
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|image = Parsurameswara temple complex.jpg
|caption = Image of the temple showing the tower and worship hall in the foreground
|map_type = Orissa
|coordinates = {{coord|20|14|35.27|N|85|50|20.57|E|type:landmark_region:IN-OR|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption = Odisha
|other_names =
|sanskrit_translit =
|script_name = 
|script = 
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Odisha]]
|district =
|locale = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
|deity = Parsurameswara ([[Shiva]])
|festivals =
|temple_quantity =
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =
|architecture = [[Kalinga Architecture]]
|year_completed = 7th century CE
|creator =
|temple_board =
|website =
}}

'''Parsurameswara Temple''' ([[IAST]]: ''{{IAST|Paraśurāmeśvara}}'') also spelt '''Parashurameshvara''', is a [[Hindu temple]], located in the [[East India]]n city of [[Bhubaneswar]], the capital of [[Odisha, India|Odisha]], [[India]], is considered the best preserved specimen of an early Odia [[Hindu temple]] dated to the [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhava]] period between the 7th and 8th centuries CE. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]] and is one of the oldest existing temples in the state. It is believed to have been built around 650 CE in Nagara style and has all the main features of the pre-10th century [[Kalinga Architecture]] style temples. The temple is one among the Parashurameshvara group of temples.

[[File:Bhuvanesvar1007.jpg|200x200px|thumb|right|Decorations outside the temple consisting of engravings of divine geese (''hamsa'') as well as flowers, at the lower part it can be appreciated the symbol of the Purna-Kalasha and on the left the image of a ''Lingam'' that represents Shiva.]]

Parashurameshvara Temple has a ''[[vimana (tower)|vimana]]'', the sanctum, and a ''bada'', the curvilinear spire over its roof, rising to a height of {{convert|40.25|ft|m|abbr=on}}. It is the first temple to have an additional structure called ''jagamohana'', compared to the earlier temples that had only the ''vimana''. Though the temple is dedicated to Shiva, it contains sculpted images of Shakta deities, which are otherwise normally part of Shakta temples. The temple is the first in Bhubaneswar to contain depictions of [[Saptamatrikas]], namely, [[Chamunda]], [[Varahi]], Indrani, [[Vaishnavi (deity)|Vaishnavi]], [[Kaumari]], Shivani and Brahmi. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) as a ticketed monument. Parashurashtami is the major festival celebrated in the temple during June–July every year. The temple is one of the most prominent tourist attractions in the state of Odisha.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/175 175]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Parasuramesvara Temple - Lingam.jpg|upright 0.6|thumb|left|The [[lingam]] of the temple]]
Parashurameshvara Temple is one of the Parashurameshvara group of temples, considered to be the oldest temples in Bhubaneswar.<ref name="temple"/><ref name="bengal57">[[#O'Malley|O'Malley]] 1908, p. 57</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A dictionary of architecture and building: biographical, historical, and descriptive, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAgFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473|year=1901|publisher=The Macmillan Company|last=Sturgis|first=Russell|pages=473–474}}</ref> Some historians believe Parashurameshvara Temple to have been built in the early 8th century CE., subsequent to the construction of the Satruguneswar, Bharateswar and Lakshmaneswar temples in the late 7th century, although K.C.Panigrahi places the date as 650 CE.<ref name="temple">{{cite journal|last=Pradhan |first=Dr. Baman Charan |title=Saktism at Bhubaneswar Through Ages |journal=Orissa Review |date=September 2009 |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2009/September/engpdf/101-105.pdf |access-date=23 March 2013 |publisher=Government of Orissa e-Magazine |pages=10–102 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309214746/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2009/September/engpdf/101-105.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Ghosh23"/> [[James Fergusson (architect)|Fergusson]] believed that the temple might have been initiated at around 500 CE.<ref>[[#Fergusson|Fergusson]] 1876, p. 435</ref> A mid-7th century date is agreed by most scholars based on style and the presence of the eight planets which appear over the door to the inner sanctum as the later temples portray nine.<ref name="tourism">{{cite web|title=Parsurameswar temple|url=http://www.orissatourism.gov.in/psmeswar.html|publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Orissa|access-date=23 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506153059/http://www.orissatourism.gov.in/psmeswar.html|archive-date=6 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Parashurameshvara Temple was built by the [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhavas]], who had Shiva as their family deity.<ref name="temple"/> The Shailodbhavas also respected the [[Shaktism|Shakta]] deities and depicted Shakta images on the walls of the temple.<ref name="temple"/> The temple was repaired in 1903, with some changes in the roof of the inner sanctum, whilst retaining most of the original structure.<ref name="tourism"/><ref>[[#O'Malley|O'Malley]] 1908, p. 187</ref> Being located in the eastern coast, Parashurameshvara, like other Odia temples, was not much affected by [[Muslim]] invasions of the 12–13th centuries.<ref name="Allen">{{cite book|title=Ornament in Indian Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyXxEX5PQH8C&pg=PA205|page=205|last= Allen|first=Margaret Prosser|year=1991|publisher=Associated University Press Inc.|isbn=0-87413-399-8}}</ref> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) as a ticketed monument.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of monuments in Orissa|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_orissa.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=24 March 2013}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:Bhuvanesvar2007.jpg|200x200px|thumb|right|Floral design on one of the walls of the temple|alt=Floral design on one of the walls of the temple]]
The Kalingan temples have two parts: the sanctum, called ''[[vimana (tower)|vimana]]'', and a place from where pilgrims view the sanctum, called the ''[[jagamohana]]'' (hall of worshippers). Parashurameshvara Temple is the first to have this additional structure. The initial ''[[deula|deul]]'' temples were without the ''jagamohana'' as seen in some of the older temples in Bhubaneswar, while the later temples had two additional structures namely ''nata-[[mandapa]]'' (festival hall) and ''bhoga-mandapa'' (hall of offerings). The ''[[vimana]]'' is square in plan and the walls have sections called ''rathas'' or ''pagas''. The ''vimana'' has a curvilinear tower (called ''bada'') in the form of a pyramid composed of horizontal planes. The sanctum of the temple measures {{convert|9.88|xx|9.75|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} from the inside, {{convert|19.75|xx|21|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} from the outside and has a height of {{convert|40.25|ft|m|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name="size"/> [[Amalaka]], a stone disk with ridges on the rim, is placed over the ''bada'' of the temple.<ref name="Allen"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Gods' Machines: From Stonehenge to Crop Circles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruPSEAhvTtsC&pg=PA436|page=436|isbn=978-1-58394-207-9|year=2008|publisher=Frog Books|last=Bong|first=Wun Chok}}</ref>

[[File:Bhuvanesvar033.jpg|200x200px|thumb|right| Pediment outside of the temple, which depicts vampires and demons (vetala) as well as several animals.]]

The ''jagamohana'' is rectangular in shape and has a two-element sloping roof with clerestory windows between them.<ref name="ghosh2122">[[#Ghosh|Ghosh]] 1950, pp. 21–22</ref> The ''jagamohana'' measures {{convert|24.94|xx|18.33|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} from the inside and {{convert|29.33|xx|28.58|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} from the outside.<ref name="size">[[#Ghosh|Ghosh]] 1950, p. 72</ref> The latticed windows are classified as ''pata [[jali]]'' where perforations are square or rectangular in shape. In addition, there are trellised windows with slabs of stone sculptures depicting dancers and musicians.<ref>[[#Ghosh|Ghosh]] 1950, p. 32</ref> Light enters the interior through doors and the latticed windows. The junction of the ''vimana'' and the ''jagmohana'' is not cleanly built, leading some scholars to postulate that the porch was added at a much later date; however, the primitive connection is attributed to the building technique. The temple was constructed by burying completed portions in inclined layers of earth up which heavy pieces of stone were dragged.<ref name="tourism"/>

[[File:Bhuvanesvar023.jpg|200x200px|thumb|right|Decorated window on the temple with sculptures of dancers (top) and musicians (below)]]

The temple is one of the earliest examples of the [[Nagara style]] of [[Hindu temple architecture]] that emphasises vertical structure, as seen in subsequent temples like [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteshvara]], [[Lingaraja Temple|Lingaraj]] and [[Rajarani Temple|Rajarani]] in Bhubaneswar and the [[Konark Sun Temple|Sun Temple at Konark]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set)|first=Pran Nath|last=Chopra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA233|pages=233–234|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|year=2003|isbn=978-81-207-2503-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural History of India|page=v|last=Prakash|first=Om|isbn=978-81-224-1587-2|publisher=New Age International|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC&dq=parasurameswara&pg=PR5}}</ref><ref name="loc">{{cite book|first=James G.|last= Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: Volume Two|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC&pg=PA501|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|page=501}}</ref>

[[File:Parasuramesvara Temple 03.jpg|left|thumb|Six armed Nataraja image in a [[gavaksha]] on the tower|alt=Six armed Nataraja image on the tower]]
The temple contains the earliest representation of a six-armed [[Mahishamardini]] (Durga) image, shown inside a [[gavaksha]] frame from the chest upward with a headdress, ''karna kundala'' (ornament), ''mala'' (garland) and ''kankana'' (anklet). Durga is seen holding a sword in the upper left hand while in the upper right hand, she is seen pressing the face of the demon buffalo. In her left middle hand, she is seen piercing the neck of the demon with a ''[[trishula]]'' (trident), while in her lower left hand she holds a pointed weapon. In her right middle hand she holds ''Khetaka'' while in her lower right hand she holds a bow. A similar image of Durga is found in the Vaital temple, which is a famous Shakta center.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Patel |first=C.B. |title=Mahisamardini Durga-Antiquity and Iconography |journal=Orissa Review |date=September 2008 |page=3 |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/Sept-Octo-2008/engpdf/1-3.pdf |access-date=23 March 2013 |publisher=Government of Orissa e-Magazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309214753/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/Sept-Octo-2008/engpdf/1-3.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>[[#O'Malley|O'Malley]] 1908, p. 242</ref>

Though the temple is a Shaiva shrine, it contains the images of numerous Shakta deities as Parsvadevatas sculpted on its walls. The temple is the first among Bhubaneswar temples to contain [[Saptamatrika]] images, a group of seven goddesses.<ref name="temple"/><ref name="tourism"/> These images are located in between representations of [[Ganesha]] and [[Virabhadra]]. Except for Ganesha, all other images are depicted with their respective ''[[vahana]]s'' (vehicles). An eight-armed dancing [[Ardhanarishvara]], an image of Siva-Parvati and the images of [[Ganges in Hinduism|Ganga]] and [[Yami|Yamuna]] are also found on the wall of the temple.<ref name="temple"/><ref name="tourism"/> There are also images of [[Vishnu]], [[Indra]], [[Surya]] and [[Yama]] in the rectangular niches around the base of the porch. A sculpture of [[Kartikeya]] riding on his peacock vehicle is present on the southern wall.<ref name="tourism"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1|last1=Davidson|first1=Linda Kay|last2=Gitlitz|first2=David Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC&pg=PA62|page=62|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|year=2002|isbn=1-57607-004-2}}</ref> Other noteworthy carvings are those of [[Ravananugraha|Shiva subduing the demon-king Ravana]], who is seen trying to uproot Mount [[Kailasa]], the abode of Shiva.<ref name="Murray"/> Shiva is sculpted as [[Nataraja]] in various ''[[tandava]]s'' (dance poses) in the temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=Let's Know Dances of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h67wZpGPUi0C&dq=parasurameswara&pg=PT15|last=Sinha|first=Aakriti|page=16|publisher=Star Publications|year=2006|isbn=978-81-7650-097-5}}</ref> As with other Odisha temples, the interiors are not sculpted but left plain.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Culture of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LiqloV4JnNUC&pg=PA306|page=306|last=Educational Britannica Educational|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2010|isbn=978-1-61530-203-1}}</ref> Other carvings on the temple depict a variety of fruits, flowers, birds and animals in scenes and parts of designs. A floral motif trailing from the tail of a bird is common between this temple and the ones in [[Vaital Deula]], while a motif of vase and flowers is common between it and the ones in [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteshvara Temple]].<ref name="Ghosh23">[[#Ghosh|Ghosh]] 1950, p. 23</ref>

There are grotesque figures of ''[[vetala]]s'' (ghosts) on the [[pilasters]] of ''[[jaga mohan]]'' and on the faces of ''vimana'' of the temple. The figures of ''[[Nāga|naga]]s'' (snake-man) and their female counterparts ''nagins'' and other females show many graceful but chaste poses. Pilgrimage is the theme of many of the scenes on the ''vimana''. The other notable descriptive representation on the ''vimana'' is the hunting scene above the central niche on the south side, where stags are depicted running away from a hunter. On the outermost frame around the latticed window of the ''jaganamohana'', delightful scenes of monkeys playing all manners of pranks are depicted.<ref>[[#Ghosh|Ghosh]] 1950, p. 24</ref> The ''vimana'' of the temple is a ''[[Ratha (architecture)|triratha]]'' with a distant semblance of a ''[[Pancharatha]]'' as evident from the projecting niches flanking the central projection. The ''bada'' of the ''vimana'' abruptly starts from the ''talapatna'' or pavement which consists of three elements instead of the usual five and encloses a [[parallelepiped]] instead of the usual cubic sanctum.<ref name="Murray">{{cite book|title=Murray's hand-book: Bengal, N.W. Provinces & Burmah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA126|page=126|publisher=Murray|year=1882|last1=Eastwick|first1=Edward Backhouse|last2=Murray (Firm)|first2=John}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
Parashurameshvara represents Shiva as the lord of [[Parashurama]], one of the [[avatar]]s of [[Vishnu]]. According to Hindu legend, the temple derives its name from the penance of Parashurama and the resultant grace of Shiva.<ref name="loc"/> Parashuramashtami is the major festival celebrated in the temple on the 8th day of ''[[Ashadha]]'' (June–July) when the festival image of [[Lingaraja Temple|
Lingaraja]] is taken to Parashurameshvara Temple and feasted.<ref>[[#O'Malley|O'Malley]] 1908, p. 240</ref>

Parashurameshvara Temple, along with [[Rajarani Temple]] and [[Vaitala Deula]], substantiates the existence of the [[Devadasi]] tradition during the 7th and 8th centuries CE. Devadasis were girls dedicated to worship and service of a deity or a temple for the rest of their lives and usually enjoyed a high societal status. They were usually transferred to the king's palace and subsequently performed for the general masses.<ref>{{cite book|title=Devadāsī: Dancing Damsel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCaPL88jdToC&pg=PA6|page=6|last=Goswami|first=Kali Prasad|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-130-4|year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Classic Cooking of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj_qBSIfgdIC&pg=PA28|page=28|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=2010|isbn=978-81-8424-584-4|first1=Sujata|last1=Patnaik|last2=Patnaik|first2=Ranjita}}</ref> The temple is considered the best preserved specimen among the various oldest temples in the city.<ref>{{cite book
title=The legendary cities of India|first=Urmila|last=Verma|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India|isbn=978-93-5409-100-1|year=2020|pages=18-19}}</ref>
[[File:Parasuramesvara Temple 07.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|[[Kalyanasundara|The marriage of Shiva and Parvati]].]]

==See also==
* [[List of temples in Bhubaneswar]]

==Notes==
{{reflist
| colwidth = 20em
| refs =
}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|title=Designs from Orissan Temples|first1=D.P.|last1=Ghosh|first2=Nirmal Kumar|last2=Bose|first3=Y.D.|last3=Sharma|year=1997|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_books/14834.pdf|publisher=Thacker's Press and Directories, Limited|location=Calcutta and London|isbn=81-7387-075-6|ref=Ghosh|access-date=23 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200215/http://asi.nic.in/asi_books/14834.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|title=History of Indian and Eastern architecture, Volume 3|last=Fergusson|first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA439|publisher=Harvard University|year=1876|location=London|ref=Fergusson}}
* {{cite book|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Puri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&dq=parasurameswara&pg=PA57|page=57|last=O'Malley|first=Lewis Sydney Steward|ref=O'Malley|year=1908|publisher=Logos Press|isbn=81-7268-138-0|orig-year=1908}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Parsurameswara Temple}}
* [http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_orissa.asp Archaeological Survey of India – List of Monuments in Orissa]

{{Temples in Bhubaneswar}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{Shiva temples in Orissa}}

[[Category:7th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Odisha]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Odisha]]

Prashanth Neel

2026-03-18T18:45:32Z

Ambaputra: general refined structure as per guidelines and added references for accuracy

{{short description|Indian director, screenwriter (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prashanth Neel
| image = Prashanth Neel in 2022.jpg
| image_caption = Neel in 2022
| birth_name = Prashanth Neelakantapuram
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|06|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Likitha Reddy|2010}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Prashanth Neelakantapuram''' (born 4 June 1980), commonly known as '''Prashanth Neel''', is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He debuted with the Kannada action-thriller ''[[Ugramm]]'' (2014) and later directed the [[KGF (film series)|''KGF'' franchise]] (2018–2022), whose [[KGF: Chapter 2|second part]] became the [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest-grossing Kannada film of all-time]]. Subsequently, Neel had his maiden Telugu film release with ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' (2023).

==Personal life==
Prashanth Neelakantapuram<ref name="name">{{Cite web |date=21 April 2022 |title=నీల్ అంటే నీలకంఠాపురం – ప్రశాంత్ నీల్ మనోడే ! ఇవిగో డీటైల్స్ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/andhra-pradesh/prashant-neil-is-a-close-relative-of-ap-congress-raghuveera-reddy-30437 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425150842/https://telugu.abplive.com/andhra-pradesh/prashant-neil-is-a-close-relative-of-ap-congress-raghuveera-reddy-30437 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=[[ABP News|ABP Desam]] |language=te}}</ref> was born on 4 June 1980<ref name="dob">{{cite web |date=4 June 2021 |title=Prabhas and Jr NTR wish 'KGF' director Prashanth Neel for birthday |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prabhas-and-jr-ntr-wish-kgf-director-prashanth-neel-birthday-150099 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523002143/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prabhas-and-jr-ntr-wish-kgf-director-prashanth-neel-birthday-150099 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]] |quote=Prashanth Neel [..] is celebrating his 41st birthday on Friday, June 4.}}</ref> in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family  settled in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]].<ref name="name" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2022 |title=KGF : ప్రశాంత్ నీల్ మన తెలుగువాడే.. ఈ రాజకీయ నాయకుడికి బంధువే.. మీకు తెలుసా?? {{!}} Facts about Prashanth Neel |url=https://10tv.in/movies/facts-about-prashanth-neel-413871.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423102032/https://10tv.in/movies/facts-about-prashanth-neel-413871.html |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=[[10TV]] |language=Telugu}}</ref><ref name="n18" /> His parents are Subhash and Bharathi,<ref name="n18">{{Cite web |date=27 April 2022 |title=KGF Director Prashanth Neel's Special Connection With Andhra Pradesh. Learn More |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kgf-director-prashanth-neels-special-connection-with-andhra-pradesh-learn-more-5065183.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525150446/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kgf-director-prashanth-neels-special-connection-with-andhra-pradesh-learn-more-5065183.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> and their family hails from [[Neelakantapuram]] village, near [[Madakasira]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He regularly visits his native place, Neelakantapuram, where his father's tomb is located.<ref name="n18" /><ref name="name" /><ref name=":1" /> He shortened his eponymous surname to Neel.<ref name="name" />

Neel married Likitha in 2010. The couple has a daughter and son.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 January 2021 |title=In Pictures: Prashanth Neel shares a heart-warming post to wish daughter a happy birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/in-pictures-prashanth-neel-shares-a-heart-warming-post-to-wish-daughter-a-happy-birthday/articleshow/89142797.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214061224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/in-pictures-prashanth-neel-shares-a-heart-warming-post-to-wish-daughter-a-happy-birthday/articleshow/89142797.cms |archive-date=14 February 2022 |access-date= |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Neel's sister is married to actor [[Sriimurali]], who eventually starred in Neel's directorial debut ''[[Ugramm]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2020 |title=ಪ್ರಶಾಂತ್ ನೀಲ್, ಶ್ರೀಮುರಳಿಗೆ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ ಮಾತ್ರವಲ್ಲ; ಇಲ್ಲಿವೆ ಬಾವ-ಬಾಮೈದರ ಅಪರೂಪದ ಫೋಟೋಗಳು |url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/kannada-hero-srimurali-wife-is-director-prashanth-neel-sister-sesr-503941.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601111739/https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/kannada-hero-srimurali-wife-is-director-prashanth-neel-sister-sesr-503941.html |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date= |website=[[News18 Kannada]] |language=kn}}</ref> Neel is a first cousin of former [[Andhra Pradesh]] state minister, [[Raghu Veera Reddy]] and is also a cousin of [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] actor, [[Aadarsh Balakrishna]].<ref name="name" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Thummala |date=23 April 2022 |title=KGF డైరెక్టర్ మన సీమబిడ్డే.. రఘువీరారెడ్డి బంధువు.. ఆసక్తికర విషయాలు |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/director-prashanth-neel-relation-with-congress-ex-minister-raghu-veera-reddy/articleshow/91007195.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425150842/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/director-prashanth-neel-relation-with-congress-ex-minister-raghu-veera-reddy/articleshow/91007195.cms |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Samayam Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2020 |title=Exclusive Interview : Aadarsh Balakrishna- I have taken my career very seriously now |url=https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/exclusive-interview-aadarsh-balakrishna-i-have-taken-my-career-very-seriously-now.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130041954/https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/exclusive-interview-aadarsh-balakrishna-i-have-taken-my-career-very-seriously-now.html |archive-date=30 November 2020 |access-date= |website=[[Mallemala Entertainments|123telugu.com]]}}</ref>

==Career==
In an interview with a Kannada weekly magazine, Neel said he took to filmmaking initially for the need of money, following which he completed a course in the same, eventually developing interest in it. After having completed the course, he decided to cast his brother-in-law and actor [[Sriimurali]] in'' Aa Hudugi Neene'', a screenplay that he had written during the time. After the latter expressed his concerns due to his inexperience, Neel changed his mind and began observing Srimurali's mannerisms over a period of time, and came up with the project ''[[Ugramm]]'', an action film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://samvaada.com/themes/article/414/Ugram_Neel.interview |title="ಸಿನೆಮಾ ಉದ್ದೇಶ ಕತೆ ಹೇಳುವುದಲ್ಲ"- ಪ್ರಶಾಂತ್ ನೀಲ್ |last=Setlur |first=Mukund |access-date=23 April 2015 |language=Kannada |trans-title=Aim of the Film is Not Narration of the Story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040310/http://samvaada.com/themes/article/414/Ugram_Neel.interview |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film turned out to be a massive commercial success and emerged as one of the [[List of Kannada films of 2014|highest-grossing Kannada films of 2014]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-top-5-kannada-films-of-2014-so-far-south/20140716.htm |title=The Top 5 Kannada films of 2014 so far |website=Rediff |access-date=4 February 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615181242/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-top-5-kannada-films-of-2014-so-far-south/20140716.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Reports emerged in late 2014 and early 2015 of Neel having been signed to direct three films. The first is a sequel to ''Ugramm'', entitled ''Ugramm Veeram'', which would feature Srimurali reprise his role from ''Ugramm,'' but due to unknown circumstances it was shelved. His next film ''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]'' which stands for [[Kolar Gold Fields]] has [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] playing the role of Rocky, an orphan who becomes a don. The sequel ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]'', was scheduled for a release in July 2021, but was delayed due to the second wave of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID pandemic in India]] and was subsequently released in April 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=Express |first=Financial |date=7 July 2021 |title=Raveena Tandon reveals delay to KGF: Chapter 2 release, new date to be announced soon |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/raveena-tandon-reveals-delay-to-kgf-chapter-2-release-new-date-to-be-announced-soon/2285670/ |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726025809/https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/raveena-tandon-reveals-delay-to-kgf-chapter-2-release-new-date-to-be-announced-soon/2285670/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="22release">{{cite web |date=23 August 2021 |title=KGF 2 to release in theatres on this date, Yash-Sanjay Dutt hype up the much-anticipated action film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kgf-2-to-release-in-theatres-on-this-date-yash-sanjay-dutt-action-film-7465550/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119081307/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kgf-2-to-release-in-theatres-on-this-date-yash-sanjay-dutt-action-film-7465550/ |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=23 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In December 2020, [[Hombale Films]] announced the film ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' starring [[Prabhas]]. The film's shoot began in January 2021 and was released in December 2023. The film's sequel ''[[Salaar: Part 2 – Shouryanga Parvam]]'' has commenced shooting in October 2024.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-23 |title=Prabhas' birthday: 'Salaar: Part 2 – Shouryaanga Parvam' shooting commences |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prabhas-birthday-salaar-part-2-shouryaanga-parvam-shooting-commences/articleshow/114496749.cms |access-date=2026-01-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In May 2021, [[Mythri Movie Makers]] and [[N. T. R. Arts]] have announced a film in collaboration with Neel and [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|N. T. Rama Rao Jr]].<ref>{{cite web |date=20 May 2021 |title='KGF' director Prashanth Neel announces new project with Jr NTR |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kgf-director-prashanth-neel-announces-new-project-jr-ntr-149231 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521061625/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kgf-director-prashanth-neel-announces-new-project-jr-ntr-149231 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was officially began in August 202''4,''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-08-09 |title='RRR' Star NTR Jr Starts Film by 'K.G.F.' Director Prashanth Neel – Global Bulletin |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/ntr-jr-prashanth-neel-ntrneel-1236101433/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Jr NTR's 'NTRNEEL' plot leaked? Here's what Prashanth Neel’s action thriller may look like |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntrs-ntrneel-plot-leaked-heres-what-prashanth-neels-action-thriller-may-look-like/articleshow/118551710.cms#:~:text=Jr%20NTR%20will%20reportedly%20play,factions%20and%20establishing%20his%20reign. |access-date=2025-02-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> with title reported as ''Dragon''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Jr NTR, Prashanth Neel Resume Shooting for Dragon {{!}} Filmfare.com|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/jr-ntr-prashanth-neel-resume-shooting-for-dragon-80083.html|website=www.filmfare.com|access-date=2026-01-26|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Prashanth Neel film credits
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! colspan="2" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" rowspan="2" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Writer
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Ugramm]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Kannada]]
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|2023
| ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| rowspan="1" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|2024
| ''[[Bagheera (2024 film)|Bagheera]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| rowspan="1" | Kannada
|
|-
|2027
| {{pending film| NTR-Neel}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|TBA
| {{pending film|Salaar: Part 2 – Shouryaanga Parvam}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|<ref name=":3" />
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Prashanth Neel awards and nominations
|-
!Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref(s)|References(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
| [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ugramm]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2019/kannada/nominations |title=Filmfare Awards South 2019 Kannada Nominations | Filmfare |access-date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306164844/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2019/kannada/nominations |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Debut Director {{Ndash}} Kannada
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siima.in/2015/winners.html |title=SIIMA AWARDS | 2015 | winners | | |website=www.siima.in |access-date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410212935/http://siima.in/2015/winners.html |url-status=live}} Note: Select "Kannada" language tab.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
| [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siima.in/2019/winners.html |title=SIIMA AWARDS | 2019 | winners | | |website=www.siima.in |access-date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422085301/http://siima.in/2019/winners.html |url-status=dead}} Note: Select "Kannada" language tab.</ref>
|-
| [[66th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Kannada|Zee Kannada Hemmeya Kannadiga Awards]]
| Best Director
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zeekannada.zee5.com/hemmeya-kannadiga-awards-2019-winners-list-a-big-win-for-rachitha-ram-yash-and-chikkana/amp/ |title=Hemmeya Kannadiga Awards 2019 Winners List: A Big Win For Rachitha Ram, Yash And Chikkana |date=31 March 2019 |author=Parinika Uchil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816163905/https://zeekannada.zee5.com/hemmeya-kannadiga-awards-2019-winners-list-a-big-win-for-rachitha-ram-yash-and-chikkana/amp/ |archive-date=16 August 2019 |url-status=dead |access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=2023-08-02 |title=SIIMA 2023 nomination out. 'PS 1', 'RRR', 'KGF 2' and 'Kantara' bag top spots |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2023-nomination-list-out-ps-1-rrr-kantara-bag-top-spots-2415011-2023-08-02 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|[[70th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Prashanth Neel Reacts To KGF Chapter 2's National Award Wins: 'A Triumph for Kannada Cinema' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/prashanth-neel-reacts-to-kgf-chapter-2s-national-award-wins-a-triumph-for-kannada-cinema-9017984.html |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[68th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South ( Kannada ) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-kannada-2023_-67191.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[69th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2024">{{cite news |last1=Filmfare |date=4 August 2024 |title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804051630/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.html |archivedate=4 August 2024 |accessdate=4 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd IIFA Utsavam]]
|[[IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA UTSAVAM 2024 UNVEILS NOMINATIONS, HONORING THE DIVERSITY OF SOUTH INDIAN CINEMA! |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/utsavam-news-details/iifa-utsavam-2024-unveils-nominations-honoring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema- |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6073824}}
* {{Twitter| id= prashanth_neel| name= Prashanth Neel}}

{{Prashanth Neel}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neel, Prashanth}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian experimental filmmakers]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Puri–Tirupati Express

2026-03-18T00:18:30Z

Ambaputra:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Puri–Tirupati Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1992|01|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Puri}} (PURI)
| stops = 71
| end = {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} (TPTY)
| distance = {{convert|1233|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 28h 5m
| frequency = 5 days a week
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 17481/17482 [[Bilaspur–Tirupati Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]] and [[LHB coach]](start from 16 March 2026)
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 17479 / 17480
| speed = {{convert|44|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:(Puri - Tirupathi) Express Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 17479 / 17480 '''Puri–Tirupati Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Coast Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Puri}} and {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} in India. It is currently being operated with 17479/17480 train numbers on weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/rain-effect-several-trains-rescheduled/article19300169.ece Rain effect: several trains rescheduled]</ref><ref>[http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2513&did=150027084295696FB21491D9410B6F96CFDCFCDD99D90.web107 HEAVY RAIN CAUSING FLOOD SITUATION AFFECTED TRAIN SERVICES IN RAYAGADA-TITILAGARH RAILWAY SECTION]</ref><ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=9167&did=15002815449616F0289F89343BE6B77BF3FF09830840C.web107 Trains Cancelled/Short Terminated/Diverted/Rescheduled]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/dredging-harbour-at-antarvedi-to-improve-road-connectivity/article8481714.ece | title=Dredging harbour at Antarvedi to improve road connectivity | date=16 April 2016 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=18 January 2019 }}</ref>

== Service==

The 17479/Puri–Tirupati Express has an average speed of 44 km/h and covers 1233 km in 28h 5m. The 17480/Tirupati–Puri Express has an average speed of 44 km/h and covers 1233 km in 28h 5m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Puri}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ganjam}}
* {{stnlnk|Brahmapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Palasa}}
* {{stnlnk|Srikakulam Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajahmundry}}
* [[Bhimavaram Town Halt railway station|Bhimavaram Town]]
* {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
* [[Tenali Junction railway station|Tenali Junction]]
* [[Ongole railway station|Ongole]]
* [[Kavali railway station|Kavali]]
* [[Nellore railway station|Nellore]]
* {{stnlnk|Gudur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Tirupati}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 20 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 9 Sleeper coaches
* 3 General Coaches
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]-based [[WAP-4]] locomotive from Puri to {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}}. From Visakhapatnam to {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}} it is hauled by [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3D|WDM-3D]] / [[WDM-3A]] of [[Diesel Loco Shed, Guntakal|Guntakal]] / [[Diesel Loco Shed, Vishakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]] shed and from Vijayawada to Tirupati both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vijayawada|Vijayawada]]-based [[WAP-4]] / [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive and vice versa.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 2 times:

* {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 17481/17482 [[Bilaspur–Tirupati Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Puri railway station]]
* [[Tirupati railway station]]
* [[Bilaspur–Tirupati Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri-Tirupati Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puri]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1992]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Vethu Vettu

2026-03-17T00:30:00Z

Ambaputra: Stub

{{short description|2015 Indian Tamil-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = S. Manibharathi
| writer = S. Manibharathi
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = S. Kumar A. Raamasamy D. Saravanamanickam R. Murthi
| starring = [[Arish Kumar|Harish]] [[Malavika Menon]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Kasi
| editing = [[P. Sai Suresh]]
| music = [[Taj Noor]]
| studio = Vivin Movie
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|3|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vethu Vettu''''' ({{Translation|All style, no substance}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by S. Manibharathi and starring [[Arish Kumar|Harish]] and [[Malavika Menon]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Arish Kumar|Harish]] as Machaikaalai
*[[Malavika Menon]] as Mahalakshmi
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Machaikaalai's father
*[[Sujatha Sivakumar]] as Machaikaalai's mother
*[[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]] as Mahalakshmi's father
*[[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Mahalakshmi's mother
*[[Aadukalam Naren]]
*[[Ganja Karuppu]] as Attachi ''[[Appam|Appakadai]]'' worker
*[[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]] as Machaikaalai's friend
*Kambam Meena as the mother of Machaikaalai's friend
*[[Crane Manohar]] as Attachi ''[[Appam|Appakadai]]'' customer
*[[Vengal Rao]] as Attachi ''[[Appam|Appakadai]]'' customer
*[[Bonda Mani]] as Attachi ''[[Appam|Appakadai]]'' customer
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Taj Noor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1IEfryMOzAdsMDaP9ZQ0iu|title=Vethu Vettu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|website=[[Spotify]]|date=2015|access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>
*"Aaru Kulam Thevayilla" - Nancy Vincent
*"Adiye Chella Thangam" - Nivas
*"Kannanna Andhakkanna" - Prabhu
*"Unnai Ninanithaale" - Deepak Blue, Jayamurthi
*"Vaangadi Vaangadi" - [[Velmurugan]]

==Release==
The film was released on 20 March 2015 alongside nine other films.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 Mar 2015 |title=Friday Fury — March 20 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-13-news-tamil-pdnkOHaacgcii.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313134236/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-13-news-tamil-pdnkOHaacgcii.html |archive-date=13 March 2015 |access-date=28 January 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "A listless screenplay and insipid narrative ensures that we neither connect to the events nor to the characters".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2015 |title=Not Quite Worth a Watch, Even for a Vethu Vaettu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2015/Mar/22/not-quite-worth-a-watch-even-for-a-vethu-vaettu-731786.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202134034/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2015/mar/22/not-quite-worth-a-watch-even-for-a-vethu-vaettu-731786.html |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]'' wrote, "Director Mani Barathi has made an engaging movie. Dialogues add strength to the movie and songs are okay in Tajnoor's music. Kasi's camera showcases the beauty of the village in a brilliant manner".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2015 |title=Vethu Vettu |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2015/03/21132547/Vethuvettu.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612175448/http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2015/03/21132547/Vethuvettu.vpf |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' said that the film did not live up to its title due to flaws in writing and direction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2015 |title=தினமலர் விமர்சனம்: வெத்து வேட்டு |trans-title=Dinamalar Review: Vethu Vettu |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1437/Vethu%20Vettu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015070508/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1437/Vethu%20Vettu/ |archive-date=15 October 2022 |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13010712}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|vethu_vettu}}

[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bagber massacre

2026-03-10T15:50:50Z

Ambaputra: creating a pg from scratch

{{Short description|Terrorist incident in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Bagber massacre
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map|India|lat=23.93|long=91.61|caption=}}
| map_caption =
| location = Bagber, [[West Tripura]], [[Tripura]], [[India]]
| target = [[Bengali Hindus]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.9186|91.6431|region:BD_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| date = 20 May 2000
| time =
| timezone = UTC+5:30
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 25
| injuries =
| perps = [[National Liberation Front of Tripura|NLFT]] militants
| weapons = Rifles, grenades
| numparts =
}}

The '''Bagber massacre''' was a massacre of unarmed [[Bengali Hindu]] on 20 May 2000 by [[NLFT]] (National Liberation Front of Tripura) militants. 25 [[Bengali Hindus]] were killed as they were fleeing the Bagber refugee camp.

== Background ==
Bagber is a village under the Kalyanpur police station in [[West Tripura district]] of [[Tripura]]. It is located in West Ghilatali, approximately 1 km from the police station.<ref name="ht22052000">{{cite news |title=19 Bengalis killed in Tripura |url=http://nevigil.freeservers.com/01062000i.htm#i08 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2000 |access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> In May 2000, during the ongoing ethnic riots scores of [[Bengali Hindus]] had taken shelter at a refugee camp in Bagber.<ref>{{cite news |title=SPOs in Tripura give Cong jitters |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030105/asp/northeast/story_1543430.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203133940/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030105/asp/northeast/story_1543430.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=5 January 2003 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> The camp was located at the Niranjan Sardarpara Senior Basic School.<ref name="tel21May2000" />

== Events ==
On 20 May, at around 5 P.M. a heavily armed group of around 60 [[National Liberation Front of Tripura|NLFT]] militants raided the Bagber village.<ref name="tel21May2000">{{cite news |title=19 Killed in Tripura Massacre Rerun |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1000522/the_east.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203213110/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1000522/the_east.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=21 May 2000 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> They hurled grenade at the house of Ajoy Ghose, the local [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] leader. At the news of the attack, the refugees who had taken shelter adjacent to the Niranjan Sardarpara School, began to flee towards Kanchanpur. Seeing the refugees fleeing, the NLFT militants turned their guns on them. Three refugees were killed instantly. The militants then targeted the inmates at the refugee camp, where they killed sixteen and injured several others. The [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] personnel deployed at Bagber didn't protest when the massacre took place.<ref>{{cite news|title=Terror in Tripura |last=Chaudhuri |first=Kalyan |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1712/17120410.htm |magazine=Frontline |volume=17 |issue=12 |date=23 May 2000 |access-date=16 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615122805/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1712/17120410.htm |archive-date=15 June 2011 }}</ref> 19 Bengali Hindus were killed on the spot and several others were critically injured in the massacre. Six of them succumbed to their injuries later.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

== Aftermath ==
On 21 May, at around 11{{nbsp}}a.m., suspected NLFT rebels killed three Bengali Hindus at Ratia-Durgapur under Kalyanpur police station. After that the rebels set fire to several houses.<ref name="ht22052000"/>

333 families were relocated from five [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]] of Kalyanpur after the massacre and settled in Amar Colony under North Kalyanpur Gram Panchayat. Each of the families were promised 24 tins and 2,000 rupees cash to build their homes. However, they were not entitled to avail any loan from the North Kalyanpur Gram Panchayat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Diary Part III |last=Gupta |first=Sujay |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-02/india/27181345_1_families-amar-colony-land |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103122459/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-02/india/27181345_1_families-amar-colony-land |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |date=2 September 2003 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:2000s in Tripura]]
[[Category:2000 murders in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:Massacres in 2000]]
[[Category:Crime in Tripura]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2000]]
[[Category:May 2000 in India]]
[[Category:Christian terrorist incidents in Asia]]
[[Category:Christian terrorist incidents in the 2000s]]
[[Category:May 2000 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:2000 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Spree shootings in India]]
[[Category:West Tripura district]]
[[Category:20th-century Hinduism]]
[[Category:2000 in Christianity]]
[[Category:Grenade attacks in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on residential buildings in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2000]]

Brian Tyler

2026-03-09T01:06:21Z

Ambaputra: page fix

{{Short description|American composer (born 1972)}}
{{for|the auto racer|Brian Tyler (racing driver)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Brian Tyler
| image = Brian Tyler.JPG
| caption = Tyler in 2011
| birth_name = Brian Theodore Tyler
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|5|8}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.famouscomposers.net/brian-tyler|title=Brian Tyler – Composer Biography, Facts and Music Compositions|website=Famourcomposers.net|access-date=May 8, 2024}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Orange County, California]], U.S.
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Composer
* conductor
* arranger
* producer
}}
| relations = {{unbulleted list | [[Walter H. Tyler]] (grandfather)}}
| years_active = 1997–present
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[University of California, Los Angeles]]|[[Harvard University]]}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| alias = Madsonik
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Film score]]
* [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary classical]]
* [[Rock music|rock]]
* [[electronic rock]]
* [[Electronic dance music|EDM]]
* [[jazz rock]]
* [[New-age music|new-age]]
}}
| instruments = {{flatlist|
* Vocals
* [[piano]]
* [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]
* [[synthesizer]]
* [[guitar]]
* [[Bass guitar|bass]]
* [[Drum kit|drums]]
* [[Percussion instrument|percussion]]
* [[GuitarViol]]
* [[charango]]
* [[bouzouki]]
}}
}}
| website = {{URL|briantyler.com}}
| signature =
}}

'''Brian Theodore Tyler'''<ref name="uni"/> (born May 8, 1972) is an American composer, conductor, arranger and multi-instrumentalist best known for his film, television, and video game scores. In his 26-year career, Tyler has scored seven installments of the ''[[Fast & Furious]]'' franchise, ''[[Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem]]'', the fourth and fifth films of the ''[[Rambo (franchise)|Rambo]]'' franchise, ''[[Eagle Eye]]'', the fourth and fifth films of the ''[[Final Destination]]'' franchise, the first three films of ''[[The Expendables (franchise)|The Expendables]]'' franchise, the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] films ''[[Iron Man 3]]'', ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]'', and ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'' alongside [[Danny Elfman]], the ''[[Now You See Me (film series)|Now You See Me]]'' franchise, ''[[Crazy Rich Asians]]'', the fifth and sixth films of the [[Scream (franchise)|''Scream'']] franchise, ''[[The Super Mario Bros. Movie]]'', and its upcoming sequel, ''[[The Super Mario Galaxy Movie]]'', among others.

Tyler also created the current arrangement of the [[Universal Pictures]] logo fanfare (originally composed by [[Jerry Goldsmith]]) which debuted with ''[[The Lorax (film)|The Lorax]]'' (2012) in celebration of Universal Pictures' 100th anniversary. He also composed the 2013–2016 [[Marvel Studios]] logo, which debuted with ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]'' (2013), which he also composed the film's score. He composed the ''NFL Sunday Countdown Theme'' for [[ESPN]], the [[Formula One]] theme (also used in [[FIA Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2]] and [[FIA Formula 3 Championship|Formula 3]]), and the anthem for the [[Esports World Cup]]. He is also behind the soundtrack of many television series including ''[[Yellowstone (American TV series)|Yellowstone]]'', ''[[1883 (TV series)|1883]]'' and ''[[1923 (TV series)|1923]]'', all with Breton Vivian. For his work as a film composer, he won the [[International Film Music Critics Association|IFMCA Awards]] 2014 Composer of the Year.

His composition for the film ''[[Last Call (2002 film)|Last Call]]'' earned him the first of three Emmy nominations, a gold record, and induction into the music branch of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]].<ref name="ampas">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2010/06/25/academy-new-members-bono-gabourey-sidibe|title=Academy invites 135 new members|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] }}</ref> As of November 2017, his films have grossed $12 billion worldwide, putting him in the top 10 highest-grossing film composers of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Composer&id=briantyler.htm|title=Brian Tyler Movie Box Office Results|website=Boxofficemojo.com}}</ref>

He also has an electronic music alias, "Are We Dreaming".

==Early life and education==
Tyler was born and raised in [[Orange County, California]]. His grandfather was art director [[Walter H. Tyler]]. One of his first major influences was his pianist grandmother.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://8dio.com/blog/interview-with-brian-tyler/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182503/http://8dio.com/blog/interview-with-brian-tyler/|url-status=dead|title=Interview with Brian Tyler 8Dio|archive-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref> He holds a [[bachelor's degree]] from the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] and a [[Master's degree|master's]] from [[Harvard University]].<ref name=bio>{{cite web|title=Brian Tyler Bio|url=https://www.briantyler.com/bio|work=briantyler.com}}</ref> Growing up, he taught himself to play dozens of musical instruments, including drums, piano, guitar, bass, cello, world percussion, synthesizer, charango and bouzouki.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.corduroymag.com/music/interview-brian-tyler/ |title=Interview: Brian Tyler |work=Corduroy magazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416230743/http://www.corduroymag.com/music/interview-brian-tyler/ |archive-date=April 16, 2014 }}</ref>

==Career==
===Film===
Tyler began scoring features shortly after graduating from Harvard. [[Robert Kraft (composer)|Robert Kraft]], who was impressed with Tyler's music, encouraged him to pursue a career in film scoring. Tyler's first film score was for the [[independent film]] ''Bartender'' (1997), directed by Gabe Torres. The following year, he and [[Red Elvises]] composed the score for ''[[Six-String Samurai]]'' (1998).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sixstringsamurai.com/tyler.html|title=Sayonara, baby! – Brian Tyler and ''Six-String Samurai''|access-date=December 16, 2005|work=Islandlife|last=Comerford|first=Jason| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051108021842/http://www.sixstringsamurai.com/tyler.html| archive-date = November 8, 2005}}</ref>

Tyler's breakthrough came in the early 2000s, after composing for the ''[[Frailty (2001 film)|Frailty]]'' (2001). His work on ''[[Last Call (2002 film)|Last Call]]'' (2002) earned him an induction into the music branch of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]].<ref name = ampas /> Director [[William Friedkin]], impressed with Tyler's work on ''Frailty'', engaged him to compose for ''[[The Hunted (2003 film)|The Hunted]]'' (2003), which earned Tyler a [[World Soundtrack Awards 2002|World Soundtrack Award in 2002]] for Best New Film Composer of the Year. Starting in 2003, Tyler began working on big-budget films, including ''[[Timeline (2003 film)|Timeline]]'' (2003), ''[[Godsend (2004 film)|Godsend]]'' (2004), ''[[The Greatest Game Ever Played]]'' (2005), and ''[[Constantine (film)|Constantine]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soundtrack.net/features/article/?id=141|title=SoundtrackNet : Interview – Brian Tyler|access-date=December 16, 2005|work=Soundtrack.net| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204094405/http://www.soundtrack.net/features/article/?id=141 | archive-date = February 4, 2012| url-status=live}}</ref> His cues for ''Children of Dune'' were used in multiple other theatrical film trailers, including ''[[Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World|Master and Commander]]'' (2003), ''[[Sahara (2005 film)|Sahara]]'' (2005), ''[[Cinderella Man]]'' (2005), ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'' (2005), ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]'' (2008), and ''[[Star Trek (2009 film)|Star Trek]]'' (2009).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adtunes.com/forums/showthread.php?t=95121 |title=Adtunes Top Ad Music of 2008 |date=January 2009 |publisher=Adtunes.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131008120600/http://adtunes.com/forums/showthread.php?t=95121 | archive-date = October 8, 2013 | url-status=live |quote=The original music is called "War Begins", from the Children of Dune miniseries score by film composer Brian Tyler. |access-date=May 4, 2022 }}</ref> The track "Summon the Worms" was used as a leader for the Dutch show ''Peking Express'', and in the first leaked promotional reel for ''[[The Golden Compass (film)|The Golden Compass]]'' (2007).<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58X4o_41Frc|title=His Dark Materials: The Golden Compass – Sizzle Reel|access-date=August 23, 2009 |publisher=[[YouTube]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121125140009/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58X4o_41Frc | archive-date = November 25, 2012| url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2007, he was hired to compose for ''[[Partition (2007 film)|Partition]]'' (2007), where he integrated Indian and Middle Eastern music with orchestral writing. He conducted the orchestral portion of the score with the [[Hollywood Studio Symphony]] in Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoringsessions.com/news/51/|title=Brian Tyler scores Partition|date=June 16, 2006|access-date=August 23, 2009|work=Scoringsessions.com|last=Goldwasser|first=Dan| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217194736/http://www.scoringsessions.com/news/51/ | archive-date = February 17, 2012| url-status=live}}</ref>

On September 5, 2011, Tyler announced that he was in talks to score the 2011 remake of ''[[Highlander (film)#Remake|Highlander]]'', and pilot episodes for the animated series ''[[Transformers: Prime]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.me.com/cbarrywdw03/TheBrianTylerProject/News.html|title=Brian Tyler – Music Is Life|date=September 5, 2010|access-date=September 5, 2010|work=web.me.com}}</ref> He scored four episodes of the latter.

In 2012, Tyler scored and arranged a new version of the fanfare of the [[Universal Pictures]] logo, originally composed by [[Jerry Goldsmith]], in observance of the studio's 100th anniversary. The new score added a choir, a more majestic arranging style, and a closing drum cadence.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Cb-_9zolcA/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/7Cb-_9zolcA |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Scoring the New Universal Logo – 100th Anniversary (2012) HD|access-date=February 11, 2018|publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It made its debut alongside the logo with ''[[The Lorax (film)|The Lorax]]'' on March 2, 2012.

In 2013, Tyler composed the fanfare of [[Marvel Studios]], which made its debut alongside the logo with ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]'', which he also composed the score of the film, on October 23, 2013, at the [[Odeon Leicester Square]].

In addition to composing [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Score|the score]] for ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' (2014), an original song was released for the film entitled "[[Shell Shocked (song)|Shell Shocked]]", credited to Tyler, as his stage name Madsonik, [[Kill the Noise]], [[Wiz Khalifa]], [[Ty Dolla Sign|Ty Dolla $ign]], [[Juicy J]], [[Moxie Raia]], and Seann Bowe. It reached No. 2 on the iTunes hip-hop singles charts and has sold over 500,000 copies.

On October 12, 2016, Tyler was hired to score the 2017 action-adventure film ''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2016/10/12/brian-tyler-scoring-xxx-return-of-xander-cage/|title=Brian Tyler Scoring 'xXx: Return of Xander Cage' {{!}} Film Music Reporter|access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> He also contributed to the soundtrack by his stage name Madsonik, in a collaboration with Tom Morello and Kill The Noise entitled "Divebomb".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youredm.com/2017/01/19/edm-exclusive-tom-morello-joins-forces-madsonik-kill-noise-divebomb/|title=Your EDM Exclusive: Madsonik Enlists Tom Morello & Kill The Noise For 'Divebomb' – Your EDM|date=January 19, 2017}}</ref>

On March 2, 2018, he announced on Twitter<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/BrianTylerMusic/status/969689232024461312|title=Twitter}}</ref> that he had been hired to write a new theme for [[Formula One]]; it was released on March 23.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/must-see-watch-f1s-new-opening-title-sequence.52D6WEeQtyc2sig4ciYMQO|title=Must See – Watch F1's new opening title sequence|work=Formula1.com|access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref> The theme was also used in both [[Formula 2]] and [[Formula 3]] since 2019, as well as the [[F1 Academy]] since 2023. In August 2018, a 27-track soundtrack composed by Tyler for the cable TV series ''[[Yellowstone (American TV series)|Yellowstone]]'' was issued in CD format and as an MP3 download on Amazon.<ref>Amazon CD download services. Yellowstone soundtrack. Retrieved August 29, 2018. [https://www.amazon.com/Yellowstone-Original-Television-Soundtrack-Brian/dp/B07G7J7Q5N/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1534788248&sr=8-1&keywords=yellowstone+soundtrack+cd]</ref>

On July 16, 2024, it was announced that Tyler composed the official anthem of the [[Esports World Cup]] (an [[esports]] tournament series held in [[Saudi Arabia]]), entitled "Dare to Triumph".<ref>{{cite tweet|user=EWC_EN|author=Esports World Cup|number=1813196893591159019|date=July 16, 2024|title=The official #EsportsWorldCup Anthem is now officially available! "Dare to Triumph" by Brian Tyler}}</ref>

===Music===
Tyler is the musician behind the audio-visual project "Are We Dreaming". In an interview with [[BMI Foundation|BMI]], he described his project as an exploration of space and the connection to human emotion driven through his usual film soundtrack style.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-09 |title=Brian Tyler's Music Has Us All Wondering "Are We Dreaming?" |url=https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/brian-tylers-music-has-us-all-wondering-are-we-dreaming |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=BMI.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Tyler got divorced from his first wife on December 23, 2009.<ref name="uni">{{cite web |title=Marcie Lynn Tyler vs Brian Theodore Tyler |url=https://unicourt.com/case/ca-la2-marcie-lynn-tyler-vs-brian-theodore-tyler-812340 |website=UniCourt.com |access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref> He remarried on June 29, 2013. He has no children.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brian Tyler Married |url=https://qmunicatemagazine.com/brian-tyler-married/ |website=Qmunicate Magazine |access-date=February 7, 2024}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Theatrical films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Notes
|-
| 1997
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''Bartender''
| Gabe Torres
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 1998
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Six-String Samurai]]''
| [[Lance Mungia]]
| Composed with [[Red Elvises]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |1999
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Settlement (1999 film)|The Settlement]]''
| Mark Steilen
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The 4th Floor (1999 film)|The 4th Floor]]''
| [[Josh Klausner]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Simon Sez]]''
|[[Kevin Alyn Elders]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2000
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Panic (2000 film)|Panic]]''
| [[Henry Bromell]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Shadow Hours]]''
| Isaac H. Eaton
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Four Dogs Playing Poker]]''
| [[Paul Rachman]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Terror Tract]]''
| Lance W. Dreesen Clint Hutchison
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2001
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''Plan B''
| [[Greg Yaitanes]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)|The Fast and the Furious]]''
| [[Rob Cohen]]
| "[[More Fast and Furious#Not included on the soundtrack|Fourth Floor]]" track, main score composed by [[BT (musician)|BT]] (Brian Transeau)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/brian-tyler-fate-of-the-furious-interview/|title='Fate of the Furious' Composer Brian Tyler on the Evolution of the Franchise, 'The Mummy', and More|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|last=Chitwood|first=Adam|date=April 25, 2017|access-date=June 25, 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Frailty (2001 film)|Frailty]]''
| [[Bill Paxton]]
| Nominated – [[Fangoria Chainsaw Awards|''Fangoria'' Chainsaw Award for Best Score]] Nominated – [[International Film Music Critics Association|IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Horror/Thriller Film]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Bubba Ho-tep]]''
| [[Don Coscarelli]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Vampires: Los Muertos]]''
| [[Tommy Lee Wallace]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2003
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Darkness Falls (2003 film)|Darkness Falls]]''
| [[Jonathan Liebesman]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Hunted (2003 film)|The Hunted]]''
| [[William Friedkin]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Big Empty (2003 film)|The Big Empty]]''
| Steve Anderson
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Timeline (2003 film)|Timeline]]''
| [[Richard Donner]]
| Replaced [[Jerry Goldsmith]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2004
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[The Final Cut (2004 film)|The Final Cut]]''
| [[Omar Naim]]
|Nominated – [[International Film Music Critics Association|IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Horror/Thriller Film]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Godsend (2004 film)|Godsend]]''
| [[Nick Hamm]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''Perfect Opposites''
| Matt Cooper
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Paparazzi (2004 film)|Paparazzi]]''
| Paul Abascal
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Constantine (film)|Constantine]]''
| [[Francis Lawrence]]
| Composed with [[Klaus Badelt]] Nominated – [[International Film Music Critics Association|IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Horror/Thriller Film]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Greatest Game Ever Played]]''
| [[Bill Paxton]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Annapolis (2006 film)|Annapolis]]''
|[[Justin Lin]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Bug (2006 film)|Bug]]''
| [[William Friedkin]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift|The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Justin Lin]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Finishing the Game]]''
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Partition (2007 film)|Partition]]''
| [[Vic Sarin]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[War (2007 film)|War]]''
| [[Philip Atwell]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem]]''
| [[Brothers Strause|The Brothers Strause]]
| Original ''Alien'' themes by [[James Horner]], [[Elliot Goldenthal]] & [[John Frizzell (composer)|John Frizzell]] and original ''Predator'' themes by [[Alan Silvestri]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Rambo (soundtrack)|Rambo]]''
| [[Sylvester Stallone]]
| Original ''Rambo'' themes by [[Jerry Goldsmith]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Bangkok Dangerous (2008 film)|Bangkok Dangerous]]''
| [[Pang Brothers]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Eagle Eye]]''
| [[D. J. Caruso]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Lazarus Project (film)|The Lazarus Project]]''
| John Patrick Glenn
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |2009
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[The Killing Room]]''
| [[Jonathan Liebesman]]
| Nominated – [[International Film Music Critics Association|IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Horror/Thriller Film]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Dragonball Evolution]]''
|[[James Wong (producer)|James Wong]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Fast & Furious (2009 film)|Fast & Furious]]''
| [[Justin Lin]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[The Final Destination]]''
| [[David R. Ellis]]
| Original ''Final Destination'' themes by [[Shirley Walker]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Middle Men (film)|Middle Men]]''
| [[George Gallo]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Law Abiding Citizen]]''
| [[F. Gary Gray]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 2010
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[The Expendables (2010 film)|The Expendables]]''
| [[Sylvester Stallone]]
| [[BMI Film Music Award]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Battle: Los Angeles]]''
| [[Jonathan Liebesman]]
| [[BMI Film Music Award]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Fast Five]]''
| [[Justin Lin]]
| [[BMI Film Music Award]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Final Destination 5]]''
|[[Steven Quale]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[John Dies at the End (film)|John Dies at the End]]''
| [[Don Coscarelli]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Columbus Circle (film)|Columbus Circle]]''
| [[George Gallo]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Brake (film)|Brake]]''
| Gabe Torres
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[The Expendables 2]]''
| [[Simon West]]
| [[BMI Film Music Award]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Iron Man 3]]''
| [[Shane Black]]
|[[BMI Film Music Award]] Nominated – [[Saturn Award for Best Music]] Nominated – [[International Film Music Critics Association|IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for an Action/Adventure Film]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Now You See Me (film)|Now You See Me]]''
|[[Louis Leterrier]]
| Nominated – [[Saturn Award for Best Music]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Standing Up]]''
| [[D. J. Caruso]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]''
| [[Alan Taylor (director)|Alan Taylor]]
| Themes by [[Patrick Doyle]]
Replaced [[Carter Burwell]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]''
| [[Jonathan Liebesman]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Expendables 3]]''
| Patrick Hughes
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Into the Storm (2014 film)|Into the Storm]]''
| Steven Quale
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Furious 7]]''
| [[James Wan]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]''
| [[Joss Whedon]]
| Composed with [[Danny Elfman]] Themes by [[Alan Silvestri]] [[BMI Film Music Award]] Nominated – [[Hollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Score in a Sci-Fi/Fantasy/Horror Film|Hollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Score in a Sci-Fi Film]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[The Disappointments Room]]''
| [[D. J. Caruso]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Truth (2015 film)|Truth]]''
| [[James Vanderbilt]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Criminal (2016 film)|Criminal]]''
| [[Ariel Vromen]]
| Composed with Keith Power
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Now You See Me 2]]''
| [[Jon M. Chu]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage]]''
| D. J. Caruso
| Composed with Robert Lydecker
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Power Rangers (film)|''Power Rangers'']]''
| [[Dean Israelite]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Fate of the Furious]]''
| [[F. Gary Gray]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Mummy (2017 film)|''The Mummy'']]''
| [[Alex Kurtzman]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Crazy Rich Asians]]''
| [[Jon M. Chu]]
| Nominated – [[International Film Music Critics Association|IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Comedy Film]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |2019
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Escape Room (2019 film)|Escape Room]]''
| [[Adam Robitel]]
| Composed with John Carey
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[What Men Want]]''
| [[Adam Shankman]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Five Feet Apart]]''
| [[Justin Baldoni]]
| Composed with Breton Vivian
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''Liberation''
| Danial Hajibarat
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Ready or Not (2019 film)|Ready or Not]]''
| [[Matt Bettinelli-Olpin]] [[Tyler Gillett]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Rambo: Last Blood (soundtrack)|Rambo: Last Blood]]''
| [[Adrian Grunberg]]
| Original ''Rambo'' themes by [[Jerry Goldsmith]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Charlie's Angels (2019 film)|Charlie's Angels]]''
| [[Elizabeth Banks]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 2020
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Clouds (2020 film)|Clouds]]''
| [[Justin Baldoni]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Those Who Wish Me Dead]]''
| [[Taylor Sheridan]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[F9 (film)|F9]]''
| [[Justin Lin]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Escape Room: Tournament of Champions]]''
| Adam Robitel
| Composed with John Carey
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Scream (2022 film)|Scream]]''
| [[Matt Bettinelli-Olpin]] [[Tyler Gillett]]
| Original ''Scream'' themes by [[Marco Beltrami]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2021/05/12/brian-tyler-to-score-matt-bettinelli-olpins-tyler-gilletts-scream/ |title=Brian Tyler to Score Matt Bettinelli-Olpin's & Tyler Gillett's ''Scream'' |work=Film Music Reporter |date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702053005/http://filmmusicreporter.com/2021/05/12/brian-tyler-to-score-matt-bettinelli-olpins-tyler-gilletts-scream/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Redeeming Love (2022 film)|Redeeming Love]]''
| D. J. Caruso
| Composed with Breton Vivian
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (film)|Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers]]''
| [[Akiva Schaffer]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Scream VI]]''
| [[Matt Bettinelli-Olpin]] [[Tyler Gillett]]
| Composed with Sven Faulconer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scream VI (Brian Tyler/Sven Faulconer) |url=https://www.filmtracks.com/titles/scream6.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327142850/https://www.filmtracks.com/titles/scream6.html |archive-date=2023-03-27 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Filmtracks.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Super Mario Bros. Movie]]''
| [[Aaron Horvath]] [[Michael Jelenic]]
| First score for an animated theatrical film Original [[Nintendo]] themes by [[Koji Kondo]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Tangcay |first=Jazz |date=2023-04-07 |title='Super Mario Bros.' Composer Brian Tyler on Nostalgic Nods to Iconic Nintendo Themes by Koji Kondo |url=https://variety.com/2023/artisans/news/super-mario-bros-score-references-koji-kondo-1235574953/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408172754/https://variety.com/2023/artisans/news/super-mario-bros-score-references-koji-kondo-1235574953/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Fast X]]''
| [[Louis Leterrier]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Abigail (2024 film)|Abigail]]''
| [[Matt Bettinelli-Olpin]] [[Tyler Gillett]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Transformers One]]''
| [[Josh Cooley]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Nuremberg (2025 film)|Nuremberg]]''
| [[James Vanderbilt]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Now You See Me: Now You Don't]]''
| [[Ruben Fleischer]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Brian Tyler Scoring Ruben Fleischer's 'Now You See Me: Now You Don't' |url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2025/06/17/brian-tyler-scoring-ruben-fleischers-now-you-see-me-3-now-you-dont/ |website=Film Music Reporter |access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2026
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Super Mario Galaxy Movie]]''
| [[Aaron Horvath]] [[Michael Jelenic]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Brian Tyler to Return for Illumination Entertainment's 'The Super Mario Galaxy Movie' |url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2025/09/12/brian-tyler-to-return-for-illumination-entertainments-the-super-mario-galaxy-movie/ |website=Film Music Reporter |access-date=2025-09-12}}</ref>
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Notes
|-
| 2001
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''Offside''
| [[Leanna Creel]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
|2003
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''Last Stand''
| Gabe Torres
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 2005
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''Clair obscur''
| Benjamin Lemaire
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 2011
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''Tattoo''
| [[Bill Paxton]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[All Hail the King]]''
| [[Drew Pearce]]
| Composed with [[Mike Post]]
|}

===Television film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Notes
|-
| 1998
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''Final Justice''
| [[Tommy Lee Wallace]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 1999
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Sirens (1999 film)|Sirens]]''
| [[John Sacret Young]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
|2000
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Trapped in a Purple Haze]]''
|[[Eric Laneuville]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
|2001
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Jane Doe (2001 film)|Jane Doe]]''
|Kevin Alyn Elders
| {{N/A}}
|-
|2002
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Last Call (2002 film)|Last Call]]''
|[[Henry Bromell]]
|Nominated – [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Limited Series, Movie, or Special|Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Limited Series]]
|-
|2003
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Thoughtcrimes]]''
|[[Breck Eisner]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 2005
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Painkiller Jane (film)|Painkiller Jane]]''
| [[Sanford Bookstaver]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Transformers Prime Beast Hunters: Predacons Rising]]''
| Vinton Heuck Scooter Tidwell Todd Waterman
| First score for an animated film
|-
|2014
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Television special
|-
|2015
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Edge (film)|Edge]]''
| [[Shane Black]]
| Television pilot
|}

===Television series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
|1997
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Jenny (TV series)|Jenny]]''
|17 episodes
|-
|1998
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Living in Captivity]]''
|8 episodes
|-
|2000
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Level 9 (TV series)|Level 9]]''
|13 episodes
|-
|2001
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Education of Max Bickford]]''
|22 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Frank Herbert's Children of Dune]]''
|3 episodes
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]''
| Episodes "[[Canamar]]" and "[[Regeneration (Star Trek: Enterprise)|Regeneration]]"
|-
|2007
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Fear Itself (TV series)|Fear Itself]]''
|Episode: "[[The Sacrifice (Fear Itself)|The Sacrifice]]"
|-
|2010–20
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0]]''
|155 episodes Composed with Keith Power
|-
|2010–13
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Transformers: Prime]]''
|65 episodes Composed with Matthew Margeson Nominated – [[Daytime Emmy Award|Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction and Composition]]
|-
|2011
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Terra Nova (TV series)|Terra Nova]]''
|13 episodes
|-
|2013–17
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Sleepy Hollow (TV series)|Sleepy Hollow]]''
|36 episodes Composed with Robert Lydecker Nominated – [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music]]
|-
|2014–18
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Scorpion (TV series)|Scorpion]]''
|66 episodes Composed with Tony Morales
|-
|2018–24
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Yellowstone (American TV series)|Yellowstone]]''
|47 episodes Composed with Breton Vivian
|-
|2019
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Swamp Thing (2019 TV series)|Swamp Thing]]''
|10 episodes
|-
|2021–22
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| ''[[1883 (TV series)|1883]]''
|10 episodes Composed with Breton Vivian
|-
|2022–present
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| ''[[1923 (TV series)|1923]]''
|8 episodes Composed with Breton Vivian
|}

=== Video games ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
| 2010
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Lego Universe]]''
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3]]''
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Need for Speed: The Run]]''
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 2012
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Far Cry 3]]''
|Nominated- [[British Academy Games Awards|BAFTA Games Award for Best Audio Achievement]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Army of Two: The Devil's Cartel]]''
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]''
| Nominated- [[British Academy Games Awards|BAFTA Games Award for Best Original Music]]
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[F1 2018 (video game)|F1 2018]]''
| Composed the theme song for Formula One
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Lost Ark (video game)|Lost Ark]]''
| Composed track "Bon Voyage"; Main score composed by Yong Kim
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[F1 2019 (video game)|F1 2019]]''
| Composed the theme song for Formula One
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''[[PUBG Mobile|PUBG Mobile / Game for Peace (Peacekeeper Elite)]]''
| Composed track "Meteor Crisis" for the Chinese version
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[F1 2020 (video game)|F1 2020]]''
| rowspan=6| Composed the theme song for Formula One
|-
| 2021
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[F1 2021 (video game)|F1 2021]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[F1 22]]''
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[F1 Manager 2022]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[F1 23]]''
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[F1 Manager 2023]]''
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{{BLP sources section|date=March 2017}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Nominated work
! Result
!{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2002
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries, Movie, or a Special]]
| ''[[Last Call (2002 film)|Last Call]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2003
| [[Fangoria Chainsaw Awards#Fangoria Chainsaw Awards|''Fangoria'' Chainsaw Award for Best Score]]
| ''[[Frailty (2001 film)|Frailty]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2004
| [[International Film Music Critics Association|International Film Music Critics Award for Best Original Score for a Horror/Thriller Film]]
| ''[[The Final Cut (2004 film)|The Final Cut]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2009
|[[International Film Music Critics Association|International Film Music Critics Award for Film Composer of the Year]]
|{{NA}}
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmmusiccritics.org/2010/03/ifmca-announces-winners-of-2009-awards/ |title=IFMCA: the International Film Music Critics Association – IFMCA announces winners of 2009 Awards |date=March 2010 |publisher=Filmmusiccritics.org |access-date=November 11, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| [[International Film Music Critics Association|International Film Music Critics Award for Best Original Score for a Horror/Thriller Film]]
| ''[[The Killing Room]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2010
| [[International Film Music Critics Association|International Film Music Critics Award for Best Original Score for a Video Game or Interactive Media]]
| ''[[Lego Universe]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| [[38th Daytime Emmy Awards#Outstanding Music Direction and Composition|Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction and Composition]]
| ''[[Transformers: Prime]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[International Film Music Critics Association|International Film Music Critics Award for Best Original Score for a Video Game or Interactive Media]]
|''[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
|[[International Film Music Critics Association|International Film Music Critics Award for Film Composer of the Year]]
|{{NA}}
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmmusiccritics.org/2014/02/ifmca-winners-2013/|title=IFMCA: the International Film Music Critics Association – IFMCA Winners 2013|date=February 20, 2014|publisher=Filmmusiccritics.org |access-date=February 20, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[International Film Music Critics Association|International Film Music Critics Award for Best Original Score for a Video Game or Interactive Media]]
| ''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[International Film Music Critics Association|International Film Music Critics Award for Best Original Score for an Action/Adventure/Thriller Film]]
| ''Iron Man 3''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
| [[Saturn Award for Best Music]]
| ''Iron Man 3''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/gravity-the-hobbit-the-desolation-of-smaug-lead-saturn-awards-noms-1201120744/|title='Gravity,' 'The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug' Lead Saturn Awards Noms|first=Nikara|last=Johns|website=Variety.com|date=February 26, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Music]]
| ''[[Now You See Me (film)|Now You See Me]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music]]
| ''[[Sleepy Hollow (TV series)|Sleepy Hollow]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/11/arts/television/2014-emmy-nominations-game-of-thrones-true-detective-among-the-honored.html?_r=0|title=2014 Emmy Nominations: 'Breaking Bad,' 'True Detective' Among the Honored|date=July 10, 2014|work= New York Times|access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| | [[Primetime Emmy Award]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries, Movie, or a Special|Outstanding Music Composition for a Limited or Anthology Series, Movie or Special (Original Dramatic Score)]]
| ''[[1883 (TV series)|1883]]: 1883''
| {{nom}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Music of the Marvel Cinematic Universe]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.briantyler.com}}
* {{IMDb name|3911}}

{{Brian Tyler}}
{{Hollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Score in a TV Show/Limited Series}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyler, Brian}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American conductors (music)]]
[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American classical composers]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American electronic composers]]
[[Category:American film score composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American male conductors (music)]]
[[Category:American male film score composers]]
[[Category:American music arrangers]]
[[Category:American people of French descent]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American television composers]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from California]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Hollywood Records artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:La-La Land Records artists]]
[[Category:American male television composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Record producers from California]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]]
[[Category:Varèse Sarabande Records artists]]
[[Category:American video game composers]]
[[Category:Animated film score composers]]

Maacher Jhol (film)

2026-03-04T00:33:57Z

Ambaputra: started the article initial version

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=August 2017}}
{{One source|date=October 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maacher Jhol
| image = Maacher Jhol poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Pratim D. Gupta]]
| producer = [[Sony Pictures Networks]] Joy B Ganguly
| writer = [[Pratim D. Gupta]]
| screenplay = [[Pratim D. Gupta]]
| story = [[Pratim D. Gupta]]
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] [[Paoli Dam]] [[Mamata Shankar]] [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] [[Mithu Chakrabarty]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Anupam Roy]] Avijit Kundu
| cinematography = Subhankar Bhar
| editing = Subhajit Singha
| studio = [[Sony Pictures Networks]] Mojo Productions
| distributor = [[Sony Pictures Releasing International]]
| released = {{film date|2017|08|18|df=yes}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross = 
}}
'''''Maacher Jhol''''' ('Fish Broth') is an Indian language [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Culinary arts|culinary]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] produced by Sony Pictures Networks and Mojo Productions directed by [[Pratim D. Gupta]], starring [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Paoli Dam]] and [[Mamata Shankar]] in the lead roles. It is the first Bengali food film that revolves around a Paris-based chef who comes back to Kolkata after 13 years to attend to his ailing mother.

==Plot==
Dev D (Devdatto) is a renowned chef who quit his job as an engineer in [[Kolkata]] and moved to France train at [[Le Cordon Bleu]] in Paris. In doing so, he left behind his wife Sreela and his parents. When his mother falls ill, he returns to Kolkata after 13 years, and he must come to terms with his past.

== Cast ==
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] as Dev D aka Devdatto
* [[Mamata Shankar]] as Maa
* [[Paoli Dam]] as Sreela
* [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] as Palash
* Kaya Blocksage
* [[Sauraseni Maitra]]
* Sumanta Mukherjee

==Production==

=== Development ===
[[Pratim D. Gupta]] revealed that the idea of the film came during his trip to Italy where he was surprised to find local restaurants serving the recipes of mothers and grandmothers.<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Arindam|title=Pratim D. Gupta rustles up a slice of Bangaliana in his third film Maacher Jhol|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170401/jsp/t2/story_143788.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815234708/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170401/jsp/t2/story_143788.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2017|accessdate=1 April 2017|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|date=1 April 2017}}</ref>

He also said that it was his eagerness to work with [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] again after ''[[Shaheb Bibi Golaam]]'' resulted in conceiving a character for him - Chef Dev D.

=== Casting ===
While Pratim and Ritwick have worked together in ''Shaheb Bibi Golaam'', the film marks the first collaboration between the director and [[Paoli Dam]]. Mamata Shankar, known to be choosy about her roles, agreed to do the film immediately after reading the script.<ref name=telegraph/>

=== Filming ===
Shooting for the film started from March 2017.<ref name=telegraph/>

=== Music ===
The music for ''Maacher Jhol'' is composed by [[Anupam Roy]] and the lyrics have been penned by Anupam himself. One of the songs has been written by Rabindranath Tagore with a French section written and sung by Anupam. The music rights have been acquired by [[Zee Music Company]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6903200|Maacher Jhol}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films about fish]]
[[Category:Cooking films]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures films]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures Networks India films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pratim D. Gupta]]

Chaar

2026-03-04T00:28:29Z

Ambaputra: brief enhance information also

{{Short description|2014 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chaar
| image = Chaar_official_poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Chaar movie poster
| director = [[Sandip Ray]]
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]] [[Mahendra Soni]] [[Nispal Singh]]
| writer = [[Sandip Ray]]
| based_on = ''Bateswarer Abodan'' by [[Rajshekhar Basu|Parasuram]] 

''Dui Bondhu'' by [[Satyajit Ray]] 
''Kagtarua'' and ''Dui Bondhu'' by [[Satyajit Ray]] 

''Porikkha'' by [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]
| starring = [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Sudipta Chakraborty]], [[Pijush Ganguly]]
| music = [[Sandip Ray]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Subrata Roy
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] [[Surinder Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|06|13}}
| runtime = 1h 21min
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Chaar''''' (English: Four) is a 2014 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[anthology film]], directed by [[Sandip Ray]] and produced by [[Shrikant Mohta]], [[Mahendra Soni]] and [[Nispal Singh]] under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and [[Surinder Films]]. It based on four stories by different writers- ''Bateswarer Abodan'' by [[Rajshekhar Basu|Parasuram]], ''Porikkha'' by [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]], ''Kagtarua'' and ''Dui Bondhu (The Promise)'' by [[Satyajit Ray]]. The film features [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] in the lead roles, and [[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Sudipta Chakraborty]], [[Pijush Ganguly]] in the supporting roles.<ref>[http://www.bhalobasa.in/articles/160978/Chaar--Sandip-Ray-Film Chaar in Bhalobasa.in] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502223130/http://www.bhalobasa.in/articles/160978/Chaar--Sandip-Ray-Film |date=2 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nowrunning.com/movie/15237/bengali/chaar/index.htm |title=Chaar Bengali Movie - Preview, Trailers, Gallery, Review, Events, Synopsis |access-date=2 May 2014 |archive-date=16 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616180052/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15237/bengali/chaar/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmymobi.in/site_chaar_2014_bengali_movie_mp3_songs_download.xhtml |title=Filmymobi |access-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503004351/http://filmymobi.in/site_chaar_2014_bengali_movie_mp3_songs_download.xhtml |archive-date=3 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is available on Amazon Prime Video.

==Plot==

===Bateshwarer Abodan===
A famous writer Boteswar Sikhder is writing a serialized novel, "K Thake K Jai". He had decided to make this novel a tragedy and to kill off Aloka, the heroine of his novel. He is visited by many readers who object to this decision and beg him to save Aloka. They convince him to change his mind. At last Bateswar will decides to not kill Aloka. The story ends with all of the previous "visitors" coming to meet the author to together to reveal their true motivation. They are the family of a woman named Aloka who began to believe that her fate while she was sick was entwined with that of the character, and so they needed him to rethink the ending of his novel.
===Dui Bondhu===
Mahim and Pratul were childhood friends. One day, they got separated as Mahim's father got transferred. Before separating they promise each other to meet each other after twenty-five years on that date in front of a cinema hall in Kolkata.
After twenty-five years, Mahim Chatterjee is now a noted author. On that very date he comes to that cinema hall hoping Pratul would also come. Unfortunately, Pratul doesn't come but sends a letter to Mahim which says he will meet him on the next Day. On the next day, to Mahim's surprise, he discovers that his friend Pratul has become a popular actor who has come to meet Mahim for keeping his promise.

===Kagtarua===
Mriganka is a popular singer. One day, while returning to Kolkata from Birbhum, his car's petrol finishes. His driver goes to bring petrol. Mriganka, while waiting for the driver, watches a scarecrow. He suddenly saw the scarecrow to turn into a human. He realized it is ghost of Abhiram, his servant whom he once had fired for allegedly stealing his watch. Abhiram tells Mriganka that he was not the thief and to search that watch under their almira. Mriganka believes him and realizes his mistake.

==Synopsis==
Chaar film contains four short stories by different writers: ''Bateswarer Abodan'' by [[Rajshekhar Basu|Parasuram]], ''Porikkha'' by [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]], ''Kagtarua'' and ''Dui Bondhu (The Promise)'' by [[Satyajit Ray]]

==Cast==
Story 1: ''Bateshwarer Abodan'' (English: The Contribution of Bateshwar)
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Dr. Sanjib Chatterjee
* [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] as Bateshwar Sikdar
* [[Subhrajit Dutta]] as Priyabrata
* [[Sreelekha Mitra]] as Anita / Kadambanila "Kadu" Chatterjee
Story 2: ''Dui Bondhu'' (English: The Two Friends)
* [[Pijush Ganguly]] as Mahim Chatterjee
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Kishorilal/ Pratul
* [[Sudipta Chakraborty]] as Mahim's Wife
Story 3: ''Kagtarua'' (English: The Scarecrow)
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Mriganka Shekhar Mukherjee
* [[Nemai Ghosh (actor)]] as Abhiram
* Shoumo Banerjee as Sukamal Tarafdar (Guest Appearance)
* Swaralipi Chatterjee as Manjula Tarafdar (Guest Appearance)
Story 4: ''Porikkha'' (English: The Test)
* [[Abir Chatterjee]] as Binayak Bose
* [[Koel Mallick]] as Monica Nandi

'''Plot'''
*

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/chaarofficial Chaar] on [[Facebook]]
* {{IMDb title|4313972}}

{{Sandip Ray |state=autocollapse}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films |state=autocollapse}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaar}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sandip Ray]]
[[Category:Surinder Films films]]
[[Category:SVF Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language anthology films]]

Naagarahaavu

2026-03-03T22:22:51Z

Ambaputra: expanded content

{{About||the 2002 film|Nagarahavu (2002 film)|the 2016 film|Nagarahavu (2016 film)}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naagarahaavu
| image = Naagarahaavu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Puttanna Kanagal]]
| producer = [[N. Veeraswamy]]
| story = [[T. R. Subba Rao]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''Nagarahavu'', ''Ondu Gandu Eradu Hennu'' and ''Sarpa Mathsara''|T. R. Subba Rao}}
| screenplay = Puttanna Kanagal
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Ambareesh]] [[Aarathi]] [[Shuba|Shubha]] [[K S Ashwath]]
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cinematography = Chittibabu
| editing = P. Bhakthavathsalam
| studio = Sri Eswari Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1972|12|29}}
| runtime = 190 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}
'''''Naagarahaavu''''' ({{audio|Kn-ನಾಗರಹಾವು.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Cobra}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[Puttanna Kanagal]], based on [[T. R. Subba Rao]]'s three novels ''Nagarahavu'', ''Ondu Gandu Eradu Hennu'' and ''Sarpa Mathsara'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chitradurga |first=Shashidhar |date=20 April 2017 |title=Meet the man who was the inspiration behind great Kannada films |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/editorial/tarasu-kannada-films-novelist-nagarahavu-hamsageetha-chandanada-gombe-chandavalliya-thota-akashmika-nrupatunga |website=Asianet Newsable |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526185843/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/amp/editorial/tarasu-kannada-films-novelist-nagarahavu-hamsageetha-chandanada-gombe-chandavalliya-thota-akashmika-nrupatunga |url-status=live }}</ref> and starring [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Aarathi]], [[K. S. Ashwath]] and [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]. The supporting cast features [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]], [[M. Jayashree]], [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]], [[Ambareesh]], [[Shivaram]], [[Dheerendra Gopal]], [[Lokanath]] and [[Vajramuni]]. The film has a musical score by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]. Cinematography was done by Chittibabu.

The film revolves around the protagonist's relationship with his teacher, Chamayya ([[K. S. Ashwath]]). Chamayya, who is childless treats Ramachari ([[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]) as his son. He takes it upon himself to guide Ramachari on the right path despite Ramachari's legendary anger. He usually acts as the negotiator between his student and the people who have issues with Ramachari's behaviour. Ramachari is a young man whose anger is his weakness. He is difficult to reason with and has a great deal of pride. Chamayya is the only person who can convince him to do anything. His love interests are Alamelu ([[Aarathi]]) and Margaret ([[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]) who play pivotal parts in his life.

The film was released on 29 December 1972 to widespread critical acclaim and was a success at the box office and paved the way for the stardom of [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], Ambareesh and [[Aarathi]] who became leading actors in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]].<ref name="TH">{{Cite news |last=Venkatasubba Rao |first=K. N. |date=18 October 2008 |title=Naagarahaavu 1972 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/naagarahaavu-1972/article1427007.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=8 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213147/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/naagarahaavu-1972/article1427007.ece |archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> It has developed a [[cult following]] over the years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Vinay Kumar |date=2020-01-19 |title='Naagarahaavu' vs 'KGF': What a comparison of the cult hits reveals about Kannada cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/naagarahaavu-vs-kgf-what-comparison-cult-hits-reveals-about-kannada-cinema-116388 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> The character roles of [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]], [[Dheerendra Gopal]], [[Loknath]], [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]] were also critically acclaimed. The film won eight [[1972–73 Karnataka State Film Awards|Karnataka State Film Awards]] for [[Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]], [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]], [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]], [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]], [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]], [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]], [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] and [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]. The film also won two [[21st Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]] and a [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Special Award for excellent performance]]. This film was remade in Hindi as ''[[Zehreela Insaan]]'', directed by Puttanna Kanagal himself and in Tamil as ''[[Raja Nagam]]'' and ''[[Kode Nagu]]'' in Telugu.

The film was re-released in its digitized version on 20 July 2018. This movie was digitalized by Balaji who is the brother of [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] and son of [[N. Veeraswamy]], who was the producer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2018 |title=Vishnuvardhan's all-time classic 'Nagarahavu' to re-release |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vishnuvardhan-s-all-time-classic-nagarahavu-re-release-84608 |access-date=14 August 2018 |website=[[The News Minute]] |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719060844/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vishnuvardhan-s-all-time-classic-nagarahavu-re-release-84608 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
=== Ramachari ===
The story revolves around a short-tempered, yet affable college student named Ramachari in the town of [[Chitradurga]]. The story begins with Ramachari being caught in class while trying to copy in an examination and being suspended by the college principal (Loknath). Humiliated and angry, Ramachari throws stones at the principal's house in the night and when the principal wakes up and comes out of his house, ties the half-naked principal to a pole and runs away.

Ramachari is the son of pious parents. His father doesn't like Ramachari because he is unpopular in the town as a ruffian. His mother is worried about his future. One person who cares for Ramachari is his primary school teacher, Chamayya (K.S.Ashwath) master. Ramachari finds the company of Chamayya and his wife Tunga (Leelavathi), more comforting than that of his parents. Ramachari has very great regard for Chamayya master willing to do whatever he says, without thinking.

The next part of the story is about the two women Almelu (Aarathi) and Margaret (Shubha) who come into Ramachari's life and how the teacher Chamayya influences Ramachari's decisions in these relationships. The teacher tries to bring Ramachari into the "conventional way of life", but he errs and Ramachari's life is destroyed.

=== Almelu ===
In college, Ramachari hangs out with Varada (Shivaram) and other friends. Varada has a very beautiful sister named Almelu. Almelu's beauty has maddened a neighbourhood hooligan, Jaleela ([[Ambareesh]]) who stalks her. Varada wants to put an end to this eve-teasing but he is timid. He asks Ramachari for help. Ramachari agrees when Varada tells him he'll get his sister Almelu married to Ramachari. Ramachari fights with Jaleela and drives him away. Almelu and Ramachari fall in love. Almelu's parents arrange for her marriage within their caste. When Almelu refuses the proposal and declares her love for Ramachari, Varada refuses support, denying any promise made to Ramachari. Teacher Chamayya intervenes and requests Ramachari to give up Almelu. He convinces Ramachari by making him understand that sacrifice is a greater act than selfish love. Ramachari, out of respect, agrees to his teacher and sacrifices his love. A few years later, Ramachari runs into Almelu at a five-star hotel, where she is a call-girl. Almelu's husband has forced her into a life of prostitution for money.

=== Margaret ===
The second girl in Ramachari's life is Margaret, a peppy Christian girl. After Ramachari kisses Margaret during a tussle between the two, she falls in love with him. After he is forced to give up Almelu, Ramachari starts responding to Margaret's advances. However, due to the intense pressure of the society which denounces the marriage between a Brahmin boy and a Christian girl, they decide to elope. Once again teacher Chamayya tries to stop Ramachari saying that sacrifice is greater than love. But this time, Ramachari confronts his teacher and says that he won't budge because the last time he sacrificed his love, it went horribly wrong. Chamayya realises, perhaps for the first time, that Ramachari is right and he himself was wrong.

=== Climax ===
Chamayya falls to his death from the hill when Ramachari accidentally pushes him in a fit of rage for saying, "if you want to marry her, you have to witness my death before it." Ramachari, shocked by this incident, asks Margaret to join him in a bid to accompany his beloved teacher in death, to which she agrees and they both jump off the cliff. Ramachari, the hero is compared to a King Cobra. Dangerous, yet respected but a misfit in the society.

== Other Key Characters ==
=== Chamayya Meshtru ===
Chamayya ([[K. S. Ashwath]]) is the ever-supportive guardian of Ramachari who treats him as his own son. He is the only person able to control and have an influence over Ramachari. The movie focuses on a beautiful relationship between the teacher and student. In one emotional scene, Chamayya Meshtru accuses Ramachari of raping Almelu and then hits him with his walking stick, only to find out from Ramachari that it was a false allegation. The scene concludes with Ramachari tearfully saying, "Betha murdhogide, repairy madi tandkodteeni" (the walking stick has broken, let me get it repaired) and Chamayya Meshtru helplessly regretting his haste is a classic scene.

=== Jaleela ===
Jaleela ([[Ambareesh]]) is the rowdy young man who harasses Almelu every time she goes to college by singing the then-popular song "Mere sapnon ki Rani kab Ayegi tu". Almelu is fed up and complains to her brother Varada who turns to Ramachari for help. In a pivotal scene, Ramachari questions Varada as to why he should help his sister to which Varada promises to get Ramachari and Almelu married. This spurs Ramachari on who takes on Jaleela in a thrilling fight scene. The stakes are raised by the pailwan who promises the winner a garland. Ramachari wins and is rewarded with the promised garland. Jaleela asks for forgiveness and limps away even as Varada extracts his own little revenge.

=== Varada ===
Varada ([[Shivaram]]) is a friend of Ramachari. He is usually known to be trying to find a speciality in someone and often uses that word in his dialogues. He is a key character who promises Almelu's hand in marriage to Ramachari, only to flip when he finds out that Ramachari is serious. He accuses Ramachari of raping Almelu. Ultimately, this results in Chamayya master intervening and having Almelu marry the man chosen by her parents.

=== Thungamma ===
Thungamma ([[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]) is the wife of Chamayya meshtru, the doting foster mom of Ramachari. Their mother-son bond is well depicted in the aftermath of Ramachari tying his college principal to a pole and being made to apologise.

== Cast ==
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Ramachari
* [[Aarathi]] as Alamelu
* Laxminarayan Shet as Alamelu's Husband
* [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] as Margaret
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as [[Onake Obavva]] (Special appearance)
* [[Ambareesh]] as Jaleela
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Chamayya Meshtru
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] as wife of Chammayya Meshtru
* [[Prathima Devi (Kannada actress)|Pratima Devi]] as Alamelu's mother
* [[M. P. Shankar]] as Pailwan Basanna
* [[Shivaram]] as Alamelu's brother Varadha
* [[Lokanath]] as C. H. Shyam Rao, college principal
* [[Dheerendra Gopal]] as Thukaram, classmate of Ramachari
* [[Vajramuni]] as "Laxmu", a lawyer
* [[Shakti Prasad]] as Naidu uncle
* [[M. Jayashree]] as Ramachari's mother
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]] as Margaret's mother

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] with lyrics penned by [[Vijaya Narasimha]], [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] and [[R. N. Jayagopal]].

Two songs from this movie went on to be used in the Telugu version ''[[Kode Nagu]]'' – ''Sangama Sangama'' was re-used as ''Sangamam Sangamam'' and ''Kathe Heluve'' was re-used as ''Katha Vinduva''.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} The song ''Haavina Dwesha'' went on to be used in the Hindi version as ''Saanp Se Badhke''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2013 |title=Multiple Version Songs (12): Similar songs in Hindi and Kannada |url=https://www.songsofyore.com/similar-songs-in-hindi-and-kannada/ |website=Songs of Yore |access-date=1 January 2020 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101140633/https://www.songsofyore.com/similar-songs-in-hindi-and-kannada/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Vijayabhaskar reused "Karpoorada Gombe" as "Varavendum Vaazhkaiyil Vasantham" for Tamil film ''[[Mayangukiral Oru Maadhu]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=rbU8JcEnlaUI4aBb&v=--QAPQ0dcyI&feature=youtu.be | title=வரவேண்டும் வாழ்க்கையில் HD Video Song | மயங்குகிறாள் ஒரு மாது | முத்துராமன் | சுஜாதா | விஜய பாஸ்கர் | website=[[YouTube]] | date=26 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-boldly-astringent-music-of-vijaya-bhaskar-2939065 | title=The boldly astringent music of Vijaya Bhaskar | date=16 March 2024 }}</ref>

The song "Kannada Naadina" narrates the story of [[Onake Obavva]] who fought the forces of [[Hyder Ali]]. "Baare Baare" was the first song in an Indian film to be fully shot in slow motion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2020 |title=Did you know? Kannada song 'Baare Baare Chandada Cheluvina Taare' from 'Naagarahaavu' was the first slow-motion song of Indian cinema |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-kannada-song-baare-baare-chandada-cheluvina-taare-from-naagarahaavu-was-the-first-slow-motion-song-of-indian-cinema/articleshow/75735112.cms |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925221607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-kannada-song-baare-baare-chandada-cheluvina-taare-from-naagarahaavu-was-the-first-slow-motion-song-of-indian-cinema/articleshow/75735112.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=19 July 2018 |title=The return of the classics |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-return-of-the-classics/article24459730.ece |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122032227/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-return-of-the-classics/article24459730.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Track List ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Haavina Dwesha
| title2 = Kannada Naadina
| title3 = Karpoorada Bombe
| title4 = Baare Baare
| title5 = Sangama Sangama
| title6 = Kathe Heluve
| lyrics1 = [[Vijaya Narasimha]]
| lyrics2 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| lyrics3 = [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
| lyrics4 = Vijaya Narasimha
| lyrics5 = Vijaya Narasimha
| lyrics6 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| extra2 = [[P. B. Srinivas]]
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]]
| extra4 = P. B. Srinivas
| extra5 = P. B. Srinivas, P. Susheela
| extra6 = P. Susheela
}}

== Awards ==
=== [[21st Filmfare Awards South]] ===
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]
* [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Special Award for excellent performance]] – [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LccQAQAAMAAJ&q=Vishnu+vardhan |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book including Who's Who |date=14 August 1976 |publisher=Times of India Press |location=Bombay |page=616 |access-date=14 August 2018 |via=Google Books |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526185842/https://books.google.com/books?id=LccQAQAAMAAJ&q=Vishnu+vardhan |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== [[1972–73 Karnataka State Film Awards]] ===
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – Vishnuvardhan
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Aarathi]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[K. S. Ashwath]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – [[T. R. Subba Rao]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – [[Puttanna Kanagal]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]] – [[Chi. Udayashankar]]

== Criticism ==
After watching the film, [[T. R. Subba Rao]] remarked that [[Puttanna Kanagal]] has turned ''Naagarahaavu'' (the cobra) into 'Kerehaavu' (meaning rat snake). The implied meaning is that the characterisation of Ramachari in the novel and the movie is strikingly different and less effective. Nevertheless, Naagarahaavu is an all-time favorite movie and remains popular in all its reruns.<ref name="TH" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Eswar |date=9 September 2011 |title=Dasara: New lease of life for paintings |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/189847/dasara-lease-life-for.html |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815024504/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/189847/dasara-lease-life-for.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Making of Nagarahavu |work=[[Prajavani]] |url=http://epaper.prajavani.net/Home/index?Edition=141&Date=MTgvMTEvMjAxNw==&Page=282032 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042712/http://epaper.prajavani.net/Home/index?Edition=141&Date=MTgvMTEvMjAxNw==&Page=282032 |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
* This film was remade in Hindi titled as ''[[Zehreela Insaan]]'', directed by Puttanna Kanagal himself.
* The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Raja Nagam]]'' with [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] playing the lead role.
* This film was remade into Telugu titled ''[[Kode Nagu]]'' starring Sobhan Babu, Chandrakala and Lakshmi and noted lyricist Acharya Athreya. This was directed by K. S. Prakash Rao.
* The 2014 film ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]'' pays homage by loosely basing its plot on this film.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Puttanna Kanagal}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1972 drama films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Kannada novels]]
[[Category:Films based on multiple works]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puttanna Kanagal]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chitradurga]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

Lee (2017 film)

2026-03-03T21:27:50Z

Ambaputra: general refine formatting based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lee
| image =
| caption =
| director = H. M. Srinandan
| producer = Sarathy Sathish Darshan Krishna Vinay S. B.
| writer = H. M. Srinandan
| starring = [[Sumanth Shailendra]] [[Nabha Natesh]] Sneha Namdhani
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = M. U. Nandakumar
| editing =
| studio = Vivid Dreams Entertainment
| distributor = Jayanna Films
| released = {{film date|2017|1|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Lee''''' is a 2017 Indian-[[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] written by H. M. Srinandan.<ref>{{cite web |title= Lee trailer released on high note |url= http://www.ytalkies.com/sandalwood-film-news/lee-trailer-released-on-high-note |publisher= YTalkies |date= 3 November 2016 |accessdate= 31 December 2016}}</ref> It was produced by Sarathy Sathish for Vivid Dreams Entertainment, with cinematography by Nandakumar. Its lead actors include [[Sumanth Shailendra]] and [[Nabha Natesh]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/140117/lee-movie-review-the-movie-will-surely-drive-you-insane.html | title=Lee movie review: The movie will surely drive you insane | date=14 January 2017 }}</ref> Sneha Namdhani debuts as the second lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sumanths-new-film-is-called-Lee/articleshow/54359666.cms|title=Nabha and Sneha for Sumanth's Lee|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>

The [[film score]] was composed by [[Gurukiran]] while the soundtrack was composed by Anand Rajavikraman. The filming began in January 2016 and it was launched at the [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]] in [[Bangalore]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/12784-sumanth-s-lee-to-be-launched-on-sunday.html|title=Sumanth's Lee to be Launched on Sunday|publisher=Chitraloka|date=20 January 2016|access-date=31 December 2016|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034800/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/12784-sumanth-s-lee-to-be-launched-on-sunday.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

An [[Action video game|action mobile video game]], ''Lee Movie Game'', was released as a [[tie-in]] for the film by Mobi2Fun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-11 |title=Lee Movie Game |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lee-movie-game/id1172762782 |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=App Store |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sumanth Shailendra]] as Charlee
* [[Nabha Natesh]] as Leela
* Sneha Namdhani
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Rahul Dev]]
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* [[Suchendra Prasad]]
* [[Chikkanna]]
* [[Tabla Nani]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Lee
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Anand Rajavikraman
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|12|}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Newcomer Anand Rajavikraman composed the soundtrack music.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/nov/27/engineer-packs-a-punch-with-lee-1543283.html|title=Engineer packs a punch with lee|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

{{Track listing
|all_lyrics = Vachan Sriram
|extra_column = Performer(s)
|title1 = Shuruvayitu | extra1 = Chetan Gandharva, [[Ananya Bhat]]
|title2 = Shaliwahna Case | extra2 = Raja Gopalan, Manasa Holla
|title3 = Edi Jagavidu | extra3 = [[Santhosh Venky]], Sivani Saraswathalu
|title4 = Thaliru Thoranadi | extra4 = Santhosh Venky, [[Anuradha Bhat]]
|title5 = Bungha Bungha | extra5 = [[Mohana Bhogaraju]], Raja Gopalan
}}

==Critical reception==
The Kannada movie Lee, which came out in 2017, got a proper bashing from critics. [[Deccan Chronicle]] said it’s so bad that "it will drive you mad" because it’s all over the place and has zero charm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/130117/lee-movie-review-it-will-drive-you-mad.html|title=Lee Movie Review: It Will Drive You Mad|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=13 January 2017|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> [[The New Indian Express]] also gave it a thumbs down, calling it "sans any glee"—basically, no fun, no joy, nothing to keep you hooked.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/Jan/14/review-this-lee-is-sans-any-glee-1559373.html|title=Review: This Lee is Sans Any Glee|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=14 January 2017|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> [[Deccan Herald]] didn’t hold back either, saying it’s "a mindless mish-mash"—like someone threw random stuff together and called it a film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/591539/a-mindless-mish-mash-movie.html|title=A Mindless Mish-Mash Movie|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=14 January 2017|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> [[The Times of India]] was a bit kinder but still gave it low marks, saying the idea was okay but the making was all wrong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/lee/movie-review/56518711.cms|title=Lee Movie Review|publisher=The Times of India|date=13 January 2017|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> Even [[Vijaya Karnataka]] joined the party, slamming it for a weak story that doesn’t hit you anywhere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/lee-kannada-movie-review/moviereview/56520757.cms|title=Lee Kannada Movie Review|publisher=Vijay Karnataka|date=13 January 2017|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsAgwpiBkVw 'Lee' official teaser]

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:2017 action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]

Kataka (film)

2026-03-03T21:26:45Z

Ambaputra: fixed formatting also and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kataka
| image = Kataka (film) poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| writer = Ravi Basrur
| producer = [[N. S. Rajkumar]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Ashok Raj
*Spandana Prasad
*Shlaga Saligrama
*[[Bala Rajwadi]]}}
| cinematography = Sachin Basrur
| editing = Ravi Basrur
| music = Ravi Basrur
| studio = Omkar Movies
| distributor = KRG Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|10|13}}
| runtime = 107 minutes<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kataka/movie-review/61067916.cms|title=Kataka Movie Review| publisher= Times Of India movie date|date= 13 December 2017| accessdate = 27 May 2020}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross = 
}}
'''''Kataka''''' ({{translation|Crab or [[Cancer (astrology)|Cancer]]}}) is a 2017 [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] [[horror film]], written and directed by [[Ravi Basrur]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/Oct/14/kataka-gripping-horror-with-dramatic-twists-1673658.html|title=Kataka: Gripping horror with dramatic twists|website=New Indian Express |access-date = 27 May 2020}}</ref> The film marks Basrur's directing debut, which is based on a number of true incidents that occurred in the coastal region of [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Animated crab is villain in Ravi Basrur’s Kataka|website=New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/sep/05/animated-crab-is-villain-in-ravi-basrurs-kataka-1652512.html|accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref>

''Kataka'' has been dubbed into 15 languages and is the [[List of Kannada-language films|first Kannada film]] to be dubbed into English.<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/oct/12/direction-is-now-my-hobby-ravi-basrur-1671526.html|title=Direction is now my hobby: Ravi Basrur|website=New Indian Express |accessdate = 27 May 2020}}</ref> The film portrays real-life scenarios (culture of [[coastal India]]) with a horror-like ambiance.<ref>{{Citation|title=Kataka Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Kataka by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kataka/movie-review/61067916.cms|access-date=2020-09-07}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Tired of the hustle and bustle of city life, Kumar returns to his native village along with his wife Vandhana and their four-year-old daughter Kavya.<ref>{{Citation|title=Kataka (2017) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7153418/plotsummary|access-date=2020-08-11}}</ref> Though having to leave at the age of four following his mother's death, he has always loved his village and its culture—eventually bringing him back.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 13, 2017|first=Shyam|last=Prasad|title=Kataka movie review: Intelligent and original|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kataka-movie-review-intelligent-and-original/articleshow/61073153.cms|access-date=2020-09-07|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

With the help of his uncle and a childhood friend, Kumar plans to start a school in the village to provide better education for its children. However, an ancient [[curse]] is placed on his family after his daughter unwittingly touches an enchanted item.<ref name=":0" /> Challenges and obstacles thus begin to appear along the way, which Kumar finds difficulty in coping with. By each passing day, his enemies multiply along with his struggles. The film thereby follows Kumar as he deals with these dilemmas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kataka: Gripping horror with dramatic twists|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/oct/14/kataka-gripping-horror-with-dramatic-twists-1673658.html|access-date=2020-09-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Ashok Raj as Kumar
* Spandana Prasad as Vandhana
* Shlagha Saligrama as Kavya
*[[Bala Rajwadi]] as Neelakantashastri
* Madhav Karkada as Appu a.k.a. Subraaya
* Ugramm Manju as Prabhakara Nambudiri<ref name=":1" />
* Om Guru as Guru
* Vijay Basrur as Neelakanta Karaba

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kataka
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 29 July 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio = Omkar Movies
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 4:33
| label = Ravi Basrur Music
| producer = Ravi Basrur
| prev_title = [[Vaira (film)|Vaira]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Mufti (film)|Mufti]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

'''Track list'''
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kataka Title Track
| extra1 = [[Arjun Janya]], [[Bharath B. J.|BJ Bharat]], [[Chandan Shetty]], [[V. Sridhar]], [[Charan Raj]], Veer Samarth
| length1 = 2:06
| lyrics1 = Sachin Basrur
| title2 = Yake Kannu Eege
| extra2 = [[Anuradha Bhat]], [[Supriya Lohith]], Manasa Holla, [[Ananya Bhat]]
| length2 = 2:27
| lyrics2 = Sachin Basrur
}}

== Release ==
The film had a limited release on 13 October 2017 in 13 languages, including [[Kannada]], [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kodava language|Kodava]], [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Beary language|Beary]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/puneeth-release-kataka-trailer-13-languages-trailer-kannada-news-197260|title=Puneeth Release Kataka Trailer, 13 Languages Trailer|website=indiaglitz|accessdate = 27 May 2020}}</ref>

''Kataka'' was the first Kannada movie to be dubbed in English.

=== Sequel ===
[[Ravi Basrur]] has announced plans to direct a sequel, albeit with new actors while retaining most of his original technical team. The plot, however, will not be a direct continuation of the first film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Prasad S|first=Shyam|date=18 January 2018|title='Kataka 2’ to start soon|website=Bangalore Mirror|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kataka-2-to-start-soon/articleshow/62370125.cms|accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref>

== Reception and awards ==
The film received positive reviews from critics and audiences.

Along with the direction of [[Ravi Basrur]], Shlagha Saligrama has been praised for a notable performance.<ref>{{cite news|last=Prasad S|first=Shyam|date=13 October 2017|title=Kataka movie review: Intelligent and original|website=Bangalore Mirror|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kataka-movie-review-intelligent-and-original/articleshow/61073153.cms|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref> Saligrama won the 2017 [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Female)]] and the [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]] Special Award for Best Child Artist.<ref name="vijaykarnataka.com">[https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/karnataka-film-awards-announced/articleshow/66367331.cms Karnataka State Film Awards 2017 Announced]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 Telugu Kannada winners list|website=International Business Times|date=16 September 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> Ravi Basrur was nominated for the [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]] for Best Debut Director in the Kannada category,<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations list for the SIIMA 2017 announced!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605234542/http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-06-05|work=Sify.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 - Telugu, Kannada nomination list out|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-telugu-kannada-nomination-list-out-date-place-7th-edition-revealed-777016|date=5 August 2018|website=International Business Times|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref> but lost to [[Tharun Sudhir]] for his work in ''[[chowka]].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 Telugu Kannada winners list|website=International Business Times|date=16 September 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt7153418}}

[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]

Theeram Thedunnavar

2026-03-03T21:13:28Z

Ambaputra: slightly adjusted information per sources and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Theeram Thedunnavar
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[P. Chandrakumar]]
| producer = Sankar Bhatt N. Chakrapani
| writer = Joseph Madappally
| screenplay = Joseph Madappally
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sukumaran]] [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = Vijaya Kumar
| editing = G. Venkittaraman
| studio = Mekahalaya Pictures
| distributor = Mekahalaya Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1980|11|21|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Theeram Thedunnavar''''' is a 1980 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[P. Chandrakumar]] and produced by Sankar Bhatt and N. Chakrapani. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sukumaran]] and [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1106|title=Theeram Thedunnavar|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1655|title=Theeram Thedunnavar|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/theeram-thedunnavar-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016025310/http://spicyonion.com/title/theeram-thedunnavar-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2014|title=Theeram Thedunnavar|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Prem Nazir]]
*[[Sukumaran]]
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Sathyan Anthikkad]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Indriyangalkkunmaadam" || [[Vani Jairam]] || [[Sathyan Anthikkad]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Vishaada Saagara" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Sathyan Anthikkad ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0318124|Theeram Thedunnavar}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Chandrakumar]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Thalli Pogathey

2026-03-03T02:34:29Z

Ambaputra: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Other uses}}{{Infobox film
| name = Thalli Pogathey
| image = Thalli Pogathey poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Kannan]]
| producer = R. Kannan
| screenplay = [[Kona Venkat]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Ninnu Kori]]'' (2017) by [[Shiva Nirvana]]}}
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Kabilan Vairamuthu]]
}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Atharvaa]]|[[Anupama Parameswaran]]|[[Amitash Pradhan]]}}
| music = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| cinematography = N. Shanmuga Sundaram
| editing = R. K. Selva
| studio = {{ubl|Masala Pix|MKRP Productions}}
| distributor = Magic Rays
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|12|24|}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thalli Pogathey''''' ({{translation|Don't go away}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy drama]] film directed and produced by [[R. Kannan]]. It is a remake of 2017 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Ninnu Kori]]'' written by [[Shiva Nirvana]]. This film stars [[Atharvaa]], [[Anupama Parameswaran]] and [[Amitash Pradhan]]. The film is produced by [[R. Kannan]] himself under the banner Masala Pix, in association with MKRP Productions. [[Gopi Sunder]], who was the composer for original film, composed music for the film also.

The title is inspired by the song of the same name from ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' (2016).<ref name="D">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=20 February 2020 |title=Atharvaa's next has a GVM-STR-ARR connect |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200220/atharvaas-next-has-a-gvm-str-arr-connect.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The film released on 24 December 2021.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2021 |title=Atharvaa's 'Thalli Pogathey' gets postponed once again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/atharvaas-thalli-pogathey-gets-postponed-once-again/articleshow/88027122.cms |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics with criticism for Anupama's performance, writing, emotional weight and characterization but with praise for Atharvaa's performance, cinematography, score and production design.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Plot ==
On her first wedding anniversary, Pallavi travels from [[San Francisco]] to [[Los Angeles]] under the pretext of running errands, unbeknownst to her husband Arun. Her actual intention is to meet Karthik, her former lover.

One and a half years ago in [[Chennai]], Pallavi, a student aspiring to record a dance performance for her family, lacks the necessary talent. Karthik, a young [[statistics]] student and orphan, is supported by his godfather, Duraisamy, the principal of his institution. Karthik aims to pursue a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] Pallavi spots Karthik dancing at a friend’s wedding and asks him to teach her. Karthik agrees for a large fee, which he needs. He helps Pallavi with her dancing and other issues, including confronting a bully. They eventually fall in love.

Pallavi arranges for Karthik to stay in her family’s penthouse, where he starts tutoring and earning money. When Pallavi’s family begins seeking marriage alliances, she asks Karthik to elope with her. He agrees but reconsiders after a chance encounter with Pallavi’s father. Realizing he is not yet settled, Karthik asks Pallavi to let him pursue a Ph.D. in [[New Delhi]]. Pallavi tearfully agrees. Over the next few months, Pallavi ignores Karthik’s attempts to contact her. Her family arranges her marriage to Arun. When Pallavi contacts Karthik, she realizes she is not ready to risk his future and unwillingly marries Arun. A year later, Prof. Duraisamy informs Pallavi that Karthik has become depressed and alcoholic. He is on the verge of being fired by his firm in Los Angeles. Feeling responsible, Pallavi travels to meet him.

In Los Angeles, Pallavi tells Karthik she is happily married and does not wish to reunite. Karthik disagrees, insisting she still loves him. Back in San Francisco, Pallavi tells Arun about her encounter and suggests inviting Karthik to stay with them for 10 days to prove her happiness. Karthik agrees on the condition that if he fails to see love between her and Arun, she must leave with him. Pallavi reluctantly agrees.

Karthik’s presence creates tension as he mocks their relationship, annoying Pallavi. Arun’s colleagues like Karthik despite his pessimistic nature offending some. The situation becomes complicated when Pallavi’s father and his son-in-law, Omkar, unexpectedly visit San Francisco. Karthik is introduced as Arun’s old classmate and promises Pallavi to keep his true purpose hidden. Pallavi’s father, learning from Pallavi’s friend Nisha about her past relationship, suspects her happiness. He came to San Francisco to find her former lover and help Pallavi if she wanted.

Karthik indirectly helps Pallavi’s father and Omkar discover the truth. When interrogated, Nisha fabricates a story, saying Pallavi’s lover is married. Pallavi assures her father she is happy. During a trip to Santa Monica for Arun’s business meeting, Pallavi discovers Arun’s infidelity after seeing him hug another woman. Pallavi’s father also learns about Karthik from a phone call with Arun’s father and Nisha.

Pallavi confronts Arun, who lies again, confirming his infidelity. She confides in Karthik, who believes she now wants to be with him. However, when Pallavi’s father tells Karthik he wishes Pallavi to marry him, Karthik reveals Arun’s backstory. Arun’s first friend during his [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] was Caroline. Feeling he found a best friend, he was shocked when she proposed to him, as he never saw her that way. After rejecting her, Caroline became a drug addict and attempted suicide, causing Arun great guilt. This guilt persuaded him to allow Pallavi to call Karthik, believing Karthik was heading in the same direction as Caroline.

Realizing Pallavi should stay with Arun, Karthik stages a scenario making himself appear negative to Pallavi, coaxing her to recognize Arun’s honesty. Arun prepares to leave, but Pallavi stops him. They clear their misunderstanding, reaffirming their love. As they embrace, Karthik leaves, heartbroken.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Atharvaa]] as Karthik
*[[Anupama Parameswaran]] as Pallavi (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2019 |title=Anupama Parameswaran signs Ninnu Kori Tamil remake |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/26/anupama-parameswaran-signs-ninnu-kori-tamil-remake-13238.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
*[[Amithash Pradhan]] as Arun<ref name="T">{{Cite news |date=30 June 2020 |title=Amitash Pradhan's most cherished moment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amitash-pradhans-most-cherished-moment/articleshow/76708555.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Aadukalam Naren]] as Pallavi's father
*[[Kaali Venkat]] as Omkar
*[[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Nisha, Pallavi's friend
*[[R. S. Shivaji]] as Duraisamy, Karthik's professor
*[[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] as Karthik's friend
*R. Raja Elangovan
;Uncredited
*[[Stunt Silva]] as the bike thief
* Girish Pradhan as Arun's father
}}

== Production ==
[[Atharvaa]] and [[Anupama Parameswaran]] were cast in the lead roles with [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] speculated to also be a part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2019 |title=Atharvaa and Anupama come together for the Tamil remake of Ninnu Kori |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/atharvaa-and-anupama-come-together-for-the-tamil-remake-of-ninnu-kori/articleshow/70222101.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2018 |title=Vaibhav to reprise the role of Nani in the Tamil remake of 'Ninnu Kori'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vaibhav-to-reprise-the-role-of-nani-in-the-tamil-remake-of-ninnu-kori/articleshow/65625112.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The media reports proved to be false and [[Amitash Pradhan]] was cast in the lead.<ref name="T" /> [[Vidyullekha Raman]] reprises her role from the original film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2020 |title=Vidyu Raman: Telugu cinema seems to be offering me more work |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vidyu-raman-telugu-cinema-seems-to-be-offering-me-more-work/articleshow/76854574.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was shot in Chennai, Russia, as well as [[Baku]] and [[Xızı]] in [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2019 |title=It's destination Russia for Atharvaa |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/19/its-destination-russia-for-atharvaa-13740.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2019 |title=It's destination Azerbaijan for Atharvaa, Anupama Parameshwaran |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/nov/27/its-destination-azerbaijan-for-atharva-anupama-parameshwaran-15738.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref name="Ti">{{Cite news |date=19 February 2020 |title=Atharvaa, Anupama Parameswaran go trekking for 'Thalli Pogathey' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/atharvaa-anupama-parameswaran-go-trekking-for-thalli-pogathey/articleshow/74193502.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The cast and crew hiked up a mountain in Xızı for a five-minute shot in the film.<ref name="Ti" /> The film is set in [[Lille]], France.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2019 |title=This Ninnu Kori remake has a soul of its own |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-ninnu-kori-remake-has-a-soul-of-its-own/articleshow/72318425.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music of the film was composed by [[Gopi Sunder]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2020 |title=Atharvaa's film with Kannan titled Thalli Pogathey |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/feb/18/atharvaas-film-with-kannan-titled-thalli-pogathey-17097.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> All of the songs from the original Telugu version except the title song were retained and remade in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 2020 |title=Anupama brings out the singer in her |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/anupama-brings-out-the-singer-in-her/articleshow/77257492.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Kabilan Vairamuthu]] penned lyrics.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2022 |title=Thalli Pogathey (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Gopi Sundar & Kabilan Vairamuthu |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/thalli-pogathey-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1657372150 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Enna Thavam Seithen
| length1 = 4:37
| extra1 = Sathya Prakash, [[Saindhavi]]
| title2 = Idhaya Idhaya
| length2 = 3:28
| extra2 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| title3 = Nee Varaindha Oviyam
| length3 = 3:53
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]]
| title4 = The Boy Story
| length4 = 2:22
| extra4 = Deepak
| total_length = 14:20
}}

==Release==
The film was scheduled to release on 3 December 2021, but was postponed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Atharvaa's Thalli Pogathey releasing on December 3 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/atharvaas-thalli-pogathey-releasing-on-december-3/articleshow/87681422.cms |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> The film released on 24 December 2021.<ref name=":1" /> The streaming rights was acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]].{{cn|date=January 2025}} The film's satellite rights was acquired by [[Colors Tamil]].{{cn|date=January 2025}}

== Reception ==
M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 criticizing the writing, characterization, performances and emotional weight but praised the production settings but felt that "But this, in turn, only makes us feel like we are watching a feature-length TV commercial with hardly any emotional involvement."<ref>{{Citation |title=Thalli Pogathey Movie Review: A romance with no spark |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thalli-pogathey/movie-review/88479414.cms |access-date=2021-12-28}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave the film 3 on a scale of 5 and called the film "''Thalli Pogathey'' is yet another watchable Telugu remake!"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalli Pogathey review: A faithful remake |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thalli-pogathey-remake-a-faithful-remake--review-tamil-vmyi4tdfjdgee.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224103134/https://www.sify.com/movies/thalli-pogathey-remake-a-faithful-remake--review-tamil-vmyi4tdfjdgee.html |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt11821888}}
{{R. Kannan}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2021 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]
[[Category:Films set in France]]
[[Category:Films shot in France]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Kannan]]

Danu (Hinduism)

2026-03-02T20:37:15Z

Ambaputra: started bio

{{Short description|Hindu deity}}{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Danu
| children = [[Danavas]]
| spouse = [[Kashyapa]]
| parents = [[Daksha]] (father), [[Panchajani]] (mother)
| siblings = [[Aditi]], [[Diti]], [[Svaha]], Khyati, [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]], [[Kadru]], [[Vinata]], Rohini, Revati, and [[Rati]]
| texts = [[Vedas]], [[Puranas]]
| image =
| caption =
| Indo-european_equivalent = [[Deh₂nu]]
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}

[[File:Pura_Ulun_Danu_Bratan.jpg | thumb | right | alt=The Hindu temple (pura) Ulun Danu Bratan by the crater lake Tamblingan in Bali, Indonesia | The Hindu temple (pura) Ulun Danu Bratan by the crater lake Tamblingan in Bali, Indonesia]]
'''Danu''' ({{Langx|sa|दानु}}, {{IAST3|Danu}}) is a [[Hindu deities|Hindu primordial goddess]]. She is mentioned in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' to be the mother of the eponymous race known as the [[Danava (Hinduism)|danavas]]. The word ''Danu'' described the primeval waters that this deity perhaps embodied. In later [[Hinduism]], she is described as the daughter of the [[Prajapati]] [[Daksha]] and his spouse [[Panchajani]], and the consort of the sage [[Kashyapa]].<ref>''The European discovery of India; key indological sources of romanticism''. Ganesha Publishing. "Danu, d. of Daksha, w. of Kasyapa".</ref>

== Etymology ==
As a word for "rain" or "liquid", ''dānu'' is compared to Avestan ''dānu'', "river", and further to river names like [[Don River (Russia)|Don]], [[Danube]], [[Dnieper]], [[Dniestr]], etc. There is also a Danu river in Nepal. The "liquid" word is mostly neutral, but appears as feminine in [[Mandala 1|RV 1]].54.

== Literature ==

=== Rigveda ===
In the [[Rigveda 1.32|''Rigveda'' (I.32.9)]], she is identified as the mother of [[Vritra]], the [[asura]] slain by [[Indra]].<ref>Kinsley, David (1987, reprint 2005). ''Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0394-9}}. p. 16.</ref>

=== Padma Purana ===
In the [[Padma Purana]], the children of Danu are described:<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-07-30 |title=Birth of Devas, Daityas, Birds and Serpents etc. [Chapter 6] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc364126.html |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=From Kaśyapa, Danu obtained a hundred sons proud of boons.

Among them Vipracitti, of great power, was the chief. (Others were) Dviraṣṭamūrdhā, Śakuni, Śaṅkuśirodhara, Ayomukha, Śambara, Kapila, Vāmana, Marīci, Māgadha, and Hari. Gajaśiras, Nidrādhara, Ketu, Ketuvīrya Taśakratu, Indramitragraha, Vrajanābha, Ekavastra, Mahābāhu, Vajrākṣa, Tāraka, Asiloman, Puloman, Vikurvāṇa, Mahāpura, Svarbhānu, and Vṛṣaparvan—these and others were also Danu's sons. Suprabhā was Svarbhānu's daughter, and Śacī was the daughter of Puloman.|title=[[Padma Purana]]|source=Book 1, Chapter 6}}

=== Brahmanda Purana ===
In the Brahmanda Purana, it is stated that while Aditi is habitually righteous, and Diti was habitually strong, Danu habitually practices [[Maya (religion)|maya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-06-20 |title=Different dynasties enumerated [Chapter 7] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-brahmanda-purana/d/doc362864.html |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Danu was struck by Indra's thunderbolt after hearing him kill her son [[Vritra]].<ref>Leeming, D., & Page, J. (1994). Goddess: Myths of the Female Divine (pp. 124, 125). Oxford University Press.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Danu (Irish goddess)]]
*[[Dewi Danu]], a Balinese Hindu goddess
*[[Tiamat]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Asura]]
[[Category:Danavas|*]]
[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Daughters of Daksha]]

BIGFlix

2026-03-02T08:10:43Z

Ambaputra: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Indian movie on demand service}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox company
|name = BIGFlix
|type = [[Private company]]
|logo = Bigflix.png
|foundation= 2012
|location = [[Mumbai]], India
|industry = Movie on demand service, on-line movie library
|homepage = {{URL|bigflix.com}}{{dead link|date=December 2022}}
}}
'''BIGFlix''' is a [[Reliance Entertainment]] owned movie on demand service in 2008. It is India’s first movie on demand service.

The portal offers films, movie trailers, and reviews, on and about Indian entertainment. Movies are available in different genres like action, comedy, drama, romance etc., and cater to several Indian languages like [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="I.com">[http://www.india.com/business/reliance-entertainment-launches-bigflix-indias-first-global-multi-language-hd-movie-platform-2074662 Reliance Entertainment launches BIGFLIX, India’s first global multi-language HD movie platform]</ref>{{Unreliable source?|certain=yes||date=May 2024|reason=Article is very biased and sensationalized}}

==See also==
*[[Online Video Rental]]
*[[Reliance Industries]]
*[[Indian Cinema]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group}}

[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Video rental services]]
[[Category:Reliance Group]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Deepa Prasad

2026-03-02T07:18:23Z

Ambaputra: adding a article - done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepa Prasad
| image =
| birth_name =
| caption =
| birth_place =
| othername = Deepali
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive = 2001, 2004
| occupation = Actress
| parents =
| spouse =
}}

'''Deepa Prasad''', known by her stage name '''Deepali''', is a former Indian actress known for her work in the Kannada films ''[[Nanna Preethiya Hudugi]]'' (2001) and ''[[Joke Falls]]'' (2004).

== Career ==
[[Nagathihalli Chandrasekhar]] was conducting walk-in interviews to find a heroine for ''[[Nanna Preethiya Hudugi]]'' (2001), a Kannada film that takes place in and around [[Michigan]].<ref name="C">{{cite web|title=Reactions|url=http://www.chirag-entertainers.com/NPH%20Reactions.htm|website=chirag-entertainers.com|accessdate=26 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030308155523/http://www.chirag-entertainers.com/NPH%20Reactions.htm|archivedate=8 March 2003}}</ref> [[Mano Murthy]] helped him find Deepa Prasad, who was studying her final year at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] majoring in Business Administration and minoring in premed. She went to India for a screen test before she was selected for the film, which was based on a book by Chandrashekar. She was rechristened Deepali for the film and made her debut alongside newcomer [[Dhyan]].<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business-administrator-dons-the-acting-mantel/articleshow/36348225.cms|title=Business administrator dons the acting mantel|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 April 2001}}</ref><ref name="C"/> The film was shot during her vacation.<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_joke_falls01.asp|title=NRI girl for NRI's film Joke Falls!|work=Viggy}}</ref> A critic wrote that "Deepali acts with a lot of grace and confidence".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/index.html|title=Nagathihalli fails to impress the audience|work=indiainfo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413223911/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/index.html|archive-date=13 April 2001}}</ref> The film was a [[Silver_jubilee#South_Asian_film_terminology|silver jubilee]] and she won the People's Choice Favorite Actress {{emdash}} Kannada.<ref name="a">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/jokefalls/deepali.asp|title=:: About Deepali ::|work=Viggy}}</ref> She became popular for appearing in the film's song "Car Car".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_joke_falls.asp|title=Experience Joke Falls this Friday|work=Viggy}}</ref> She started working as an auditing consultant.<ref name="a"/>

She took a short break from acting before returning with ''[[Joke Falls]]'' (2004).<ref>{{cite web|archive-date=11 April 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411194120/http://www.sify.com/movies/deepali-is-back-news-kannada-kkfvKIjfbda.html|title=Deepali is back|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/deepali-is-back-news-kannada-kkfvKIjfbda.html|work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Deepa accepted the film after she liked the story, which was inspired by ''[[Chup Chup Ke]]'' (2006). She was paired opposite Dilip Thadeshwar and shot her portions in two weeks.<ref name="V"/> Regarding her role, a critic wrote that "Deepali’s role is restricted to request Dileep to teach her Botany" and another critic wrote that "Drawbacks of the film are Dilip and Dipali who are not at all fit for their roles".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/dec052004/mr3.asp|title=Joke Falls|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=5 December 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191838/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/dec052004/mr3.asp|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://viggy.com/english/review_joke_falls.asp|title=Joke Falls – film review|work=Viggy}}</ref> The film was also a success and ran for a hundred days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_jokefalls_100days.asp|title=Joke Falls – unbeaten century|work=Viggy}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She used to live in [[Chamarajpet]] and moved to the United States when she was two years old when her father came to pursue higher studies.<ref name="T"/> She is currently [[CFO]] of a biotech company named Secretome Therapeutics.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230626057179/en/Secretome-Therapeutics-Appoints-Deepa-Prasad-as-Chief-Financial-Officer | title=Secretome Therapeutics Appoints Deepa Prasad as Chief Financial Officer | date=26 June 2023 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Nanna Preethiya Hudugi]]'' || Chinnu ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Joke Falls]]'' || Vasudha ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5501737}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Improve categories|date=July 2023}}

Aprem Mooken

2026-02-25T12:46:39Z

Ambaputra: further refine content for consistency and improved wording

{{Short description|Assyrian Church of the East Metropolitan of India (1940–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = [[His Beatitude]] [[Dr.]] [[Mar (title)|Mar]]
| name = Aprem
| title = [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]]
| image = MAR APREM METROPOLITAN METROPOLITAN OF MALABAR AND ALL INDIA NOW NATHAR KURSIYA.jpg
| church = [[Assyrian Church of the East]] ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܖ̈ܝܐ (of India) ([[Chaldean Syrian Church]])
| metropolis = India
| see = [[Marth Mariam Cathedral]]
| began = 29 September 1968
| ordination = 29 September 1968, [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]
| rank = [[Metropolitan Bishop|Metropolitan]]
| birth_name = George Mooken
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|6|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|7|7|1940|6|13|df=y}}
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| religion = [[Chaldean Syrian Church]]
| residence = Thrissur, Kerala, India
| parents = Devassy Mooken and Kochu Mariyam Mooken
| occupation = [[Cleric]]
| alma_mater = [[Serampore University]], [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)]], [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]]
| ordained_by = [[Mar Thoma Darmo]]
| predecessor = [[Thoma Darmo]]
| successor = [[Awgin Kuriakose]]
}}

[[Mar (title)|Mar]] '''Aprem Mooken''' (born '''George Mooken'''; 13 June 1940 – 7 July 2025) was a prelate who served as the Metropolitan of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] ({{Langx|syc|ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܖ̈ܝܐ}}) in India ([[Chaldean Syrian Church]]).

== Biography ==
[[File:With other prelates.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Aprem Mooken, with his two bishops, Yohannan Yoseph (left) and Awgin Kuriakose (right).]]
George Mooken was born on 13 June 1940 in Thrissur, Kingdom of Cochin, India. Educated in India, England, and America, he specialized in Church History. He served as President of the Church History Association of India between 1976 and 1982. He studied at [[Leonard Theological College]], Jabalpur for B.D.

George Mooken gained [[master's degrees]] in Church History from both the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] (1966) and the [[Union Theological Seminary, New York]] (1967). He was ordained a deacon on 25 June 1961, and a priest four years later on 13 June 1965. He was a candidate for Doctor of Theology (Th. D.) degree at Princeton Theological Seminary, USA, when he was consecrated as Bishop on 21 September 1968, and eight days later as Metropolitan at Baghdad, Iraq by [[Mar Thoma Darmo]], Catholicos Patriarch of the [[Ancient Church of the East]]. In 1976 he earned his D.Th. degree from Serampore University near Calcutta. He was created Associate Companion of the Roll of Honour of the Memorial of Merit of King Charles the Martyr in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=ROLL OF HONOUR OF THE MEMORIAL OF MERIT OF KING CHARLES THE MARTYR |url=https://memorialofmerit.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/master-roll-of-honour-mmcm-updated-august-2021-1.pdf |website=memorialofmerit.com |publisher=Memorial of Merit |access-date=25 February 2026}}</ref>

On 7 July 2025, Mar Aprem died at the age of 85.<ref>[https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/chaldean-syrian-church-archbishop-mar-aprem-metropolitan-dies-at-85-juasv3tg Chaldean Syrian Church Archbishop Mar Aprem Metropolitan dies at 85]</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Aprem Metropolitan |first=Mar |title=5 The Church of the East in China (Jingjiao) |date=2018-01-01 |work=Yearbook of Chinese Theology 2018 |pages=71–81 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004384972_006 |access-date=2025-07-07 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-38497-2}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Mar Aprem was the author of 65 books on topics which include church history, theology, social issues, and humour.

===Selected works===

====Biographies====
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Mar Thoma Darmo: A Biography|year=1974|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://archive.org/details/marthomadarmobio0000mara}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Mar Abimalek Timotheus: A Biography|year=1975|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://archive.org/details/marabimalektimot0000mara}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Strange But True: An Honest and Humorous Autobiography of the Youngest Indian Archbishop|year=1981|location=Trivandrum|publisher=Maryland Printers and Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/strangebuttrueho0000mara}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Mar Abdisho Thondanat: A Biography|year=1987|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZxKAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Not So Strange: 2nd Part of an Honest and Humorous Autobiography|year=1991|location=Trichur|publisher=Author′s publication|url=https://archive.org/details/notsostrangeseco0000mara}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Patriarch Mar Dinkha IV: The Man and His Message|year=2004|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|isbn=9788190220507 |url=https://archive.org/details/patriarchmardink0000mara}}

====Church history====
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The Nestorian Fathers|year=1976|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://archive.org/details/nestorianfathers0000mara}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Nestorian Missions|year=1976|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://archive.org/details/nestorianmission0000mara}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church in India|year=1977|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwkuAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The Council of Ephesus of 431|year=1978|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://archive.org/details/councilofephesus0000mara}}
*''Sacraments of the Church of the East''. 1978.
*''Nestorian Theology''. 1978.
*''Nestorian Lectionary & Julian Calendar''. 1982.
*''Western Missions Among Assyrians''. 1982.
*''A Nestorian Bibliography''. 1982.
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Indian Christian: Who is Who|year=1983|location=Bombay|publisher=Bombay Parish|url=https://archive.org/details/indianchristianw0000mara}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church of the East|year=1983|location=Delhi|publisher=National Council of Churches in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMoP4lsmGXoC}}
*''Good News Festivals in India''. 1984.
*''Indian Christian Directory''. 1984.
*''Mar Aprem, Theologian & Poet''. 1990.
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century|year=2003|location=Kottayam|publisher=St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofassyria0018mara}}
*''Lectures on Indian Church History''. 2007.

====Travelogues====
*''America Revisited'', 1977.
*''Germany via Vienna: A Travelogue''. 1980.
*''From Baghdad to Chicago: A Travelogue''. 1985.
*''Australian Assyrians''. 1988.
*''Belgium and Holland via U.K. & U.S.A.: A Travelogue''. 1989.
*''Sydney to Canberra: A Travelogue''. 1989.
*''The Assyrians in Iraq''. 1989.
*''Washington New York: A Travelogue''. 1992.
*''London to Moscow: A Travelogue''. 1994.
*''Los Angeles to Tokyo: A Travelogue''. 1993.
*''Oxford to Austria: A Travelogue''. 1995.
*''Salzburg to Boston: A Travelogue''. 1995.
*''Israel, Scandinavia & U.S.A.: A Travelogue''. 1996.
*''Hassake to Hollywood: A Travelogue''. 1998.
*''Italy, Liban & Iran: A Travelogue''. 1998.
*''To U.K. Via U.S.A.: A Travelogue''. 1999.
*''USA, Canada, Europe & Thailand: A Travelogue''. 2000.
*''Austria to Australia: A Travelogue''. 2001.
*''India to Indiana: A Travelogue''. 2002.
*''Two Trips in 2002: A Travelogue''. 2003.
*''Budapest to Rugby: A Travelogue''. 2003.
*''UAE via U.K. and USA: A Travelogue''. 2005.
*''Sharjah, Qatar & Brazil: A Travelogue''. 2006.
*''Wiesbaden to Moscow: A Travelogue''. 2007.
*''Dubai to Duhok: A Travelogue''. 2009.
*''Sydney, Melbourne & Perth: A Travelogue''. 2009.
*''Chicago via Abu Dhabi: A Travelogue''. 2010.
*''Los Angeles to Dubai: A Travelogue''. 2012.
*''Rugby to Rome: A Travelogue''. 2012.
*''14th Holy Synod & Sir Baniyas Monastery: A Travelogue''. 2013.
*''Muscat and Sri Lanka: A Travelogue''. 2014.

====Humour====
*''Bishop's Jokes.'' 3rd ed., Bombay: Light of Life Magazine''.'' 1983.
*''Laugh with the Bishop.'' 8th ed., Bombay: St.Paul's''.'' 1988.
*''Laugh to Health.'' Madras: C.L.S.. 1992.
*''Holy Humour.'' 1993.
*''Joy to the World.'' 1994.
*''Holy Smile''. 1997.
*''Not So Funny.'' 2004.

====Malayalam====
*''An Introduction to the History of the Eastern Churches.'' 1976.
*''Christeeya Bhakti Ganangal.'' 1985.
*''Sabha Charitra Dictionary.'' 1985.
*''Christuvinte Kalpadukalilude: A Travelogue.'' 1985.

====General====
*''From Relief to Development''. 1979.
*''Teach Yourself Aramaic''. 1981.
*''Behold the Cross of Calvary''. 1987.
*''Sermons From the Gospels [Vol. I] from Advent to Pentecost''. 1988.
*''Sermons From the Gospels [Vol. II].'' 1988.
*''The Nestorian Canon Law.'' 1990.
*''Mesopotamia Light''. 1993.
*''Voices of the East''. 1998.
*''Mother of the Motherless''. 2002.
*''Poems and Prayers''. 2002.
*{{Cite book|title=The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century|year=2003|location=Kottayam|publisher=St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute}}
*''Assyrian Manuscripts in India.'' 2011.

==See also==
* [[Assyrian Church of the East]]
* [[Ancient Church of the East]]
* [[Chaldean Syrian Church]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100115032146/http://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/marapremmetropolitan.html In Depth Biography Aprem Mooken]

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GefLnojxZ1A Documentary:'Humour, Music, Scholastic Divinity: A Day in the Life of His Grace Mar Aprem Metropolitan of Malabar and India Assyrian Church of the East']

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mooken, Aprem}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East]]
[[Category:Chaldean Syrian Church]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:St. Thomas College, Thrissur alumni]]
[[Category:Leonard Theological College alumni]]

White Knight (film)

2026-02-22T23:34:02Z

Ambaputra: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = White Knight
| image = White Knight (Documentary) Movie Poster.jpg
| director = [[Aarti Shrivastava]]
| writer = Aarti Shrivastava
| music = Daniel Arlington, Tony Basumatary, Utkkarsh Dhotekar
|editing =Anjani K Singh, Siddhartha Bhakti, Vinayak Khapre, Daya Yadav
| cinematography = Madhav Salunkhe
| producer = [[Hari Om Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2012|10}}
| country = India
| language = English
| runtime = 25.30 minutes
}}

'''''White Knight''''' is an Indian [[documentary film]] directed by [[Aarti Shrivastava]]. The subject is [[Chewang Norphel]], a 78-year-old engineer in [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]], who, over the last 15 years, has invented and implemented a technology that is helping provide a solution to an ecological disaster created by climate change.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay produces documentary on global warming|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-produces-documentary-on-global-warming/articleshow/16710073.cms|website=Times of India|date=8 October 2012 |accessdate=16 November 2015}}</ref>

The film documents how Ladakh is grappling with an alarming [[water scarcity]] situation. In this high altitude desert where the melting of glaciers has been the traditional source of fresh water, a warmer planet is playing havoc with lifestyles and the ecology. With glaciers melting faster, fresh water is precious. Norphel's solution uses common sense and elementary observational science to create [[glacier growing|artificial glaciers]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian engineer 'builds' new glaciers to stop global warming|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/globalwarming/6449982/Indian-engineer-builds-new-glaciers-to-stop-global-warming.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031124640/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/globalwarming/6449982/Indian-engineer-builds-new-glaciers-to-stop-global-warming.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2009|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=16 November 2015}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
* Opening Film Water Doc Film Festival Canada <ref>{{cite web |url=http://ecologos.ca/thursday-day-1/ |title=Thursday, Day 1 | Ecologos |publisher=Ecologos.ca |date=2013-08-13 |accessdate=2013-10-20 |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022215307/http://ecologos.ca/thursday-day-1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Official Selection Jaipur International Film Festival 2013 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jiffindia.org/documents/OVERALL%20SCHEDULE-Final-JIFF%202013.pdf |title=Welcome to Movie Land |publisher=Jiffindia.org |accessdate=2013-10-20}}</ref>
* Official Selection South Asian Film Festival Canada 2012<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.saffcanada.org/films/white-knight/ |title=White Knight |publisher=Saffcanada.org |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2013-10-20 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195951/http://www.saffcanada.org/films/white-knight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Official Selection Colorado Film Festival 2013 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceff.net/ceff_festival_program/ |title=Colorado Environmental Film Festival 2013 Program |publisher=Ceff.net |date= |accessdate=2013-10-20 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512070636/http://ceff.net/ceff_festival_program/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Special Mention Women Deliver Cinema Corner Conference <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.womendeliver.org/updates/entry/women-deliver-announces-cinema-corner-finalists-for-women-deliver-2013 |title=Updates » Women Deliver Announces Cinema Corner Finalists for Women Deliver 2013 |publisher=Women Deliver |date=2013-03-08 |accessdate=2013-10-20 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020214101/http://www.womendeliver.org/updates/entry/women-deliver-announces-cinema-corner-finalists-for-women-deliver-2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.weeklyvoice.com/community-news/indias-entry-to-open-toronto-water-docs-festival/ The Weekly Voice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327044541/http://www.weeklyvoice.com/community-news/indias-entry-to-open-toronto-water-docs-festival/ |date=27 March 2013 }}
* [http://realscreen.com/2013/03/07/watershed-lost-rivers-set-for-water-docs-fest/ Real Screen]
* [http://www.mybindi.com/articles/toronto-premier-of-white-knight-opens-the-water-docs-film-festival My Bindi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508143456/http://www.mybindi.com/articles/toronto-premier-of-white-knight-opens-the-water-docs-film-festival |date=8 May 2014 }}

[[Category:Indian short documentary films]]
[[Category:2012 short documentary films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aarti Shrivastava]]
[[Category:Documentary films about global warming]]
[[Category:Documentary films about water and the environment]]
[[Category:Hari Om Entertainment films]]
[[Category:2012 English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language short documentary films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]

Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar

2026-02-21T09:52:26Z

Ambaputra: quick rework section

{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith
| image = Emblem-Ramakrishna-Mission-Transparent.png
| image_size = 200
| location = [[Deoghar, Jharkhand]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|30|20|N|86|41|46|E|display=inline,title}}
| established = 1922
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE)
| language = [[English language|English]]
| schooltype = Residential Boys' Senior Secondary
| postal_code = 814112
| publication = Sangeet Sangraha, Sangeet Mala, Vivekananda Katha O Galpa, Vivekananda ki Laghu Kathayaein, Atma Vikas, Baccho ke Sri Ramakrishna in Hindi
| website = {{URL|www.rkmvdeoghar.org}}
}}

'''Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar''' is a residential boys' senior secondary school in [[Deoghar, Jharkhand]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://belurmath.org/education-services/|title=Ramakrishna Mission in the Field of Education — Ramakrishna Mission Saradapitha, Belur|website=belurmath.org|publisher=Belur Math Educational Services|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806004649/https://belurmath.org/education-services/|archive-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> India,
established in 1922. It is the oldest institute of [[Ramakrishna Mission]], and used to be visited by brother disciples of [[Swami Vivekananda]]. Swami Jayantananda is the present secretary, and Swami Divyasudhananda is the current principal of the school.

It is exclusively for boys and affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE). Admission to its Secondary section is restricted to standard VI only. However, a few students from other schools are also admitted to class XI, in case the seats are available for them after giving entry to its own students who do well in class X Board examination. The school offers education in science stream only in its Senior Secondary Section. The boys are taken in it entirely on merit ascertained by dint of written, oral and other tests. Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar was ranked 4 out of all CBSE schools in 2015 basis overall aggregates in Class XII CBSE exams in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/15-out-of-20-top-CBSE-schools-are-in-South/articleshow/49146224.cms|title=15 out of 20 top CBSE schools are in South - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 September 2015 |access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref> It was ranked 1st among all CBSE schools in India in 2020 based on the median aggregate score in Class X examination.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top Schools {{!}} CBSE Class 10 Top Performing Schools (Year 2020) - The Learning Point|url=https://www.thelearningpoint.net/home/examination-results-2020/top-schools-cbse-class-10-top-performing-schools-year-2020|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.thelearningpoint.net}}</ref>

==Emblem==
The emblem of the [[Ramakrishna Order]] was designed by [[Swamiji Vivekananda|Swamiji]]. The meaning of the emblem, in the language of Vivekananda himself:
''"The wavy waters in the picture are symbolic of [[Karma]], the lotus of Bhakti, and the rising-sun of [[Jnana]]. The encircling serpent is indicative of [[Yoga]] and awakened Kunadalini Shakti, while the swan in the picture stands for Paramatman. Therefore, the ideal of the picture is that by the union of Karma, Jnana, Bhakti and Yoga, the vision of the Paramatman is obtained"''

==The Holy Trio==
{{Tone|section|date=December 2025}}
<gallery>
File:Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg|[[Swami Vivekananda]]
File:Ramakrishna.jpg|[[Sri Ramakrishna]]
File:Holy mother sarada.jpg|[[Sarada Devi|Maa Sarada]]
</gallery>

===Sri Ramakrishna===
Sri Ramakrishna was born Gadadhar Chatterjee in 1836 at [[Kamarpukur]] about sixty miles from [[Calcutta]]. His parents, Khudiram and Chandramani, were poor and made ends meet with great difficulty. He disliked going to school and, when asked why he did not want to go to school, his reply was ''The so-called education is for earning money only; I don't care for this kind of education''.

He loved Nature and spent his time in fields and fruit gardens outside the village with his friends. Gadadhar lost his father at the age of seven. He became more serious from then on, but he did not change his ways and habits. For instance, he would not go to school, Instead, he was seen visiting monks who stopped at his village on their way to [[Puri]]. He would serve them and listen with attention to the arguments they had among themselves over religious issues.

Gadadhar had now attained the age when he should be invested with the sacred thread. When arrangements were nearly complete for this, Gadadhar declared that he would have his first alms as a [[brahmin]] from a certain sudra woman of the village.

When Gadadhar started worshipping the deity, he began to ask himself if he was worshipping a piece of stone or a living Goddess. If he was worshipping a living Goddess, why should she not respond to his worship? This question nagged him day and night. Then, he began to pray to Kali - "Mother, you've been gracious to many devotees in the past and have revealed yourself to them. Why would you not reveal yourself to me, also? Am I not also your son?"

He would weep bitterly and sometimes even cry out loudly while worshipping. At night, he would go into a nearby jungle and spend the whole night praying. One day he was so impatient to see Mother [[Kali]] that he decided to end his life. He seized a sword hanging on the wall and was about to strike himself with it when he saw light issuing from the deity in waves, and he was soon overwhelmed by those waves. He then fell down unconscious on the floor.

Soon word spread about this remarkable man and people of all denominations and all stations of life began to come to him. From now on he came to be known as [[Ramakrishna Paramahansa]], and like a magnet he began to attract real seekers of God. He died in 1886, leaving behind a devoted band of young disciples headed by the scholar and orator, [[Swami Vivekananda]].

===Sri Sarada Devi===
Endearingly known as ‘Holy Mother’, Sri Sarada Devi, the spiritual consort of Sri Ramakrishna, was born on 22 December 1853 in a poor Brahmin family in [[Jayrambati]], a village adjoining [[Kamarpukur]] in [[West Bengal]]. Her father was Ramachandra Mukhopadhyay and her mother was Shyama Sundari Devin.

As a child, Sarada was devoted to God. She had no formal schooling, but learnt the [[Bengali alphabet]]. When she was about six years old, she was married to [[Sri Ramakrishna]], according to the custom prevalent in [[India]] in those days.

[[Sri Ramakrishna]] looked upon Sarada Devi as a manifestation of the Divine Mother of the [[universe]]. Under the strain of constant physical work and self-denial and repeated attacks of [[malaria]], her health deteriorated in the closing years of her life, and she died on 21 July 1920.

===Swami Vivekananda===
[[Swami Vivekananda]], known in his pre-monastic life as [[Narendra Nath Datta]], was born in an affluent family in [[Kolkata]] on 12 January 1863. His father, Vishwanath Datta, was an attorney, his mother was Bhuvaneshwari Devi. Narendra excelled in music, gymnastics and studies. By the time he graduated from [[Calcutta University]], he had acquired a particular knowledge of Western philosophy and history. Born with a yogic temperament, he practised meditation even from his boyhood, and was associated with [[Brahmo Movement]] for some time.

==The Universal Temple==
[[File:Universal Temple.jpg|thumb|'''The Universal Temple'''|188x188px]]The Universal Temple of [[Sri Ramakrishna]] held in the bosom of the Vidyapith campus is a place of attraction to the religious minded. There, morning prayer and evening services (Aratrikam) are conducted by the resident boys as part of their daily routine. Religious festivals, observances and worships are carried out in it.

== Administration ==
The institute is run by [[monks]] (sanyasins) & [[Brahmacharins]] of the [[Ramakrishna Order]]. The staff includes teachers from all over India as well as from alien countries. The Non-Teaching staffs includes workers from neighboring town and villages.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Central Administration
|-
!Designation
!Person
|-
|Secretary
|Swami Jayantananda
|-
|Principal
|Swami Divyasudhananda
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Secondary Administration
!Designation
!Person
|-
|Hostel Coordinator
|Br. Amiteshchaitanya
|-
|Coordinator
|Swami Mrideshananda
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Senior Secondary Administration
!Designation
!Person
|-
|Chief Warden
|Br. Anadichaitanya
|-
|Coordinator
|Br. Prabhuchaitanya
|}

== Courses offered ==
The school offers various courses to the students to ensure all-round development of the student.

For Students, Special classes are arranged in '''Music, Fine Arts & Indian Cultural And value Based Education (ICVE), Computer, Environmental Education '''.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Courses for Secondary
|English, Science, Social Science, Mathematics, Hindi
|-
|English, Science, Social Science, Mathematics, Bengali
|-
|English, Science, Social Science, Mathematics, Sanskrit
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Courses for Senior Secondary
|English (Core), Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Computer Science
|-
|English (Core), Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physical Education
|-
|English (Core), Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Economics
|-
|English (Core), Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology
|-
|English (Core), Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Physical Education
|}

== Campus ==
The school has a very large campus and is divided into two parts : The Main Campus and the Senior Secondary Campus. The school campus contains many attractive buildings. Being a residential school, there are dormitories all around the campus to facilitate the boarding of students. The Vidyapith Teachers and Staffs are also provided the Staff quarters. There are many Guest rooms and dormitories for Guests and devotees who generally pay a visit to this holy place.

=== Secondary School Building ===
[[File:The Secondary School Building.jpg|thumb|177x177px|'''The Secondary School Building''']]
The entrance to the school building leads to the feet of Maa Saraswati. The School has <big>10</big> '''Smart Classes''' for students to make them better learners. The Students are taught by Highly Trained and professional teachers to make them the best in studies. The school has Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology, Music, Arts, Computer Laboratory to encourage the students to showcase their creativity. The School has 2 Big size Hall rooms to enable private study at non schooling hours and enable Smooth conduction of Examination. The School Building has well maintained and sanitized Toilets.

==== Atal Tinkering Lab ====
[[File:Resource Lab.jpg|thumb|'''Digital Lab for Online Tests & Learning'''|173x173px]]
ATL is an approach of '''Central government''' of India to create an environment of ''scientific temperament, innovation, creativity'' amongst Indian Students. It is a step towards a new India. Since the last few decades, our education system has seen a paradigm shift. Today, with this approach of inculcating Hands on Methodology in the current education scenario, we have resolved the need of the hour. ATL lab would teach students essential 21st-century skills which will help them in developing their professional and personal skills. Skilled India is the need of the hour and each step taken this dream should be welcomed, and we should work towards it together for a better India.

==== Digital Resource Room & Digital Library ====
The Digital Library is a new Initiative of the school authority to enable the students to get familiar to world-class Books & Novels. It has all kind of Materials related to Academics. It has books of Famous Writers and Publication that helps students to collect resources for their preparation of various competitive exams like Science Olympiad, NTSE, JEE Mains, JEE Advanced, NEET, NDA, NA, WBJEE, BITSAT.{{clarify|What do all these letters mean?|date=July 2021}}

The Digital Resource room is a Great revolution to the School Building that consists of 25 Self-Efficient And Smart Computers provided with self connection and Internet. The allows the students to see '''Online Tutorial Classes''' and '''Online Tests'''. These also help to gather E-Resources.

=== Senior Secondary School ===
[[File:Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar.jpg|thumb|175x175px|'''The Senior Secondary School Campus.''']]The Foundation Stone of the Building was inaugurated by The Chief Minister Of Jharkhand. The Senior Secondary School building has 4 Classrooms with One Smart Class. There is a Library in the Building that provides access to various old and valuable books. The Building has a full Air Conditioned Hall for School Assembly And Various programs. The Senior Secondary School has separate Labs for various Experiments. These include Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Computer Science.

=== Dormitories ===
There are 13 ''dhams'' ([[dormitory]]) in the Secondary Section, namely, ''Yogananda Dham, Ramakrishnananda Dham, Adbhutananda Dham, Brahmananda Dham, Shivananda Dham, Turiyananda Dham, Vivekananda Dham, Akhandananda Dham, Premananda Dham, Vijnanananda Dham, Matri Dham, Saradananda Dham, Subodhananda Dham.''

=== Vivekananda Taran-tal ===
[[File:The Swiming Pool.jpg|thumb|108x108px|'''Vivekananda T''''''aran Tal''']]
The school has a standard size swimming pool named '''Vivekananda Taran Tal''', inaugurated on 22 January 2009. The swimming pool is a comparatively recent addition to Vidyapith. Boys of the school use it regularly to learn swimming from qualified instructors. Its water is maintained clean, free from germs and contamination, by proper technology. There is annual Swimming Competition in Vidyapith. Swimming is taught to students on a weekly basis, and it helps the students in many ways.

=== Vivekananda Auditorium ===
The school has a theater sized [[auditorium]], with an audience capacity of around 600. Every year functions such as Inter-School competitions, debates, seminars, and prize distribution are performed there. Other schools in the city come to the school to hold their functions. The Auditorium also hosts celebrations like Teacher's day, Bengali New Year (Pôhela Boishakh), Republic Day, Independence Day, Reunion etc.
[[File:The Dairy of Vidyapith.jpg|thumb|98x98px|'''Dairy''']]

=== Dairy ===
The Vidyapith Dairy has a total of 121 cows with an average yield of 375-390 ltrs. per day (2017–18). Almost the whole of the milk produced is consumed by the inmate students and residential staff. The dairy has mechanised milking facility and the cow-dung produce obtained is used to run bio-gas plants, used in kitchen-cooking in Vidyapith.
[[File:The Ramakrishna Darshan.jpg|thumb|176x176px|'''Ramakrishna Movement''']]

=== Ramakrishna Darshan and Literature Corner ===
A permanent exhibition consisting of rare photographs, fibre glass relief images and descriptions related to them, Ramakrishna Darshan is a story of the Ramakrishna Movement graphically said. It chronologically demonstrates the history of the Movement, showing the roles played by Sri Ramakrishna, Sri Sarada Devi, Swami Vivekananda and his other brother disciples. It lays emphasis on two visits of Swami Vivekananda to the West, his interactions with many important people abroad and views of well known Indian thinkers influenced by him. There is a permanent exhibition Ramakrishna Darshan on the lives and contributions of Sri Ramakrishna and his disciples, emphasizing the service for mankind by [[Swami Vivekananda]]. This educates its visitors through photographs, glass fiber models and a history of the [[Ramakrishna]] Movement. Vidyapith has a Religious Literature Corner where publications on [[Sri Ramakrishna]], [[Sri Sarada Devi]], [[Swami Vivekananda]], the [[Vedanta]] and the [[India]]n culture are kept for sale.

=== Museum ===
Built with the co-operation of National Museum, this museum of modest size comprehensibly represents the rich heritage of India. India's achievements in religion and other spheres through the ages have been depicted in it. An important place has been given to the tribal cultures and lifestyles of India's indigenous people, employing relevant models, materials and images. Besides, the museum presents a collection of objects, photographs and accounts of personalities connected with the development of this institution over the decades. There is also a section devoted to the life and contribution of Sri Sarada Devi.
[[File:The Aviary .jpg|thumb|132x132px|'''Aviary''']]

=== Aviary ===
The aviary contains some birds of uncommon varieties and coloured plumages, such as the Love Bird, Silver Pheasant, Speaking Moyna, Wild Peacock, and ''Kakatuah''. They are being provided with natural habitats in big cages. A few white hares are also kept in separate enclosures. It also has a garden with birds, flowers, trees and cactus plants.

== Vivekananda Balakendra ==
[[File:The Vivekananda Balakendra.jpg|thumb|185x185px|'''Vivekananda Balakendra''']]
Swami Vivekananda wanted a new India to emerge “out of peasant's cottage” and “from beside the oven of the fritter-seller”. The Vivekananda Balakendra caters to the needs of the underprivileged children, mostly from ST, SC and OBC communities around Vidyapith. It provides study-coaching to both boys and girls, the strength as in March 2018 being: Total 300 (Boys: 218 and Girls: 82), the following being the break-up SC: 101, ST: 22, OBC: 126, General: 51.

The children of Vivekananda Balakendra were fed with milk, biscuits and boiled eggs daily, in order to provide supplementary nutrition to the regular food in their homes. A total of {{cvt|183|kg}} of milk powder was distributed among 18,076 students during 2017–18. They utilized the Balakendra playgrounds and the elaborate arrangements for games and sports.

In the year 2017–18, 17 students benefiting from the study-coaching at Balakendra appeared at the Secondary Board exam (from other schools) under Jharkhand Academic Council. 13 of these students secured 1st Division, while 4 students secured 2nd Division.

Vocational training was provided in Electric Motor, Transformer Rewinding, and House Wiring & Electrical Appliances Repairing to a total of 8 trainees. The Vocational section is an accredited unit of National Institute for Open Schooling (NIOS).

== Charitable Dispensary ==
[[File:Charitable Dispensary.jpg|thumb|139x139px|'''Charitable Dispensary''']]
Sarada Charitable Dispensary of Vidyapith serves the local poor primarily. A number of qualified doctors are attached to it. It contains pathology, ECG and X-ray units in its diagnostic section. Many patients were treated in the dispensary's well-equipped dental clinic. Numerous pathological tests were done in its laboratory on Full Auto Analyzer machine. Patients were also being treated in the Physiotherapy, General Medicine and Orthopedic units. Besides this, the services of ECG and USG instruments are also being offered to patients.

== Publications ==
Vidyapith has a number of religious publications. Titles it has brought out so far are as below:

# Sangeet Sangraha – A collection of songs (in Bengali);
# Sangeet Mala – A collection of songs (in Hindi);
# Sadhan Sangeet – A book of songs with Notation (in Bengali);
# Bachcho Ke Sri Ramakrishna (in Hindi) – A short pictorial life;
# Vivekanander Katha O Galpa – A supplementary reader in Bengali (classes VI & VII);
# Vivekananda Ki Laghu Kathaein – A supplementary reader in Hindi (classes VI & VII);
# Atma Vikas –A book in Hindi to mould the character of children;
# Audio album (CD):
#* Shivatandavam
#* Shivakalpataru
#* Namo Bhagavate Rudraya
#* Sri Rama Tuhi-Sri Krishna Tuhi
#* Juraite Chai Kothay Jurai (Bengali)
#* Gita-Sara.
# Three DVDs:
#* ‘BE and MAKE’ – a video Documentary on Vidyapith
#* A pilgrimage to the 2nd and 3rd Kedar (A holy footage).
#* 'A glorious passage to wisdom(<nowiki>https://youtu.be/XMG0ar_ANZE)-</nowiki> a video Documentary by vidyapith on its centenary year celebration.

==Location==
Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith is located in the heart of Deoghar, Jharkhand, being the holy abode of [[Shiva]], it is one of the most significant places of pilgrimage in the country. It is an ancient city, which harbours in its bosom a body part of Sati the Divine Mother.

The school is 30 minutes drive from the [[Jasidih]] railway junction.

==References ==
{{Reflist}}2. https://indiastemfoundation.org/atal-tinkering-lab/<nowiki/>{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{Cite book | last =Gupta | first =Mahendranath | author2 =Swami Nikhilananda | author2-link =Swami Nikhilananda | title =The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna | publisher =Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center | url =http://www.belurmath.org/gospel/ | year =1942 | isbn =0-911206-01-9 | archive-date =14 March 2008 | access-date =18 January 2011 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080314024635/http://www.belurmath.org/gospel/ | url-status =dead }}
* {{Cite book
| last = Heehs
| first = Peter
| author-link = Peter Heehs
| title = Indian Religions
| publisher = Orient Blackswan
| year = 2002
| chapter = Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
}}
*{{Cite book| last =Saradananda | first =Swami | author-link = Swami Saradananda |author2=Swami Chetanananda | title =Sri Ramakrishna and His Divine Play | publisher =Vedanta Society | year =2003 | location =St. Louis | isbn =978-0-916356-81-1 }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Spivak|first=Gayatri Chakravorty | author-link=Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak|title=Other Asias|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|date=28 December 2007}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Tyagananda|last2=Vrajaprana|title=Interpreting Ramakrishna: Kali's Child Revisited|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-3499-6|pages=410|url=http://www.interpretingramakrishna.com/|year=2010|place=Delhi}}
*{{Cite journal
| last = Sen
| first = Amiya P.
| title = Three essays on Sri Ramakrishna and his times
| year = 2001
| publisher = Indian Institute driskssusuys
}}
* {{cite book | author = Babaji Bob Kindler | title = Sri Sarada Vijnanagita: Her Teachings, Selected and Arranged in Verse Form | publisher =SRV Associations | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-891893-06-3}}
* {{cite book | author = Swami Gambhirananda | author-link = Swami Gambhirananda | title = Holy Mother Shri Sarada Devi | year = 1955}}
* {{cite book | author = Swami Nikhilananda | author-link = Swami Nikhilananda | title = Gospel of the Holy Mother Sri Sarada Devi | publisher = Sri Ramakrishna Math Printing Press | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-81-7120-400-7}}
* {{cite book | author = Swami Saradeshananda | title = The Holy Mother as I Saw Her }}
* {{cite book| author =Swami Tapasyananda | title=Sri Sarada Devi; The Holy Mother| year=1986|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|isbn=978-81-7120-487-8}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070107140940/http://www.rkmhq.org/ Official website of the Headquarters of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission]
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}

[[www.rkmvdeoghar.org]]
{{Official website}}

[[Category:Schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Schools affiliated with the Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Deoghar]]
[[Category:Deoghar district]]

People's Choice Awards India

2026-02-19T19:08:02Z

Ambaputra:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian awards show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{notability|Events|date=November 2015}}
{{infobox television
| image =
| alt_name = PCA India
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| first_aired = {{start date|2012}}
| last_aired =
}}

The '''People's Choice Awards India''' was an awards show held on 27 October 2012, in [[Mumbai, India]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-21 |title=Saif Ali Khan, Kareena Kapoor to perform at People's Choice Awards - Times Of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-18/news-interviews/34554770_1_saif-ali-khan-kareena-kapoor-award-function |access-date=2022-05-06 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021063534/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-18/news-interviews/34554770_1_saif-ali-khan-kareena-kapoor-award-function |archive-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and which aired on [[Colors TV]] on 25 November. An adaptation of [[People's Choice Awards|the US version]], the Indian edition is licensed and produced by Bulldog Media & Entertainment,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-28 |title=People's Choice Awards format licensed to India {{!}} Variety |url=http://variety.com/2012/tv/news/people-s-choice-awards-format-licensed-to-india-1118060955/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628072736/http://variety.com/2012/tv/news/people-s-choice-awards-format-licensed-to-india-1118060955/ |archive-date=2017-06-28 }}</ref> sponsored by [[Procter & Gamble]], and the winners were voted on by the general public.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-05 |title=Cast your votes now for People's Choice Awards 2012 |url=http://www.peopleschoiceindia.com/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005002503/http://www.peopleschoiceindia.com/ |archive-date=5 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Categories==
The nomination categories are across four genres - Movies, TV, Music and Sports. The inclusion of a sports category with a favourite sportsperson award is unique to the Indian show.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==Nominees==
Winners are listed in '''bold'''.

===Movies===
{| class="wikitable" width=70%
!Favourite Movie
!Favourite Action Movie
|-
| valign="top"|
*''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''
*'''''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'''''
*''[[Housefull 2]]''
*''[[Kahaani]]''
| valign="top"|
*''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''
*''[[Don 2]]''
*''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]''
*'''''[[Rowdy Rathore]]'''''
|-
!Favourite Comedy Movie
!Favourite Drama Movie
|-
| valign="top"|
*''[[Bol Bachchan]]''
*''[[Desi Boyz]]''
*'''''[[Housefull 2]]'''''
*''[[Vicky Donor]]''
| valign="top"|
*''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''
*''[[Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 1|Gangs Of Wasseypur]]''
*''[[Paan Singh Tomar]]''
*'''''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'''''
|-
!Favourite Movie Actor
!Favourite Movie Actress
|-
| valign="top"|
*''[[Akshay Kumar]] ([[Rowdy Rathore]])''
*''[[Hrithik Roshan]] ([[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]])''
*''[[Ranbir Kapoor]] ([[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]])''
*'''''[[Salman Khan]] ([[Ek Tha Tiger]])'''''
| valign="top"|
*'''''[[Katrina Kaif]] ([[Ek Tha Tiger]])'''''
*''[[Parineeti Chopra]] ([[Ishaqzaade]])''
*''[[Sonakshi Sinha]] ([[Rowdy Rathore]])''
*''[[Vidya Balan]] ([[Kahaani]])''
|-
! Favourite Action Movie Star
! Favourite Comedy Movie Star
|-
| valign="top"|
*''[[Akshay Kumar]] ([[Rowdy Rathore]])''
*''[[Hrithik Roshan]] ([[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]])''
*''[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] ([[Force (2011 film)|Force]])''
*'''''[[Salman Khan]] ([[Ek Tha Tiger]])'''''
| valign="top"|
*''[[Abhishek Bachchan]] ([[Bol Bachchan]])''
*''[[Ajay Devgn]] ([[Bol Bachchan]])''
*'''''[[Akshay Kumar]] ([[Housefull 2]])'''''
*''[[Ritesh Deshmukh]] ([[Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum]])''
|-
!Favourite Youth Movie Icon
!Favourite Ensemble Cast
|-
| valign="top"|
*''[[Deepika Padukone]]''
*''[[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]]''
*'''''[[Ranbir Kapoor]]'''''
*''[[Sonakshi Sinha]]''
| valign="top"|
*''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''
*''[[Bol Bachchan]]''
*'''''[[Housefull 2]]'''''
*''[[The Dirty Picture]]''
|-
!Favourite Debut Actor (Male/Female)
|-
| valign="top"|
*''[[Arjun Kapoor]] ([[Ishaqzaade]])''
*''[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] ([[Vicky Donor]])''
*'''''[[Parineeti Chopra]] ([[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]] & Ishaqzaade)'''''
*''[[Yami Gautam]] (Vicky Donor)''
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable" width=70%
|-
!Favourite TV Comedy
!Favourite TV Drama
|-
| valign="top"|
*''[[Comedy Circus]]''
*''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]]''
*''[[Lapataganj]]''
*'''''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'''''
| valign="top"|
*'''''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'''''
*''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
*''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
*''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''
|-
!Favourite TV Comedy Actor
!Favourite TV Comedy Actress
|-
| valign="top"|
*'''''[[Dilip Joshi]] – Jethalal ([[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]])'''''
*''Jeetu Shivhare – Gadha Prasad ([[Chidiya Ghar]])''
*''[[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]] ([[Comedy Circus]])''
*''[[Krushna Abhishek]] ([[Comedy Circus]])''
| valign="top"|
*'''''[[Bharti Singh]] ([[Comedy Circus]])'''''
*''[[Debina Bonnerjee]] – Mayuri ([[Chidiya Ghar]])''
*''[[Disha Vakani]] – Daya ([[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]])''
*''[[Kavita Kaushik]] – Chandramukhi ([[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]])''
|-
!Favourite TV Drama Actor
!Favourite TV Drama Actress
|-
| valign="top"|
*'''''[[Barun Sobti]] – Arnav ([[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon]])'''''
*''[[Mohit Raina]] – Mahadev ([[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]])''
*''[[Ram Kapoor]] – Ram Kapoor ([[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]])''
*''[[Samir Soni]] – Kunal ([[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay]])''
| valign="top"|
*''[[Giaa Manek]] – Gopi ([[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]])''
*''[[Hina Khan]] – Akshara Singhania ([[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]])''
* ''[[Pratyusha Banerjee]] – Anandi ([[Balika Vadhu]])''
* '''''[[Sakshi Tanwar]]''' – Priya ([[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]])''
|-
!Favourite Most Good Looking On-Screen Jodi (TV)
!Favourite TV Crime Drama
|-
| valign="top"|
*''Anandi-Shiv ([[Balika Vadhu]])''
*''Onir-Purvi ([[Pavitra Rishta]])''
*'''''Khushi-Arnav ([[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon]])'''''
*''Suraj-Sandhya ([[Diya Aur Baati Hum]])''
| valign="top"|
*''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
*''[[C.I.D. (India TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
*'''''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'''''
*''[[Gumrah – End Of Innocence|Gumraah]]''
|-
!Favourite Non-Fiction Show
!Favourite Ensemble Cast
|-
| valign="top"|
*''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters]]''
*''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa|Jhalak Dikhlaa Jaa]]''
*''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]''
*'''''[[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|Satyamev Jayate]]'''''
| valign="top"|
*'''''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'''''
*''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
*''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay]]''
*''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|-
!Favourite New TV Drama
!Favourite Non-Fiction Show Host
|-
| valign="top"|
*''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
*''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]''
*'''''[[Madhubala - Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'''''
*''[[Punar Vivah]]''
| valign="top"|
*''[[Aamir Khan]] ([[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|Satyamev Jayate]])''
*'''''[[Amitabh Bachchan]] ([[Kaun Banega Crorepati]])'''''
*''[[Anup Soni]] ([[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]])''
*''[[Salman Khan]] ([[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|Bigg Boss 5]])''
|-
|}

===Music===
{| class="wikitable" width=70%
|-
!Favourite Song of the Year
!Favourite Movie Album of the Year
|-
| valign="top"|
*''[[Chammak Challo]] ([[Ra.One]])''
*''[[Chikni Chameli]] ([[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]])''
*'''''Mashallah ([[Ek Tha Tiger]])'''''
*''[[Ooh La La (Shreya Ghoshal and Bappi Lahiri song)|Ooh La La]] ([[The Dirty Picture]])''
| valign="top"|
*''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''
*'''''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'''''
*''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
*''[[Rowdy Rathore]]''
|-
!Favourite Male Singer
!Favourite Female Singer
|-
| valign="top"|
*''[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] ([[Pani Da Rang]])''
*''[[Javed Ali]] ([[Ishaqzaade]] Title Song)''
*'''''[[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamaal Khan]] (Ishq Sufiana)'''''
*''[[Mohit Chauhan]] ([[Sadda Haq (song)|Sadda Haq]])''
| valign="top"|
*''[[Kavita Seth]] (Tumhi Ho Bandhu)''
*''[[Neha Bhasin]] (Dhunki)''
*''[[Shalmali Kholgade]] (Pareshaan)''
*'''''[[Shreya Ghoshal]] ([[Chikni Chameli]])'''''
|-
!Favourite Lyricist
|-
| halign="left"|
*''[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] (Deva Shree Ganesha)''
*''[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] & Rochak Kohli ([[Pani Da Rang]])''
*''[[Irshad Kamil]] (Tumhi Ho Bandhu)''
*'''''[[Rajat Arora]] (Ishq Sufiana)'''''
|-
|}

===Sports===
{| class="wikitable" width=70%
!Favourite Sportsperson
|-
| halign="left"|
*''[[Leander Paes]]''
*''[[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]]''
*'''''[[Virat Kohli]]'''''
*''[[Viswanathan Anand]]''
|}

===Special Honours===
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] was felicitated with Favourite International Music Debut Award for her 3× Platinum Certified debut single "[[In My City]]".
* [[Hema Malini]] was felicitated with the Ageless Beauty Honour.
* [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] was felicitated with Favourite Debut Singer for the song ''Angreji Beat''
* [[2012 Summer Olympics]] medalists [[Mary Kom]], [[Gagan Narang]], [[Yogeshwar Dutt]] and [[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]] were felicitated by Katrina Kaif. The other sportspeople who were honoured were [[Vijay Kumar (sport shooter)|Vijay Kumar]] and [[Saina Nehwal]].

==Event==

===Highlights===
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] paid her tribute to [[Yash Chopra]], who died few days before the award show.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-27 |title=Priyanka Chopra pays tribute to Yash Chopra - Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Priyanka-Chopra-pays-tribute-to-Yash-Chopra/Article1-949814.aspx |access-date=2022-05-06 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027211709/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Priyanka-Chopra-pays-tribute-to-Yash-Chopra/Article1-949814.aspx |archive-date=27 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Many celebrities cascaded down in designer finery at the red carpet event of India's first-ever People's Choice Awards held in Mumbai. The People's Choice Awards are rewarded through votes collected by the common people.
* Bollywood's who's who were seen at the People's Choice Awards 2012 Indian edition, but Saif Ali Khan was conspicuous by his absence.
* The People's Choice Awards were held in India for the first time on 27 October 2012, in Mumbai.
* Indian actress [[Madhuri Dixit]] performed a top-notch tableau exhibiting her charming dance moves in a furious mix of many of her movie-song hits.
* In attendance were [[Bollywood]] celebrities, including [[Salman Khan]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Darsheel Safary]], [[Rakhi Sawant]], [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Parineeti Chopra]], [[Chitrangda Singh]], [[Ekta Kapoor]], [[Bhagyashree]], [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Hema Malini]] and [[Sameera Reddy]].

== See also==

* [[List of Asian television awards]]
* [[People's Choice Awards]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.peopleschoiceindia.com}}
* {{IMDb title|2973648}}

[[Category:Indian television awards]]
[[Category:People's Choice Awards|India]]
[[Category:Indian film awards]]
[[Category:2012 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:2012 in Indian television]]

Thotlakonda

2026-02-10T18:38:50Z

Ambaputra: added references

[[File:Totlakonda entrance.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Totlakonda]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thotlakonda Buddhist Complex
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Senagiri
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Protected Buddhist Monument
| image_skyline = File:Mahastupa in Thotlakonda, Visakhapatnam (2).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Maha Stupa at Thotlakonda
| pushpin_map = India Visakhapatnam
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|49|35|N|83|24|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Visakhapatnam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Visakhapatnam]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Rock-cut water tank, Totlakunda.jpg|thumb|Water tank carved in rock, Totlakonda]]

'''Thotlakonda Buddhist Complex''' is situated on a hill near [[Bheemunipatnam]] about {{convert|15|km}} from [[Visakhapatnam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. The hill is about {{convert|128|m}} above [[sea level]] and overlooks the ocean. The Telugu name ''Toṭlakoṇḍa'' (తొట్లకొండ) derived from the presence of a number of rock-cut [[cistern]]s hewn into the bedrock of the hillock. “Thotlakonda" may also mean “hill of cisterns.” <ref>{{cite web |last1=N/A |first1=N/A |title=Thotlakonda & Bavikonda |url=https://shunya.net/Pictures/South%20India/Bavikonda-Thotlakonda/BavikondaThotlakonda.htm |website=Shunya.net |access-date=March 18, 2025}}</ref> In 2019, the stupa was partially damaged due to monsoons, but it was restored by 2021 at the cost of Rs 42 lakh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopal |first=B. Madhu |date=2021-09-14 |title=Maha Stupa at Thotlakonda restored |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/maha-stupa-at-thotlakonda-restored/article36449488.ece |access-date=2022-03-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[File:Votive Sthupas, Totlakonda.jpg|thumb|Votive Sthupas, Totlakonda]]

Thotlakonda was well within the influence of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], an important source of dissemination of [[Buddhism]] to Sri Lanka and various parts of [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh: Capital Relocation Poses Threat to Buddhist Heritage Sites in Vizag |url=https://thewire.in/rights/andhra-pradesh-capital-relocation-vizag-buddhist-heritage-sites-threat |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> Also, it was one of the ports of entry for pilgrims arriving via th sea to visit prominent Buddhist places located near the 83.3 degree Meridian East. Thotlakonda's history provides an insight into the process of transoceanic diffusion of Indic culture, especially Buddhism.
[[File:Bauddha Viharas, Totlakonda.jpg|thumb|Bauddha Viharas, Totlakonda]]

A hill on the sea coast with a salubrious (healthy) climate was an ideal attraction for the Buddhist monks to build a [[monastery]] complex.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Nivedita |date=2021-04-20 |title=A campaign to save Visakhapatnam’s 2000-year-old Buddhist site of Thotlakonda |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/a-campaign-to-save-visakhapatnams-2000-year-old-buddhist-site-of-thotlakonda/article34368632.ece |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The placid sea, sheltered by the deeply curved coastline, provided a safe haven for anchoring ships. Buddhist sites such as Thotlakonda, Sarnath, Kushinagar and Lumbini lie very close to the longitudinal 83.3 degrees Meridian East. People coming to India by sea to visit important Buddhist sites looked for the shortest route to travel; it is believed that many stopped at Thotlakonda, a transit point where they anchored their ships, rested on the hill for a while, and then continued along the 83.3° East meridian northwards.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Thotlakonda came to light during an aerial survey by the [[Indian Navy]] for setting up a naval base. After its discovery, major excavations were conducted by the Andhra Pradesh State Archaeology Department from 1988 to 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peri |first=Usha |date=2024-03-03 |title=Vizag security guard’s narration brings Thotlakonda Buddhist site to life |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2024/Mar/03/vizag-security-guards-narration-brings-thotlakonda-buddhist-site-to-life |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The excavations established the existence of a [[Nikaya]] Buddhist complex which flourished 2000 years ago. To the south of the complex there is a tank which served as a water source to the monastery inhabitants.
[[File:Thotlakonda_Buddhist_Complex_in_Visakhapatnam_in_2024,_March_22.jpg|thumb|Thotlakonda Buddhist Complex]]
The excavations reveal [[Satavahana dynasty]] lead and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] silver coins indicating foreign trade; [[terracotta]] tiles, stucco decorative pieces, sculptured panels, miniature [[stupa]] models in stone, and [[Buddha footprint]]s were also found. The excavations also yielded twelve inscriptions. From linguistic studies, it appears that the hill might have been known as ''Senagiri''; ''Sena'' in [[Pali]] means "elder, superior".

Thotlakonda's peak activity was between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE owing to brisk Roman trade and religious missions sent abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thotlakonda {{!}} Incredible India |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/visakhapatnam/thotlakonda.html |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref> Thotlakonda came into existence along with nearby Buddhist sites in [[Visakhapatnam]] like [[Bavikonda]] and [[Pavurallakonda]]. The lofty stupas shining during the day, with their light lime plaster and with rows of wick lamps during nights, might have served as guiding landmarks of nautical commuters. While there appears to have been no royal patronage, traders and local Buddhists seem to have supported the monasatic [[sangha]]. In its heyday, Thotlakonda might have accommodated more than 100 [[bhikkhu]]s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

The complex served as a religious-academic center, with arrangements for storing food, clothing, and medicines. [[Nikaya Buddhism]] appears to have been practiced at Thotlakonda, including the worship of [[Gautama Buddha]] through [[aniconic]] symbols such as [[paduka]]s, [[ashtamangala]] and other methods of non-human representation.

Thotlakonda had declined by the end of the 3rd century.
[[File:Thotlakonda Monastic Complex Panoramic view AP.JPG|thumb|centre|1100px|Thotlakonda Monastic Complex Panoramic view]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Thotlakonda}}
* [https://www.rangan-datta.info/thotlakonda.htm Travel Article on Thotlakonda.]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20170626104454/http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/monuments.html

[[Category:Buddhist sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Visakhapatnam district]]

Masrat Zahra

2026-02-08T12:11:04Z

Ambaputra: started first post nd citations

{{short description|Indian photojournalist (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Masrat Zahra
| image = Masrat Zahra in 2020.jpg
| caption = Zahra in 2020
| birth_name = Masrat Zahra
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|12|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hawal]], Jammu and Kashmir, India
| citizenship = Indian
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alma_mater = [[Central University of Kashmir]]
| awards = {{bulleted list|[[International Women's Media Foundation#Courage Awards|Anja Niedringhaus Courage in Photojournalism award]]|Peter Mackler Award for Courageous and Ethical Journalism 2020}}
| occupation = [[Photojournalist]]
}}
'''Masrat Zahra''' (born 8 December 1993) is a freelance photojournalist from [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. She covers stories about local communities and women. She won the 2020 "Anja Niedringhaus Courage" in [[Photojournalism]] award from [[International Women's Media Foundation]] and Peter Mackler Award for Courageous and the Ethical Journalism 2020. She is married and settled in USA.

==Biography==
Masrat Zahra was born on 8 December 1993 in [[Hawal]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], into a [[Kashmiri Muslim]] family.<ref name="thehindu"/><ref name="AlJazeera1"/><ref name="thehindu001">{{cite news | last =Maqbool | first =Majid | title =Kashmir through the female gaze | date =25 Aug 2018 | url =https://www.thehindu.com/society/kashmir-through-the-female-gaze/article24768947.ece | access-date =12 June 2020 | work =[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> Her father is a truck driver and mother is a homemaker.<ref name="AlJazeera1">{{cite news | title =In Kashmir, an empty bed signifies a life lost | language =en | publisher =[[Al Jazeera English]] | date =20 Jan 2020 | url =https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/kashmir-empty-bed-signifies-life-lost-200114091520056.html | access-date =12 June 2020 }}</ref> She studied journalism at the [[Central University of Kashmir]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |author1=Majid Maqbool |title=Kashmir through the female gaze |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/kashmir-through-the-female-gaze/article24768947.ece |access-date=11 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 August 2018}}</ref> She photographs the [[Kashmir conflict]] and her work has appeared in ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ''[[The New Humanitarian]]'', ''[[TRT World]], [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'', ''[[The Caravan]]'', ''[[The Sun (magazine)|The Sun]]'', ''The News Arab'', and ''The World Weekly''.<ref name="dw" /><ref name="al-jazeera">{{cite news |author1=Bilal Kuchay |title=Kashmir journalist charged for 'anti-national' social media posts |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/kashmir-journalist-charged-anti-national-social-media-posts-200420100952020.html |access-date=11 June 2020 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=20 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="thehindu"/> She experiences constant resistance based on her job and gender as she is one of a small group of female photojournalists in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masrat Zahra |url=https://www.iwmf.org/community/masrat-zahra/ |website=International Women's Media Foundation}}</ref>

In April 2018, Zahra was labelled as a police informer after she shared an image from an encounter site on her Facebook.<ref name="theprint11">{{cite news |author1=RAHIBA R. PARVEEN |title=Woman photojournalist who covered Kashmir encounter labelled as police informer |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/woman-photojournalist-who-covered-kashmir-encounter-labelled-as-police-informer/59391/ |access-date=11 June 2020 |work=ThePrint |date=16 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="cpj">{{cite news |title=In India, Kashmiri photojournalist faces harassment, threats |url=https://cpj.org/2018/05/in-india-kashmiri-photojournalist-faces-harassment/ |access-date=11 June 2020 |work=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]] |date=22 May 2018}}</ref>
On 3 August 2019, before the [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|clampdown]] in [[India]]'s [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] state, she was asked to submit work for Journalists Under Fire, an exhibition in [[New York City]] which was organised by United Photo Industries and St Ann's Warehouse in collaboration with [[Committee to Protect Journalists]]. On the same day, she was contacted by a French magazine for assignments with [[Real Kashmir F.C.]], a sports magazine. Due to a communications blackout that started on 5 August 2019, these offers could not be fulfilled.<ref name="caravan">{{cite journal |title=Capturing Kashmir |journal=[[The Caravan]] |date=2 September 2019 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/a-woman-photojournalist-navigates-state-and-patriarchy-in-the-valley |access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref> In April 2020, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] named Zahra in an [[First Information Report|FIR]] under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]], which is normally used for targeting terrorists.{{refn|name=UAPA|<ref name="thewire1">{{cite news |title='State Has Hounded Masrat Zahra': 450 Activists, Scholars Condemn UAPA Use on Journalists |url=https://thewire.in/rights/masrat-zahra-uapa-condemn-statement |access-date=11 June 2020 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=27 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="sahara">{{cite news |author1=Sareer Khalid |title=جموں کشمیر کی پہلی اور واحد خاتون فوٹو جرنلسٹ پر ملک دشمن سرگرمیوں کے الزام میں مقدمہ |trans-title=Charges against first and alone female photojournalist of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://www.roznamasahara.com/jammu--kashmirs-first--only-female-photo-journalist-charged-for-anti-national-social-media-posts.html |access-date=11 June 2020 |work=Roznama Rashtriya Sahara |date=20 April 2020 |language=ur |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611200354/http://www.roznamasahara.com/jammu--kashmirs-first--only-female-photo-journalist-charged-for-anti-national-social-media-posts.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="huffpost">{{cite news |author1=Shafaq Shah |title='Don't Know What To Say, How To React': Kashmiri Journalist Booked For 'Anti-National' Posts |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/masrat-zahra-kashmir-journalist-booked-anti-national-posts_in_5e9daa97c5b63c5b58721346 |access-date=11 June 2020 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=20 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="theprint">{{cite news |author1=AZAAN JAVAID |title=I'm speechless, says J&K journalist Masrat Zahra after being booked for 'anti-national' posts |url=https://theprint.in/india/im-speechless-says-jk-journalist-masrat-zahra-after-being-booked-for-anti-national-posts/405195/ |access-date=11 June 2020 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=20 April 2020}}</ref>}} The police said they had been informed that Zahra was uploading "anti-national posts" to Facebook with "criminal intention to induce the youth", whereas she had only uploaded her published photographs.<ref name="freepress">{{cite news |title=Who is Kashmiri journalist Masrat Zahra? Why was she booked under UAPA? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-is-kashmiri-journalist-masrat-zahra-why-was-she-booked-under-uapa |access-date=11 June 2020 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=20 April 2020}}</ref> The move was condemned by 450 activists and scholars as an instance of targeting of journalists.{{refn|name=UAPA}}

==Awards==
In 2020, Zahra won the Anja Niedringhaus Courage in Photojournalism award from the [[International Women's Media Foundation]].<ref name="iwmf">{{cite web |title=Anja Niedringhaus Courage In Photojournalism Award |url=https://www.iwmf.org/awards/anja-niedringhaus-courage-in-photojournalism-award/#:~:text=The%20Anja%20Niedringhaus%20Courage%20in,Niedringhaus%20(1965%2D2014).&text=The%20Award%20winner%20will%20be,a%20cash%20prize%20of%20%2420%2C000. |publisher=[[International Women's Media Foundation]] |access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="observer">{{cite news |title=Masrat Zahra Wins Top Photojournalism Award |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2020/06/11/masrat-zahra-wins-top-photojournalism-award/ |access-date=11 June 2020 |work=Kashmir Observer |date=11 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="dw">{{cite news |author1=Rebecca Staudenmaier |title=Kashmir conflict photographer Masrat Zahra wins top photojournalism award |url=https://www.dw.com/en/kashmir-conflict-photographer-masrat-zahra-wins-top-photojournalism-award/a-53775419 |access-date=11 June 2020 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=11 June 2020}}</ref> She was awarded with Peter Mackler Award for Courageous and Ethical Journalism 2020 for "telling [stories] of the women of Kashmir."<ref name="PMA">{{Cite news|title=Journalist Masrat Zahra wins 2020 Peter Mackler Award for Courageous and Ethical Journalism|url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2020/08/journalist-masrat-zahra-wins-2020-peter-mackler-award-for-courageous-and-ethical-journalism/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822170430/https://thekashmirwalla.com/2020/08/journalist-masrat-zahra-wins-2020-peter-mackler-award-for-courageous-and-ethical-journalism/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 August 2020|date=22 August 2020|publisher=The Kashmir Walla|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sanaullah Bhat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{IWMF awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zahra, Masrat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Indian photojournalists]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Kashmiri journalists]]
[[Category:Women war correspondents]]
[[Category:Photojournalism]]
[[Category:Indian women photographers]]
[[Category:Women photojournalists]]
[[Category:Peter Mackler Award for Courageous and Ethical Journalism]]

Charan

2026-01-28T17:02:41Z

Ambaputra: content update

{{Short description|Caste in South Asia}}
{{other uses}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox caste
|region=[[Rajasthan]] • [[Haryana]] • [[Gujarat]] • [[Madhya Pradesh]] • [[Maharashtra]] • [[Sindh]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=Pakistan Office of the Census |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKwZAAAAMAAJ |title=Population Census of Pakistan, 1961: West Pakistan: 1.Karachi. 2.Lahore. 3.Gujranwala. 4.Rawalpindi. 5.Lyallpur. 6.Multan. 7.Quetta. 8.Peshawar. 9.Hyderabad. 10.Sukkur. 11.Bahawalpur. 12.Hazara. 13.Sialkot. 14.Sargodha. 15.Mianwali. 16.Jhang. 17.Loralai. 18.Sibi. 19.Jacobabad. 20.Campbellpur. 21.Gujrat. 22.Bannu. 23.Jhelum. 24.Tharparker. 25.Larkana. 26.Thatta. 27.Mekran |date=1962 |language=en |quote=There are other castes of Hindus i.e., Brahmans, Lohanas, Khatries, Sutars, Charans, Sonaras, Kalals etc.}}</ref> • [[Balochistan]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQS-DAAAQBAJ |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |date=2016-03-14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-67389-8 |language=en |quote=Charan migratory history traces their movements between Baluchistan, Jaisalmer, Marwar, Gujarat and Kutch.}}</ref>
|languages=[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] • [[Marwari language|Marwari]] • [[Mewari language|Mewari]] • [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] • [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] • [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|religions=[[Hinduism]]
|image=Chāran Gordhan Singh on a Terrace at Night ca. 1725.jpg|caption=Painting depicting Charan Gordhan Singh in [[Bikaner state|Bikaner kingdom]], 1725 CE ([[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])|country=[[India]] • [[Pakistan]]
|image_size=250px
}}

'''Charan''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Cāraṇ; [[Sanskrit]]: चारण; [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: ચારણ; [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: چارڻ; IPA: cɑːrəɳə) is a [[Caste system in India|caste]] natively residing in the [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] states of [[India]], as well as the [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] provinces of [[Pakistan]]. Historically, Charans have been engaged in diverse occupations like bards, [[poet]]s, [[historian]]s, [[Pastoralism|pastoralists]], [[Farmer|agriculturalists]] and also [[Administrator of the government|administrators]], [[jagir]]dars and [[warrior]]s and some even as [[Trader (finance)|traders]].<ref>* {{Cite journal |last=Palriwala |first=Rajni |date=1993 |title=Economics and Patriliny: Consumption and Authority within the Household |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520426 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=21 |issue=9/11 |pages=47–73 |doi=10.2307/3520426 |issn=0970-0293 |jstor=3520426 |quote="In Rajasthan, they were bards and 'literateurs', but also warriors and jagirdars, holders of land and power over men; the dependents of Rajputs, their equals and their teachers. On my initial visit and subsequently, I was assured of this fact vis-a-vis Panchwas and introduced to the thakurs, who in life-style, the practice of female seclusion, and various reference points they alluded to appeared as Rajputs. While other villagers insisted that Rajputs and Charans were all the same to them, the Charans, were not trying to pass themselves off as Rajputs, but indicating that they were as good as Rajputs if not ritually superior....most of the ex-landlord households, the Charans and one Pathan, remained in the middle and upper ranks of village society"|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kapadia |first=Aparna |title=Imagining Region in Late Colonial India: Jhaverchand Meghani and the Construction of Saurashtra (1921–47) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/imagining-region-in-late-colonial-india-jhaverchand-meghani-and-the-construction-of-saurashtra-192147/B7073EE84202B3C8B6FB39CBDA58281F |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |year=2022 |volume=81 |issue=3 |language=en |pages=541–560 |doi=10.1017/S0021911822000080 |s2cid=248169878 |issn=0021-9118 |quote="Movement was also integral to the work of the Charans, who emerged as the preservers of Rajput culture and served various administrative and diplomatic functions...Historically, violence was fundamental to Charans’ preservation of their sacred and ethical authority. From about the thirteenth century, Charans had served various bureaucratic functions for their patrons, including as security for private or government transactions."|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=Kim |date=1993-01-01 |title=Negotiating sacred space: The Mandirand the Oran as contested sites |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00856409308723191 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=16 |issue=sup001 |pages=49–60 |doi=10.1080/00856409308723191 |issn=0085-6401 |quote="In the past some Charans were agriculturalists, engaged in farming lands which were divided equally between male descendants of the lineage. Others were cowherds and caravan escorts...."|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Marcus |first=George E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYK2AAAAIAAJ |title=Elites, Ethnographic Issues |date=1983 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |isbn=978-0-8263-0658-6 |pages=219 |language=en |quote=Charans were court poets and historians, "bards"...Prominent Charan (caste of bards) dewans or senior court servants included Kaviraj (court poet) Shyamaldas at Udaipur and Kaviraj Murardan at Jodhpur.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shah |first=P. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGseAAAAMAAJ |title=Raj Marwar During British Paramountcy: A Study in Problems and Policies Up to 1923 |date=1982 |publisher=Sharda Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7855-1985-0 |pages=194 |language=en |quote="The Charans constituted a body of faithful companions of the Rajputs. They composed poems in praise of the heroic deeds of the Rajputs, and thus inspired them with courage and fortitude. They also guarded the mansions of their patrons, gave protection to their women and children during emergency and also acted as tutors for the young ones. In return land gifts and honours were conferred upon them. The Charans, who could not devote themselves to intellectual pursuits, took to trade. They also protected merchants and travellers passing through desolate regions and forests."}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Saurabh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZyoCgAAQBAJ |title=Politics of Water Conservation: Delivering Development in Rural Rajasthan, India |date=2015-10-01 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-21392-7 |pages=42 |language=en |quote="Sharma (ibid) argues that the ex-Zamindars (or landlords) who own big landholdings even today are influential but those who do not retain it are not only less influential but have also slid down the scale of status hierarchy. The families most affected by this belong to the Rajputs, Jats, Charans and Brahmins (all traditionally powerful caste groups)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Matheson |first=Sylvia A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajasthan, Land of Kings |date=1984 |publisher=Vendome Press |isbn=978-0-86565-046-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hastings |first=James M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nReHAAAAMAAJ |title=Poets, Sants, and Warriors: The Dadu Panth, Religious Change and Identity Formation in Jaipur State Circa 1562-1860 Ce |date=2002 |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |pages=23 |language=en |quote="In Rajasthan, the Charans are a highly esteemed caste seen as occupying a social position slightly lower than that of Brahmins but above that of Rajputs, with whom they maintain a symbiotic relationship...Like Rajputs, with whom they often shared company, Charans would eat meat, drink liquor and engage in martial activities...Although, in a way, poetic composition and recitation was for them a “pastime” subordinate to the primary income producing occupations of military service, agriculture, and horse and cattle trading..."}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Pratibha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dufZAAAAMAAJ |title=Honour, Status & Polity |last2=Śarmā |first2=Saṅgītā |date=2004 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-859-8 |language=en |quote="The Charans have also received applause and appreciation for their contribution as historians of medieval Rajasthan."}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vinay |first=Srivastava |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mq1HAAAAYAAJ |title=Methodology and Fieldwork |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566727-1 |language=en |quote="They were the Rajputs' geneologists, historians, and teachers; sometimes they were leading state servants, sometimes guides and protectors of trade. Killing a Charan, like killing a brahmin, was a mortal sin. It was the duty of powerful Rajput patrons to support and honour..."}}</ref>

== Historical roles and occupations ==

=== Poets and historians ===
[[Rajasthani literature|Rajasthani]] and [[Gujarati literature]] from the early and medieval period, up to the 19th century, has been mainly composed by Charans. The relationship between Charans and [[Rajput]]s is deeprooted in history. As Charans used to partake in [[battle]]s alongside Rajputs, they were [[witness]]es not only to battles but also to many other occasions and episodes forming part of the contemporary Rajput life. The poems composed about such [[war]]s and incidents had two qualities: basic historical [[truth]] and vivid, realistic and pictorial [[description]]s, particularly of [[hero]]es, heroic deeds and battles.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Maheshwari |first=Hiralal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rK42AAAAIAAJ |title=History of Rajasthani Literature |date=1980 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |language=en}}</ref>

The Chāran [[poetry]] is mostly descriptive in style and can be categorized in two forms: [[narrative]] and stray. The narrative form of Charan poetry goes by various names viz., ''Rās'', ''Rāsau'', ''Rūpak'', ''Prakās'', ''[[Chhand]]'', ''Vilās'', ''Prabandh'', ''Āyan'', ''Sanvād'', etc. These poems are also named after metres such as, ''Kavitt'', ''Kundaliyā'', ''Jhūlaņā'', ''Nīsāṇī'', ''Jhamāl'' and ''Veli'' etc. Poems of stray form also use a variety of such metres.<ref name=":12" /> Written in [[Dingal]], the various sources, known as ''bata (vata), [[khyat]]a, vigata, pidhiavali,'' and ''vamsavali,'' form the most important body of [[Raw data|primary data]] for the study of the medieval period. They also functioned as [[List of oral repositories|oral repositories]] of ruling dynasties.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Ziegler |first=Norman P. |date=1976 |title=The Seventeenth Century Chronicles of Mārvāṛa: A Study in the Evolution and Use of Oral Traditions in Western India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171564 |journal=History in Africa |volume=3 |pages=127–153 |doi=10.2307/3171564 |jstor=3171564 |s2cid=156943079 |issn=0361-5413}}</ref>

Although, for Charans, poetic composition and [[recitation]] was only a hereditary '[[Hobby|pastime]]', subordinate to the primary income producing occupations of [[military service]], [[agriculture]], and [[Horse trading|horse]] and [[Cattle|cattle trading]]. Ambitious and talented boys, however, pursued [[traditional education]] from other learned Charans for comprehensive guidance. When accepted by them as students, they would receive training in the basics of poetic composition and narration as well as the specialized languages by precept and example, with emphasis on [[memorization]] and [[Recitation|oral recitation]]. Students would in turn recite the compositions, constantly improving their style. Knowledge of languages such as [[Dingal]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Urdu]], and [[Persian language|Persian]] was also acquired with the aid of specialized masters. Thus, the subjects studied included not only [[history]] and [[literature]], but also [[religion]], [[music]], and [[astrology]].<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Velcheru Narayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0RuAAAAMAAJ |title=Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 1600-1800 |last2=Nārāyaṇarāvu |first2=Vēlcēru |last3=Shulman |first3=David Dean |last4=Subrahmanyam |first4=Sanjay |date=2003 |publisher=Other Press |isbn=978-1-59051-044-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Renowned Charan poets of the time were part of the [[royal court]]s, attaining the rank of [[Kaviraj]]a or "court-laureate" and assuming positions of great influence.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":22" /> Such learned Charans were exceptionally honoured by the rulers. The rulers bestowed [[award]]s whose value amounted to lakh (a hundred thousand) or krore (ten million), hence these were termed as ''Lakh Pasav'' or ''Krore Pasav''. These awards consisted of ''[[Sasan (land grant)|sasan]]'' lands, [[horse]]s, [[elephant]]s, and [[Ornament (art)|ornaments]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paul|first=Kim|date=1993-01-01|title=Negotiating sacred space: The Mandirand the Oran as contested sites|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00856409308723191|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=16|issue=sup001|pages=49–60|doi=10.1080/00856409308723191|issn=0085-6401|quote="In the past some Charans were agriculturalists, engaged in farming lands which were divided equally between male descendants of the lineage. Others were cowherds and caravan escorts...."|url-access=subscription}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Ummed Ram Bareth of Mahund, Alwar State (1810 CE).jpg|Ummeda Rāma Bāreṭha of Mahund, [[Alwar State]] (1810 CE)
File:Portrait of Ishwardas Barhath, c. 1830.jpg|Portrait of Iśvaradāsa Bārahaṭha of Marwar (1830 CE)
</gallery>

=== Administrators ===
As per their administrative and ritual positions, Charans were integral to numerous indigenous [[court]]s in the region including [[Rajputana]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], [[Malwa]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]], [[Sindh]], and [[Gujarat]]. They served various [[Administration (government)|administrative]] and [[Diplomatics|diplomatic]] functions, sometimes as leading state dignitaries.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Kapadia |first=Aparna |title=Imagining Region in Late Colonial India: Jhaverchand Meghani and the Construction of Saurashtra (1921–47) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/imagining-region-in-late-colonial-india-jhaverchand-meghani-and-the-construction-of-saurashtra-192147/B7073EE84202B3C8B6FB39CBDA58281F |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |year=2022 |volume=81 |issue=3 |language=en |pages=541–560 |doi=10.1017/S0021911822000080 |s2cid=248169878 |issn=0021-9118 |quote="Movement was also integral to the work of the Charans, who emerged as the preservers of Rajput culture and served various administrative and diplomatic functions...Historically, violence was fundamental to Charans’ preservation of their sacred and ethical authority. From about the thirteenth century, Charans had served various bureaucratic functions for their patrons, including as security for private or government transactions."|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Development of social, religious and economic structure in medieval Rajasthan: A study with reference to conditions during 1201-1707 a.d {{!}} International Journal of Development Research (IJDR) |url=https://www.journalijdr.com/development-social-religious-and-economic-structure-medieval-rajasthan-study-reference-conditions |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=www.journalijdr.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vinay |first=Srivastava |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mq1HAAAAYAAJ |title=Methodology and Fieldwork |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566727-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7X23AAAAIAAJ |title=Mahārāṇā Pratāpa ke pramukha sahayogī |date=1997 |publisher=Rājasthānī Granthāgāra |language=hi}}</ref>

By nineteenth century, these formed major and minor [[Bureaucracy|bureaucratic]] lineages which played a significant role in the [[Power vacuum|power struggle]] and the [[policy]] formation in the princely states. [[Recruitment]] to positions in the political bureaucracy in the nineteenth century states of Rajputana was based on the community and the recognized and established lineages. Charan as an indigenous community with [[tradition]]s of literacy and service contributed significantly in the senior crown appointments. Persons belonging to such an administrative class, as a result of [[Public service|state service]], were also granted [[jagir]]s and [[Court of Honor|court honours]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Rudolph |first1=Susanne Hoeber |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Djabj9gefZ0C |title=Essays on Rajputana: Reflections on History, Culture, and Administration |last2=Rudolph |first2=Lloyd I. |date=1984 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en |quote="At the outer edge of qualification norms is standing in one of the respectable (usually twice-born) and traditionally literate castes or communities of Rajputana-such as Rajputs, Oswals, Maheshwaris, Kayasths, Charans, Brahmans, and Muslims....the bureaucratic lineages in and out of power, whether from within (mutsaddi, Rajput, Muslim, Charan etc.)...Prominent Charan Dewans or senior court servants included Kaviraj (court poet) Shyamaldas at Udaipur and Kaviraj Murardan at Jodhpur."}}</ref> During the medieval period, Charans along with Rajputs and [[Bania (caste)|Baniyas]] dominated the administration in [[princely state]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhasin |first=Veena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0iBAAAAMAAJ |title=Medical Anthropology, Tribals of Rajasthan |date=2005 |publisher=Kamala-Raj Enterprises |isbn=978-81-85264-35-6 |language=en |quote="The states were divided into various categories of Jagirs. During medieval period, Rajputs, Charans and Baniyas dominated the princely states. The Rajputs had a dominant status either as central ruler or Jagirdar and Thikanedar though lower to the Brahmins in ritual hierarchy. Next to them in status were Baniyas, followed by clean artisans, peasants and service castes. Baniya, though in minority had skills to run the administration . The status of Brahmin was subordinate in administration; instead Charans were close to the Rajputs. Vidal ( 1997 ) portray a picture of society and kingship in Sirohi area of Rajasthan where bards appeared as the real ideologues"}}</ref> Charans enjoyed intimate relations with the [[ruler]]s who placed high [[confidence]] in them; consequently, they came to play the role of [[Mediation|mediators]] in most of the political matters in the medieval kingdoms prior to [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhati |first=N. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r98tAAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in Marwar History |date=1979 |publisher=Rajasthani Shodh Sansthan |language=en |quote="The Charans acted as bards to the royal family but due to their intimate relations with the rulers they enjoyed their confidence and many times they acted as mediators in political affairs and enjoyed hereditry Jagir (Sasan) rights."}}</ref>

Some of the prominent Charan administrators holding positions such as of [[Dewan|Diwan]] (Prime Minister) in 19th and 20th century were [[Kaviraj Shyamaldas|Kaviraja Shyamaldas]] of [[Udaipur State|Mewar]], [[Kaviraja Muraridan]] of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]], and Ramnathji Ratnu of [[Kishangarh State|Kishengarh]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Marcus |first=George E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYK2AAAAIAAJ |title=Elites, Ethnographic Issues |date=1983 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |isbn=978-0-8263-0658-6 |language=en}}</ref> The Ratnu family of Sikar formed one such bureaucratic lineage whose members were Diwans of [[Sikar district|Sikar]], [[Idar State|Idar]], [[Kishangarh State|Kishengarh]], and [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawad]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Śekhāvata |first=Raghunāthasiṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jpuAAAAMAAJ |title=Shekhawati Pradesh ka rajnitik itihas |date=1998 |publisher=Ṭhā. Mallūsiṃha Smr̥ti Granthāgāra |language=hi |quote="दीवानजी का बास तेजमालजी नामक रत्नू चारण को सीकर ठिकाने की ओर से 1500 बीघा भूमि चंदपुरा गांव की सीमा में दी । तेजमालजी के तीन पुत्र रामनाथ, बद्रीदान व स्योबक्सजी बताये जाते हैं । रामनाथ किशनगढ़ राज्य के दीवान बने, स्योबक्स जी झालावाड़ व बद्रीदान माधोसिंह सीकर के दीवान थे । बद्रीदान को माधोसिंह ने बोदलासी ( नेछवा के पास ) की छः हजार बीघा भूमि प्रदान की । इनके पुत्र कुमेरदानजी सीकर ठिकाने में दीवान थे । चंदपुरा आज दीवानजी का बास के नाम से जाना जाता है । बद्रीदान के वंशज दीवानजी का बास व बोदलासी दोनों जगह रहते हैं ।"}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

=== Warriors and military role ===
Charans were an integral part of the [[military]], administrative, [[Politics|political]] and [[social system]] of the medieval kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDVZDinCIzQC |title=Indica |date=2007 |publisher=Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College. |language=en}}</ref> Similar to the Rajputs, with whom they were often associated, Charans would consume meat, alcohol, and participate in martial activities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hastings |first=James M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nReHAAAAMAAJ |title=Poets, Sants, and Warriors: The Dadu Panth, Religious Change and Identity Formation in Jaipur State Circa 1562-1860 Ce |date=2002 |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |language=en |quote=Like Rajputs, with whom they often shared company, Charans would eat meat, drink liquor and engage in martial activities.}}</ref> They were known for their [[loyalty]] and were respected by the rulers for their skills in [[chivalry]] and [[sacrifice]] on the [[battlefield]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Pratibha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dufZAAAAMAAJ |title=Honour, Status & Polity |last2=Śarmā |first2=Saṅgītā |date=2004 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-859-8 |language=en |quote=Charans were known for their exemplary courage on the battlefield in Mewar . During Maharana Sanga's and Maharana Pratap's reigns, the roll of honour has names of prominent Charans.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Research |first=Rajasthan Institute of Historical |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxhDAAAAYAAJ |title=Journal of the Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research |date=1968 |language=en |quote=Charanas also used to fight in the battle fields along the kings. They were equally rich in the use of sword, pen and voice. These people had no concern with the religious sermons, and even then they enjoyed a great respect in the royal courts as well as in the society. They used to receive many big Jagirs from the kings! We can find several instances in the history of Rajasthan where the king himself carried their palnquin on his own shoulders.}}</ref>
[[File:A Charan of Jodhpur, 1890.jpg|thumb|Charan man in [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur State]], photographed for the 1891 Census Report]]
Numerous Charans have fought in the battles of Mewar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paliwal |first=D. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFdXAAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar Through the Ages |date=1970 |publisher=Sahitya Sansthan, Rajasthan Vidyapeeth |language=en |quote=In between the social order of the Rajputs and the Brahmins there is a caste of the Charans which exercised a great respectability and influence in Mewar. As an equal partner in war and peace his place was enviable. Many a charans fought to their last in the decisive battles of Mewar.}}</ref> The roll of honour during the reigns of various rulers such as [[Rana Sanga|Sanga]] and [[Maharana Pratap|Pratap]] contains the names of prominent Charans.<ref name=":11" /> Karamsi Ashiya fought in the [[Battle of Maholi]] in favour of [[Udai Singh II]] against [[Banvir]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Guptā |first=Mohanalāla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXtuAAAAMAAJ |title=Jālora kā rājanītika evaṃ sāṃskr̥tika itihāsa |date=1995 |publisher=Mātr̥chāyā Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref> In the [[Battle of Haldighati]], many of them fought for Mewar including Charans of Sonyana led by Jaisaji and Keshavji Sauda,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gopi Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P409AAAAMAAJ |title=Glories of Mewar |date=1974 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company |language=en}}</ref> as well as Ramaji and Kanhaji Sandu, Govardhan and Abhaychand Boksha, Ramdas Dharmawat, etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Girase |first=Jaypalsingh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onH0DwAAQBAJ |title=Rashtragaurav Maharana Pratapsingh: Ek Aprajit Yoddha |date=2020-08-02 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64919-952-2 |language=hi}}</ref>

In the [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore|Khilji's invasion of Jalore]] in 1311 CE, Sahaj Pal Gadan died fighting valiantly alongside [[Kanhadadeva]] against [[Alauddin Khalji|Alauddin Khilji]].<ref name=":13" /> Kanhaji Arha slained Sanga, the Raja of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]] and founder of [[Sanganer]], thus avenging the death of his friend Karamchand Naruka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agravāla |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ZFAQAAIAAJ |title=Cūrū Maṇḍala kā śodhapūrṇa itihāsa |date=1974 |publisher=Loka Saṃskr̥ti Śodha Saṃsthāna |language=hi}}</ref> Hapaji Barhath of Marwar fought for the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in the [[Akbar's conquest of Gujarat|Battle of Ahmedabad]], leading an army of one hundred elephants under his command.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Centre for Historical Studies |first=Jawaharlal Nehru University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAq2AAAAIAAJ |title=Studies in History |date=1980 |publisher=Sage |language=en}}</ref> Narupal Kavia was a commander in [[Man Singh I|Man Singh]]'s forces during the Mughal conquest of [[Odisha|Orissa]]. During an ambush by Sultan Qatlu Khan's large army, he, Bika Rathor, and Mahesh Das made a last stand and sacrificed their lives while the rest of the imperial force fled.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DiUKAQAAIAAJ |title=The History of Bengal |date=1943 |publisher=University of Dacca |language=en |quote=On 21st May, near sunset, he was suddenly surprised by the enemy in over whelming force; the careless and disordered imperialists after a little fight fled away; Bikā Rathor, Mahesh Das and Naru Chāran bravely sacrificed their lives, but could not stem the rout.}}</ref>

In the Gujarat region, Charans served in the army in large numbers. The [[Tumbel]] clan was especially prominent, with many of its members serving in the army of [[Jam Rawal|Jam Raval]], the founder of [[Nawanagar State|Jamnagar State]]. Throughout history, the [[Jadeja]] rulers of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] sent troops under the leadership of Charans to fight on various occasions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singhji |first=Virbhadra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC |title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-546-9 |language=en}}</ref>

In the famous [[Battle of Dharmat]] in 1658 CE, four renowned [[warrior]]s - Khidiya Jagmal Dharmawat, Barhath Jasraj Venidasot, Bhimajal Misran, and Dharmaji Charan - valiantly fought on the side of Maharaja [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]] and [[Ratan Singh Rathore]] and perished.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinh |first=Raghubir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rg5AAAAAIAAJ |title=Ratalāma kā prathama rājya, usakī sthāpanā evaṃ anta: īsā kī 17 vīṃ śatābdī |date=1950 |publisher=Rājakamala Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref> When [[Durgadas Rathore|Durgadas]] planned the rescue of [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]], the [[Rajput War (1679–1707)|Battle of Delhi]] saw Charan Samdan and Mishan Ratan become martyrs for their homeland in their fight against the Mughals. Charan Jogidas, Mishan Bharmal, Sarau, Asal Dhanu and Vithu Kanau were the chosen [[warrior]]s who escorted [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Prince Akbar]] to [[Sambhaji|Sambhaji's]] court.<ref name="sharma" />

Chandidas Charan of [[Alwar State|Alwar]] faced off against [[Mirza Najaf Khan|Nawab Najaf Khan]] at [[Thanagazi Assembly constituency|Thana Gazi]] for a month halting his march to a standstill until Chandidas was called back to Alwar by [[Pratap Singh Prabhakar|Pratap Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nāgorī |first=Esa Ela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P89AAAAAMAAJ |title=Alavara Rājaya kā itihāsa, 1775-1857 |date=1982 |publisher=Cinmaya Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref> Bhupati Ram Charan was the [[General officer|General]] of the [[Hada Chauhan|Hada]] army of [[Kota State|Kota]] who made a strong stand in the [[Battle of Rajamahal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Beni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIgeAAAAMAAJ |title=Maratha Penetration Into Rajasthan: Through the Mukandara Pass |date=1979 |publisher=Research |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, Kaviraja Bhairav Dan was the [[Commandant]] of the Army of [[Bikaner State]] in 19th-century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nwUqnwj4h4C |title=Chiefs and Leading Families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |language=en}}</ref>

At many places in Gujarat, Charans had revolted against the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|mutiny of 1857]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |language=en}}</ref> Kandas, the Charan [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]] chief, was a trusted ally of the [[Baroda Residency|Baroda Resident]] who sought Kandas' help to gain Charan support for the [[British Raj|British]]. However, Kandas raised [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]]'s banner, gathering [[Koli people|Koli]] chiefs and retired [[sepoy]]s from Panchmahal to come to mutineers' aid.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dharaiya |first=Ramanlal Kakalbhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqXZow1qdnwC |title=Gujarat in 1857 |date=1970 |publisher=Gujarat University |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14" />

=== Arbitrators and diplomats ===
Charans fulfilled the crucial role of [[diplomat]]s, [[Surety|guarantors]], and [[Arbitral tribunal|arbitrators]] in [[Negotiation|political negotiations]] and [[financial transaction]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapadia |first=Aparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrxsDwAAQBAJ |title=Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region |date=2018-05-16 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-15331-8 |language=en |quote=Charans accompanied these warriors in battles, sang of their glory in war, and, as late as the nineteenth century, served as guarantors and diplomats for their lieges on account of their sacred association with various forms of the mother goddess.}}</ref> No [[Treaty|treaties]] between [[king]]s after a [[war]] or [[contract]]s between [[Patronage|patrons]] and clients were considered valid without a Chāran acting as a guarantor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Basu |first=Helene |date=2005 |title=Practices of Praise and Social Constructions of Identity: The Bards of North-West India |journal=[[Archives de sciences sociales des religions]] |volume=50 |issue=130 |pages=81–105 |doi=10.4000/assr.2795 |jstor=30116669 |s2cid=145362328 |issn=0335-5985 |quote=No contract between kings after a war, or between patrons and clients agreeing the terms whereby services be rendered, nor any other contract was considered valid without a Chāran guaranteeing on his own and/or the life of his family that the terms agreed upon would be fulfilled. They provided the same service for merchants and traders on their long treks through the desert up north, when they accompanied caravans for their protection against plundering bandits.|doi-access=free }}</ref> Since the Charans were deemed [[Sacrosanctity|sacrosanct]] and causing them harm was considered a [[sin]], they were chosen as [[Surety|sureties]] whenever a [[Law|legal]] guarantee was required. Therefore, important pacts, [[engagement]]s, transfers, [[Debt collection|recovery of debts]], [[Financial transaction|transactions]], and even the signing of [[Treaty|treaties]] were always presided by a Charan. Records indicate, they also served as sureties for the collection of land [[revenue]] from the sixteenth century down to 1816.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Schaflechner |first=Jürgen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khBADwAAQBAJ |title=Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-085052-4 |language=en |quote=Charans were also warrantors for contracts, guaranteeing adherence to certain agreements between two parties with their lives.}}</ref>

In the cases when these contracts were not honoured or when the Charans themselves were subjected to an [[injustice]], they would [[wound]], even [[The Immolation|immolate]], or [[Mutilation|mutilate]] themselves, thus casting [[curse]] of the death of a Charan on the [[Crime|offender]]. The mark of the [[dagger]], signifying the threat of self-sacrifice, served as their [[signature]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Aparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmyqPwAACAAJ |title=Nomadism in South Asia |last2=Casimir |first2=Michael J. |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-569890-9 |language=en |quote=One of their functions was the witnessing and guaranteeing of important transactions. Their power of enforcement lay in the threat to kill themselves, if necessary, to bring supernatural forces to bear against the violator.}}</ref>

Moreover, they were the traditional arbitrators of [[Conflict of interest|conflicts]] between the various Rajput clans or branches. Rajput clans would send their [[Family|families]] and [[child]]ren to the homes of Charans for [[safeguarding]] during times of [[violence]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sabita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bSmDwAAQBAJ |title=The Politics of Marriage in India: Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan |date=2019-05-27 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909828-6 |language=en |quote=The Charans were also used by the rulers for political negotiations as is evident from the fact that in the case of enmity between Rathore Rao Rinmal of Sojat (son of Rao Chuda) and Bhattis, the Bhattis sent Charan Sandhayach to plead with Rinmal not to trouble them. He succeeded in his task, which led to the establishment of matrimonial alliance between the two sides....Also, the importance of the Charans in the social structure of Rajasthan can be assessed from the fact that the Ranis (queens), who had young children, but had resolved to commit sati, would hand over their children to the care of the Charans, indicating the kind of trust that they enjoyed. There are examples of handing over children to the Brahmins also, but these examples are far less than those of the Charans.}}</ref> The role of messengers and mediators was taken over by Charans in [[negotiation]]s between [[Hostility|hostile]] or warring groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chatterji |first1=Anjali |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Anjali |date=2000 |title=Sectional President's Address: ASPECTS OF MEDIEVAL INDIAN SOCIETY: GLEANINGS FROM CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148098 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=61 |pages=196–241 |jstor=44148098 |issn=2249-1937 |quote=Due to their intimate relation with rulers charans enjoyed their confidence and often they acted as mediators in political affairs and also enjoy hereditary Jagirs i.e., Sasan rights.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Saran |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plP7DwAAQBAJ |title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462-1660, Volumes 1-2 |last2=Ziegler |first2=Norman P. |date=2001 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-03821-3 |language=en |quote=Caran Jhuto appears in this passage as a go-between. Carans in Rajasthan, because of their sacred status, often assumed this role in negotiations between hostile or warring groups.}}</ref> They acted as [[Diplomat|emissaries]] in times of war.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSNtEAAAQBAJ |title=Lives of the Indian Princes |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Sharada |date=1984 |publisher=BPI Publishing |isbn=978-81-86982-05-1 |language=en |quote=They also acted as intermediaries in negotiating marriages, in guaranteeing the settlement of debts and disputes and as emissaries in times of war.}}</ref> Even the [[British Raj|British]] called upon the Charans to mediate the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] peace agreements of the early nineteenth century.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Desert Frontier: A History of Travel and Nomadism |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/the-desert-frontier-history-of-travel-and-nomadism |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Sahapedia |language=en |quote=The Charans acted as arbitrators and guarantors in dealings and agreements between Rajputs, once again resorting to taga if one party did not keep his end of the bargain. Such glorification of death worked in a society dominated by a Rajput community that set great store by dying in the battlefield for Rajput men and by self-immolation for their women.}}</ref>

The British colonial intervention in the administration of the [[princely state]]s, in time, brought decline in these functions of the Charans.<ref name=":9" /> However, well into the colonial period, Charans continued to perform this long-standing functions of theirs, to serve as [[witness]]es or guarantors in commercial transactions and financial contracts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snodgrass |first=Jeffrey G. |date=2004 |title=The Centre Cannot Hold: Tales of Hierarchy and Poetic Composition from Modern Rajasthan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3804151 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=261–285 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2004.00189.x |jstor=3804151 |issn=1359-0987 |quote=Well into the colonial period, however, Charans continued to perform one of their other long-standing functions, which was to serve as witnesses or guarantors to commercial transactions and financial contracts. Some also carried on as providers of a related service, which was to act as guarantors of the security of caravans conveying goods in transit....Not least among these was the fact that the British might have seen royal bards – as arbitrators of disputes, witnesses to contracts and agreements, protectors of hostages, educators of kings and their offspring, composers of history, and indeed establishers of truth – as competitors of a kind and thus sought to eliminate them (Vidal 1997).}}</ref> Prior to the Charans revolting during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], they were part of the `loyal’ Central Gujrat British network, acting as mediators between princes and the [[people]], or [[prince]]s and the [[British Raj|British]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Amaresh |date=2017-11-25 |title=Gujarat in 1857 – When Hindus and Muslims fought together |url=https://www.tribunehindi.com/gujarat-in-1857-when-hindus-and-muslims-fought-together/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Tribunehindi.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Traders and merchants ===
<blockquote>They took advantage of their sacred position by assuming the occupation of carriers and traders as they were exempted from the payment of customs duties in [[Rajputana]] and the adjacent regions of [[Malwa]] and [[Gujarat]] in the pre-colonial period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vashishtha |first=Professor V.K. |date=2016 |title=Transformation in the Position of Charan Community in Rajputana States during Colonial Period |url=http://rajhisco.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Vol-31.pdf |journal=Rajasthan History Congress |volume=31 |pages=155–166 |via=RAJHISCO}}</ref></blockquote>Exercising their privilege to transport [[goods]] between various states with [[impunity]] and utilising the large wealth of [[cattle]] as pack animals, Charans were able to establish a "virtual [[monopoly]] of trade in North-Western India". Many Charans are said to have become wealthy [[merchant]]s and [[Money lenders|money-lenders]]. Their caravans were considered to be insured against [[Banditry|bandits]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Matheson|first=Sylvia A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCVuAAAAMAAJ|title=Rajasthan, Land of Kings|date=1984|publisher=Vendome Press|isbn=978-0-86565-046-6|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In Rajasthan, the Kachhela Charans excelled as merchants.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhry |first=P. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5K-1AAAAIAAJ |title=Rajasthan Between the Two World Wars, 1919-1939 |date=1968 |publisher=Sri Ram Mehra |language=en |quote="The Kachela Charans were traders . They were shrewd merchants and lighter dues were levied on them than on others."}}</ref>

Utilizing their favourable position since they had "exemption from perpetual and harassing imposts...they gradually became chief carriers and [[Trade route|traders]]". In Mallani, Charans were described as "large traders" possessing great privileges as a [[sacred]] race being exempted from local [[tariff|dues]] throughout [[Marwar]].<ref name=":2" />

Charan traders took large caravans of bullocks north to [[Marwar]] and [[Hindustan]], and east to [[Malwa]] through [[Gujarat]]. They traded in various commodities including [[ivory]], [[coconut]]s, [[alum]], and dry [[Date palm|dates]] which they take from [[Kutch district|Kutch]] while bringing back [[Maize|corn]] and [[tobacco]] from Marwar and Hindustan. [[Ivory]], brought from [[Africa]] to [[Mandvi]] in [[Gujarat]], was bought by Charan traders in return for [[grain]] and coarse [[Textile|cloth]]. From there, they transported ivory to be sold in Marwar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|title=A History of Rajasthan|date=2006|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0890-6|language=en}}</ref>

By late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they emerged as major [[Supply chain|suppliers]] of [[goods]] and [[weapon]]ry to the warring [[Army|armies]] of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]], [[Rajput]], and other factions. They sold their goods in the markets ranging from [[Punjab]] to [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagchi |first=Amiya Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wX1TW3MvhcC |title=Capital and Labour Redefined: India and the Third World |date=2002 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-068-6 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Salt road|Salt-Trade]] in Marwar involved thousands of people and pack animals like [[ox]]en and [[camel]]s. Charans along with Pushkarna [[Brahmin]]s and [[Bhil people|Bhils]] were engaged in salt-trade and exempted from the payment of custom duties. Kachhela Charans from [[Sindhari]] used to collect salt from [[Tilwara|Talwara]] and sell in other parts of [[Marwar]]. Charans were seen as, “great traders...who...paid no dues and in troubled times when [[Looting|plunder]] was rife...although trading with thousands of rupees worth of property were never molested”.<ref name=":2" />

The Charan traders made their encampments as fortified settlements whenever a long hault was required, either due to the long journey or as safeguard against lawless bandits and periodical rains. Sometimes, these fortified settlements evolved as [[Fortification|forts]] such as those of [[Bhainsrorgarh]]. Some of the Charan merchants were the privileged carriers of the Rajawaras (kingdoms) and thus had direct communication with the royal household. Their caravans also consisted of armies to safeguard their goods and encampments. Documents of princely states like [[Kota State|Kota]] records the names of several Charans as the affluent merchants of the region with their huge caravans trading with markets in western India.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Upadhyaya |first=Rashmi |date=2010 |title=The Position of Charans in Medieval Rajasthan |url=http://rajhisco.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/RAJHISCO-Vol-26A.pdf |journal=Rajasthan History Congress |volume=26 |pages=31–38 |via=rajhisco}}</ref>

The establishment of [[British Raj|British]] hegemony in northwestern India and subsequent colonial intervention on trade practices such as [[monopoly]] on [[salt]] and introduction of [[Rail transport|railways]] affected overall trading patterns leading to irreversible decline of communities in transportation business including Charans, [[Lohana]]s, and [[Banjara]]s. As a result, some of them settled as traders and [[Loan|money-lenders]] while others took to [[agriculture]].<ref name=":2" />

[[James Tod]] in the eighteenth century commented on the Kachhela Charans in [[Mewar]] who were traders by profession: <blockquote>It was a novel and interesting scene: the manly persons of the Charans, clad in the flowing white robe, with the high loose folded [[turban]] inclined on one side, from which the ''mala'', or chaplet, was gracefully suspended; the ''Naiks'', or leaders, with their massive [[necklace]]s of [[gold]], with the image of the ''pitresvaras'' (the ancestors) depending therefrom, gave the whole an air of opulence and dignity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Niyogi |first=Chandreyee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIFjDwAAQBAJ |title=Reorienting Orientalism |date=2006-04-05 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5280-548-8 |pages=78 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Weinberger-Thomas |first=Catherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wPthVcxWGkC |title=Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India |date=1999 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-88568-1 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Protectors of mercantile trade ===
<blockquote>The Charans held the reputation of defending the merchandise entrusted to their charge through [[sword]] and shield if necessary; or else, if outnumbered, by threatening to take, or even taking, their own life.<ref name=":3" /></blockquote>Charans were described as "greatest carriers of goods" for delivery in important centres of [[Malpura]], [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]], [[Sojat]], [[Ajmer]], and [[Bhilwara]] by acting as escorts(bailers).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan, District Gazetteers: Pali|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/rajasthan-district-gazetteers-pali-0|access-date=2022-01-14|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref> Throughout Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Malwa (Madhya Pradesh), Charans acted as escorts and protectors of mercantile trade throughout the journey.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sato (Professor.) |first=Masanori |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSxuAAAAMAAJ |title=Economy and Polity of Rajasthan: Study of Kota and Marwar, 17th-19th Centuries |date=1997 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-86782-14-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bhargava">{{Cite book |last=Bhargava |first=Hem Bala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Royalty, Feudalism, and Gender: As Portrayed by Foreign Travellers |date=2000 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-616-7 |pages=192 |language=en |quote=Heber writes that not only in Rajputana but in the wilder districts of South-west more war-like Charans were found. In Gujarat and Malwa the merchants and travellers hired Charans to protect them through their journey.}}</ref> The route of the caravans was through [[Suigam]]([[Gujarat]]), [[Sanchore|Sanchor]], [[Bhinmal]], [[Jalore|Jalor]] to [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rajput States and the East India Company|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/rajput-states-and-east-india-company|access-date=2022-01-14|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref> The inviolability of a Charan along with their knowledge of the [[trade route]]s distinguished them as ideal caravan escorts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Living goddesses, past and present in North-west India, German Scholars on India – Global InCH- International Journal of Intangible Cultural Heritage|url=https://globalinch.org/bibliography/living-goddesses-past-and-present-in-north-west-india-german-scholars-onindia/|access-date=2022-01-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Caravans of [[horse]]s, [[camel]]s and pack [[ox]]en carrying various [[Commodity|commodities]] passed through desolate stretches of [[desert]] and forested hills which were always under threat of [[Banditry|bandits]] and dacoits. Charans acted as the protectors and escorts. As caravan protectors, "[[sacred]] Charans" thwarted the attempts of bandits.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Yashaswini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VawSEAAAQBAJ|title=The Tale of the Horse: A History of India on Horseback|date=2021-01-22|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-93-89109-92-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paul|first=Kim|date=1993-01-01|title=Negotiating sacred space: The Mandirand the Oran as contested sites|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00856409308723191|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=16|issue=sup001|pages=49–60|doi=10.1080/00856409308723191|issn=0085-6401|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

If not strong enough to defend their [[convoy]] with [[sword]] and [[shield]], they would threaten to kill themselves. Given the position of Charans in the socio-cultural system of the time, the wilful killing of a Charan was equivalent to equally abominable crime of killing a Brahmin. As such, if a Charan did commit suicide over any transgression of the caravans under his guardianship, the marauder-robbers responsible for the suicide were deemed to have "earned the sin of a Charan's death, with all its post-life connotations of hell-fire and damnation." Thus, under the safety of Charans, commodities were transported from one region to another.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hunter|first=William Wilson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tAOzgEACAAJ|title=The Imperial Gazetteer Of India (Volume Xxi) Pushkar To Salween|date=2020-11-19|publisher=Alpha Editions|isbn=978-93-5421-782-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sahai|first=Nandita Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AttHAAAAMAAJ|title=Politics of Patronage and Protest: The State, Society, and Artisans in Early Modern Rajasthan|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567896-3|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQS-DAAAQBAJ |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |date=2016-03-14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-67389-8 |language=en |quote="The genealogists for Charans were Brahmins from Ujjain who periodically inscribed their genealogies in their accounts."}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

=== Horse trade ===
[[Horse trading|Horse trade]] was one of the prominent occupations of Charans.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jansen|first1=Jan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GLJkAAAAMAAJ|title=Epic Adventures: Heroic Narrative in the Oral Performance Traditions of Four Continents|last2=Maier|first2=Hendrik M. J.|date=2004|publisher=Lit|isbn=978-3-8258-6758-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Deva|first=B. Chaitanya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11bjCwAAQBAJ|title=INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN MUSIC|date=1992|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|isbn=978-81-230-2103-4|language=en}}</ref> Some Charan sub-groups like Kachhela Charans(from [[Kutch district|Kutch]] and [[Sindh]]) and Sorathia Charans(from [[Kathiawar]]) were historically engaged in horse breeding and trading.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtUSAQAAMAAJ|title=Social Scientist|date=2005|publisher=Indian School of Social Sciences.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dutson|first=Judith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PS6zop4lVSUC|title=Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America|date=2012-05-07|publisher=Storey Publishing|isbn=978-1-60342-918-4|language=en}}</ref> The common connection of horses also led to bonds between Charans and the [[Kathi people|Kathi]] tribe. Some Kuchela Charans settled around Mallani ([[Barmer district|Barmer]], Rajasthan) in western [[Rajasthan]] which was notable for its horse-breeding. [[Marwari horse]]s from this area came to be known as Mallani horses. By the 18th century, most of the horse trade business in the [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] kingdom was controlled by Charans, besides [[Afghans]]. Charan horse dealers were considered to be very well networked. In another example of the clout of horse-trading Charans, a Charan from the Kachhela subgroup arrived at the court of [[Marwar]] ruler, [[Takht Singh|Maharaja Takhat Singh]], under the auspices of the sect leader of [[Nath|Nath Sampradaya]], and marketed his horses, with 10 horses being directly purchased by the ruler himself.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Kamphorst|first=Janet|title=In praise of death: history and poetry in medieval Marwar (South Asia)|date=2008|publisher=Leiden University Press|isbn=978-90-485-0603-3|location=Leiden|oclc=614596834}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Saxena|first=Rajendra Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbtAAAAMAAJ|title=Karkhanas of the Mughal Zamindars: A Study in the Economic Development of 18th Century Rajputana|date=2002|publisher=Publication Scheme|isbn=978-81-86782-75-0|language=en}}</ref>

== Social structure ==

Members of the caste are considered to be divine by a large section of society. Women of the caste are adored as mother goddesses by other major communities of this region including, [[Khatris]] and [[Rajput]]s.<ref name="Shah">{{cite journal|last1=Shah |first1=A. M. |last2=Shroff |first2=R. G. |title=The Vahivanca Barots of Gujarat: A Caste of Genealogists and Mythographers |journal=Journal of American Folk-Lore |volume=71 |issue=281 |pages=246–276 |year=1958| doi=10.2307/538561| jstor= 538561 }}</ref> For centuries, Charans were known for their reputation of preferring to die rather than break a promise.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Caran |title=Cāraṇ, Hindu caste |website=Britannica.com}}</ref> Charan society is based on written [[genealogy]]. A Charan will consider all the other Charans as equal even if they do not know each other and have radically different economic or geographic status.<ref name="Thomson">{{cite journal|author=Thomson, G. R.|title=Charans of Gujarat: Caste Identity, Music and Cultural Change|journal= Ethnomusicology| volume=35| issue=3| pages=381–391|year=1991|doi=10.2307/851968|jstor=851968}}</ref> Charan men are also known as the sacrosanct guides of camel and pack oxen and caravans through Thar desert and as traders in horses, wool and salts, suppliers of food and [[weapon]]ry to armies.<ref name=":5" />

Anil Chandra Banerjee, a professor of history, has said that {{blockquote|In them we have a combination of the traditional characteristics of the [[Brahmin]] and the [[Kshatriyas]]. Like the Brahmins, they adopted literary pursuits and accepted gifts. Like the [[Rajput]], they worshipped [[Shakti]] and engaged in [[military]] activities. They stood at the front gate of the fort to receive the first blow of the [[sword]].<ref name="Banerjee">{{cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra.|title=Aspects of Rajput State and Society |pages=124–125 |year=1983|oclc = 12236372}}</ref>}} Banerjee's opinion is shared by another historian, G. N. Sharma, who said that

{{blockquote|Charans exercise great respectability and [[Social influence|influence]] in [[Rajasthan]]. The speciality of the caste is that it combines in its character the characteristics of [[Rajputs]] and [[Brahmans]] in an adequate manner.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sharma |first=G. N. |title =Social Life in Medieval Rajasthan |publisher=Lakshmi Narayan Agarwal Educational Publisher |place=Agra |page=111 |year=1968 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.120777/2015.120777.Social-Life-In-Medieval-Rajasthan-1500-1800-A-D#page/n109/mode/2up}}</ref>}}

=== Clans and divisions ===
Based on regions inhabited and associated culture, there are multiple [[Endogamy|endogamous]] sections among the Charans such as Maru ([[Rajasthan]] and [[Sindh]]), Kachhela ([[Kutch district|Kutch]]), Sorathia ([[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]), Parajia etc. Clans among Maru-Charans are Roharia, [[Detha]], [[Ratnu]], Ashiya, Mehru, Kiniya, [[Sauda (Charan clan)|Sauda]], Arha, [[Dadhivadia]], etc. Kachhelas are divided into 7 main exogamous clans: Nara, Chorada, Chunva, Avsura, Maru, Bati, and Tumbel.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Choudhry |first=P. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5K-1AAAAIAAJ |title=Rajasthan Between the Two World Wars, 1919-1939 |date=1968 |publisher=Sri Ram Mehra |language=en |quote="Charans are mentioned even in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Though some of them are found even in Gujrat and Kathiawar, yet it is Rajputana with which they are mainly associated and thus require a special mention. Like the Rajputs they claim a divine origin and were always treated with the greatest respect by Rajputs."}}</ref> There are a total of 23 main clans, termed as ''visotar'' (20+3), each of which has multiple sub-clans and lineages.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last1=Westphal-Hellbusch |first1=Sigrid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDof2aYhnP4C |title=Hinduistische Viehzüchter im nord-westlichen Indien |last2=Westphal |first2=Heinz |publisher=Duncker & Humblot |isbn=978-3-428-43745-0 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gahlot |first1=Sukhvir Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuAtAAAAMAAJ |title=Castes and Tribes of Rajasthan |last2=Dhar |first2=Banshi |date=1989 |publisher=Jain Brothers |isbn=978-81-85287-00-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sāmaura |first=Bhaṃvara Siṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYJ0AAAAIAAJ |title=Śaṅkaradāna Sāmaura |date=1995 |publisher=Sāhitya Akādemī |isbn=978-81-7201-867-2 |language=hi}}</ref>

{{columns-list|# Āsaṇiā
# Avasurā
# Bhāṃcaḷiā
# Bāṭī
# Chorāḍā
# Chuṃvā
# Guḍhāyacha
# Gāṃgaṇiā
# Jākhaḷā
# Kesariā
# Lādīta
# Mhādā
# Mārū
# Mīsaṇa
# Naiyā
# Narā
# Phunaḍā
# [[Ratnu|Ratanūṃ]]
# Rohaḍiā
# [[Tumbel|Tuṃbela]]
# Vāchā
# Ṭhākarīā
# Ṭāpariā|colwidth=15em}}

== History ==

=== Etymology ===
The word ''chāraṇa'' is believed to originate from the [[Sanskrit]] root ''cāra'' signifying 'motion'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Piliavsky |first=Anastasia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tbp2AQAACAAJ |title=Theft, Patronage & Society in Western India |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University |language=en}}</ref> This derivation relates to the Charanas as being the [[Persona|literary persons]], as poets and agents of devotion (''bhakti'') to the gods. As a root, ''cara'' may also imply their [[pastoral]] adaptation. As such, ''chāraṇa'' has been used to denote 'wanderer', 'eulogist of the gods', 'offspring of the [[goddess]]', etc. The meanings attributed to the name ''chāraṇa'' also reflect the various identities ascribed to the Charanas.<ref name=":5" />

===Mythological Origins ===
The Charana beliefs of origin vary in details but are similar in major aspects on being a ''ganas'' of [[Shiva]]. The ancestor of the Charanas is represented as the creation of Shiva and [[Shakti]] (sometimes [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]], [[Parvati]]) to shepherd the celestial bull, [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]]. According to an origin legend, Shiva created the Charana who had to tend to four animals of incompatible kinds, namely a [[lion]], a [[Snake|serpent]], a [[Cattle|cow]] and a [[goat]]. The lion attacked the cow and the serpent attacked the lion, but the Charana sacrificed [[flesh]] of his arm to pacify them and was thus able to keep them all safe. The legend is understood allegorically, with the lion representing [[violence]] and Nandi, the bull of Shiva, symbolizing [[justice]]. So the Charana, being the [[Protection|guardian]], will not allow force to triumph over justice.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Tambs-Lyche |first=Harald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ntuAAAAMAAJ |title=Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India |date=1996-12-31 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-176-1 |language=en}}</ref>

As a progression of the legend, the Charana marries the [[Nāga]] maiden, ''Āvaḍ'' (or ''Āveri''), the daughter of [[Shesha|''Śeṣa Nāga'']], the chief of the Nāgas. From her, he gets two sons and a daughter. So, the divine Charanas are married to Nāga maidens, and Narā, either son or descendent of the first Charana descends to earth to become ancestor of the mortal Charanas.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" />

Other major narratives allude to their historical function as royal poets and historians. The Charanas were originally divine beings ranking with the [[Gandharva]]s and [[Vidyadhara]]s. In time, like certain other divine classes, the Charanas settled on [[earth]], and became the [[bard]]s of kings. Multiple accounts describe the Charanas' transformation from celestial to human beings. These accounts concur that the divine predecessors of the Charanas resided in the [[Mount Meru|Sumeru]] mountains alongside celestial beings. Due to overpopulation, the Charanas relocated to Earth, establishing their initial human abode in the Himalayas.<ref name=":17" />

Renowned 19th-century scholar, [[Suryamal Misran|Suryamall]] in his text of history, ''Vaṃśa Bhāskara'', details another narrative in which ''Āryamitra'', last of the [[Sūta]]s and descendent of sage [[Ugrashravas|Lomaharshana]], does a penance in [[Himalayas]] to please Lord Shiva and is rewarded by the epithet of the 'Chāraṇa' after he shepherds the celestial bull, Nandi. As a boon, Lord Shiva marries him with the Nāga maiden, ''Āvaḍ (Āvari)'', daughter of [[Vasuki|Vāsuki]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehara |first=Jahūrakhām̐ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mksFAAAAMAAJ |title=Dhara majalāṃ, Dhara kosāṃ |date=1984 |publisher=Rājasthānī Granthāgāra |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sāndū |first=Nārāyaṇa Siṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKhjAAAAMAAJ |title=Kuṃbhakaraṇa Sāndū |date=1993 |publisher=Mahārājā Mānasiṃha Pustaka Prakāśa Śodha-Kendra |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhāṭī |first=Nārāyaṇasiṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrksAAAAIAAJ |title=Prācīna Ḍiṅgala Gīta Sāhitya: Rājasthāna ke Viśāla Ḍiṅgala Gīta Sāhitya kā Śāstrīya Adhyayana |date=1989 |publisher=Rājasthānī Granthāgāra |language=hi}}</ref>

The maternal ancestry of the Charanas from the Nāgas also factored into historical relationships with other communities. In regions of Gujarat, Charanas traditionally referred to the persons of [[Rajput]], [[Ahir]] and [[Kathi people|Kathi]] communities as ''māmā'' (MoBr) and were in-turn called as ''bhāṇej'' (SiSo). This was ascribed to the Charana belief of these communities emerging from the Nāgas, i.e., the [[Ahir]]s are said to be descended from ''Ahi-nāga'' and [[Kathi people|Kathis]] from ''[[Karkotaka]]''.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":1" />

As illustrated by the various narratives, the Charanas placed exalted importance on themselves and their origin.<ref name=":16" />

=== Emergence in Rajput polity ===
Charanas played a crucial role in Rajput society, occupying a position equivalent to Brahmins. As the Rajputs emerged as principal [[ruler]]s of the region, they needed a [[Value (ethics and social sciences)|value system]] and moral guidance that aligned with their [[warrior]] lifestyle. Charanas fulfilled this role, serving as [[historian]]s, literary figures, and genealogists. They composed [[prose]] and [[poetry]], including the famous [[Khyat|''khyātas'']] and ''batās''. Charanas enjoyed the freedom to express themselves and were considered immune from punishment, even when [[Criticism|criticizing]] rulers. Considered ''avadhya,'' to harm or kill a Charan was considered a [[sin]]. They validated the ancestry of Rajput rulers and connected them with legendary Indian rulers of [[Hindu mythology]], legitimizing their authority. In return for their services, Charanas received [[Sasan (land grant)|''sasan'']] or rent-free [[jagir]]s.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last1=Singhi |first1=Narendra Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEoKAQAAMAAJ |title=Religion, Ritual, and Royalty |last2=Joshi |first2=Rajendra |date=1999 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-488-0 |language=en |chapter=Charans : The Contextual Dynamics of Caste in the Rajput System}}</ref>

The emergence of Charanas as a distinct caste mirrored the change in society, where Brahmins took a back seat. Rajputs, being a [[Military personnel|military people]], required a different value system and [[Religion|religious practices]] and a 'new class of ''[[pandit]]s''' to legitimize their [[War|military actions]] and to encourage and inspire them for such activities. The conventional notions of [[salvation]] were replaced by the pursuit of a heroic death on the [[battlefield]]. The Rajputs did not adhere to Brahminical norms, astrology, or literature, seeking a different type of education for their progeny.<ref name=":03" />

As the Rajputs formed a caste, they needed a caste to fulfill the roles Brahmins played under the Kshatriyas. Charanas took on these functions, developing a code of conduct known as ''rajputī'' or 'Rajput Dharma'. They were [[teacher]]s, exponents of [[religion]], and [[Moral|moral guides]] for the ruling class. Their teachings were captured in the verses of Charan literature, emphasizing principles such as [[Courage|valor]], [[loyalty]], [[war]]fare, and [[Charity (practice)|charity]].<ref name=":03" />

In contemporary polity, Charanas held precedence over all other castes inclusive of the Brahmin in the customary law of the land.<ref name=":15" /> They were invited to the residences of Rajput [[Tribal chief|chiefs]] and played a vital role in [[Education|educating]] the younger generation about heroic [[Value (ethics and social sciences)|values]] and [[tradition]]s. Charanas were honored with high positions in the [[Royal court|court]], and the chief offered them the first palm of [[opium]] as a mark of respect. Rajputs prioritized castes that accompanied them in battle, and Charanas fulfilled this role, fighting alongside and making sacrifices.<ref name=":03" />

In conclusion, Charanas became the upholders of ''rajputi'' or rajput code of conduct, occupying a position in Rajput society similar to that of Brahmins under the [[Kshatriya]]s. Their importance and influence were rooted in their pivotal role in shaping the values, educating the youth, and supporting the [[military]] and [[political system]] of the Rajputs.<ref name=":03" />

== Culture and ethos ==
Charans mainly worship various forms of [[Shakti]] and incarnations of [[Hinglaj Mata mandir|Hinglaj]]. They greet one another with '''Jai Mataji Ki''<nowiki/>' (Victory to the Mother Goddess).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Nagaur |url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/rajasthan-district-gazetteers-nagaur |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref> The women observed social customs such as ''[[purdah]]'' (women seclusion) and [[Women in Hinduism|widow remarriage]] was forbidden.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaur |first=Meena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CmCAAAAMAAJ |title=Sati and Social Reforms in India |date=1989 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-85263-57-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Motilal |first1=Shashi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PhjajXFKXYC |title=Understanding Social Inequality: Concerns of Human Rights, Gender and Environment |last2=Nanda |first2=Bijayalaxmi |date=2010 |publisher=Macmillan Publishers India |isbn=978-0-230-32849-5 |language=en |quote="In Rajasthan, where the normal age of marriage of girls ranged between seven to sixteen years, most post-pubertal marriages were among the Charans and Brahmins whose daughters did not work outside the home and could be segregated and secluded."}}</ref> Before Indian independence in 1947, a [[sacrifice]] of a male buffalo constituted a major part of the celebration of [[Navratri]].<ref name="harlan">{{cite book |author=Harlan L |title=Goddesses' Henchmen - Gender in Hero Worship |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |place=USA |pages=258}}</ref> Such celebrations quite often used to be presided over by Charan women.<ref name="Matanamadh">{{cite web |year=2006 |title=Matanamadh, Desh Devi Ashapura |url=http://www.matanamadh.org/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626054432/http://www.matanamadh.org/history.html |archive-date=2007-06-26 |access-date=2006-12-23 |publisher=Matanamadh Jagir, Kachchh, India}}</ref>

=== Patronized groups ===
There are seven categories of people who are historically patronized by the Charans:''—''<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last1=Qanungo |first1=Kalika Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F149AAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in Rajput History |last2=Kānūnago |first2=Kālikā Rañjana |date=1960 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en |quote="there are seven categories of persons and communities, who in their turn have a hereditary claim on the Charan's bounty, and are not allowed to beg of any other community. Besides their kula-guru family of Brahmans living in Ujjain till today, and the purohit (family priest), these are: the Rao Bhat of Chandisa sept of Marwar (who are the Bhats of the Charans as of the Rathors of Marwar); the Rawal Brahmans, the Goind-pota and the Viram-pota (Bhats singing with dhol?) and the Motisar community."}}</ref>

# [[Guru|Kulguru]] [[Brahmin]]s: The ''kulguru'' ''Brahmins'' of the Charans come from [[Ujjain]] and travel from village to village and register the names of their hosts after receiving [[donation]]s.<ref name=":2" />
# [[Purohita|Purohits]]: Brahmins of various castes (Gurjar Gaur, [[Dadheech Brahmin|Dahima]], [[Audichya Brahmin|Audichya]], [[Sanadhya Brahmin|Sanadhya]], Rajguru etc)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maheshwari |first=Hiralal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtR3AAAAIAAJ |title=Bārahaṭha Īsaradāsa |date=1985 |publisher=Sāhitya Akādemī |pages=12 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gulābadāna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHCgAAAAMAAJ |title=Cāraṇa-carjāem ̐aura unakā adhyayana: lekhaka Gulābadāna; prastāvanā, Śambhusiṃha Manohara |date=1976 |publisher=Viveka Pabliśiṅga Hāusa |pages=8 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haradayāla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UY4AAAAMAAJ |title=Kavirājā Bāṅkīdāsa, jīvana aura sāhitya |date=1983 |publisher=Sarasvatī Presa |pages=30 |language=hi |quote=चारणों का आर्थिक और सामाजिक सम्मान एवं सार्मथ्य इतना रहा है कि कुछ जातियों ने उनके याचक के रूप में प्रसिद्धि पाई है। चारणों के याचकों में प्रथम स्थान 'कुलगुरु' का है । यह उजैनवासी ब्राह्मण चारणों का अयाचक होता है। इनके अतिरिक्त गूजर गौड़, दाहिमां, औदीच्य, सनाढ्य आदि विभिन्न शाखाओं के ब्राह्मण पुरोहित; झाला, खीची, पड़िहार आदि शाखाओ के क्षत्रिय; 'मोतीसर'; भाट; 'रावल', गोइंदपोता, वीरमपोता और ढोली अथवा 'धोला' चारणों के याचक हैं ।}}</ref> serve as [[priest]]s who also tie [[Raksha Bandhan|rakhi]] (''rakshasutra'') to the Charans.<ref name=":15" />
# [[Rawal (caste)|Rawals]]: The Rawal Brahmins record their genealogy and also present various ''swang'' (forms of dance).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vidyarthi |first1=Lalita Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaIiAAAAMAAJ |title=Applied Anthropology and Development in India |last2=Sahay |first2=B. N. |date=1980 |publisher=National |language=en |quote="The Rawals provide entertainment particularly for the people of Charan caste by arranging night long shows.}}</ref>
# [[Motisar (caste)|Motisars]]: Motisars compose [[Poetry|poems]] in honor of Charans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prabhākara |first=Manohara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXcSAAAAMAAJ |title=A Critical Study of Rajasthani Literature, with Exclusive Reference to the Contribution of Cāraṇas |date=1976 |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |language=en |quote="Motisar is a caste which keeps the genealogies of Carans, sings their praises and begs money of them. The Motisars themselves are often good composers."}}</ref>
# [[Bhāts|Bhats]] (Ravaji): They are professional [[Genealogy|genealogists]] of the Charans. They also receive ''neg'' (gifts) on [[marriage]]s. The genealogists of both the Charans and the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]]s of [[Marwar]] are from the 'Chandisa' sept of Bhats.
# 3 types of [[Dhol]]is:
## Dhola
## Birampota
## Goyandpota
# [[Manganiar|Manganiyars]]: Hereditary professional [[Folk music|folk-musicians]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Neuman |first1=Daniel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b30HAQAAMAAJ |title=Bards, Ballads and Boundaries: An Ethnographic Atlas of Music Traditions in West Rajasthan |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Shubha |last3=Kothari |first3=Komal |date=2005 |publisher=Seagull |isbn=978-1-905422-07-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Opium usage ====
Charans used to enjoy consumption of [[opium]] (also known as ''Afeem'' or ''Amal'' in regional languages), practices which are also popular among the Rajputs of this region.<ref name="khushwantsingh">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=We Indians|publisher=Orient Paperbacks |location=Delhi |year=1982 |oclc=10710940}}</ref> The usage of opium by Charans was considered necessary for important ceremonies & social gatherings. At weddings, the bride and the bridegroom would take opium together in the presence of their kinsmen. Other occasions where it was suitable to take opium were [[Engagement|betrothals]], [[wedding]]s, the [[birth]] of a male child, parting of the [[beard]], reconciliations, at visit of a son-in law, after a death, and on [[festival]]s such as '''Akhatij''<nowiki/>'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=P. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGseAAAAMAAJ |title=Raj Marwar During British Paramountcy: A Study in Problems and Policies Up to 1923 |date=1982 |publisher=Sharda Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7855-1985-0 |language=en |quote="Among Rajputs and Charans the bride and the bridegroom took opium together in the presence of their kinsmen."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=U. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Treasure-trove of Rajasthan |date=2002 |publisher=Folklorists |isbn=978-81-85129-01-3 |language=en}}</ref> In [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], during British rule, it was found that around a half of the total opium consumers were from Charan and Rajput communities.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tf-O1EGWbQIC |title=Bulletin on Narcotics |date=1994 |publisher=United Nations, Department of Social Affairs |language=en}}</ref>

== Contributions to Indian literature ==
A whole genre of literature is known as Charan literature.<ref name="meghani"/> The [[Dingal]] language and literature exist largely due to this caste.<ref name="sharma">{{cite book | last=Sharma |first=G. N. |title =Social Life in Medieval Rajasthan |publisher = Lakshmi Narayan Agarwal Educational Publisher |place = Agra |pages = 94–96 |year = 1968 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.120777/2015.120777.Social-Life-In-Medieval-Rajasthan-1500-1800-A-D#page/n109/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="smith">{{cite journal | author = Smith, J. D. | title = An introduction to language of the historical documents from Rajasthan | journal = Modern Asian Studies | volume = 9 | issue =4 | pages = 433–464 | year = 1974 | doi = 10.1017/S0026749X00012841| s2cid = 145590691 }}</ref> [[Jhaverchand Meghani|Zaverchand Meghani]] divides Charani sahitya (literature) into thirteen subgenres:<ref name="meghani">{{cite book | author = Meghani, Z. |title = Charano and Charani Sahitya | place = Ahmedabad |year = 1943}}</ref>
*Songs in praise of gods and goddesses (''stavan'')
* Songs in praise of heroes, saints and patrons (''birdavalo'')
* Descriptions of war (''varanno'')
* Rebukes of wavering great kings and men who use their power for evil (''upalambho'')
* Mockery of a standing treachery of heroism (''thekadi'')
* Love stories
* Laments for dead warriors, patrons and friends (''marasiya'' or ''vilap kavya'')
* Praise of natural beauty, seasonal beauty and festivals
* Descriptions of weapons
* Songs in praise of lions, horses, camels, and buffalo
* Sayings about didactic and practical cleverness
* Ancient epics
* Songs describing the anguish of people in times of famine and adversity

Other classifications of Charani sahitya are Khyatas (chronicles), Vartas and Vatas (stories), Raso (martial epics), Veli - ''Veli Krishan Rukman ri'', Doha-Chhand (verses).<ref name="sharma"/><ref name="smith"/>

== See also ==

* [[List of Charans]]
* [[Gadhavi (title)|Gadhavi]]
* [[Barhath]]
* [[Kaviraj]]a

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book |title=In Praise of Death: History and Poetry in Medieval Marwar |first=Janet |last=Kamphorst |publisher=Leiden University Press |isbn=978-90-8728-044-4 |year=2008 |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/12986}}
*{{cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1107080317 |edition=illustrated, reprint |place=Delhi, India |lccn=2015014741 |oclc=1003137945}}

{{Commons category|Charan}}
{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}
{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}
{{Sindhi tribes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Charan| ]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Balochistan, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Tribes of Kutch]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]
[[Category:Maldhari communities]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Hindu communities of Pakistan]]

Meenakshi Chitharanjan

2026-01-12T04:16:14Z

Ambaputra: started new data nd citations

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer, teacher and choreographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meenakshi Chitharanjan
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = [[Ethiraj College for Women]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Classical dancer
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Bharatnatyam]]
| spouse = Arun Chitharanjan
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Sabanagayam Savithri
| website = {{Url|http://www.meenakshichitharanjan.com/|Website}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Kalaimamani|Kalaimamani Award]] [[Natya Kala Sarathi]] [[Nritya Choodamani]]
}}
'''Meenakshi Chitharanjan''', an Indian classical dancer, teacher and choreographer, is known as an exponent of the [[Pandanallur style]] of the classical dance form of [[Bharatanatyam]].<ref name="Profile: Meenakshi Chitharanjan">{{cite web | url=http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=5567 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116161804/http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=5567 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=16 November 2012 | title=Profile: Meenakshi Chitharanjan | publisher=Lokvani | date=17 March 2009 | access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> She is the founder of ''Kaladiksha'', an institution promoting Bharatanatyam and striving to preserve the [[Pandanallur style|Pandanallur tradition]]. A disciple of the father-son duo of Chokkalingam Pillai and Subbaraya Pillai,<ref name="The king was captivated and…">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-king-was-captivated-and/article6549572.ece | title=The king was captivated and… | work=The Hindu | date=31 October 2014 | access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> she is a recipient of several honours including [[Kalaimamani]] Award of the Government of Tamil Nadu and the ''Natya Kala Sarathi'' of ''Sri Parthasarathy Swami Sabha''.<ref name="Life’s dancing lessons">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/lifes-dancing-lessons/article5684655.ece | title=Life's dancing lessons | work=The Hindu | date=13 February 2014 | access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2008, for her contributions to classical dance.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Meenakshi Chitharanjan was born in [[Chennai]], in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] to [[P. Sabanayagam]], a government official, as the youngest and only girl child among his five children.<ref name="Life’s dancing lessons" /> Her mother, Savithri, sent the girl to Pandanallur Chockalingam Pillai, a renowned Bharatanatyam guru, when the child was four, and after training under the Pillai and his son, Subbaraya Pillai, she staged her ''arangetram'' (debut) in 1966 at the age of nine.<ref name="Profile: Meenakshi Chitharanjan" /> Soon, she moved to Delhi when her father was transferred to the Indian capital, but continued her dance studies under Subbaraya Pillai by visiting Chennai during holidays. She did her college studies at [[Ethiraj College for Women]] and married Arun Chitharanjan, an orthodontist and the grandson of [[M. Bhaktavatsalam]], the then chief minister of [[Tamil Nadu]], after which her dance career halted for a while.<ref name="Life’s dancing lessons" />

She returned to dancing after a chance meeting with Srinivasa Pillai, a percussionist who had played [[mridangam]] as an accompaniment to her in her younger days.<ref name="Life’s dancing lessons" /> She also trained ''abhinaya'' under [[Kalanidhi Narayanan]], a [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee, and has been performing on stage since then.<ref name="Memorable Guru Samarpan">{{cite web | url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/rev14/rev1687.html | title=Memorable Guru Samarpan | publisher=Narthaki | date=16 November 2014 | access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Moves and music">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/meenakshi-chitharanjans-bharatanatyam-performance-seemed-to-be-inspired-by-the-excellent-music/article8134808.ece | title=Moves and music | work=The Hindu | date=21 January 2016 | access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> Srinivasa Pillai, S. Pandian and [[Padma Subrahmanyam]] have also trained her at various points of time.<ref name="Title conferred on Meenakshi Chitharanjan" /> In 1991, she started ''Kaladiksha'', a dance school for teaching [[Bharatanatyam]] which has since grown to hold around 100 students at a time and is known to be striving to preserve the [[Pandanallur style|Pandanallur bani]].<ref name="Profile: Meenakshi Chitharanjan" /> She has tutored many aspiring dancers and [[Aishwarya R. Dhanush]], the wife of [[Dhanush]], the eldest daughter of [[Rajnikanth]] and a [[Kalaimamani]] awardee, is one of her disciples.<ref name="KALAIMAMANI 2009 ANNOUNCED">{{cite web | url=https://sangeethas.wordpress.com/2009/02/25/kalaimamani-2009-2009-announced/ | title=KALAIMAMANI 2009 ANNOUNCED | publisher=Sangeethas | date=2009 | access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> She received the title ''Natya Choodamani'' of Sri Krishna Gana Sabha and, [[Kalaimamani]] Award of the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1975.<ref name="Appreciated for taking Pandanallur style of dancing to Great Heights">{{cite web | url=http://chennaiplus.net/?p=10471 | title=Appreciated for taking Pandanallur style of dancing to Great Heights | publisher=Chennai Plus | date=1 February 2014 | access-date=29 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205085913/http://chennaiplus.net/?p=10471 | archive-date=5 February 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2008 and ''Sri Parthasarathy Swami Sabha'' honoured her with the title of ''Natya Kala Sarathi'' in 2014.<ref name="Title conferred on Meenakshi Chitharanjan">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/title-conferred-on-meenakshi-chitharanjan/article5598219.ece | title=Title conferred on Meenakshi Chitharanjan | work=The Hindu | date=21 January 2014 | access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> She is also a recipient of Awards of Excellence from Rotary Club, Chenna and Probus Club, Chennai, and Best Dancer Award (2004) from [[Madras Music Academy]]. She holds the highest artist grade at the [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="Appreciated for taking Pandanallur style of dancing to Great Heights" />

== See also ==
* [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]]
* [[Pandanallur style]]
{{Portal|India}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weCjEUSCOdU | title=Bharatanatyam Pushpanjali | publisher=Julia Pop | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=21 October 2014 | access-date=29 January 2016}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chitharanjan, Meenakshi}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Shigmo

2026-01-06T07:16:26Z

Ambaputra:

{{Short description|Hindu festival in Goa, India}}
[[File:A boy with aarat.jpg|thumb|468x468px|Young boy at the Shimgo holding aarat]]
'''Shigmo''', or '''Shishirotsava'''<ref name="gsg">{{cite book|last=Guṅe|first=Viṭhṭhala Triṃbaka|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district|publisher=Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept|year=1979|volume=1|pages=263}}</ref> is a spring festival celebrated in the Indian state of [[Goa]], where it is one of the major festivals of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] community. It is also celebrated by [[Konkani people|Konkani diaspora]] and Indian festival of [[Holi]] is part of it.
{{Anchor|Etymology of the Word}}

==Etymology==
The Konkani word ''śigmō'' comes from the [[Prakrit]] word ''suggimaho'' which in turn is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''sugrīṣmaka''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Koṅkaṇī Śabdasāgara|volume=1|pages=126|chapter=Apabhraṃśa|language=Konkani}}</ref>

==Shigmo now==
In recent years the state government has supported public Shigmo parades consisting of traditional folk and street dancers and elaborately built floats depicting scenes from regional mythology and religious scenes. Meanwhile, Shigmo festivals also continue in various rural parts of Goa, spanning over a fortnight, with different days earmarked for celebrations in different areas. This festival is celebrated around March each year. It is linked to the Hindu lunar calendar, hence its date according to the Gregorian calendar varies.

==Variations==
There are two variants of Shigmo festival: ''Dhakto Shigmo'' ("small Shigmo") and ''Vhadlo Shigmo'' ("big Shigmo").<ref name="gsg"/> ''Dhakto Shigmo'' is generally celebrated by farmers, the labour class and the rural population, while ''Vhadlo Shigmo'' is of greater consequence and is celebrated by everyone together.<ref name="gsg" />
{{Anchor|Timing of the festival}}

==Timing==
''Dhakto Shigmo'' begins some five days before the full-moon day of the Indian lunar month of [[Phalguna]] and ends on the full-moon day<ref>{{cite book|last=Gajrani|first=S|title=History, Religion and Culture of India. |pages=127–128}}</ref> in the ''Old Conquests'' areas of Goa (the areas that were under Portuguese colonial rule for a longer period of time, starting from the sixteenth century). On the other hand, ''Vhadlo Shigmo'' is mostly celebrated in the ''New Conquests'' areas, beginning on the full-moon day of Phalguna and continuing for five days.
{{Anchor|Some terms}}

==Terminology==
''Naman'' are songs sung in chorus during the festival, when villagers assemble at a fixed place. ''Jot'' is another kind of song. Dances include ''Talgadi'', ''Hanpet'', Lamp Dance and ''Gopha''. ''Dhol'' and ''Taso'' are drums, some of which can be huge, which people carry from door to door, dancing to their sound. Money is placed in a plate carried by the performers, in response to which they sing a song called the ''Tali'', wishing the donor well. On the last day of the festival, it is believed that a spirit known as the ''Gade padap'' enters the dancers. ''Mand davarap'' refers to a collective bath taken after the festival comes to an end.{{cn|date=July 2020}}

==Folk songs and dances, temple festival==
''Dhakto Shigmo'' can be considered mainly as a festival of folk songs and folk dances,<ref name="gsg"/> while ''Vhadlo Shigmo'' is considered a festival performed in the village temple.<ref name="gsg"/> It is celebrated in different temples on different dates around the same period. On the first day, the village deity is bathed and dressed in saffron robes.<ref name="shig">{{cite book|last=Maḍkaikāra|first=Śrīpādrāva|title=Śrī devī Kālikā|publisher=Gomantaka Daivajña Brāhmaṇa Samājotkarṣa Sansthā|date=April 1984|pages=5–78|language=Marathi}}</ref> After the offering of food, a feast is held.<ref name="shig" /> Shigmo celebrated in the temples of Jambavali,<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Maria de Lourdes Bravo da Costa Rodrigues|last=Bravo da Costa Rodrigues|first=Maria de Lourdes|title=Feasts, festivals, and observances of Goa |pages=43–44}}</ref> Phatarpya,<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Maria de Lourdes Bravo da Costa Rodrigues|last=Bravo da Costa Rodrigues|first=Maria de Lourdes|title=Feasts, festivals, and observances of Goa |pages=73–74}}</ref> [[Kansarpal]]<ref name="shig" /> and Dhargale{{cn|date=July 2020}} are very famous in Goa and the neighboring states and attract a large number of devotees and tourists.

Eg folk songs like

शेवते झाडाचो लांबा ताळयो

लांब ताळयो शेवते फुला कळो

==See also==
*[[Zatra]]
*[[Chikhal Kalo]]
*[[Gadyachi Jatra]]
*[[Holika Dahan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{HinduFestivals}}

[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Goa]]
[[Category:Festivals in Goa]]
[[Category:Holi]]
[[Category:Folk festivals in India]]
[[Category:Spring festivals in India]]

Mojili Mumbai

2026-01-01T22:26:00Z

Ambaputra: started first article first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mojili Mumbai
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Manilal Joshi]]
| writer =
| producer =
| starring = {{ubl|Yakbal|[[P. K. Raja Sandow]]|Noor Mohammed}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = D. D. Dabke
| editing = R. G. Torne
| music = {{ubl|}}
| studio = [[Kohinoor Film Company]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1925}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Silent film
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mojili Mumbai''''' (English: ''The Slaves of Luxury'') was 1925 silent social film directed by [[Manilal Joshi]] from India.

== Plot ==
Wealthy businessman Nanavati was charmed by Roshanara, a dancer. Chhotalal who worked as a pimp/agent of Roshanara makes a plan to rob Nanavati who has bought a gold necklace to gift her daughter on her birthday. Chhotalal make Nanavati to visit Roshnara. Roshnara seduces Nanavati and gets the necklace. When Nananvati realises that he is robbed, he confronts Chhotalal who had replaced it with fake necklace by then.<ref name="Willemen2014">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&dq=Veer+Mangdavalo&pg=RA39-PA1991 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |edition=revised |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 115], [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA248 248] |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
The cast is as follows:<ref name="Willemen2014" />

* Yakbal as Roshanara
* [[P. K. Raja Sandow]] as Mr. Nanavati
* Jamna
* Ganibabu
* Moti
* Noor Mohammed as Chhotalal
* Baby Saraswati

== Production ==
The film depicted the moral decline in urban middle class and rich people of colonial Mumbai which was one of the first film to depict contemporary culture. It provided the moral commentary on westernized rich and dark side of "modern civilization".<ref name="Willemen2014" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wollaeger |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJMBJWSEHyYC |title=The Oxford Handbook of Global Modernisms |last2=Eatough |first2=Matt |date=2012-05-31 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533890-4 |pages=630 |language=en}}</ref> The character of Roshanara was reportedly based on a real-life [[cabaret]] dancer Roshnara.<ref name="Willemen2014" /><ref name="GopalMoorti2008">{{cite book |author1=Sangita Gopal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C&pg=PA25 |title=Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance |author2=Sujata Moorti |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8166-4578-7 |pages=25– |access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref> This silent black-and-white film was 8220 feet long.<ref name="Willemen2014" />

== Reception ==
The film was one of the Joshi's best known films.<ref name="Willemen2014" />

It sparked debate in ''Be Ghadi Mouj'', a journal, about "morality and cinematic realism" between its editor [[Harji Lavji Damani|Shayda]] and Joshi. Joshi defended that he only wanted to make social comment on common incidents in culture of Mumbai by his film.<ref name="Willemen2014" /><ref name="GopalMoorti2008" /> Several other films such as ''Baap Kamal'' (1925) depicted a character of dancer named Roshanara.<ref name="Willemen2014" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1925 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1925 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian silent films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Kohinoor Film Company films]]
[[Category:1925 Indian films]]

Nandalur

2025-12-31T12:26:00Z

Ambaputra:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nandalur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = The Temple of Sri Soumyanatha Swamy Nandalur Kadapa AP INDIA.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Sri Soumyanatha Swamy Temple (Nandalur)]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.2500|N|79.1167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[kadapa district|kadapa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Nandalur
| government_type = Andhra Pradesh
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 151
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516150
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08565
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nandalur''' is a town in [[kadapa district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the headquarters of Nandalur [[mandal]] in [[Rajampeta revenue division|Rajampeta]] revenue division.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revenue Divisions and Mandals|url=http://kadapa.nic.in/govtlands.htm|website=Official website of YSR Kadapa District|publisher=National Informatics Centre- Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=23 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706135607/http://kadapa.nic.in/govtlands.htm|archive-date=6 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The town is situated on the banks of the [[Cheyyeru River]] and has been an important religious and cultural hub for centuries.

Nandalur is on the west bank of river Cheyyeru. Once it was a famous Buddhist centre in [[Rayalaseema]]. In 1913 Buddhist caves and viharas were discovered.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/nandalur | title=Nandalur | District YSR(Kadapa), Government of Andhra Pradesh | India }}</ref>

Sri Soumyanatha Swamy<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ttds-temple-in-nandalur-gets-ready-for-annual-fete/article68360082.ece | title= Sri Soumyanatha Swamy temple }}</ref> is a temple situated nearly on ten acres of site. It is a replica of [[Thiruvannamalai]] [[Arunachalesvara Temple]] and
patronized by Cholas, Pandyas, Kakatiyas, Vijayanagara, Pottapi and Matli Kings. Most of the inscriptions here are in Tamil. <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/religious-tourism/ | title=Religious Tourism | District YSR(Kadapa), Government of Andhra Pradesh | India }}</ref>
Lord Sowmyanatha is installed on an elevated place.

== History ==
Nandalur's history stretched back to the ancient [[Chola Empire]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire]]'s. These empires played a role in shaping the cultural and architectural landscape of the region. Historical inscriptions found in and around Nandalur indicate that the town was an important center for religious activities, particularly during the medieval period.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Economy ==
The economy of Nandalur is predominantly based on agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/farmers-gear-up-for-kharif-season-in-kadapa-annamayya-districts/article68281559.ece | title= Farmers gear up for Kharif season in Kadapa, Annamayya districts, nandalur }}</ref> The town is known for the cultivation of paddy, groundnut, sunflower, and various horticultural crops. Small-scale industries, such as textile weaving and pottery, also contribute to the local economy. Additionally, the town attracts religious tourists,<ref>[https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/nandalur/ Nandalur and near by temples attracts tourists]</ref> particularly to its temples, which supports the local economy through hospitality and related services.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Demographics ==
As per the 2011 Census of India, Nandalur has a population of approximately 25,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/593579-nandalur-andhra-pradesh.html | title= As per the 2011 Census of India, Nandalur has a population of approximately 25,000 people }}</ref> The literacy rate in Nandalur is higher than the national average, reflecting the community's emphasis on education. The population is primarily involved in agriculture, with a growing number of people working in trade, services, and small industries.

== Sri Soumyanatha Swamy Temple (Nandalur) ==
The famous temple [[Sri Soumyanatha Swamy Temple (Nandalur)]] is a revered Hindu temple dedicated to Lord [[Vishnu]], located in Nandalur Mandal of the [[Annamayya district]], Andhra Pradesh, India.

==Geography and climate==
Nandalur is located at {{coord|14.2500|N|79.1167|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Nandalur.html Falling Rain Genomics.Nandalur]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Kadapa district}}{{Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Kadapa district]]

{{Kadapa-geo-stub}}

Kannadi

2025-12-21T20:38:26Z

Ambaputra:

{{Short description|Gram panchayat in Palakkad, Kerala, India}}
{{About||the 2019 film|Kannadi (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:KHSS.jpg|thumb|Kannadi School]]
[[File:Kannadi Palakkad.jpg|thumbnail|Kazhchapparambu Junction, Kannadi]]
'''Kannadi''' is a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The third Lulu Mall in Kerala, [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Palakkad]] is located in Kannadi. It is a local government organisation that serves the villages of [[Kannadi-I]] and [[Kannadi-II]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224699&rlbtype=V |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234932/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224699&rlbtype=V |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Kannadi-I had a population of 15,422 with 7,541 males and 7,881 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannadi-I Village Population - Palakkad - Palakkad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627640-kannadi-i-kerala.html#google_vignette |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref>

{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Kannadi-II had a population of 11,228 with 5,510 males and 5,718 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannadi-II Village Population - Palakkad - Palakkad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627641-kannadi-ii-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref>

==List of Secondary Schools==
*[[Kannadi Higher Secondary School]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|9|57|N|76|49|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Rengkai

2025-12-02T16:59:50Z

Ambaputra: starting new details

{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rengkai
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = VILLAGE
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.34104|N|93.70418|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Churachandpur district]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1938
| founder = Kailien
| named_for =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8,293<ref>{{cite web |title=Rengkai Population Census 2011 |url=https://churachandpur.nic.in/census-towns/ |website=Census 2011}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy rate
| demographics2_title2 = Official
| demographics2_info2 = 93.29%
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795128
| registration_plate = MN 02
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
'''Rengkai''' is one of the constituent "villages" of what is normally called the "[[Churachandpur|Churachandpur town]]" in [[Manipur]], India. The Census of India tabulates Rengkai as a "town" based on its clear urban characteristics. It is also the largest such town with a population of over 8,000 people.{{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|pp=34, 56}}{{efn|The population of Rengkai in the 2011 census is 8,293 people. The other two census towns of Churachandpur are Zenhang Lamka, with 7,771 people, and Hill Town, with 2,293 people.{{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|p=56}}}}

==Geography==
[[File:Old and new Churachandpur (SoI, 1944).jpg|thumb|right|280px|A 1944 Survey of India map shows a settlement at the junction of Tedim Road and Tipaimukh Road ([[Hiangtam Lamka]]) and two settlements to its east on both the sides of the [[Khuga River]]. The latter represent Rengkai.]]

Rengkai is to the southeast of the town centre of Churachandpur, spanning both the banks of the [[Khuga River]]. The town centre being the junction of Tedim Road and Tipaimukh Road, a road to the east leading to [[Sugnu]] also emanates from the same junction. The Sugnu Road is also called Rengkai Road within the Churachandpur town. It crosses the Khuga River inside Rengkai via the "Rengkai Bridge".

To the west of Rengkai is [[Simveng]], to the northeast is Muol-Vaiphei, and to the south is New Lamka. The town is nestled alongside the [[Khuga River]], characterized by a generally flat terrain with hills in the vicinity. Sitting at an elevation of 914 meters (2,999 feet) above sea level, the Muolhlum Hill stands as the principal elevation within the town. The topography gradually slopes downward towards Zote Veng in the eastern part of the town.<ref name="zuol">{{cite book |last1=Lalthazuol |first1=Mary |title=Village Administration of Rengkai Village of Churachandpur District, Manipur |date=2021 |publisher=NEHU}}</ref>{{verify source|date=April 2025}}

The [[Khuga River]] is locally known as "Tuithapui".

===Localities===
Rengkai is divided into 18 localities constituting a group of houses. Some of these localities vary in size and population. The 18 divisions of Rengkai based on localities are:<ref name="zuol" />{{verify source|date=April 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
| A.G. Road || Bethlehem Veng || Bible Hill
|-
| Bridge Street || Cemetery Road || Edenthar
|-
| Muolhlum || Nehru Marg || Rengkai Road
|-
| Shan Veng || Shillong Hills || Tahiti Hill
|-
| Thailane Veng || Venglai || Vengpui
|-
| Vengthlang || Zion Veng || Zote Veng
|}

== History ==
The Rengkai village is said to have been founded in 1938 by the Hmar community. The first village chief was Kailien.<ref>
[https://hmarram.com/hmar-villages/rengkai-a-bustling-hmar-town/ Rengkai, A Bustling Hmar Town], ''Hmarram'', retrieved 11 April 2025.
</ref>
It was listed among the hill villages of the Churachandpur Circle in the schedule to the Hill Peoples (Administration) Regulation, 1947.<ref>
{{citation |title=Manipur Hill People's (Administration) Regulation, 1947 |publisher=Government of Manipur |year=1947 |at=pp. 93–96, entry 59 |url=https://manipur.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/act-1.pdf}}
</ref>

In 1956, the village came under a Village Authority, with the village chief acting as its chairman.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Rengkai Village Authority (1956-2022)<ref>{{cite journal |title=Rengkai Village Authority |journal=A Souvernir of the Rengkai Platinum Jubilee |date=2013 |pages=6–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joute|first1=J.C. Chongkholien |title=Rengkai Village Authority (Thuoituhai) Chanchin |journal=Rengkai Lal KAILIEN JOUTE (A Khaw Sathai le a Thlahai) |date=2020}}</ref>
|-
! Term !! Chairman !! Secretary !! Members
|-
| 1956-1960 || Sailienlung || HB Duma || Ralleng, L. Taivel, Hleia, Vanrosang, J. Tusing
|-
| 1961-1965 || J.C. Chongkholien || Vanrosang || Ralleng, L. Taivel, Hrangkaphlei, Tluanga
|-
| 1966-1970 || J.C. Chongkholien || L. Taivel || Ralleng, Hrangkaphlei, Tluanga, Vanrosang
|-
| 1971-1975 || J.C. Chongkholien || H. Thuomte || Ralleng, L. Taivel, J. Tusing, Vanrosang
|-
| 1976-1979 || J.C. Chongkholien || H. Thuomte || L. Taivel, J. Tusing, Vanrosang, L. Neithang, Changa, Hrangkaphlei, S. Hnuna, Zothansei
|-
| 1980-1991 || J.C. Chongkholien || H. Thuomte || Zothansei, S. Hnuna, L. Taivel, Fima, J. Sanghlun, Hrangkaphlei, L. Sanglur, Thangsavung, Changa, Thangthuom, Thanglienthuom
|-
| 1992-2007 || J.C. Chongkholien || H. Thuomte, Thanglienthuom|| Changa, Dr. HL Liensang, Joseph Lalrothang, HK Joute, LT Zuola, J. Lungawi, Phirthangsei Varte, Zothanglien, Lalhming Varte, Hmangkhum
|-
| 2007-2012 || J.C. Chongkholien || Thanglienthuom || Lal H Varte, Lienhmingthang, HK Joute, Joseph Lalrothang, Dr. HL Liensang, Zothanglur, Laltanlien Joute, Ramthanglien, Jousanghlei Joute, L. Ringum Joute
|-
| 2012-2017 || J.C. Chongkholien || Lienhmingthang || Dr. Thienkhogin, HK Joute, Thanglienthuom, Joseph Lalrothang, Upa Dr. HL Liensang, Zothanglur, L. Remvel, L. Hmingsang Joute, H. Zaneisang, Songneilien Songate
|-
| 2017-2022 || J.C. Chongkholien || L. Hmingsang Joute || Songneilien Songate, Dr. Ginte, HK Joute, Thanglienthuom, Joseph Lalrothang, Dr. HL Liensang, Zothanglur, L. Remvel, L. Rochung, H. Zaneisang,
|}

== Schools ==
* Rengkai Higher Secondary School<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://manipureducation.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Rengkai-Hr.-Sec.-School.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228150143/https://manipureducation.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Rengkai-Hr.-Sec.-School.pdf | archive-date=2024-02-28}}</ref>
* [[The Pathway School]]<ref>https://thepathwayschool.co.in/</ref>
* Douglas Memorial High School<ref>https://www.douglasschool.net/</ref>
== Churches ==
Rengkai being a Christian-dominant town, there is division based on the denomination of the Church. Classification of the Church is based on their beliefs. The different denominations present within the town are:<ref name="zuol" />
* Independent Church of India
The Independent Church of India, or the ICI, is an evangelical church, headquartered in Sielmat, Churachandpur, Manipur, with a mission to 'propagate the Gospel across the Indian sub-continent with a major emphasis on the North Eastern states of India'. It was founded by [[Watkin Roberts]], a Welsh missionary on 5 February 1910 at Senvon village in the southern part of Manipur state, India and is an indigenous, self-supporting, self-propagating and self-governing evangelical church.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ici.net.in/about/| title=Independent Church of India| date=20 July 2021}}</ref>


The ICI church in Rengkai promulgated at the time of the village's inception, where its initial church members consisted of 10 households with a total strength of 63. The church has now grown to more than 2000 members.<ref name="foo">"Kohran Chanchin", ''A Souvernir of the Rengkai Platinum Jubilee 2013'', p-64</ref>

* United Pentecostal Church
* Wesleyan Methodist Church of East India
WMCEI in Rengkai was founded on 6 February 1989 with an initial 63 members from 10 households. The church has now grown to more than 500 members.<ref name="foo" />
* Evangelical Assembly Church
Originally called North East India General Mission, the EAC at Rengkai was established on 1982. The total church members currently exceeds 700 in number.<ref name="foo" />
* Evangelical Free Church of India
The EFCI in Rengkai was established on 3 June 1972. The number of members at present exceeds 1700.<ref name="foo" />
* Rengkai Local Church
Housing more than 250 members, the church settled its name on 10 May 1998 after being previously known as AGMM.<ref name="foo" />
* Assemblies of God Church
The AG Church was established in 1962 at Churachandpur, Manipur.<ref name="foo" />
* Lalsungkuo Unity Church
Established on 29 September 1998, the church is located at Muolhlum, Rengkai with total members greater than 200.<ref name="foo" />
* Reformed Presbyterian Church
RPC church was established at Edenthar, Rengkai by Rev. K. Sanga on 23 April 2003. Now the church houses more than 400 members.<ref name="foo" />
* World Missionary Evangelism
WME church was established on 15 February 1985 with 50 members at the time. Now it holds more than 100 members.<ref name="foo" />

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Churachandpur District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/846/download/36252/DH_2011_1403_PART_A_DCHB_CHURACHANDPUR.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011}}}}

== External links ==
* [https://marsac.mn.gov.in/pdf/block/LAMKA_BLOCK.pdf Map of Lamka Block], Manipur Remote Sensing Applications Centre, retrieved 8 November 2024.

[[Category:Cities and towns in Churachandpur district]]

Peda Bayalu mandal

2025-12-02T07:14:28Z

Ambaputra: starting new entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Peda Bayalu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 531040
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP31, AP32, AP33 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}
'''Peda Bayalu mandal''' is in [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in Visakhapatnam district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/visakhapatnam.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=6 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319222910/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Visakhapatnam.pdf|archivedate=19 March 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|18|23|28|N|82|30|15|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Mandals in Alluri Sitharama Raju district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology

2025-11-27T23:02:51Z

Ambaputra: basic refine citations after review

{{Short description|Engineering college situated in Kodakara, Thrissur District, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = '''Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous)'''
| image = [[File:Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology Logo.jpg]]
| other_name = SCET
| motto = Education Is Dedication
| established = 2002
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]
| affiliation = [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University|APJAKTU]], [[AICTE]]
| academic_affiliation = {{ubl||[[University of Calicut]] (2002-2015)|[[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] (since 2015)}}
| type = Engineering College
| city = Kodakara, [[Thrissur]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| postalcode = 680684
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.359501|76.2859103|type:edu_region:IN-KL|display=inline,title}}
| campus_type = Self-financing engineering college
| campus_size = {{convert|45|acre}}
| head_label = Executive Director
| head = Rev. Fr. Dr. Anto Chungath
| principal = Dr. Ramkumar S
| director = Dr. Leon Ittiachen
| faculty = 117
| website = {{URL|https://sahrdaya.ac.in/}}
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
}}

'''Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology''' is an Engineering college situated in Kodakara, [[Thrissur District]] which offers bachelor's ([[Biomedical Engineering]], [[Biotechnology Engineering]], [[Civil Engineering]], [[Computer Science and Engineering]], [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]], [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]]), Master's ([[Computer Science and Engineering]], [[Embedded systems]], [[Industrial Biotechnology]]) and Doctoral ([[Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics]] [[STEM]]) programs in Engineering and Technology. Sahrdaya is the "only Engineering College in Kerala, Consistently with above 80% pass" (2009, 2010, 2011) in the result analysis of engineering colleges at Kerala by the [[Department of Technical Education]]<ref name="dte result analysis">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.dtekerala.gov.in/downloads/resana12.pdf
|title = Result analysis of Engineering colleges
|publisher = Directorate of Technical Education, Kerala
|access-date = 2013-03-22
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140227182313/http://www.dtekerala.gov.in/downloads/resana12.pdf
|archive-date = 2014-02-27
}}</ref> and [[University of Calicut]] under the direction of Hon [[High Court of Kerala]] in 2012. The college is run by the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Irinjalakuda]]. The college is affiliated to [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) New Delhi, and the [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]].

Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology (SCET) was established in 2002, and is promoted by the Irinjalakuda Diocesan Education Trust, is an [[ISO 9001]]:2015 certified Institution. Sahrdaya also holds accreditation from NBA (BME, BT, CE, CSE,ECE, and EEE), NAAC and the [[Institution of Engineers (India)]], is considered one of the fastest-growing Engineering colleges in Kerala with recognition from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) of Govt. of India as Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (SIRO). State of the art infrastructure of the institute is spread over 45 acres of green campus with a total build-up area of, 57854 sq.m.<ref name="GYTI Award from Rashtrapti Bhavan">
{{cite web
|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/award-for-sahrdaya-college/article8379534.ece
|title = Award for Sahrdaya College
|publisher = The Hindu
}}</ref>

On 22 August 2022, the BME, BT, CSE, and CE Departments got accredited with [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]] accreditation status.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/nba-accreditation-sahrdaya-cse-bme-bt-ce |title=NBA Accreditation Sahrdaya CSE, BME, BT, CE}}</ref> Following this on 6 December 2023, the ECE Department also got [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]] accreditation status.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/nba-accreditation-ece-sahrdaya |title=nba accreditation ece sahrdaya}}</ref>

In April 2024, The [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] conferred [[Autonomous]] status to the college for 10 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UGC Grants Autonomous status to Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/autonomous-status-sahrdaya |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref>

On 28 May 2025, Department of EEE also got [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]] accreditation status. With that, Sahrdaya became Kerala's only autonomous engineering college with all UG programs [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]] accredited.[[File:2625gyti-2016-img-8.jpg|thumb|Sahrdaya Innovators receiving Gandhian Young Technological Innovation Award from Rashtrapti Bhavan, New Delhi]]

== Departments ==
* [[Applied Science]] and [[Humanities]]
* [[Biomedical Engineering]]
* [[Biotechnology Engineering]]
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
* [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]]
* [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar educational institutions]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the University of Calicut]]
[[Category:Private engineering colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Kerala]]