Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

M. Karpaga Vinayagam

2026-05-04T00:23:59Z

AmanGautamArtist: adding a stub v1...

{{Short description|Former Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court (2006-2008)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable|Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)]]
| name = Muthusamy Karpaga Vinayagam
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Chairperson of [[Appellate Tribunal for Electricity]]
| term_start = 14 November 2008
| term_end = 13 November 2011
| appointer = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| predecessor = Anil Dev Singh
| term_start1 = 1 December 2011
| term_end1 = 30 November 2014
| appointer1 = Pratibha Patil
| successor1 = [[Ranjana Desai]]
| office2 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|5th Chief Justice]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| term_start2 = 17 September 2006
| term_end2 = 15 May 2008
| nominator2 = [[Y. K. Sabharwal]]
| appointer2 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| predecessor2 = {{ubl|[[Nelavoy Dhinakar]]|[[M. Y. Eqbal]] ''(acting)''}}
| successor2 = {{ubl|[[Gyan Sudha Misra]]|[[M. Y. Eqbal]] ''(acting)''}}
| office3 = Judge of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start3 = 8 January 1996
| term_end3 = 16 September 2006
| nominator3 = [[A. M. Ahmadi]]
| appointer3 = [[S. D. Sharma]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1946|05|16}}
| birth_place = [[Devakottai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| parents =
| education = [[B.A.]] in Economics and [[LL.B]]
| alma_mater = Alagappa University, [[Madras Law College]]
}}
'''Muthusamy Karpaga Vinayagam''' (born 16 May 1946) is a retired Indian judge, Tamil scholar and former Chief Justice of the Jharkhand High Court.

==Early life==
Vinayagam was born in 1946 at [[Devakottai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in a family with legal background. He passed B.A. in [[Economics]] in 1969 from Alagappa University and got [[LL.B]]. degree from the [[Madras Law College]] in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aptel.gov.in/members/Karpaga.html|title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice M.Karpaga Vinayagam|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Vinayagam got enrolled himself as an advocate in the [[Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry|Bar Council of Tamil Nadu]] in the year 1972 and started practice as a Criminal side Advocate in the [[Madras High Court]]. He appeared as the Government Counsel in the High Court for seven years consecutively. In 1993 he became the Editor of the [[Delhi]]-based law journal Current Criminal Report. Vinayagam was elevated as a Judge in the Madras High Court in 1996. He was appointed the Chief Justice of [[Jharkhand High Court]] on 17 September 2006.

Apart from his judicial career Justice Vinayagam has immense knowledge on Classical and ancient [[Tamil language]]. He wrote a book on Criminal Law in the Ancient Period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/hon’ble-mr-justice-mkarpaga-vinayagam|title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice M.Karpaga Vinayagam|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> After the retirement, he practiced in the [[Supreme Court of India]] as senior advocate.

In November 2008<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Karpaga-Vinayagam-is-power-appellate-tribunal-chief/article15336939.ece|title=Karpaga Vinayagam is power appellate tribunal chief|date=7 November 2008|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> Vinayagam was appointed to the post of the Chairperson of the [[Appellate Tribunal for Electricity]], [[New Delhi]] and reappointed in 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/justice-m-karpaga-vinayagam-was-reappointed-chairperson-of-appellate-tribunal-1322637503-1|title=Justice M. Karpaga Vinayagam was reappointed Chairperson of Appellate Tribunal|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> to serve their till 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aptel.gov.in/en|title=Home {{!}} APPELLATE TRIBUNAL FOR ELECTRICITY|access-date=23 January 2026|website=Appellate tribunal for electricity}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinayagam, M. Karpaga}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Jharkhand High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Tamil scholars]]
[[Category:People from Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:People from Devakottai]]

Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay

2026-04-30T08:45:09Z

AmanGautamArtist: further enhance page for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Bengali author from India (born 1935)}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Sirshendu Mukhopadhyay - Kolkata 2014-02-07 8515.JPG
| image_size =
| caption = Mukhopadhyay in February 2014
| name = Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1935|11|2}}
| birth_place = [[Mymensingh]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shirshendu Mukhopad|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/campus/2008/04/02/feature_shirshendu.htm|access-date=2020-12-14|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref> [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<ref name=NTVBD>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-21|title=সবার পক্ষে লেখক হওয়া সম্ভব নয় : শীর্ষেন্দু মুখোপাধ্যায়|url=https://www.ntvbd.com/arts-and-literature/167323/সবার-পক্ষে-লেখক-হওয়া-সম্ভব-নয়--শীর্ষেন্দু-মুখোপাধ্যায়|access-date=2020-12-14|website=[[NTV (Bangladesh)]]|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=শীর্ষেন্দু মুখোপাধ্যায়ের ৮৬তম জন্মদিন|url=https://www.risingbd.com/feature/news/378675|access-date=2020-12-14|website=risingbd.com|language=bn}}</ref> (present-day [[Bangladesh]])
| occupation = Author, Teacher
| notable_works = Baithaki, Manabjamin, Durbin, Parthib
| alma_mater = [[Calcutta University]]
| awards = {{ubl|[[Ananda Purashkar]]|[[Sahitya Academy]]}}
| signature = Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay signature.jpg
}}

'''Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay''' (born 2 November 1935)<ref>{{Cite web |last=লেখা |date=2023-11-02 |title=কেন শীর্ষেন্দু মুখোপাধ্যায়ের লেখা পছন্দ করেন পাঠকেরা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/onnoalo/prose/ec02c16dn2 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> is a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] author from [[India]]. He has written stories for both adults and children.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Shirshendu+Mukhopadhyay&qt=results_page |title=Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay |access-date=26 March 2010 |publisher=WorldCat.org }}</ref> He is known for creating the relatively new fictional sleuths [[Goenda Baradacharan|Barodacharan]] and [[Shabor Dasgupta]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/CREST/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=CREST&BaseHref=TCRM%2F2010%2F11%2F06&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00900&AppName=1 |title=Sans successors, Feluda and Byomkesh still rule |author=Shreya Roy Chowdhury |website=timesofindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225200/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/CREST/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=CREST&BaseHref=TCRM%2F2010%2F11%2F06&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00900&AppName=1 |archive-date=2018-03-01 }}</ref>

== Life ==
Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay was born in [[Mymensingh]]<ref name=NTVBD/> (now in [[Bangladesh]]) on 2 November 1935. The Mukhopadhyays were originally from Bainkhara, [[Bikrampur]] (now [[Munshiganj]]). During [[Partition of India|partition]] his family migrated to Kolkata.<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/campus/2008/04/02/feature_shirshendu.htm A Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay Evening], ''The Daily Star'', 13 April 2008</ref> He spent his childhood in [[Bihar]] and many places in [[Bengal]] and [[Assam]] accompanying his father, who worked in the railways. He passed intermediate from the [[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College|Victoria College (now ABN Seal College)]], [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Behar]] before taking a Masters in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] from [[Calcutta University]].

Mukhopadhyay started his career as a school teacher and is now on the staff of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' at [[Kolkata]]. He is associated with the Bengali magazine ''[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parabaas.com/translation/database/authors/texts/shirshendu.html |title=Sirshendu Mukhopadhyay (b. 1935) |access-date= 26 March 2010|publisher=Parabbas.com }}</ref>

== Film adaptions ==
Mukhopadhyay's novels were later adopted in movies.
* ''Hirer Angti'' was adapted into a movie ''[[Hirer Angti]]'' by [[Rituparno Ghosh]] in 1992.
* ''Nabiganjer Daityo'' was adapted into a movie ''[[Ajab Gayer Ajab Katha]]'' by [[Tapan Sinha]] in 1998.
* ''Patal Ghor'' was adapted into a movie ''[[Patalghar]]'' by Abhijit Choudhury in 2003.
* His short story ''"Dosar"'' was filmed by Rituparno Ghosh in B/W format into the film ''[[Dosar]]'' in 2006.
* ''Sadhubabar Lathi'' was adapted into a movie ''[[Sadhu Babar Lathi]]'' in 2008.
* In 2010, a film has been released named ''Banshiwala'', the script of which is adopted from the novel 'Banshiwala', written by him.
* ''[[Kagojer Bou]]'' was also adapted into a 2011 film by director [[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]].
* ''Gosainbaganer Bhoot'', adapted into a movie, ''[[Gosainbaganer Bhoot (film)|Gosainbaganer Bhoot]]'' in 2011.
* ''[[Chayamoy]]'', has been adapted into a movie by director [[Haranath Chakraborty]] in 2013.
* ''[[Goynar Baksho]]'' has been adapted into a movie by director [[Aparna Sen]] in 2013.
* ''[[Ashchorjyo Prodeep]]'' has been adapted into a movie by director [[Anik Dutta]] in 2013.
* ''Riṇ'' has been adapted into a movie named ''[[Ebar Shabor]]'' by director [[Arindam Sil]] in 2015.
* ''[[Eagoler Chokh]]'' has been adapted into a movie by director [[Arindam Sil]] in 2016.
* ''[[Aschhe Abar Shabor]]'' is a 2018 film and third installment of [[Goenda Shabor (film series)|Goenda Shabor film series]], is based on his story ''Prajapatir Mrityu O Punarjanmo''.
* ''[[Manojder Adbhut Bari]]'' is a 2018 film of [[Anindya Chatterjee]] is based on the novel in the same name.
* ''[[Bony (film)|Bony]]'' is a 2021 film based on the novel of the same name.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/koel-parambrata-come-together-for-a-new-thriller/articleshow/69789613.cms|title=Koel-Parambrata come together for a new thriller - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 June 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>
* [[Tirandaj Shabor]] is a 2022 film and fourth installment of [[Goenda Shabor|Goenda Shabor film series]], based on his novel ''Tirandaj''.

== Fiction ==
"Jal Taranga" was his first story published in the magazine "[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]" in 1959. After 7/8 years of writing story ''Ghunpoka'' was his first novel published in the annual [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] edition of the magazine ''Desh''. His first children's novel was called ''Manojder Adbhut Bari''.

=== Novel ===
*''Baithaki, Publisher: Smell of Books''
* ''Ghunpoka (ঘুণপোকা) (1967)''
* ''Parapar (পারাপার)''
* ''Ujan (উজান)''
* ''Rangin Sanko (রঙিন সাঁকো)''
* ''Phera (ফেরা)''
* ''Brishtir Ghran (বৃষ্টির ঘ্রাণ)''
* ''Basstop-e Keu Nei (বাসস্টপে কেউ নেই)''
* ''Din Jaay (দিন যায়)''
* ''Nayanshyama (নয়নশ্যামা)''
* ''Pherighaat (ফেরিঘাট)''
* ''Ashchorjo Bhromon (আশ্চর্য ভ্রমণ)''
* ''Jao Pakhi (যাও পাখি)''
* ''Jibanpatra (জীবনপাত্র)''
* ''Shyaola (শ্যাওলা)''
* ''Rawkter Bish (রক্তের বিষ)''
* ''Kagojer Bou (কাগজের বউ)''
* ''Shunyer Udyaan (শূন্যের উদ্যান)''
* ''Laal Neel Manush (লাল নীল মানুষ)''
* ''Fajal Ali Aschhe (ফজল আলী আসছে)''
* ''Khoy (ক্ষয়)''
* ''Nilu Hazrar Hatyaarahasya (নীলু হাজরার হত্যারহস্য)''
* ''Fulchor (ফুলচোর)''
* ''Shiulir Gandho (শিউলির গন্ধ)''
* ''Bhul Satya (ভুল সত্য)''
* ''Chhyamoyi (ছায়াময়ী)''
* ''Akranto (আক্রান্ত)''
* ''Jaal (জাল)''
* ''Durbeen (দূরবীন)''
* ''Adam Eve o Andhakaar (আদম ইভ ও অন্ধকার)''
* ''Santaru o Jalokonya (সাঁতারু ও জলকন্যা)''
* ''Madhab o tar Pariparshwik (মাধব ও তার পারিপার্শ্বিক)''
* ''Kancher Manush (কাঁচের মানুষ)''
* ''Bikeler Mrityu (বিকেলের মৃত্যু)''
* ''Manobjomin (মানবজমিন)''
* ''Golaper Kaanta (গোলাপের কাঁটা)''
* ''Nana Ronger Aalo (নানা রঙের আলো)''
* ''Chokh (চোখ)''
* ''Drishyabali (দৃশ্যাবলী)''
* ''Tanaporon (টানাপোড়েন)''
* ''Haariye Jawa (হারিয়ে যাওয়া)''
* ''Churi (চুরি)''
* ''Keet (কীট)''
* ''Waarish (ওয়ারিশ)''
* ''Geet (গতি)''
* ''Poymonto (পয়মন্ত)''
* ''Baaghu Maannar Boraat (বাঘু মান্নার বরাত)''
* ''Deshantari (দেশান্তরী)''
* ''Hridaybrittanto (হৃদয়বৃত্তান্ত)''
* ''Tithi (তিথি)''
* ''Kapurush (কাপুরুষ)''
* ''Chena-Awchena (চেনা-অচেনা)''
* ''Jor-Bejor(জোড়-বিজোড়)''
* ''Paarthib (পার্থিব)''
* ''Harano Mani (হারানো মণি)''
* ''Padokkhep (পদক্ষেপ)''
* ''Morich (মারীচ)''
* ''Goynar Baksha (গয়নার বাক্স)''
* ''Pipul (পিপুল)''
* ''Ghar Jamai (ঘরজামাই)''
* ''Haatbaar (হাটবার)''
* ''Dwitiya Shattar Shondhane (দ্বিতীয় সত্ত্বার সন্ধানে)''
* ''Shampatti (সম্পত্তি)''
* ''Rin (ঋণ)''
* ''Ashukher Pore (অসুখের পরে)''
* ''Neecher Lok Uporer Lok (নীচের লোক উপরের লোক)''
* ''Aaloy Chhayay (আলোয় ছায়ায়)''
* ''Sheeri Bhenge Bhenge (সিঁড়ি ভেঙে ভেঙে)''
* ''Akadashir Bhoot (একাদশীর ভূত)''
* ''Aalor Galpo Chhayar Galpo (আলোর গল্প ছায়ার গল্প)''
* ''Prajapatir Mrityu O Punarjanma (প্রজাপতির মৃত্যু ও পুনর্জন্ম)''
* ''Pidimer Aalo (পিদিমের আলো)''
* ''Jonmantor (জন্মান্তর)''
* ''Guhamaanob (গুহামানব)''
* ''Kaalo Beral Shada Beral (কালো বেড়াল সাদা বেড়াল)''
* ''Dwicharini (দ্বিচারিণী)''
* ''Jhaanpi (ঝাঁপি)''
* ''Tirandaj (তীরন্দাজ)''
* ''Noronari Katha (নরনারী কথা)''
* ''Chakra (চক্র)''
* ''Porihatir Horin (পরিহাটির হরিণ)''
* ''Baanshiwala (বাঁশিওয়ালা)''
* ''Dhonnobad Mastarmoshai (ধন্যবাদ মাস্টারমশাই)''

=== Children's (Adbhutuṛé Series) ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmJADwAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3&pg=PT176 |title=25ti Sera Bhoot |publisher=Parul Prakashani Private Limited |isbn=9789386186492 |access-date=June 27, 2019}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* ''Manojader Adbhut Baari'': His first work, about a teenage boy named Manoj and his weird family. The story revolves around a photo of Prince, Manoj's family, teachers and neighbours. First published in July 1978.
* ''Pagla Saheber Kabor''
* ''Patashgarer Jangale''
* ''Boxer Ratan''
* ''Gourer Kabach''
* ''Patalghar''
* ''Haripurer Harek Kaando''
* ''Nabiganjer Daitya''
* ''Hirer Aangti'' ({{Translation|Diamond Ring}})
* ''Gajananer Kouto''
* ''Nababganjer Agantuk'' ({{Translation|The Stranger of Nababganj}})
* ''Kunjapukurer Kando''
* ''Nrisingha Rahasya''
* ''Raghab Babur Bari''
* ''Hetamgarher Guptodhon''
* ''Bhuture Ghori''
* ''Jhiler Dhare Bari''
* ''Sholo Nombor Fatik Ghosh''
* ''Dakater Bhaipo'' ({{Translation|The robber's nephew}})
* ''Mohan Rayer Banshi''
* ''Dudh Sayorer Deep''
* ''Golmal''
* ''Sonar Medel'' ({{Translation|Gold medal}})
* ''Chhayamoy''
* ''Chakropurer Chakkore''
* ''Ghorpyanche Prangobindo''
* ''Bipin Babur Bipod''
* ''Jhikorgachhay Jhonjhat''
* ''Harano Kakatua''
* ''Sadhu Babar Lathi'' ({{Translation|The Saint's stick}})
* ''Aghorgunjer Ghoralo Byapar''
* ''BotukBuror Choshma''
* ''Golmele Lok''
* ''Unhu''
* ''Ashtopurer Britanta''
* ''Advuture''
* ''Goshai Baganer Bhoot''
* ''Moynagorer Brittanto''
* ''Madan Tapadarer Bakso''
* ''Sarboneshe Bhul Anko''
* ''Bholu Jokhon Raja Holo''
* ''Habu Bhui Malir Putul''
* ''Nondi Barir Shakh''
* ''Jong Bahadur Singhor Nati''
* ''Asmanir Chor''
* ''Gor Hekimpurer Rajbari''
* ''Hirongorer Byaparsyapar''
* ''Asubabur Telescope''
* ''Ek Aschorjo Feriwala ''}}

== Awards ==
* Vidyasagar Award (1985) – for his contributions to children's literature
* [[Ananda Purashkar]] (1973 and 1990)
* [[Sahitya Akademi]] award (1989) for his novel ''Manabjamin''
* [[Banga Bibhushan]] award (2012)
* [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Majee Mondal|first=Suvodip|date=20 September 2021|title=Sahitya Akademi fellowship for Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/sahitya-akademi-fellowship-for-shirshendu/articleshow/86351746.cms|access-date=September 20, 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[ABP Ananda]] Sera Bangali Award (Sera'r sera)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/west-bengal/kolkata/abp-ananda-sera-bengali-2022/cid/1394293|title=বাঙালির ছক-ভাঙা গরিমার স্পর্ধাকে কুর্নিশ|trans-title=|website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=25 December 2022|access-date=26 December 2022|location=Kolkata}}</ref>
* Kuvempu Rashtriya Puraskar'','' 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saurabh |date=2024-01-05 |title=Bengali Writer Shirshendu Mukyopadhyaya Receives 2023 Kuvempu Award |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/bengali-writer-shirshendu-mukyopadhyaya-receives-2023-kuvempu-award/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
{{Portal|Children and Young Adult Literature}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|1425586}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}

{{Goenda Shabor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukhopadhyay, Shirshendu}}
[[Category:Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay| ]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Mymensingh District]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Bengali detective fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian crime fiction writers]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ananda Puraskar]]

Official scripts of India

2026-04-27T22:08:37Z

AmanGautamArtist: Article!

{{Short description|Officially mandated writing systems in India}}
{{Contains special characters}}
There are several '''official scripts of India''', which are either used officially by the Union government or by the state governments. The official languages of the Indian Union are Hindi and English, whereas the [[Devanagari script]] is used to write [[Hindi]] and the [[Latin script]] is used for English. Alongside, the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]] lists languages that are officially recognised by the Indian government.<ref name="Eight">{{cite web |title=Eighth Schedule |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S8.pdf |access-date=5 December 2023 |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> However, the state legislatures are free to adopt by law any languages as official ones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS {{!}} Department of Official Language {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/constitutional-provisions |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=rajbhasha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India: Official Languages Act |url=https://www.uottawa.ca/about-us/official-languages-bilingualism-institute/clmc/international-perspective/canadian-bilingualism/india-official-languages-act#:~:text=Accordingly,%20in%201963%20the%20Federal,choose%20their%20own%20official%20languages. |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=About us |language=en}}</ref>

== Bengali–Assamese Script ==
The [[Bengali–Assamese script]] is the official script for the Bengali and Assamese language in West Bengal, Assam and Tripura.

== Devanagari Script ==
The [[Constitution of India]] says:
{{Blockquote|The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals.|Part XVII of the [[Indian Constitution]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sequence of events with reference to official language of the Union |url=http://rajbhasha.nic.in/IIContent.aspx?t=enevents8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110802071514/http://rajbhasha.nic.in/IIContent.aspx?t=enevents |archive-date=2 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
Being the official script for Hindi, Devanagari is officially used in the [[Union Government of India]] as well as several Indian states where Hindi is an official language, [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Mizoram]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]], and the Indian union territories of [[Delhi]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=26 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016}}</ref>
[[Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4501/1/officiallanguages.pdf |title=The Gujarat Official Languages Act, 1960 |publisher=indiacode.nic.in |year=1961 |access-date=21 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Benedikter |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89 |title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-643-10231-7 |page=89 |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425230812/https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[West Bengal]] also officially use Devanagari, as these two states recognise Hindi as an additional official language.<ref name="auto10">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp |title=Multi-lingual Bengal |date=11 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232340/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Devanagari script]] ({{Script|Deva|देवनागरी}}, romanized: Devanāgarī) is the officially mandated script of the [[Bodo language]] in [[Assam]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Assam Official Language Act, 1960 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/19560 |website=India Code |publisher=Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref> the [[Konkani language]] in [[Goa]],<ref name="GDDOLAct1987">{{cite web|url=http://www.daman.nic.in/acts-rules%5CHindi-department%5Cdocuments/Official%20Language%20Act.pdf|title=The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987|date=19 December 1987|website=U.T. Administration of Daman & Diu|access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref> and Sanskrit in [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Himachal Pradesh Official Language Act, 1975 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/5711 |website=India Code |publisher=Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India}}</ref>

== Gujarati script ==
The [[Gujarati script]] is the official script for the Gujarati language in Gujarat.

== Gurmukhi Script ==
{{Distinguish||text=[[Shahmukhi]], the Punjabi script used in Punjab, Pakistan}}
The [[Gurmukhi script]] ({{langx|pa|{{script|Guru|ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ}}}}) is the official script for the [[Punjabi language]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Official Languages Act, 1967 |url=https://www.bareactslive.com/Pun/PU449.HTM?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.bareactslive.com}}</ref> and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/2003Delhi8 |title=The Delhi Official Language Act, 2000 |language=English}}</ref>

== Kannada Script ==
The [[Kannada script]] is the official script for the Kannada language in Karnataka.

== Latin Script ==
The [[Latin script|Latin Script]] is the official script for the English language in [[Union Government of India]] and its states like Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

== Malayalam Script ==
The [[Malayalam script]] is the official script for the Malayalam language in Kerala.

== Meitei Script ==
The [[Meitei script]] ({{langx|mni|{{script|Mtei|[[ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ]]}}|Meitei mayek}}) is the officially mandated script for the [[Meitei language]] of [[Manipur]],<ref>{{Cite web | title=The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 | url=https://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=658 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=manipurgovtpress.nic.in}}</ref> replacing the [[Bengali script]], albeit with some allowance for parallel use. It is also used in Assam for the Meitei language.

== Odia script ==
The [[Odia script]] is the official script for the Odia language in Odisha.

== Ol Chiki Script==
The [[Ol Chiki script]] (ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, Santali pronunciation: [ɔl tʃiki], ɔl 'writing', tʃiki 'symbol') is the official script for the Santali language in West Bengal, as well as in the neighboring state of Jharkhand.

== Perso-Arabic script ==
The Perso-Arabic script is the official script for [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Urdu]] languages in Jammu and Kashmir.

== Telugu Script ==
The [[Telugu script]] ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: తెలుగు లిపి, [[Romanization of Telugu|romanized]]: ''Telugu lipi'') is the official script for the [[Telugu language]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Union Territory Puducherry]].<ref name=":0" />

== Tamil Script ==
The [[Tamil script]] ({{Langx|ta|தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி|Tamiḻ ariccuvaṭi}}) is the official script for the [[Tamil language]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tamil Nadu Official Language Act, 1956 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/tamil_nadu/1956/1956TN39.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216072926/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/tamil_nadu/1956/1956TN39.pdf |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Union Territory Puducherry]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=The Pondicherry Official Languages Act, 1965 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/puducherry/1965/1965Pondicherry3.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911084318/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/puducherry/1965/1965Pondicherry3.pdf |archive-date=September 11, 2014 |access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> Although there is no explicit legal provision defining the Tamil script as the official script, it is implicitly recognised as such since it is used in the formulation of laws and official documents.

== Tirhuta Script ==
The [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] (also called Mithilakshar) script has historically been used for writing the [[Maithili language]] in [[Mithila (region)|mithila]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aksharamukha |url=https://www.aksharamukha.com/describe/Tirhuta |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=www.aksharamukha.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Classical Languages of India]]
* [[Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation]]
* [[Official Languages Commission]]
* [[Part XVII of the Constitution of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title=Indic writing systems {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indic-writing-systems |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Writing systems of South Asia]]

Palla Srinivasa Rao

2026-04-17T05:19:35Z

AmanGautamArtist: Done!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = 3rd [[Telugu Desam Party|President of the Telugu Desam Party, Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 14 June 2024
| 1blankname = National President
| 1namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor = [[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Tippala Nagireddy|Tippala Nagi Reddy]]
| constituency1 = [[Gajuwaka (Assembly constituency)|Gajuwaka]]
| term_start2 = 2014
| term_end2 = 2019
| predecessor2 = Chintalapudi Venkatramaiah
| successor2 = [[Tippala Nagireddy]]
| constituency2 = [[Gajuwaka (Assembly constituency)|Gajuwaka]]
| spouse = Smt. Lavanya Devi (Assistant Professor, Andhra University)
| children = 1 Daughter, 1 Son
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
}}

'''Palla Srinivasa Rao Yadav''' is an Indian politician. He was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gajuwaka]] on behalf of [[Telugu Desam Party]] in 2014 and in 2024. He won with highest majority in the state in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] with 95,235 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gajuwaka Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gajuwaka-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gajuwaka-mla-elect-palla-srinivasa-rao-made-tdp-ap-president/article68289667.ece|title=Gajuwaka MLA-elect Palla Srinivasa Rao made TDP A.P. president|first=The Hindu|last=Bureau|newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 June 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
On 14 June 2024 he was appointed the Andhra Pradesh State President of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] by the National President of [[Telugu Desam Party]] Shri. [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]. Palla Srinivasa Rao has become well-known for his staunch opposition to the privatization of the [[Visakhapatnam Steel Plant]]. He is referred to as "the People's Leader" by the people of Visakhapatnam.<ref name="Palla Srinivasa Rao meets Chandrababu Naidu, thanks him for being appointed as TDP A.P. president">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Palla Srinivasa Rao meets Chandrababu Naidu, thanks him for being appointed as TDP A.P. president |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/palla-srinivasa-rao-meets-chandrababu-naidu-thanks-him-for-being-appointed-as-tdp-ap-president/article68300098.ece |access-date=18 June 2024 |date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618163210/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/palla-srinivasa-rao-meets-chandrababu-naidu-thanks-him-for-being-appointed-as-tdp-ap-president/article68300098.ece |archive-date=18 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Andhra Pradesh: Palla made State TDP president">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |title=Andhra Pradesh: Palla made State TDP president |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jun/17/andhra-pradesh-palla-made-state-tdp-president |access-date=18 June 2024 |date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618163455/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jun/17/andhra-pradesh-palla-made-state-tdp-president |archive-date=18 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gajuwaka MLA-elect Palla Srinivasa Rao made TDP A.P. president">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Gajuwaka MLA-elect Palla Srinivasa Rao made TDP A.P. president |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gajuwaka-mla-elect-palla-srinivasa-rao-made-tdp-ap-president/article68289667.ece |access-date=18 June 2024 |date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618163328/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gajuwaka-mla-elect-palla-srinivasa-rao-made-tdp-ap-president/article68289667.ece |archive-date=18 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Education Details ==
Shri Palla Srinivasa Rao completed Post Graduate MBA in 1995 and completed Master of Technology in Structural Engineering In 1998 from [[Andhra University]], Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

== Political career ==
He hailed from a political family. In 1994 general elections, his father Palla Simhachalam was MLA from Vizag-2 from [[Telugu Desam Party]].

In 2009 elections, Palla Srinivas contested as the Praja Rajyam Party's MP candidate for Vizag and lost by narrow margin.

Subsequently, he joined TDP and contested from [[Gajuwaka]] in the 2014 election. He won with a huge majority and worked for the development of his constituency.

He lost the ''2019 elections'' from the same constituency, which due to votes splitting as [[Janasena Party|Janasena's]] chief [[Pawan Kalyan]] too contested from the same constituency.

After 2019 elections, [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] appointed him as ''Visakhapatnam Parliament President''.

He continued to work for ''strengthening'' the party and building the cadre in the Vizag city.

On behalf of the TDP, he played an active role in the protest against the privatisation of the [[Visakhapatnam Steel Plant]] (VSP) which is the heart of Vizag city and went on a hunger strike for ''7 days in February 2021'' and from then people of Vizag started calling him People's Leader.

His outstanding efforts paid off in the ''2024 elections'', when he won in assembly election with a majority of 95,235 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Palla Srinivasa}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Uravakonda Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:39Z

AmanGautamArtist: done!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Uravakonda
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (149-Uravakonda highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Uravakonda Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| mla = [[Payyavula Keshav]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Payyavula Keshav (cropped).jpg
| electors = 215,741
| established = 1962
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 149
}}

'''Uravakonda Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Payyavula Keshav]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 215,741 electors in the constituency.{{update after|2024|06}} The constituency was established in 1962, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1962)''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh-uravakonda-results-s01a149/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190612181841/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh-uravakonda-results-s01a149/|archive-date = 12 June 2019|title = Live Results: Uravakonda Assembly Constituency (Andhra Pradesh)}}</ref>

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Vidapanakal
|-
| Vajrakarur
|-
| Uravakonda
|-
| Beluguppa
|-
| Kudair
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan=2 |Gurram Chinna Venkanna
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Bukkitla Basappa
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| R.Vemanna
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Y. Bheema Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Gurram Narayanappa
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Vasikeri Gopinath
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| [[Payyavula Keshav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Yellareddy Gari Sivarama Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Payyavula Keshav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Y. Visweswara Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Payyavula Keshav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Uravakonda<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Payyavula Keshav]]
|votes = 55,756
|percentage = 51.81
|change = +6.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Y. Visweswara Reddy]]
|votes = 47,501
|percentage = 44.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,255
|percentage = 7.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 107,608
|percentage = 70.80
|change = +4.94
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Uravakonda<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Payyavula Keshav]]
|votes = 64,728
|percentage = 45.29
|change = -6.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Y. Visweswara Reddy]]
|votes = 64,499
|percentage = 45.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Gurram Chennakeshava Rao]]
|votes = 8,255
|percentage = 5.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 229
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 142,910
|percentage = 76.29
|change = +5.49
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Uravakonda<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Y. Visweswara Reddy]]
|votes = 81,042
|percentage = 48.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Payyavula Keshav]]
|votes = 78,767
|percentage = 47.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,275
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 166,065
|percentage = 85.86
|change = +9.57
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Uravakonda<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/uravakonda.html|title=Uravakonda Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Uravakonda, Andhra Pradesh|website=Elections.in|access-date=24 June 2019}}</ref><ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Payyavula Keshav]]
|votes = 90,209
|percentage = 48.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Y. Visweswara Reddy]]
|votes = 88,077
|percentage = 47.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,132
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,86,756
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Uravakonda<ref name="2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Uravakonda">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Uravakonda |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01149.htm |accessdate=14 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614163422/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01149.htm |archivedate=14 June 2024}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Payyavula Keshav]]
|votes = 1,02,046
|percentage = 52.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Y. Visweswara Reddy]]
|votes = 80,342
|percentage = 41.3
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Y. Madhusudan Reddy
|votes = 4,529
|percentage = 2.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,915
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,704
|percentage = 11.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,94,522
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|14.94|77.26|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]

Dunkirk evacuation

2026-04-12T19:59:31Z

AmanGautamArtist: New New Details First Draft

{{short description|Evacuation of Allied forces in early 1940}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Dynamo
| partof = [[Battle of Dunkirk]] during the [[Battle of France]] in the [[Second World War]]
| image = Dunkirk 26-29 May 1940 NYP68075.jpg
| image_upright = 1.23
| caption = British troops lined up on the beach awaiting evacuation
| alt = Allied evacuation of Dunkirk
| date = 26 May – 4 June 1940
| place = France, [[Dunkirk]], and the [[English Channel]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|type:event|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| result = {{ublist|Successful retreat|Evacuation of 338,226 soldiers}}
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
* {{flagicon|British India}} [[British Raj|India]]{{sfn|Bowman|2020}}
{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]]{{sfn|Sweeting|2010}} 
{{flagicon|Canada|1921}} [[Canada]]{{sfn|McIntyre|2017}} {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[French Third Republic|France]]
*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[French West Africa]]{{sfn|Shephard|2003|p=169}}
{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica}} {{flagicon|Polish government-in-exile}} [[Polish Army in France (1939–1940)|Poland]]{{sfn|Sweeting|2010}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort|Lord Gort]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Bertram Ramsay]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[William Tennant (Royal Navy officer)|William Tennant]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Robert Peverell Hichens]]
* {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Jean-Marie Charles Abrial|J.M. Charles Abrial]]{{sfn|Ellis|2004|p=197}}
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Hermann Göring]]
}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)}}{{Campaignbox Battle of France}}
}}

In the '''Dunkirk evacuation''', codenamed '''Operation Dynamo''' and also known as the '''Miracle of Dunkirk''', or just '''Dunkirk''', more than 338,000 [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] soldiers were evacuated during the [[World War II|Second World War]] from the beaches and harbour of [[Dunkirk]], in the north of [[French Third Republic|France]], between 26 May and 4 June 1940. The operation began after large numbers of [[Belgian Armed Forces|Belgian]], [[British Army|British]], and [[French Army|French]] troops were cut off and surrounded by [[German Army (1935–1945)|German troops]] during the six-week [[Battle of France]].

After [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] [[Invasion of Poland|invaded Poland]] in September 1939, France and the [[British Empire]] declared war on Germany and imposed an [[Blockade of Germany (1939-45)|economic blockade]]. The [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF) was sent to help defend France. After the [[Phoney War]] of October 1939 to April 1940, Germany [[Battle of Belgium|invaded Belgium]], the [[Battle of the Netherlands|Netherlands]], and France on 10 May 1940. Three [[panzer corps]] attacked through the [[Ardennes]] and drove northwest to the [[English Channel]]. By 21 May, German forces had trapped the BEF, the remains of the Belgian forces, and three French [[field army|field armies]] along the northern coast of France. BEF commander [[General (British Army)|General]] [[John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort|Viscount Gort]] immediately saw evacuation across the Channel as the best course of action, and began planning a withdrawal to Dunkirk, the closest good port.

Late on 23 May, [[Battle_of_Dunkirk#Halt_order|the halt order]] was issued by {{lang|de|[[Generaloberst]]}} [[Gerd von Rundstedt]], commander of [[Army Group A]]. [[Adolf Hitler]] approved this order the next day, and had the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|German High Command]] send confirmation to the front. Attacking the trapped BEF, French, and Belgian armies was left to the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' until the order was rescinded on 26 May. This gave Allied forces time to construct defensive works and pull back large numbers of troops to fight the [[Battle of Dunkirk]]. From 28 to 31 May, in the [[Siege of Lille (1940)|siege of Lille]], the remaining 40,000 men of the French First Army fought a delaying action against seven German [[Division (military)|divisions]], including three [[Panzer division|armoured divisions]].

On the first day, only 7,669 Allied soldiers were evacuated, but by the end of the eighth day, 338,226 had been rescued by a hastily assembled fleet of over 800 vessels. Many troops were able to embark from the harbour's protective [[mole (architecture)|mole]] onto 39 British [[Royal Navy]] [[destroyer]]s, four [[Royal Canadian Navy]] destroyers,{{sfn|McIntyre|2017}} at least three [[French Navy]] destroyers, and a variety of civilian merchant ships. Others had to wade out from the beaches, waiting for hours in shoulder-deep water. Some were ferried to the larger ships by what became known as the [[Little Ships of Dunkirk]], a [[flotilla]] of hundreds of [[merchant marine]] boats, [[fishing boat]]s, [[pleasure craft]], [[yacht]]s, and [[Lifeboat (rescue)|lifeboats]] called into service from Britain.

The BEF lost 68,000 soldiers during the French campaign and had to abandon nearly all of its tanks, vehicles, and equipment. In his "[[We shall fight on the beaches]]" speech on 4 June to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] called the event "a colossal military disaster", saying "the whole root and core and brain of the British Army" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured.{{sfn|Churchill|2003|p=212}} He hailed their rescue as a "miracle of deliverance".{{sfn|Safire|2004|p=146}} Churchill also reminded the country that "we must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations."{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=115}}

==Background==
{{Further|Battle of France}}
In September 1939, after [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] [[Invasion of Poland|invaded Poland]], the United Kingdom sent the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF) to aid in the defence of France, landing at [[Cherbourg]], [[Nantes]], and [[Saint-Nazaire]]. By May 1940 the force consisted of ten [[Division (military)|divisions]] in three [[corps]] under the command of General [[John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort]].{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=9}}{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=7}} Working with the BEF were the [[Belgian Armed Forces|Belgian Army]] and the French [[First Army (France)|First]], [[Seventh Army (France)|Seventh]], and [[Ninth Army (France)|Ninth]] Armies.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=305}}
[[File:16May-21May Battle of Belgium.PNG|thumb|Situation on 21 May 1940; German forces occupy the area shaded in pink]]

During the 1930s, the French had constructed the [[Maginot Line]], a series of fortifications along their border with Germany. This line had been designed to deter a German invasion across the Franco-German border and funnel an attack into Belgium, which could then be met by the best divisions of the [[French Army]]. Thus, any future war would take place outside of French territory, avoiding a repeat of the [[First World War]].{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=33}}{{sfn|Roth|2010|p=6}} The area immediately to the north of the Maginot Line was covered by the heavily wooded [[Ardennes]] region,{{sfn|Kaufmann|Kaufmann|2007|p=23}} which French General [[Philippe Pétain]] declared to be "impenetrable" as long as "special provisions" were taken. He believed that any enemy force emerging from the forest would be vulnerable to a [[Pincer movement|pincer attack]] and destroyed. The French commander-in-chief, [[Maurice Gamelin]], also believed the area to be of a limited threat, noting that it "never favoured large operations".{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=32}} With this in mind, the area was left lightly defended.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=33}}

The initial plan for the German [[battle of France|invasion of France]] called for an encirclement attack through the Netherlands and Belgium, avoiding the Maginot Line.{{sfn|Melvin|2010|p=140}} [[Erich von Manstein]], then Chief of Staff of the German [[Army Group A]], prepared the outline of a different plan and submitted it to the {{lang|de|[[Oberkommando des Heeres]]}} (OKH; German High Command) via his superior, {{lang|de|[[Generaloberst]]}} [[Gerd von Rundstedt]].{{sfn|Lemay|2010|pp=98–102}}{{sfn|Forczyk|2010|pp=11–14}} Manstein's plan suggested that panzer divisions should attack through the Ardennes, then establish [[bridgehead]]s on the [[Meuse River]] and rapidly drive to the English Channel. The Germans would thus cut off the [[Allies of World War II|Allied armies]] in Belgium. This part of the plan later became known as the ''Sichelschnitt'' ("sickle cut").{{sfn|Forczyk|2010|pp=11–14}}{{sfn|Melvin|2010|p=145}} [[Adolf Hitler]] approved a modified version of Manstein's ideas, today known as the [[Manstein Plan]], after meeting with him on 17 February.{{sfn|Melvin|2010|p=132}}

On 10 May, Germany [[Battle of Belgium|invaded Belgium]] and [[Battle of the Netherlands|the Netherlands]].{{sfn|Shirer|1960|p=713}} [[Army Group B]], under {{lang|de|Generaloberst}} [[Fedor von Bock]], attacked into Belgium, while the three panzer corps of Army Group A under Rundstedt swung around to the south and drove for the Channel.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=37}} The BEF advanced from the Belgian border to positions along the [[River Dyle]] within Belgium, where they fought elements of Army Group B starting on 10 May.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=26}}{{sfn|Churchill|1949|loc=Map, p. 33}} They were ordered to begin a fighting withdrawal to the [[Scheldt River]] on 14 May when the Belgian and French positions on their flanks failed to hold.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|pp=74–75}} During a visit to Paris on 17 May, Winston Churchill was astonished to learn from Gamelin that the French had committed all their troops to the ongoing engagements and had no strategic reserves.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=47}} On 19 May, Gort met with French General [[Gaston Billotte]], commander of the French First Army and overall coordinator of the Allied forces. Billotte revealed that the French had no troops between the Germans and the sea. Gort immediately saw that evacuation across the Channel was the best course of action, and began planning a withdrawal to Dunkirk, the closest location with good port facilities.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|pp=64–65}} Surrounded by marshes, Dunkirk boasted old fortifications and the longest sand beach in Europe, where large groups could assemble.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=123}} On 20 May, on Churchill's suggestion, the Admiralty began arranging for all available small vessels to be made ready to proceed to France.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|pp=58–59}} After continued engagements and a failed Allied attempt on 21 May at [[Battle of Arras (1940)|Arras]] to cut through the German spearhead,{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=98}} the BEF was trapped, along with the remains of the Belgian forces and the three French armies, in an area along the coast of northern France and Belgium.{{sfn|Shirer|1960|p=728}}{{sfn|Thompson|2011|loc=Map, p. 61}}

==Prelude==
[[File:British Generals 1939-1945 O177.jpg|thumb|[[Lord Gort]] (gesturing, at centre) was commander of the British Expeditionary Force.]]
Without informing the French, the British began planning on 20 May for Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of the BEF.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=123}}{{sfn|Churchill|1949|pp=58–59}} This planning was headed by [[Vice Admiral]] [[Bertram Ramsay]] at the naval headquarters below [[Dover Castle]], from which he briefed Churchill as it was under way.{{sfn|Lord|1983|pp=43–44}} Ships began gathering at Dover for the evacuation.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=100}} On 20 May, the BEF sent Brigadier Gerald Whitfield to Dunkirk to start evacuating unnecessary personnel. Overwhelmed by what he later described as "a somewhat alarming movement towards Dunkirk by both officers and men", due to a shortage of food and water, he had to send many along without thoroughly checking their credentials. Even officers ordered to stay behind to aid the evacuation disappeared onto the boats.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=124}}

On 22 May, Churchill ordered the BEF to attack southward in coordination with the French First Army under General [[Georges Maurice Jean Blanchard|Georges Blanchard]] to reconnect with the remainder of the French forces.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=65}} This proposed action was dubbed the Weygand Plan after General [[Maxime Weygand]], appointed Supreme Commander after Gamelin's dismissal on 18 May.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=57}} On 25 May, Gort had to abandon any hope of achieving this objective and withdrew on his own initiative, along with Blanchard's forces, behind the Lys Canal, part of a canal system that reached the sea at [[Gravelines]].{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=84}} Sluice gates had already been opened all along the canal to flood the system and create a barrier (the Canal Line) against the German advance.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|pp=78–79}}

===Battle of Dunkirk===
{{Main|Battle of Dunkirk}}
[[File:Soldados británicos en Dunkerque en 1940.jpg|left|thumb|Soldiers were [[strafe]]d and bombed by German aircraft while awaiting transport.{{sfn|Shirer|1960|loc=Footnote, p. 736}}]]
By 24 May, the Germans had captured the port of [[Boulogne]] and surrounded [[Calais]].{{sfn|Shirer|1960|p=728}} The engineers of the 2nd Panzer Division under ''[[Generalmajor]]'' [[Rudolf Veiel]] built five bridges over the Canal Line and only one British battalion barred the way to Dunkirk.{{sfn|Lemay|2010|p=152}} On 23 May, at the suggestion of [[4th Army (Wehrmacht)|Fourth Army]] commander {{lang|de|[[Generalfeldmarschall]]}} [[Günther von Kluge]], Rundstedt had ordered the panzer units to halt, concerned about the vulnerability of his flanks and the question of supply to his forward troops.{{sfn|Noakes|Pridham|1988|p=167}}{{sfn|Army Group A War Diary}}{{sfn|OKW Jodl Diary}}{{sfn|Lord|1983|pp=28–35}} He was also concerned that the marshy ground around Dunkirk would prove unsuitable for tanks and he wished to conserve them for later operations (in some units, tank losses were 30–50 per cent).{{sfn|Cooper|1978| pp=230–31}}{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=120}} Hitler was also apprehensive, and on a visit to Army Group A headquarters on 24 May, he endorsed the order.{{sfn|Cooper|1978| pp=230–31}}{{sfn|Lord|1983|pp=28–35}}

Air Marshal [[Hermann Göring]] urged Hitler to let the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' (aided by Army Group B{{sfn|Lemay|2010|p=150}}) finish off the British. However, General [[Franz Halder]] noted in his diary that the ''Luftwaffe'' was dependent upon the weather and aircrews were worn out after two weeks of battle.{{sfn|Noakes|Pridham|1988|pp=167–68}} Rundstedt issued another order, which was sent uncoded. It was picked up by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) [[Y service]] intelligence network at 12:42: "By order of the Fuhrer ... attack north-west of Arras is to be limited to the general line Lens–Bethune–Aire–St Omer–Gravelines. The Canal will not be crossed."{{sfn|Costello|1991|p=175}}{{sfn|Hinsley|1994|p=31}} Later that day, Hitler issued Directive 13, which called for the ''Luftwaffe'' to defeat the trapped Allied forces and stop their escape.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|p=232}} At 15:30 on 26 May, Hitler ordered the panzer groups to continue their advance, but most units took another 16 hours to attack.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|p=235}} Some accounts quote Hitler as saying he deliberately allowed the British to escape.{{sfn|Kilzer|2000|p=63}} The delay gave the Allies time to prepare defences vital for the evacuation and prevented the Germans from stopping the Allied retreat from Lille.{{sfn|Noakes|Pridham|1988|p=168}}

The halt order has been the subject of much discussion by historians.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=76}}{{sfn|Lemay|2010|p=149}} Guderian considered the failure to order a timely assault on Dunkirk to be one of the major German mistakes on the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]].{{sfn|Guderian|2001|loc=Footnote, p. 117}} Rundstedt called it "one of the great turning points of the war",{{sfn|Shirer|1960|p=731}} and Manstein described it as "one of Hitler's most critical mistakes".{{sfn|Lemay|2010|p=153}} [[B. H. Liddell Hart]] interviewed many of the generals after the war and put together a picture of Hitler's strategic thinking on the matter. He concluded that Hitler believed that once Britain's troops left continental Europe, they would never return.{{sfn|Hart|1948}}{{page needed|date=July 2015}}

==Evacuation==
===26–27 May===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Dunkirk and the Retreat From France 1940 HU104600.jpg
| caption1 = British troops during the evacuation from France
| image2 = Wounded British soldiers evacuated from Dunkirk make their way up the gangplank from a destroyer at Dover, 31 May 1940. H1623.jpg
| caption2 = Troops evacuated from Dunkirk arrive at Dover, 31 May 1940
}}
The retreat was undertaken amid chaotic conditions, with abandoned vehicles blocking the roads and a flood of refugees heading in the opposite direction.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=145}}{{sfn|Thompson|2011|pp=59, 75}} Due to wartime censorship and the desire to keep up British morale, the full extent of the unfolding disaster at Dunkirk was not initially publicised. A special service attended by [[King George VI]] was held in [[Westminster Abbey]] on 26 May, which was declared a national day of prayer.{{sfn|Miller|1997|p=83}}{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=122}} The [[Cosmo Gordon Lang|Archbishop of Canterbury]] led prayers "for our soldiers in dire peril in France". Similar prayers were offered in synagogues and churches throughout the UK that day, confirming to the public their suspicion of the desperate plight of the troops.{{sfn|Gelb|1990|p=82}} Just before 19:00 on 26 May, Churchill ordered Dynamo to begin, by which time 28,000 men had already departed.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=123}} Initial plans called for the recovery of 45,000 men from the BEF within two days, at which time German troops were expected to block further evacuation. Only 25,000 men escaped during this period, including 7,669 on the first day.{{sfn|Liddell Hart|1999|p=78}}{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=306}}

On 27 May, the first full day of the evacuation, one [[cruiser]], eight [[destroyer]]s, and 26 other craft were active.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=106}} Admiralty officers combed nearby boatyards for small craft that could ferry personnel from the beaches out to larger craft in the harbour, as well as larger vessels that could load from the docks. An emergency call was put out for additional help, and by 31 May nearly four hundred small craft were voluntarily and enthusiastically taking part in the effort.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|pp=100–01}}

The same day, the ''Luftwaffe'' heavily bombed Dunkirk, both the town and the dock installations. As the water supply was knocked out, the resulting fires could not be extinguished.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=149}} An estimated one thousand civilians were killed, one-third of the remaining population of the town.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=150}} RAF squadrons were ordered to provide [[air supremacy]] for the Royal Navy during evacuation. Their efforts shifted to covering Dunkirk and the English Channel, protecting the evacuation fleet.{{sfn|Thompson|1953|p=62}} The ''Luftwaffe'' was met by 16 squadrons of the RAF, who claimed 38 kills on 27 May while losing 14 aircraft.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=149}}{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=228}} Many more RAF fighters sustained damage and were subsequently written off. On the German side, {{lang|de|[[Kampfgeschwader 2]]}} (KG 2) and [[KG 3]] suffered the heaviest casualties. German losses amounted to 23 [[Dornier Do 17]]s. [[KG 1]] and [[KG 4]] bombed the beach and harbour and [[KG 54]] sank the 8,000-ton steamer ''Aden''. [[Junkers Ju 87]] ''Stuka'' dive bombers sank the troopship ''Cote d' Azur''. The ''Luftwaffe'' engaged with 300 bombers which were protected by 550 fighter sorties and attacked Dunkirk in twelve raids. They dropped 15,000 [[high explosive]] and 30,000 [[Incendiary device|incendiary bombs]], destroying the oil tanks and wrecking the harbour.{{sfn|Jackson|1974|pp=116–117}} [[No. 11 Group RAF]] flew 22 patrols with 287 aircraft this day, in formations of up to 20 aircraft.{{sfn|Jackson|1974|p=117}}

Altogether, over 3,500 sorties were flown in support of Operation Dynamo.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=228}} The RAF continued to inflict a heavy toll on the German bombers throughout the week. Soldiers being bombed and [[strafe]]d while awaiting transport were for the most part unaware of the efforts of the RAF to protect them, as most of the dogfights took place far from the beaches. As a result, many British soldiers bitterly accused the airmen of doing nothing to help, reportedly leading to some army troops accosting and insulting RAF personnel once they returned to England.{{sfn|Shirer|1960|loc=Footnote, p. 736}}

On 25 and 26 May, the ''Luftwaffe'' focused their attention on Allied pockets holding out at Calais, [[Lille]], and [[Amiens]], and did not attack Dunkirk.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=150}} Calais, held by the BEF, surrendered on 26 May.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=119}} Remnants of the French First Army, [[Siege of Lille (1940)|surrounded at Lille]], fought off seven German divisions, several of them armoured, until 31 May, when the remaining 35,000 soldiers were forced to surrender after running out of food and ammunition.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=97}}{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=144}} The Germans accorded the [[honours of war]] to the defenders of Lille in recognition of their bravery.{{sfn|Fermer|2013|p=208}}

===28 May – 4 June===
[[File:21May-4June1940-Fall Gelb.jpg|thumb|Situation on 4 June 1940; the remaining French rearguard held a sliver of land around Dunkirk]]
[[File:East Mole Dunkirk.jpg|thumb|East mole (2009)]]
The Belgian Army surrendered on 28 May,{{sfn|Shirer|1960|p=729}} leaving a large gap to the east of Dunkirk. Several British divisions were rushed in to cover that side.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=96}} The ''Luftwaffe'' flew fewer sorties over Dunkirk on 28 May, switching their attention to the Belgian ports of [[Ostend]] and [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium|Nieuwpoort]]. The weather over Dunkirk was not conducive to dive or low-level bombing. The RAF flew 11 patrols and 321 sorties, claiming 23 destroyed for the loss of 13 aircraft.{{sfn|Jackson|1974|p=117}} On 28 May, 17,804 soldiers arrived at British ports.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=306}}

On 29 May, 47,310 British troops were rescued{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=306}} as the ''Luftwaffe''{{'}}s Ju 87s exacted a heavy toll on shipping. The British destroyer {{HMS|Grenade|H86|6}} was sunk and the {{ship|French destroyer|Mistral|up=yes}} was crippled, while her sister ships, each laden with 500 men, were damaged by near misses. British destroyers {{HMS|Jaguar|F34|2}} and {{HMS|Verity|D63|2}} were badly damaged but escaped the harbour. Two trawlers disintegrated in the attack. Later, the passenger steamer {{SS|Fenella|1936|6}} sank with 600 men aboard at the pier but the men were able to get off. The paddle steamer {{HMS|Crested Eagle}} suffered a direct hit, caught fire, and sank with severe casualties. The raiders also destroyed the two rail-owned ships, the {{SS|Lorina|1918|6}} and the {{SS|Normannia|1911|6}}.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=138}} Of the five major German attacks, just two were contested by RAF fighters; the British lost 16 fighters in nine patrols. German losses amounted to 11 Ju 87s destroyed or damaged.{{sfn|Jackson|1974|p=118}}

On 30 May, Churchill received word that all British divisions were now behind the defensive lines, along with more than half of the French First Army.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=97}} By this time, the perimeter ran along a series of canals about {{convert|7|mi}} from the coast, in marshy country not suitable for tanks.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=226}} With the docks in the harbour rendered unusable by German air attacks, senior naval officer Captain (later Admiral) [[William Tennant (Royal Navy officer)|William Tennant]] initially ordered men to be evacuated from the beaches. When this proved too slow, he re-routed the evacuees to two long stone and concrete breakwaters, called the east and west [[Mole (architecture)|moles]], as well as the beaches. The moles were not designed to dock ships, but despite this, the majority of troops rescued from Dunkirk were taken off this way.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|pp=84, 94}} Almost 200,000 troops embarked on ships from the east mole (which stretched nearly a mile out to sea) over the next week.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|pp=150–51}}{{sfn|Thompson|2011|pp=88, 97}} [[James Campbell Clouston]], pier master on the east mole, organised and regulated the flow of men along the mole into the waiting ships.{{sfn|Lord|1983|p=243}} Once more, low clouds kept ''Luftwaffe'' activity to a minimum. Nine RAF patrols were mounted, with no German formation encountered.{{sfn|Jackson|1974|p=119}} The following day, the ''Luftwaffe'' sank one transport and damaged 12 others for 17 losses; the British claimed 38 kills, which is disputed. The RAF and [[Fleet Air Arm]] lost 28 aircraft.{{sfn|Jackson|1974|p=119}}
[[File:The Evacuation From Dunkirk, May - June 1940 H1647.jpg|thumb|British troops evacuated from Dunkirk on 31 May 1940]]
The next day, an additional 53,823 men were embarked,{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=115}} including the first French soldiers.{{sfn|Murray|Millett|2000|p=80}} Lord Gort and 68,014 men were evacuated on 31 May,{{sfn|Keegan|1989|p=81}} leaving Major-General [[Harold Alexander]] in command of the rearguard.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=109}} A further 64,429 Allied soldiers departed on 1 June,{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=306}} before the increasing air attacks prevented further daylight evacuation.{{sfn|Liddell Hart|1999|p=79}} The British rearguard of 4,000 men left on the night of 2–3 June.{{sfn|Shirer|1960|p=737}} An additional 75,000 French troops were retrieved over the nights of 2–4 June,{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=306}}{{sfn|Liddell Hart|1999|p=80}} before the operation finally ended. The remainder of the rearguard, 40,000 French troops, surrendered on 4 June.{{sfn|Shirer|1960|p=737}}

Of the total 338,226 soldiers, several hundred were unarmed Indian [[arriero|mule handlers]] on detachment from the [[Royal Indian Army Service Corps]], forming four of the six units of Force K-6 transport. Cypriot muleteers were also present. Three units were successfully evacuated and one captured.{{sfn|Dunkirk 1940.org}}{{sfn|Bajwa|2013}}{{sfn|Gojkovic|2017}} Also present at Dunkirk were a small number of French Senegalese soldiers and Moroccans.{{sfn|Shephard|2003|p=169}}{{sfn|Richardson|2010|p=32}}

==Navy==
===Evacuation routes===
[[File:Dunkirk Evacuation shipping routes.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Map of the three evacuation routes]]
[[File:Dunkirk 26-29 May 1940 H1631.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Evacuated troops enjoying tea and other refreshments before boarding a train at Dover Station, 26–29 May 1940]]
Three routes were allocated to the evacuating vessels. The shortest was Route Z, a distance of {{convert|39|nmi|km}}, but it entailed hugging the French coast and thus ships using it were subject to bombardment from on-shore batteries, particularly in daylight hours.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|loc=Map, p. 223}}{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=166}} Route X, although the safest from shore batteries, travelled through a particularly heavily mined portion of the Channel. Ships on this route travelled {{convert|55|nmi|km}} north out of Dunkirk, proceeded through the Ruytingen Pass,{{sfn|Gardner|1949|p=20}} and headed towards the North Goodwin Lightship before heading south around the [[Goodwin Sands]] to Dover.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|loc=Map, p. 223}}{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=166}} The route was safest from surface attacks, but the nearby minefields and sandbanks meant it could not be used at night.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=224}} The longest of the three was Route Y, a distance of {{convert|87|nmi|km}}; using this route increased the sailing time to four hours, double the time required for Route Z. This route followed the French coast as far as [[Bray-Dunes]], then turned north-east until reaching the Kwinte Buoy.{{sfn|Dildy|2010|p=50}} Here, after making an approximately 135-degree turn, the ships sailed west to the North Goodwin Lightship and headed south around the Goodwin Sands to Dover.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|loc=Map, p. 223}}{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=166}} Ships on Route Y were the most likely to be attacked by German surface vessels, submarines, and the ''Luftwaffe''.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=222}}

{{Blockquote|You knew this was the chance to get home and you kept praying, please God, let us go, get us out, get us out of this mess back to England. To see that ship that came in to pick me and my brother up, it was a most fantastic sight. We saw dog fights up in the air, hoping nothing would happen to us and we saw one or two terrible sights. Then somebody said, there's Dover, that was when we saw the [[White Cliffs of Dover|White Cliffs]], the atmosphere was terrific. From hell to heaven was how the feeling was, you felt like a miracle had happened.|Harry Garrett, British Army, speaking to [[KM Group|Kent Online]]{{sfn|Chessum|2014}} }}

===Ships===
{{See also|List of ships at Dunkirk}}

[[File:Troops evacuated from Dunkirk on a destroyer about to berth at Dover, 31 May 1940. H1637.jpg|thumb|Troops evacuated from Dunkirk on a destroyer about to berth at Dover, 31 May 1940]]
The [[Royal Navy]] provided the anti-aircraft cruiser {{HMS|Calcutta|D82|6}}, 39 destroyers, and many other craft. The [[Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)|Merchant Navy]] supplied passenger ferries, hospital ships, and other vessels. Britain's Belgian, Dutch, Canadian,{{sfn|McIntyre|2017}} Polish,{{sfn|ORP ''Błyskawica'' Society}} and French allies provided vessels as well. Admiral Ramsay arranged for around a thousand copies to be made of the required charts, had buoys laid around the Goodwin Sands and down to Dunkirk, and organised the flow of shipping.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=224}} Larger ships such as destroyers were able to carry about 900 men per trip. The soldiers mostly travelled on the upper decks for fear of being trapped below if the ship sank.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=229}} After the loss on 29 May of 19 British and [[French navy]] ships plus three of the larger requisitioned vessels, the Admiralty withdrew their eight best destroyers for the future defence of the country.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=174}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|+ British ships{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=102}}
|-
! scope="col" | Type of vessel
! scope="col" | Total engaged
! scope="col" | Sunk
! scope="col" | Damaged
|-
! scope="row" | [[Cruiser]]s
| 1
| 0
| 1
|-
! scope="row" | [[Destroyer]]s
| 39
| 6
| 19
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sloop-of-war|Sloops]], [[corvette]]s and [[gunboat]]s
| 9
| 1
| 1
|-
! scope="row" | [[Minesweeper]]s
| 36
| 5
| 7
|-
! scope="row" | [[Fishing trawler|Trawlers]] and [[Drifter (fishing boat)|drifters]]
| 113
| 17
| 2
|-
! scope="row" | Special service vessels
| 3
| 1
| 0
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ocean boarding vessel]]s
| 3
| 1
| 1
|-
! scope="row" | [[Torpedo boat]]s and anti-submarine boats
| 13
| 0
| 0
|-
! scope="row" | Former Dutch [[schuyt]]s with naval crews
| 40
| 4
| Unknown
|-
! scope="row" | [[Yacht]]s with naval crews
| 26
| 3
| Unknown
|-
! scope="row" | Personnel ships
| 45
| 8
| 8
|-
! scope="row" | Hospital carriers
| 8
| 1
| 5
|-
! scope="row" | Naval motor boats
| 12
| 6
| Unknown
|-
! scope="row" | [[Tugboat]]s
| 34
| 3
| Unknown
|-
! scope="row" | Other small craft{{refn|group=note|Does not include ships' lifeboats and some unrecorded small privately owned craft.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=102}} }}
| 311
| 170
| Unknown
|-
! scope="row" | Total British ships
| 693
| 226
|
|-
| colspan="4" | {{refbegin}}{{reflist|group=note}}{{refend}}
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Allied ships{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=102}}
|-
! scope="col" | Type of vessel
! scope="col" | Total engaged
! scope="col" | Sunk
! scope="col" | Damaged
|-
! scope="row" | Warships (all types)
| 49
| 8
| Unknown
|-
! scope="row" | Other vessels
| 119
| 9
| Unknown
|-
! scope="row" | Total Allied ships
| 168
| 17
|Unknown
|-
! scope="row" | Grand total
| 861
| 243
|Unknown
|}

===Little ships===
{{Main|Little Ships of Dunkirk}}
{{See also|Royal National Lifeboat Institution}}

A wide variety of small vessels from all over the south of England were pressed into service to aid in the Dunkirk evacuation. They included speedboats, [[Thames]] vessels, car ferries, [[pleasure craft]], and many other types of small craft.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=234}} The most useful proved to be the motor [[Lifeboat (rescue)|lifeboats]], which had a reasonably good capacity and speed.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=234}} Some boats were requisitioned without the owner's knowledge or consent. Agents of the [[Minister of Shipping|Ministry of Shipping]], accompanied by a naval officer, scoured the Thames for likely vessels, had them checked for seaworthiness, and took them downriver to [[Sheerness]], where naval crews were to be placed aboard. Due to shortages of personnel, many small craft crossed the Channel with civilian crews.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=198}}

The first of the "little ships" arrived at Dunkirk on 28 May.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=229}} The wide sand beaches meant that large vessels could not get anywhere near the shore, and even small craft had to stop about {{convert|100|yd|m}} from the waterline and wait for the soldiers to wade out.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=225}} In many cases, personnel would abandon their boat upon reaching a larger ship, and subsequent evacuees had to wait for boats to drift ashore with the tide before they could make use of them.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=199}} In most areas on the beaches, soldiers queued up with their units and patiently awaited their turn to leave. But at times, panicky soldiers had to be warned off at gunpoint when they attempted to rush to the boats out of turn.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|pp=167–68}} In addition to ferrying out on boats, soldiers at [[De Panne]] and Bray-Dunes constructed improvised jetties by driving rows of abandoned vehicles onto the beach at low tide, anchoring them with sandbags, and connecting them with wooden walkways.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|pp=214–15}}

==Aftermath==
===Analysis===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright" align=right style="text-align: right;"
|+ Troops landed from Dunkirk 27 May – 4 June 1940{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=306}}
|-
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Beaches
! scope="col" | Harbour
! scope="col" | Total
|-
! scope="row" | 27 May
| —
| 7,669
| 7,669
|-
! scope="row" | 28 May
| 5,930
| 11,874
| 17,804
|-
! scope="row" | 29 May
| 13,752
| 33,558
| 47,310
|-
! scope="row" | 30 May
| 29,512
| 24,311
| 53,823
|-
! scope="row" | 31 May
| 22,942
| 45,072
| 68,014
|-
! scope="row" | 1 June
| 17,348
| 47,081
| 64,429
|-
! scope="row" | 2 June
| 6,695
| 19,561
| 26,256
|-
! scope="row" | 3 June
| 1,870
| 24,876
| 26,746
|-
! scope="row" | 4 June
| 622
| 25,553
| 26,175
|-
! scope="row" | '''Totals'''
| '''98,671'''
| '''239,555'''
| '''338,226'''
|}
{{See also|Battle of Abbeville|Operation Cycle|Operation Aerial}}
Before the operation was completed, the prognosis had been gloomy, with Churchill warning the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on 28 May to expect "hard and heavy tidings".{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=99}} Subsequently, Churchill referred to the outcome as a miracle, and the British press presented the evacuation as a "disaster turned to triumph" so successfully that Churchill had to remind the country in a speech to the House of Commons on 4 June that "we must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations."{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=115}} [[Andrew Roberts (historian)|Andrew Roberts]] comments that the confusion over the Dunkirk evacuation is illustrated by two of the best books on it being called ''Strange Defeat'' and ''Strange Victory''.{{sfn|Roberts|2009|p=37}}

The [[51st (Highland) Infantry Division]] was cut off south of the Somme, by the German "race to the sea", in addition to the 1st Armoured Division and a host of logistical and labour troops. Some of the latter had been formed into the improvised [[Beauman Division]]. At the end of May, further elements of two divisions began deploying to France with the hope of establishing a Second BEF. The majority of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division was forced to surrender on 12 June. However, almost 192,000 Allied personnel, including 144,000 British, were evacuated through various French ports from 15 to 25 June under the codename [[Operation Aerial]].{{sfn|Ellis|2004|pp=296–305}} Remaining British forces under the French Tenth Army as ''[[Norman Force]]'' retreated towards Cherbourg.{{sfn|Ellis|2004|pp=300–302}} The Germans [[Paris in World War II|marched into Paris]] on 14 June and France surrendered eight days later.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|pp=232–34}}

The more than 100,000 French troops evacuated from Dunkirk were quickly and efficiently shuttled to camps in various parts of south-western England, where they were temporarily lodged before being repatriated.{{sfn|Looseley|2005|p=}} British ships ferried French troops to [[Brest, France|Brest]], [[Cherbourg-Octeville|Cherbourg]], and other ports in [[Normandy]] and [[Brittany]], although only about half of the repatriated troops were redeployed against the Germans before the surrender of France. For many French soldiers, the Dunkirk evacuation represented only a few weeks' delay before being killed or captured by the German army after their return to France.{{sfn|Mordal|1968|p=496}} Of the French soldiers evacuated from France in June 1940, about 3,000 joined [[Charles de Gaulle]]'s [[Free French]] army in Britain.{{sfn|Nadeau|Barlow|2003|p=89}}
[[File:Troops evacuated from Dunkirk enjoying tea and other refreshments at Addison Road station in London, 31 May 1940. H1632.jpg|thumb|Troops evacuated from Dunkirk in London, 31 May 1940]]
In France, the unilateral British decision to evacuate through Dunkirk rather than counter-attack to the south, and the perceived preference of the Royal Navy for evacuating British forces at the expense of the French, led to some bitter resentment. According to Churchill, French Admiral [[François Darlan]] originally ordered that the British forces should receive preference, but on 31 May, he intervened at a meeting in Paris to order that the evacuation should proceed on equal terms and that the British would form the rearguard.{{sfn|Churchill|1949|p=111}} In fact, the 35,000 men who finally surrendered after covering the final evacuations were mostly French soldiers of the [[2nd Light Mechanized Division (France)|2nd Light Mechanized]] and the [[68th Infantry Division (France)|68th Infantry]] Divisions.{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=219}}{{sfn|Stewart|2008|p=115}} Their resistance allowed the evacuation effort to be extended to 4 June, on which date another 26,175 Frenchmen were transported to England.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=306}}

The evacuation was presented to the German public as an overwhelming and decisive German victory. On 5 June 1940, Hitler stated, "Dunkirk has fallen! 40,000 French and English troops are all that remains of the formerly great armies. Immeasurable quantities of materiel have been captured. The greatest battle in the history of the world has come to an end."{{efn|Original German: "{{lang|de|Dünkirchen ist gefallen! 40 000 Franzosen und Engländer sind als letzter Rest einstiger großer Armeen gefangen. Unübersehbares Material wurde erbeutet. Damit ist die größte Schlacht der Weltgeschichte beendet.}}"}}{{sfn|Hitler|1940}} {{lang|de|[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]]}} (the German armed forces high command) announced the event as "the greatest annihilation battle of all time".{{sfn|OKW|1940}}

Within Britain, there was a sharp ideological division about the portrayal of the Dunkirk evacuation. Left-wing and liberal accounts at the time such as by the writer [[J. B. Priestley]] and the journalist Hilda Marchant tended to focus exclusively upon Dunkirk, which was portrayed as the beginning of the "people's war", where ordinary people rallied to save the BEF.{{sfn|Kowol|2024|p=64}} By contrast, Conservative accounts at the time portrayed Dunkirk as merely one part of a wider "battle of the ports" which also included the battle of Boulogne and the [[Siege of Calais (1940)|siege of Calais]].{{sfn|Kowol|2024|p=64-65}} Conservative accounts of the "battle of the ports" tended to focus on the professionalism and the bravery of the British military, especially the British Army, in desperate conditions, which were portrayed as symbols of British martial prowess.{{sfn|Kowol|2024|p=64-65}} Conservative newspapers and journals in early 1940 tended to give more coverage to the battle of Calais, where Brigadier [[Claude Nicholson (British Army officer)|Claude Nicholson]] chose to fight on despite being informed that escape was impossible from Calais, rather than the Durkirk evacuation.{{sfn|Kowol|2024|p=65}} The triumph of the "people's war" interpretation, which completely obliviated the rival "battle of the ports" interpretation in the popular memory of 1940, was largely due to cinema, as filmmakers chose to focus on the evacuation at Dunkirk and ignored the other battles along the French coast.{{sfn|Kowol|2024|p=64-65}}

===Casualties===
[[File:Dunkirk 1940 HU2280.jpg|thumb|{{ship|French destroyer|Bourrasque||2}} slowly sinking]]
[[File:Dunkirk 1940 HU1145.jpg|thumb|[[Isle of Man Steam Packet Company]] vessel {{SS|Mona's Queen|1934|2}} shortly after striking a mine on the approach to Dunkirk, 29 May 1940]]
During the entire campaign, from 10 May until the [[Second Armistice at Compiègne|armistice with France]] on 22 June, the BEF suffered 68,000 casualties.{{sfn|Lemay|2010|p=151}} This included 3,500 killed and 13,053 wounded.{{sfn|French|2002|p=156}}{{sfn|Blaxland|1973|p=346}} Most heavy equipment had to be abandoned during the various evacuations, resulting in the loss of 2,472 pieces of artillery, 20,000 motorcycles, nearly 65,000 other vehicles, {{cvt|416000|LT|t|lk=on}} of stores, more than {{cvt|75000|LT|t}} of ammunition, and {{cvt|162000|LT|t}} of fuel.{{sfn|Longden|2009|p=11}} Almost all of the 445 British tanks despatched to France were abandoned.{{sfn|Thompson|2011|p=300}}

Six British and three French destroyers were sunk, along with nine other major vessels. In addition, 19 destroyers were damaged.{{sfn|Murray|Millett|2000|p=81}} Over 200 British and Allied sea craft were sunk, with a similar number damaged.{{sfn|Holmes|2001|p=267}} The Royal Navy's most significant losses in the operation were six destroyers:
* {{HMS|Grafton|H89|2}}, hit by a torpedo from German U-boat [[German_submarine_U-62_(1939)|U62]], scuttled by [[naval gunfire]] from {{HMS|Ivanhoe|D16}} on 29 May{{sfn|English|1993|p=95}}
* {{HMS|Grenade|H86|2}}, sunk by air attack at Dunkirk on 29 May{{sfn|English|1993|p=99}}
* {{HMS|Wakeful|H88|2}}, sunk by a [[torpedo]] from the [[E-boat]] ''S-30'' on 29 May{{sfn|Atkin|1990|pp=170–71}}
* {{HMS|Basilisk|H11|2}}, {{HMS|Havant|H32|2}}, and {{HMS|Keith|D06|2}}, sunk by air attack off the beaches on 1 June{{sfn|Atkin|1990|pp=204–05}}

The [[French Navy]] lost three destroyers:
* {{Ship|French destroyer|Bourrasque||2}}, mined off [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium|Nieuport]] on 30 May
* {{Ship|French destroyer|Siroco|1925|2}}, sunk by the [[E-boat]]s ''S-23'' and ''S-26'' on 31 May
* [[French destroyer Foudroyant (1929)|''Le Foudroyant'']], sunk by air attack off the beaches on 1 June

The RAF lost 145 aircraft, of which at least 42 were [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfires]], while the ''Luftwaffe'' lost 156 aircraft in operations during the nine days of Operation Dynamo,{{sfn|Atkin|1990|p=206}} including 35 destroyed by Royal Navy ships (plus 21 damaged) during the six days from 27 May to 1 June.{{sfn|Ramsey|1947|loc=Appendix III}}

For every seven soldiers who escaped through Dunkirk, one man became a [[prisoner of war]]. The majority of these prisoners were sent on forced marches into Germany. Prisoners reported brutal treatment by their guards, including beatings, starvation, and murder. Another complaint was that German guards kicked over buckets of water that had been left at the roadside by French civilians, for the marching prisoners to drink.{{sfn|Longden|2009|p=361}}

Many of the prisoners were marched to the city of [[Trier]], with the march taking as long as 20 days. Others were marched to the river [[Scheldt]] and were sent by barge to the [[Ruhr]]. The prisoners were then sent by rail to prisoner of war camps in Germany.{{sfn|Longden|2009|pp=383–404}} The majority (those below the rank of corporal) then worked in German industry and agriculture for the remainder of the war.{{sfn|Longden|2005|p=260}}

The 4,504 men of the BEF who died in the fighting of 1940, or as a prisoner of war following capture during this campaign, and have no known grave are commemorated on the [[Dunkirk Memorial]].{{sfn|Dunkirk Memorial}}

==Dunkirk Jack==
{{anchor|Dunkirk jack}}
[[File:Dunkirk Jack.svg|thumb|upright|Dunkirk Jack]]

The [[St George's Cross]] [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] with the arms of Dunkirk is the warranted [[house flag]] of the [[Little Ships of Dunkirk|Association of Dunkirk Little Ships]]. It is known as the Dunkirk [[Maritime flag#Jacks|Jack]]. The flag may be flown from the [[jackstaff|jack staff]] only by civilian vessels that took part in the Dunkirk rescue operation.{{sfn|Dunkirk Little Ships Association|2010}}

==Portrayals==




===Films===
* ''[[Mrs. Miniver]]'' (1942)
* [[Dunkirk (1958 film)|''Dunkirk'']] (1958)
* ''[[Weekend at Dunkirk]]'' (1964)
* [[Atonement (2007 film)|''Atonement'']] (2007)
* [[Dunkirk (2017 film)|''Dunkirk'']] (2017)
* [[Darkest Hour (film)|''Darkest Hour'']] (2017)

===Television===
* [[Dunkirk (TV series)|''Dunkirk'']] (2004)

===Books===
* ''[[The Snow Goose: A Story of Dunkirk]]'', a novella by [[Paul Gallico]]

==See also==
* [[1940 Dunkirk Veterans' Association]]
* [[Dunkirk Medal]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Atkin |first=Ronald |title=Pillar of Fire: Dunkirk 1940 |year=1990 |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |location=London |isbn=0-283-99697-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/pillaroffiredunk0000atki}}
* {{Cite news |last=Bajwa |first=Mandeep Singh |title=Force K6: Indian troops in France |date=19 May 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/force-k6-indian-troops-in-france/story-Sqq8GVn7QELe6YFORD4tiL.html |access-date=18 August 2017}}
* {{cite book |last=Blaxland |first=Gregory |title=Destination Dunkirk: The story of Gort's Army |year=1973 |publisher=William Kimber |location=London |isbn=978-0-7183-0203-0}}
* {{cite web |title=Błyskawica: A Brief History of the Ship |url=http://www.blyskawica-cowes.org.uk/History |website=www.blyskawica-cowes.org.uk |publisher=Friends of the ORP Błyskawica Society |access-date=24 October 2019 |ref={{sfnRef|ORP ''Błyskawica'' Society}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Bowman |first=Ghee |title=The Indian Contingent: The Forgotten Muslim Soldiers of Dunkirk |year=2020 |publisher=History Press |location=Cheltenham |isbn=978-0-7509-9379-1}}
* {{cite news |last=Chessum |first=Victoria |title=Harry Garrett, 96, tells of the moment the White Cliffs of Dover came into sight after the war |url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/dover/news/war-veteran-speaks-of-white-cliffs-18329/ |website=Kent Online |date=9 June 2014 |access-date=2 December 2016}}
* {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=Their Finest Hour |series=The Second World War |volume=II |year=1949 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston; Toronto |oclc=396145}}
* {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |title=Never Give In!: The Best of Winston Churchill's Speeches |editor1-last=Churchill |editor1-first=Winston S. |editor1-link=Winston Churchill (1940–2010) |chapter=Wars are not won by evacuations, 4 June 1940, House of Commons |year=2003 |publisher=Hyperion |location=New York |isbn=1-40130-056-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/nevergiveinbesto00chur}}
* {{cite book |last=Cooper |first=Matthew |title=The German Army 1933–1945, Its Political and Military Failure |year=1978 |series=Mazal Holocaust Collection |publisher=Stein and Day |location=Briarcliff Manor, NY |isbn=0-8128-2468-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Costello |first=John |title=Ten Days That Saved the West |year=1991 |publisher=Bantam |location=London; New York |isbn=978-0-593-01919-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/tendaysthatsaved0000cost}}
* {{cite book |last=Dildy |first=Douglas C. |title=Dunkirk 1940: Operation Dynamo |year=2010 |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-84603-457-2}}
* {{citation |title=Dunkirk Memorial |publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2082800/DUNKIRK%20MEMORIAL |access-date=5 September 2019 |ref={{sfnRef|Dunkirk Memorial}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Ellis |first=Major L. F. |author-link=Lionel Ellis |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Flanders/ |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |title=The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940 |publisher=Naval & Military Press |year=2004 |orig-year=1954 |isbn=978-1-84574-056-6}}
* {{cite book |last=English |first=John |title=Amazon to Ivanhoe: British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s |year=1993 |publisher=World Ship Society |location=Kendal, England |isbn=0-905617-64-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fermer |first1=Douglas |title=Three German Invasions of France: The Summer Campaigns of 1870, 1914, and 1940 |year=2013 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-78159-354-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Forczyk |first=Robert |title=Manstein: Leadership – Strategy – Conflict |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84603-221-9}}
* {{cite book |last=French |first=David |title=Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War against Germany 1919–1945 |year=2002 |orig-year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-154253-4}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gardner |first=W. J. R. |title=The Evacuation from Dunkirk: 'Operation Dynamo' 26 May – 4 June 1940 |journal=Whitehall Histories. Naval Staff Histories |year=1949 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |issn=1471-0757}}
* {{cite book |last=Gelb |first=Norman |title=Dunkirk: The Incredible Escape |year=1990 |publisher=Michael Joseph |location=London |isbn=0-7181-3203-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dunkirkincredibl0000gelb}}
* {{cite web |last1=Gojkovic |first1=Maria |title=Cypriots among the forgotten troops of Dunkirk |url=http://www.cyprusbeat.com/cypriots-forgotten-troops-dunkirk/ |website=Cyprus Beat |access-date=23 November 2018 |date=6 August 2017 |archive-date=21 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121173653/http://www.cyprusbeat.com/cypriots-forgotten-troops-dunkirk/ |url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite news |title=Größte Vernichtungschlacht aller Zeiten |url=http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/dfg-viewer/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fzefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de%2Foai%2F%3Ftx_zefysoai_pi1%255Bidentifier%255D%3D29c0837c-4460-4b48-a88a-f0a4777ed780 |language=de |date=5 June 1940 |work=Fehrbelliner Zeitung |access-date=8 August 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|OKW|1940}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Guderian |first=Heinz |author-link=Heinz Guderian |title=Panzer Leader |chapter=Hitler's momentous order to stop |year=2001 |orig-year=1952 |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-306-81101-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Hart |first=B. H. Liddell |author-link=B. H. Liddell Hart |title=The German Generals Talk |year=1948 |publisher=William Morrow |location=New York |lccn=48004499}}
* {{cite book |last=Hinsley |first=F. H. |author-link=Harry Hinsley |title=British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations |series=History of the Second World War (abr.) |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |year=1994 |orig-year=1993 |edition=2nd rev. |isbn=0-11-630961-X}}
* {{cite news |last=Hitler |first=Adolf |author-link=Adolf Hitler |url=http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/dfg-viewer/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fzefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de%2Foai%2F%3Ftx_zefysoai_pi1%255Bidentifier%255D%3D097952cb-caef-452b-9140-7dfaa0472ba7 |title=Tagesbefehl des Fuehrers |date=5 June 1940 |language=de |work=Teltower Kreisblatt |access-date=8 August 2016}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Holmes |editor1-first=Richard |editor1-link=Richard Holmes (military historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to Military History |chapter=Dunkirk evacuation |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-866209-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Julian |author-link=Julian T. Jackson |title=The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940 |url=https://archive.org/details/falloffrancenazi00jack |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-192-80550-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Robert |title=Air War Over France, 1939–1940 |year=1974 |publisher=Ian Allan |location=London |isbn=0-7110-0510-9}}
* {{citation |last=Jodl |first=Alfred |title=OKW Diary (section 25) |volume=40 |ref={{sfnRef|OKW Jodl Diary}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kaufmann |first1=J. E. |last2=Kaufmann |first2=H. W. |title=Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II |series=Stackpole Military History Series |publisher=Stackpole |location=Mechanicsburg, PA |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-811-73395-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |author-link=John Keegan |title=The Second World War |year=1989 |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=0-670-82359-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00keeg}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kowol |first1=Kit |title=Blue Jerusalem British Conservatism, Winston Churchill, and the Second World War |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-263900-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kilzer |first1=Louis C. |title=Hitler's Traitor: Martin Bormann and the Defeat of the Reich |date=2000 |publisher=Presidio Press |isbn=978-0-89141-710-1 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lemay |first1=Benoît |others=Heyward, Pierce (trans.) |title=Erich von Manstein: Hitler's Master Strategist |year=2010 |publisher=Casemate |location=Havertown, PA; Newbury, Berkshire |isbn=978-1-935149-26-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Liddell Hart |first=B. H. |author-link=B. H. Liddell Hart |title=History of the Second World War |year=1999 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=New York |isbn=0-306-80912-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Longden |first=Sean |title=Dunkirk: The Men They Left Behind |year=2009 |publisher=Constable and Robinson |location=London |isbn=978-1-84529-977-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Longden |first=Sean |author-link=Sean Longden |title=Hitler's British Slaves: Allied POWs in Germany 1939–1945 |year=2005 |publisher=Arris |location=Gloucestershire |isbn=978-1-84437-060-3}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Looseley |first=Rhiannon |title=Le Paradis apres l'Enfer: the French Soldiers Evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940 |year=2005 |type=MA dissertation History |publisher=University of Reading |format=online |url=http://www.francobritishcouncil.org.uk/publications.php/51/le-paradis-apres-lenfer-the-french-soldiers-evacuated-from-dunkirk-in-1940 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331174445/http://www.francobritishcouncil.org.uk/publications.php/51/le-paradis-apres-lenfer-the-french-soldiers-evacuated-from-dunkirk-in-1940 |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=7 August 2017 |id=102786495}}
* {{cite book |last=Lord |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Lord |title=The Miracle of Dunkirk |year=1983 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |isbn=1-85326-685-X}}
* {{cite news |last=McIntyre |first=Catherine |url=http://www.macleans.ca/culture/dunkirk-the-canadian-heritage-minute-that-wasnt/ |title=How Dunkirk's Canadian hero 'fell through the cracks' of history |date=3 August 2017 |work=Macleans |access-date=15 August 2017}}
* {{cite book |last=Melvin |first=Mungo |author-link=Mungo Melvin |title=Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General |year=2010 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-0-297-84561-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Nathan |title=War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II |year=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-511038-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mordal |first1=Jacques |author-link=Jacques Mordal |title=Dunkerque |year=1968 |publisher=Editions France Empire |location=Paris |language=fr |oclc=2192012}}
* {{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Williamson |last2=Millett |first2=Allan R. |title=A War to Be Won |url=https://archive.org/details/wartobewonfighti00murr_0 |url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=Belknap Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=0-674-00163-X}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoît |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |title=Sixty Million Frenchmen Can't Be Wrong: Why We Love France But Not the French |year=2003 |publisher=Naperville, Illinois |location=Sourcebooks |isbn=978-1-4022-0045-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/sixtymillionfren00nade_0}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Noakes |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Pridham |editor2-first=G. |series=Nazism 1919–1945 |title=Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination |volume=3 |year=1988 |publisher=University of Exeter Press |location=Exeter |isbn=978-0-85989-602-3}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ramsey |first=B. H. |title=The Evacuation of the Allied Armies from Dunkirk and Neighbouring Beaches |journal=London Gazette |date=17 July 1947 |pages=3295–3318 |publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office |location=London |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/38017.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Matthew |title=Tigers at Dunkirk: The Leicestershire Regiment and the Fall of France |year=2010 |publisher=Pen and Sword |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-84884-210-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Roberts (historian) |title=Masters and Commanders: The Military Geniuses who Led the West to Victory in World War II |publisher=Penguin |year=2009 |location=London |isbn=978-0-141-02926-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Roth |first=Ariel Ilan |title=Leadership in International Relations: The Balance of Power and the Origins of World War II |year=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-0-230-10690-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Safire |first=William |author-link=William Safire |title=Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History |year=2004 |publisher=Norton |location=New York |isbn=0-393-04005-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/lendmeyourearsgr00safi}}
* {{cite book |last=Shephard |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Shephard (historian) |title=A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Twentieth Century |date=March 2003 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-674-01119-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Shirer |first=William L. |author-link=William L. Shirer |title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich |year=1960 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |lccn=60-6729 |title-link=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Peter C |author-link=Peter C. Smith |title=The Junkers Ju 87 Stuka: A Complete History |year=2011 |publisher=Crecy |location=London |isbn=978-0-85979-156-4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Staff |title=World War II: Dunkirk Evacuation |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Dunkirk-evacuation |access-date=5 September 2019 |ref={{sfnRef|Encyclopædia Britannica}}}}
* {{cite web |author=Staff |title=The Royal Indian Army Service Corps |work=Dunkirk 1940: The Before, The Reality, The Aftermath |url=http://dunkirk1940.org/index.php?&p=1_412 |publisher=Dunkirk 1940.org |access-date=18 August 2017 |ref={{sfnRef|Dunkirk 1940.org}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Geoffrey |title=Dunkirk and the Fall of France |year=2008 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-18-44-15803-4}}
* {{cite news |last=Sweeting |first=Adam |title=Dunkirk: the soldiers left behind |date=21 May 2010 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7750005/Dunkirk-the-soldiers-left-behind.html |access-date=11 January 2016}}
* {{cite web |title=The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships |year=2010 |website=The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships |url=http://www.adls.org.uk/t1/ |access-date=5 September 2019 |ref={{sfnRef|Dunkirk Little Ships Association|2010}} |archive-date=11 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911100450/http://adls.org.uk/t1/ |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Julian |author-link=Julian Thompson (Royal Marines officer) |title=Dunkirk: Retreat to Victory |year=2011 |orig-year=2008 |publisher=Arcade |location=New York |isbn=978-1-61145-314-0}}
* {{citation |title=War Diary of Army Group A |pages=Volume 40, section 24 |ref={{sfnRef|Army Group A War Diary}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=H. L. |year=1953 |title=New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force |volume=I |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1RAF.html |series=[[Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45]] |publisher=War History Branch |location=Wellington, New Zealand |oclc=270919916}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Brooke |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke |editor1-last=Danchev |editor1-first=Alex |editor2-last=Todman |editor2-first=Daniel |title=War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke |year=2001 |orig-year=1957 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-23301-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Franks |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Franks |title=The Air Battle of Dunkirk |year=1983 |publisher=William Kimber |location=London |isbn=0-7183-0349-0 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Sebag-Montefiore |first=Hugh |author-link=Hugh Sebag-Montefiore |title=Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man |year=2006 |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=0-670-91082-1 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Weinberg |first=Gerhard L. |author-link=Gerhard Weinberg |title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-521-44317-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba00wein |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilmot |first=Chester |title=The Struggle for Europe |year=1986 |publisher=Carroll & Graf |location=New York |isbn=0-88184-257-5 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|1=We shall fight on the beaches}}
{{Wikisource|1=Churchill's speech of 4 June 1940.}}
* [http://spitfiresite.com/2010/05/battle-of-britain-1940-spitfires-join-the-fighting.html Spitfires Join the Fighting – aerial battle over Dunkirk] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928163727/http://spitfiresite.com/2010/05/battle-of-britain-1940-spitfires-join-the-fighting.html |date=28 September 2020 }}
* [http://www.dynamo-dunkerque.com/ Official website of Dunkirk memorial and museum]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Farchive%2Fworld-war-two--dunkirk-evacuation%2Fz4fky9q BBC Archive – Dunkirk Evacuation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121006080927/http://spitfiresite.com/2010/05/battle-of-britain-1940-dunkirk-operation-dynam.html Dunkirk, Operation Dynamo – Battle of Britain 1940]
* [http://ww2history.com/videos/Western/Nazis_invade_France Nazis invade France] Video analysis on WW2History.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528074636/http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/dunkirk/14310.shtml BBC Archives – J. B. Priestley's 'Postscript' – radio broadcast from 5 June 1940]

{{Subject bar
| portal2=France
| portal4=United Kingdom
| commons=y
| commons-search=Category:Operation Dynamo
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunkirk Evacuation}}
[[Category:Dunkirk evacuation| ]]
[[Category:1940 in France]]
[[Category:1940 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Amphibious operations of World War II]]
[[Category:Battle of France]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1940]]
[[Category:Evacuations during World War II]]
[[Category:Dunkirk in World War II|Evacuation]]
[[Category:June 1940 in Europe]]
[[Category:May 1940 in Europe]]
[[Category:Naval battles and operations of the European theatre of World War II]]

Acharya Sarangdhar

2026-04-09T19:16:00Z

AmanGautamArtist: new new data v1

{{BLP sources|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = 'Acharya' Sarangdhar
| native_name = आचार्य सारंगधर
| image =
| imagesize = 200px
| alt = Acharya Sarangdhar
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = Pirari village, [[Saran district]], Bihar, India
| occupation = Teacher, writer, poet, story writer
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = Shabd Vigyan (शब्द विज्ञान), Shabd Sampada (शब्द संपदा)
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = 2015: President Award (National Award for Teachers)
2018: Bharat Gaurav
2011: Vidyasagar Award
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

''''Acharya' Sarangdhar''' is a teacher, [[Hindi]] writer, poet, essayist, story writer and scholar. He has penned books on Hindi 'vyakaran', essays, poems and is a columnist in various [[Hindi]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] magazines published from India and abroad.

He has been conferred with President Award (National Award for Teachers) 2015, Bharat Gaurav Award 2014 and Vidyasagar Award in 2011 for his contribution to [[Hindi literature]].

== Career ==
On 18 May 1988 he began his career as a Teacher in [[education department]] of [[Bihar Government]]. Apart from teaching he is a member of various Hindi, Sanskrit and Bhojpuri committees.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

== Awards and recognitions ==
* President Award (National Award for Teachers) for his contribution in education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saran-saran-today-the-president-will-award-two-teachers-14638230.html|title = सारण के दो शिक्षकों को राष्ट्रपति आज करेंगे पुरस्कृत}}</ref>
* Bharat Gaurav award by Vikramshila University for contribution in the field of Hindi and Bhojpuri literature.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/chhapra/news/acharya-sarangdhar-bharat-gaurav-and-rajesh-get-honors-in-vidyasagar-025103-3433918.html |title=आचार्य सारंगधर भारत गौरव तथा राजेश को मिला विद्यासागर सम्मान|website=bhaskar.com|access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref>
* [[D. Litt]] ( Vidyasagar Award) – Vikramshila Hindi Vidyapeeth Gandhinagar, [[Gujarat]] awarded him with [[D. Litt]] degree for his extra ordinary contributions in the field of [[Hindi Literature]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Govind|title=Acharya Sarangdhar Singh: Vidyasagar Award|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saran-8651901.html|access-date=14 January 2013|newspaper=Dainik Jagran (Hindi Newspaper)|date=19 December 2011}}</ref>
* Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga University Darbhanga, Bihar awarded him with PhD degree for his research work on comparative study of Sanskrit and Bhojpuri Vyakaran.
* He was awarded with the 'Samman Patra (सम्मान पत्र)' from [[commissioner]] of [[Saran district|Saran]], S.P Saran and Buddhijeevi Vichar Mantra Chhapra for his book 'Shabd Vigyan'.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

== Works ==
Acharya Sarangdhar's contributions to [[Hindi]] Vyakaran writings include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saran-7544546.html|title = व्याकरण के बिना भाषा अधूरी}}</ref>

He has written the following books on [[Hindi]] Vyakaran:

* ''Shabd Vigyan'' (शब्द विज्ञान)<ref name="Kumar">{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Govind|title=Acharya Sarangdhar: व्याकरण के बिना भाषा अधूरी|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saran-7544546.html|access-date=14 January 2013|newspaper=Dainik Jagran (Hindi Newspaper)|date=17 November 2011}}</ref>
* ''Shabd Sampada'' (शब्द संपदा)

'''India in [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]]:'''

* ''Mahavaiyakaran Hanuman'' (महावैयाकरण हनूमान)
* ''Bhasha Ka Mahatva'' (भाषा का महत्व)
* ''Hindi Ka Saralya'' (हिंदी का सरल्य)
* ''Patro Me Sambodhan'' (पत्रों में संबोधन)
* ''Vividh Proyog'' (विविध प्रोयोग)
* ''Sanskrit me Dwivachan ki Aniwaryata'' (संस्कृत में द्विवचन की अनिवार्यता)
* ''Sanskrit Ki Saralta'' (संस्कृत की सरलता)
* ''Hindi me Ling Vidhan'' (हिंदी में लिंग विधान)
* ''Annadbhawantibhootani'' (अन्नादभवान्तिभूतानी)
* ''Vyakaran Bina bhasha adhuri'' (व्याकरण बिना भाषा अधूरी)<ref name="Kumar"/>

His works in field of poetry are:

* ''Hey bharat ma mujhe bata de!'' (हे भारत मा मुझे बता दे!)
* ''Namamiram Raghvagham'' (नममिराम राघवम)
* ''Vividha me ekta'' (विविधा में एकता)
* ''O veer! vijay lekar aana'' (वो वीर! विजय लेकर आना)

Some of his works in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] includes:

* ''Ekre naam pratibha ha'' (एकरे नाम प्रतिभा हा)
* ''Bhikhari Thakur ke natakan me muhavara-mimanta'' (भिकारी ठाकुर के नाटकन में मुहवारामिमांता)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarangdhar, Acharya}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Saran district]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]

Rooqma Ray

2026-04-06T23:59:58Z

AmanGautamArtist: Stub!

{{Short description|Indian Television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rukma Ray
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 23 January 1994
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2014–present
| title =
| known_for =
| notable_works = [[Kiranmala (TV series)|Kiranmala]], [[Desher Maati]], [[Pratidaan]], [[Khorkuto]], [[Lalkuthi]], [[Super Singer (Bengali reality show)#2019|Super Singer Junior]], [[Rahasya Romancha]], [[Byomkesh (web series)|Byomkesh]]
| height =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Rooqma Ray''' (also known as '''Rukma Roy'''; {{langx|bn|রুকমা রায়}}) is an Indian television actress who predominantly appears in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] TV [[soap operas]]. She is known for playing the lead characters of Rajkumari Kiranmala in ''[[Kiranmala (TV series)|Kiranmala]]'' and Mampi in ''[[Desher Maati]]''.

==Filmography==
===Films===
*''Gopone Mod Chharan'' (2023)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Tathagata Mukherjee set to start shooting his next film - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/tathagata-mukherjee-set-to-start-shooting-his-next-film/articleshow/91350635.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*

==Television==
* '''All [[soap operas]] are in [[Bengali language]], unless otherwise mentioned.'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! {{Refh}}
|-
|2014–2016
|''[[Kiranmala (TV series)|Kiranmala]]''
|Rajkumari Kiranmala
| rowspan="5" |[[Star Jalsha]]
| rowspan="2" |Lead role
|<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Fantasy classic reinvented for TV audiences |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/fantasy-classic-reinvented-for-tv-audiences-115020800768_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=8 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2017–2018
|''Kundo Phooler Mala''
|Ghungur/ Annapurna
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-11 |title=লোহার সিঁড়ির সরু ধাপে সামঞ্জস্য রেখে পা ফেলেই ছন্দে ভাসলেন 'মাম্পি' |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/rukma-ray-shares-reel-video-with-manike-mage-hithe-song-arc-657001.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Pratidaan]]''
|Madhushree
|Antagonist
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bengali television actress Rukma Ray to enter 'Pratidaan'? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-television-actress-rukma-ray-to-enter-pratidaan/articleshow/64508864.cms |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=The Times of India |date=8 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Kiranmala' actress Rukma Ray turns a year older - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/kiranmala-actress-rukma-ray-turns-a-year-older/articleshow/67321781.cms |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=The Times of India |date=31 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Super Singer (Bengali reality show)#2019|Super Singer Junior]]''
|Host
|Host
|<ref name="bb">{{Cite news |title=Super Singer Junior premiere: Host Rukma Ray steals the show with her charm - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/super-singer-junior-premiere-host-rukma-ray-steals-the-show-with-her-charm/articleshow/69629396.cms |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=The Times of India |date=3 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Thakumar Jhuli''
|Princess Swarnamala
|Episodic role
|<ref name="bb"/>
|-
|2020
|''[[Bagh Bondi Khela (2020 TV Series)|Bagh Bondi Khela]]''
|Brinda
|[[Zee Bangla]]
| rowspan="2" |Main Antagonist
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TV show 'Bagh Bondi Khela' abruptly ends its journey; actor Rubel Das gets emotional - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-bagh-bondi-khela-abruptly-ends-its-journey-actor-rubel-das-gets-emotional/articleshow/76318194.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020–2022
|''[[Khorkuto]]''
|Ananya Sengupta aka ''Tinni''
| rowspan="2" |[[Star Jalsha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=তিন্নি দিদির জন্য ঘর ছাড়া, তাকে নিয়েই সৌজন্যর সঙ্গে ছবি তুলল গুনগুন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/trina-saha-shared-a-photo-with-koushik-roy-and-rukma-roy-on-instagram-dgtl/cid/1271616 |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-16 |title=একসঙ্গে নাচলেন তৃণা, রুকমা, প্রিয়াঙ্কা, ভাইরাল জনপ্রিয় অভিনেত্রীদের ভিডিয়ো |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/actress-trina-saha-rukma-ray-and-priyanka-mitras-dance-goes-viral_345301.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Zee24Ghanta.com|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Desher Maati]]''
|Rai Mukherjee aka ''Mampi''
| 2nd Lead Role
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Upcoming show 'Desher Maati' to narrate the story of family roots, emotion and values - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/upcoming-show-desher-maati-to-narrate-the-story-of-family-roots-emotion-and-values/articleshow/80005378.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Laalkuthi]]''
|Anamika Roy Chowdhury/Ujjaini Dutta aka ''Jini''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
| rowspan="4" |Lead Role
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rooqma Ray In Laalkuthi: রহস্যে মোড়া 'লালকুঠি'-তে কী করছেন রুকমা? 'নতুন আশা নিয়ে শুরু করছি...' জানালেন পর্দার 'মাম্পি' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/rukma-ray-aka-mampi-desher-mati-play-lead-role-new-bangla-serial-laalkuthi-unfold-mysteries-soc-361020-2022-04-05 |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Roopsagore Moner Manush]]''
|Annapurna "Purna" Mukherjee Dutta Chowdhury
|[[Sun Bangla]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-01 |title=বাবার স্বপ্নপূরণই এখন লক্ষ্য, নতুন সিরিয়াল নিয়ে আর কোন খবর দিলেন রুকমা? |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/rukma-ray-bags-new-bengali-serial-rupsagare-mon-rc-1125498.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Tumi Ashe Pashe Thakle''
|Parvati
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|
|-
|2025
|''S.I.T. Bengal''
|Romi De Suza
| Zee Bangla Shonar
|
|-
|}

===Awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Category
! Role
! Serial
|-
|2015
|Star Jalsha Parivar Awards 2015
|Priyo Meye
| Kiranmala
|''[[Kiranmala (TV series)|Kiranmala]]''
|-
|2018
|Telly Academy Awards 2018
|Best Actress
|Ghungur
|''Kundo Phooler Mala''
|-
|2021
|Kolkata Glitz Awards 2021
|Most Notable Performance Female
| Mampi
|''[[Desher Maati]]''
|-
|}

===Mahalaya===
* ''Singhabahini Trinayani'' as Devi Skandamata (2022) on [[Zee Bangla]].<ref>{{cite web |title='মহিষাসুরমর্দিনী' শুভশ্রীর সঙ্গী ছোটপর্দার নায়িকারা, কে কোন দেবীর ভূমিকায়? দেখুন ছবি |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/photo/see-the-pictures-of-zee-banglas-special-mahalaya-program-singhabahini-trinayani/ |website=Sangbad Pratidin |access-date=2 December 2023 |language=bn |date=13 September 2022}}</ref>

=== Web series ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Platform !! Notes !! {{Refh}}
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Rahasya Romancha]]'' || [[Hoichoi]] || Season 3 || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=Here is the Review of Hoichoi's Rahasya Romancha Series 3 in Bengali |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/here-is-the-review-of-hoichois-rahasya-romancha-series-3/ |work=Sangbad Pratidin |date=28 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Byomkesh (web series)|Byomkesh]]'' || Hoichoi || Season 6 ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Roktokorobi (Web Series)|Roktokorobi]]'' || [[ZEE5]] || || <ref>{{cite news |title='বাবা-মায়ের সঙ্গে এহেন অনাচার..?', রুকমাকে 'ধুয়ে দিলেন' রচনা |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/television/rooqma-ray-new-release-raktakarabi-actress-doing-what-to-her-parents-541321/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |work=Indian Express Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''Noshtoneer'' || Hoichoi || || <ref>{{cite news |title='Noshtoneer' trailer sheds light on the debate over victimhood and consent |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/noshtoneer-trailer-sheds-light-on-the-debate-over-victimhood-and-consent/articleshow/100505125.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''Red Canvas'' || Hippiix || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Canvas |url=https://www.hippiix.com/series/red-canvas |website=Hippiix}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''Noshtoneer 2'' || Hoichoi || Season 2 ||
|-
| 2025 || ''Medium'' || Aaro Anando || Season 3 ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|10611225}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Rukma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:1995 births]]

Payal Shah Karwa

2026-03-25T19:46:17Z

AmanGautamArtist: Stub!

{{short description|Indian Author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Payal Shah Karwa
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Author
| education = [[Bachelor of Commerce]], Masters in Advertising & Communication
| alma_mater = [[Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics]] [[SVKM's NMIMS|Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies]]
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''The Bad Touch''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patra |first1=Khristina |title=The Bad Touch: Real people talk about their Child Sex Abuse experience and how they overcame it |url=https://www.yahoo.com/gma/the-bad-touch--real-people-talk-about-their-child-sex-abuse-experience-and-how-they-overcame-it-110450293.html |accessdate=1 June 2018 |publisher=Yahoo}}</ref>
}}
'''Payal Shah Karwa''' is an Indian author popular for her book ''The Bad Touch''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dalal|first1=Phorum|title=Someone Had To Break The Silence: Payal Shah Karwa|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/someone-had-to-break-the-silence-payal-shah-karwa/15326193|accessdate=29 May 2018|publisher=Mid Day}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Warrier |first1=Meera |title=Active citizens fighting CSA |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-active-citizens-fighting-csa-1982107 |accessdate=1 June 2018 |publisher=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A Day in the Life of... Mom, Author and Content Consultant Payal Shah Karwa |url=https://www.idiva.com/news-iparenting/payal-shah-karwa-real-mom-picture-story/30858 |accessdate=1 June 2018 |publisher=iDiva}}</ref>

==Early life==
Payal Shah Karwa was born in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra. Payal attended the St Teresa's Convent High School in Santacruz, Mumbai and completed her B.Com. from [[Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics]]. After that, she completed her Post Graduation Diploma in Advertising and Communications from [[SVKM's NMIMS|Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies]] (NMIMS) in Juhu Vile Parle Mumbai.<ref name="a">{{cite web |title=About Payal shah karwa |url=http://authorpayal.com/about-us |accessdate=30 July 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She met her life partner, Rahul Karwa, at NMIMS and after their marriage in 2005, they continue living in Mumbai with their twin girls Adweta and Aarna. Rahul is the CEO of an event and content company.<ref name="a"/>

==Career==
===Early career===
After completing her Post Graduation, Payal worked in the field of brand communication in Midas Events, [[Ogilvy & Mather]], Hanmer MS&L and Out of Home Media India Pvt Ltd. In 2009 she started her content agency The Word Jockey since December 2015.

In 2009, she also started working on her first book – The Bad Touch, which was based on the subject of child sex abuse. The book had stories about activist [[Harish Iyer]], Director [[Anurag Kashyap]] and others.

The book was published by [[Hay House]] Marketing and launched in April 2013 by celebrity actress [[Tara Sharma|Tara Sharma Saluja]], and artist [[Brinda Miller]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Launch of Payal Shah Karwa's book 'The Bad Touch' |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/launch-of-payal-shah-karwas-book-the-bad-touch/launch-of-payal-shah-karwas-book-the-bad-touch-4/ |accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref>

===Later career===
Currently she is Content Director at The Word Jockey Creative Content Studio.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mange |first1=Karan |title=Interview with Payal Shah Karwa, Founder, The Word Jockey |url=http://www.bms.co.in/interview-with-payal-shah-karwa-founder-the-word-jockey/ |website=BMS |accessdate=2 June 2018}}</ref>
She has also founded the website on women's intimate health to break taboos surrounding sexual health issues, and co-founded a channel on kids’ content Yabadabadoo Kids.<ref name="a"/>

She is a speaker and trainer, and has addressed audiences at various forums like Science of Storytelling at [[Nehru Science Centre]], [[Times of India]] Literacy Carnival, TMFA, Merck, [[Kala Ghoda Arts Festival]], Global Content Summit etc.<ref name="a"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karwa, Payal Shah}}
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of committees of the Parliament of India

2026-03-25T00:06:30Z

AmanGautamArtist: adding the data needs work...

{{Short description|Indian parliamentary committees}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{image frame
|content={{Graph:Chart|
|width=400
|height=250
| xAxisTitle=Lok Sabha
| yAxisTitle=% of bills
| type=rect
|showValues = offset:4
|showSymbols=yes
|colors=red
|yGrid =
|x= 14th(2004-2009),15th(2009-2014),16th (2014-2019),17th (2019-)
| y1 = 60,71,21,12
}}
|caption=% of bills referred to Parliamentary committees for examination<ref>{{cite news |title=The Importance of Parliamentary Committees |url=https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/importance-parliamentary-committees |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Only one bill in monsoon session sent to parliamentary committee |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/mJHsZeWro8S3X7c0aDRzhK/Only-one-bill-in-monsoon-session-sent-to-parliamentary-commi.html |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=mint |date=13 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
|border=no
}}
The Parliamentary committees are established to study and deal with various matters that cannot be directly handled by the legislature due to their volume. They also monitor the functioning of the [[executive branch]].<ref name="Parliamentary committees">{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Committees|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p21.htm|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|accessdate=6 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724034114/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p21.htm|archive-date=24 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Parliamentary committees are of two kinds – '''standing or permanent committees''' and '''ad hoc committees'''. The former are elected or appointed periodically and they work on a continuous basis. The latter are created on an [[ad hoc]] basis as the need arises and they are dissolved after they complete the task assigned to them.<ref name="Parliamentary committees"/>

==Standing committees==
A [[Standing committee (India)|standing committee]] is a committee consisting of [[Members of Parliament]]. It is a permanent and regular committee which is constituted from time to time according to the provisions of an [[Act of Parliament]] or Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business. The work done by the Indian Parliament is not only voluminous but also of a complex nature, hence a good deal of its work is carried out in these Parliamentary committees.

Standing committees are of the following kinds :

# Financial standing committees (FSC)
# Department related standing committees (DRSC)
# Other standing committees (OSC)

=== Financial standing committees ===
There are three important standing committees dealing with financial affairs. These committees involve further sub-committees.

# [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]] – It examines various expenditure reports and accounts under the purview of the Parliament. Till 1921, a senior member of the ruling party used to be appointed by the Speaker as chairman of the committee. In 1921, it was established under the provision of the [[Government of India Act 1919]] and has since been in existence. However, for the first time, a member from the Opposition in Lok Sabha, was appointed as the chairperson of the committee by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. This practice continues till date.
#[[Estimates Committee (India)|Estimates Committee]] – The committee on Estimates, constituted for the first time in 1950, is a committee consisting of 30 members, elected every year by the Lok Sabha from amongst its Members.
#[[Committee on Public Undertakings (India)|Public Undertakings Committee]] – It analyses the accounts, and workings of the [[Public sector undertakings in India|state owned PSU]] firms. It also keeps a check on the [[Disinvestment of Public Sector Units in India|disinvestment policies]] of the various PSUs.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Finance Committees Details for the [[18th Lok Sabha]] (2024 – 2025); Updated as of September 2024 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=26&tab=0|title=Committee : Loksabha|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=10&tab=0|title=Committee : Loksabha|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=27&tab=0|title=Committee : Loksabha|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Other Parliamentary Standing Committees |url=https://sansad.in/ls/committee/other-parliamentary-standing-committees |website=Digital Sansad}}</ref>
!S.No.
!Committee
!Chairperson
!Composition
!Tenure
!Nominated / elected
!Sub-committees
|-
|1
|[[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]]
|[[K. C. Venugopal|MP K. C. Venugopal]]
|22 members
(15 LS + 7 RS)
|1 Year
|Elected from Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha MPs
|'''Sub-Committee – I :''' Non Compliance in Timely submission of Action Taken Notes on the Non-selected Audit Paragraphs & Excess Expenditure
'''Sub-Committee – II :''' Direct and Indirect Taxes 
'''Sub-Committee – III :''' Implementation of Recommendations of PAC 
'''Sub-Committee – IV :''' Railways
|-
|2
|[[Estimates Committee (India)|Estimates Committee]]
|MP [[Sanjay Jaiswal]]
|30 members (LS)
|1 Year
|Elected from Lok Sabha MPs
|'''Sub-Committee – I :''' Drought situation in the country pertaining to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

'''Sub-Committee – II :''' Education with special reference to the recent development regarding autonomy in Education
|-
|3
|[[Committee on Public Undertakings (India)|Public Undertakings Committee]]
|MP [[Baijayant Panda]]
|22 members
(15 LS + 7 RS)
|1 Year
|Elected from Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha MPs
|''*Currently None*''
|}

=== Department-related standing committees ===

During the year 1989 – [[8th Lok Sabha]] the Rules Committee considered and approved a proposal that three subject committees, on (i) Agriculture; (ii) Environment & Forests; and (iii) Science & Technology. related to these committees were finally approved by the House and the committees were formally constituted with effect from 18 August 1989.

The Reports of Rules Committees of the [[10th Lok Sabha]] and Rajya Sabha adopted by the two Houses on 29 March 1993 paved the way for the setting up of the 17 departmentally related standing committees covering under their jurisdiction all the Ministries/Departments of the Union Government.

These DRSCs replaced the earlier three subject committees constituted in August, 1989. The 17 departmentally related standing committees were formally constituted with effect from April, 1993. After experiencing the working of the DRSC system for over a decade, the system was re-structured in July, 2004 wherein the number of DRSCs was increased from 17 to 24. Till [[13th Lok Sabha]], each of these standing committees used to consist of 45 members— 30 nominated by the Speaker from amongst the members of Lok Sabha and 15 members nominated by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha from amongst the members of Rajya Sabha. However, with re-structuring of DRSCs in July, 2004 each DRSC consists of 31 members—21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha.

There are 24 department-related standing committees (DRSCs). Each of these committees have 31 members – 21 from [[Lok Sabha]] and 10 from [[Rajya Sabha]]. These members are to be nominated by the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]] or the [[Chairman of Rajya Sabha]] respectively. The term of office of these committees does not exceed one year. These committees are serviced either by [[Lok Sabha]] secretariat or the [[Rajya Sabha]] secretariat, depending on who has appointed the chairman of that committee.
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" "
|+Department-related Standing Committees Details for the [[18th Lok Sabha]] (2024 – 2025); Updated as of September 2024 <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/parliamentary-committees/composition-of-standing-committees-3439/|title=PRS {{!}} Parliament Track {{!}} Parliamentary Committees {{!}} Composition of Standing Committees|website=www.prsindia.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Committee : Loksabha">{{Cite web |title=Committee : Loksabha |url=https://sansad.in/ls/committee/other-parliamentary-standing-committees |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Digital Sansad}}</ref>
|- style="text-align: left; background:#f0f0f0;"
! scope="col" | S.No.
! scope="col" | Committee
!Ministries
!Chairperson
!Tenure
!Chairman nominated by
|-
| 1 || Committee on Agriculture,Food Processing and Animal Husbandary<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=5&tab=1|title=Committee : Loksabha|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref>
|
* [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare|Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]]
* [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Food Processing Industries]]
*[[Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries|Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries]]
|MP [[Charanjit Singh Channi]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 2 || Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=45&tab=1|title=Committee : Loksabha|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref>
|[[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|•Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
|MP [[Kirti Azad]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 3 || Committee on Coal, Mines and Steel <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=46&tab=1|title=Committee : Loksabha|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref>
|
* [[Ministry of Coal|Coal]]
* [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines]]
* [[Ministry of Steel|Steel]]
|MP [[Anurag Singh Thakur]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 4 || Committee on Commerce
|•[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce and Industry]]
|MP [[Dola Sen]]
|1 year
|[[Chairman of Rajya Sabha]]
|-
| 5 ||[[Standing Committee on Defence (India)|Committee on Defence]]
|•[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]]
|MP [[Radha Mohan Singh]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 6 || Committee on Energy
|
* [[Ministry of Power (India)|Power]]
* [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|New and Renewable Energy]]
|MP [[Shrirang Barne]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 7 || [[Standing Committee on External Affairs|Committee on External Affairs]]
|•[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]]
|MP [[Shashi Tharoor]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 8 || [[Standing Committee on Finance (India)|Committee on Finance]]
|
* [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]]
*[[Ministry of Planning (India)|Planning]] ([[NITI Aayog]]
* [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Corporate Affairs]]
* [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
|MP [[Bhartruhari Mahtab]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 9 || Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution
|[[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|•Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
|MP [[Kanimozhi]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 10 || Committee on Health and Family Welfare
|•[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health and Family Welfare]]
•[[Ministry of AYUSH|AYUSH]]
|MP [[Ram Gopal Yadav]]
|1 year
|[[Chairman of Rajya Sabha]]
|-
| 11 || {{anchor|Committee on Home Affairs}}[[Standing Committee on Home Affairs|Committee on Home Affairs]]
|
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]]
* [[Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region|Development of North Eastern Region]]
|MP [[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]]
|1 year
|[[Chairman of Rajya Sabha]]
|-
| 12 || Committee on Education
|
* [[Ministry of Education|Education]]
* [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
* [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Women and Child Development]]
* [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Youth Affairs and Sports]]
|MP [[Digvijaya Singh]]
|1 year
|[[Chairman of Rajya Sabha]]
|-
| 13 || Committee on Industry
|
* [[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Heavy Industries]]
* [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
|MP [[Tiruchi Siva]]
|1 year
|[[Chairman of Rajya Sabha]]
|-
| 14 || Committee on Communication and Information Technology
|
* [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Communications]]
* [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Electronics and Information Technology]]
* [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting]]
|MP [[Nishikant Dubey]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 15 || Committee on Labour, Textiles and Skill Development
|
* [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Labour and Employment]]
* [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Textiles]]
* [[Ministry of Skill Development|Skill Development]]
|MP [[Basavaraj Bommai]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 16 || Committee on Personnel, Public Governances, Law and Justice
|
* [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law and Justice]]
* [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
|MP [[Brij Lal (politician)|Brij Lal]]
|1 year
|[[Chairman of Rajya Sabha]]
|-
| 17 || Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas
|[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
|MP [[Sunil Tatkare]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2023 |title=STANDING COMMITTEE ON PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS |url=https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/lsscommittee/Petroleum%20&%20Natural%20Gas/pr_files/Baghjan%20Press%20Release%20PDF.pdf |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=loksabhadocs.nic.in}}</ref>
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/parliamentary-committee-on-petroleum-and-natural-gas-constituted/25622
| 18 || Committee on Railways
|[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways]]
|MP [[C. M. Ramesh]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 19 || Committee on Rural Development and Panchayati Raj
|
* [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development]]
* [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Panchayati Raj]]

|MP [[Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 20 || Committee on Science & Technology and Environment & Forests
|
* [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Science and Technology]]
* [[Department of Atomic Energy|Atomic Energy]]
* [[Department of Space|Space]]
* [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Earth Sciences]]
* [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Environment, Forests and Climate Change]]
|MP [[Bhubaneswar Kalita]]
|1 year
|[[Chairman of Rajya Sabha]]
|-
| 21 || Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment
|
* [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Social Justice and Empowerment]]
* [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Tribal Affairs]]
* [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minority Affairs]]
|MP [[P. C. Mohan]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 22 || Committee on Transport, Tourism and Culture
|
* [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]]
* [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]]
* [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Road Transport and Highways]]
* [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Shipping]]
* [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]]
|MP [[Sanjay Kumar Jha]]
|1 year
|[[Chairman of Rajya Sabha]]
|-
| 23 || Committee on Housing and Urban Affairs
|
*[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]

|MP [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 24 || Committee on Water Resources
|[[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]
|MP [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
|1 year
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]]
|}

=== Other standing committees ===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" "
|+Other Standing Committees Details for the [[17th Lok Sabha]] (2019 – 2024); Updated as of January 2025 <ref name=":0" /><ref name="Committee : Loksabha"/>
|- style="text-align: left; background:#f0f0f0;"
! scope="col" | S.No.
! scope="col" | Committee
! scope="col" | Chairperson
!Composition
!Tenure
!Nominated / elected
|-
| 1 || Business Advisory Committee ||MP [[Om Birla]]
|15 members
|Not fixed. May continue in office till reconstituted.
|Nominated
|-
| 2 || Committee of Privileges ||MP [[Sunil Kumar Singh (Jharkhand politician)|Sunil Kumar Singh]]
|15 members
|Not fixed. May continue in office till reconstituted.
|Nominated
|-
| 3 || Committee on Absence of Members from the sittings of the House || MP [[Ravneet Singh Bittu|Ravneet Singh]]
|15 members
|1 Year
|Nominated
|-
| 4 || {{vanchor|Committee on Empowerment of Women}} || MP [[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
|30 members

(20 LS+ 10 RS)
|1 Year
|Nominated
|-
| 5 || Committee on Government Assurances || MP [[Rajendra Agrawal]]
|15 members
|1 Year
|Nominated
|-
| 6 || Committee on Papers Laid on the Table || MP [[Girish Chandra]]
|15 members
|1 Year
|Nominated
|-
| 7 || Committee on Petitions ||MP [[Harish Dwivedi]]
|15 members
|1 Year
|Nominated
|-
| 8 || Committee on Private Members' Bills and Resolutions ||MP [[M. Thambidurai]]
|15 members
|1 Year
|Nominated
|-
| 9 || Committee on Subordinate Legislation ||MP [[Vallabhaneni Balashowry]]
|15 members
|1 Year
|Nominated
|-
| 10 ||''General Purposes Committee **''||MP [[Om Birla]]
|Varies
|Not fixed.
|Ex-Officio
|-
| 11 || House Committee ||MP [[Mahesh Sharma|Dr. Mahesh Sharma]]
|12 members
|1 Year
|Nominated
|-
| 12 || Joint Committee on Offices of Profit ||MP [[Etela Rajender]]
|15 members

(10 LS+ 5 RS)
|For the duration of one Lok Sabha
|Elected
|-
| 13 || Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowance of MPs||MP [[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]
|15 members

(10 LS+ 5 RS)
|1 Year
|Nominated
|-
| 14 || Library Committee ||MP [[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|9 members

(6 LS+ 3 RS)
|1 Year
|Nominated
|-
| 15 || Rules Committee ||MP [[Om Birla]]
|15 members
|Not fixed. May continue in office till reconstituted.
|Nominated
|-
| 16 || Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes ||MP [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
|30 members

(20 LS+ 10 RS)
|1 Year
|Elected
|}
<nowiki>**</nowiki> In each House there is a GPC. All members are ex-officio members by virtue of being chairmen of respective standing committees and leaders of respective parties.

==Ad hoc committees==
{{As of|August 2018}}, the following ad hoc committees are in operation:
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" "
|+Ad hoc Committees Details for the [[16th Lok Sabha]] (2014 – 2019); Updated as of August 2018 <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=50&tab=3&np=Y|title=Committee : Loksabha|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Committee : Loksabha"/>
|- style="text-align: left; background:#f0f0f0;"
! scope="col" | S.No.
! scope="col" | Committee
! scope="col" | Chairperson
!Tenure
!Composition
|-
|1
|Committee on Ethics
|MP [[L. K. Advani]]
|1 year
|15 members

(15 LS )
|-
| 2 || Committee on Food Management in Parliament House Complex ||MP [[A. P. Jithender Reddy]]
|1 Year
|15 members

(10 LS + 5 RS)
|-
| 3 || Committee on Installation of Portraits/Statues of National leaders and Parliamentarians||MP [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
|For the duration of one Lok Sabha
|12 members

(8 LS + 4 RS)
|-
| 4 || Committee on [[Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme|MP Local Area Development Scheme]]||MP [[M. Thambidurai]]
|1 Year
|24 members
|-
| 5 || Committee on Provision of Computers to Members of Lok Sabha ||MP [[P. Kumar]]
|For the duration of one Lok Sabha
|10 members
|-
| 6 || Joint Committee on Maintenance of Heritage Character and Development of Parliament House Complex ||MP [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
|For the duration of one Lok Sabha
|10 members

(7 LS + 3 RS)
|-
| 7 || Joint Committee on Security in Parliament House Complex ||MP [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
|1 Year
|10 members

(7 LS + 3 RS)
|-
| 8 || Railway Convention Committee ||MP [[Bhartruhari Mahtab]]
|For the duration of one Lok Sabha
|18 members
(12 LS + 6 RS)
|-
|9
|Committee on Violation of Protocol Norms and Contemptuous Behaviour of Government Officers with Members of Lok Sabha
|MP [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
|For the duration of one Lok Sabha
|15 members
|-
| 10 || Committee to Inquiry into the Improper Conduct of a Member ||MP [[Kirit Somaiya]]
|**For the year 2016 only**
|9 members
|}

==Notable ad hoc committees==
The [[Government of India]] has appointed a number of committees ad-hoc committees. Some of the notable ad-hoc committees are as follows :

===Pre-independence===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|- style="text-align: left; background:#f0f0f0;"
! scope="col" | Committee
! scope="col" | Appointed in
! scope="col" | Submitted report in
! scope="col" | Mandate
! scope="col" | Recommendations
|-
| [[Rowlatt Committee]] || December 1917 ||| April 1918<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reports of the Sedition Committee, 1918.|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/reports-sedition-committee-1918|website=Indian Culture|publisher=National Virtual Library of India, Ministry of Culture, Government of India.}}</ref>|| ||
|}

===After Independence===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|- style="text-align: left; background:#f0f0f0;"
! scope="col" | Committee
! scope="col" | Appointed in
! scope="col" | Submitted report in
! scope="col" | Summary
! scope="col" | Report
|-
| [[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose#Shah Nawaz Committee 1956|Shah Nawaz Committee]] || 1955 || 1956 || The three-member committee was formed by the [[Nehru]]-government to address the public demand to investigate the disappearance of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. The committee was led by [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]], and included Suresh Chandra Bose, brother of Subhas, and S. N. Maitra.<ref name="Bose2011">{{cite book|author=Sugata Bose|title=His Majesty's Opponent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-pfHRAD03AC&pg=PA314|accessdate=11 March 2016|year=2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-04754-9|page=314}}</ref> || The committee came to the conclusion that Bose was killed in a plane crash. But, Suresh Chandra Bose did not agree with the report.<ref name="Nag2015">{{cite book|author=Kingshuk Nag|title=Netaji: Living Dangerously|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duHwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29|accessdate=11 March 2016|date=18 November 2015|publisher=AuthorsUpFront|isbn=978-93-84439-70-5|page=29}}</ref>
|-
| [[Balwant Rai Mehta Committee]] || 1957 || 1957 || Examine the working of the Community Development Programme and the National Extension Service || Establishment of the scheme of 'democratic decentralisation' ([[Panchayati Raj]])
|-
| [[Ashok Mehta Committee]] || 1977 || 1978 || In December 1977, the Janata Government appointed a committee on Panchayati Raj institutions under the chairmanship of Ashoka Mehta.|| The committee submitted its report in August 1978 and made 132 recommendations to revive and strengthen the declining Panchayati Raj system in the country
|-
| [[JVP Committee]] || || || Review Dhar Commission's report on formation of States
|-
| [[Narasimham Committee]] || 1998 || 1998 || || various Banking sector reforms
|-
| [[Sachar Committee]] || 2005 || 2006 || Examine social, economic and educational condition of the Muslim community of India ||
|-
| [[Srikrishna Committee]] || 2010 || 2010 || The committee was formed to look into the demand for separate statehood for [[Telangana]] or keep the State united in the present form, [[Andhra Pradesh]].
|
|-
| Naresh Chandra Committee || || 2012 || Defence reforms ||
|-
| Swaran Singh Committee || 1976 || || to make recommendations about fundamental duties || The committee recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties in the Constitution. It stressed that the citizens should become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well.
|}

==See also==
* [[Standing committee (India)|Standing committees of India]]
* [[List of Indian commissions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian committees}}

[[Category:Committees of the Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India| ]]
[[Category:India politics-related lists|Committees]]
[[Category:Legislatures-related lists]]

R. S. Raman

2026-03-24T15:49:35Z

AmanGautamArtist: New

{{Short description|Three-star general of the Indian Army}}
{{infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]]&ensp;[[AVSM]]&ensp;[[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]]
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|IND}}
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Lieutenant General]]
| unit = [[Infantry of the Indian Army]]
| commands = [[Brigade|114th Infantry Brigade]] [[XIV Corps (India)|3rd Infantry Division]]
}}
'''Raghavachari Santhana Raman''' is a [[three-star general]] of the [[Indian Army]] who is the [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Director General of Military Intelligence]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2024-06-13 |title=VR models need for Defence Military: Gen RS Raman, Director General |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/vr-models-need-for-defence-military-gen-rs-raman-director-general/article68281766.ece |access-date=2025-11-16|website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2023-06-10 |title=Indian Army gets new DGs of Intelligence, Information Warfare and Strategic Planning |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Jun/10/indian-army-gets-new-dgs-of-intelligence-information-warfare-and-strategic-planning-2583731.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Military career==
Raman was commissioned in the [[Infantry of the Indian Army]].<ref name=":0" />

He has commanded 114 Infantry Brigade at [[Leh]] and [[XIV Corps (India)|3 Infantry Division]] at [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2021-01-22 |title=Srinagar Corps, Karu (Leh), Rajouri likely to get new GOCs |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/srinagar-corps-karu-leh-rajouri-likely-to-get-new-gocs/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>
He frequently participated in delegations engaging with the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA), including interactions during the Chinese Spring Festival and the first HADR exercise between the Chushul and Moldo Garrisons. He met several senior PLA officers in different times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian, Chinese troops meet, vow to maintain peace on LAC |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/community/indian-chinese-troops-meet-vow-to-maintain-peace-on-lac-355796/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-12 |title=Indian, Chinese troops meet on LAC, commit to cordial ties |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-chinese-troops-meet-on-lac-commit-to-cordial-ties/articleshow/50731904.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> At present, he is leading the [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Military Intelligence]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Padmanabhan |first=Keshav |date=2024-04-23 |title=Iranian Army a 'stabilising force' in Persian Gulf, says India’s Military Intelligence chief |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/iranian-army-a-stabilising-force-in-persian-gulf-says-indias-military-intelligence-chief/2052808/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

During his career, he has been awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] and the [[Yudh Seva Medal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release |title=President approves Gallantry awards to 93 Armed Forces personnel, including 12 posthumous & 305 defence decorations on the eve of Republic Day 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096200|date=2025-01-25|publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raman, R. S.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal|*]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]

1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-24T09:45:05Z

AmanGautamArtist:

{{Short description|Election in Indian state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1985
| election_date = 27 February 1990
| next_election = 1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1993
| seats_for_election = All 200 seats in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 101
| registered = {{formatnum:7284612}}
| turnout = 32.74%
| image_size = 100px

| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Vice President Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat in a Traditional Rajasthani Turban during a book release function in New Delhi on January 27, 2004.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=05|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Dholpur Assembly constituency]] retained and [[Chhabra Assembly constituency]] vaccated,
| leader_since1 =
| seats1 = 85
| seats_before1 = 39
| popular_vote1 = 25.25%
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 46

| party2 = Indian National Congress
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| leader_since2 =
| seats2 = 50
| seats_before2 = 113
| popular_vote2 = 33.64%
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 63

| party4 = Janata Dal
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shri JDhankhar.png|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader4 = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
| seats4 = 55
| seats_before4 = 10
| popular_vote4 = 21.58%
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 45

| party5 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| seats5 = 1
| seats_before5 = 0
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 1
| image5 = <div style="width:100px;"> '''CPI(M) '''</div>
| popular_vote5 = 1.03%


| title = [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|CM]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| before_election = [[Hari Dev Joshi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
}}

Elections to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] were held in February 1990 to elect members of the 200 constituencies in [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results in 1990|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/1990-election-results.html|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Elections in India}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] won the popular vote, but the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won the most seats and its leader [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] for his second term.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/former-vice-president-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-dead/20100515.htm |title=Former vice president Bhairon Singh Shekhawat dead - |website=rediff.com |date=15 May 2010 |agency=PTI |access-date= 12 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rajassembly.nic.in/bhairon.htm |title=Opposition Leader - RLA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902114159/http://rajassembly.nic.in/bhairon.htm |website=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly |archive-date=2 September 2014}}</ref> The number of constituencies was set as 200 by the recommendation of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]].<ref name="delimitation1976">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=DPACO (1976) - Archive Delimitation Orders |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= December 9, 2020}}</ref>

== Results ==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Rajasthan Legislative Assembly 1990.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=4988699|seats1=50|sc1={{decrease}}63
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=3744945|seats2=85|sc2={{increase}}46
|party3=[[Janata Dal]]|votes3=3200662|seats3=55|sc3={{increase}}45
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=152555|seats4=1|sc4={{increase}}1
|party20=Others|votes20=539733|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=2202088|seats21=9|sc21={{decrease}}1
|total_sc=0
|invalid=245106
|electorate=26405624
|source=ECI<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3392-rajasthan-1990/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

== Voter statistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Electors<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan 1990|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3392-rajasthan-1990/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref>
!
!Men
!Women
!Total
|-
|No. of electors
|13992924
|12412700
|26405624
|-
|No. of electors who voted
|8675707
|6398081
|15073788
|-
|Polling percentage
|62.00%
|51.54%
|57.09%
|-
|}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| Bhadra || None || Lal Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Nohar || None || Suchitra Arya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Tibi || SC || Doongar Ram Panwar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Hanumangarh || None || Vinod Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sangaria || None || Het Ram Beniwal || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Ganganagar || None || Kedar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Kesrisinghpur || SC || Hira Lal Indora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karanpur || None || Kundan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Raisinghnagar || SC || Ram Swroop || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Pilibanga || None || Ram Pratap Kasniya || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Suratgarh || None || Sunil Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lunkaransar || None || Mani Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Bikaner || None || Bulaki Das Kalla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kolayat || None || Devi Singh Bhati || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Nokha || SC || Chunni Lal Indalia || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Dungargarh || None || Kishana Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Sujangarh || SC || Bhanwar Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ratangarh || None || Hari Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Sardarshahar || None || Bhanwar Lal Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Churu || None || Rajender Rathod || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Taranagar || None || Chandra Mal Baid || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sadulpur || None || Inder Singh Poonia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pilani || None || Sumitra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Surajgarh || SC || Babu Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Khetri || None || Hajari Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Gudha || None || Madan Lal Sani || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Nawalgarh || None || Bharwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jhunjhunu || None || Mohd. Mahir Azad || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Mandawa || None || Chandra Bhan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Fatehpur || None || Dilsukhrai || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Lachhmangarh || SC || Parasram Moradiya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sikar || None || Rajendra Pareek || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhod || None || Ram Dev Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Danta - Ramgarh || None || Ajey Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Srimadhopur || None || Har Lal Singh Kharra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Khandela || None || Gopal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Neem-ka-thana || None || Phool Chand / Bhagtwar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Chomu || None || Rameshwar Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Amber || None || Gopi Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Jaipur Rural || None || Ujla Arora || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Hawamahal || None || Bhanwar Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Johribazar || None || Kali Charan Saraph || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Kishanpole || None || Rameshwar Bhardwaj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Bani Park || None || Rajpal Singh Shekhawat || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Phulera || None || Hari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dudu || SC || Ganpatrai Gade Ganwalia || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Sanganer || None || Vidhya Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Phagi || SC || Parkash Chand Bairwa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lalsot || ST || Parsadi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sikrai || ST || Ram Kishore Meena || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Bandikui || None || Ram Kishor Saini || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Dausa || SC || Jia Lal Banshiwal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Bassi || None || Kanhiya Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jamwa Ramgarh || None || Rameshwar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Bairath || None || Om Parkash Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Kotputli || None || Ram Karan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bansur || None || Jagat Singh Dayma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Behror || None || Mahi Pal Yadava || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Mandawar || None || Ghasi Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tizara || None || Jagmal Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Khairthal || SC || Sampat Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Ramgarh || None || Zubair Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Alwar || None || Jeet Mal Jain || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Thanagazi || None || Rama Kant || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Rajgarh || ST || Ram Meena || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lachhmangarh || None || Ishwar Lal Saini || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kathumar || SC || Jagan Nath Pahadia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kaman || None || Madan Mohan Singhal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Nagar || None || Sampat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Deeg || None || Krishanandra Kaur (deepa) || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Kumher || None || Nathi Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Bharatpur || None || Ram Kishan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Rupbas || SC || Nirbhaya Lal Jatav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Nadbai || None || Yadunath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Weir || SC || Ram Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bayana || None || Salig Ram Neta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajakhera || None || Pradyuman Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dholpur || None || Bhairo Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Bari || None || Daljeet Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karauli || None || Janardan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sapotra || ST || Parbhu Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khandar || SC || Chunni Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Sawai Madhopur || None || Moti Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Bamanwas || ST || Kunji Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Gangapur || None || Govind Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Hindaun || SC || Bharosi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Mahuwa || None || Hari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Toda Bhim || ST || Ram Sawroop || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Niwai || SC || Ram Narain Berwa || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Tonk || None || Mahaveer Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Uniara || None || Dig Vijai Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Todaraisingh || None || Ghasi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Malpura || None || Surendra Vyas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kishangarh || None || Jagjeet Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Ajmer East || SC || Shri Kishan Songra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Ajmer West || None || Harish Jhamnani || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Pushkar || None || Ramjan Khan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Nasirabad || None || Govind Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Beawar || None || Champalal Jain || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Masuda || None || Kishan Gopal Kogta || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Bhinai || None || Sanwar Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Kekri || SC || Shambhu Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Hindoli || None || Rama Pailot || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nainwa || None || Ram Narain Verma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Patan || SC || Mangi Lal Meghwal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Bundi || None || Krishna Kumar Goyal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Kota || None || Lalit Kishor Chaturvedi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Ladpura || None || Arjun Dass Madan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Digod || None || Brij Raj Meena || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Pipalda || SC || Hira Lal Arya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Baran || None || Raghu Veer Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Kishanganj || ST || Hem Raj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Atru || SC || Madan Dilawar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Chhabra || None || Bhairon Singh Shekhawat || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Ramganjmandi || None || Hari Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Khanpur || None || Chatur Bhuj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Manohar Thana || None || Jagannath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Jhalrapatan || None || Anang Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Pirawa || None || Nafis Ahmad Khan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Dag || SC || Bal Chand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Begun || None || Chunni Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Gangrar || SC || Mangai Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Kapasin || None || Mohan Lal Chittoriya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Chittorgarh || None || Vijay Singh Jhala || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Nimbahera || None || Shri Chand Kriplani || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Badi Sadri || None || Chhagan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Pratapgarh || ST || Rakhab Chand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Kushalgarh || ST || Fateh Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Danpur || ST || Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Ghatol || ST || Navneet Lal Ninama || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Banswara || None || Hari Deo Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bagidora || ST || Soma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Sagwara || ST || Kamla Bheel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chorasi || ST || Jeeva Ram Katara || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Dungarpur || ST || Nathu Ram Ahari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Aspur || ST || Mahender Kumar Parmar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lasadia || ST || Narayan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Vallabhnagar || None || Kamlender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Mavli || None || Shanti Lal Chaplot || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Rajsamand || SC || Shanti Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Nathdwara || None || Shiv Dan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Udaipur || None || Shiv Kishot Snadhya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Udaipur Rural || ST || Chunni Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Salumber || ST || Phool Chand Meena || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Sarada || ST || Gameer Lal Meena || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Kherwara || ST || Dayaram Parmar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Phalasia || ST || Kuber Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gongunda || ST || Bhura Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Kumbhalgarh || None || Heera Lal Deopura || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhim || None || Mandhata Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Mandal || None || Kalu Lal Gujar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Sahada || None || Ratan Lal Jat || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Bhilwara || None || Banshi Lal Patwa || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Mandalgarh || None || Shiv Charan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jahazpur || None || Shivji Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Shahpura || SC || Bharu Lal Bairwa || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Banera || None || Devendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Asind || None || Laxmi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jaitaran || None || Surender Goel || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Raipur || None || Hira Singh Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Sojat || None || Laxmi Narain Dave || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Kharchi || None || Khangar Singh Choudhary || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Desuri || SC || Achla Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Pali || None || Pushpa Jain || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Sumerpur || None || Gulab Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Bali || None || Amrat Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Sirohi || None || Tara Bhandari || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Pindwara Abu || ST || Prabhoo Ram Garasia || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Reodar || SC || Tikam Chand Kant || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Sanchore || None || Laxmi Chand Mehta || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Raniwara || None || Ratna Ram Choudhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhinmal || None || Prem Singh Dahiya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jalore || SC || Jogeshwar Garg || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Ahore || None || Gopal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Siwana || SC || Hukama || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Pachpadra || None || Champa Lal Bathiya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Barmer || None || Ganga Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Gudamalani || None || Madan Kaur || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Chohtan || None || Abdul Hadi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Sheo || None || Amin Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jaisalmer || None || Jitendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Shergarh || None || Manohar Singh Inda || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Jodhpur || None || Surya Kanta Vyas || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Sardarpura || None || Rajendra Gahlot || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Sursagar || SC || Mohan Meghwal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Luni || None || Ram Singh Vishnoi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bilara || None || Mishri Lal Chodhary || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Bhopalgarh || None || Parasram Maderna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Osian || None || Ram Narain Bishnoi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Phalodi || None || Punam Chand Bishnoi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nagaur || None || Gulam Mustafa Khan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Jayal || SC || Mohan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Ladnu || None || Manohar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Deedwana || None || Ummed Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Nawan || None || Harish Chander || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Makrana || None || Birda Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Parbatsar || SC || Mohan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Degana || None || Richhpal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| Merta || None || Ram Karan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[Mundwa Assembly constituency|Mundwa]] || None || Habibur Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Bypolls==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Constituency
!Reason for by-poll
!Winning candidate
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan=4|1991
|Deeg
|Resignation of K Kaur
|A. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Bamanwas (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bamanwas]]
|Resignation of K. L. Meena
|H. Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Niwai (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Niwai]]
|Resignation of R. N. Berwa
|K. Meghwal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Mandalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandalgarh]]
|Resignation of S. C. Mathur
|B. L. Joshi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-class="sortbottom"
|colspan=6|Source:ECI<ref name=byelections>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
*[[1990 elections in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajasthan elections}}

[[Category:1990 State Assembly elections in India|Rajasthan]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Rajasthan]]

Aaranya Kaandam

2026-03-21T06:57:28Z

AmanGautamArtist:

{{short description|2010 film by Thiagarajan Kumararaja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Aaranya Kaandam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]]
| writer = Thiagarajan Kumararaja
| producer = [[S. P. B. Charan]]
| starring = [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]] [[Sampath Raj]] [[Yasmin Ponnappa]] [[Guru Somasundaram]]
| cinematography = [[P. S. Vinod]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]] [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = Capital Film Works
| distributor = X
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|10|30|SAIFF|2011|06|10|India}}
| runtime = 116 minutes(censored) 126 minutes (uncut) {{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=518}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{Indian Rupee}} 5.25 crore<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnamurthy |first=Akhila |date=9 July 2011 |title=The new darlings of Kollywood |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=hub090711The.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707041158/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=hub090711The.asp |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=5 July 2011 |website=[[Tehelka]]}}</ref>
}}
'''''Aaranya Kaandam''''' ({{translation|Jungle Chapter}}; English title: ''Anima and Persona'') is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime comedy film]] written and directed by [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]] in his directorial debut. It is supposedly the first [[neo-noir]] film in Tamil cinema.<ref name="thehindu2" /><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Aaranya Kaandam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aaranya-kaandam-review-tamil-14971928.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114739/http://www.sify.com/movies/aaranya-kaandam-review-tamil-14971928.html |archive-date=25 July 2014 |access-date=14 June 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The plot takes place in a day in the lives of the six protagonists, played by [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]], [[Sampath Raj]] and debutants [[Yasmin Ponnappa]], [[Guru Somasundaram]] and Master Vasanth. Produced by [[S. P. B. Charan]]'s Capital Film Works, the musical score was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], cinematography by [[P. S. Vinod]] and editing handled by the duo [[Praveen K. L.]]-[[N. B. Srikanth]].

The film was launched on 18 December 2008, with its [[principal photography]] being completed by late 2009, which was followed by a lengthy post-production phase. It ran into difficulties as the regional [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]] in Chennai raised objection against the film, giving it an adult rating besides demanding 52 cuts.<ref name="thehindu2" /> After screening and becoming approved by the Tribunal in Delhi, the film was released worldwide on 10 June 2011,{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} where it received critical acclaim from critics, but [[Box-office bomb|underperformed]] at box-office. Despite its failure, it gained recognition over the years, and is now regarded as a [[cult film]] in Tamil and Indian cinema.

''Aaranya Kaandam'' had its [[world premiere]] on 30 October 2010 at the South Asian International Film Festival,<ref name="saiff.org">{{Cite web |title=SAIFF 2010 |url=http://saiff.org/2010/index.php?p=filmdetail&showid=297#2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727231331/http://saiff.org/2010/index.php?p=filmdetail&showid=297#2 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=14 June 2011 |website=Saiff.org}}</ref> where it won the Grand Jury Award for Best Film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2010 |title=Aranya Kandam's big win at New York |url=http://sify.com/movies/aranya-kandam-s-big-win-at-new-york-news-tamil-kldmbHeahaj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106014635/http://sify.com/movies/aranya-kandam-s-big-win-at-new-york-news-tamil-kldmbHeahaj.html |archive-date=6 November 2010 |access-date=14 June 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 November 2010 |title=Aaranya Kaandam wins best movie award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Aaranya-Kaandam-wins-best-movie-award/articleshow/6865839.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105154011/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-04/news-interviews/28270720_1_aaranya-kaandam-production-unit-film |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=30 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Subsequently, the film was honoured with two [[59th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] and [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]] category respectively.

== Plot ==
Singaperumal is an aged gangster, who [[Rape|forces himself]] on a girl named Subbu, but is unable to perform and vents his frustration by slapping her. Later, his right-hand man Pasupathy tells him that a large stash of [[cocaine]] worth {{INRConvert|20000000|r}}, has entered the city. The man bringing the stash wants to sell it for {{INRConvert|5000000|r}}. Pasupathy sees the profit, the long-term benefit (to control the cocaine market with such an ample supply), and the recognition if they are able to pull off such a deal. The drawback is that the stash belongs to their arch-rival Gajendran.

Singaperumal knows that Gajendran is a vicious and unpredictable adversary and that the venture is risky, so he decides to pass. Pasupathy suggests that Singaperumal is getting old and asks him to loan him {{INRConvert|5000000|r}} so he can do the job himself. Pasupathy is prepared to face the risks, and in return for the loan, he offers Singaperumal a cut of the profits. Singaperumal agrees to the loan but instead asks Pasupathy to first get the stash and then think of the profit distribution.

Kaalayan is a destitute farmer, living with his young, street-smart son Kodukapuli in the slums and earns a meagre living staging [[Cockfighting in India|cockfights]]; coincidentally, Singaperumal loves to watch these cockfights. One evening, a man arrives in a bunk with Kaalayan for the night. The man is actually the cocaine courier, who routinely transports various stashes of drugs in and out of the city and collects a relatively small fee {{INRConvert|10000|r}} for each trip. That evening, after a long bout of drinking, he reveals that he has learnt the actual value of the stash and now intends to sell it himself. Seeing Subbu in tears, Singaperumal asks one of his men Sappai to take her out and comfort her, 'so she is prepared to perform for him at night'.

Sappai takes her to the beach and tries to console her. Pasupathy and the men meet with the tipster and drive off to retrieve the stash. En route in the car, one of the men receives a call from Singaperumal, who orders him to bump off Pasupathy as soon as the stash is acquired. Pasupathy overhears this and gets into a [[Mexican standoff|Mexican stand-off]] with others. In a desperate ploy, he deliberately provokes a cop at a checkpoint, getting arrested and then later making an escape. The men kidnap his wife Kasthuri and use her as bait to lure Pasupathy. Singaperumal orders them to bring Kasthuri to him.

Meanwhile, Subbu hates being a plaything for Singaperumal and wants to live life on her own terms. She tries to persuade Sappai to think for himself and realise that Singaperumal is using them. Sappai, however, is too fearful and weak to oppose Singaperumal. Subbu and Sappai become unlikely friends, and Subbu continues to hope for a way out. Subbu is somewhat educated and learns whatever she can about the world outside Singaperumal.

Meanwhile, Kaalayan stages his cockfight the following day, but this time, his prize rooster gets killed. He is now in serious financial trouble. Kodukapuli senses this and immediately goes to see if their visitor, still unconscious, has any money. They find out that the man had alcohol poisoning and died. Kaalayan and Kodukapuli find the cocaine stash and the phone number of a prospective buyer (Singaperumal and Pasupathy). On the other hand, Singaperumal is worried as his stash has not arrived, nor has he got word that Pasupathy is dead. He gets an angry call from Gajapathy (Gajendran's brother and right-hand man): if Pasupathy seizes Gajapathy's stuff, Gajendran will unleash a gang war.

The cunning Singaperumal tells Gajapathy that Pasupathy has gone rogue and Gajapathy is free to take out Pasupathy. Singaperumal figures this will benefit him in two ways: he will get the stash, and Pasupathy will be killed by Gajendran. Gajendran sends his thugs after Pasupathy, who is on the run. Now that Singaperumal has become his enemy, Pasupathy figures that Gajendran could possibly become an ally. Kaalayan calls Singaperumal to meet and make a deal for the stash. While waiting for him, Singaperumal's thugs arrive and kidnap Kaalayan. After continuous torture, Kaalayan is unable to reveal anything as Kodukapuli has the stash. Kodukapuli ends up accidentally calling Pasupathy's number and offers to trade the stash for his father.

Pasupathy joins Kodukapuli and offers the same deal to Singaperumal: the stash in return for Kaalayan and Kasthuri. Pasupathi places a call to Gajendran and offers to reveal the location of the stash. Gajendran and his gang arrive at the location to make the exchange with Pasupathy. Singaperumal's thugs also arrive. Pasupathy pretends to offer the stash to Gajapathy, but instead slits his throat right in front of Gajendran. An enraged Gajendran and his gang chase Pasupathy. Pasupathy leads them around the block where Singaperumal's gang lie waiting. Both gangs, mistaking Pasupathy's loyalties, charge at each other and start a [[Gang#Gang violence|gang war]].

Pasupathy gets out of the fray and watches as Singaperumal's key generals and Gajendran hack each other to bits. Pasupathy's plan to decimate the two strong factions has succeeded, and he returns to finish off Singaperumal. Back in his room, Singaperumal discovers that the bag with the loan money is missing. He rushes to the conclusion that Sappai took it. When Sappai returns (having been sent by Subbu to fetch fruits), Singaperumal beats him up severely. After being beaten up, Sappai shoots Singaperumal dead. All of a sudden, Subbu emerges from the shadows, and is proud of Sappai, but she shoots him dead. When Pasupathy arrives, he finds the two men dead and Subbu in tears.

Having always been sympathetic to Subbu's suffering with Singaperumal, he says she is free to go. Pasupathy assumes command of the remaining thugs of Singaperumal's gang, and his wife Kasthuri is also unharmed. He later gets the stash and pays Kodukapuli a fair commission. It is finally revealed that Subbu had planned the entire chain of events. She sent Sappai with the money bag to provoke Singaperumal's temper. She retrieves the bag and quietly leaves the city to begin a new life. She remarks that the men basically mistrusted, misused, and slaughtered each other. In her view, Sappai too was not really an innocent victim. She says that Sappai is also a man, but all men are sappai (the word 'sappai' has varied meanings, but in this context, it means insignificant to the point of being contemptuous). The film ends with her line: 'The best thing about being a woman is that it is a man's world'.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Singaperumal/Ayya
* [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]] as Sappai
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Pasupathy
* [[Yasmin Ponnappa]] as Subbalakshmi aka Subbu
* [[Guru Somasundaram]] as Kaalayan
* Master Vasanth as Kodukkapuli
* Boxer Arumugam as Gajendran
* [[Sai Dheena]] as Gajapathy
* [[Ajay Raj]] as Chittu
* Jayashree as Kasthuri
* Shakul Master as Magilvaganam
* Sugunthan as Mullu
* Alex as Nagaraj
* Ramesh as Mottai
* Dinesh Subbarayan as Robin
* K. Karthikeyan as Shop Owner
* Pudhupettai Suresh as Drug Dealer
* [[Five Star Krishna]] as Astrologer
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In August 2007, following the success of his film ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' (2007), speculation over [[S. P. B. Charan]]'s next production venture arose. While initial reports suggested that he would produce ''[[Achchamundu! Achchamundu!]]'', starring [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] and [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2007 |title=S.P.B. Charan geared up for next production |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/4176/S-P-B-Charan-geared-up-production.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117091653/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/4176/S-P-B-Charan-geared-up-production.html |archive-date=17 November 2009 |access-date=15 June 2009 |website=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref> Charan opted to produce a film titled ''Aaranya Kaandam'', to be directed by a newcomer [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]] and starring newcomers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2007 |title=SPB Charan's 'Aranya Kaandam' |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/25102007-5.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731032508/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/25102007-5.shtml |archive-date=31 July 2012 |access-date=14 June 2009 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> However, despite announcing the project, it was called off later that year and Charan started producing the film ''[[Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum]]'' in May 2008.

In late 2008, while ''Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum'' was in [[post-production]] stage, reports surfaced that Charan and Kumararaja were going to revive the project, with noted [[Bollywood]] actor [[Jackie Shroff]] being roped in for a leading role, making his debut in [[Tamil cinema]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Director [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]] was revealed to be a former [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] student,{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} and popular advertisement film-maker, who has also directed several short films, including the short film ''Becky'', which was awarded the first prize at the one-minute film competition ''60 Seconds to Fame''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2005 |title=From the States |url=http://www.disabilityindia.org/djstatesjuly05D.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120091626/http://www.disabilityindia.org/djstatesjuly05D.cfm |archive-date=20 November 2008 |access-date=15 June 2009 |website=disabilityindia.com}}</ref> Kumararaja had previously written the dialogues for the 2007 [[comedy film]] ''[[Oram Po]]'' as well. He got the opportunity to work with Charan, when [[Pushkar-Gayathri]], the director duo of ''Oram Po'', had suggested him to approach Charan, who listened to the storyline and immediately agreed to produce the film, "in a matter of time" as Kumararaja cites.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2008 |title=Shroff turns South |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/12/05/stories/2008120550260100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211162937/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/12/05/stories/2008120550260100.htm |archive-date=11 February 2009 |access-date=23 June 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was formally launched on 18 December 2008 at the Kodandapani Studios in [[Chennai]].{{cn|date=March 2026}}

=== Writing ===
The script was written by [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]] himself, which he had finished in 2006.<ref name="rediff1">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=9 June 2011 |title=Aaranya Kaandam: A day in a gangster's life |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-aaranya-kaandam-is-a-story-of-gangsters/20110609.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419130654/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-aaranya-kaandam-is-a-story-of-gangsters/20110609.htm |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> He cites that he wanted to make a "racy film" and wrote the climax part first, which would be the "raciest part of a film".<ref name="rediff1" /> He then wrote "multiple storylines with three climaxes" as he felt that one climax was "not enough for a feature film", which eventually turned out to be a "leisurely paced film, taking its own time to unfold" and not a racy film as intended.<ref name="rediff1" /> He cited that, while writing the script, he was sure that it was meant for a matured audience and not for children, "primarily because of the content".Thiagarajan Kumararaja went on to add that there were "no hero and no villain introduction scenes, there are no love scenes, no sentimental scenes" but nonetheless considered his film a [[masala film]] and not an [[experimental film]].<ref name="rediff1" />

=== Casting ===
When announcing the film had already roped in [[Jackie Shroff]], debuting in the [[Tamil film industry]], [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]], [[Sampath Raj]] of ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' fame along with [[Guru Somasundaram]] from the [[Chennai]] based theatre group ''[[Koothu-P-Pattarai]]''. Shroff was said to play the role of a "hoodlum",<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2009 |title='Aranyakandam' starring Jackie Shroff |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23012009-2.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724034151/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23012009-2.shtml |archive-date=24 July 2012 |access-date=23 June 2009 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> who was chosen after Kumararaja had approached several other Tamil actors, who declined the offer, fearing of their "image".<ref name="passionforcinema.com">{{Cite web |last=Venky |date=12 June 2009 |title=A new chapter in Tamil cinema? Let's wait & see! |url=http://passionforcinema.com/a-new-chapter-in-tamil-cinema-lets-wait-see/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813213345/http://passionforcinema.com/a-new-chapter-in-tamil-cinema-lets-wait-see/ |archive-date=13 August 2009 |access-date=23 June 2009 |website=PassionforCinema}}</ref> According to the director, the role required a senior person, and Shroff had fit the role "completely". Speaking of his role, Shroff remarked that he had done things in the film that he hadn't dared to do in the past 30 years of his career, quoting "I am literally a monster in the film. Actually, I am more like a coconut – hard on the outside, but a veritable softie inside".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharathan |first=Bijoy |date=25 May 2011 |title=Jackie Shroff's a monster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Jackie-Shroffs-a-monster/articleshow/8567671.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913104606/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-25/news-interviews/29581575_1_jackie-shroff-jaggu-dada-tamil-film |archive-date=13 September 2011 |access-date=14 June 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]] plays a "lover boy", whose role, he claimed would be totally different from his earlier roles. Ravi Krishna was Kumararaja's first choice for the character as he had written it with keeping Ravi Krishna in mind.<ref name="passionforcinema.com" /> [[Sampath Raj]] enacts the role of a gangster named Pasupathy. Kumararaja finalised Guru Somasundaram for the character of Kaalayan, after he had seen him performing the titular character in Koothu-P-Pattarai's play ''Chandrahari''.<ref name="behindwoods2">{{Cite web |last=Bhavanishankar |first=Jyothsna |title=GURU SOMASUNDARAM INTERVIEW |url=http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/actor-actress-interview/guru-somasundaram.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126081714/https://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/actor-actress-interview/guru-somasundaram.html |archive-date=26 November 2012 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Kumararaja had stated that the voice modulation and pattern of the Kaalaiyan character were based on Somasundaram's performance in the play Chandrahari, which eventually resulted in casting him in the film. Somasundaram cited that the dialogues were also written "keeping the artist in mind".{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=520}}<ref name="behindwoods2" />

[[Yasmin Ponnappa]], a popular [[Bengaluru, India|Bengaluru]] based model, who had appeared in television advertisements and won many [[beauty pageants]], was selected for the role of the lead female character. Her role was, however, written for [[Pooja Umashankar]], keeping her in mind, who couldn't accept the offer as she had given her dates to [[Bala (director)|Bala's]] magnum opus ''[[Naan Kadavul]]''.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=520}}<ref name="passionforcinema.com" /> The details about the crew members were also published, when the film was announced in early December. [[P. S. Vinod]] was chosen as the cinematographer, who had earlier shot films like ''[[Musafir (2004 film)|Musafir]]'' and ''[[My Wife's Murder]]'', while Videsh was announced as the art director, [[Super Subbarayan]] as the stunt master and Kalyan and [[Ajay Raj]] as choreographers. [[Vasuki Bhaskar]] was appointed as the costume designer. However, during the making of the film 'Super' Subbarayan was replaced by his son [[Dhilip Subbarayan]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== Themes and influences ==
''Aaranya Kaandam'' is named after one of the chapters from the epic [[Ramayana]] meaning "Jungle Chapter". It is supposedly the first ''[[neo-noir]]'' film in Tamil cinema and influenced by films like ''[[Traffic (2000 film)|Traffic]]'' and ''[[Pulp Fiction]]''.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=519}} Thiagarajan Kumararaja said that his inspiration behind making a gangster film was revealed to be ''[[The Godfather]]'' as well as the thought of "how someone becomes a gangster and continues to be one", clarifying that ''Aaranya Kaandam'' was not a biography or history of a gangster but "a page out of the life of a gangster".<ref name="rediff1" />

== Music ==
[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] was signed as the music director, who was working on a [[gangster film]] again after the likes of ''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]'', ''[[Pattiyal]]'' and ''[[Pudhupettai]]''. Kumararaja divulged that he actually hadn't anyone in mind, but joined with Yuvan Shankar, following producer Charan's recommendation, who shared a "good working relationship" with the composer.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Initially a [[soundtrack]] was also planned to be composed, with [[Gangai Amaran]] being roped in to pen lyrics,{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} however Charan disclosed later that the film would feature no songs at all,<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2010 |title=Charan elated with new looks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Charan-elated-with-new-looks/articleshow/6643925.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616075145/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news-interviews/28222181_1_song-shiva-film |archive-date=16 June 2012 |access-date=14 June 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> becoming Yuvan Shankar Raja's second film project after ''[[Adhu]]'' without a soundtrack. Charan told that the background music of this film will be released on CD's which eventually proved false.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} The song "Moodupanikkul" from ''[[Thirudan Police]]'' (2014) was originally composed for this film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Aug 16, 2014 |title='Thirudan Police' song was originally for 'Aaranya Kaandam' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/thirudan-police-song-was-originally-for-aaranya-kaandam-114081600189_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717111607/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/thirudan-police-song-was-originally-for-aaranya-kaandam-114081600189_1.html |archive-date=2025-07-17 |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=[[Business Standard]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
{{quote box|width=30%|align=right|quote="Once you create a believable fictional universe, you suck the audiences into that world and they tag along for the ride. Halfway through, their suspension of disbelief meets with an abrupt halt, when you include a real-world element like a 'bleep'. Every effort that the filmmakers have put into the film just goes down the drain.|source=Thiagarajan Kumararaja on [[bleeping]] out words in ''Aaranya Kaandam''.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite news |date=2011-02-08 |title=Thiagarajan: Caught in the crossfire |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-08/news-interviews/28541001_1_film-audiences-thiagarajan-kumararaja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910203427/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-08/news-interviews/28541001_1_film-audiences-thiagarajan-kumararaja |archive-date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2011-07-16 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>}}
The film was first screened on 30 October 2010 at the South Asian International Film Festival in [[New York City]]. The film was incomplete at that time, with [[post-production]] works pending, and a low-quality version without colour correction and without a film score was projected at the festival. Despite the drawbacks, the film gained positive feedbacks and went on to win the Grand Jury prize for Best Film.<ref name="thehindu2">{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=5 February 2011 |title=A new chapter |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1158882.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025101720/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1158882.ece |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=16 July 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

After completion, the film was screened to the regional [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]] in Chennai, who declined to clear it.<ref name="thehindu2" /> The committee had demanded 52 [[film censorship|cuts]] and several consequential sub-cuts, particularly due to [[profanity]] and excessive violence, before permitting a theatrical release.<ref name="thehindu2" /> Kumararaja, who admitted that he had expected difficulties in the [[censorship]], disapproved of the board's demands as he wanted to present the film uncompromisingly to the audiences.<ref name="indiatimes1" /> He claimed that the usage of "bad language" was "part of developing the characters" in his story, while he also disagreed with [[bleeping]] out the "objectionable" words since he felt "it throws audiences off the film's narrative".<ref name="indiatimes1" /> Producer Charan voiced the same opinion, citing that he had made the film for a "mature audience", took the film to the Central Tribunal at [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2011 |title='I have no problem with the 'A' certificate' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-spb-charan/20110301.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630051841/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-spb-charan/20110301.htm |archive-date=30 June 2011 |access-date=16 July 2011 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Aaranya Kaandam'' opened to strong critical acclaim. ''The India Daily'' lauded the director and the producer for making a "strikingly different film that is raw, realistic and is just like watching angry men up close", further adding that "picturizing crude realities of life so real needs amazing guts".<ref name="theindiadaily1">{{Cite web |date=23 January 2011 |title=Aaranya Kaandam Movie Review |url=http://www.theindiadaily.com/aaranya-kaandam-movie-review/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614191124/http://www.theindiadaily.com/aaranya-kaandam-movie-review/ |archive-date=14 June 2011 |access-date=14 June 2011 |website=The India Daily}}</ref> The leading actors, particularly Jackie Shroff and Sampath, were appreciated for their performances, being labelled as "perfect", while film score and cinematography were praised as well, citing that "Yuvan Shankar Raja deserves all accolades for a fantastic re-recording" and that "Vinod's lens captures the darker sides of city life well".<ref name="theindiadaily1" /> ''[[Rediff]]''{{'}}s Pavithra Srinivasan gave the film 3 out of 5, claiming that film "bypasses gangster clichés". The reviewer also spoke in high terms of the cast and crew, pointing out Guru Somasundaram's performance whose "gleeful cackles at the rooster fight, pathetic rumblings to his son and wide-eyed act in the Lodge are wonderful to behold" and Yuvan Shankar Raja's score, described as "easily [one of] the movie's biggest strengths".<ref name="rediff2">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=10 June 2011 |title=Review: Aaranya Kaandam bypasses gangster cliches |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-aaranya-kaandam/20110610.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612231713/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-aaranya-kaandam/20110610.htm |archive-date=12 June 2011 |access-date=14 June 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]''{{'}}s reviewer appreciated Kumararaja for "taking the road less travelled", but criticised the extensive violence in the film, terming it the "most violent and bloody film ever to get through Chennai regional censors". In regard to the performances of the cast, he cited that the best performance came from Sampath, who "just smirks throughout the film", while claiming that Yasmin was "fantastic in her début role".<ref name="autogenerated1" />

[[Indo-Asian News Service]]'s critic described the film as a "gangster movie which stands out with its realistic portrayal and no-nonsense treatment", further adding that "good performances, effective dialogues, slick editing and amazing camera-work help the movie stand out from the crowd".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2011 |title=Review: Aaranya Kaandam |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110177584&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=111702 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615094132/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110177584&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=111702 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=14 June 2011 |website=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> A reviewer from ''Chennai Online'' wrote that the film was made "near-perfect" featuring "some stunning performances, sharp dialogues and excellent camera work and music". Jackie Shroff and P. S. Vinod, in particular, won high praise from the critic, who wrote that the former "proves his class" and "shines in the don’s role", while they had done a "terrific job and should be considered a major factor for the film’s success at the box-office".<ref name="chennaionline1">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2011 |title=Movie Review: 'Aaranya Kandam' |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/movie-reviews/20111713011750/Movie-Review-Aaranya-Kandam.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718194902/http://chennaionline.com/movies/movie-reviews/20111713011750/Movie-Review-Aaranya-Kandam.col |archive-date=18 July 2011 |access-date=14 June 2011 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> N. Venkateswaran from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5 (the highest rating for any Tamil film to that point),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkateswaran |first=N |date=12 June 2011 |title=Aaranya Kaandam |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Aaranya-Kaandam/movie-review/8825713.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201091449/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Aaranya-Kaandam/movie-review/8825713.cms |archive-date=1 February 2013 |access-date=14 June 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' critic Gautaman Bhaskaran gave 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=11 June 2011 |title=Gautaman Bhaskaran's review of Aaranya Kaandam |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Gautaman-Bhaskaran-s-review-of-Aaranya-Kaandam/Article1-708219.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615065816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Gautaman-Bhaskaran-s-review-of-Aaranya-Kaandam/Article1-708219.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=14 June 2011 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan commended the film, citing that "with most mainstream films, especially in Tamil, you know some fifteen minutes in if they’re working for you (or not) [...] But there are a few that leave you hanging until almost the end [...], and then, gradually, things begin to cohere and reshape your entire thus-far experience, and you slap your forehead and smile and say, ''wow''! This is one of those films."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=10 June 2011 |title=Bullet-point Report: Aaranya Kaandam |url=http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2011/06/11/bullet-point-report-aaranya-kaandam-89437589/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615105537/http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2011/06/11/bullet-point-report-aaranya-kaandam-89437589/ |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=14 June 2011 |website=Baradwajrangan.wordpress.com}}</ref>

==Re-release==
The film was re-released on 13 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SP Charan Announces Re-release Of Thiagarajan Kumararaja's 'Aaranya Kaandam' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/sp-charan-announces-re-release-of-thiagarajan-kumararajas-aaranya-kaandam |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
;[[National Film Awards]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] – [[Praveen K. L.]] & [[N. B. Srikanth]]
* [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]] – [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]]
* Indira Gandhi Golden Lotus Award of a Producer – [[S. P. B. Charan]]

;[[6th Vijay Awards]]
* Best Story, Screenplay Writer -[[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]]
* [[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] – [[P. S. Vinod]]
* Best Background Score – [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
* [[Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director|Best Stunt Director]] – [[Dhilip Subbarayan]]
* [[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]] (nominated)
* [[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]] (nominated)
* [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – Somasundaram (nominated)
* [[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]] – [[Jackie Shroff]] (nominated)
* [[Vijay Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] – [[Praveen K. L.]] & [[N. B. Srikanth]] (nominated)
* [[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Art Director]] – Videsh (nominated)
* [[Vijay Award for Best Make Up Artistes|Best Make Up Artistes]] (nominated)

;'''Vikatan Awards'''
* Best Villain – [[Jackie Shroff]]
* Best Screenplay Writer – [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]]

; South Asian International Film Festival
* Grand Jury Award for Best Film

; [[London International Film Festival]]
* Western Union Audience Award<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=H S |date=6 July 2012 |title=Aaranya Kaandam wins award at London Indian Film Festival |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Regional/Aaranya-Kaandam-wins-award-at-London-Indian-Film-Festival/Article1-884202.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708010050/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Regional/Aaranya-Kaandam-wins-award-at-London-Indian-Film-Festival/Article1-884202.aspx |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=7 July 2012 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

''Aaranya Kaandam'' appeared on many top ten or top five lists of the best films of 2011.
* 1st — ''[[The Hindu]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=1 January 2012 |title=The year of the anti-hero |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2763626.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107231640/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2763626.ece |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=5 January 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* 2nd — ''[[The Asian Age]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=31 December 2011 |title=Best Tamil Films of 2011 |url=http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/best-tamil-films-2011-672 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421103240/http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/best-tamil-films-2011-672 |archive-date=21 April 2012 |access-date=8 November 2012 |website=[[The Asian Age]]}}</ref>
* 4th — ''[[Rediff]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=14 December 2011 |title=The Top Five Tamil Films Of 2011 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-top-five-tamil-films-of-2011/20111214.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108012707/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-top-five-tamil-films-of-2011/20111214.htm |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=8 November 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931 to 2013 |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |isbn=978-93-84301-05-7}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{National Film Award Best First Film of a Director}}
[[Category:2010 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010s gangster films]]
[[Category:Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Thiagarajan Kumararaja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing National Award]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]

Kalahandia Odia

2026-03-18T04:20:16Z

AmanGautamArtist: fixed issues

{{short description|Indo-Aryan language variety of India}}
{{Infobox language
|name= Kalahandia Odia
|altname= Kalahandia
|nativename={{langx|or|କଳାହାଣ୍ଡିଆ|label=none|translit-std=ISO}}
|states=[[India]]
|region=[[Odisha]] ([[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]], [[Nuapada district| Nuapada]])
|ethnicity=[[Odia people|Odias]]
|speakers=
|date=
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|fam4=[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
|fam5=[[Odia languages|Odia]]
|script=[[Odia alphabet|Odia]]
|lc1=
|ld1=
|glotto=
|glottorefname=
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = [[Odia language|Odia]] text
| fix = Help:Multilingual support#Odia
| characters = Odia script
}}
'''Kalahandia'''<ref>Kalahandi ra Loka Sahitya, Mahabir Sanskrutika Anusthan, Bhawanipatna, Orissa, India</ref> is a variety of [[Odia language|Odia]] spoken in the region of [[Kalahandi]] and [[Nuapada]] district of [[Odisha]] state in India. Local weekly Odia newspaper such as ''Arjji'' and ''Kalahandi Express'' publish articles in standard Odia Form and Kalahandia Odia Form.

==Distinguishing features==
Kalahandia Odia is distinct from standard Odia in terms of vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation. The vocabulary is a little mixture of standard Odia words and [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]] words spoken with a distinct accent and cadence.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jPI4EAAAQBAJ |title=Kalahandi : The Untold Story|date=1 August 2020|isbn=9788194579717|access-date=28 August 2022|last1=Pradhan|first1=Dr Tapan Kumar|publisher=Kohinoor Books }} (pages 15-20)</ref> Unlike standard Odia, in Kalahandia the final "a" sound is silent (e.g. Ghar ଘର୍ instead of Ghara ଘର). It has a typical vowel sound "ae" (as in marbu kaen ମରବୁ କାଏଁ) which is lacking in standard mainstream Odia. In verbs the "b" sound is replaced with "m" (as in Jimi ଜିମି instead of Jibi ଯିବି). Often the final vowel sound of mainstream Odia is shifted to the middle of a word after modification (e.g. Aji ଆଜି becomes Aej ଆଏଜ୍ and Rajya ରାଜ୍ୟ becomes Raej ରାଏଜ୍). <ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jPI4EAAAQBAJ |title=Kalahandi : The Untold Story|date=1 August 2020|isbn=9788194579717|access-date=28 August 2022|last1=Pradhan|first1=Dr Tapan Kumar|publisher=Kohinoor Books }} (pages 74-82 & 243-250)</ref>

==Published work on Kalahandia==
*''Kalahandia Dhaga''
*''Kalahandia Dictionary''
*''Kalahandia Ghumura Songs''

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Mund |first=Parameswar |year=2020 |title=Kalahandia Shabda Kosha |publisher=Paschima Publications |location=Delhi }}
*{{cite book|last=Pradhan|first=Dr Tapan Kumar|author-link=Tapan Kumar Pradhan |year=2020|title=Kalahandi : The Untold Story|publisher=Kohinoor Books |isbn=9788194579717| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jPI4EAAAQBAJ}}
{{refend}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Odia language}}

[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Odisha]]
[[Category:Odia language]]
[[Category:Kalahandi district]]

Om Shanti Om (soundtrack)

2026-03-15T22:49:57Z

AmanGautamArtist:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Om Shanti Om
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| cover = Om Shanti Om (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| released = 18 September 2007
| recorded = 1 December 2005 – 1 June 2006
| venue =
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=61|s=18}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Jackie Vanjari]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

'''''Om Shanti Om''''' is the [[soundtrack]] to the [[Om Shanti Om|2007 film of the same name]] directed by [[Farah Khan]], produced by [[Gauri Khan]] through [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] and starred [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Deepika Padukone]] (in her [[Hindi]] film debut). The film's soundtrack featured six original songs, four remixes and an instrumental track, all of them were composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar]], and written by [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Kumaar]] and [[Vishal Dadlani]], except for one song composed by Pyarelal of the [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] duo. The soundtrack was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 18 September 2007 to critical acclaim and was one of the highest-selling music albums of the year.

To date, this was the last time singers [[Udit Narayan]] and [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]] provided their voices as [[playback singers]] to Shah Rukh Khan. The two were synonymous as a singer-actor combo for many of his previous films.

== Development and release ==
[[A. R. Rahman]] was initially signed in to compose music for the film but he opted out after disagreements with [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] as he wanted them to share the copyrights of music between him and the label.<ref name="omshanti_copyright">{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14309817 |title=A.R Rahman: There's no fight with Shahrukh |access-date=25 April 2007 |website=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312074839/http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14309817 |archive-date=12 March 2007}}</ref> Later Vishal–Shekhar was hired to score music for the film, in their maiden collaboration with both Shah Rukh and Farah. The duo had composed for few television advertisements directed by Farah, and with her rapport, they had been recommended to Red Chillies Entertainment for their recruitment as composers.<ref name=":0" />

The duo recalled that they grew up listening to music of the 1960s and 1970s and wanted the soundtrack to be a tribute to the music of that particular era while appealing to newer audiences at the same time.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title='I became a composer because of Amitabh Bachchan' |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/19vishal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328112046/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/19vishal.htm |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=28 March 2018 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> The song "Dhoom Taana" was composed by Pyarelal of the Laxmikant–Pyarelal duo. Pyarelal stopped composing after his partner Laxmikant's death in May 1998, but owing to Farah Khan's request on composing a song as a tribute to [[Hindi film music]] of the 1970s and 1980s, he agreed at the insistence of his wife and daughter. The song was recorded with a 150-member-orchestra and traditional instruments like drums, tabla, dholak and dafli, which was a trademark of the duo and more than 40 different percussion instruments had been used.<ref name="pyare">{{cite web |author=Ritujaay Ghosh |date=14 November 2007 |title=I may soon resume composing music: Pyarelal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/i-may-soon-resume-composing-music-pyarelal/story-6ueWUPyMIoXMY2mpRzGWPL.html |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Vishal–Shekhar also helped Pyarelal on orchestrating and arranging the tunes.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
Joginder Tuteja's review for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' summarised the music as "one of the complete scores" from Vishal–Shekhar, giving four stars out of five.<ref>{{cite web |title=music review of Om Shanti Om |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/12950/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330201248/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/12950/index.html |archive-date=30 March 2008 |access-date=15 August 2011 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' also gave it four stars out of five, with praise for the music, but criticised the "Dark Side" mix.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cool retro music in Om Shanti Om |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/19oso.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019113236/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/19oso.htm |archive-date=19 October 2012 |access-date=15 August 2011 |work=Rediff.Com}}</ref> Writing for ''[[AllMusic]]'', Bhaskar Gupta gave the album four-and-a-half stars out of five, summarizing "Vishal-Shekhar finally delivered a soundtrack that could be deemed their signature offering."<ref>{{cite web |title=Om Shanti Om – Vishal-Shekhar – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/om-shanti-om-mw0001173754 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430024830/http://www.allmusic.com/album/om-shanti-om-mw0001173754 |archive-date=30 April 2016 |access-date=28 March 2018 |website=AllMusic}}</ref>

== Sales and records ==
Vishal–Shekhar who were judges at the ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007]]'' reality show has given an interview to ''[[Rediff.com]]'', recalled that [[Himesh Reshammiya]] (fellow composer and one of the judges) had said that the album as well as the film would be commercially successful even before release.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hegde |first=Rajul |title='Om Shanti Om's music will be a hit' |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/05oso.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328112046/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/05oso.htm |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=28 March 2018 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> It was the highest-selling music album of the year in India, with sales of around 2 million units.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624132928/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-date=24 June 2010 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

== Track listing ==

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Om Shanti Om'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref name="itunes">{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/om-shanti-om-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1071079468 |title=Om Shanti Om (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Vishal-Shekhar on Apple Music |website=[[iTunes]] |date=9 September 2007 |access-date=28 March 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328112046/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/om-shanti-om-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1071079468 |archive-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=61|s=18}}
| title1 = Ajab Si
| extra1 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]], [[Bilal Saeed]]
| length1 = 4:03
| lyrics1 = [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| title2 = Dard-e-Disco
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Caralisa Monteiro]], Nisha, Marianne
| length2 = 4:31
| lyrics2 = [[Javed Akhtar]]
| title3 = Deewangi Deewangi
| extra3 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Rahul Saxena
| length3 = 5:53
| lyrics3 = Javed Akhtar
| title4 = Main Agar Kahoon
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Shreya Ghoshal
| length4 = 5:10
| lyrics4 = Javed Akhtar
| title5 = Jag Soona Soona Lage
| extra5 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]] and [[Abrar ul Haq]]
| length5 = 5:31
| lyrics5 = [[Kumaar]]
| title6 = Dhoom Taana
| extra6 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length6 = 6:15
| lyrics6 = Javed Akhtar
| title7 = Dastaan-E-Om Shanti Om
| extra7 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| length7 = 7:08
| lyrics7 = Javed Akhtar
| title8 = Dard-E-Disco
| note8 = Remix by DJ Aqeel and Just a Gent
| extra8 = Sukhwinder Singh, Caralisa Monteiro, Nisha, Marianne
| length8 = 4:38
| lyrics8 = Javed Akhtar
| title9 = Deewangi Deewangi
| note9 = (Rainbow Mix) Remix by DJ G, Kiran Kamath
| extra9 = Shaan, Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Saxena
| length9 = 4:48
| lyrics9 = Javed Akhtar
| title10 = Om Shanti Om
| note10 = Medley Mix by Jackie V
| extra10 = Sukhwinder Singh, Caralisa Monteiro, Nisha, Marianne, Shaan, Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Saxena, Abhijeet Bhattacharya
| length10 = 6:06
| lyrics10 = Javed Akhtar
| title11 = Dastaan-E-Om Shanti Om
| note11 = The Dark Side Mix remix by Zoheb, DJ Nikhil, Chinappa, DJ Nawed, DJ Snake
| extra11 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| length11 = 6:21
| lyrics11 = Javed Akhtar
| title12 =
| note12 =
| extra12 =
| length12 =
| all_writing =
}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Asian Film Awards]]
|[[2nd Asian Film Awards|17 March 2008]]
| Best Composer
| {{sort|Vishal–Shekhar}}
| {{won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="Asian Film Awards">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/deepika-in-race-for-asian-film-awards/story-KWsHdLP8qVjYByijHhwcLN.html |title=Deepika in race for Asian Film Awards |last=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=17 January 2008 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120075226/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/deepika-in-race-for-asian-film-awards/story-KWsHdLP8qVjYByijHhwcLN.html |archive-date=20 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Asian Film Awards2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vishal-shekhar-win-the-asian-film-award-for-om-shanti-om/ |title=Vishal-Shekhar win the Asian Film Award for Om Shanti Om |last=Bollywood Hungama |date=19 March 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120075227/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vishal-shekhar-win-the-asian-film-award-for-om-shanti-om/ |archive-date=20 January 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |[[53rd Filmfare Awards|16 February 2008]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| Vishal–Shekhar
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" align="center" |<ref name="OSO Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com:80/movies/awards/12950/index.html |title=Om Shanti Om: Awards and Nominations |date=22 February 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222112817/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/awards/12950/index.html |archive-date=22 February 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref> <ref name="Filmfare winners">{{Cite magazine |date=2018 |title=Filmfare winners |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| Javed Akhtar for "Main Agar Kahoon"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Vishal Dadlani for "Ajab Si"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer]]
| KK for "Ajab Si"
|{{nom}}
|-
| Sonu Nigam for "Main Agar Kahoon"
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|[[9th IIFA Awards|6–8 June 2008]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| Javed Akhtar for "Main Agar Kahoon"
| {{won}}
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for the IIFA Awards 2008 |date=16 April 2008 |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2008/04/16/3780/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725195734/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2008/04/16/3780/index.html |archive-date=25 July 2008}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2008/ |title=IIFA Through the Years – IIFA 2008: Bangkok, Thailand |publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703140639/http://iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2008/ |archive-date=3 July 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |30 March 2008
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| Vishal–Shekhar
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/03/14/3674/index.html |title=Nominations for 3rd Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |last=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=14 March 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921064836/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/03/14/3674/index.html |archive-date=21 September 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 January 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/04/01/3724/index.html |title=Winners of 3rd Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |last=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=1 April 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814215007/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/04/01/3724/index.html |archive-date=14 August 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 January 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apsaraawards.org/3rd_apsara_awards_nominees.html |title=3rd Apsara Awards – Nominees |publisher=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]] |access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apsaraawards.org/3rd_apsara_awards_winners.html |title=3rd Apsara Awards – Winners |publisher=Producers Guild Film Awards |access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Vishal Dadlani]] for "Ajab Si"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[KK (singer)|KK]] for "Ajab Si"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Re-Recording
| Kuldeep Sood
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |23 January 2008
| [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| KK for "Ajab Si"
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/02/3422/index.html |title=Nominees for 14th Annual Screen Awards |date=2 January 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429081517/http://bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/02/3422/index.html |archive-date=29 April 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref> <ref name="OSO Awards" />
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
| Vishal–Shekhar
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Zee Cine Awards 2008|26 April 2008]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| Vishal–Shekhar
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/04/01/3729/index.html |title=Nominations for the Zee Cine Awards 2008 |date=1 April 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323104004/http://bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/04/01/3729/index.html |archive-date=23 March 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/zee-cine-awards-2008-winners-announced_438321.html |title=Zee Cine Awards 2008 winners announced |date=23 April 2008 |access-date=19 January 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120075226/http://zeenews.india.com/home/zee-cine-awards-2008-winners-announced_438321.html |archive-date=20 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| Javed Akhtar for "Main Agar Kahoon"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| KK for "Ajab Si"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Sonu Nigam for "Main Agar Kahoon"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Popular Track of the Year
| "Dard-e-Disco"
| {{nom}}
|}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:2007 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]

2025 Uttarakhand avalanche

2026-03-15T04:41:29Z

AmanGautamArtist: new the stub with sources

{{Short description|2025 deadly avalanche}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Uttarakhand Avalanche 2025
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = {{Start date|2025|02|28}}
| time = 5:30 – 6:00 AM IST
| location = [[Mana, India|Mana]], [[Chamoli district]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30.42|N|79.48|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = Avalanche
| cause = Heavy snowfall, high-altitude terrain
| deaths = 8
}}

The '''Uttarakhand Avalanche 2025''' was a deadly avalanche that struck a [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO) camp on February 28, 2025, near [[Mana, India|Mana village]] in the [[Chamoli district]] of [[Uttarakhand]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missing Worker's Body Recovered, Uttarakhand Avalanche Deaths Rise To 8 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttarakhand-badrinath-mana-chamoli-avalanche-2-days-on-ops-continue-to-rescue-4-trapped-in-uttarakhand-avalanche-7828127 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-28 |title=Uttarakhand: Dozens missing in Indian Himalayas avalanche |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c36wwld19gzo |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> The avalanche buried 54 workers inside eight containers and a shed at an altitude of over 10,000 feet, close to the [[India-China border]]. The incident occurred between 5:30 AM and 6:00 AM IST, in an area prone to avalanches and extreme winter conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Narendra |date=2025-03-02 |title=Uttarakhand avalanche: Four more bodies recovered, death toll at eight as rescue operation ends |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/02/uttarakhand-avalanche-four-more-bodies-recovered-death-toll-at-eight-as-rescue-operation-ends |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Came To Senses Next To Dead Co-worker: Uttarakhand Avalanche Survivor Recalls Incident |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/came-to-senses-next-to-dead-co-worker-uttarakhand-avalanche-survivor-recalls-incident-7830865 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-01 |title=Uttarakhand avalanche: Mana villagers saved by ancient wisdom & annual migration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uttarakhand-avalanche-mana-villagers-saved-by-ancient-wisdom-annual-migration/articleshow/118637614.cms |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Rescue operations ==
The [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP) led the rescue operations, in coordination with the [[Indian Army]], [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF), and the [[Indian Air Force]]. Over 200 personnel were deployed in the operation, facing harsh weather conditions, heavy snowfall, extreme cold (−12 °C to −15 °C), and poor visibility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=At least 4 killed, some still missing, in avalanche in India's Uttarakhand |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/1/at-least-4-killed-some-still-missing-in-avalanche-in-indias-uttarakhand |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-02 |title=Uttarakhand avalanche: 46 safe, death toll rises to 8 as last worker's body found |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uttarakhand-avalanche-race-to-rescue-4-trapped-advanced-drones-to-be-deployed-2687677-2025-03-02 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Specialized equipment, including thermal imaging cameras, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), sniffer dogs, and drones, was used to locate trapped individuals. On February 28, 33 workers were rescued, followed by 17 more on March 1. However, four of the rescued workers succumbed to injuries, raising the death toll to eight.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-03-02 |title=Uttarakhand avalanche rescue: Deaths rise to eight as last body found; search operation concludes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-avalanche-rescue-search-operation-resumes-to-trace-4-missing-labourers/article69281298.ece |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand avalanche survivors recount harrowing experience |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/uttarakhand-avalanche-survivors-recount-harrowing-experience/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

By March 2, 2025, the last missing worker's body was recovered, marking the completion of the rescue operation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-02 |title=Search operation ends as bodies of 4 remaining missing workers found at Uttarakhand avalanche site, toll rises to 8 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/3-bodies-found-uttarakhand-avalanche-toll-7-missing-9864282/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Impact and aftermath ==
Many of the rescued workers suffered serious injuries, with some in critical condition. Survivors recounted how the avalanche struck suddenly, trapping them under snow. Some workers survived by eating snow and seeking shelter in a nearby hotel. Those with severe injuries were airlifted to [[AIIMS Rishikesh]] and military hospitals for treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand avalanche: Bodies of four more missing workers recovered, rescue operation ends |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-avalanche-bodies-of-four-more-missing-workers-recovered-from-avalanche-site-rescue-operation-ends-3428291 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-02 |title=Uttarakhand avalanche: Death toll rises to five as search continues for three missing workers - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/uttarakhand-avalanche-51-workers-traced-search-continues-for-four-missing-19566936.htm |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Geographical and environmental context ==
The avalanche occurred near [[Mana Pass]], a high-altitude region near the [[India-China border]], known for harsh winter conditions and frequent avalanches. The increasing frequency and severity of avalanches in the [[Himalayas]] have been linked to [[climate change]] and unpredictable weather patterns. The incident highlights the dangers faced by workers in high-altitude construction projects and the need for improved safety measures in such ecologically fragile regions.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand Avalanche: Body Of Last Missing Worker Recovered In Chamoli, Rescue Ops End |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/uttarakhand-avalanche-army-recovers-2-more-bodies-as-search-ops-continue-1-worker-still-missing-2866243.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-04 |title=Uttarakhand avalanche: At least 10 dead and dozens missing in Indian Himalayas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63132996 |access-date=2025-03-02 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[2021 Uttarakhand flood]]
* [[List of avalanches by death toll]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Disasters in India]]
[[Category:February 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Chamoli district]]
[[Category:Border Roads Organisation]]
[[Category:Climate change in India]]

{{Disaster-stub}}

Mohana Cabral

2026-03-15T03:36:04Z

AmanGautamArtist: adding first entry with sources...

{{Short description|Indian actress and singer (1929–1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohana Cabral
| image = Mohana Cabral.jpg
| caption = Cabral posing for ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine, 1951
| birth_name = Mona Blasia Cabral
| birth_place = [[Socorro, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|2|3|df=y}}
| death_place = [[La Coucourde]], France
| death_date = {{death date and age|1990|9|11|1929|2|3|df=y}}
| other_names = Miss Mohana
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer|producer|dancer}}
| television = ''[[To Tell the Truth]]''
| spouse = {{ubl|
*{{marriage|Edward Dawning|1951|1953|end=died}}
*{{marriage |John Defrates |1953|reason=}}
}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Ophelia Cabral]] (sister)
| years_active = 1948–1983
| notable_works = ''[[Sawan Aya Re]]'' (1949)
}}

'''Mona Blasia''' "'''Mohana'''" '''Cabral''' (3 February 1929 – 11 September 1990), also known as '''Miss Mohana''', was an Indian actress, singer, [[television producer]], and dancer based in France. She was known for her work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films, television, and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Mona Blasia Cabral was born on 3 February 1929, in the village of [[Socorro, Goa]], which was then a part of [[Portuguese India]] under the governance of the [[Portuguese Empire]]. Coming from a [[Christian]] family, she was the eldest among her two sisters and three brothers. Cabral's father had previously worked in [[British Ceylon]] but returned to [[Goa]] in the late 1930s, securing a position as a [[cashier]] at [[Hindustan Construction Company]] in [[Bombay]].<ref name=":3" /> As a result, the family relocated to Bombay, with Cabral completing her primary education at a local school in [[Porvorim]], Goa, and later continuing her studies at Victoria School in [[Mahim]].<ref name=":0" />

Afterward, Cabral attended Convent of Jesus and Mary, a [[boarding school]] in [[Poona]], where she completed her academic pursuits. It was during this time that she found employment as a [[Switchboard operator|telephone operator]] at [[Lever Brothers]] in Bombay.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Dantas |first=Isidore Alexander |date=3 February 2024 |title=Mohana-Ek Porzollttem Neketr |url=https://www.nizgoenkar.com/newsDetails.php?id=574 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Niz Goenkar}}</ref> This particular occupation proved to be pivotal in shaping her future career in the [[Bollywood|Hindi film industry]]. As a telephone operator, Cabral frequently interacted with popular personalities of the era, including figures from the film industry. It is worth noting that during that period, telephone services did not offer direct connections, and operators played a crucial role in facilitating communication between individuals.<ref name=":3" />

Cabral was known for her passion for acting and singing since childhood. Writer [[Wilson Mazarello]], in his literary work, acknowledged Cabral's beauty alongside her artistic abilities. During her education at Victoria School in Mahim, Cabral, together with her sister, actively participated in school concerts and annual gatherings,<ref name=":2" /> thereby cultivating their performance skills and fostering self-assurance. Cabral's breakthrough opportunity arrived when the emerging local playwright, A. F. Rodrigues, staged his ''[[tiatr]]'' production titled ''Opurbaechi Sun'' in Mahim.<ref name=":1" /> Recognizing their potential, Rodrigues personally invited Cabral and her sister Ophelia to participate, marking their official debut on the ''tiatr stage''. The display of their abilities caught the attention of [[C. Alvares]], a popular director within the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater scene.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Cabral was the first female artist who played a significant role in breaking barriers for women in the field of [[Tiatr|Konkani theater]]. Prior to Cabral, there had been other female performers in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater, but their presence was fleeting. The tradition of [[Cross-gender acting|male actors assuming female roles]] had persisted due to the lack of consistent female performers. However, Cabral's arrival marked a turning point in this practice. She introduced a new era of professionalism among female ''[[tiatrist]]s'', inspiring an increasing number of women to pursue careers in the field. As a result, the reliance on male actors to portray female characters gradually diminished over time. In the present day, the need for male actors to assume such roles has completely vanished due to the abundance of female ''tiatrists''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=147–150 |language=en |access-date=2024-03-27 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cabral's breakthrough came in 1952 when director [[C. Alvares]] recognized her talent, offering her a role in his new ''[[tiatr]]'' production, ''Kortub Avoichem'' (Mother's Actions).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Shishir Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXtCzQEACAAJ |title=Beete Hue Din (Forgotten Memories of Hindi Cinema): Interviews with Actresses of the Golden Era of Hindi Cinema |date=2020-01-06 |publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp |isbn=978-1-6510-1477-6 |language=en}}</ref> In this production, Cabral was the sole female artist among a cast composed entirely of men. The scarcity of female performers during that era led to male actors such as [[Vincent de Saligão]], Andrew Ferns, [[Master Vaz]], and [[Remmie Colaço]] assuming female roles. However, Cabral's performance in ''Kortub Avoichem'' earned her a [[standing ovation]] from the audience, establishing her reputation as an actress. Additionally, director C. Alvares introduced Cabral during the opening chorus to the audience.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Joe |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=41–42}}</ref> This marked the beginning of a career for Cabral, as she went on to become the [[leading lady]] in subsequent ''tiatrs'' produced by C. Alvares. She appeared in popular productions such as ''Avoicho Xirap'' (Mother's Curse), ''Bail de Tarvotti'' (Seafarer's Wife)," ''Bhorvanso'' (Hope), and ''Ankvar Kazari'' (Bachelor Married), among others.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2020-04-06 |title=Remembering an actress par excellence – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/04/06/magazines/buzz/remembering-an-actress-par-excellence/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Cabral was a versatile artist known for her contributions to the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. Throughout her career, she had the privilege of sharing the stage with actors including [[Anthony Mendes]], [[A. R. Souza Ferrão]], Effie Fernandes, [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], Master Vaz, Andrew Ferns, and Remmie Colaço, among others. Her performances garnered attention, attracting audiences from various parts of [[Bombay]] and revitalizing the popularity of ''tiatr'', a form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]]. Cabral's talent extended beyond acting, as she also collaborated with directors apart from C. Alvares. Cabral brought a distinct charm and appeal to the Konkani stage, with her beauty serving as a catalyst for the growth of ''tiatr''. Spectators from all corners of Bombay eagerly flocked to witness Cabral's appearances in ''tiatrs''. In addition to her acting prowess, Cabral possessed a singing voice, which she showcased through [[duet]]s with C. Alvares and other singers. Even today, her duets recorded on [[Saregama|HMV Records]] continue to be broadcast by [[All India Radio]] in [[Panaji]], preserving her musical legacy.<ref name=":0" /> Cabral has produced a number of musical recordings in collaboration with artists such as C. Alvares, Remmie Colaço, [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]], [[Star of Arossim]], and Anthony Mendes for HMV Records. Some of the popular songs include "Devachi Soirik," "Chokletti Dilear," "Tambddem Bonder," and "Axirvad Di Aaii." Prior to her involvement in the Konkani stage, Cabral had a modest presence in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]], where she portrayed [[supporting role]]s. Her photogenic qualities and talent led to her inclusion in over 20 Hindi films, alongside [[Bollywood]] actors. Popular among her film credits are ''Insaniyat'', ''Nagina'', ''Saqi'', ''Shart'', ''Sansar'', ''Patanga'', ''Nadaan'', ''Sawan Aya Re'', ''Ashiana'', ''Ashima'', and ''Aag'',<ref name=":2" /> among others. Cabral's contributions to the film industry were recognized internationally when she was invited as a guest of honor at the [[1954 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival in 1954]].<ref name=":1" />

Cabral took a hiatus from her involvement in ''[[tiatrs]]'' to embark on a professional journey to [[Beirut]]. After an extensive tenure on the Konkani stage, Cabral received a lucrative contract from [[television program]] producers based in Beirut, Lebanon. Collaborating with her sister [[Ophelia Cabral|Ophelia]], she also participated in several television programs. During her time in Beirut, Cabral gained prominence as a producer of dance programs. Subsequently, she ventured to France, where she entered into matrimony with her longtime fiancé. Nonetheless, Cabral's love for [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and the Konkani stage persisted. Whenever opportunities arose, particularly in European countries, featuring Konkani programs or ''tiatrs'', Cabral eagerly embraced the chance to partake, consistently positioning herself as a frontrunner in such productions. In 1983, while on holiday in India, Cabral made a memorable appearance in ''Aiz Nam Faleam'' (If not today, then tomorrow), a new ''tiatr'' staged by her brother-in-law Bab Peter and sister Ophelia, which garnered acclaim during its performances in [[Bombay]] and [[Goa]].<ref name=":1" /> This marked the final occasion for ''tiatr'' audiences to witness Cabral's stage presence. Throughout her career, Cabral actively participated in over 200 ''tiatr'' performances and delivered approximately 40 songs, rekindling memories of her earlier days when she held a prominent position among female artists in the Konkani theater sphere.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Cabral entered into matrimony twice during her lifetime. Her initial marriage, which unfolded in 1951, was marked by a series of events. Engaged in rehearsals for a song featured in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film ''Sansar'' (1951), Cabral found herself in the rehearsal room of [[Bombay]]'s Ambassador Hotel. Coincidentally, a young English man occupied a room directly opposite the [[rehearsal]] space. Perturbed by the incessant commotion generated by the rehearsals, his patience gradually wore thin over a span of three to four days. Finally reaching a breaking point, he succumbed to a fit of anger and promptly confronted the rehearsal room. However, upon catching sight of Cabral, his ire dissipated instantaneously, leading him to offer a sincere apology before promptly retreating to his own quarters. The allure of Cabral's beauty had thoroughly enchanted him. This young man was Edward Dawning, a pilot serving in the [[Royal Indian Air Force]]. A bond formed between Cabral and Edward, culminating in love that ultimately led to their matrimonial union. The couple had a son named Mark. However, their marriage was abruptly cut short when Edward met his death in an [[aviation accident]] at [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Calcutta airport]] a mere eighteen months after their nuptials.<ref name=":3" />

In the 1950s, Cabral entered into her second marriage with a British man John Defrates [[CBE]], who held the position of [[general manager]] at [[Hindustan Lever Limited]]. John Defrates was the son of Captain H F "Harry" Defrates, a [[paddle steamer]] captain from [[Weymouth, England]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-18 |title=18th September 1964: Captain Defrates |url=https://www.kingswearcastle.org/musings/18th-september-1964-captain-defrates/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Kingswear Castle |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002124239/https://www.kingswearcastle.org/musings/18th-september-1964-captain-defrates/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Their union was considered unconventional within their respective communities, which led Cabral and her husband to make the decision to sacrifice their professional careers.<ref name=":4" /> In response to objections from John's employer regarding his marriage to an Indian woman, he chose to resign from his position and pursue a [[diplomat]]ic career with the [[United Nations]]. During the latter half of the 1950s, John was assigned to serve in [[Beirut]], Lebanon, and Cabral accompanied him to this new posting. It was during their time in Beirut that Cabral and John welcomed their daughter, Clare, into the world. After spending nearly 25 years in Beirut, John's diplomatic duties led to a transfer to [[Vienna]], Austria. Following John's retirement in 1986, he, along with Cabral and their daughter, relocated to France.<ref name=":3" /> In 1984, Cabral's father-in-law died in [[London]] at the age of 89. Cabral's son, Mark "Marik" Defrates (1950–2016), from her previous marriage, pursued a career as a [[chaos magic]]ian and [[jeweller]] based in [[Key West, Florida]]. Mark also established an online association called Z (Cluster) in the 1990s, which served as a platform for individuals interested in chaos magic.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=15 February 1996 |title=Questions and Answers on the Z(Cluster) |url=http://www.chaosmatrix.org/library/chaos/texts/zcqa.txt |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=Chaos Matrix |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119120026/http://www.chaosmatrix.org/library/chaos/texts/zcqa.txt |url-status=live }}</ref> Cabral's daughter, Clare Defrates-Penelon, is married and currently resides with her children in [[La Coucourde]], France.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In loving memory of Mark Edward Defrates - Obituary Baldwin Brothers |url=https://baldwincremation.com/obituaries/mark-edward-defrates/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=baldwincremation.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514030534/https://baldwincremation.com/obituaries/mark-edward-defrates/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0595929}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cabral, Mohana}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to France]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

Vav-Tharad district

2026-03-14T13:27:14Z

AmanGautamArtist: done!

{{more citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vav-Tharad district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Gujarat|District]] of [[Gujarat]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Tharad city.jpg
|photo2a = Nadabet Gate 6.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Top: [[Tharad]] Town Bottom: Nadabet Seema Darshan Gate in [[Nadabet]]
| image_map = Vav-Tharad in Gujarat (India).svg
| map_caption = Map of Vav-Tharad district in Gujarat
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[North Gujarat]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 2 October, 2025
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Tharad]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = District Collectorate
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6,257
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,380,870
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Banas Kantha |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/372/download/1136/DH_2011_2402_PART_A_DCHB_BANAS_KANTHA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Vav, Gujarat|Vav]] [[Tharad]] [[Suigam]] [[Lakhani, Gujarat|Lakhani]] [[Diyodar]] [[Bhabhar, Gujarat|Bhabhar]] [[Rah, Gujarat|Rah]] [[Dharnidhar]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = GJ 40
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vav-Tharad district''' is the one of 34 [[Districts of India|districts]] of [[Gujarat]], India. It is located on the eastern side of the [[Rann of Kutch]] and borders the southern side of the Rajasthan State. Its headquarters are at the city of [[Tharad]].

Vav-Tharad was carved out from the existing [[Banaskantha district]] on 2 October 2025, making it the thirty-fourth and newest district of the Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Since formation of Gujarat, seventh time a new district has been formed |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/vav-tharad-declared-new-district-six-other-times-new-districts-were-announced |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=english.gujaratsamachar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2025-01-01 |title=Vav - Tharad to become 34th district of Gujarat; Govt announces decision |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/01/01/vav-tharad-may-become-34th-district-of-gujarat/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==

The district is surrounded by [[Kutch district]] in the west, [[Banaskantha district]] in the east and [[Patan district]] in the south and the state of [[Rajasthan]] in the north. The [[West Banas River]] flows through its southern parts. There is an 800 year old temple of Lord Shiva in Ujjanwada village and there is a Ganga Kund where the Matri Pitr Tarpan ceremony is performed. The importance of this village is considered as sacred as Kashi Vishwanath, Somnath and Siddhapur.

== Administrative Divisions ==

Vav-Tharad district comprises eight [[Taluka]]s:

* [[Vav, Gujarat|Vav]]
* [[Tharad]]
* [[Suigam]]
* [[Lakhni]]
* [[Diyodar]]
* [[Bhabhar, Gujarat|Bhabhar]]
* Dharnidhar
* Rah

Its headquarters are at the city of [[Tharad]] which, together with Vav, is also a significant tourist destination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://banaskanthadp.gujarat.gov.in/banaskantha/jilavishe/jovalayak-sthal/nadeshwari-mandir.htm|title=બનાસકાંઠા જીલ્લા પંચાયત {{!}} જીલ્લા વિષે {{!}} જોવાલાયક સ્થળો {{!}} નડેશ્વરી માતાનું મંદિર|website=banaskanthadp.gujarat.gov.in|access-date=2018-12-17|archive-date=2011-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829232025/http://banaskanthadp.gujarat.gov.in/banaskantha/jilavishe/jovalayak-sthal/nadeshwari-mandir.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Vav-Tharad district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,380,870,<ref
name=districtcensus/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Swaziland]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Swaziland 1,133,066 July 2011 est.}}</ref> The district has a population density of {{convert|220|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Vav-Tharad district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|97.24}}
{{bar percent|[[Gujarati Muslims|Islam]]|green|2.21}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.52}}
}}

{{clear}}

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=15th Gujarat Assembly}}
{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|Banaskantha district}}
|}

== Notable people ==
* [[Geniben Thakor]] - Member of Parliament Banaskantha & Vav-Tharad
* [[Babubhai Desai]] Member of Parliament Rajya Sabha Gujarat Former MLA * [[Kankrej Assembly constituency]]
* [[Parbatbhai Patel]] - former MP from Banaskantha.
* [[Shankar Chaudhary]]- MLA from [[Tharad Assembly constituency]].
* [[Ranchordas Pagi]], scout for the Indian Army during the [[India–Pakistan war of 1965]] and the [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]]

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Vav-Tharad district
|North = [[Jalor district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Banaskantha district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Patan district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Kutch district]]
|Northwest =
}}
{{Gujarat}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Districts of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vav-Tharad district]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2020s establishments in Gujarat]]

Rajgruha

2026-03-10T22:13:40Z

AmanGautamArtist: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Memorial and home of B. R. Ambedkar in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox monument
| image = Rajgruh, the residence of Babasaheb Ambedkar in Dadar, Mumbai.jpg
| caption = Rajgruha, the residence of Babasaheb Ambedkar in Dadar, Mumbai
| location = [[Hindu colony]], [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| designer = [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
| type = Memorial
| material =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| begin = 1931
| complete = 1933
| open =
| dedicated_to = [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
| map_name =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.0214|72.8476|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website =
}}

'''Rajgruha''' (alternative spelling: ''Rajgraha'' and ''Rajgriha'') is a memorial and house of the leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]] at [[Hindu colony]] of [[Dadar]] in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. It was named after ''[[Rajgriha]]'' (now [[Rajgir]]), in reference to the ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]]-[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] kingdom. The ground floor of the three-story building hosts a heritage museum, as a memorial to the Indian leader.

This place is a popular site for Ambedkarite Buddhists and Dalits
. Ambedkar lived at Rajgruha for 15-20 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/five-must-visit-places-to-rediscover-the-life-of-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-chaitya-bhoomi-chaityabhoomi/140984|title=Five must visit places to rediscover the life of Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar {{!}} India News|access-date=28 November 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/hawkers-encroachment-near-ambedkar-house-at-dadar-1148960/|title=बाबासाहेबांच्या 'राजगृहा'च्या आसपास फेरीवाल्यांचा डेरा|date=10 October 2015|work=Loksatta|access-date=28 November 2018|language=mr-IN}}</ref> Millions of people visit the site before the [[Chaitya Bhoomi]] in [[Shivaji Park]] on 6 December. Ambedkar collected more than 50,000 books during his time at Rajgruha, which made it one of the largest personal libraries in the world at the time of his death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/caste/unpacking-library-babasaheb-ambedkar-world-books|title=Unpacking a Library: Babasaheb Ambedkar and His World of Books|last=Geetha|first=V.|date=29 October 2017|website=The Wire|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/through-vast-library-ambedkar-still-stays-close-to-his-followers/721368/|title=Through his vast library, Ambedkar still stays close to his followers - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> Plans to designate the building as a national monument fell through due to legal and technical issues, but in 2013 the mansion became a heritage monument.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|title=Mahamanav Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar|last=Gaikwad|first=Dr. Dnyanraj Kashinath|publisher=Riya Publication|year=2016|pages=186|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-dr-5268154-NOR.html|title=डॉ. बाबासाहेब अांबेडकरांच्या 'राजगृह'ने घेतला मोकळा श्वास|work=divyamarathi|access-date=28 November 2018|language=mr}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Rajagriha, Bombay, February 1934. (L to R) Yashwant, BR Ambedkar, Ramabai, Laxmibai, Mukundrao, and Tobby.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Babasaheb Ambedkar]] with his family members at Rajgruha, his residence in the Hindu Colony of Dadar (Bombay). From left – [[Yashwant Ambedkar|Yashwant]] (Son), Babasaheb Ambedkar, Smt. [[Ramabai Ambedkar|Ramabai]] (Wife), Smt. Laxmibai (Wife of his elder brother, Anand), Mukund (Nephew) and Dr. Ambedkar’s dog, Tobby. February 1934]]

[[B._R._Ambedkar|Babasaheb Ambedkar]] was born into abject poverty. By 1930, however, his financial situation improved as he became a well-known [[barrister]].

Ambedkar's legal office was near Damodar Hall in [[Parel]]. Eventually Ambedkar's house at Prabhadevi could no longer accommodate his growing book collection, so he decided to build a new house for himself and his family.

Ambedkar planned for his new home to have a library. In the new structure, two blocks of three rooms were built on the ground floor of the Rajgruha. In those two blocks, his family live. On the first floor of the royal house, he arranged his library and office.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/the-house-ambedkar-built-in-mumbai-gets-scant-notice/article7626379.ece|title=The house Ambedkar built in Mumbai gets scant notice|last=Rashid|first=Omar|date=8 September 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=28 November 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 1930, he owned two plots on each of 99th and 129th streets, and a 55 square yard area in Dadar, a [[Hindu colony]] of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghadyalpatil |first1=Abhiram |title=Do the Ambedkar monuments in Mumbai do justice to the man? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/wXz5Z8Hjst2BVqrnLg9sjK/Do-the-Ambedkar-monuments-in-Mumbai-do-justice-to-the-man.html |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=25 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref> At 129th Street in the fifth lane, he decided to build a house for his family, while he constructed a rental building on the 99th plot in the third lane. He received a loan from the [[Central Bank of India]]. Mr. Aaiskar supervised construction. In January 1931, the construction of the building on plot number 129 began and was completed in 1933. Construction of another building on plot 99 started in 1932. After finishing the construction, they named the building "Char Minar". The name "Rajgruha" was related to [[Buddhist culture]] and [[Hindu culture]], whereas the name "Char Minar" was related to [[Muslim culture]].

In 1933, Ambedkar, along with his family, moved in. B. R. Ambedkar, his wife [[Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar|Ramabai]], son [[Yashwant Ambedkar|Yashwant]], Laxmibai (wife of his brother), Mukund (his nephew), etc. lived there.

On 9 May 1941, he sold the Char Minar building to pay for the purchase of books and retire outstanding loans. However, he kept the house of Rajgruha as a permanent possession.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mahamanav Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar|last=Gaikwad|first=Dr. Dnyanraj Kashinath|publisher=Riya Publication|year=2016|pages=187|language=mr}}</ref>

== Vandalism ==
On the evening of 7 July 2020, the Rajgruha was vandalized by a person. The man entered the premises of the Rajgruha and smashed flower pots, damaged plants, CCTV camera and pelted stones at a window. Then he left. [[Mumbai Police]] are investigating the spot. CCTV footage of the incident has been handed over to the police by the [[Ambedkar family]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.lokmat.com/maharashtra/mumbai-one-detained-in-connection-with-attack-on-ambedkars-house/|title=Mumbai: One detained in connection with attack on Ambedkar's house | english.lokmat.com|date=8 July 2020|website=Lokmat English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/08/ambedkars-mumbai-residence-attacked-by-unidentified-persons-2166788.html|title=Ambedkar's Mumbai residence attacked by unidentified persons|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> On same day, Matunga police have registered a case against unknown persons for vandalizing the Rajgruha.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/mumbai-vandalization-in-premises-of-dr-br-ambedkar-one-person-has-been-detained-1477365|title=मुंबई: डॉ बीआर आंबेडकर के घर 'राजगृह' परिसर में तोड़फोड़, उद्धव सरकार ने आवास के बाहर दी सुरक्षा, एक हिरासत में|date=8 July 2020|website=www.abplive.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/mumbai/dr-babasaheb-ambedkars-rajgruh-residence-mumbai-will-have-permanent-police-presence-a642/|title='राजगृह'वर आता कायमस्वरूपी असणार पोलिसांचा पहारा; ठाकरे सरकारचा महत्वाचा निर्णय|date=8 July 2020|website=Lokmat}}</ref> One person has been arrested in the case and further investigation is underway. Next day, On 8 July 2020, the [[Maharashtra government]] has decided to keep Rajgruha under permanent police protection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/mumbai/state-cabinet-decides-to-provide-24-hour-security-to-rajgruha/526610/amp?__twitter_impression=true&fbclid=IwAR2HTx1BRla5hfz2ilZIYD2V1y0Wsk10_WneVh_gVhI5snHTR4SsNLRgyEI|title=राजगृहाला २४ तास संरक्षण देण्याचा राज्य मंत्रिमंडळाचा निर्णय|website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> On 22 July 2020, the main accused in the attack on Rajgruha was arrested. The accused is identified as Vishal Ashok More alias Vitthal Kanya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/rajgruha-vandalised-20-year-old-man-caught-on-cctv-damaging-flower-pots-hurling-stones-arrested-6519137/|title=Rajgruha vandalised: 20-year-old man 'caught on CCTV damaging flower pots & hurling stones' arrested|date=23 July 2020}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Ambedkar family]]
* [[Chaitya Bhoomi]]
* [[Bhim Janmabhoomi]]
* [[Deekshabhoomi]]
* [[List of things named after B. R. Ambedkar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Rajgruha}}

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFUD_9amtBY Dr Ambedkar Rajgruha (Love for Books)]
* [https://vaibhavchhayablog.wordpress.com/2016/08/08/rajgurh/ Babasahebanche Rajgruha (Babasaheb's Rajgruha) by Vaibhav Chhaya]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1933 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Memorials to B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1933]]
[[Category:Museums in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Buddhist buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Dalit culture]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dalit monuments]]
[[Category:Tourism in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Maharashtra]]

Cooch Behar Palace

2026-03-08T11:02:33Z

AmanGautamArtist:

{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Cooch Behar Palace
| image = The Cooch Behar Palace or the Cooch Behar Rajbari, Cooch Behar District, West Bengal, India 01.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| caption = Façade of the Cooch Behar Palace
| pushpin_map =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| location = [[Cooch Behar]], West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| architect =
| floor_area = 
| client = [[Nripencdra Narayan|Maharaja Nripendra Narayan]]
| engineer =
| construction_start_date = {{start date and age|1887}}
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| structural_system =
| architectural_style = Classical Western / Italian Renaissance
| size =
}}
'''Cooch Behar Palace''' is a landmark in [[Cooch Behar]] city, [[West Bengal]]. It was designed in the Italian Renaissance architecture style and was built in 1887, during the reign of [[Nripendra Narayan|Maharaja Nripendra Narayan]] of the [[Koch dynasty]]. It is currently a museum.<ref>[http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/rajbari_exclusive2.html Cooch Behar Rajbari Museum] ''coochbehar.nic.in''. Retrieved 2 October 2021</ref>

==History==
{{Bengal Zamindars series}}
The Cooch Behar Palace is noted for its elegance and grandeur. It is a brick-built double-story structure in the Classical Italian architecture covering an area of {{convert|51309|sqft|m2}}. The whole structure is {{convert|395|ft|m}} long and {{convert|296|ft|m}} wide and is on rests {{convert|4|ft|9|in|m}} above the ground.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} The Palace is fronted on the ground and first floors by a series of arcaded [[verandah]]s with their piers arranged alternately in single and double rows.

At the southern and northern ends, the Palace projects slightly and in the center is a projected porch providing an entrance to the [[Durbar Hall]]. The Hall has an elegantly shaped metal dome which is topped by a cylindrical [[louver]] type ventilator. This is {{convert|124|ft|m}} high from the ground and is in the style of the [[Renaissance architecture]]. The intros of the dome is carved in stepped patterns and [[Corinthian column]]s support the base of the cupola. This adds variegated colors and designs to the entire surface. There are various halls in the palace and rooms that include the grand Durbar Hall or the hall of audience, Drawing Rooms, Dining Hall, Billiard Room, Library, Bed Rooms, [[Toshakhana]], Ladies Gallery and [[Vestibule (architecture)|Vestibules]]. The artifact and precious objects that these rooms and halls used to contain are now lost.

The original palace was partially a 3 storeyed structure, but was subsequently destroyed by the [[1897 Assam earthquake]].

The palace shows the acceptance of European [[idealism]] of the [[Koch kingdom|Koch kings]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coochbehar.nic.in/ |title=Official Website of Cooch Behar district in West Bengal |website=Coochbehar.nic.in |access-date=25 October 2016 |archive-date=5 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105001629/http://coochbehar.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]] the Cooch Behar Palace is an [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] listed monument.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/ |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal - Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=ASI |work=Item no. 57 |access-date=7 August 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801114411/https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:The rear side of coochbehar palace, which retains the original color of the monument..jpg|thumb|right|The rear side of Cooch Behar Palace, which retains the original color of the monument.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/rajbari_exclusive.html |title=Rajbari in Cooch Behar town |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814072309/http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/rajbari_exclusive.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

==Architecture==
The Rajbari or the Cooch Behar Palace is a grand monument constructed in the Italian Renaissance form of architecture. The entire monument extends gracefully over an area of 51,000 square feet; about 390 feet in length and 296 feet in width; It's a brick-built structure. Standing 125 feet tall from the ground, the monument features an entrance on the ground floor, leading through a projected porch to the Durbar Hall. The first floor has a series of beautiful arcaded verandas with alternately arranged piers in double and single rows. The palace houses over 50 rooms including bedrooms, dressing rooms, billiard room, kitchen, dining hall, dancing hall, library, Tosha khana and the ladies gallery.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Durbar Hall ==
A splendid porch positioned in the center of the monument serves as an entrance to Rajbari through the Durbar Hall.<ref name="Cooch Behar Galery">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2023 |title=Cooch Behar Galery |url=https://coochbehar.gov.in/gallery/cooch-behar-palace/ |website=Cooch Behar District }}</ref> The Durbar Hall has a beautiful metal dome with a cylindrical louvre on the top that also acts as a ventilator. The dome is at 124 feet high from the ground level and is built in the traditional Italian Renaissance architecture. The dome also is beautifully carved in step pattern and rests on four arches supported by huge Corinthian columns adorned with a lantern on the top. Several small yet elegant balconies also surround the dome of the Durbar Hall.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
[[File:কোচবিহার রাজবাড়ি.jpg|thumb|right]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:The Cooch Behar Palace or the Cooch Behar Rajbari, Cooch Behar District, West Bengal, India 01.jpg|The front view of the palace
File:The Cooch Behar Palace or the Cooch Behar Rajbari, Cooch Behar District, West Bengal, India 03.jpg|The palace and its reflection on the water body inside the compound
File:The lawn of Cooch Behar Palace, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India 01.jpg|The garden of the palace
File:Front view of Cooch Behar Palace, WB, IN 11.jpg|The front view of the palace
File:The Cooch Behar Palace or the Cooch Behar Rajbari, Cooch Behar District, West Bengal, India 02.jpg|The palace and its reflection on the water body inside the compound
File:Billiard Table at Cooch Behar Palace 03.jpg|Billiard Table at Cooch Behar Palace
File:Cooch Behar Palace in the afternoon 5 1 (2).jpg|The landscape of Cooch Behar Palace
File:The garden of Cooch Behar Palace as seen from 1st floor 02.jpg|The garden of Cooch Behar Palace as seen from 1st floor
File:Interior of Cooch Behar Palace, Cooch Behar, WB, India 06.jpg|A chandelier inside the Royal Court
File:The Royal court of Cooch Behar at Cooch Behar Palace 2.jpg|The Royal court
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Cooch Behar State]]
* [[Kamata Kingdom]]
* [[Koch dynasty]]
* [[Koch Hajo]]
* [[Rajbongshi people]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Cooch Behar topics}}

[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Palaces in West Bengal]]
[[Category:History of Cooch Behar]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Cooch Behar]]

Mughal conquest of Kamrup

2026-03-06T13:06:15Z

AmanGautamArtist:

{{Short description|Part of the Mughal conquest of Bengal in 1613}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal conquest of Koch Hajo
| place = [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]], [[Koch Hajo]]
| partof = [[Mughal conquest of Bengal]]
| date = November 1612 — July 1613
| territory = [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] as far as [[Bornadi river|Barnadi]] annexed to the [[Mughal Empire]]{{Bulleted list|Fall of [[Koch Hajo]]}}
| result = Mughal victory
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}}
* [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
** [[Bengal Subah]]
** [[Bihar Subah]]
** [[Koch Bihar]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = [[Koch Hajo]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Shaikh Kamal [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Mukarram Khan [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Raja Raghunath [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Shaikh Muhi-ud-din [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Mirza Iman Quli Beg Shamlu [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Khawaja Tahir Muhammad Bakshi [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Adil Khan [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Abdus Salam [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Mirza Nathan [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Raja Satrajit [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Bahadur Ghazi [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Sona Ghazi [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Majlis Bayazid [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Jamal Khan Mangli{{WIA}} [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Lachmi Rajput{{WIA}} [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Mirza Qasim Khazanchi [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Sulaiman Sardiwal [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Sarhad Khan|Shaikh Abdul Wahid]] [[File:Drapeau Cooch Behar.png|24px]] Lakshmi Narayan
| commander2 = Parikshit Narayan{{Surrendered}} Phulguria Fath Khan Salka{{POW}} Dimarua Raja{{KIA}} Nitai Chandra Nazir
| strength2 = '''Salkuna''': 300 boats '''Dhubri''': 500 cavalry; 100 or 10,000 infantry '''[[Sankosh River|Gadadhar]]''': 700 boats; 50 elephants '''Gilah''': 156,000 [[Paik (soldier)|paiks]] 5,000 cavalry 5,000 musketeers 300 elephants.
| strength1 = 1000 or 6,000 cavalry 10,000—12,000 infantry 5000 musketeers 300 elephants 500 boats
| casualties2 = '''Salkuna''': All or most of 300 boats captured '''Dhubri''': Heavy
| casualties1 = '''[[Sankosh River|Gadadhar]]''': 207 boats destroyed; many killed
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Mughal conquest of Bengal}}
}}

The '''Mughal conquest of Kamrup or Mughal conquest of Koch Hajo''' was a 1613 military campaign led by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] commanders Shaikh Kamal and Mukarram Khan against Raja Parikshit of the [[Koch dynasty|Koch Dynasty]]. Following the successful siege of [[Dhubri]], the campaign was briefly stalled by unauthorized peace negotiations initiated by Shaikh Kamal, who accepted a massive indemnity of elephants and gold in exchange for the Raja's autonomy. However, the [[Subahdar]] of Bengal, [[Islam Khan I]], rejected the truce, confiscated the tribute, and ordered the total annexation of [[Kamarupa|Kamrup]] to establish firm Mughal authority in the region.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|2019|p=215}}</ref>

== Background ==
In 1581, Rahu Dev revolted against his uncle [[Nara Narayan]] ({{Reign|1554|1587}}) of Koch Kingdom and established his authority over the eastern part of the kingdom. The [[Sankosh River]] was decided as the border of the two kingdoms.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|pp=84–85}}</ref> He established his capital in Barnagar.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Acharyya|1966|p=207}}</ref> The eastern division was known as "Kamrup" in local sources and "Koch Hajo" in Persian sources. While the western division was known as "Koch Behar" or simply "Koch".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=86}}</ref> The local sources named it Kamrup due to historical kingdom [[Kamarupa|Kamrupa]]. Koch Hajo, stretched from the Sonkosh River on west, to the [[Bornadi river|Barnadi River]] north of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]]. To the south, it extended from the Brahmaputra and the [[Garo Hills]] which now forms eastern part of [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Acharyya|1966|pp=206–207}}</ref> and on the eastward the kingdom stretched to the [[Kolong river|Kalang River]] in modern-day [[Nagaon]], Assam.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=87}}</ref> It covered the [[Kamrup district]] and [[Goalpara district]], along with the administrative [[pargana]] of Bhitarband on the fight side of Brahmaputra, including Khontaghat reaching Barnadi River. Key urban centers and frontier points include [[Pandu, Guwahati|Pandu]], which served as the south-eastern frontier town, and Kohhata, which acted as the frontier town on the eastern border.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|pp=201–202}}</ref> The rivalry and hostilities between the two divisions allowed foreign powers like the Mughals on west and [[Ahom people|Ahoms]] on east to take aggressive policy in the region.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|p=151}}</ref> In 1584, Nara Narayan died. His son Lakshmi Narayan became the ruler of Koch Bihar.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Acharyya |1966|pp=|p=259}}</ref> Raghu Dev formed an alliance with the Afghan chief [[Isa Khan]] who was fighting against the Mughals. Isa Khan also had hostile attitude towards Koch Bihar as it had been a ally of the Mughals for a long time.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|p=151}}</ref> Being strengthened by the alliance, he attacked Koch Bihar's territory of Bahirbandh in 1596 AD. Unable to resist the invaders Lakshmi Narayan sought Mughal help by submitting to [[Man Singh I|Man Singh]] the governor of Bengal. Subsequent conflicts occurred between the two alliances until Isa Khan submitted to the Mughals. Thus, Raghu Dev was left alone to fight against Koch Bihar.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|pp=93–94}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|p=203}}</ref> He died in 1603 and was succeeded by Parikshit Narayan.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|pp=96–97}}</ref> Parikshit attacked the Koch Bihar frontier districts of Bahirband and Bhitarband which pushed up to Salkona River in the south-west.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=284}}</ref> Lakshmi Narayan again sought help to the Mughals. Parikshit eager for an ally gave his daughter in marriage to Ahom king [[Susenghphaa]] ({{Reign|1603|1641}}) in 1608.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|pp=204–205}}</ref> In the same year, [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan]] was appointed as the governor of Bengal. He demanded submission of Lakshmi Narayan of Koch Bihar and Parikshit Narayan of Koch Hajo to acknowledge Mughal suzerainty. In 1609, Lakshmi Narayan appeared before Islam Khan in person and officially became a Mughal vassal. However Parikshit Narayan choose to remain independent. Islam Khan dispatched an army by [[Sarhad Khan|Shaikh Abdul Wahid]] against Parikshit but was defeated.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=|pp=98—99}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|pp=152—153}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|p=205}}</ref>

In 1612, Islam Khan after conquering Bhati, [[Sylhet]], [[Jessore]] and [[Barisal|Bakla]] in Bengal renewed the Kamrup expedition.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|p=153}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> According to ''[[Padshahnama]]'', the conflict was triggered by a complaint from Raja Raghunath, the zamindar of Shusang,{{Efn|Between Karaibari and the [[Garo Hills]]{{Sfn|Nath|1989|p=99}} present day [[Durgapur Upazila, Netrokona]]}} a Mughal vassal, who sought the recovery of his family held in confinement by Parikshit.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=99}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|pp=284–285}}</ref>

== Conquest ==
In December 1612,{{Efn|The beginning date of the expedition varies.{{Break}}November 1612<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Barpujari|1992|p=100}}</ref>{{Break}}December 1612<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=285}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|p=153}}</ref>{{Break}}March 1613<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|p=205}}</ref>}} after wrapping up campaigns against the [[Baro-Bhuyan|Bara Bhuyans]], Islam Khan decided to conquer Koch territory. He sent a large army led by Shaikh Kamal, guided by Raja Raghunath of Sushang, with overall command under Mukarram Khan.<ref name=":1" /> They were accompanied by Shaikh Muhi-ud-din and Mirza Iman Quli Beg Shamlu.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=99}}</ref> On 8 December the army reached Tok. Islam Khan ordered Khawaja Tahir Muhammad Bakshi and Abdus Salam to join the army.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag| 2024|p=206}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=285}}</ref> There the cavalry force proceeded on land and the navy through the Brahmaputra River.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=100}}</ref>

The Mughals assembled a expeditionary force including their full artillery fleet, 500 fully equipped war boats including 100 war boats of [[Musa Khan of Bengal|Musa Khan]] under his admiral Adil Khan, armed with large cannons, 1,000 picked [[cavalry]], 5,000 [[Matchlock|matchlock-men]], plus 300 elephants. According to another Persian source, the army comprised 6,000 cavalry, 10,000–12,000 [[infantry]], and 500 boats. A sum of 70,00,000 rupees were paid for the expedition.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|p=206}} "The Mughals took a large army which included their entire fleet of artillery, 500 war boats fully equipped with big cannon. In addition to the elephants of the nobles, 5,000 [[matchlock]] men and 300 elephants were also sent to the expedition. A sum of 7,00,000 rupees was given as the expenses of the army. According to another Persian chronicle, the Mughal army consisted of 6,000 horses, 10,000 to 12,000 infantry and 500 boats"</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|p=153}} "Upon the appeal of Raghunath, Islam Khan sent an army against Kamrup-under Mukarram Khan with Shaikh Kamal as second in command. The imperial army consisted of 1000 picked [[cavalry]], 5000 [[Musketeer|musketeers]], 300 war elephants and 400 imperial boats, besides 100 war-boats of [[Musa Khan of Bengal|Musa Khan]]"</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=99}} "Islam Khan sent Mukarram Khan as the Commander-in-Chief, who was accompanied by Shaykh Kamal, Shaykh Muhi-ud-din, brother of Mukarram Khan, Mirza Iman Quli Beg Shamlu and Raghunath. The army consisted of 6000 horses, 10,000 to 12,000 foot soldiers, 500 war ships, and 300 elephants. Besides, a sum of seven hundred thousands rupees was given as the expense of the army"</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Borah|1936|p=223}} "… one hundred boats of [[Musa Khan of Bengal|Müsä Khan]] and his brothers under the command of his (Mūsā's) admiral Abdal Khân; the troops of all these officers and four hundred (imperial) war-boats fully equipped with big [[cannon]]. In addition to the elephants of the nobles, five thousand [[matchlock]]-men, and three hundred elephants were also sent to the expedition. A sum of seven hundred thousand rupees was given as the expenses of the army."</ref> 22 officers from Bihar, zamindars and mansabdar of [[Bayazid of Sylhet]] and [[Khwaja Usman]] joined the expedition.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=285}} "Early in November, 1612 Islam Khan sent a large expedition against Kamrup under Mukarram Khan, with Shaikh Kamal as second in command, and Rāja Raghunath as the guide. This force included 1000 picked [[cavalry]], 5000 [[Musketeer|musketeers]], 300 state elephants, and 400 imperial war-boats, besides 100 war-boats of [[Musa Khan of Bengal|Musa Khan]] under his admiral 'Adil Khan. A large number of imperial officers, including 22 officers of [[Bihar Subah|Bihär]], and vassal zamindars, including Afghan mansabdārs of [[Bayazid of Sylhet|Bayizid]] and '[[Khwaja Usman|Usmän]], joined the expedition"</ref> According to [[Baharistan-i-Ghaibi]], the vassal zamindars included Raja Satrajit of Bhusna, Bahadur Ghazi, Sona Ghazi, Majlis Bayazid and others.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Barpujari|1992|p=100}}</ref>{{Efn|[[Baharistan-i-Ghaibi]] lists the participants in the conquest of Kamrup as follows: Mukarram Khan, 'Abdu's-Salam, Shaykh Muhiu'd-Din, Shaykh Kamal, Mirzā Imam Quli Beg Shāmlū, Mirzā Nathan, Mirzā Mirak Najafi, Mir Ma'sum Khafi, Mirzā Kazim Beg Tusi, Shaykh Habibu'l-lah Fathpūrī, Shaykh Ashraf Hänsīwāl, Tātār Khân Mīwāti, Mirzā Sayfu'd-Din, Shaykh Muhiu'd-Din, Mirzā Hasan Mashhadi, Jamal Khân Mangli; all the Afghans of Sylhet, the Mansabdārs of 'Usman; Saiyid Nizamu'd-Din and Ruknu'd-Din, Saiyid Muhammad Dumriya; Shaykh Isma'il, Mirzā Nuru'l-lah, Mīrzā Azalī and some twenty two other officers of Bihar: the comrades of Mirzā Imām Quli Shamlū, Rāja Raghūnāth, Rāja Satrajit, Bahadur Ghāzī, Sūnā Ghāzi, Islām Quli and Majlis Bāyizīd, son of Khan 'Alam with their entire fleet and artillery; one hundred boats of Müsä Khan and his brothers under the command of his admiral Abdal Khân.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Borah|1936|pp=222—223}}</ref>}}

Raja Parikshit Narayan positioned himself at Salkuna, on the left bank of the Brahmaputra between Patladah and Karaibari. He deployed 300 fully equipped war boats to counter the Mughal fleet. Upon approach of the Mughals, the Kamrup navy launched an attack but was defeated, and a large number of war boats were captured by the imperial forces.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=100}} "On the way the army halted at Bazarpur, 6 miles away to the north of Sherpur, and then at Paladah and finally reached Sulkuna on the southwestern border of Kamrup where the naval force of Parikshit consisting of 300 war boats met the imperial force. In the encounter that followed, the Koch navy was defeated, its commander fled and a number of war materials fell to the Mughals."</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=285}} "Here the Kamrup flotilla (300 war-boats) offered battle, but after a hard fight was overpowered, leaving most of its boats to the victorious Mughals."</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|p=206}} "He posted 300 fully equipped war boats under the command of one of his own relatives. As soon as the imperial fleet arrived there, he began to fight and offered a stubborn resistance. But he suffered defeat and his all war boats were seized by the imperialists."</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Barpujari|1992|p=100}} "Thanks to the services of the fleet of the zamindars and of the imperial officers Mukarram Khan's earliest success was the naval victory over 'well-equipped' Kamrup navy of 300 at Salkonah on the left bank of the river (December 8) after a stiff resistance."</ref> Parikshit fled the battlefield to save his life, escaping to places such as [[Dhubri]], Gilah, and others. The Mughals pursued him relentlessly and, with great effort, cleared the surrounding forests in those areas.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|p=206}}</ref> Parikshit also sought assistance to the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king [[Susenghphaa]] ({{Reign|1603|1641}}). Due to lack of agreements the alliance with [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom Kingdom]] could not be formed against the invaders. Thus he had to face the Mughals alone.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|pp=99—100}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Barpujari|1992|pp=100—101}}</ref>

=== Siege of Dhubri ===
First, Mirza Nathan subdued the zamindars of Bahirband and Bhitarband. The Mughals then advanced to assault Dhubri fort. A [[garrison]] of 500 cavalry and 100 or 10,000 infantry were stationed at the fort.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=100}} "The fort of Dhubri, "the formost of all the forts" of Koch Hajo was guarded by 500 horses and 100 infantry soldiers."</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Barpujari|1992|p=101}} "In their next move on Dhubri, 'the foremost of all the forts in the Koch realm’, reputed to be ‘impregnable', being surrounded by the Brahmaputra on three sides and defended by a garrison of 10,000 infantry and 500 cavalry, the Mughals chalked out a cautious plan."</ref> In January 1613, the Mughals suffered two defeats at Dhubri. The imperial troops subsequently resumed the arduous task of clearing the forests around the fort for several more days.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|p=206}}</ref> Under Shaikh Kamal's guidance the Mughals positioned their artillery and gunners to bombard the enemy inside Dhubri fort effectively. They completely surrounded the fort and maintained strict day-and-night vigilance, anticipating possible night attacks by Raja Parikshit and his men. The besieged attempted to break out, led by Phulguria Fath Khan Salka but in vain. Fath Khan was captured by the Mughal army.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|p=207}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=|pp=100—101}}</ref> In the middle of April 1613, the fort came under Mughal possession after a prolonged siege of three and a half months.<ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=285}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Barpujari|1992|p=101}}</ref>

The defeat demoralised Parikshit.<ref name=":0" /> The imperial officers suggested to attack Gilah (Gilajhar) situated 10 miles north of Dhubri, but was rejected by Shaikh Kamal.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|p=153}}</ref> Instead Shaikh Kamal offered peace proposal to Raja Parikshit. In reply, Parikshit accepted the peace terms, submitted to Shaikh Kamal, and pledged obedience. Through envoys, he sent two elephants, other gifts, and 80,000 rupee to Shaikh Kamal. He further agreed to pay 100,000 rupee, along with 100 elephants, 100 piebald tangan horses, and his sister as a bride for Islam Khan. Additionally, he consented to send the Emperor [[Jahangir]] ({{Reign|1605|1627}}) 300,000 rupee, 300 large elephants, 300 high-bred tangan horses, and his daughter as a bride—on the condition that he be exempted from attending the imperial court and allowed to retain his kingdom.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|p=207}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|p=154}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=101}}</ref> Parikshit also agreed to release Raghunath's family.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=286}}</ref> Shaikh Kamal accepted the proposal despite the imperial officers objections. Three days later Parikshit sent 1,000,000 rupee, 100 elephants and 100 tangan horse. Sheikh Kamal along with Mirza Hasan, and Raja Raghunath, reached Dhaka by boat with Parikshit's envoy and met Islam Khan.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|pp=207–208}}</ref> Islam Khan hearing the matters banished Shaikh Kamal and ordered him to bring Parikshit's submission and conquer Kamrup.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|p=154}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=101}}</ref>

=== War at Gadadhar River ===
Hostilities resumed when Raja Lakshmi Narayan of Koch Bihar, who promised aid against Parikshit, attacked the pargana of Khontaghat on Kamrup’s western border. Parikshit marched from Gilah, fought fiercely for seven days, forcing Lakshmi Narayan to seek help. Islam Khan sent Raja Satrajit with 200 war-boats to attack Parikshit from the rear. Satrajit advanced to Kharbuzaghat.{{Efn|In Mechpara Mauza of [[Goalpara district]]{{Sfn|Sarkar|1943|p=286}}}} Parikshit then abandoned the fight with Lakshmi Narayan and withdrew to Gilah.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=286}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|pp=101—102}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|pp=208—209}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|p=|pp=154—155}}</ref> The [[Zamindar|zamindars]] of the imperial army advanced with their boats and blocked the [[Sankosh River|Gadadhar River]] by building a fort, causing severe hardship to Raja Parikshit and the city of Gilah. In response, Parikshit planned a night attack on the fort. He dispatched all his boats along with 50 elephants and 700 soldiers under the command of his son-in-law, Dimarua Raja. Meanwhile, Parikshit himself marched against Dhubri fort with his full army of 156,000 paiks (archers), 5,000 cavalry, 5,000 musketeers, and 300 elephants.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|p=209}} "He sent all his boats with 50 elephants under the command of his son in law, Dumria. Raja Parikshit himself moved against Dhubri fort with whole army including 1,56,000 [[Paik (soldier)|paiks]] or archers, 5,000 musketeers and 300 elephants."</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=102}} "Pariksbit sent his son-in-law, the Dimarua Raja with a strong navy including 700 soldiers and 50 elephants to fight the enemy at the mouth of the Gadadhar river, while he with his local land force of 156,000 archers, 5,000 cavalry, 5,000 musketeers and 300 elephants, proceeded to make an attack on the Dhubri fort."</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|p=155}} "He marched with a large army including one lakh and fifty thousand paiks, five thousand musketeers and three hundred elephants."</ref> Dimarua attacked the Mughal post at the mouth of the Gadadhar river with 700 war boats. Sulaiman Sardiwal with 50 war boats was caught off guard on lower ground and was quickly defeated; most soldiers were killed and all boats destroyed. The attackers then stormed the fort. Bahadur Ghazi and other zamindars below the fort with 200 boats and 400 musketeers could not resist and were either killed or captured. The 50 elephants accompanying Dimarua finished off the survivors. After the fort fell, Bahadur Ghazi and Suna Ghazi with only 43 of the original 250 boats.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|p=209}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=286}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=102}}</ref> Raja Parikshit reached Dhubri and attacked the fort. Jamal Khan Mangli and Lachmi Rajput were wounded defending the fort. Nitai Chandra Nazir the standard bearer of the Kamrup army led an assault with 4,000 or 5,000 [[Archery|archers]] which also proved disastrous. Parikshit also led three unsuccessful attempts. The Mughals reorganized themselves inside the fort. Mirza Nathan and Shaikh Kamal positioned strong artillery. Dimarua fresh arrived with his fleet, causing the imperial zamindars' boats to flee. Desperate, Mirza Nathan personally aimed and fired a cannon shot that killed Dimarua. With their commander dead, Parikshit's army fled the battlefield.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|pp=286–287}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|pp=109—110}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=102}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Barpujari|1992|p=102}}</ref>

After Dimarua's death Raja Parikshit fled to Gilah. Then to his capital Barnagar. Mughals had already occupied it. He abandoned cannons and booty, escaped with family to [[Pandu, Guwahati|Pandu]]. Mughals pursued him with Lakshmi Narayan's help while Raja Satrajit and Mirza Qasim Khazanchi moved along the Brahmaputra. However they could not capture the Kamrup king. By the end of July 1613, Parikshit being worn out surrendered unconditionally yielding his kingdom, possessions, and war elephants in exchange for his life and freedom. Thus Kamrup was annexed to the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|pp=287–288}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|pp=210–211}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|pp=155—156}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|pp=102–103}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Barpujari|1992|p=103}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
{{See also|Battle of Bharali (1615)}}In July 1613, the Mughal Empire annexed the Kingdom of Koch Hajo or Kamrup. This ended the state’s independence and established the first Mughal frontier province bordering the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom Kingdom]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Barpujari|1992|p=103}}</ref> Mughal frontier stretched from the Karo Bari Hills on the south-west as far as Barnadi River on the west. The Mughals administrated region was called ''Bilayat Koch—Hajo.'' It was divided into four ''Sarkars'' (districts) and many ''parganas.'' A force of 10,000—12,000 soldiers were stationed at Hajo.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nath|1989|p=103}}</ref> Returning back from Kamrup, the imperial officers learned about Islam Khan's illness. The Subahdar died on 21 August 1613 at Bhawal.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=288}}</ref>

The territories west of the Manas River were assigned to Abdus Salam, while the eastern portion was temporarily managed by Lakshmi Narayan; meanwhile, a Mughal fleet stationed at Pandu protected Bengal supply lines and suppressed local rebellions.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|1968|p=156}}</ref> Raja Raghunath's family was also freed from captivity.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nag|2024|p=214}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ahom–Mughal conflicts]]
* [[Battle of Bharali (1615)]]
* [[Battle of Samdhara]]
* [[Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396 |title=The History of Bengal |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |year=1943 |isbn=81-7646-239-X |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |volume=II: Muslim Period |location=Delhi}}
* {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Atul Chandra |title=History of Bengal: Mughal Period, 1526-1765 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_Bengal.html?id=AacsAAAAMAAJ |year=1968 |publisher=Nababharat Publishers |volume=3 |location=Calcutta |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532589/mode/2up |archive-date=2017-01-23}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Mughals_and_the_North_East.html?id=125M0AEACAAJ |title=“The” Mughals and the North-East: Encounter and Assimilation in Medieval India |date=2024 |publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=1032523050 |editor-last=Nag |editor-first=Sajal |doi=10.4324/9781003406020}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nath |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_Koch_Kingdom_C_1515_1615.html?id=ECxUOSudNGYC |title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615 |date=1989-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-109-0 |language=en}}
* {{Citation |last=Barpujari |first=H. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Comprehensive_History_of_Assam.html?id=DPxiXshxdP4C |contribution= |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Pratyay |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Climate_of_Conquest.html?id=ybSmDwAAQBAJ |title=Climate of Conquest: War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India |date=2019-06-28 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909823-1 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84864/ |title=Baharistan-I-Ghaybi |volume=1 |publisher=Narayani Handiqui Historical Institute |location=[[Gauhati]], Assam |first=M. I. |last=Borah |year=1936}}
* {{Cite book |last=Acharyya |first=Nagendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7cKAQAAIAAJ |title=The History of Medieval Assam, from the Thirteenth to the Seventeenth Century: A Critical and Comprehensive History of Assam During the First Four Centuries of Ahom Rule, Based on Original Assamese Sources, Available Both in India and England |date=1966 |publisher=Dutta Baruah |language=en}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:History of the Kamrup region]]
[[Category:1613 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1612]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1613]]
[[Category:1610s conflicts]]

John Johnstone (East India Company)

2026-03-04T06:46:04Z

AmanGautamArtist: added biography

{{Short description|Scottish nabob}}
{{other people|John Johnstone}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Johnstone
| image = John Johnstone attrib Helry Raeburn.jpg
| caption = from a larger painting<ref name=bbc/>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1734|04|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
| death_date = {{death date and age|1795|12|10|1734|04|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Alva, Clackmannanshire]], Scotland
| known_for = Making a fortune in India
(equivalent to £{{formatprice|{{inflation|UK|300,000|1865}}}} in {{inflation/year|UK}}).{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}
| spouse = Elizabeth
}}
'''John Johnstone''' (28 April 1734 – 10 December 1795)<ref name="burke" /> was a Scottish [[nabob]],<ref name="marshall" />
a corrupt official of the [[British East India Company]] who returned home with great wealth. Described as "a shrewd and unscrupulous business man",<ref name="histparl-john-johnstone-d1795" />
he survived several scandals and became a major landowner when he returned to Scotland in 1765.

Johnstone sat in the [[House of Commons of Great Britain]] from 1774 to 1780, having bribed his way to a victory in the [[Dysart Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Dysart Burghs]].

== Early life and family ==

Johnstone was born in [[Edinburgh]], the fifth son of [[Sir James Johnstone, 3rd Baronet]] (1697–1772) and his wife, Barbara (died 1773), daughter of [[Lord Elibank|Alexander Murray, 4th Lord Elibank]].<ref name="odnb" />
The [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] plotter [[Alexander Murray of Elibank]] was his uncle.<ref name="histparl-john-johnstone-d1795" />

His brothers included the [[British Army]] officer and politician [[Sir James Johnstone, 4th Baronet]] (1726–1794), the wealthy lawyer and politician William (later [[Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet]] (1729–1805), and the politician and [[Royal Navy]] officer [[George Johnstone (Royal Navy officer)|George Johnstone]] (1730–1787).<ref name="histparl-john-johnstone-d1795" />
Another brother, Patrick, died in the [[Black Hole of Calcutta]].<ref name="odnb" /> His sister was [[Margaret Ogilvy, Lady Ogilvy|Margaret, Lady Ogilvy]], a Jacobite.

In 1765 Johnstone married Elizabeth Caroline Keene, daughter of a Colonel Keene from Northamptonshire, and niece of the diplomat [[Sir Benjamin Keene]].<ref name="histparl-john-johnstone-d1795" /> They had one son and daughter. His daughter, Ann Elizabeth (b. 1776, d. 1851) married James Gordon of Craig. His son, James Raymond Johnstone of Alva, married [[Cholmondeley (surname)|Mary Elizabeth Cholmeley]] (b. c 1778, d. 9 Sep 1843).<ref name="burke" />

The family became very powerful, and it was claimed that by the late 1750s they were "involved in every major event in the [[British Empire]]".<ref name="harrington" />

== Career ==

=== India ===
Johnstone went to Bengal in 1751, as a [[British East India Company#Writers|writer]] for the East India Company. He was at Dacca in 1756 when conflict broke out and was taken prisoner. After his release, emboldened by the death of his brother Patrick, he volunteered to join the company's military forces under [[Robert Clive]] for the [[Battle of Plassey]], and saw further military service before resuming civilian work in 1757.<ref name="odnb" />

In about 1760 Johnstone was placed in charge of the company's affairs in [[Midnapore]], and became a member of the Bengal Council. His success there led to a transfer in 1762 to [[Burdwan]], where he developed private businesses which led to conflict with [[Henry Vansittart]], the [[Governor of Bengal]]. This led to Johnstone being dismissed by the Company in early 1764, but the company's [[Court of Directors]] overturned the decision on 21 March 1764,<ref name="evans" /> and he was reinstated by May.<ref name="histparl-john-johnstone-d1795" />

Johnstone's former ally [[Robert Clive]] did not support Johnstone's return to his post, and when Clive succeeded Vansittart as governor in 1765 he began an inquiry into gifts totalling over £50,000 which Johnstone had secured from the new [[Nawab of Bengal]], [[Najimuddin Ali Khan]].<ref name="evans" />

In 1764, the Company had adopted new regulations which required its officers to sign a covenant that they would accept non-trivial gifts only with the prior approval of the directors.<ref name="a-m-khan" />
Clive forced the resignation of Johnstone, who sailed for Britain in October 1765<ref name="evans" />
with a fortune estimated at £300,000<ref name="d-hamilton" />
(equivalent to £{{formatprice|{{inflation|UK|300,000|1865}}}} in {{inflation/year|UK}}{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}).

Aged 31, Johnstone proceeded to buy estates in Scotland, first at [[Alva, Clackmannanshire|Alva]] in Stirlingshire, and later in [[Selkirkshire]] and [[Dumfriesshire]].<ref name="odnb" />

=== Scotland ===
[[File:John-johnstone-betty-johnstone-and-miss-wedderburn.jpg|thumb|John Johnstone, his niece Betty Johnstone and her aunt Miss Wedderburn, attributed to [[Henry Raeburn]]<ref name=bbc>
[https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/john-johnstone-betty-johnstone-and-miss-wedderburn-124273 John Johnstone, Betty Johnstone and Miss Wedderburn], attrib [[Henry Raeburn]], BBC, retrieved July 2014</ref>]]
The Johnstone family account says that he spent "about a ninth" of his money on the estates at Alva, Hangingshaw and [[Denovan]], and "lived quietly" there until his election to Parliament.<ref name="evans" /><ref>{{harvnb | Johnstone | 1909 | pp=180–1}}</ref>
However his letters to his brother William reveal that he continued to engage in speculation and [[stock manipulation]].<ref name="evans" />

Meanwhile, the directors of the East India Company moved to prosecute Johnstone for his actions.<ref name="histparl-john-johnstone-d1795" />
His allies, led by [[George Dempster of Dunnichen|George Dempster]], lobbied on his behalf<ref name="evans" /> and in his defence Johnstone published in 1766 ''"A letter to the proprietors of East-India stock"'', subtitled "Vindication of His Conduct in Receiving Presents from the Native Governments of India".<ref name="histparl-john-johnstone-d1795" /><ref name="letter-to-proprietors" />
In May 1767, the General Court of the East India Company over-ruled its directors, and dropped all prosecutions against its former servants, and Johnstone walked free.<ref name="evans" />

The following year, at the [[1768 British general election|1768 general election]], Johnstone contested the [[Haslemere (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary borough of Haslemere]] in Surrey, where he was defeated.<ref name="evans" />

At the [[1774 British general election|next election, in 1774]] Johnstone used guile and money to win the seat of [[Dysart Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Dysart Burghs]], which consisted of five [[burgh]]s in the county of [[Fife]]: [[Kirkcaldy]], [[Burntisland]], [[Kinghorn]], and [[Dysart, Fife|Dysart]]. The ''[[Caledonian Mercury]]'' reported on 2 November 1774 that Johnstone did not declare his interest until after the burghs had chosen their delegates, and caught the sitting MP [[James Townsend Oswald|James Oswald]] by surprise. Johnstone won the support of Dysart, and bribed the backing of Burntisland and Kinghorn delegates, winning the seat.<ref name="histparl-dysart-burghs-1754-90" />

However, at the [[1780 British general election|1780 election]] Johnstone lost the support of Burntisland to his opponent [[Sir John Henderson, 5th Baronet|John Henderson]], who won the seat on the casting vote of Kirkcaldy.<ref name="histparl-dysart-burghs-1754-90" />

=== Family links to slavery ===
When Johnstone returned to Scotland from India, he brought with him a number of Indian servants who may have been indentured. One of these was [[Bell (Belinda)|Bell, or Belinda]], who was variously referred to as a girl, a woman, a servant, a slave and 'property'.<ref>{{Cite book |jstor=10.3366/j.ctv2f4vh1g |title=The new biographical dictionary of Scottish women |date=2018 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-3627-4 |editor-last=Ewan |editor-first=Elizabeth |location=Edinburgh |oclc=on1064105757 |editor-last2=Pipes |editor-first2=Rosemary J. |editor-last3=Rendall |editor-first3=Jane |editor-last4=Reynolds |editor-first4=Sian}}</ref> Bell gave birth to a baby boy who was later found in the [[River Leven, Fife|River Leven]] in Fife and she was accused of [[infanticide]]. The court at [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] accepted her petition to be banished "to one or other of His Majestys (sic) Plantations or settlements in the East or West Indies or in America".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rothschild |first=Emma |title=The inner life of empires: an eighteenth-century history |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-691-15612-5 |edition=1. paperback pr |location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref> She was indentured as a "slave for life" to a [[Glasgow]] merchant and transported to [[History of slavery in Virginia|Virginia]] in 1772. Bell was the last person to be deemed a slave by a British or Scottish court.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chapman |first=Alister |title=Big and Little History Both |url=https://www.booksandculture.com/articles/2012/mayjun/littlehistory.html |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Books and Culture |language=en}}</ref>

Slavery was found to be "not recognised by the laws of this kingdom" by the Perth court in 1774, when an enslaved man, [[Joseph Knight (slave)|Joseph Knight]] brought a claim to be free of his master [[John Wedderburn of Ballindean|John Wedderburn]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Whyte |first=Iain |title=Scotland and the Abolition of Black Slavery, 1756-1838 |date=2022 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |others=Desmond M. Tutu |isbn=978-0-7486-2699-1 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> Wedderburn was married to Johnstone's niece Margaret, daughter of his sister [[Margaret Ogilvy, Lady Ogilvy|Margaret, Lady Ogilvy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Whyte |first=Iain |title=Scotland and the Abolition of Black Slavery, 1756-1838 |date=2022 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |others=Desmond M. Tutu |isbn=978-0-7486-2699-1 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> Wedderburn appealed to the [[Court of Session (Scotland) Act 1745|Court of Sessions]] in [[Edinburgh]] which eventually ruled that slavery was incompatible with [[Scots law|Scots Law]].<ref name=":1" />

Johnstone later subscribed to the [[Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade]], founded in 1787.<ref name=":0" />

== Death and legacy ==
[[File:Alva House early 20th c postcard.jpg|thumb|Alva House in the early 20th century]]
[[File:The Johnstone mausoleum, old Alva churchyard.jpg|thumb|The Johnstone mausoleum, old Alva churchyard]]
Johnstone died on 10 December 1795, aged 61, at home in Alva House,<ref name="odnb" />
which had been remodelled and expanded in 1789 to the designs of [[Robert Adam]].<ref name="rcahms" />

Adam's works also included a family [[mausoleum]] to house the remains of Johnstone and his wife Caroline in Alva churchyard.<ref name="mausoleum" />

His son James Raymond Johnstone (died 1830), had 8 children, of whom the eldest [[James Johnstone (1801–1888)|James Johnstone]] (1801–1888) was MP for [[Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire (UK Parliament constituency)|Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire]].<ref>{{harvnb | Johnstone | 1909 | p=301}}</ref>

Alva house remained in his family for over a century, and in 1890 it passed to his descendant Carolin Johnstone. She sold the surrounding estate to reduce her debts, but failed to clear them, and the house was abandoned by the 1920s. It was used for target practice during World War II, and left in ruins.<ref name="macinnes" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="odnb">{{Cite ODNB
| id = 63515
| title=Johnstone, John (1734–1795)
| first = D. L.
| last = Prior
| year = 2004
}}</ref>

<ref name="histparl-john-johnstone-d1795">{{cite web
| first = Edith
| last = Haden-Guest
| title = JOHNSTONE, John (1734–95), of Denovan and Alva, Stirling
| url = http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/johnstone-john-1734-95
| work = The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1754–1790
| editor1 = L. Namier
| editor2 = J. Brooke
| publisher = Boydell and Brewer
| access-date = 19 June 2014
| year = 1964
}}</ref>

<ref name="histparl-dysart-burghs-1754-90">{{cite web
| first = John
| last = Brooke
| title = Dysart Burghs: Single Member Scottish burgh
| url = http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/johnstone-john-1734-95
| work = The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1754–1790
| editor1 = L. Namier
| editor2 = J. Brooke
| publisher = Boydell and Brewer
| access-date = 19 June 2014
| year = 1964
}}</ref>

<ref name="burke">{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F_4GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA302
| title = A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, Enjoying Territorial Possessions Or High Official Rank: But Uninvested with Heritable Honours, Volume 2
| page = 302
| first = John
| last = Burke
| publisher = Henry Colburn
| year = 1835
| access-date = 19 June 2014
}}</ref>

<ref name="harrington">{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXbFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16
| title = Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India
| page = 16
| first = Jack
| last = Harrington
| publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
| year = 2010
| isbn = 978-0-230-10885-1
| access-date = 19 June 2014
}}</ref>

<ref name="evans">{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HNWXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65
| title = The Gentleman Usher: The Life & Times of George Dempster 1712–1818
| pages = 65–72
| first = John
| last = Evans
| publisher = Pen and Sword
| year = 2004
| isbn = 978-1-84415-151-6
| access-date = 19 June 2014
}}</ref>

<ref name="a-m-khan">{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL38wll43-MC&pg=PA91
| title = The Transition in Bengal, 1756–75: A Study of Saiyid Muhammad Reza Khan
| page = 91
| first = Abdul Majed
| last = Khan
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 2007
| isbn = 978-0-521-04982-5
| access-date = 19 June 2014
}}</ref>

<ref name="d-hamilton">{{cite book
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yWREzTm3Z-AC&pg=PA434
| title = The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History
| chapter = Chapter 22: Scotland and the 18th-century Empire
| editor1-first = T. M.
| editor1-last = Devine
| editor2-first = Jenny
| editor2-last = Wormald
| page = 434
| first = Douglas
| last = Hamilton
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 2012
| isbn = 978-0-19-956369-2
| access-date = 19 June 2014
}}</ref>

<ref name="macinnes">{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rFnrLH0IrekC&pg=PA135
| title = Caleb's List: Climbing the Scottish Mountains Visible from Arthur's Seat
| page = 135
| first = Kellan
| last = MacInnes
| publisher = Luath Press Ltd
| year = 2014
| isbn = 978-1-908373-53-3
| access-date = 19 June 2014
}}</ref>

<ref name="rcahms">{{cite web
| url = http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/111955/details/alva+house/
| title = Site Record for Alva House
| publisher = Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland
| access-date = 19 June 2014
}}</ref>

<ref name="mausoleum">{{cite web
| url = http://www.clacksweb.org.uk/visiting/johnstonemausoleum/
| title = Johnstone Mausoleum
| publisher = Clackmannanshire Council
| access-date = 19 June 2014
}}</ref>

<ref name="marshall">{{cite ODNB
| first = P. J.
| last = Marshall
| title = Eighteenth-century India
| year = 2004
| doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/92745
| url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/92745
| access-date = 19 June 2014
}}</ref>

<ref name="letter-to-proprietors">{{cite book
| title = A letter to the proprietors of East-India stock
| first = John
| last = Johnstone
| location = London
| year = 1766
| id = British Library UIN BLL01001889842
| isbn = 978-1-170-51679-9
}}</ref>

</references> 

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book
| url = https://archive.org/stream/historyofjohnsto00grah
| title = History of the Johnstones, 1191–1909, with descriptions of border life
| first = C. L.
| last = Johnstone
| year = 1909
| publisher = W. & A.K. Johnston, Ltd
| location = Edinburgh
}}

== External links ==
* [https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/john-johnstone-betty-johnstone-and-miss-wedderburn-124273 Portrait of John Johnstone, Betty Johnstone and Miss Wedderburn]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{s-bef | before = [[James Townsend Oswald]] }}
{{s-title
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Dysart Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Dysart Burghs]]
| years = [[1774 British general election|1774]]–[[1780 British general election|1780]]
}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Sir John Henderson, 5th Baronet|Sir John Henderson, Bt]] }}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnstone, John}}
[[Category:1734 births]]
[[Category:1795 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies]]
[[Category:British MPs 1774–1780]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:Younger sons of baronets]]
[[Category:18th-century Scottish landowners]]
[[Category:People from Clackmannanshire]]
[[Category:Paintings by Henry Raeburn]]

Rosappu Ravikkaikari

2026-03-04T04:47:02Z

AmanGautamArtist: Data!

{{short description|1979 film by Devaraj–Mohan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rosappu Ravikkaikari.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Devaraj–Mohan]]
| screenplay = [[Vijay Krishnaraj|Krishna]]
| story = [[Srikrishna Alanahalli]]
| producer = Thirupur Mani
| starring = [[Sivakumar]] [[Unni Mary|Deepa]] [[Sivachandran]]
| cinematography = [[R. N. K. Prasad]]
| editing = T. P. Sekar
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Vivekananda Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|1979|5|18|df=y}}
| runtime = 124 minutes{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=28}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Rosappu Ravikkaikari''''' ({{translation|The girl with the [[Rose (color)|rose]]-coloured blouse}}) is a 1979 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical romance]] film directed by [[Devaraj–Mohan]]. A remake of the 1978 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Parasangada Gendethimma]]'', itself based on [[Srikrishna Alanahalli]]'s [[novella]] of the same name, the film stars [[Sivakumar]], [[Unni Mary|Deepa]] and [[Sivachandran]], with [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] and [[R. Nagarathnamma]] in supporting roles. Set in [[British Raj|British-ruled India]], it revolves around a modern woman who cannot tolerate her rustic husband and her mother-in-law and engages in an [[extramarital affair]].

''Rosappu Ravikkaikari'' was produced by Thirupur Mani of [[Vivekananda Pictures]], and is the 100th film of Sivakumar as an actor. It is the debut of screenwriter [[Vijay Krishnaraj]] (credited as Krishna), and Chakravarthy as an actor in Tamil cinema. Filming took place between February and March 1979, in places including [[Yercaud]]. The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], editing was handled by T. P. Sekar and cinematography by [[R. N. K. Prasad]].

''Rosappu Ravikkaikari'' was released on 18 May 1979. The film became a critical and commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres. For his performance, Sivakumar won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]].

== Plot ==
In [[British Raj|British-ruled India]], Sembattayan, a naïve and illiterate villager, is the sole breadwinner of his family in Vandicholai village, in the hills on outskirts of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]. He makes a living by selling betel leaves, covering vast distances by foot. His mother gets him married to Nandhini, an educated and modern woman from a neighbouring village. The villagers are surprised that Sembattayan has such a wife and start suspecting her character for stooping down to the level of marrying Sembattayan, who is a complete mismatch for her. Nandhini finds it difficult to live in their home which lacks all the facilities she is accustomed to.

Sembattayan's mother harasses Nandhini and abuses her for her lifestyle and neglecting domestic duties. Unable to tolerate it after her mother brandishes Nandini, Sembattayan establishes a separate home with Nandhini and she is pleased. She concentrates more on grooming herself and her demands keep rising. Sembattayan futilely tries to make her realise that inner beauty is more important than outer beauty which is just skin deep. Manickam, an agent of the British, comes to Vandicholai for recruiting workers and seeks Sembattayan's help for the same. Sembattayan obliges him, Manickam keeps visiting the village on this work and also learns about Nandhini's longings.

When Nandhini's father invites Sembattayan and Nandhini for a village festival, Sembattayan innocently sends Nandhini on Manickam's motorcycle. Nandhini and Manickam, smitten by each other, get into a physical relationship on the way. Manickam keeps visiting Nandhini regularly without Sembattayan's knowledge. When villagers start to gossip about this [[extramarital affair]], Sembattayan is saddened, but he still trusts Nandhini. He soon learns about Nandhini's pregnancy and is overjoyed, unaware that he is not the father of her child.

The villagers accuse Sembattayan of spoiling the women of Vandicholai by selling fancy items to please his wife and thus imposing city culture on them. One day, he reaches his home before his usual time and hears a man's voice. Through the window, he sees Nandhini and Manickam in a compromising position. Devastated, he remembers his mother's warning that if Nandhini is not controlled, she would be responsible for his destruction, and leaves to drown himself in a pond, while Nandhini contemplates suicide out of guilt. When Sembattayan's corpse is retrieved from the pond, the villagers speculate about the reason for his death differently.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sivakumar]] as Sembattayan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 July 2016 |title=Blast from the past: Rosapoo Ravikaikari (1979) |url=http://www.vartaa.in/article/624360a3d4a881f74866cf1cd8fd1b99 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180126121559/http://www.vartaa.in/article/624360a3d4a881f74866cf1cd8fd1b99 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Unni Mary|Deepa]] as Nandhini<ref name="thiraippada solai" />
* [[Sivachandran]] as Manickam<ref name="thiraippada solai" />
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy|Vinu]] as a villager<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2011 |title=சிலுக்கோட உண்மைக் கதையை நான் படமா எடுப்பேன்! வினு சக்கரவர்த்தி சபதம் |trans-title=I will make a film based on Silk's true story! Vinu Chakravarthy's vow |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=2620&id1=3&issue=20111212 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229171616/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=2620&id1=3&issue=20111212 |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=13 September 2020 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[R. Nagarathnamma]] as Sembattayan's mother<ref name="thiraippada solai" />
* Heran Ramaswamy<ref name="thiraippada solai" />
* [[Loose Mohan|Bracket Mohan]] as Sembattayan's disciple<ref name="thiraippada solai" />
* Mani as Sembattayan's disciple<ref name="thiraippada solai" />
}}

== Production ==
''[[Vandichakkaram]]'', written by [[Vinu Chakravarthy]], was originally intended to be the 100th film for [[Sivakumar]] as an actor; however, after Chakravarthy, director [[K. Vijayan]] and producer Thirupur Mani saw the 1978 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Parasangada Gendethimma]],''<ref name="golden" /> an adaptation of the [[novella]] of the same name by [[Srikrishna Alanahalli]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=3 May 2017 |title=From 'Silk' to sensitive tales, Vinu left his imprints behind |url=https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/from-silk-to-sensitive-tales-vinu-left-his-imprints-behind/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185043/https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/from-silk-to-sensitive-tales-vinu-left-his-imprints-behind/ |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> they told Sivakumar that a remake of this film would be a better fit as his 100th film.<ref name="golden" /> The remake, titled ''Rosappu Ravikkaikari'', was directed by the duo [[Devaraj–Mohan]] and produced by Mani under [[Vivekananda Pictures]].<ref name="social waves" /> This was Sivakumar's 14th collaboration with Devaraj–Mohan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 1979 |title=அன்று போலவே இன்றும் பழகுபவர் |trans-title=He is still as friendly today as he was then |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_215/3.jp2/full/1000,1391/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250526053919/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_215/3.jp2/full/1000,1391/0/default.jpg |archive-date=26 May 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Chakravarthy, credited simply as Vinu, made his debut as an actor in Tamil with ''Rosappu Ravikkaikari''. He worked on ''Parasangada Gendethimma'' and it was Alanahalli who recommended him for the remake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Vinu Chakravarthy |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/vinuchakravarthy.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505033952/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/vinuchakravarthy.asp |archive-date=5 May 2017 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]]}}</ref> The screenplay was written by [[Vijay Krishnaraj]] (credited as Krishna), making his cinematic debut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2019 |title=நல்ல பெயர் கெடைச்சிருக்கு! |trans-title=I've earned a good name! |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-coimbatore/news/2210177 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190210153541/https://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=2210177 |archive-date=10 February 2019 |access-date=10 February 2019 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> T. P. Sekar and [[R. N. K. Prasad]] worked as editor and cinematographer respectively.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=28}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=20 February 2012 |title=The director's natural choice |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/the-directors-natural-choice/article2911538.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213044522/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/the-directors-natural-choice/article2911538.ece |archive-date=13 February 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 1 February at [[Yercaud]] and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by 5 March, it was shot at Vazhavandhi village and its surroundings at Yercaud.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 1979 |title=பச்சைமலை பக்கத்திலே பிச்சிப்பூ வெச்சிக்கிளி |trans-title=The green-capped ibis next to Pachamalai |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_143/3.jp2/full/1000,1399/90/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250526053914/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_143/3.jp2/full/1000,1399/90/default.jpg |archive-date=26 May 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Filming was completed in 45 working days. The last song to be filmed was "Uchi Vaguntheduthu".<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2020 |title=Bharathiraja, KS Chitra, Mano and others pray for SPB's health |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bharathiraja-ks-chitra-mano-and-others-pray-spbs-health-131267 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907141954/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bharathiraja-ks-chitra-mano-and-others-pray-spbs-health-131267 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |access-date=13 September 2020 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Themes ==

''Rosappu Ravikkaikari''{{'}}s main theme is [[extramarital affair]].{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=28}} In the essay "The Tamil film heroine: from a passive subject to a pleasurable object", published in the book ''Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry'' edited by Selvaraj Velayutham, Sathiavathi Chinniah writes that films portraying [[Adultery|adulterous]] heroines basically attempt to explore the complexities of womanhood and sexuality, citing ''Rosappu Ravikkaikari'' as an example.{{sfn|Velayutham|2008|p=39}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rosapoo Ravikaikari (1979) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000155 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131001043017/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000155 |archive-date=1 October 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rosapoo Ravikkaikari Tamil Film EP VInyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/rosapoo-ravikkaikari-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613050827/https://mossymart.com/product/rosapoo-ravikkaikari-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=12 June 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Maaman Oru Naal" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Harikambhoji]] (also known as Hari Kambhodhi),{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=141}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=6 December 2013 |title=Positively tranquil |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/positively-tranquil/article5429675.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124421/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/positively-tranquil/article5429675.ece |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=4 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> while "Yennullil Yengo" is set in the [[Madhuvanti]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=9 November 2012 |title=Twice as nice |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/twice-as-nice/article4081104.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180428073626/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/twice-as-nice/article4081104.ece |archive-date=28 April 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=130}} "Uchi Vaguntheduthu", according to Ilangovan Rajasekaran of ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'', "brought out the emotions of a man anguished by his wife's infidelity".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajasekaran |first=Ilangovan |date=23 October 2020 |title=SPB: The heartbeat of generations |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/heartbeat-of-generations/article32759655.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607224438/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/heartbeat-of-generations/article32759655.ece |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vethala Vethala
| lyrics1 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra1 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Sivakumar]]
| length1 = 4:21
| title2 = Maaman Oru Naal
| lyrics2 = Gangai Amaran
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length2 = 4:39
| title3 = Uchi Vanguntheduthu
| lyrics3 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. P. Sailaja
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Yennullil Yengo
| lyrics4 = Gangai Amaran
| extra4 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| length4 = 4:16
| total_length = 17:56
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Rosappu Ravikkaikari'' was released on 18 May 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=K. Naresh |date=23 May 2020 |title=Suriya's father's 100th film was adults only! |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/suriyas-fathers-100th-film-was-adults-only-624120 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602064134/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/suriyas-fathers-100th-film-was-adults-only-624120 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> The film received an [[A certificate|"A" (adults only) certificate]] after three cuts.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=16 February 1980 |title=Rosappu Ravikkaikari (Tamil) (Colour) Feature |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1980.419/page/n19/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240410150145/https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1980.419/page/n19/mode/2up |archive-date=10 April 2024 |access-date=10 April 2024 |magazine=[[The Gazette of India]] |page=986 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |issue=419}}</ref> It received critical acclaim,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Sheilu |last2=Amar |first2=Swati |date=June 2014 |title=Throw the Past into Garbage. What are You Now? |url=https://www.dignityfoundation.com/images/magzines/2014/June-2014Cover%20Story.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229171326/https://www.dignityfoundation.com/images/magzines/2014/June-2014Cover%20Story.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=29 December 2018 |magazine=Dignity Dialogue |page=15}}</ref> and became a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.<ref name="social waves" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2016 |title=சிவகுமாரின் 100-வது படம் ரோசாப்பூ ரவிக்கைக்காரி |trans-title=Sivakumar's 100th film ''Rosappu Ravikkaikari'' |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2016/04/30221933/1009355/Sivakumars-100th-film-rocappu-ravikkaikkari.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126124835/http://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2016/04/30221933/1009355/Sivakumars-100th-film-rocappu-ravikkaikkari.vpf |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 27 May 1979, rated the film 50 out of 100, praising Sivakumar's performance and the background score by Ilaiyaraaja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 1979 |title=ரோசாப்பூ ரவிக்கைக்காரி |trans-title=The girl with the rose-coloured blouse |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/42280--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200504064634/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/42280--2 |archive-date=4 May 2020 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> P. S. M. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' lauded Sivakumar's performance, saying he had scored a century with his 100th film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி.எஸ்.எம். |date=3 June 1979 |title=ரோசாப்பி ரவிக்கைக்காரி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1979/jun/03-06-1979/p33.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728093649/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1979/jun/03-06-1979/p33.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=33 |language=ta}}</ref> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the acting of cast, cinematography, dialogues, music and direction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=20 May 1979 |title=ரோசாப்பூ ரவிக்கைக்காரி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_209/3.jp2/full/1000,1395/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250526054044/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_209/3.jp2/full/1000,1395/0/default.jpg |archive-date=26 May 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Sivakumar won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841;view=1up;seq=486 |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |year=1984 |pages=234}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
According to film historian [[G. Dhananjayan]], ''Rosappu Ravikkaikari'' became a milestone for "daringly show[ing] infidelity and its consequences on screen for the first time" in Tamil cinema.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=29}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="thiraippada solai">{{Cite news |date=24 May 2021 |title=திரைப்படச்சோலை 34: ரோசாப்பூ ரவிக்கைக்காரி |trans-title=Cinema Oasis 34: ''Rosappu Ravikkaikari'' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/674269-thiraippada-solai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524092054/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/674269-thiraippada-solai.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="social waves">{{Cite news |date=8 February 2017 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: சமூக புரட்சியை ஏற்படுத்திய ரோசாப்பூ ரவிக்கைக்காரி |trans-title=Flashback: ''Rosappu Ravikkaikari'' created social waves |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/55977/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-Rosapoo-Ravikaikari-creates-social-waves.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180205104122/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/55977/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-Rosapoo-Ravikaikari-creates-social-waves.htm |archive-date=5 February 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="golden">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=28 May 2020 |title=Landmark films, golden memories |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/landmark-films-golden-memories/article31693902.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602064801/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/landmark-films-golden-memories/article31693902.ece |archive-date=2 June 2020 |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-921043-0-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsR8AgAAQBAJ |title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-203-93037-3 |editor-last=Velayutham |editor-first=Selvaraj}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1970s historical romance films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1979 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about infidelity]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on Kannada novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Devaraj–Mohan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Indian historical romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Swantham Lekhakan

2026-03-03T21:31:34Z

AmanGautamArtist: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Swantham Lekhakan
| image = Swantham Lekhakan.jpg
| caption = Swantham Lekhakan
| director = [[P. Sukumar]]
| writer = [[Kalavoor Ravikumar]]
| starring = [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] [[Gopika]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Salim Kumar]]
| producer = [[P. Sukumar]] [[Madhu Warrier]]
| studio = Colour Factory
| distributor =
| cinematography = [[P. Sukumar]]
| editing = Ranjan Abraham
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|10|29}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Swantham Lekhakan''''', also known as '''''Swa. Le.''''', is a 2009 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed and co-produced by debuting filmmaker [[P. Sukumar]] and scripted by Kalavoor Ravikumar. [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] and [[Gopika]] play the lead roles while [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] and [[Salim Kumar]] play major supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2009/nov/07/swa-le-inspired-by-real-life-101878.html | title='Swa Le' inspired by real life | date=15 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/swantham-lekhakan-review-malayalam-pclxtnhbigjgb.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117100520/https://www.sify.com/movies/swantham-lekhakan-review-malayalam-pclxtnhbigjgb.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 January 2022 | title=Swantham Lekhakan | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-malayalam-review-swa-le/20091030.htm | title=Review: Swa le has no impact }}</ref>

The film was mainly shot at various locations in [[Thodupuzha]].

This is the 4th film in which [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] and [[Gopika]] appeared together after ''[[Chanthupottu]]'', ''[[Pachakkuthira]]'' and ''The Don''. This is Gopika's first film after her marriage. This film was released along with another Dileep starrer film, ''[[Kerala Cafe]]''. [[P. Sukumar]] won [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director]] for this film.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/True-picture/article16366679.ece | title=True picture | newspaper=The Hindu | date=15 April 2010 | last1=George | first1=Vijay }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Unni Madhavan
* [[Gopika]] as Vimala
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Kaimal
* [[KPAC Lalitha]] as Sarojini Amma
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Palazhi Sivasankarappilla
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Charlie, News reporter
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Hari
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Govindan
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar|Ganesh Kumar]] as Vishnu
* [[Harisree Asokan]] as Balan
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Mukundan
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Chandramohan
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Shreedharan
* Nandu Pothuval as Theepantham Janardhanan
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Chief Minister George Isaac
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Govindan's wife
* Kalabhavan Haneef as News reporter
* [[Idavela Babu]] as Bijuraj
* [[Nishanth Sagar]] as Sandeep Jadeja
* Shaju as Martin
* [[Manikuttan]] as Vinod Raghavan
* Majeed as Opposition Leader Habeeb Mustafa
* [[Kalaranjini]] as Shantha
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Madhavan
* [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as Reporter
* [[Seema G. Nair]] as Kamalakshi
* [[Sona Nair]] as Dr. Malathi
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Minister Aravindakshan
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Ramanathan
* [[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]] as Ravi Kumar
* [[Madhu Warrier]] as Dr. Ramkumar
* Gadha Salam as Palazhi's friend
* Krishnaprabha as bride
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1634561}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thodupuzha]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Samagamam

2026-03-03T21:27:12Z

AmanGautamArtist: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Samaagamam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[George Kithu]]
| producer = [[Babu Thiruvalla]]
| writer = [[John Paul Puthusery|John Paul]]
| screenplay = [[John Paul Puthusery|John Paul]]
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] [[Sukumari]] [[Thilakan]]
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[K. P. Nambiathiri]]
| editing = N. P. Satheesh
| studio = Symphony Creations
| distributor = Symphony Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1993}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Samaagamam''''' is a 1993 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by George Kithu and produced by [[Babu Thiruvalla]]. The film stars [[Jayaram]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Sukumari]] and [[Thilakan]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2692|title=Samaagamam|accessdate=2014-09-25|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ml/movie/Samagamam-1993/9465401353|title=Samaagamam|accessdate=2014-09-25|publisher=.nthwall.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/samagamam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032201/http://spicyonion.com/title/samagamam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Samaagamam|accessdate=2014-09-25|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Skaria is a plantation owner and has other businesses. Skaria and Annakutty have a daughter, Elsamma. She is a college student and her father has high hopes about her. A new sports coach, Johnson comes to the college and she falls in love with him. When Skaria learns about it he makes arrangements for his daughter's marriage to someone of his choice before things get worse. Meanwhile, a close friend of the family and a lecturer at the college, a priest, Fr. Puthentara betrays Skaria's friendship and helps Johnson and Elsamma to get married. Soon after that he leaves the place for higher studies. Both Johnson and Elsamma move to Chennai. Skaria becomes further depressed. Slowly Annakutty falls ill and is bedridden, and she wishes to see her daughter. Skaria is confident that he will be able to take care of her and that the medications will cure her, but when he finds that the medication is useless, he asks if she wants to meet Elsamma. However, the morning after he contacts his daughter Annakutty passes away in her sleep. Elsamma arrives with her son, Renji. Annakutty's funeral is done. Renji and Skaria quickly become friends. Before Elsamma and Renji leave for Chennai, Skaria tells Renji that Renji should bring his father, Johnson, too when they come the next time. Elsamma reveals that her husband died three years earlier and that she is employed in his office. Skaria is shocked and asks why she did not return home. She says it's because of a promise she made to her husband that since her father was not in favour of her marrying Johnson, Renji should not be brought up in her father's house. After his daughter leaves for the train station, he goes there and asks if he can live with her and his grandson so that she need not break the promise she made to her late husband before he died. Skaria leaves with his grandson and Elsamma to Chennai.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Jayaram]] as Johnson
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Elsamma
*[[Sukumari]] as Raahel
*[[Thilakan]] as Pallivathukkal Skariyachan
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Annakutty
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Fr. Puthentara
*[[Jose Pellissery]] as Eenashu
*[[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Principal
*[[Idavela Babu]] as Babu
*[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Joy
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Manjum Nilaavum" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], Chorus || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Paadippokaam" || [[S. Janaki]], [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 3 || "Vaazhthidunnithaa" || S. Janaki || O. N. V. Kurup||
|-
| 4 || "Vaazhthidunnithaa" (bit) || S. Janaki, C. O. Anto ||O. N. V. Kurup ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0353970}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Japanese School, New Delhi

2026-03-03T09:54:55Z

AmanGautamArtist: added new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Japanese School New Delhi
| native_name = ニューデリー日本人学校
| established = September 1, 1964
| logo = NewDelhiJapaneseSchoollogo.png
| address = SECTOR-A, POCKET B&C, VASANT KUNJ, NEW DELHI, INDIA
| coordinates = {{coord|28|30|51|N|77|10|10|E|region:IN_type:edu_source:kolossus-jawiki|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|ndjs.org}}
}}
The {{nihongo|'''Japanese School New Delhi'''|ニューデリー日本人学校|Nyū Derī Nihonjin Gakkō}} is a [[Nihonjin gakko|Japanese international school]] in [[Vasant Kunj]], [[Delhi]].<ref>"[http://www.ndjs.org/guide/guide20.html 学校地図]." ([https://archive.today/20140105031355/http://www.ndjs.org/guide/guide20.html Archive]) Japanese School New Delhi. Retrieved on 4 January 2013. "SECTOR-A, POCKET B&C, VASANT KUNJ, NEW DELHI, INDIA"</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Japan|Schools}}
* [[Japanese people in India]]

Indian schools in Japan:
* [[Global Indian International School, Tokyo Campus]]
* [[India International School in Japan]]
* [[Little Angels International School]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{in lang|ja}} 杉原大樹 (ニューデリー日本人学校), 村山昌夫 (ニューデリー日本人学校), and 小林倫代 (国立特別支援教育総合研究所教育相談部). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025649/http://www.nise.go.jp/kenshuka/josa/kankobutsu/pub_d/d-270/d-270_03.pdf ニューデリー日本人学校における校内支援体制の実際 : 一人ひとりに寄せた細やかな支援・指導を目指して]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025649/http://www.nise.go.jp/kenshuka/josa/kankobutsu/pub_d/d-270/d-270_03.pdf Archive]). 国立特別支援教育総合研究所教育相談年報 29, 19–22, 2008–06. National Institute of Special Needs Education (独立行政法人国立特別支援教育総合研究所). [http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007689761 See profile at] [[CiNii]].

==External links==
* [http://www.ndjs.org Japanese School New Delhi] {{in lang|ja}}
{{Schools in Delhi}}
{{International schools in Delhi}}
{{Japanese schools in Asia}}

[[Category:International schools in Delhi]]
[[Category:Japanese international schools in India|New Delhi]]
[[Category:Nihonjin gakkō in Asia|New Delhi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in India]]

{{Delhi-school-stub}}

Nesam

2026-03-03T04:48:03Z

AmanGautamArtist: adjusted citations for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nesam poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Subash]]
| writer = K. Subash [[Manivannan]] (Dialogues )
| producer = K. Subash
| starring = [[Ajith Kumar]] [[Maheswari]]
| cinematography = S. Bernard
| editing = Krishnamoorthy Siva
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Dhanooja Films
| released = {{film date|df=y|1997|1|15}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
}}

'''''Nesam''''' ({{IPAc-en|n|eɪ|s|əm}} {{translation|Affection}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[K. Subash]]. The film stars [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Maheswari]] in the lead roles, while [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] and [[Manivannan]] among others play other pivotal roles.

''Nesam'' was released on 15 January 1997 and became a commercial failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-Z Continued... |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-4.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927193804/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-4.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=14 July 2011 |website=Indolink}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=அருணாச்சலம் முதல் வி.ஐ.பி வரை |trans-title=From ''Arunachalam'' to ''VIP'' |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331005748/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz.html |archive-date=31 March 2009 |access-date=14 July 2011 |website=Indolink}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=May 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ajith Kumar]] as Ranganathan
*[[Maheswari]] as Madhu
*[[Goundamani]] as Narasimman
*[[Manivannan]] as Muthuvel Arunachalam
*[[Senthil]] as Thanikachalam
*[[Sathyapriya]] as Madhu's mother
*[[Manobala]] as Telephone booth owner
*[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Vaitheeshwara Moorthy
*[[Vichu Viswanath]] as Muthuvel Arunachalam's assistant
*[[Visu]] in a special appearance as himself
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] in a special appearance
*[[Jyothi Lakshmi]] in a special appearance
*[[Jyothi Meena]] in a special appearance
*[[Shakeela]] in a special appearance
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2017 |title=Nesam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/nesam/mLENSPYUusg_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518142254/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/nesam/mLENSPYUusg_ |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:12
| title1 = O Ranganatha
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 5:00
| lyrics1 = [[Palani Bharathi]]
| title2 = Kundrathile
| extra2 = Sabesh
| length2 = 5:04
| lyrics2 = Ponniyin Selvan
| title3 = Madonna Varuvala
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| length3 = 5:06
| lyrics3 = Palani Bharathi
| title4 = Natchathira Bangla
| extra4 = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], Subha
| length4 = 5:03
| lyrics4 = Palani Bharathi
| title5 = Thuli Thuli
| extra5 = Mano, Mary George
| length5 = 5:59
| lyrics5 = Palani Bharathi
}}

== Release and reception ==
R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Manivannan's dialogues and Goundamani's comedy but panned the acting of Ajith and Maheswari and concluded the makers tried to create a rice out of mixing everything.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர் |date=2 February 1997 |title=நேசம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-02-02/page/64/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230518141142/https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-02-02/page/64/mode/2up |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=65 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Two years after release, the producers were given a {{INR}}5 lakh subsidy by the then Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi]] along with ten other films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 1999 |title=Subsidy for low budget films distributed |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/6225E0E2596F95C065256940004BD706?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427180556/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/6225E0E2596F95C065256940004BD706?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2008 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{K. Subash}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Subash]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bow Bow

2026-03-03T03:01:20Z

AmanGautamArtist: adjusted content as per guidelines

{{Short description|2019 Tamil film}}
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bow Bow
| image = Bow Bow.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = S. Pradeep Kilikar
| producer = K. Natrajan
| writer = S. Pradeep Kilikar
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = Master Ahaan
| music = Marc D. Muse A. Denis Vallaban
| studio = London Talkies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|10|18}}
| cinematography = K. Arun Prasath
| editing = E. Gopal S. Anand
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bow Bow''''' is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language film written and directed by S. Pradeep Kilikar. The film stars Master Ahaan and a labrador and the plot revolves around their relationship.<ref name="bow">{{Cite news |date=5 July 2019 |title='Ahaan wouldn't heed his parents, but listened to me' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ahaan-wouldnt-heed-his-parents-but-listened-to-me/articleshow/70092052.cms |access-date=8 March 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* Master Ahaan as Sanju<ref name="Cast">{{Cite web |title=Kannada film 'Bow Bow' to be released in seven languages |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/jul/15/bow-bow--to-be-released-in-7-languages-2004304.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* Labrador as Scooby<ref name="Cast" />
* Beagle as Popcorn<ref name="Cast" />
* Sultan (Stray Indie)<ref name="Cast" /><ref name="Languages">{{Cite web |title='Bow Bow' director Pradeep Kilikar opens up about his film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/16/bow-bow-director-pradeep-kilikar-opens-up-about-his-film-2048314.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* V. Shiva
* Tejaswi
* Shrujai
* Sathyan
* Arokiyaraj
* Naanjil V. Rambabu
* Master P. Ravin
* Thiruppur Raj
* Charmila
* Jain
* Vijayalakshmi
* Lakshmi Priya Mathivaanan
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Master Ahaan, from Bangalore who was then studying LKG,<ref name="Y">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1gZRKSALcg</ref> was cast by the director, Kilikar, felt that he "wanted someone who is fun and chirpy". Ahaan's picture was shown to him by the [[cinematographer]]. The film was shot in Chennai and Coimbatore. ''Bow Bow'' features 5 dogs, 2 of which play significant roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cr |first=Sharanya |title='Bow Bow' is an emotional bond between a five-year-old boy and his dog |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bow-bow-is-an-emotional-bond-between-a-five-year-old-boy-and-his-dog/articleshow/69308470.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="bow" /> Regarding the filming with Ahaan and the dogs, the director said that he "could only shoot when the dogs and the kid were in the mood to work". The film was shot in a little over a month and had dog trainers to train the dogs to show emotions.<ref name="Languages" /> The whole unit had to work around this, but they were very cooperative.<ref name="Languages" /> The film was only released in 2019 despite being filmed several years earlier.<ref name="Y"/> The film was also dubbed in Kannada in 2020.<ref name="Languages" />

== Music ==
The music was composed by Marc D. Muse and A. Denis Vallaban.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bow Bow - All Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bow-bow/NNgsJGDPpQw_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=2 July 2019}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naalai Namathada
| length1 = 4:37
| lyrics1 = Muthamil
| extra1 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| music1 = Marc D. Muse
| title2 = Munnale
| length2 = 4:25
| lyrics2 = Muthamil
| extra2 = Jeffrey George Biju
| music2 = Marc D. Muse
| title3 = Hey Kuchi Rakkamma
| length3 = 4:17
| lyrics3 = Muthamil
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]], Jeffrey George Biju
| music3 = Marc D. Muse
| title4 = Inky Pinky
| length4 = 5:34
| lyrics4 = Manju, Shiva
| extra4 = Shiva, A. Denis Vallaban, Linda, Danica, Asaph, Yogesh
| music4 = A. Denis Vallaban
| title5 = Oodu Oodu
| length5 = 5:22
| lyrics5 = Rahul Ghandi
| extra5 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| music5 = A. Denis Vallaban
| total_length = 24:15
}}

== Reception ==
The film released in October 2019 to mixed reviews. A critic from ''The Times of India'' gave the film two out of five stars stating that "Though the scenes between Ahaan and the dog are decently portrayed, with cinematography and music aiding it, the dearth of appealing sequences makes it a tedious watch".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bow Bow Movie Review: Bow Bow tests patience due to lack of an engaging screenplay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bow-bow/movie-review/71630784.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Express]]'''s review noted "dog films have the power to make even the stone-hearted turn into bawling babies but ''Bow Bow'' just leaves you with a migraine".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bow Bow Movie Review: A dog without a purpose |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/oct/18/bow-bow-movie-review-a-dog-without-a-purpose-14982.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|12868002}}

[[Category:Films about dogs]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about animals]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:2019 children's films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ajoy Chakrabarty

2026-03-02T14:07:25Z

AmanGautamArtist: typo fix

{{short description|Indian classical vocalist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{fan POV|date=July 2022}}
{{overly detailed|date=July 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Pandit]]
| name = Ajoy Chakrabarty
| image = Ajoy-chakrabarty-duringprogramme.webp
| caption = By Stuti Sakhalkar
| birth_name = Ajoy Chakrabarty
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1952|12|25}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| website = https://ajoychakrabarty.com/
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| origin = [[Shyamnagar, West Bengal]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| years_active = 1977–present
}}
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| occupation = [[Vocalist]]
| spouse = Chandana Chakraborty
| children = [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]], Ananjan Chakraborty
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2020)
}}

'''Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty''' (born 25 December 1952) is an Indian classical [[Singing|vocalist]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Jyotirmaya |date=19 March 2005 |title=Ahoy Ajoy! |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/19/stories/2005031901280300.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=11 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506120503/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/19/stories/2005031901280300.htm |archive-date=6 May 2005 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref> composer, lyricist and an exponent of the [[Patiala gharana|Patiala-Kasur gharana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ajoychakrabarty.com/ |title=Learn Bengali Classical Music – Live from Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty |access-date=27 March 2014 |archive-date=20 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520161257/http://ajoychakrabarty.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was awarded with the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award in India in 2020 and the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award in India in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/padma-honours-for-ajoy-chakraborty-manilal-nag/articleshow/73621920.cms | title=Padma honours for Ajoy Chakraborty, Manilal Nag | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=26 January 2020 | access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-ministers-arun-jaitley-sushma-swaraj-and-george-fernandes-given-padma-vibhushan/articleshow/73617205.cms | title=Arun Jaitley, Sushma Swaraj, George Fernandes given Padma Vibhushan posthumously. Here's full list of Padma award recipients | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | date=26 January 2020 | access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS |url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf |website=padmaawards.gov.in |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>

==Early life ==
Ajoy Chakrabarty was born in Kolkata, [[West Bengal]]. He was raised with his brother in [[Shyamnagar, West Bengal|Shyamnagar]]. His younger brother, Sanjay Chakrabarty, is a lyricist and composer.

He graduated his class in music, both in B.A and M.A. from the [[Rabindra Bharati University]] in Kolkata and joined the [[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]] in 1978 as its first scholar.

His father, Ajit Chakrabarty, was his first Guru. He then studied with Pannalal Samanta, Kanaidas Bairagi, [[Munawar Ali Khan]] and [[Jnan Prakash Ghosh]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Jyotirmaya |date=28 April 2006 |title=In honour of Bade Khansaheb |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/28/stories/2006042801520300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104045003/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/28/stories/2006042801520300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 July 2011}}</ref>

Besides that, he had learnt from Latafat Hussain Khan, Nibruttibua Sarnaik, Hirabai Barodekar and in Carnatic styles from [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], that kept enriching his musical expression and repertoire.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swaminathan |first=Chitra |date=2016-11-25 |title=Ajoy Chakrabarty talks about his association with Balamuralikrishna |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/%E2%80%98The-stage-feels-empty%E2%80%99/article16699591.ece |access-date=2023-03-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Despite having such pure classical "taleem" in the [[Khyal]] genre, he also renders lighter forms such as [[Thumri]], [[Tappa]], [[Bhajan]], [[Kirtan]], [[Indian folk music|Folk]], Film/Non-Film and modern songs, in several different languages.

He has received several prestigious awards including the [[Padma Shri]] (2011), Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (Delhi, 1999–2000), [[Kumar Gandharva Samman|Kumar Gandharva]] National Award (1993) and the Best Male Playback Singer Award (Bengali Film "Chhandaneer" 1990) ("For bringing the rare depth of emotion, adorned by his command on the classical idiom") and [[Tansen Samaroh|National Tansen Samman]] 2015 - by the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soulsteer.com/Gwalior/hindustani-classical-vocalist-pandit-ajoy-chakrabarty-awarded-201415-national-tansen-samman/|title=Hindustani classical vocalist Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty|date=2015-12-25|publisher=SouLSteer|access-date=2015-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225184432/http://soulsteer.com/Gwalior/hindustani-classical-vocalist-pandit-ajoy-chakrabarty-awarded-201415-national-tansen-samman/|archive-date=25 December 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He has also received felicitations from both the former and present Chief Ministers of his own State, [[West Bengal]]. In 2012, Chief Minister of West Bengal, [[Mamata Banerjee]] conferred him the Maha Sangeet Samman and the [[Banga Bibhushan]], two of the State's highest awards. In 2015 he has received Guru Jnan Prakash Ghosh Lifetime Achievement Award.

He also was awarded honorary citizenship in New Orleans, after performing with jazz musicians at Preservation Hall, the birthplace of jazz music.

He had received his honorary doctorate degree in the presence of Hon’ble Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and other dignitaries from [[IIT Kanpur]]. He was honored for his exemplary contributions in his respective field.

==Singing career==

He has been invited to perform in [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] and by BBC for their Golden Jubilee Celebration of India's Independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianclassicalmp3.org/ajoy.htm|title=Ajoy Chakraborty Live on the BBC}}</ref>

He has performed in some of the most prestigious venues around the world such as [[Carnegie Hall]], [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|The Kennedy Center]], New Orleans Jazz Preservation Hall in the US, the [[Royal Albert Hall|Royal Albert hall]] and Queen Elizabeth Hall in the UK and [[Théâtre de la Ville|Theatre de la Ville]] in France. In addition to that, Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty performed at the [[Aga Khan Museum]] in Toronto, Canada in 2018 for the Raag-Mala Music Society of Toronto.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vocal Recital By Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty: Sept 8, 2018|url=http://agakhanmuseum.org/programs/vocal-recital-by-pandit-ajoy-chakrabarty|access-date=2020-11-04|website=Aga Khan Museum|language=en}}</ref>

Inspired by the ideals of his Guru Jnan Prakash Ghosh, Chakrabarty founded [[Shrutinandan]], a school of music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Apurva |date=2025-01-24 |title=A musical legacy: Exploring the depths of ragas with Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty |website=IndulgExpress |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2025/Jan/24/a-musical-legacy-exploring-the-depths-of-ragas-with-pandit-ajoy-chakrabarty |access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ajoy Chakrabarty is married to Chandana Chakrabarty. His daughter, [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]], is also a vocalist of [[Hindustani classical music]]. Their son, Ananjan Chakraborty, is a sound engineer.

==Films==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Co-singer !! Composer !! Lyricist
|-
|rowspan="2" |1985|| Bela Jay Shyamrai || ''Baidurjya Rahasya'' || None || [[Tapan Sinha]] || [[Tapan Sinha]]
|-
| Nain Mein Nandalal || ''Baidurjya Rahasya'' || None || [[Tapan Sinha]] || [[Tapan Sinha]]
|-
|rowspan="1" |1999|| Ore Jaat Jaat koris kano || ''Niyoti'' || None || [[Manoranjan Saha]]|| [[Bablu Samaddar]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2000|| Isaiyil Thodanguthamma || ''[[Hey Ram]]'' || None || [[Ilayaraja]] || [[Ilayaraja]]
|-
| Har Koi Samjhe || ''[[Hey Ram]]'' || None || [[Ilayaraja]] || [[Ilayaraja]]
|-
|rowspan="1" |2001|| Aan Milo Sajna || ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'' || [[Parveen Sultana]] || [[Uttam Singh]] || [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2005|| Yeh Kaun Mujhe Yaad Aaya || ''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]'' || None || [[Naushad Ali]] || [[Naqsh Lyallpuri]]
|-
| Vaishnava Jan To || ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'' || [[Kaushiki Desikan]] || [[A. R. Rahman]],(originally composed by [[Narsinh Mehta]]) || [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|-
|rowspan="1" |2011|| Bhorer Alo || ''Bhorer Alo'' || None || [[Jeet Gannguli]] || Priyo Chattopadhyay
|-
|rowspan="1" |2013|| Rabso Neha Laage ([[Bilaval]] [[Bandish]]) || ''[[Shunyo Awnko]]'' || [[Kaushiki Desikan]] || [[Gautam Ghose]] || [[Gautam Ghose]]
|-
|rowspan="1" |2020|| Garaj Garaj || ''[[Bandish Bandits]]'' || rowspan="2"| None || [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] || Sameer Samant
|-
|rowspan="1" |2023|| Dawsh Awbotaar Stotra || ''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]'' || [[Anupam Roy]]|| [[Jayadeva|Joydeb]]
|}

==Awards==
{{BLP sources section|date=October 2021}}
*[[National Film Awards|National Award]] – 1989
*Kumar Gandharva Award – 1993
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi award]] – 2000
*[[Padma Shri|Padmashree]] – 2011<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
*[[Banga Bibhushan]] – 2012
* Alva's Virasat Award – 2012<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2012 |title=Alva's Virasat off to a flying start |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article2779899.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
*Tansen Samman - 2015
*Pandit Omkarnath Thakur Shastriya Sangeet Award - 2014 - 2015
*[[Padma Bhushan]] 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2020 Announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=197647 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ajoychakrabarty.com/ Ajoy Chakrabarty Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520161257/http://ajoychakrabarty.com/ |date=20 May 2018 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725015311/http://www.asavari.org/Ajoy_Chakrabarty.html Ajoy Chakraborty in Asavari]
*[http://www.asianclassicalmp3.org/ajoy.htm Ajoy Chakraborty: Live on BBC]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070321170230/http://www.shatatantri.com/artists/Ajoy_Chakrabarty/ Ajoy Chakrabarty Biography and discussion forum]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{National Film Award Best Male Playback Singer}}
{{Bengal Film Journalists' Association Best Male Playback Award}}
{{Authority control}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2020–2029}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakrabarty, Ajoy}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rabindra Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:Thumri]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Best Male Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian classical musicians of Bengal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]

Keibul Lamjao National Park

2026-02-23T00:07:44Z

AmanGautamArtist: brief added layout as per guidelines and improved wording per sources

{{short description|National park in Manipur, India}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Keibul Lamjao National Park
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = II
| image = CervusEldiAMNH.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Endangered [[Sangai]] deer ({{lang|la|[[Cervus eldi eldi]]}})
| image_size =
| map = India Manipur#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Bishnupur District]], [[Manipur]], India
| nearest_city = [[Moirang]], [[Imphal]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24|30|00|N|93|46|00|E|display=inline, title}}
| area_km2 = 40
| established = 28 March 1977
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Government of India]], [[Government of Manipur]]
| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081015170951/http://manipurforest.gov.in/KeibulLamjao.htm
}}
The '''Keibul Lamjao National Park''' ({{langx|mni|Keibul Lamjao Leipakki Lampak}}) is a [[national park]] in the [[Bishnupur district]] of the state of [[Manipur]] in [[Northeast India]]. It is {{convert|40|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}} in area, the only floating national park in the world, and an integral part of [[Loktak Lake]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-07 |title=The Floating Islands of India |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92090/the-floating-islands-of-india |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en |quote=The largest island is home to the Keibul Lamjao, the world's only floating national park. It serves as a habitat for the endangered brow-antlered sangai, or "dancing deer," whose hooves have adapted to the island's spongy ground. The park, covering 15 square miles (40 km2), was specifically created to preserve the deer, which were once thought to be extinct. |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313215727/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92090/the-floating-islands-of-india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McKechnie |first=Ben |title=The world's only floating national park |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180411-the-worlds-only-floating-national-park |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313215724/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180411-the-worlds-only-floating-national-park |url-status=live }}</ref> It is currently on the [[List of World Heritage Sites in India#Tentative list|tentative lists]] of the [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s, under the title ''"[[Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area (KLCA)]]"'', additionally covering the buffer of Loktak Lake (140 sq km) and [[Pumlenpat|Pumlen Pat]] (43 sq. km).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6086/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715011918/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6086 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area {{!}} For UNESCO World Heritage Travellers |url=https://www.worldheritagesite.org/tentative/id/6086 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.worldheritagesite.org |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130140021/https://www.worldheritagesite.org/tentative/id/6086 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The national park is characterized by floating decomposed plant material locally called [[phumdi]]. It was created in 1966 as a [[wildlife sanctuary]] to preserve the natural habitat of the endangered [[Eld's deer]] (''Cervus eldi eldi''), which is the state animal of Manipur.<ref name="kimn">{{cite web |title=Symbols of Manipur- knowindia.gov.in |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#man |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080035/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#man |archive-date=12 November 2013 |access-date=15 August 2025}}</ref> In 1977, it was gazetted as national park.<ref name=keib>{{Cite web |url= http://manipurforest.gov.in/KeibulLamjao.htm |title= Keibul Lamjao National Park Forest Department, Government of Manipur |access-date= 2009-01-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081015170951/http://manipurforest.gov.in/KeibulLamjao.htm |archive-date= 15 October 2008|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name =wemmer>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17Y-TL774RUC&pg=PA61 |title=Deer: status survey and conservation action plan |page=69 |access-date=2009-03-29 |author=Wemmer, Christen M. |author2=Moore, Donald |author3=Blouch, Raleigh |publisher=IUCN |year=1998 |isbn=2-8317-0454-5 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==History==
The brow-antlered deer, which was first discovered in Manipur in 1839 and named ''[[Cervus eldi eldi]]'' in 1844 in honour of Lt. Percy Eld – a British officer, was reported an [[List of extinct animals|extinct species]] in 1951. It was re–discovered in the Keibul Lamjao Park area by the environmentalist and photographer [[Edward Pritchard Gee|E.P. Gee]], which necessitated declaring this reserve park area as a national park to protect and conserve the deer now called Eld's deer's subspecies [[brow-antlered deer]] ({{lang|la|Cervus eldi eldi}}) or {{lang|mni|[[Sangai]]}} in [[Meitei language]] (to distinguish it from the other two subspecies found in [[Burma]] and [[Thailand]] that are called {{lang|la|Cervus eldii thamin}} and {{lang|la|Cervus eldii siamensis}} and also in [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[Laos]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Hainan]] Island). It has a pride of place in the folklore and culture of the Manipur state and is the state animal of Manipur. From a small herd of 14 deer in 1975, its population was reportedly 155 in 1995 and as per the latest wildlife census conducted in March 2016 its number rose to 260.<ref name = hindu>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/11/05/stories/2005110500830200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526225422/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/11/05/stories/2005110500830200.htm|archive-date=2006-05-26|title=Keibul Lamjao National Park|access-date=2009-03-29 | location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-11-05}}</ref>

==Geography and topography==
The park is a [[swamp]] with floating mass of vegetation created by accrual of organic detritus and [[biomass]] with soil particles that has been thickened into a solid form called [[phumdi]]s, at the south–eastern side of the [[Loktak Lake]], which has been declared a [[Ramsar site]]. Two thirds to three fourths of the total park area is formed by phumdis.<ref name=zoo>{{Cite web|url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/conservationandscience/endangeredspecies/eldsdeer/pdfs/2003_Elds_Deer_Workshop.pdf|title=Brow antlered deer (Cervus eldi eldi) in Keibul Lamjao National Park|access-date=2009-03-29|pages=19–23|author=Sinsit Singh|publisher=Khao Kheow Open Zoo, Chonburi, Thailand|date=2003-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607204030/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/conservationandscience/endangeredspecies/eldsdeer/pdfs/2003_Elds_Deer_Workshop.pdf|archive-date=7 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A waterway through the park provides year-round access by boats plying through the Loktak Lake, to the Pabot Hill in the north. The reserve area of the park which was {{convert|4000|ha|acre|abbr=on|1}} in March 1997 was reduced to {{convert|2160|ha|acre|abbr=on|1}} in April 1998, under pressure from the local villagers. The swamp encompasses three hills, namely, Pabot, Toya and Chingjao that provide a refuge for the large mammals during the [[monsoon]] season. The distinctive nature of the park is that it is "too deep to be [[marsh]], too shallow to be a lake".<ref name = invent>{{Cite web|url=http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/Wetland%20Inventory.pdf|title=Inventory of wetlands, Keibul Lamjao National Park|access-date=2009-03-26|publisher=Govt. of India|pages=314–318|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183104/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/Wetland%20Inventory.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

===Ownership rights===
While the area on the periphery of the park is privately owned, the park itself is predominantly state-owned.<ref name = invent/>

==Hydrologic features==
Hydro–meteorological feature of the area is marked by the dominance of the Indian tropical [[monsoon]] with an average annual rainfall of {{convert|1183|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} with July and August as the wettest months and February and March as the driest.

The size of the park varies with the seasons as it is formed of phumdis (morass of [[organic matter]]). The peripheral areas of the lake are grounded to the bed of the lake during the dry season but get almost substantially submerged for a few days during the monsoon season. It emerges and floats to the surface fully a few days later, separating from the ground; the depth of the Phumdi varies from {{convert|1|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} to {{convert|4|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} and during this period the animals in the park move to higher hilly areas. About twenty percent of its thickness floats on the lake, above the surface, which supports the weight of large [[mammal]]s.<ref name = invent/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=726qparJDBgC&q=Keibul+Lamjao+National+Park&pg=PA26|title=Threatened Deer|year=1978|pages=27–29|access-date=2009-03-29|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)|isbn=2-88032-201-4|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104170215/https://books.google.com/books?id=726qparJDBgC&q=Keibul+Lamjao+National+Park&pg=PA26|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Weather
Temperatures vary from a maximum of {{convert|34.4|C|F|abbr=on|1}} in summer to a minimum of {{convert|1.7|C|F|abbr=on|1}} in winter. [[Humidity]] was a recorded high of 81% in August with a minimum of 49% in March.{{cn|date=January 2021}}

==Flora and fauna==
[[File:Cervus eldii4.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Brow-antlered deer or sangai or the dancing deer (''Cervus eldi eldi'')]]
The park, primarily composed of moist semi–evergreen forests, has a rich amalgam of [[Aquatic ecosystem|aquatic]], [[wetland]] and terrestrial [[ecosystem]].<ref name = keib/> The grass land structure of the park is divided into three zones.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSk2AAAAMAAJ&q=Keibul+Lamjao+National+Park|title= Conservation in Developing Countries|page = 412|access-date=2009-03-26|author= S.Serrao|author2=J.C.Daniel|publisher= Bombay Natural History Society |year=1991|isbn= 978-0-19-562652-0}}</ref>

===Aquatic flora===
Aquatic flora recorded in the park include ''[[Zizania latifolia]]'' (wild rice, ''ishing kambong''), ''[[Tripidium bengalense]]'', ''Eiranthus procerus'' (''singnang''), ''[[Dioscorea bulbifera]]'' (''phumha''), ''[[Cynodon dactylon]]'' (''tinthou''), ''[[Alpinia galanga]]'' (''pullei''), ''[[Eichhornia crassipes]]'' (''kabokang''), ''[[Hedychium coronarium]]'' (''loklei''), ''[[Nelumbo nucifera]]'' (''thambal'') and ''[[Phragmites]] karka'' (''tou'').<ref name = keib/><ref name = zoo/>

Some of the above-listed flora had been recorded in two types of ''phumdis'' namely, the ''phumdi ataoba'' (floating) and the ''phumdi aruppa'' (sinking); [[reed bed|reeds]], [[grasses]], and other plants growing on a mat of dead and decaying vegetation floating on the lake surface form the ''ataoba'', while ''Phumdi aruppa'' has mats of vegetation which have sunk to the bottom of the lake and support a rich emergent growth of reeds and grasses. In a 1960 estimate, the ''phumdi'' vegetation had been structured into 45% ''Phragmites karka'', 25% ''Erianthus ravennae'' ([[Saccharum ravennae|elephant grass]]), 15% ''Saccharum munja'', 5% ''S. latifolium'', 5% ''Alpinia allughas'' and 2% ''Saccharum procerum'' and 3% other species, including ''Zizania latifolia''; ''Zizania latifolia'' is the plant much relished by the ''sangai deer''. ''Eichhornia crassipes'' was a recent species in the open water areas of the swamp in the midst of ''[[Polygonum]]'' (buckwheat) and ''[[Trapa]]'' (water caltrop or water chestnut). The three hills surrounding the park are now denuded of most of the vegetation.

===Fauna===
[[File:Calotes mystaceus manipur.JPG|thumb|A blue-crested lizard (''Calotes mystaceus'')]]
[[File:Indian Python under a Tree.jpg|thumb|Light phase Asian rock python (''Python molurus molurus'') below a tree]]
Apart from the brow-antlered deer (''[[Cervus eldi eldi]]''), the flagship species of the park, other fauna found in the park were the following:<ref name = keib/><ref name = zoo/><ref name = invent/>
*Mammals reported are the [[hog deer]] (''C. porcinus''), [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa''), [[large Indian civet]] (''Viverra civetta''), common otter (''[[Lutra lutra]]''), [[fox]]{{which|date=March 2019}}, [[jungle cat]] (''Felis chaus''), [[Asian golden cat]], bay [[bamboo rat]], [[musk shrew]], [[common shrew]], [[flying fox]] and [[Sambar (deer)|sambar]] (''Cervus unicolor'').
*[[Fish]]es include ''[[Channa striata]]'', ''[[Channa]] punctatus'', [[common carp]], ''[[Wallago attu]]'' and [[pool barb]].
*[[Amphibian]]s and [[reptile]]s include the keel back [[tortoise]], [[Viperidae|viper]], [[krait]], [[cobra]], [[water cobra]], [[banded krait]], Asian rat snake ([[beauty rat snake]]), ''[[Pythonidae|python]]'', Russel's viper (''[[Daboia]]''), [[checkered garter snake]] and [[common lizard]] (''Viviparous lizard''). ''[[Python molurus]]'' is also found in the park.

===Avifauna===
Prominent bird species recorded in the park are both migratory and resident. Some of them are the East Himalayan pied [[kingfisher]], [[black kite]], lesser sky-[[lark]], northern [[hill myna]], [[Indian pied myna]], North Indian black [[drongo]]s, lesser eastern jungle [[crow]], yellow headed [[wagtail]], [[spotbill duck]], [[blue-winged teal]], ruddy [[shell duck]], threatened [[hooded crane]], Burmese sarus [[sarus crane]], [[white-breasted waterhen|Indian white-breasted waterhen]] and crimson-breasted pied [[woodpecker]].<ref name = keib/><ref name = zoo/>

==Threats==
[[File:A Meitei popular cultural illustration of Sangai deer (Cervus eldi eldi) pleading to save him from being killed by human beings.jpg|thumb|300px|A [[Meitei culture|Meitei]] [[popular culture|popular cultural]] illustration of [[Sangai]] deer (the primary reason for the establishment of the Keibul Lamjao national park) pleading to save him from [[poaching|being killed by human beings]].]]
Some of the identified threats to the park are elaborated below.<ref name = zoo/>

# The threats to the park are due to the permanent flooding of the park and its resultant effect on the thickness of [[phumdi]]s. The reason attributed for this is due to construction of the Ithai Barrage under the Loktak Multi-Purpose Project in 1983 where high level of water is maintained (between {{convert|768|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} and {{convert|768.5|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} ) during October to March – the dry months of the year. This has disturbed the natural cycle of floating and sinking of phumdis which used to be maintained in the park. Maintenance of high water level in the lake throughout the year for Loktak Multipurpose Project has broken this annual cycle and phumdis remain floating throughout the year during dry season and are no more available to phumdi vegetation. Therefore, the growth of vegetation on phumdis and their thickness are believed to be gradually decreasing.
# Before the construction of the Loktak Hydro Electric Project, the [[phumdi]]s floated during flooding by backflow from the Khordak River and [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] from other streams and [[nala]]s and settled down on lake bed during dry season when water was drawn out through the same river. This resulted in enhancing of [[nutrient]]s and [[mineral]]s of the phumdi vegetation from the bottom of the lake during the dry period. But this cycle has been disturbed by the Loktak Hydro Electric project. One apprehension is that at some stage the phumdis may not be able to support the number of the Eld's deer or [[sangai]] deer.
# The national park and the [[Loktak Lake]] have provided sustenance (through fishing, growing, and collection of vegetables of economic importance) to the people living in the peripheral villages and on the phumdis. The effect of maintaining permanently high water level is stated to be a serious threat to the phumdis and consequently to the people living on the lake/park's natural resources.
# Earlier, there was only marshy land in the park area but after commissioning of the hydroelectric project two [[ecosystem]]s have emerged; one with [[water body]] covering one-third area and the other the ''[[phumdi]]s'', which covers two-thirds area.
# Deteriorating [[water quality]] is indicated by the recorded [[pH]] values of 4 to 8.5. The reasons for poor quality are attributed to flow of
##[[pollutant]]s from the towns draining into the lake,
##use of [[agrochemicals]] for farming in the surrounding farmland,
##accumulation of water on phumdi,
##[[deforestation]] and subsequent [[soil erosion]] in the [[drainage basin|catchment area]] and
##[[Decomposition|rotting]] vegetation.

==Conservation measures==
[[Conservation biology|Conservation]] measures suggested relate to development and implementation of a management plan giving priority to long term conservation, monitoring the condition of [[habitat]] and to take timely corrective measures by enforcing strict protection of core areas, particularly with reference to the water level due to the Loktak Hydro Electric Power Project.

Some of the '''measures suggested''' and under implementation are elaborated as

# provide effective protection,
# developing and maintaining high places with adequate protection and food material to provide protection to the animals in case of [[flash flood]],
# increasing area under phumdis in the park,
# preventing theft of phumdis and flow or part of phumdis towards northern side,
# topping completely the collection of firewood, food and fodder,
# creating an [[social environment|environment]] in which local people volunteer as natural custodian of sangai and other animals in the park,
# to encourage [[ecotourism]] and nature education,
# to undertake, aid, promote and co–ordinate research works,
# capacity building, training, awareness and extension activities,
# launching packaging and publicity campaign and
# propagating [[ethnic]] information, exhibition and so forth.<ref name="wemmer" /><ref name="zoo" />
'''Conservation measures implemented'''
The measures that have been implemented by the Forest Department of the Manipur Government are the following.

# A perimeter fence of {{convert|2281|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} length in most vulnerable sections of the park to prevent people and domestic livestock from entering the reserve has been created
# A cattle-proof trench has been dug along {{convert|870|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} of the boundary
# Seven [[canoe]]s and four checkpoints are established at strategic places for security.
# Army helicopter has carried out census work.
# The park is under the supervision of full–time forest officials.
# Capacity building has been achieved by exclusive placement of an Assistant Conservator of Forests, an assistant [[veterinary surgeon]], a [[Park ranger|ranger]] of forests, field assistant, three foresters, four forest guards and eight others for the park.

==Visitor information==
{{Further|Manipur}}
The park is approachable by road, rail and air through [[Imphal]], the capital of Manipur. By road it is {{convert|53|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from Imphal and {{convert|522|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from [[Guwahati]] ([[Assam]]) on the [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] No. 53. Public and private transport ply on these roads.

The nearest rail head is at [[Jiribam]] is a railhead on the Manipur border, which is {{convert|225|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from Imphal.{{cn|date=January 2021}}. And Rani Gaidinliu station at [[Tamenglong]] is the nearest station which is {{convert|177|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from Imphal and {{convert|188|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from the national park.

Resorts under the Classic Hotel for family and travel-loving couple are available in the Sendra island park which is 5-6 kilometers away from the National Park. Basic accommodation of a forest rest house without boarding facilities is available at Phubala and Sendra islands inside the park and at [[Moirang]] town {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} away from the park. Staying at Imphal which has better hotel facilities is a preferred option.

Visit to the park is ideal between 0600 and 1000 hrs in the morning and 1530 and 1800 hrs in the afternoon, when the sangai deer comes out to feed in herds. A boat trip along the labyrinthine boat routes passing through colourful water plants would be a good way to see the park. An adventurous trip would be to take a walk through the park but the phumdi is not a firm ground. Manipur Tourism Department arranges conducted day tours to the [[Loktak Lake]] and the Keibul Lamjao Park.<ref name = hindu/>

Manipur is considered a sensitive border state. Earlier the Foreigners entering Manipur (including foreign citizens born in Manipur) was needed to possess a Restricted Area Permit, but now it has been lifted from the state. There is no permit required for foreigners coming to Manipur, they only need to register themselves in the established check points i.e. Imphal Airport and (Mao and Jiribam) for those coming by road.{{cn|date=January 2021}}

== Films ==
* ''The Return of Sangai'' ({{langx|mni|Sangai Hallakpa}}) is a documentary about Keibul Lamjao National Park and Sangai<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theindia.info/TheReturnOfSangai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122001035/http://theindia.info/TheReturnOfSangai |archive-date=22 January 2018 |title=The Return of Sangai |website=The India}}</ref> made by forest department [[Manipur]]. The film is available in both [[English language|English]] and [[Meitei language|Manipuri]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
{{portal|Islands}}
{{Commons category|Keibul Lamjao National Park}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{National Parks of India}}

[[Category:National parks in Manipur]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1977]]
[[Category:Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Floating islands]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]

GHS Trikarpur

2026-02-22T16:35:34Z

AmanGautamArtist: cleanup

{{Notability|1=Academics|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| logo =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.1431|75.1778|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
yes
| motto =
| established =
| location =
| closed =
| type =
| status =
| category_label =
| category =
| gender_label =
| gender =
| affiliation =
| affiliations =
| administrator =
| president =
| chairman_label =
| chairman =
| rector =
| principal =
| campus_director =
| headmaster =
| head_label =
| head =
| head_name2 =
| head2 =
| dean =
| founder =
| chaplain =
| officer_in_charge =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| enrollment =
| grades_label =
| grades =
| address =
| city =
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| district =
| oversight =
| accreditation =
| campus =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| houses =
| student_union =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| free_label =
| free_text =
| rival =
| yearbook =
| newspaper =
| free_label1 =
| free_text1 =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
| test_name =
| test_average =
| national_ranking =
| website =
| footnotes =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| picture2 =
| picture_caption2 =
}}
'''GHS Trikarpur''', also known as '''GVHSS Trikarpur''' and '''GHS Trikaripur''', is a government vocational higher secondary school in [[Thrikaripur]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=schoolist |url=http://www.dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=14 |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=www.dhsekerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abhiyan |first=Sarva Shiksha |date=2003 |title=SSA - A Programme for Universal Elementary Education in India District Kasaragod Plan Proposals for 2003-04 |url=http://14.139.60.153/handle/123456789/6287 |language=en-US}}</ref> The school has upper primary divisions, secondary divisions and higher secondary divisions. It was opened in the 1960s.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Education in Kerala}}

[[Category:Schools in Kasaragod district]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

India national badminton team

2026-02-20T13:09:34Z

AmanGautamArtist: correct lead and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Indian national badminton team}}
{{Infobox national badminton team
| name = India
| image = Flag of India.svg
| president = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| association = [[Badminton Association of India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.badmintonindia.org/|title=About BAI|access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref>
| confederation = [[Badminton Asia]]
| rank = 8
| date = April 2025
| max rank = 5
| max date = July 2023
| World mixed team champ apps = 16
| World mixed team champ first = 1991
| World mixed team champ best = Quarter-finals ([[2011 Sudirman Cup|2011]], [[2017 Sudirman Cup|2017]])
| World men's team champ apps = 13
| World men's team champ first = [[1952 Thomas Cup|1952]]
| World men's team champ best = [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] Champions ([[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022]])
| World women's team champ apps = 8
| World women's team champ first = [[1957 Uber Cup|1957]]
| World women's team champ best = [[File:Simple bronze cup.svg|20px]] Semi-finals ([[1957 Uber Cup|1957]], [[2014 Thomas & Uber Cup|2014]], [[2016 Thomas & Uber Cup|2016]])
| Regional name = [[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asian Mixed Championship]]
| Regional cup apps = 3
| Regional cup first = [[2017 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2017]]
| Regional cup best = [[File:Simple bronze cup.svg|20px]] Semi-finals ([[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2023]])
| Regional2 name = [[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asian Men's Championship]]
| Regional2 cup apps = 14
| Regional2 cup first = [[1965 Asian Badminton Championships|1965]]
| Regional2 cup best = [[File:Simple silver cup.svg|20px]] Runners-up ([[1983 Asian Badminton Championships|1983]])
| Regional3 name = [[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asian Women's Championship]]
| Regional3 cup apps = 4
| Regional3 cup first = [[2016 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2016]]
| Regional3 cup best = [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] Champions ([[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2024]])
| Regional4 name =
| Regional4 cup apps =
| Regional4 cup first =
| Regional4 cup best =
| medaltemplates =
}}

The '''India national badminton team''' is the representative of [[India]] in international men's and women's badminton team tournaments. It is governed by the [[Badminton Association of India]].<ref name=iej97>{{cite news|title=No change in BAI: Prakash|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/5234/|access-date=5 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 July 1997}}</ref> The men's team won the [[Thomas Cup]] in [[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022]], while the women's team have been semi-finalists at the [[Uber Cup]] in [[2014 Thomas & Uber Cup|2014]] and [[2016 Thomas & Uber Cup|2016]]. The team [[India at the 2011 Sudirman Cup|competed]] in the [[2011 Sudirman Cup]] and shared the fifth rank and also repeated the performance in [[2017 Sudirman Cup|2017]].

The Indian team is currently 8th in the world rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/badminton-asia-team-championships-2024-india-final-results|title=Badminton Asia Team Championships 2024: Anmol Kharb seals historic title for India women|access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref> The players have won 3 medals at the [[Badminton at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]], 14 at the [[BWF World Championships|World Championships]], 7 at the [[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]], 18 at the [[Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]] and 25 at the [[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/badminton-coaches-behind-india-s-maiden-thomas-cup-triumph-in-bangkok-122051900642_1.html|title=Badminton: Coaches behind India's maiden Thomas Cup triumph in Bangkok|access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref>

==Coaches==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Years
!Coach
!Role
!Ref
|-
|2020–present
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park Tae-sang]]
| NCE Coach
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-20 |title=PV Sindhu's sweet birthday wish for former coach and 'big brother' Park Tae Sang: 'Please eat some sugar today…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/pv-sindhu-birthday-wish-for-park-tae-sang-former-coach-10078594/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025–present
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Kim Her]]
|Doubles Coach
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-01-13 |title=India Open 2025: Satwik-Chirag working on defence after reuniting with coach Tan Kim Her |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/satwik-chirag-malaysia-coach-tan-kim-her-bwf-world-tour-finals-2025-paris-olympics-india-open/article69095838.ece/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025–present
|{{flagicon|INA}} Irwansyah Adi Pratama
|Women's Singles Coach
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=India Open: PV Sindhu, with new coach Irwansyah in her corner, says the fire is still there to win the big medals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/pv-sindhu-new-coach-irwansyah-fire-india-open-medals-9776934/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Medal table==
===Individual===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Tournament !! {{World1}} !! {{World2}} !! {{World3}} !! Total
|-
| [[Badminton at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
| 0
| 1
| 2
| 3
|-
| [[BWF World Championships|World Championships]]
| 1
| 4
| 10
| 15
|-
| [[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
| 1
| 1
| 5
| 7
|-
| [[Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]]
| 2
| 0
| 16
| 18
|-
| [[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
| 9
| 5
| 13
| 27
|-
| [[Badminton at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]
| 24
| 21
| 3
| 48
|-
! colspan=5|Defunct
|-
| [[Badminton at the World Games|World Games]]
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 1
|-
| [[Badminton World Cup|World Cup]]
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 2
|-
! Total
! 38
! 32
! 51
! 121
|}

===Team===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Tournament !! Team !! {{World1}} !! {{World2}} !! {{World3}} !! Total
|-
| [[Thomas Cup]]
| M
| 1
| 0
| 3
| 4
|-
| [[Uber Cup]]
| F
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 3
|-
| [[Sudirman Cup]]
| X
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| rowspan=3|[[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
| M
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 1
|-
| F
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 1
|-
| X
| 1
| 2
| 1
| 4
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
| M
| 0
| 1
| 3
| 4
|-
| F
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 2
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asian Team Championships]]
| M
| 0
| 1
| 3
| 4
|-
| F
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 1
|-
| [[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asian Mixed Team Championships]]
| X
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 1
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Badminton at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]
| M
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 5
|-
| F
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 5
|-
! colspan=2|Total
! 13
! 5
! 17
! 35
|}

==Current rankings==
{{updated|December 2025}}

===Men's singles===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! World Rank
! Player
|- style="background:#f7f6a8"
| 10
| [[Lakshya Sen]]
|-
| 32
| [[Ayush Shetty]]
|-
| 34
| [[Srikanth Kidambi]]
|-
| 36
| [[Prannoy H. S.]]
|-
| 39
| [[Tharun Mannepalli]]
|-
| 41
| [[Kiran George]]
|-
| 53
| [[Priyanshu Rajawat]]
|-
| 62
| [[Mithun Manjunath]]
|-
| 65
| [[Manraj Singh]]
|-
| 66
| [[Sankar Subramanian]]
|-
| 76
| [[Rithvik Sanjeevi]]
|-
| 91
| [[Saneeth Dayanand]]
|-
| 96
| [[Alap Mishra]]
|-
| 98
| [[Sathish Karunakaran]]
|}

===Women's singles===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! World Rank
! Player
|- style="background:#f7f6a8"
| 19
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
|-
| 28
| [[Unnati Hooda]]
|-
| 39
| [[Tanvi Sharma]]
|-
| 44
| [[Rakshitha Ramraj]]
|-
| 47
| [[Anupama Upadhyaya]]
|-
| 49
| [[Malvika Bansod]]
|-
| 53
| [[Isharani Baruah]]
|-
| 55
| [[Tasnim Mir]]
|-
| 56
| [[Anmol Kharb]]
|-
| 57
| [[Shriyanshi Valishetty]]
|-
| 58
| [[Aakarshi Kashyap]]
|-
| 66
| [[Devika Sihag]]
|-
| 68
| [[Tanya Hemanth]]
|-
| 80
| [[Shreya Lele]]
|-
| 87
| [[Ashmita Chaliha]]
|-
| 93
| [[Ira Sharma]]
|-
| 94
| [[Mansi Singh]]
|}

===Men's doubles===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! World Rank
! Players
|- style="background:#f7f6a8"
| 3
| [[Chirag Shetty]] [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]]
|-
| 44
| [[Pruthvi Roy]] [[Sai Pratheek K.]]
|-
| 129
| [[Arjun M. R.]] Hariharan Amsakarunan
|}

===Women's doubles===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! World Rank
! Players
|- style="background:#f7f6a8"
| 13
| [[Treesa Jolly]] [[Gayatri Gopichand]]
|-
| 47
| [[Shruti Mishra]] [[Priya Konjengbam]]
|-
| 50
| [[Rutaparna Panda]] [[Swetaparna Panda]]
|-
| 51
| [[Simran Singhi]] [[Kavipriya Selvam]]
|}

===Mixed doubles===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! World Rank
! Players
|- style="background:#f7f6a8"
| 18
| [[Tanisha Crasto]] [[Dhruv Kapila]]
|-
| 36
| [[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|Rohan Kapoor]] [[Ruthvika Gadde]]
|-
| 45
| [[Aadya Variyath]] [[Sathish Karunakaran]]
|-
| 46
| [[Ashith Surya]] [[Amrutha Pramuthesh]]
|}

==Highest rankings==
''Note: Active players in '''bold'''''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Player
!Discipline
!Highest
|-
|[[Prakash Padukone]]<hr>'''[[Srikanth Kidambi]]'''
|MS
|1
|-
|[[Saina Nehwal]]
|WS
|1
|-
|'''[[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] [[Chirag Shetty]]'''
|MD
|1
|-
|'''[[Treesa Jolly]] [[Gayatri Gopichand]]'''
|WD
|9
|-
|[[Jwala Gutta]] [[Valiyaveetil Diju]]
|XD
|6
|-
|India
|Team
|5
|}

==Top 10 rankers==
''Note: Active players in '''bold'''''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2|Player
!rowspan=2|Best Ranking
!colspan=3|{{nowrap|Olympic Games}}
!colspan=3|World Championship
|-
!{{OG1}}
!{{OG2}}
!{{OG3}}
!{{World1}}
!{{World2}}
!{{World3}}
|-
! colspan=8|Men's Singles
|-
|[[Prakash Padukone]]
|1
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|1
|-
|'''[[Srikanth Kidambi]]'''
|1
| —
| —
| —
| —
|1
| —
|-
|'''[[Lakshya Sen]]'''
|6
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|1
|-
|{{nowrap|'''[[Prannoy H. S.]]'''}}
|6
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|1
|-
|[[B. Sai Praneeth]]
|10
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|1
|-
! colspan=8|Women's Singles
|-
|[[Saina Nehwal]]
|1
| —
| —
|1
| —
|1
|1
|-
|'''[[P. V. Sindhu]]'''
|2
| —
|1
|1
|1
|2
|2
|-
! colspan=8|Men's Doubles
|-
|'''[[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] [[Chirag Shetty]]'''
|1
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|2
|-
! colspan=8|Women's Doubles
|-
|'''[[Treesa Jolly]] [[Gayatri Gopichand]]'''
|9
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
|[[Jwala Gutta]] [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
|10
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|1
|-
! colspan=8|Mixed Doubles
|-
|[[Jwala Gutta]] [[Valiyaveetil Diju]]
|6
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|}

==Individual record==
===[[Olympic Games]]===
{{See also|Badminton at the Summer Olympics}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! Host
! Player
! Category
! Medal
|-
| [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]]
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]]
| [[Saina Nehwal]]
| Women's singles
| {{OG3}}
|-
| [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]]
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| Women's singles
| {{OG2}}
|-
| [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]]
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| Women's singles
| {{OG3}}
|}

===[[BWF World Championships|World Championships]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! Player(s)
! Category
! Medal
|-
| [[1983 IBF World Championships|1983]]
| [[Prakash Padukone]]
| Men's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| [[2011 BWF World Championships|2011]]
| [[Jwala Gutta]] [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
| Women's doubles
| {{World3}}
|-
| [[2013 BWF World Championships|2013]]
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| Women's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| [[2014 BWF World Championships|2014]]
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| Women's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| [[2015 BWF World Championships|2015]]
| [[Saina Nehwal]]
| Women's singles
| {{World2}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2017 BWF World Championships|2017]]
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| Women's singles
| {{World2}}
|-
| [[Saina Nehwal]]
| Women's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| [[2018 BWF World Championships|2018]]
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| Women's singles
| {{World2}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2019 BWF World Championships|2019]]
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| Women's singles
| {{World1}}
|-
| [[B. Sai Praneeth]]
| Men's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2021 BWF World Championships|2021]]
| [[Srikanth Kidambi]]
| Men's singles
| {{World2}}
|-
| [[Lakshya Sen]]
| Men's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| [[2022 BWF World Championships|2022]]
| [[Chirag Shetty]] [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]]
| Men's doubles
| {{World3}}
|-
| [[2023 BWF World Championships|2023]]
| [[Prannoy H. S.]]
| Men's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| [[2025 BWF World Championships|2025]]
| [[Chirag Shetty]] [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]]
| Men's doubles
| {{World3}}
|}

===[[BWF Super Series Finals|Super Series]] / [[BWF World Tour Finals|World Tour Finals]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! Player
! Category
! Medal
|-
| [[2009 BWF Super Series Masters Finals|2009]]
| [[Jwala Gutta]] [[Valiyaveetil Diju]]
| Mixed doubles
| {{World2}}
|-
| [[2011 BWF Super Series Finals|2011]]
| [[Saina Nehwal]]
| Women's singles
| {{World2}}
|-
| [[2017 BWF Super Series Finals|2017]]
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| Women's singles
| {{World2}}
|-
| [[2018 BWF World Tour Finals|2018]]
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| Women's singles
| {{World1}}
|-
| [[2021 BWF World Tour Finals|2021]]
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| Women's singles
| {{World2}}
|}

===[[Asian Games]]===
{{See also|Badminton at the Asian Games}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! Player(s)
! Category
! Medal
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1982 Asian Games|1982]]
|[[Syed Modi]]
|Men's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|[[Leroy D'Sa]] [[Pradeep Gandhe]]
|Men's doubles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|[[Leroy D'Sa]] [[Kanwal Thakar Singh]]
|Mixed doubles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2018 Asian Games|2018]]
|[[P. V. Sindhu]]
|rowspan=2|Women's singles
|{{Asia2}}
|-
|[[Saina Nehwal]]
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2022 Asian Games|2022]]
|[[Chirag Shetty]] [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]]
|Men's doubles
|{{Asia1}}
|-
|[[Prannoy H. S.]]
|Men's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|}

===[[Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! Player(s)
! Category
! Medal
|-
| rowspan=6|[[1965 Asian Badminton Championships|1965]]
|[[Dinesh Khanna]]
|Men's singles
|{{Asia1}}
|-
|[[Suresh Goel]]
|Men's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|[[Meena Shah]]
|Women's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|[[Sarojini Apte]]
|Women's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|Owen Roncon [[Sarojini Apte]]
|Mixed doubles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|A. I. Sheikh Achala Karnik
|Mixed doubles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|[[1969 Asian Badminton Championships|1969]]
|[[Dinesh Khanna]]
|Men's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|[[1976 Asian Badminton Championships|1976]]
|[[Prakash Padukone]]
|Men's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|[[2000 Asian Badminton Championships|2000]]
|[[Pullela Gopichand]]
|Men's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|[[2007 Badminton Asia Championships|2007]]
|[[Anup Sridhar]]
|Men's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|[[2010 Badminton Asia Championships|2010]]
|[[Saina Nehwal]]
|Women's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2014 Badminton Asia Championships|2014]]
|[[P. V. Sindhu]]
|Women's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|[[Jwala Gutta]] [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
|Women's doubles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|[[2016 Badminton Asia Championships|2016]]
|[[Saina Nehwal]]
|Women's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2018 Badminton Asia Championships|2018]]
|[[Prannoy H. S.]]
|Men's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|[[Saina Nehwal]]
|Women's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|[[2022 Badminton Asia Championships|2022]]
|[[P. V. Sindhu]]
|Women's singles
|{{Asia3}}
|-
|[[2023 Badminton Asia Championships|2023]]
|[[Chirag Shetty]] [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]]
|Men's doubles
|{{Asia1}}
|}

===[[Commonwealth Games]]===
{{See also|Badminton at the Commonwealth Games}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! Player(s)
! Category
! Medal
|-
| [[1966 Commonwealth Games|1966]]
| [[Dinesh Khanna]]
| Men's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1978 Commonwealth Games|1978]]
| [[Prakash Padukone]]
| Men's singles
| {{World1}}
|-
| [[Ami Ghia]] [[Kanwal Thakar Singh]]
| Women's doubles
| {{World3}}
|-
| [[1982 Commonwealth Games|1982]]
| [[Syed Modi]]
| Men's singles
| {{World1}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1998 Commonwealth Games|1998]]
| [[Aparna Popat]]
| Women's singles
| {{World2}}
|-
| [[Pullela Gopichand]]
| Men's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| [[2002 Commonwealth Games|2002]]
| [[Aparna Popat]]
| Women's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| [[2006 Commonwealth Games|2006]]
| [[Chetan Anand (badminton)|Chetan Anand]]
| Men's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| rowspan=3|[[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010]]
| [[Saina Nehwal]]
| Women's singles
| {{World1}}
|-
| [[Jwala Gutta]] [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
| Women's doubles
| {{World1}}
|-
| [[Parupalli Kashyap]]
| Men's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| rowspan=4|[[2014 Commonwealth Games|2014]]
| [[Parupalli Kashyap]]
| Men's singles
| {{World1}}
|-
| [[Jwala Gutta]] [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
| Women's doubles
| {{World2}}
|-
| [[Gurusai Dutt]]
| Men's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| Women's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| rowspan=5|[[2018 Commonwealth Games|2018]]
| [[Saina Nehwal]]
| Women's singles
| {{World1}}
|-
| [[Srikanth Kidambi]]
| Men's singles
| {{World2}}
|-
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| Women's singles
| {{World2}}
|-
| [[Chirag Shetty]] [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]]
| Men's doubles
| {{World2}}
|-
| [[Ashwini Ponnappa]] [[N. Sikki Reddy]]
| Women's doubles
| {{World3}}
|-
| rowspan=5|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022]]
| [[Lakshya Sen]]
| Men's singles
| {{World1}}
|-
| [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| Women's singles
| {{World1}}
|-
| [[Chirag Shetty]] [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]]
| Men's doubles
| {{World1}}
|-
| [[Srikanth Kidambi]]
| Men's singles
| {{World3}}
|-
| [[Treesa Jolly]] [[Gayatri Gopichand]]
| Women's doubles
| {{World3}}
|}

===[[South Asian Games]]===
{{See also|Badminton at the South Asian Games}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! Player(s)
! Category
! Medal
|-
| rowspan=10|[[Badminton at the 2004 South Asian Federation Games|2004]]
| [[Chetan Anand (badminton)|Chetan Anand]]
| Men's singles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Trupti Murgunde]]
| Women's singles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Rupesh Kumar K. T.]] [[Marcos Bristow]]
| Men's doubles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Jwala Gutta]] [[Shruti Kurien]]
| Women's doubles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Jaseel P. Ismail]] [[Jwala Gutta]]
| Mixed doubles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Abhinn Shyam Gupta]]
| Men's singles
| {{Asia2}}
|-
| [[B. R. Meenakshi]]
| Women's singles
| {{Asia2}}
|-
| [[Jaseel P. Ismail]] JBS Vidyadhar
| Men's doubles
| {{Asia2}}
|-
| Fathima Nazneen [[Manjusha Kanwar]]
| Women's doubles
| {{Asia2}}
|-
| [[Marcos Bristow]] [[Manjusha Kanwar]]
| Mixed doubles
| {{Asia2}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2006 South Asian Games|2006]]
| [[Chetan Anand (badminton)|Chetan Anand]]
| Men's singles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2006 South Asian Games|2006]]
| [[Trupti Murgunde]]
| Women's singles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2006 South Asian Games|2006]]
| [[Rupesh Kumar K. T.]] [[Sanave Thomas]]
| Men's doubles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2006 South Asian Games|2006]]
| [[Jaseel P. Ismail]] [[Jwala Gutta]]
| Women's doubles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2006 South Asian Games|2006]]
| [[Valiyaveetil Diju]] [[Jwala Gutta]]
| Mixed doubles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2010 South Asian Games|2010]]
| [[Chetan Anand (badminton)|Chetan Anand]]
| Men's singles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2010 South Asian Games|2010]]
| [[Sayali Gokhale]]
| Women's singles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2010 South Asian Games|2010]]
| [[Rupesh Kumar K. T.]] [[Sanave Thomas]]
| Men's doubles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2010 South Asian Games|2010]]
| [[Aparna Balan]] [[Shruti Kurien]]
| Women's doubles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2010 South Asian Games|2010]]
| [[Valiyaveetil Diju]] [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
| Mixed doubles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]
| [[Srikanth Kidambi]]
| Men's singles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]
| [[Ruthvika Gadde]]
| Women's singles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]
| [[Manu Attri]] [[B. Sumeeth Reddy]]
| Men's doubles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]
| [[Jwala Gutta]] [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
| Women's doubles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]
| [[Pranav Chopra]] [[N. Sikki Reddy]]
| Mixed doubles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019]]
| [[Siril Verma]]
| Men's singles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019]]
| [[Ashmita Chaliha]]
| Women's singles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019]]
| [[Krishna Prasad Garaga]] [[Dhruv Kapila]]
| Men's doubles
| {{Asia1}}
|-
| [[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019]]
| [[Dhruv Kapila]] [[Meghana Jakkampudi]]
| Mixed doubles
| {{Asia1}}
|}

==Senior team record==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===[[Thomas Cup]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
!style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|-
|[[1949 Thomas Cup|1949]]
| colspan="2" |''Did not qualify''
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|[[1952 Thomas Cup|1952]]
|Second round
|3rd
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|[[1955 Thomas Cup|1955]]
|Second round
|3rd
|-
|[[1958 Thomas Cup|1958]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="5" |''Did not qualify''
|-
|[[1961 Thomas Cup|1961]]
|-
|[[1964 Thomas Cup|1964]]
|-
|[[1967 Thomas Cup|1967]]
|-
|[[1970 Thomas Cup|1970]]
|-
|[[1973 Thomas Cup|1973]]
|First round inter-zone
|5th
|-
|[[1976 Thomas Cup|1976]]
| colspan="2" |''Did not qualify''
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|[[1979 Thomas Cup|1979]]
|bgcolor="cc9966"|Semi-finals
|bgcolor="cc9966"|3rd
|-
|[[1982 Thomas Cup|1982]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''Did not qualify''
|-
|[[1984 Thomas & Uber Cup|1984]]
|-
|[[1986 Thomas & Uber Cup|1986]]
|-
|[[1988 Thomas & Uber Cup|1988]]
|Group stage
|8th
|-
|[[1990 Thomas & Uber Cup|1990]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="5" |''Did not qualify''
|-
|[[1992 Thomas & Uber Cup|1992]]
|-
|[[1994 Thomas & Uber Cup|1994]]
|-
|[[1996 Thomas & Uber Cup|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Thomas & Uber Cup|1998]]
|-
|[[2000 Thomas & Uber Cup|2000]]
|Group stage
|7th
|-
|[[2002 Thomas & Uber Cup|2002]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''Did not qualify''
|-
|[[2004 Thomas & Uber Cup|2004]]
|-
|[[2006 Thomas & Uber Cup|2006]]
|Quarter-finals
| {{n/a}}
|-
|[[2008 Thomas & Uber Cup|2008]]
| colspan="2" |''Did not qualify''
|-
|[[2010 Thomas & Uber Cup|2010]]
|Quarter-finals
| {{n/a}}
|-
|[[2012 Thomas & Uber Cup|2012]]
| colspan="2" |''Did not qualify''
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[2014 Thomas & Uber Cup|2014]]
|Group stage
|11th
|-
|[[2016 Thomas & Uber Cup|2016]]
|Group stage
|13th
|-
|[[2018 Thomas & Uber Cup|2018]]
|Group stage
|10th
|-
|[[2020 Thomas & Uber Cup|2020]]
|Quarter-finals
|5th
|- bgcolor=gold
|[[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022]]
|'''Champions'''
|'''1st'''
|-
|[[2024 Thomas & Uber Cup|2024]]
|Quarter-finals
|8th
|-
|[[2026 Thomas & Uber Cup|2026]]
| colspan="2" |''Qualified''
|-
|[[2028 Thomas & Uber Cup|2028]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''To be determined''
|-
|[[2030 Thomas & Uber Cup|2030]]
|}
{{col-2}}

===[[Uber Cup]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
!style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|[[1957 Uber Cup|1957]]
|First round
|'''3rd'''
|-
|[[1960 Uber Cup|1960]]
|First round
|5th
|-
|[[1963 Uber Cup|1963]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="20" |''Did not qualify''
|-
|[[1966 Uber Cup|1966]]
|-
|[[1969 Uber Cup|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Uber Cup|1972]]
|-
|[[1975 Uber Cup|1975]]
|-
|[[1978 Uber Cup|1978]]
|-
|[[1981 Uber Cup|1981]]
|-
|[[1984 Thomas & Uber Cup|1984]]
|-
|[[1986 Thomas & Uber Cup|1986]]
|-
|[[1988 Thomas & Uber Cup|1988]]
|-
|[[1990 Thomas & Uber Cup|1990]]
|-
|[[1992 Thomas & Uber Cup|1992]]
|-
|[[1994 Thomas & Uber Cup|1994]]
|-
|[[1996 Thomas & Uber Cup|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Thomas & Uber Cup|1998]]
|-
|[[2000 Thomas & Uber Cup|2000]]
|-
|[[2002 Thomas & Uber Cup|2002]]
|-
|[[2004 Thomas & Uber Cup|2004]]
|-
|[[2006 Thomas & Uber Cup|2006]]
|-
|[[2008 Thomas & Uber Cup|2008]]
|-
|[[2010 Thomas & Uber Cup|2010]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2012 Thomas & Uber Cup|2012]]
| colspan="2" |''Did not qualify''
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[2014 Thomas & Uber Cup|2014]]
|Semi-finals
|'''3rd'''
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|[[2016 Thomas & Uber Cup|2016]]
|Semi-finals
|'''3rd'''
|-
|[[2018 Thomas & Uber Cup|2018]]
|Group stage
|11th
|-
|[[2020 Thomas & Uber Cup|2020]]
|Quarter-finals
|8th
|-
|[[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022]]
|Quarter-finals
|8th
|-
|[[2024 Thomas & Uber Cup|2024]]
|Quarter-finals
|7th
|-
|[[2026 Thomas & Uber Cup|2026]]
| colspan="2" |''Qualified''
|-
|[[2028 Thomas & Uber Cup|2028]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''To be determined''
|-
|[[2030 Thomas & Uber Cup|2030]]
|}
{{col-end}}

===[[Sudirman Cup]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
!style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|-
|[[1989 Sudirman Cup|1989]]
| colspan="2" |''Withdrew''
|-
|[[1991 Sudirman Cup|1991]]
|Group stage
|19th
|-
|[[1993 Sudirman Cup|1993]]
|Group stage
|18th
|-
|[[1995 Sudirman Cup|1995]]
|Group stage
|20th
|-
|[[1997 Sudirman Cup|1997]]
|Group stage
|19th
|-
|[[1999 Sudirman Cup|1999]]
|Group stage
|16th
|-
|[[2001 Sudirman Cup|2001]]
|Group stage
|17th
|-
|[[2003 Sudirman Cup|2003]]
|Group stage
|16th
|-
|[[2005 Sudirman Cup|2005]]
|Group stage
|18th
|-
|[[2007 Sudirman Cup|2007]]
|Group stage
|18th
|-
|[[2009 Sudirman Cup|2009]]
|Group stage
|17th
|-
|[[2011 Sudirman Cup|2011]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2013 Sudirman Cup|2013]]
|Group stage
|'''10th'''
|-
|[[2015 Sudirman Cup|2015]]
|Group stage
|'''10th'''
|-
|[[2017 Sudirman Cup|2017]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2019 Sudirman Cup|2019]]
|Group stage
|12th
|-
|[[2021 Sudirman Cup|2021]]
|Group stage
|12th
|-
|[[2023 Sudirman Cup|2023]]
|Group stage
|11th
|-
|[[2025 Sudirman Cup|2025]]
|Group stage
|11th
|-
|[[2027 Sudirman Cup|2027]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''To be determined''
|-
|[[2029 Sudirman Cup|2029]]
|}

===[[Commonwealth Games]]===
{{See also|Badminton at the Commonwealth Games}}

====Mixed team====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
! style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1978 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|1978]]
|Group stage
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1982 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|1982]]
|Group stage
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1986 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|1986]]
| colspan="2" |''Did not enter''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1990 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|1990]]
|Group stage
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1994 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|1994]]
| colspan="2" |''Did not enter''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|2002]]
|Group stage
|{{n/a}}
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|[[Badminton at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|2006]]
|Third place
|3rd
|- bgcolor=silver
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[Badminton at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|2010]]
|Runners-up
|2nd
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|2014]]
|Fourth place
|4th
|- bgcolor=gold
|[[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|2018]]
|'''Champions'''
|'''1st'''
|- bgcolor=silver
|[[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|2022]]
|Runners-up
|2nd
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2026 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|2026]]
| colspan=2|''Event not held''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2030 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|2030]]
| ''To be determined''
|
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2034 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|2034]]
| ''To be determined''
|
|}

====Men's team====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
! style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|- bgcolor=silver
|[[Badminton at the 1998 Commonwealth Games – Men's team|1998]]
|'''Runners-up'''
|'''2nd'''
|}

====Women's team====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
! style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|[[Badminton at the 1998 Commonwealth Games – Women's team|1998]]
|'''Semi-finals'''
|'''3rd'''
|}

===[[Asian Games]]===
{{See also|Badminton at the Asian Games}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

====Men's team====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
! style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1962 Asian Games – Men's team|1962]]
| colspan="2" |''Did not enter''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1966 Asian Games – Men's team|1966]]
| colspan="2" |''Withdrew''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1970 Asian Games – Men's team|1970]]
| colspan="2" |''Did not enter''
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|[[Badminton at the 1974 Asian Games – Men's team|1974]]
|Third place
|3rd
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1978 Asian Games – Men's team|1978]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[Badminton at the 1982 Asian Games – Men's team|1982]]
|Semi-finals
|4th
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1986 Asian Games – Men's team|1986]]
|Semi-finals
|4th
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1990 Asian Games – Men's team|1990]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |''Did not enter''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1994 Asian Games – Men's team|1994]]
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1998 Asian Games – Men's team|1998]]
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's team|2002]]
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's team|2006]]
|Group stage
|9th
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's team|2010]]
|Round of 16
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's team|2014]]
|Round of 16
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's team|2018]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|- bgcolor=silver
|[[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team|2022]]
|'''Runners-up'''
|'''2nd'''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2026 Asian Games – Men's team|2026]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |''To be determined''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2030 Asian Games – Men's team|2030]]
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2034 Asian Games – Men's team|2034]]
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2038 Asian Games – Men's team|2038]]
|}
{{col-2}}

====Women's team====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
! style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1962 Asian Games – Women's team|1962]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="5" |''Did not enter''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1966 Asian Games – Women's team|1966]]
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1970 Asian Games – Women's team|1970]]
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1974 Asian Games – Women's team|1974]]
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1978 Asian Games – Women's team|1978]]
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[Badminton at the 1982 Asian Games – Women's team|1982]]
|Semi-finals
|4th
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1986 Asian Games – Women's team|1986]]
|Quarter-finals
|5th
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1990 Asian Games – Women's team|1990]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="5" |''Did not enter''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1994 Asian Games – Women's team|1994]]
|-
|[[Badminton at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's team|1998]]
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2002 Asian Games – Women's team|2002]]
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2006 Asian Games – Women's team|2006]]
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2010 Asian Games – Women's team|2010]]
|Round of 16
|{{n/a}}
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|[[Badminton at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's team|2014]]
|'''Semi-finals'''
|'''3rd'''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's team|2018]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's team|2022]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2026 Asian Games – Women's team|2026]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |''To be determined''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2030 Asian Games – Women's team|2030]]
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2034 Asian Games – Women's team|2034]]
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2038 Asian Games – Women's team|2038]]
|}
{{col-end}}

===[[Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]]===
====Mixed team====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
! style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|-
|[[2017 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2017]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2019 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2019]]
|Group stage
|{{n/a}}
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|[[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2023]]
|'''Semi-finals'''
|'''3rd'''
|-
|[[2025 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2025]]
|Quarter-finals
|6th
|-
|[[2027 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2027]]
|
|
|-
|[[2029 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2029]]
|
|
|}

====Men's team====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
! style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|-
|[[1962 Asian Badminton Championships – Men's team|1962]]
| colspan="2" |''Did not enter''
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[1965 Asian Badminton Championships – Men's team|1965]]
|Semi-finals
|3rd
|-
|[[1969 Asian Badminton Championships – Men's team|1969]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[1971 Asian Badminton Championships – Men's team|1971]]
|Round of 16
|{{n/a}}
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[1976 Asian Badminton Championships – Men's team|1976]]
|Round of 16
|{{n/a}}
|- bgcolor=silver
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[1983 Asian Badminton Championships – Men's team|1983]]
|'''Runners-up'''
|'''2nd'''
|-
|[[1985 Asian Badminton Championships – Men's team|1985]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[1987 Asian Badminton Championships|1987]]
|Group stage
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[1989 Asian Badminton Championships|1989]]
|Group stage
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[1993 Asian Badminton Championships|1993]]
|Group stage
|{{n/a}}
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[2016 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2016]]
|bgcolor="cc9966"|Semi-finals
|bgcolor="cc9966"|4th
|-
|[[2018 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2018]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|[[2020 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2020]]
|bgcolor="cc9966"|Semi-finals
|bgcolor="cc9966"|3rd
|-
|[[2022 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2022]]
|Group stage
|6th
|-
|[[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2024]]
|Quarter-finals
|8th
|-
|[[2026 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2026]]
|Quarter-finals
|8th
|-
|[[2028 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2028]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''To be determined''
|-
|[[2030 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2030]]
|}

====Women's team====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
! style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[2016 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2016]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2018 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2018]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2020 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2020]]
| colspan="2" |''Did not enter''
|-
|[[2022 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2022]]
|Group stage
|6th
|- bgcolor=gold
|[[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2024]]
|'''Champions'''
|'''1st'''
|-
|[[2026 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2026]]
|Quarter-finals
|7th
|-
|[[2028 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2028]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''To be determined''
|-
|[[2030 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2030]]
|}

===[[South Asian Games]]===
{{See also|Badminton at the South Asian Games}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

====Men's team====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
! style="width:200px" |Round
!{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}}
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2004 South Asian Federation Games|2004]]
|bgcolor=Gold|'''Champions'''
|bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2006 South Asian Games|2006]]
|bgcolor=Gold|'''Champions'''
|bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2010 South Asian Games|2010]]
|bgcolor=Gold|'''Champions'''
|bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]
|bgcolor=Gold|'''Champions'''
|bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019]]
|bgcolor=Gold|'''Champions'''
|bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2026 South Asian Games|2026]]
| colspan="2" |''To be determined''
|}
{{col-2}}

====Women's team====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
! Year
! style="width:200px" |Round
!{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}}
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2004 South Asian Federation Games|2004]]
|bgcolor=Gold|'''Champions'''
|bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2006 South Asian Games|2006]]
|bgcolor=Gold|'''Champions'''
|bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2010 South Asian Games|2010]]
|bgcolor=Gold|'''Champions'''
|bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]
|bgcolor=Gold|'''Champions'''
|bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019]]
|bgcolor=Gold|'''Champions'''
|bgcolor=Gold|'''1st'''
|-
|[[Badminton at the 2026 South Asian Games|2026]]
| colspan="2" |''To be determined''
|}
{{col-end}}
'''''Note:''' Red border indicates tournament was held on home soil.''

==Junior team record==
===World Junior Championships===
{{See also|BWF World Junior Championships}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
! style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|-
|[[2000 IBF World Junior Championships|2000]]
|Group stage
|13th
|-
|[[2002 IBF World Junior Championships|2002]]
|Group stage
|9th
|-
|[[2004 IBF World Junior Championships|2004]]
|Group stage
|11th
|-
|[[2006 BWF World Junior Championships|2006]]
|Group stage
|8th
|-
|[[2007 BWF World Junior Championships|2007]]
|Group stage
|8th
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[2008 BWF World Junior Championships|2008]]
|Semi-finals
|4th
|-
|[[2009 BWF World Junior Championships|2009]]
|Group stage
|7th
|-
|[[2010 BWF World Junior Championships|2010]]
|Group stage
|9th
|-
|[[2011 BWF World Junior Championships|2011]]
|Group stage
|6th
|-
|[[2012 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|2012]]
|Group stage
|9th
|-
|[[2013 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|2013]]
|Group stage
|14th
|-
|[[2014 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|2014]]
|Group stage
|13th
|-
|[[2015 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|2015]]
|Group stage
|9th
|-
|[[2016 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|2016]]
|Quarter-finals
|8th
|-
|[[2017 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|2017]]
|Quarter-finals
|6th
|-
|[[2018 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|2018]]
|Quarter-finals
|6th
|-
|[[2019 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|2019]]
|Group stage
|12th
|-
|[[2020 BWF World Junior Championships|2020]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''Cancelled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]]''
|-
|[[2021 BWF World Junior Championships|2021]]
|-
|[[2022 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|2022]]
|Group stage
|13th
|-
|[[2023 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|2023]]
|Quarter-finals
|7th
|-
|[[2024 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|2024]]
|Quarter-finals
|6th
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[2025 Suhandinata Cup|2025]]
|Semi-finals
|3rd
|}

=== Asia Junior Championships ===
{{See also|Badminton Asia Junior Championships}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
==== Men's team ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
! style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|-
|[[1997 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Boys' team|1997]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[1998 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Boys' team|1998]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[1999 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Boys' team|1999]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2000 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Boys' team|2000]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2001 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Boys' team|2001]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2002 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Boys' team|2002]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2004 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Boys' team|2004]]
|Round of 16
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2005 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Boys' team|2005]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|}

{{col-3}}
==== Women's team ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
! style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|-
|[[1997 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Girls' team|1997]]
|Round of 16
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[1998 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Girls' team|1998]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[1999 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Girls' team|1999]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2000 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Girls' team|2000]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2001 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Girls' team|2001]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|[[2002 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Girls' team|2002]]
|Semi-finals
|3rd
|-
|[[2004 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Girls' team|2004]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2005 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Girls' team|2005]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|}

{{col-3}}
==== Mixed team ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Year
! style="width:200px" |Round
!Position
|-
|[[2006 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2006]]
|Round of 16
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2007 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2007]]
|Group stage
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2008 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2008]]
|Group stage
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2009 Badminton Asia Junior Championships|2009]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2010 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2010]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|- bgcolor=#cc9966
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[2011 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2011]]
|Semi-finals
|3rd
|-
|[[2012 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2012]]
|Group stage
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2013 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2013]]
|Group stage
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2014 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2014]]
|Group stage
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2015 Badminton Asia Junior Championships|2015]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2016 Badminton Asia Junior Championships|2016]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2017 Badminton Asia Junior Championships|2017]]
|Group stage
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2018 Badminton Asia Junior Championships|2018]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2019 Badminton Asia Junior Championships|2019]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2023 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Teams event|2023]]
|Quarter-finals
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2024 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Teams event|2024]]
|Quarter-finals
|6th
|-
|[[2025 Badminton Asia Junior Championships|2025]]
|Quarter-finals
|6th
|}
{{col-end}}

'''''Note:''' Red border indicates tournament was held on home soil.''

==Notable former players==
* [[Prakash Padukone]]
* [[Pullela Gopichand]]
* [[Saina Nehwal]]
* [[Jwala Gutta]]
* [[Syed Modi]]
* [[Parupalli Kashyap]]
* [[Ami Ghia]]
* [[Aparna Popat]]
* [[P. V. V. Lakshmi]]
* [[Madhumita Bisht]]
* [[Kanwal Thakar Singh]]
* [[Dinesh Khanna]]
* [[Leroy D'Sa]]
* [[U. Vimal Kumar]]
* [[Chetan Anand (badminton)|Chetan Anand]]
* [[B. Sai Praneeth]]

==See also==
* [[Badminton in India]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/aug/22bad.htm Indian Badminton team wins gold]
*[http://www.badminton-information.com/india_badminton.html Indian Badminton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213716/http://www.badminton-information.com/india_badminton.html |date=2016-03-03 }}
*[http://www.badmintonindia.org/ Badminton association of India (official site)]

{{Badminton in India}}
{{National sports teams of India}}

[[Category:Badminton in India]]
[[Category:National badminton teams]]
[[Category:National sports teams of India|badminton]]

Varsha Rani

2026-02-09T12:42:35Z

AmanGautamArtist: new!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Varsha Rani''' (born 1985)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Varsha Rani(RJD):Constituency- BIHPUR(BHAGALPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=http://www.myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=227 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. She was a former member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bihpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Bhagalpur district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-22 |title=Heartburn in Bhagalpur over denial of ministry to its MLAs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/heartburn-in-bhagalpur-over-denial-of-ministry-to-its-mlas/articleshow/49879856.cms |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She won the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2020-10-13 |title=राजनीतिक विरासत संभालने में बहू व बेटियाें से आगे रही हैं पत्नियां, रिश्तेदारी भुना सिर्फ जेपी की भांजी ही सफल, चार बार बनीं विधायक |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/news/wives-have-been-ahead-of-daughters-in-law-and-daughters-in-handling-the-political-legacy-only-the-jps-niece-succeeds-in-redeeming-kinship-four-times-mla-127808676.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018211803/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/news/wives-have-been-ahead-of-daughters-in-law-and-daughters-in-handling-the-political-legacy-only-the-jps-niece-succeeds-in-redeeming-kinship-four-times-mla-127808676.html |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rani is from [[Bihpur, Bihar|Bihpur]], Bhagalpur district, Bihar. She married Bulo Mandal, a former MLA.<ref name=":1" /> She studied Class 10 and passed the examinations conducted by Bihar School of Examination Board, Patna in 2003.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Rani won from Bihpur Assembly constituency representing Rashtriya Janata Dal in the 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. She polled 68.963 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Kumar Shailendra]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 12,716 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihpur Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/bihpur.html |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bihpur-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-09 |title=Bihar polls: Bhagalpur denies BJP once again |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-polls-bhagalpur-denies-bjp-once-again/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rani, Varsha}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]

Anjali Menon

2026-02-07T14:22:23Z

AmanGautamArtist:

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjali Menon
| image = അജ്ഞലി മേനോൻ (cropped).jpg
| caption = Anjali at an event in 2016
| native_name =
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-09|title=Anjali Menon's 'Bangalore Days' creates history |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anjali-menons-bangalore-days-creates-history-1562751.html|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Firstpost|archive-date=14 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014014522/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anjali-menons-bangalore-days-creates-history-1562751.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Film director]]
[[Screenwriter]]
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Providence Women's College]] [[Pune University]] [[London Film School]]
| years_active = 2009–present
| spouse = Vinod Menon
| parents = T. Madhavan Nair Sarada Nair
| website = {{URL|anjalimenon.in}}
}}

'''Anjali Menon''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref name="Aravind">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/what-makes-bangalore-days-director-anjali-menon-a-rarity-in-indian-cinema/articleshow/64990470.cms?from=mdr|title=What makes 'Bangalore Days' director Anjali Menon a rarity in Indian cinema|last=Aravind|first=Indulekha|date=2018-07-14|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222125506/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/what-makes-bangalore-days-director-anjali-menon-a-rarity-in-indian-cinema/articleshow/64990470.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Anjali has won international, national and state awards for her work and is best known for her feature films ''[[Manjadikuru]],''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Manjadikuru-girl-lives-a-sad-life-off-the-screen-too/articleshow/14348089.cms|title='Manjadikuru' girl lives a sad life off the screen too|date=23 June 2012|first=Arun|last=Janardhanan|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201162549/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/manjadikuru-girl-lives-a-sad-life-off-the-screen-too/articleshow/14348089.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' ''(Happy Journey),'' ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'', ''[[Bangalore Days]]'', ''[[Koode]]'' and ''[[Wonder Women (2022 film)|Wonder Women]]''. She is counted among the change agents in Indian cinema whose work gets attention from the audience and the critics.<ref name="Charmy Harikrishnan & Shephali Bhatt">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-a-wave-of-women-filmmakers-is-changing-indian-cinema/articleshow/66297171.cms?from=mdr|title=How women film-makers like Meghna Gulzar, Rima Das, Anjali Menon & Nandita Das are changing the face of Indian cinema|last=Harikrishnan|first=Charmy|date=2018-10-21|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2021-08-10|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904163528/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-a-wave-of-women-filmmakers-is-changing-indian-cinema/articleshow/66297171.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

Anjali is the founder of Little Films<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://littlefilmsindia.com/ |title=Little Films India |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404221051/https://www.littlefilmsindia.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a film company based in Mumbai and Kerala that produces fiction and non-fiction works. Anjali is one of the founders of the [[Women in Cinema Collective]] (WCC), an organization that focuses on gender equality in the Malayalam film industry.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Praveen |first1=S. r |title=Women in Cinema Collective condemns AMMA's decision to reinstate actor Dileep |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/women-in-cinema-collective-condemns-ammas-decision-to-reinstate-actor-dileep/article24252575.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 June 2018 |language=en-IN |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424192632/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/women-in-cinema-collective-condemns-ammas-decision-to-reinstate-actor-dileep/article24252575.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Parvathy Menon, Manju Warrier, Bhavana and others form Women in Cinema Collective|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/parvathy-menon-manju-warrier-bhavana-and-others-form-women-in-cinema-collective-4686196/|access-date=27 December 2017|work=The Indian Express|agency=The Indian Express|date=4 June 2017|archive-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218040006/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/parvathy-menon-manju-warrier-bhavana-and-others-form-women-in-cinema-collective-4686196/|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the board member of [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Academy of Moving Image - Trustees Site |url=https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/festival/trustees |website=www.mumbaifilmfestival.com |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120104803/https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/festival/trustees |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Anjali Menon was born in [[Kozhikode]] to T M Nair and Sarada Nair. She spent her childhood in Dubai, [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.smartdriveonline.in/the-wheel-of-life-by-anjali-menon/ | title=Smartdriveonline.in | access-date=9 July 2023 | archive-date=27 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127075245/http://www.smartdriveonline.in/the-wheel-of-life-by-anjali-menon/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Alumna of [[London Film School]], Anjali postgraduated with Honors in Film Direction, Film Producing and Film Editing in 2003. Prior to her film education, Anjali graduated from [[Providence Women's College]], [[Kozhikode]] and received her master's degree in Communication Studies from [[Pune University]]. Anjali has trained in Indian classical dance and music.<ref name="Mathews">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anjali-menons-bharatanatyam-photos-are-a-real-vijayadashami-treat/articleshow/78876932.cms|title=Anjali Menon's bharatanatyam photos are a real Vijayadashami treat|last=Mathews|first=Anna|date=2020-10-26|work=Times of India|access-date=2021-08-10|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201162545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anjali-menons-bharatanatyam-photos-are-a-real-vijayadashami-treat/articleshow/78876932.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About AM|url=https://anjalimenon.wordpress.com/about-am/|date=2011-11-26|website=Anjali Menon|language=en|access-date=2020-05-22|archive-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319073101/https://anjalimenon.wordpress.com/about-am/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cut to Anjali |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/12/stories/2009091252510600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923205209/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/12/stories/2009091252510600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2009 |date=12 September 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 December 2009}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She lives between India and Dubai, United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/friday/art-people/filmmaker-anjali-menon-talks-about-films-and-family-1.2246042|title=How Anjali Menon went from successful writer to director of one of Malayalam cinema's biggest hits|last=Dutta|first=Nandita|website=Scroll.in|date=25 July 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061019/https://scroll.in/reel/930775/how-anjali-menon-went-from-successful-writer-to-director-of-one-of-malayalam-cinemas-biggest-hits|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==

=== 2000–2009 ===
[[File:Press conference by Directors, Ashim Paul, Anjali Menon, Nandan Saxena & Kavita Bhal, at the 43rd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2012), in Panaji, Goa on November 24, 2012.jpg|thumb|Menon (second from left) in a Press conference at the [[43rd International Film Festival of India]], 2012.]]
Anjali started her career by editing and assisting producers in the making of educational documentaries. She took up event photography and feature writing for journals.''Black Nor White'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Council Film: Black Nor White |url=http://film.britishcouncil.org/black-nor-white |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143514/http://film.britishcouncil.org/black-nor-white |archive-date=27 April 2015 |access-date=2019-07-31 |website=film.britishcouncil.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Nor White (2002) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b88c3259e |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201163111/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b88c3259e |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www2.bfi.org.uk}}</ref> was Anjali Menon's graduation film produced by [[Asif Kapadia]] at [[London Film School]] starring Rez Kempton and [[Archie Panjabi]], was premiered at the [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]] and won the British Film Institute Imagine Asia award.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blacknorwhite.com/|title=Black Nor White website|access-date=30 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626000903/http://www.blacknorwhite.com/|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Anjali's feature film debut ''[[Manjadikuru]]'' (2008), a [[Coming-of-age story|coming of age drama]] set in early 80's. It won the [[FIPRESCI]] award<ref name="Fujiwara">{{Cite news|url=https://fipresci.org/report/lucky-red-seeds-the-double-look-by-chris-fujiwara/|title="Lucky Red Seeds": The Double Look By Chris Fujiwara|last=Fujiwara|first=Chris|work=fipresci The international federation of film critics|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=15 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215082047/https://fipresci.org/report/lucky-red-seeds-the-double-look-by-chris-fujiwara/|url-status=live}}</ref> for the Best Malayalam film and Hassankutty Award for Best Indian Debut Director at [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]. ''Manjadikuru'' aka ''Lucky Red Seeds'' swept the Grand Jury awards at the South Asian International Film festival with Best Film, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Cinematography and Best Upcoming talent.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam-film-wins-big-at-new-york-festival-news-malayalam-kkfrqdcffhjsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811070653/https://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam-film-wins-big-at-new-york-festival-news-malayalam-kkfrqdcffhjsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2021|title=Malayalam film wins big at New York festival|date=2009-11-12|work=Sify.com|access-date=2021-08-11}}</ref> Anjali also received [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] for the movie. SAIFF reviewer Dustin Chang<ref name="Chang">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dustinchang.com/2009/10/saiff-2009-manjadikurulucky-little.html|title=SAIFF 2009: Manjadikuru/Lucky Little Seeds|last=Chang|first=Dustin|date=2009-10-30|work=Dustinchang.com|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401202933/http://www.dustinchang.com/2009/10/saiff-2009-manjadikurulucky-little.html|url-status=live}}</ref> described it as "The film is all about the colors, sounds and wonders of childhood. It feels similar to reading an Arundhati Roy story. The imagery is so striking you could almost smell it."
Manjadikuru's postproduction was put on hold<ref name="Kamath">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-statement-with-simplicity/article3639723.ece|title=A statement with simplicity|last=Kamath|first=Sudhish|date=2016-07-04|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811070658/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-statement-with-simplicity/article3639723.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> for 4 years due to producer related issues. Anjali's company Little Films India took over the project, completed the film and had a release in 2012 to excellent reviews but the film had a limited box office run.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.littlefilmsindia.com/mkuru/|title=Lucky Red Seeds : A film by Anjali Menon|access-date=9 July 2023|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606122359/http://www.littlefilmsindia.com/mkuru/|url-status=live}}</ref>

While ''Manjadikuru'' was on hold Anjali worked on her first theatre release - ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' (2009), then first-ever Malayalam [[anthology film]] produced by Ranjith Balakrishnan, Capitol Theatre for which she directed the humorous segment ''Happy Journey'', centered around gender politics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/blogs/anjali-menon-module/|title=Preparing to Improvise Anjali Menon in conversation with Smriti Kiran|work=Mumbai Film Festival|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=2 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202122755/https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/blogs/anjali-menon-module/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Happy Journey'' featuring Jagathy Sreekumar & Nithya Menen was premiered at the Abu Dhabi International Film festival<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kerala-cafe-to-premiere-at-abu-dhabi-international-film-fest-27667.html|title=Kerala Cafe to premiere at Abu Dhabi International Film Fest|date=2009-10-09|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811072211/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kerala-cafe-to-premiere-at-abu-dhabi-international-film-fest-27667.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and won the NETPAC award at IFFK 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://netpacasia.org/item228-Kerala-Cafe|title=Kerala Cafe|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709182100/https://netpacasia.org/item228-Kerala-Cafe|url-status=live}}</ref> Happy Journey was recognised as a fresh new voice in the industry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/anjali-menon039s-ihappy-journeyi-imagegallery-2-malayalam-jk1qAUgfjjbsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811070649/https://www.sify.com/movies/anjali-menon039s-ihappy-journeyi-imagegallery-2-malayalam-jk1qAUgfjjbsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2021|title=Anjali Menon's Happy Journey|last=Ravindranath|first=Sarita|work=Sify.com|access-date=2021-08-11}}</ref>

=== 2012–2025 ===
Anjali wrote the story, screenplay and dialogues of the critically and commercially acclaimed ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' (2012), directed by [[Anwar Rasheed]]. ''Ustad Hotel'' is a relationship drama of an NRI youngster and his grandfather who runs a seaside restaurant. Lauded for its local flavour and cross generational appeal ''Ustad Hote''l was a huge commercial success and Anjali won the [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] (Dialogues) at the [[60th National Film Awards]] while the film won the National Awards for Most Popular Film. Anjali won the Best Writer awards at [[Asianet Film Awards]] and [[Vanitha Film Awards]].

In 2014 Anjali wrote and directed ''[[Bangalore Days]]'' (2014), revolving around the life of three Malayali cousins who move to [[Bangalore]], which became a huge commercial success and which identified her as a commercially successful filmmaker who made sensible cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/bangalore-days-a-film-neednt-be-stupid-to-be-a-blockbuster-imagegallery-malayalam-oher6Viiedddi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705154122/http://www.sify.com/movies/bangalore-days-a-film-neednt-be-stupid-to-be-a-blockbuster-imagegallery-malayalam-oher6Viiedddi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2014|title=Bangalore Days: A film needn't be stupid to be a blockbuster|work=Sify.com|access-date=2021-08-11}}</ref> The ensemble cast consisted of Dulquer Salman, Nivin Pauly, Nazriya Nazim, Fahadh Fazil, Parvathy Thiruvoth, Nithya Menen, Isha Talwar, Kalpana and it was the first film produced by Anwar Rasheed Entertainment in association with Weekend Blockbusters. As per the industry, Bangalore Days was instantly declared "super bumper mega hit" when it released<ref name="Pillai">{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anjali-menons-bangalore-days-creates-history-1562751.html|title=Anjali Menon's 'Bangalore Days' creates history|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|date=2014-06-09|work=The First Post|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=14 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014014522/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anjali-menons-bangalore-days-creates-history-1562751.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and went on to become the entry point film for non-Malayalees into Malayalam cinema.<ref name="Mehrotra">{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/revisiting-bangalore-days-with-anjali-menon/|title=Revisiting Bangalore Days With Anjali Menon|last=Mehrotra|first=Suchin|date=2019-06-08|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129152615/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/revisiting-bangalore-days-with-anjali-menon/|url-status=live}}</ref> Anjali won the Kerala State Award for Best Writer & Best Director at the [[Filmfare Awards]] & the [[Asianet Film Awards]].

Anjali wrote and directed and co-produced the commercially and critically acclaimed ''[[Koode]]'' (2018), which showcased issues of migrant workers and child sexual harassment as it dealt with themes of loss and solace. Starring Prithviraj, Parvathy, Nazriya Nazim & Ranjith Balakrishnan, it was lauded for its performances and poetic storytelling.<ref name="Anirudh">{{Cite news|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-column/how-anjali-menon-spread-her-charm-all-over-koode.html|title=Good Touch vs Bad Touch – Anjali Menon's Charm!|last=Anirudh|date=2018-07-14|work=BehindWoods|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306040921/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-column/how-anjali-menon-spread-her-charm-all-over-koode.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Koode was the official adaptation of Marathi film ''Happy Journey'' by Sachin Kundalkar but with many new layers that Anjali brought in.<ref name="Rajendran">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-koode-many-layers-anjali-menons-moving-film-128745|title=Revisiting 'Koode', the many layers in Anjali Menon's moving film|last=Rajendran|first=Soumya|date=2020-07-15|work=The News Minute|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704222923/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-koode-many-layers-anjali-menons-moving-film-128745|url-status=live}}</ref>

Anjali Menon's OTT debut was ''[[Wonder Women (2022 film)|Wonder Women]]'', a film she wrote and directed in English. A slice of life drama that dealt with the prenatal experiences of six pregnant women who meet at a prenatal class. The film was released on Sony Liv and produced by RSVP Movies and Flying Unicorn Entertainment. The cast consisted of Nadiya Moidu, Parvathy Thiruvothu, Nithya Menen, Amruta Subhash, Padmapriya Janakiraman, Sayanora Philip and Archana Padmini.<ref name="Others">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/wonder-women-review-parvathy-nithya-menen-s-film-is-a-heartwarming-drama-about-pregnancy-celebrating-sisterhood-101668749469913.html |title=Wonder Women review: Parvathy, Nithya Menen's film is a heartwarming drama about pregnancy and celebrating sisterhood |date=18 November 2022 |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208111632/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/wonder-women-review-parvathy-nithya-menen-s-film-is-a-heartwarming-drama-about-pregnancy-celebrating-sisterhood-101668749469913.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Anand">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/wonder-women-movie-review-anjali-menon-charts-a-heartwarming-story-of-sisterhood/article66151951.ece |title='Wonder Women' movie review: Anjali Menon charts a heartwarming story of sisterhood |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 November 2022 |last1=Anand |first1=Shilpa Nair |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120104804/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/wonder-women-movie-review-anjali-menon-charts-a-heartwarming-story-of-sisterhood/article66151951.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SaibalChatterjee">{{Cite news |title=Wonder Women Review: Strikingly Crafted and Disarmingly Simple |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/wonder-women-review-strikingly-crafted-and-disarmingly-simple-4-stars-3531469 |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511225717/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/wonder-women-review-strikingly-crafted-and-disarmingly-simple-4-stars-3531469 |archive-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>

In 2025 ''Backstage'', Menon's short film segment in the anthology Yuva Sapnon Ka Safar was streamed on Waves OTT. Starring ''[[Rima Kallingal]]'' and ''[[Padmapriya Janakiraman]]''.The short film about female friendships set in the world of Bharatanatyam received rave reviews from the audience. Lakshmi Priya of The News Minute described it as "film that makes the world feel just a little softer, a little kinder. In a time when reality often feels dystopian, the film reminds us of the quiet beauty in friendship, reconciliation, and letting go."

=== Other work ===
Anjali is a motivational speaker who addresses subjects related to filmmaking, community, gender empowerment, entrepreneurship and parenting at venues like TED,<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/bsSQvG69NZY Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210811070649/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsSQvG69NZY Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsSQvG69NZY| title = Are We Perpetuating Bias In Our Society {{!}} Anjali Menon {{!}} TEDxFCRIT | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 25 June 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> TISS,<ref>{{cite web | url-access=limited |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/871929216327118/951366238383415 |archive-date = 2022-04-27| url = https://www.facebook.com/Tiss.ODCL/photos/golden-words-by-ms-anjali-menonthe-floods-of-kerela-devastated-many-lives-but-it/951366238383415/ |title = TISS ODCL on Facebook |website=[[Facebook]]}}{{cbignore}}{{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref> TIE Global,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tgs2020.org/all-speakers.php |title=TGS2020 - Meet the Top Speakers & Entrepreneurs of the World |website=tgs2020.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128105836/https://www.tgs2020.org/all-speakers.php |archive-date=2020-11-28}}</ref> CII, KSUM, and IGCE. Anjali has been a jury member for IFFK, MAMI, IFP and Filmfare awards. Anjali works towards cultural conservation through documenting cultural performers<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kavalam-mahotsavam-from-sunday/articleshow/59224267.cms|title=Sopanam Institute to organize Kavalam Mohtsavam from Sunday|date=2017-06-20|work=Times of India|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811070649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kavalam-mahotsavam-from-sunday/articleshow/59224267.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and gathering lore.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.loretrails.com/ |title=Lore Trails – Kerala Stories |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605175505/https://loretrails.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Anjali has published short stories,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/book-reviews/a-monsoon-feast|title=A Monsoon Feast|access-date=9 July 2023|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811070652/https://www.freepressjournal.in/book-reviews/a-monsoon-feast|url-status=live}}</ref> screenplays and articles and she blogs about her worldviews [https://anjalimenon.in/category/am-blog/ AM Blog]. Anjali is on the Board of Trustees of MAMI - Mumbai Academy of Moving Images<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/festival/trustees|title=Mumbai Academy of Moving Image - Trustees Site|access-date=9 July 2023|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120104803/https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/festival/trustees|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Themes and influences ===
Anjali's movies have depicted themes of family, migrant experience, gender and cross-cultural interactions. She has mentioned [[Mira Nair]], [[Padmarajan]], [[Krzysztof Kieslowski]], [[Robert Altman]], [[Gulzar]], and [[Marion Hansel]] as her inspirations, in pursuing film-making.<ref name="Joshi">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/filmmaker-anjali-menon-on-mira-nairs-monsoon-wedding/article31574599.ece|title='Every time I watch it, I become a member of the family': Filmmaker Anjali Menon on 'Monsoon Wedding'|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|date=2020-05-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907174727/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/filmmaker-anjali-menon-on-mira-nairs-monsoon-wedding/article31574599.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/anjali-menon039s-ihappy-journeyi-imagegallery-malayalam-jk1qAUgfjjbsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811072211/https://www.sify.com/movies/anjali-menon039s-ihappy-journeyi-imagegallery-malayalam-jk1qAUgfjjbsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2021|title=Anjali Menon's Happy Journey|work=Sify.com|access-date=2021-08-11}}</ref><ref name="Kapoor">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/anjali-menon-on-sensitivity-in-cinema-and-why-a-womens-collective-is-the-need-of-the-hour-748231.htm|title=Anjali Menon on Sensitivity in Cinema and Why a Women's Collective Is the Need of the Hour|last=Kapoor|first=Aekta|date=2018-09-07|work=CNBC TV 18|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207201550/https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/anjali-menon-on-sensitivity-in-cinema-and-why-a-womens-collective-is-the-need-of-the-hour-748231.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://readingroomco.com/2020/12/25/the-culture-has-normalized-perpetrators-abusing-their-power-in-conversation-with-anjali-menon/|title=Anjali Menon on Sensitivity in Cinema and Why a Women's Collective Is the Need of the Hour|date=2020-12-25|work=CNBC TV 18|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811070651/https://readingroomco.com/2020/12/25/the-culture-has-normalized-perpetrators-abusing-their-power-in-conversation-with-anjali-menon/|url-status=live}}</ref>

She portrays stories of non-resident Indians in her work and referred to her reverse migrant identity and hybrid sensibility in her work as an advantage.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/7TBNIhJSchk Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20180728052551/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TBNIhJSchk Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TBNIhJSchk| title = I Have Never Strived To Be 101% "Malayali" {{!}} Anjali Menon | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 10 July 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Anjali is vocal about the need for gender equality in the workplace<ref name="Dileep">{{Cite news|url=https://readingroomco.com/2020/12/25/the-culture-has-normalized-perpetrators-abusing-their-power-in-conversation-with-anjali-menon/|title=Our Culture Has Normalized Perpetrators Abusing Their Power': In Conversation With Anjali Menon|last=Dileep|first=Shruthi|date=2020-12-25|work=CNBC TV 18|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811070651/https://readingroomco.com/2020/12/25/the-culture-has-normalized-perpetrators-abusing-their-power-in-conversation-with-anjali-menon/|url-status=live}}</ref> and sensitivity in on-screen portrayals.<ref name="Paul">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2018/10/20/scene-change.html|title=Scene change|last=Paul|first=Cithara|date=2018-10-19|work=The Week|access-date=2021-08-11|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206001028/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2018/10/20/scene-change.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! Director
! Screenwriter
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| 2000
| ''Black Nor White''
| {{Ya}}
| {{Ya}}
| Short film
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Kerala Cafe]]''
| {{Ya}}
| {{Ya}}
|Happy Journey segment<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-caf-review-malayalam-pclxtkiedhaca.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701144138/http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-caf-review-malayalam-pclxtkiedhaca.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2016|title=Review: Kerala Cafe|work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Manjadikuru]]''
| {{Ya}}
| {{Ya}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Seeds of a success story|url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article1436833.ece|date=26 December 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ustad Hotel]]''
| {{Na}}
| {{Ya}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3554610.ece|title=Beachside hotel|first=Saraswathy|last=Nagarajan|date=21 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=29 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727220320/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3554610.ece|archive-date=27 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Bangalore Days]]''
| {{Ya}}
| {{Ya}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Anjali-Menons-movie-is-Bangalore-Days/articleshow/29295005.cms |title=Anjali Menon's movie is Bangalore Days |date=24 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 May 2016 |archive-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906232537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Anjali-Menons-movie-is-Bangalore-Days/articleshow/29295005.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Koode]]''
| {{Ya}}
| {{Ya}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anjali-menons-film-with-prithviraj-parvathy-and-nazriya-titled-koode/articleshow/64543137.cms|title=Anjali Menon's movie is Koode|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 July 2023|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709182058/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anjali-menons-film-with-prithviraj-parvathy-and-nazriya-titled-koode/articleshow/64543137.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Wonder Women (2022 film)|Wonder Women]]''
| {{Ya}}
| {{Ya}}
|English film, Direct OTT release on [[Sony LIV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expect the unexpected', says Nithya Menen as actors break suspense on pregnancy post... |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/10/29/nithya-menen-parvathy-thiruvothu-sayanora-amrutha-subhash-pregnancy-test-post-clarification.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154808/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/10/29/nithya-menen-parvathy-thiruvothu-sayanora-amrutha-subhash-pregnancy-test-post-clarification.html }}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''Backstage''
| {{Ya}}
| {{Ya}}
| English short film Part of Anthology series ''Yuva Sapnon Ka Safar''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Backstage review: Anjali Menon's film is a gentle take on the fragilities of friendship|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/backstage-review-anjali-menons-film-is-a-gentle-take-on-the-fragilities-of-friendship|website=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=23 May 2025|date=25 April 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
!Award
!Year
!Film
|-
|BFI's Imagine Asia award for Best short film - silver
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Black Nor White
|-
|World Premiere at Palm Springs International Film Festival
|-
|Hassankutty Award for Best Debut Director<ref>{{cite web|title= IFFK 2008|url=http://www.iffk.keralafilm.com/hassankutti.htm|publisher=Iffk.keralafilm.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217002125/http://www.iffk.keralafilm.com/hassankutti.htm|archive-date=17 February 2015|access-date=2014-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-12-20|title=Parque Via wins best film award|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Parque-Via-wins-best-film-award/article15364448.ece|access-date=2018-05-29|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171139/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Parque-Via-wins-best-film-award/article15364448.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|rowspan="2" | 2008
|rowspan="2" | ''[[Manjadikuru]]''
|-
|[[FIPRESCI]] Prize for Best Malayalam Film<ref>{{cite web|title=Awards - Festival Awards 2008|url=http://www.fipresci.org/awards/awards/awards_2008.htm|publisher=Fipresci|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008115307/http://www.fipresci.org/awards/awards/awards_2008.htm|archive-date=8 October 2014|access-date=2014-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Festival Reports - Kerala 2008 - "Lucky Red Seeds"|url=http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2008/kerala/lucky_red_seeds_chfujiwara.htm|publisher=Fipresci|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016182426/http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2008/kerala/lucky_red_seeds_chfujiwara.htm|archive-date=16 October 2013|access-date=2014-12-30}}</ref>
|-
|60th National Film Awards for Best Dialogues<ref>{{cite web|title= National Film Award 2012|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=India Government|access-date=1 May 2015|archive-date=17 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417215938/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|rowspan="2" | 2012
|rowspan="3" | ''[[Ustad Hotel]]''
|-
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala State Awards 2014: The complete list|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kerala-state-film-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-winners.html|website=OnManorama|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809012209/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kerala-state-film-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-winners.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Asianet Film Awards]] - Best Screenplay<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/folk-artist-raghu-dixit-compose-songs-anjali-menon-s-next-flick-74887?amp|website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=2019-07-31|title=Folk artist Raghu Dixit to compose songs for Anjali Menon's next flick|date=17 January 2018|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201163731/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/folk-artist-raghu-dixit-compose-songs-anjali-menon-s-next-flick-74887?amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|2013
|-
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] (Original)
|2014
|rowspan="5" | ''[[Bangalore Days]]''
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]] - [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Filmfare Awards South|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092825/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html|archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
|rowspan="4" | 2015
|-
|[[Asianet Film Awards]] - Best Director and Best Popular Film<ref>{{cite web|title=Asianet Film Awards|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=12 January 2015|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/17th-asianet-film-awards-mammootty-manju-warrier-win-best-actor-awards-photoswinners-list-620099|access-date=3 July 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021609/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/17th-asianet-film-awards-mammootty-manju-warrier-win-best-actor-awards-photoswinners-list-620099|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vanitha Film Awards]] - Best Director and Best Popular Film<ref>{{cite web|title=Vanitha Film Awards 2015|url=http://news.keralaevents.in/kerala-news/vanitha-film-awards-2015-declared-telecast-on-mazhavil-manorama/|access-date=30 October 2015|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422025208/http://news.keralaevents.in/kerala-news/vanitha-film-awards-2015-declared-telecast-on-mazhavil-manorama/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Film Awards]] - Best Director and Best Film<ref>{{cite web|title=SIIMA awards 2015|url=http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2015&action=winners|access-date=30 October 2015|archive-date=27 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927095850/http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2015&action=winners|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=3250747|name=Anjali Menon}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}
{{Filmfare Award Best Malayalam Director}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Anjali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:People from Dubai]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London Film School]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Kerala]]
[[Category:Best Dialogue National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Ongallur-II

2026-02-04T06:07:42Z

AmanGautamArtist: improved article

{{Other uses|Ongallur (disambiguation){{!}}Ongallur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ongallur-II
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 26273
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 6XXXXX
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-52
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ongallur-II''' is a census town in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], India. It forms a part of [[Ongallur (gram panchayat)|Ongallur gram panchayat]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224747&rlbtype=V |access-date=31 December 2013 |archive-date=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101140148/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224747&rlbtype=V |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to Census 2011 Ongallur II has a population of 26,273 of which 12,924 are males while 13,349 are females.

==Demographics==
Ongallur -II Census Town has population of 26,273 of which 12,924 are males while 13,349 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

==References==
{{reflist}}. 2.https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-kerala.php?adm2id=3206 Census towns in Palakkad district{{Palakkad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Palakkad district|Ongallur-II]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Sports College

2026-02-01T22:32:09Z

AmanGautamArtist: improved article for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Sport]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from related word}}
}}

British Gujaratis

2026-01-22T20:17:29Z

AmanGautamArtist: New The Article V1

{{Short description|Diaspora community in the United Kingdom}}

{{Infobox Ethnic group
| group = British Gujaratis
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File: Counties of the UK Gujarati.svg
| caption = Distribution by regional authority (England and Wales only)
| total = 600,000-800,000<ref name="ukncgo.org">{{cite web|title=Gujaratis in Britain: Profile of a Dynamic Community|url=http://ukncgo.org/gujaratis_britain.html|website=NATIONAL CONGRESS OF GUJARATI ORGANISATIONS (UK)|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204230146/http://ukncgo.org/gujaratis_britain.html}}</ref>
| popplace = [[London]]([[Wembley]]{{·}}[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]{{·}}[[Queensbury, London|Queensbury]]){{·}}[[Leicester]]{{·}}[[North West England|North West]]{{·}}[[Kirklees]]
| langs = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]{{·}}[[English language|English]]{{·}}[[Hindi]]{{·}}[[Urdu]]
| rels = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]{{·}} [[Islam]]{{·}} [[Jainism]]{{·}} [[Christianity]]{{·}} [[Zoroastrianism]]
| related = [[Gujaratis]]{{·}} [[British Indians]]{{·}} [[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa|East African Indians]]
}}

'''British Gujaratis''' are residents of the [[United Kingdom]] who trace their ancestry to the region of [[Gujarat]]. They form the largest ethno-linguistic subgroup of [[British Indians]], numbering 800,000.<ref name="ukncgo.org">{{cite web|title=Gujaratis in Britain: Profile of a Dynamic Community|url=http://ukncgo.org/gujaratis_britain.html|website=NATIONAL CONGRESS OF GUJARATI ORGANISATIONS (UK)|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204230146/http://ukncgo.org/gujaratis_britain.html}}</ref> This includes a diverse population consisting of British-born Gujaratis,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujaratis in Britain |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/book-reviews/gujaratis-in-britain |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |quote="Fifty per cent of [British Gujaratis] are born in U.K."}}</ref> migrants directly from the region of [[Gujarat]], and [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|East African Gujaratis who migrated to the United Kingdom fleeing discrimination]].<ref name=":0" /> Around half of the United Kingdom's 2 million Indians have roots in Gujarat. Gujaratis have contributed significantly to British Indian and broader British culture. Gujaratis are known for having revitalised corner shops and being relatively prosperous among immigrant groups in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Shastri Ramachandaran |title=India has much to learn from Britain and Germany |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-india-has-much-to-learn-from-britain-and-germany-2001769 |access-date=22 October 2015 |website=dnaindia.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2013-01-08 |title=How Gujaratis changed corner shop biz in UK |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/LettersfromLondon/how-gujaratis-changed-corner-shop-biz-in-uk/ |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=Economic Times Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Gujarati connections with the United Kingdom date back to the [[British Raj]], when the [[East India Company]] founded a trading post in [[Surat]]. During [[British Raj|British colonization]], the Gujaratis and British participated in a significant exchange of information, including that of one another's histories.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Isaka |first=Riho |date=2002 |title=Gujarati Intellectuals and History Writing in the Colonial Period |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4412910 |journal= Economic and Political Weekly|volume=37 |issue=48 |pages=4867–4872 |jstor=4412910}}</ref> Today, many British Gujaratis are either themselves, or descended from, first generation immigrants from India. Alternatively, a notable amount are also descended from the Gujarati community of East Africa, who are themselves forcible migrants to the area. Despite being [[British Subject]]s, Gujaratis had restricted access to Britain after successive Immigration acts of [[Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962|1962]], [[Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968|1968]] and [[Immigration Act 1971|1971]]. However, many were accepted into the country following dictator [[Idi Amin]]'s [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expulsion of Uganda's 80,000 strong Indian community in 1972]].

== Demographics ==
Today, nearly half of England's{{clarify|do you mean England or UK?|date=January 2023}} Gujarati speakers reside in Greater London, where they are predominantly found in the boroughs of [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]], [[London Borough of Brent|Brent]], [[London Borough of Barnet|Barnet]], and [[London Borough of Newham|Newham]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=Gujarati Community in the UK - Hansard - UK Parliament |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2019-10-30/debates/A4600766-5134-4B74-9F88-3E80B92A9767/GujaratiCommunityInTheUK |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=hansard.parliament.uk |language=en}}</ref> Specifically, the community of [[Wembley]] and [[Harrow, London|Harrow]] has been considered a center for Gujarati culture and cuisine throughout London and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wembley Central - UK Census Data 2011 |url=http://www.ukcensusdata.com/wembley-central-e05000104}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |title=A case study of urban ethnicity: Harrow Gujaratis. |url=https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1588/ |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science |date=1986 |degree=phd |language=en |first=Iris |last=Kalka}}</ref> Additionally, the city of [[Leicester]] in the [[East Midlands]] has a very large Gujarati community, with those speaking [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] accounting for about 12% of the city's population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leicester - Main Language(detailed) |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS204EW/view/1946157130?rows=cell&cols=rural_urban}}</ref> The city's large Gujarati population has led to many calling it a "Gujarati city".<ref>{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Andrew |date=1 January 2010 |title=Here, everyone is a minority |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/02/leicester-minority-immigration-diversity-faith |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 December 2005 |title=In Leicester, do as the Gujaratis do |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/in-leicester-do-as-the-gujaratis-do/story-OI6mTNR5sWey8xiSTwuGMK.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> However, several communities in [[Northern England]] also have large Gujarati populations including the primarily working-class towns of [[Bolton]], [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], and [[Blackburn with Darwen]].

The majority of Gujaratis throughout the United Kingdom practice [[Hinduism in the United Kingdom|Hinduism]], with significant minorities practicing [[Jainism in the United Kingdom|Jainism]], [[Islam in the United Kingdom|Islam]], and [[Christianity in the United Kingdom|Christianity]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reifsnider |first1=Usha |title=Transcultural Insights into the Christian Conversion of British Gujarati Hindus |journal=Studies in World Christianity |date=July 2020 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=116–132 |doi=10.3366/swc.2020.0292}}</ref> [[London|London's]] Gujarati community is overwhelmingly Hindu, though Jain minorities exist in [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Harrow - UK Census Data 2011 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS210EW/view/1946157269?rows=cell&cols=rural_urban |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=NOMIS}}</ref> Leicester's Gujarati community is largely [[Hindus|Hindu]], though parts of the city have large and influential [[Gujarati Muslims|Gujarati Muslim]] communities, which form the bulk of the city's Islamic population. However, [[Northern England]]'s Gujarati enclaves are largely [[Islam in the United Kingdom|Muslim]], though with [[Hinduism in the United Kingdom|Hindu]] minorities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |date=8 September 2010 |title=Crescent obscured: Indian Muslims in Britain |url=http://twocircles.net/2010sep08/crescent_obscured_indian_muslims_britain.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=TwoCircles.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - Gloucestershire Voices: Our Untold Stories - The Gujarati Muslim Community |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/gloucestershire/untold_stories/asian/gujurati_community.shtml |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

Some people in the United Kingdom classified as "Gujarati" may be part of the [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]] ethnic group, whose homeland is northernmost parts of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2014 |title=Your Voice - Gujarati |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/gujarati.shtml |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=BBC}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Memon people|Memons]], who hail from the [[Kathiawar|Kathiawar Peninsula]] may be considered Gujarati despite their language being considered a dialect of [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. The United Kingdom also has a large and influential community of [[Parsis]], who speak the Gujarati language despite practicing [[Zoroastrianism]].

== See also ==

* [[Gujarati people]]
* [[British Indians]]
* [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indians]]
* [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|Expulsion of Indians from Uganda]]

== References ==

<references />

{{Gujarati diaspora}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Gujarati diaspora]]
[[Category:British people of Gujarati descent| ]]

Arvind Lal

2026-01-06T14:06:20Z

AmanGautamArtist: new basic article more to come

{{Short description|Indian pathologist and medical administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Brig. Dr. Arvind Lal
| image = Dr-arvind-Lal.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|08|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pune district|Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Pathologist, Medical administrator
| yearsactive =
| known for = Medical diagnostics
| spouse = Dr. Vandana Lal
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Dr. S. K. Lal
| website = {{URL|https://www.lalpathlabs.com|Website of Dr Lal Pathlabs}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Healthcare Lifetime Achievement Award Indira Gandhi Solidarity Award Eminent Medical Person award Delhi Ratan Award International Business Council Award
}}
'''Brigadier Arvind Lal''' is an Indian billionaire, [[pathologist]], medical administrator and the chairman and managing director of [[Dr Lal PathLabs]], a medical diagnostic centre in [[Delhi]].<ref name="Executive Profile Arvind Lal">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=29510697&privcapId=22560945 | title=Executive Profile Arvind Lal | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2016 | access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> A medical graduate and a medical academic, he is reported to have modernized Indian medical diagnostics and initiated the first [[Public Private Partnership]] (PPP) in the field of laboratory testing in [[India]].<ref name="Arvind Lal on FICCI">{{cite web | url=http://www.ficci-heal.com/programme/pdf/24-new/ArvindLal.pdf | title=Arvind Lal on FICCI | publisher=FICCI | date=2016 | access-date=21 February 2016 | archive-date=26 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626232328/http://www.ficci-heal.com/programme/pdf/24-new/ArvindLal.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> He holds the rank of a [[Brigadier]] in the [[Indian Armed Forces]], an honorary rank conferred by the Army.<ref name="Army confers Honorary Brigadier Rank on Dr ArvInd Lal Read">{{cite web | url=http://www.oneindia.com/2009/09/04/armyconfers-honorary-brigadier-rank-on-dr-arvindlal.html | title=Army confers Honorary Brigadier Rank on Dr ArvInd Lal Read | publisher=One India | date=4 September 2009 | access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2009, for his contributions to Medicine.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Arvind Lal, born on 22 August 1949,{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} graduated in medicine from the [[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune]], secured his post graduate degree from the same institution and started his career there as a lecturer at the Department of Pathology.<ref name="Arvind Lal on India Conference at Harvard">{{cite web | url=http://indiaconferenceatharvard.com/2016/speakers/dr-arvind-lal/ | title=Arvind Lal on India Conference at Harvard | publisher=India Conference at Harvard | date=2016 | access-date=21 February 2016 | archive-date=11 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011201802/http://indiaconferenceatharvard.com/2016/speakers/dr-arvind-lal/ | url-status=usurped }}</ref> In 1977, he went back to his family business by taking charge of [[Dr Lal PathLabs]], a laboratory services providing institution founded by his father, S. K. Lal, in 1949.<ref name="A hit with investors, Dr Lal PathLabs opts to go the IPO way">{{cite web | url=http://forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/a-hit-with-investors-dr-lal-pathlabs-opts-to-go-the-ipo-way/38907/0 | title=A hit with investors, Dr Lal PathLabs opts to go the IPO way | work=Forbes India | date=30 October 2014 | access-date=21 February 2016 | archive-date=24 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624214849/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/a-hit-with-investors-dr-lal-pathlabs-opts-to-go-the-ipo-way/38907/0 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Under his leadership, the institution modernized its diagnostic services by incorporating [[Information and communications technology]] (ICT) systems and branched out to many parts of the country, presently having over 150 laboratories.<ref name="Dr ArvInd Lal Conferred Honorary Brigadier Rank">{{cite web | url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=52401 | title=Dr ArvInd Lal Conferred Honorary Brigadier Rank | publisher=Ministry of Defence, India | date=2009 | access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> Affiliated to the [[College of American Pathologists]] (CAP), the institution is known to cater to 9000 patients a day, reported to be highest number of tests conducted by a pathology laboratory in India.<ref name="Arvind Lal on Comnet Conferences">{{cite web | url=http://www.comnetconferences.com/DR.%20ARVIND%20LAL.html | title=Arvind Lal on Comnet Conferences | publisher=Comnet Conferences | date=2016 | access-date=21 February 2016 | archive-date=2 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302201238/http://www.comnetconferences.com/DR.%20ARVIND%20LAL.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> The annual turn over stood at {{INR}} 5.5 billion as of March 2014 and the company floated its first IPO in 2014.<ref name="A hit with investors, Dr Lal PathLabs opts to go the IPO way" /> The honorary physician to the [[President of India]] in 2001, he was one of the founders of the Indian chapter of the ''Association of Clinical Research Organizations'' (ACRO) where he served as the first vice president.<ref name="Arvind Lal on FICCI" /> He is known to have initiated the first Public Private Partnership (PPP) in the country in laboratory testing in 2004 when Dr Lal PathLabs took up a project in association with the [[Government of Tripura]], an effort which was repeated with the [[Government of Gujarat]] during 2011–2013 for testing over 30,000 new born babies in the state.<ref name="Arvind Lal on India Conference at Harvard" />

Arvind Lal is the Secretary of the ''Healthcare Federation of India'' (NATHEALTH)<ref name="Governing Council">{{cite web | url=http://www.nathealthindia.org/governing-members.html | title=Governing Council | publisher=Healthcare Federation of India | date=2016 | access-date=21 February 2016 | archive-date=14 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514060707/https://nathealthindia.org/governing-members.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> and a non-executive Director at the ''Centre For Sight'', New Delhi.<ref name="Executive Profile Arvind Lal" /> He sits in the Board of Directors of APL Institute of Clinical Laboratory and Research, Archana Pharmaceuticals, Doon MRI, Kalmatia Sangam Travels, Paliwal Diagnostics and Paliwal Medicare.<ref name="Business Leaders">{{cite web | url=http://www.4-traders.com/business-leaders/Arvind-Lal-075CGS-E/biography/ | title=Business Leaders | publisher=4Traders | date=2016 | access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> A recipient of special honour from the [[World Health Organization]], he received the International Business Council Award in 1994 and the Indira Gandhi Solidarity Award in 1995.<ref name="‘Delhi Ratan’ awarded">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051107/delhi.htm#13 | title='Delhi Ratan' awarded | newspaper=The Tribune | date=7 November 2005 | access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> This was followed by Healthcare Lifetime Achievement Award in 2003 and the ''Delhi Rattan Award'' from the Government of Delhi in 2005. The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2009.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> The same year, The Armed Forces of India honoured him with the honorary rank of a [[Brigadier]],<ref name="Army confers Honorary Brigadier Rank on Dr ArvInd Lal Read" /> making him the first civilian doctor to receive the honour.<ref name="Arvind Lal on India Conference at Harvard" /> He is also a recipient of the Eminent Medical Person Award.<ref name="Arvind Lal on India Conference at Harvard" />

== See also ==
* [[Dr Lal PathLabs]]
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Sz6_kKEHww | title=Dr Arvind Lal, Chairman MD, Dr.Lal PathLabs at NDIM | publisher=New Delhi Institute of Management | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=15 March 2013 | access-date=21 February 2016}}
{{authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Arvind}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:People from Pune district]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
[[Category:Indian pathologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]

Jan Swasthya Sahyog

2025-12-24T00:00:33Z

AmanGautamArtist: added new stub

{{Short description|Non-governmental organization in India}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = Jan Swasthya Sahyog
| website = https://www.jssbilaspur.org/
}}
'''Jan Swasthya Sahyog''' is a [[non-governmental organization]] focused on healthcare based in the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. It operates a hospital and some health centers in the states of Chhattisgarh and [[Madhya Pradesh]], which provide low-cost treatment. It also runs daycare centers, and provides rudimentary health products to the local communities. The organization received the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]] in 2017.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-24 |title=बिलासपुर के इस अस्पताल में गरीबों का मुफ्त में होता है इलाज |trans-title=The poor are treated for free in this hospital in Bilaspur. |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/chhattisgarh/bilaspur-a-hospital-for-free-treatment-2-911999.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-14 |title=Doctors should expedite procedures to relieve patients from financial burdens, says Dr Raman Kataria |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/doctors-should-expedite-procedures-to-relieve-patients-from-financial-burdens-says-dr-raman-kataria-101702576097844.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219085952/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/doctors-should-expedite-procedures-to-relieve-patients-from-financial-burdens-says-dr-raman-kataria-101702576097844.html |archive-date=2023-12-19 |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
It was established in 1996, by a group of eight doctors from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS New Delhi]]. They converted an abandoned building in the village of Ganiyari into a clinic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghose |first=Dipankar |date=2015-11-18 |title=In Chhattisgarh, ex-AIIMS team mixes tech, medicine to cure poor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/in-chhattisgarh-ex-aiims-team-mixes-tech-medicine-to-cure-poor/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Facilities ==
The organization runs a hospital at [[Ganiyari]], which is a 62-bed facility and includes an operation theatre, a laboratory and a pharmacy. Apart from the full-time staff, volunteers from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS New Delhi]] also work at the hospital. It provides low cost treatment, and draws patients from all across the [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur district]] as well as surrounding districts. Apart from the main hospital, it operates sub-centers at the villages of Shivtarai, [[Semaria]] and Bamhni. The sub-centers service about 150 small villages in the surrounding areas, mostly inhabited by [[Gondi people|Gond]] and [[Baiga]] people.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dogra |first=Bharat |date=2013-05-22 |title=Ideals put to test |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/ideals-put-to-test/article4736447.ece |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ruddock |first=Anna |date=2015-11-07 |title=India's blinkered preference for specialist doctors |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-blinkered-preference-for-specialist-doctors-115110700742_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101190347/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-blinkered-preference-for-specialist-doctors-115110700742_1.html |archive-date=2022-11-01 |access-date=2024-12-23 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

It also runs ''phulwaris'' (daycare centers) across rural Chhattisgarh. As of 2024, 83 ''phulwaris'' are operated by the organization. These admit children of up to six years of age, and serve as an alternative to [[Anganwadi|anganwadis]], which only admit children of up to three years. The ''phulwaris'' were instituted after several deaths of unsupervised children due to drowning or other accidents were reported. Furthermore, the children also receive a meal each day in these centers, which is crucial since malnutrition is rife in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Rema |date=2024-01-12 |title=How Chhattisgarh's phulwaris are helping toddlers beat malnutrition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-chhattisgarhs-phulwaris-are-helping-toddlers-beat-malnutrition/articleshow/106742765.cms |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhawan |first=Himanshi |date=2017-11-26 |title=This village knows how to feed its hungry babies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/this-village-knows-how-to-feed-its-hungry-babies/articleshow/61799592.cms |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The organization designs and provides rudimentary healthcare products for the local communities, such as a village first aid kit, which includes bamboo splints to treat fractures.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jan Swasthya Sahyog - Jamnalal Bajaj Award 2017 |url=https://www.jamnalalbajajawards.org/awards/archives/2017/science-and-technology/jan-swasthya-sahyog |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation}}</ref> It also trains village health workers, many of them semi-literate or even illiterate, in basic tasks such as the measurement of blood pressure, taking sputum samples, et cetera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-05-26 |title=The pain killers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/the-pain-killers/articleshow/5427828.cms |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]

MV Sirdhana

2025-12-14T20:48:52Z

AmanGautamArtist: adding first entry initial version

{{short description|British passenger ship}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country= United Kingdom
|flag= {{Shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|name= ''Sirdhana''
|namesake= [[Sardhana|Sirdhana]]
|owner= [[British India Steam Navigation Company|British India SN Co]]
|operator= 1971: [[P&O]] General Cargo Division
|registry= [[Port of London|London]]
|route= *1948: [[Port of Kolkata|Calcutta]] – [[Port of Yokohama|Yokohama]]
*1962: [[Mumbai Harbour|Bombay]] – [[Port of Basra|Basra]]
|ordered=
|builder= [[Swan Hunter|Swan, Hunter & W Richardson]], [[Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne|Low Walker]]
|original_cost= £1,116,000
|yard_number= 1826
|laid_down=
|launched= 8 January 1947
|sponsor=
|completed= 9 December 1947
|maiden_voyage=
|refit= 1955
|identification= *UK [[official number]] 181791
*[[Maritime call sign|call sign]] GCLD
*{{ICS|Golf}}{{ICS|Charlie}}{{ICS|Lima}}{{ICS|Delta}}
|fate= Scrapped, 1972
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= "S" class [[passenger ship]]
|tonnage= {{GRT|8608}}, {{NRT|5057}}, {{DWT|8827}}
|displacement=
|length= *{{cvt|479.3|ft|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|overall]]
*{{cvt|459.0|ft|abbr=on}} registered
|beam= {{cvt|62.7|ft|abbr=on}}
|draught= {{cvt|26|ft|4|in|abbr=on|2}}
|depth= {{cvt|31.3|ft|abbr=on}}
|decks= 2
|power= {{cvt|5900|bhp|lk=in}}
|propulsion= *2 × [[Two-stroke diesel engine|2-stroke diesel engines]]
*2 × [[Propeller|screws]]
|speed= {{convert|15|kn|km/h}}
|capacity= *'''cargo:''' {{convert|410075|cuft|0}}, including {{convert|11245|cuft|0}} [[Reefer ship|insulated]]
*'''passengers:'''
*'''1947:''' 21 1st class, 70 2nd class, 2,355 deck class
*'''1955:''' 21 1st class, 32 2nd class, 30 intermediate class, 333 bunked class, 987 deck class
|troops=
|crew=
|complement=
|sensors= *as built: wireless [[direction finding]], [[echo sounding]] device
*by 1958: [[Marine radar|radar]]
|notes= [[sister ship]]s: ''Sangola'', ''Santhia''
}}
}}

'''MV ''Sirdhana''''' was a [[motor ship]] that was launched in England in 1947, worked regular routes in the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Far East]], and was scrapped in [[Taiwan]] in 1972. She was one of three ships of the [[British India Steam Navigation Company]] (BI) post-war "S" class.

This was the third BI ship to be called ''Sirdhana'', after the town of [[Sardhana|Sirdhana]], near [[Meerut]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{sfn|Laxon|Perry|1994|p=245}} The first was a [[barquentine]]-rigged [[steamship]] that was built in 1879 and scrapped in 1911.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=59}} The second was a steamship that was built in 1925 and sunk in 1939.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=145}}

==Building==
One of BI's scheduled passenger and cargo routes was between [[Port of Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Port of Yokohama|Yokohama]]. Its regular ports of call were Rangoon (now [[Yangon]]), [[Port of Penang|Penang]], [[Port of Singapore|Singapore]], [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], and [[Port of Kobe|Kobe]].<ref name=Larsson>{{cite web |url= https://timetableimages.com/maritime/images/bi.htm |title=British India Steam Navigation Co. - B.I. |work=marine timetable images |publisher=Björn Larsson |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> It was called the "Apcar Route", as it was founded by [[Apcar and Company]], which BI had taken over in 1912.<ref name=Goossens>{{cite web |url= http://ssmaritime.com/British-India-Trio.htm |last=Goossens |first=Reuben |title=The "S Class Trio |work=ssmaritime |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref>

In 1947 BI took delivery of a pair of new S-class [[passenger-cargo liner]]s for this route. [[Barclay Curle|Barclay, Curle and Company]] at [[Whiteinch]], [[Glasgow]] built ''Sangola'', launching her on 23 December 1946 and delivering her on 6 June 1947.{{sfn|Laxon|Perry|1994|p=184-185}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Clyde Launch |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000540/19461224/114/0006 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=The Scotsman |place=Edinburgh |issue=32316 |date=24 December 1946 |page=6|via=British Newspaper Archive}}</ref> [[Swan Hunter|Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson]] at [[Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne|Low Walker]] built her [[sister ship]] ''Sirdhana'', launching her on 8 January and delivering her on 9 December.<ref name=P&OH>{{cite web |url= https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/94490SIRDHANA-1947pdf.pdf |title=Sirdhana (1947) |work=Ship Fact Sheet |publisher=P&O Heritage |date=October 2009 |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> In 1950 a third sister joined them, when Barclay, Curle launched ''Santhia'' on 1 June and completed her on 3 November.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/94436SANTHIA-1950pdf.pdf |title=Santhia (1950) |work=Ship Fact Sheet |publisher=P&O Heritage |date=November 2009 |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>

Swan, Hunter built ''Sirdhana'' at [[Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne|Low Walker]] on the [[River Tyne]] as yard number 1826. She cost £1,116,000.<ref name=P&OH/> Her lengths were {{cvt|479.3|ft|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|overall]] and {{cvt|459.0|ft|abbr=on}} registered. Her [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] was {{cvt|62.7|ft|abbr=on}}, her depth was {{cvt|31.3|ft|abbr=on}} and her [[Draft (hull)|draught]] was {{cvt|26|ft|4|in|abbr=on|2}}.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1948|loc=SIR}} ''Sirdhana''{{'}}s holds had capacity for {{convert|410075|cuft|0}} of cargo, including {{convert|11245|cuft|0}} [[Reefer ship|insulated]]. Her [[tonnage]]s were {{GRT|8608}}, {{NRT|5057}}, and {{DWT|8827}}. She had berths for 21 passengers in first class and 70 in second class, and was licensed to carry 2,355 unberthed passengers on deck.<ref name=P&OH/>

''Sirdhana'' had twin [[Propeller|screws]], each driven by a [[William Doxford & Sons|Doxford]] [[Single- and double-acting cylinders|single-acting]] four-cylinder [[two-stroke diesel engine]].{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1948|loc=SIR}} Between them her twin engines developed {{cvt|5900|bhp|lk=in}}. She made {{convert|15|kn|km/h}} on her [[sea trial]]s, and could cruise at {{convert|14|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=P&OH/> As built, ''Sirdhana''{{'}}s navigation equipment included wireless [[direction finding]], and an [[echo sounding]] device.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1948|loc=SIR}} By 1958 it also included [[Marine radar|radar]].{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1958|loc=SIR WILLIAM MATTHEWS}}

BI [[Ship registration|registered]] ''Sirdhana'' at [[Port of London|London]]. Her UK [[official number]] was 181791 and her [[Maritime call sign|call sign]] was GCLD.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1948|loc=SIR}}

==Career==
In 1948 ''Sirdhana'' entered service, joining ''Sangola'' on the "Apcar Route". They were joined by ''Santhia'' in 1950.

In 1955 ''Sirdhana''{{'}}s passenger accommodation was refitted. The number of first class berths remained the same, but second class was reduced to 32 berths, and a new intermediate class with 30 berths was created. Her unberthed deck class capacity was reduced to 987, and a new bunked class was created with 333 berths.<ref name=P&OH/> Until 1955, ''Sirdhana''{{'}}s hull had been black with a white waistline. In the refit, it was repainted white with a black waistline.<ref name=Goossens/>

[[File:USS General William Mitchell (AP-114) moored at Pavuvu, Russell Islands, in November 1944 (26-G-4111).jpg|thumb|{{USS|General William Mitchell}} collided with ''Sirdhana'' in 1960]]
On 26 November 1960 the [[troopship]] {{USS|General William Mitchell}} accidentally rammed ''Sirdhana'' [[Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)#A|amidships]] at the inner breakwater in the [[Port of Yokohama]].<ref name=Goossens/>{{sfn|Laxon|Perry|1994|p=184-186}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Ships in Collision |url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000271/19601126/577/0032 |work=Liverpool Echo |date=26 November 1960 |issue=25186 |page=32 |via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription}}</ref> There were no casualties, but ''Sirdhana''{{'}}s side was gashed amidships, from her boat deck down to her waterline.<ref name=P&OH/> ''Sirdhana'' spent the next five months in Yokohama getting repaired. She returned to service in May 1961.<ref name=Goossens/>

Trade on the "Apcar Route" was declining. In 1962 BI transferred ''Sangola'' and ''Sirdhana'' to its route between [[Mumbai Harbour|Bombay]] and [[Port of Basra|Basra]],{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=162}} which was still busy carrying migrant workers between the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the [[Persian Gulf]]. In April 1961 this route had lost one of its ships, when {{MV|Dara||2}} suffered an explosion, burnt out, and sank off [[Dubai]].{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=161}} The regular ports of call on this route were [[Port of Karachi|Karachi]], [[Port of Pasni|Pasni]], [[Gwadar Port|Gwadur]], [[Muscat]], [[Bandar Abbas]], [[Sharjah]], Dubai, [[Mesaieed|Umm Said]], [[Bahrain]], [[Bushehr]], [[Kuwait City|Kuwait]], [[Abadan, Iran|Abadan]], and [[Khorramshahr]].<ref name=Larsson/>

On 19 November 1970 ''Sirdhana'' was the first ship the enter the new deep water harbour at [[Mina Rashid|Port Rashid]] in Dubai.<ref name=P&OH/> When she joined the route in 1961, Dubai had no port deep enough for BI's ships to dock alongside a quay. They used to anchor offshore, and [[Ship's tender|tenders]] transferred passengers and officials between the ships and the shore.{{sfn|Abraham|1963|pp=4–6}}

On 1 October 1971 the General Cargo Division of BI's [[parent company]] [[P&O]] was appointed to [[Ship management|manage]] ''Sirdhana''. In 1972 she made three voyages to [[East Africa]], terminating at [[Port of Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] in [[Tanzania]].<ref name=P&OH/>

On 3 August 1972 BI sold ''Sirdhana'' for scrap to Nan Feng Steel Enterprise Co Ltd in [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]]. Demolition started on 16 August, and was completed on 2 October.<ref name=P&OH/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Abraham |first=PJ |year=1963 |title=Last Hours on Dara |place=London |publisher=[[Peter Llewelyn Davies|Peter Davies]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Haws |first=Duncan |year=1987 |title=British India S.N. Co |series=Merchant Fleets |volume=11 |place=Burwash |publisher=Travel Creatours Ltd Publications |isbn=0-946378-07-X}}
*{{cite book |last1=Laxon |first1=William A. |last2=Perry |first2=F. W. |title=B.I. - The British India Steam Navigation Company Limited |date=1994 |publisher=World Ship Society |location=Kendal |isbn=0-905617-65-7}}
*{{cite book |year=1948 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II. M–Z |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1949MZ/page/n557/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]] |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1948}} }}
*{{cite book |year=1958 |title=Register Book |volume=I Register of Ships |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1959/page/n2254/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1958}} }}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url= https://www.vsdh.org/bisn/index.htm |title=BISN Co |work=VSDH |publisher=John Sartain Feltham}} – photographs of BI ships, including several of ''Sirdhana'', and one showing damage the caused by USS ''General William Mitchell'' colliding with her.

{{1960 shipwrecks}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sirdhana}}

[[Category:1947 ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1960]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the British India Steam Navigation Company]]
[[Category:Ships built by Swan Hunter]]

Pipalia

2025-12-05T09:36:53Z

AmanGautamArtist:

{{wikt|pippali}}
'''Pipalia''' may refer to one of two villages in Bhopal district, Madhya Pradesh, India:

* [[Pipalia Chhaparband]], Huzur tehsil
* [[Pipalia Hasnabad]], Berasia tehsil

==See also==
*{{In title|Pipalia}}
*{{In title|Pipaliya}}
*[[Pipariya (disambiguation)]]
*[[Pipal (disambiguation)]]

{{geodis}}

Twenty-eight (card game)

2025-11-26T14:15:18Z

AmanGautamArtist: done!

{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}{{Short description|Indian card game}}
{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Twenty-eight
| subtitle =
| image_link = [[Image:Belote-exemple9-9.jpg|220px]]
| image_caption =
| alt_names =
| named_variant = Twenty-nine Forty
| type = [[Trick-taking]]
| players = 2, 3, 4, 6
| ages =
| num_cards = 32
| deck = [[French playing cards|French]]
| play = Counter-clockwise
| card_rank = J 9 A 10 K Q 8 7
| origin = India
| related = [[Jass]], [[Klaverjas]]
| playing_time = ~5 minutes per game
| random_chance = Medium
| skills = [[Memory]], [[tactic (method)|Tactics]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Twenty-eight''' is an Indian [[trick-taking]] [[card game]] for four players, in which the [[Jack (playing card)|Jack]] and the nine are the highest cards in every suit, followed by ace and ten. It thought to be descended from the game [[304 (card game)|304]],<ref name="Pagat.com"/> along with similar Indian games known as "29", "40" and "56". It was first played in Dharbhanga and to be founded by Syed Anwar Kamal.

==Overview==
Twenty-eight originated in India. The game is believed to be related to the European family of [[Jass]] card games, which originated in the Netherlands. These games are believed to have been brought to India by [[Indian South Africans]] who were also influenced by the [[Afrikaner]] game of [[Klaverjas]].

Twenty-eight is a very popular game in the state of [[Bihar]]. Some believe that the game originated in the [[Lakhisarai]] district of [[Bihar]]. The game is also very popular in [[South India]], particularly in the state of [[Kerala]] where it is known as ''Irupathiyettu'' ({{langx|ml|ഇരുപത്തിയെട്ട്}} which translates to 'twenty-eight') or ''Thuruppu'' ({{langx|ml|തുറുപ് Trump}}). Twenty-nine is a variation of the game that is popular in [[North India]] and Bangladesh. Both games are also related to 304, a card game popular in Sri Lanka and Nepal.<ref name="Pagat.com">{{cite web|title=Rules of Card Games: Twenty-Eight|url=https://www.pagat.com/jass/28.html|website=www.pagat.com|access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref>

==Players and cards==
28 is usually played by four players in fixed partnerships, partners facing each other. 32 cards from a standard 52-card pack are used for play. There are eight cards in each of the usual "French" suits: hearts, diamonds, clubs and spades. The cards in every suit rank from high to low: J-9-A-10-K-Q-8-7.<ref name="Pagat.com"/> The aim of the game is to win tricks containing valuable cards.

The total number of points in the deck is 28, hence the name of the game. The values of the cards are:<ref name="Pagat.com"/>

*Jacks = 3 points each
*Nines = 2 points each
*Aces = 1 point each
*Tens = 1 point each
*Other cards = (K, Q, 8, 7) no points

==Deal and bidding==
Deal and play are counter-clockwise; the cards are shuffled by the player who is in the left . Four cards are then dealt to each player.

Based on these four cards, players bid for the right to choose trump. Each bid is a number, and the highest bidder undertakes that their side will win in tricks at least the number of points bid. The player to dealer's right speaks first, and must bid at least 14.<ref name="Pagat.com"/> Subsequent players, in counter-clockwise order, may either bid higher or pass. The auction continues once until the player passes and the bid moves on to the next player.

The highest bidder chooses a trump suit on the basis of their four cards, and places a card of this suit face down. The card is not shown to the other players, who therefore will not know at first what suit is trump: it remains face down in front of the bidder until at some point during the play someone calls for the trump suit to be exposed.

The dealer then completes the deal, giving four more cards to each player, so that everyone has eight.

==Gameplay==
The play can be divided into two phases: before and after the bidder's face down trump card (also known as 'turup') is exposed.

===First phase===
Deal and play are anti-clockwise; the cards are shuffled by the dealer and cut by the player to dealer's left. The cards are shuffled only a few times. Four cards are then dealt to each player.

Based on these four cards, players bid for the right to choose trump. Each bid is a number, and the highest bidder undertakes that their side will win in tricks at least the number of points bid. The player to dealer's right speaks first, and subsequent players, in anticlockwise order, may either bid higher or pass. The minimum bid allowed is 14 and the maximum is 28 (assuming that the point for the last trick is not counted; for 29, bidding starts with 17). If any player bids, the auction continues for as many rounds as necessary until three players pass in succession. The player to dealer's right must bid at least the minimum.

The final bidder chooses a trump suit and to indicate the chosen suit, places a card of the chosen suit face down on the table, and does not show this card to the other players.

The dealer then completes the deal, giving four more cards to each player, so that everyone has eight.

The player to the dealer's right leads to the first trick; players must follow suit if possible, the highest card of the suit lead wins the trick, and the winner of each trick leads to the next. During this first phase it is illegal for the bidder to lead a card of the trump suit, unless he or she has no cards of other suits or if another player has already led a card of the trump suit. If you have no card of the suit led you have two options:

You may discard any card. This card cannot win the trick.
Before playing a card, you may call for the bidder's face down trump to be exposed. In this case, the bidder must turn this trump card face up for all to see, and it is then added to the bidder's hand. Having called for the trump to be exposed, you must play a trump to this trick if you have one; if you have no trump you may discard any card. The play now enters the second phase.
During the first phase, the face down trump card is not considered as belonging to the bidder's hand. If the bidder holds no card of the suit that was led, the bidder has essentially the same options as the other players: to discard any card without declaring trump, or to expose the face down trump card and play a trump card to the trick which was face down.

During the first phase, cards of the (concealed) trump suit have no special effect: each trick is won by the highest card of the suit led, even if it also contains cards of the suit that is subsequently revealed as trump.

===Second phase===
Beginning with the trick in which trump is exposed, each trick is won by the highest trump card in it. Tricks that contain no trump cards are won by the highest card of the suit led. Players must follow suit if possible: if unable to follow, they may play a trump card or discard a card of another suit, as they like. As before, the winner of each trick leads to the next. The bidder is now free to lead any suit, including trump.

If a player trumps a hand and the next player does not have the suit that was played first, then either he has to over trump the hand or play other suit but cannot play a lower trump card.

Note that if a situation is reached during the first phase in which the bidder has no trump cards in hand, and another player leads the trump suit, the bidder can play any card, since the face down trump card is not yet part of the bidder's hand. Of course the bidder has the option to expose the face down trump card and play it, but if the face down trump card is low and cannot win the trick, it will probably be better to save it for later. If no one calls for trump to be exposed during the first seven tricks, the game stands invalid.

===Scoring for a round===
When all eight tricks have been played, each side counts the card points in the tricks it has won. The bidding team needs at least as many card points as the bid to win; otherwise they lose, adjusted for a declaration of a Pair if appropriate, they win one game point; otherwise they lose one game point. The score of the team playing against the bidder does not change.

Each side keeps score using a red Six (known as nali or red chaka) and a black Six (known as kala or black chaka), from the cards not used in the game. These are arranged to display either a number of red pips, representing a positive score, or a number of black pips, for a negative score. At the start of the game no pips are showing. If the bidding side wins, they expose one extra red pip or (if they had black pips showing) cover one black pip; if they lose they expose a black pip or cover a red pip.

Many play that if the bidder scores less than half of the call this doubles the number of game points they lose.
The player has no rights to shuffle the card on the first round of the bid. Shuffling card means losing the game, he may only cut once without touching the pack.
If the player calls half-court, only three rather than the customary six cards are played. If the caller wins all three rounds, the other player forfeits two cards
hh;;

===Keeping team score===
Some play that after the bidder has chosen trump or asked for the 'seventh card', but before the dealer continues the deal, either opponent of the bidder may say 'double' if he or she believes that the bidder's team will fail. Also the bidder's team have to say 'redouble' at that moment without seeing another cards. The bidder's team will then win two game points rather than one if they succeed and lose two game points if they fail.

Some play that after a double, the bidder or the bidder's partner can reply with a 'redouble', which doubles the score again to four game points won or lost.

Some give the whole pile of unused cards (2s to 5s of all suits) to the trump maker, who arranges them with a card on the bottom to indicate the trump suit - or the seventh card is placed under them if 'seventh card' was called. A double or redouble is indicated by flipping face up one or two cards respectively from the top of this pile. The identity of the flipped card has no effect on the game - it is just there to remind the players that the game has been doubled.

One variation exists in which the score for the game is increased to two game points whenever the bid is 21 or more. The bidding side exposes or covers two red or black pips rather than just one.

In this version, bids of 20 or less can be doubled by the opponents and redoubled by the bidding team as described above. Bids of 21 or more, which are already worth two game points, can be doubled by the bidder's opponents, raising their value to four points (this is treated as a redouble), but four game points are the limit: the value cannot be further increased by the bidding team. However this rule is implemented to speed up the game and to make it more enjoyable, but this rule is not a compulsion.

Also in some parts of India, especially in Odisha, Bihar and Jharkhand they also play in which you can bid six points in a single game. It's called a 'C', but this can only be implemented by the bidder if there is not a single pip displayed either black or red and the opponent has given a double. If you are playing an auto-double game version then also a 'C' cannot be implemented.

The game is won by the first team to reach a cumulative score of plus 6 game points, shown by six red pips for all the numbers 2-6. Each win or loss of six pips opens up a set. A red set if won and black if lost. It is best practice to drop a set if both team has same set open. It also ends if a team reaches minus 6 game points (six black pips) for all the numbers 2-6, thereby losing the game.

In Kerala this game is popularly known as Lelam.

==Miscellaneous rules==
The game is cancelled if any of the following events occur:
#If first hand for the first player who was dealt doesn't have a point, card can be reshuffle
# If any player is dealt 8 cards that are worth 0 points.
# if any player makes a mistake during the game, he forfeits the points he called in the start or the opposite player gains the points which they made at the start.
# If the person next to the shuffler has point-less cards. Here's a catch if he chooses not to bid and the person next to him has again pointless cards then the game has to be cancelled.
# Many think that the maximum point that can be played for is 28 or 29. But actually it is 32 and 33. Pair can be shown and points reduced to 28 or 29 as the case may be.

===Pair rule===
The pair rule increases or decreases the bid value by 4 points. Pair should be shown only when the trump card has been revealed and either party (bidder and opposition) takes a hand after the trump card has been shown, but you must take the hand using trump card before showing trump, i.e. you cannot show the pair and then take a hand with queen or king but rather you should take a hand with a different card and then show the pair. If the opposing team has the pair, then the bid value increases by 4 points. In some variations people also go for doubling or halving of the points depending on which person has the king/queen pair.

In [[West Bengal]], a variant of 28 is played where the lowest score is 16 and maximum is 28. In this variation, for a bid of 16-18 points, the bidding team cannot show the pair. They must have bid at least 19 to show it. But if the bidding point is 19 the bid value will decrease by 3 points only and above it (20-28) the bid value will decrease by 4 points.

===Single Hand===
Some play that after all the cards have been dealt, but before the lead to the first trick, a player with very strong cards may declare a 'single hand', undertaking to win all eight tricks, playing alone. In this case there is no trump, the player who announced 'single hand' leads to the first trick, and the partner of the lone player places their hand face down and takes no part in the play. The lone player's team wins 3 game points if all eight tricks are won, and loses 3 points otherwise.
*If multiple players want to play 'Single Hand', the first player to declare 'single hand' will play 'Single Hand'.

If the bidder is with Single Hand Show will drop all cards undertaking to win all eight tricks. Moreover, there is catch where all the cards are from same suits: hearts, diamonds, clubs and spades, Its a "Single Hand Show" game wins 3 game points.

==Variants==

===Twenty Nine===
29 is the most popular variant of twenty-eight. In this game, the winner of the last round gets an extra point hence the name. 29 is one of the most popular card games in the South Asia (especially in Bangladesh). The bidding starts from 16. You can show the pair of king and queen of the same colour of the trump, by doing this bidding is increased or decreased by 4 points depending on which team has shown the pair that is defender or bidding team. A variation popular among [[Indian South Africans]] is called [[Thunee]] (various spellings).

===Forty===
40 is another variation of these set of games, usually played in India. The game requires 6 players. In this game, cards '3' of each suite is added. These '3's carry the value of jacks, i.e., 3 points. Both 3 and Jack has the same value. The first player to play any of these will win the round, if every other rules are followed. Twenty is the minimum call, the bidder has to make. The point system is as follows.
* 20 to 29 - If the bidding team wins, they get 1 point and if they lose the opponents get 2 points.
* 30-33 - If the bidding team wins, they get 2 point and if they lose the opponents get 3 points.
* 34-40 - If the bidding team wins, they get 3 point and if they lose the opponents get 4 points.
* Thani/Single - If the bidding team wins, they get 4 point and if they lose the opponents get 5 points.
If any player wants to bid for a second time, he/she will have to bid for 30 or more. Another rule forbids the player next to the shuffler (the first bidder) to bid, if he/she has the cards of one suite only. If, however, a wrong game is played and the opponents find it out, the opponents will receive double the point which were due to them, if otherwise.

=== Fifty-Six ===
Popular in the Indian province of [[Kerala]], 56 (or ''Ambathiyaaru'') doubles the number of total points to be won, and is played with a double pack. It is usually played as a 6 player game, although variations of 4 and 8 players are possible.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McLeod |first1=John |title=Fifty Six - card game rules |url=https://www.pagat.com/jass/56.html |website=www.pagat.com |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref>

===Twenty Twenty ===

In this variant, every King and Queen carries a negative point bringing the total number of points down to 20 from 28 (-1 for each King and Queen in the suit)

===Other rules===

Some play that opponent can show the pair anytime after the trump is revealed and that bidder can show pair after the trump is revealed if they have taken hand before the trump was revealed.

Another variant is that Jacks can be passed at any time, by anybody.

Some play that auto-double is allowed at 20, 21, 22 and so on, and that C can be played for 6 points if the point is 0 for the bidding team and opposition has given double or worse if it is an auto-double.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{List of trick-taking games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Twenty-Eight (Card Game)}}
[[Category:Indian card games]]
[[Category:Jass group]]
[[Category:Year of introduction missing]]
[[Category:Round games]]

Ashley William Joseph

2025-11-24T05:36:34Z

AmanGautamArtist: new a article initial version

{{Short description|Indian composer (born 1965)}}
{{Notability|biography|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name =
| image = Dr._Ashley_William_Joseph.jpg
| caption = Williams in 2012
| birth_name = Ashley William Joseph
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|10|3}}
| origin = [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| instrument = [[Piano]], [[Musical keyboard|keyboards]], [[conducting]]
| genre = Contemporary instrumental, [[instrumental]], [[crossover (music)|crossover]], [[New-age music|new-age]]
| occupation = Composer, pianist, music producer, educator, philanthropist, orchestra conductor
| years_active = 1980–present
| website = {{URL|http://williamjoseph.org/}}
}}

'''Ashley William Joseph''' (born October 3, 1965) is an Indian composer. He serves as the chair of the William Joseph Music Foundation, an organization that promotes music education and appreciation. He is the director and [[conducting|conductor]] of the Bangalore Musical Association.

==Early life and education==
Joseph was born on October 3, 1965, in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], to Joseph Thomas Williams and Sarah William Joseph. His father was pipe organist at [[St. Andrew's Church, Bengaluru|St. Andrew's Church in Bangalore]] and head of the music department at [[Baldwin Boys' High School|Baldwin Boys High School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=William Joseph International Academy for Performing Arts Bangalore Karnataka Phone Number, Address and Details |url=https://www.indiastudychannel.com/training/institute-11781-william-joseph-international-academy-performing-arts |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=IndiaStudyChannel.com}}</ref> Joseph attended the Baldwin Boys High School in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Inner Wheel – Where members volunteer in friendship to serve the community. |url=https://www.internationalinnerwheel.org/ |access-date=23 August 2023 }}</ref>

==Career==
Joseph founded the William Joseph Music Foundation for Performing Arts, a non-profit organization that caters to the education, performance, and promotion of dance, music, and drama to [[Social privilege|underprivileged]] children and [[Adolescence|adolescents]] from [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The sound of music |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/Dec/02/the-sound-of-music-207413.html |website=The New India Express |date=16 May 2012 |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=William Joseph Music Foundation for Performing Arts |url=https://www.idealist.org/en/nonprofit/a9adfb0a63b049ee83c82f066592adc8-william-joseph-music-foundation-for-performing-arts-bangalore |website=idealist |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref>

Actress [[Deepika Padukone]] was trained by Joseph.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-05 |title=Teachers' Day: Deepika Padukone's teacher shares fond memories in heartfelt note. Read full letter |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/teachers-day-deepika-padukone-s-teacher-shares-fond-memories-in-heartfelt-note-read-full-letter-1595874-2019-09-05 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2008, Joseph was honored by the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]], [[B. S. Yediyurappa|Bookanakere Siddalingappa Yediyurappa]] for his contributions to music and music education.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Arakal |first=Ralph Alex |date=2018-07-28 |title=The rhythm divine {{!}} The rhythm divine |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/280718/the-rhythm-divine.html |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

The [[YMCA]] of [[Singapore]] and the International Y Men's Club of Singapore, in a joint project aiding [[Thailand]] flood victims, honored Joseph for his performance as guest conductor with the Thailand Sanctuary Symphony Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 10, 2010 |title=Return of the masters |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/return-of-the-masters/articleshow/21728984.cms? |access-date=2025-05-03 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Ashley William}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian conductors (music)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian conductors (music)]]
[[Category:21st-century pianists]]
{{India-composer-stub}}

Bomis (spider)

2025-11-11T07:07:00Z

AmanGautamArtist: minor enhanced citations for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Bomis_larvata.jpg
| image_caption = ''B. larvata'' photographed in [[Brisbane]], [[Australia]]
| taxon = Bomis
| authority = [[Ludwig Carl Christian Koch|L. Koch]], 1874<ref name=NMBE />
| type_species = ''[[Bomis larvata|B. larvata]]''
| type_species_authority = L. Koch, 1874
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 5, [[#Species|see text]]
}}
'''''Bomis''''' is a [[genus]] of very small [[Thomisidae|crab spiders]], first described by German [[Arachnology|arachnologist]] [[Ludwig Carl Christian Koch]] in 1874.<ref name=Koch1874>{{cite book| last=Koch| first=L.| year=1874| title=Die Arachniden Australiens, nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet | pages=473–576| publisher=Bauer & Raspe| doi=10.5962/bhl.title.121660| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/212584| author-link=Ludwig_Carl_Christian_Koch}}</ref> Five species are currently described, with three species from [[India]] and two from [[Australia]].<ref name="Szymkowiak">{{cite journal |first1=Paweł |last1=Szymkowiak |first2=Sylwia |last2=Królikowska |year=2017 |title=Redescription of ''Bomis larvata'' L. Koch, 1874 with the description of a new Australian species |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |publisher=Magnolia Press |issn=1175-5334 |volume=4323 |issue=4 |pages=451–468 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4323.4.1}}</ref>

==Description==
All ''Bomis'' species are extremely small, with females measuring approximately {{cvt|3.5|mm}} long and males only {{cvt|2.5|mm}} long. The [[prosoma]] is roughly textured and noticeably convex, while the [[opisthosoma]] is wrinkled and often forms folds on its lateral and anterior surfaces. The legs are short and thick, and the entire body has a sparse covering of very short [[setae]].<ref name=Szymkowiak/>

==Species==
This genus includes the following species:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite journal| title=Gen. Bomis L. Koch, 1874| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| accessdate=17 July 2023| year=2020| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/3595| doi=10.24436/2}}</ref>
*''[[Bomis bengalensis]]'' [[B. K. Tikader|Tikader]], 1962 – India
*''[[Bomis calcuttaensis]]'' Biswas & Mazumder, 1981 – India
*''[[Bomis hippoponoi]]'' Szymkowiak, 2017 – Australia ([[South Australia]], [[Queensland]], [[New South Wales]])
*''[[Bomis khajuriai]]'' Tikader, 1980 – India
*''[[Bomis larvata]]'' L. Koch, 1874 ([[Type_species|type]]) – Australia ([[Western Australia]], Queensland, New South Wales)

==See also==
* [[List of Thomisidae species]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal| last=Lehtinen| first=P. T.| year=2016| title=Significance of oriental taxa in phylogeny of crab spiders (Thomisidae s.lat. and Stiphropodidae)| journal=Indian Journal of Arachnology| pages=143–171| volume=5}}
*{{cite journal| last1=Szymkowiak| first1=P.| last2=Królikowska| first2=S.| year=2017| title=Redescription of ''Bomis larvata'' L. Koch, 1874 with the description of a new Australian species| journal=Zootaxa| pages=451–468| volume=4323| issue=4| doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4323.4.1}}
*{{cite journal| last=Tikader| first=B. K.| year=1980| title=Thomisidae (Crab-spiders)| journal=Fauna India| pages=1–247| volume=1}}
*{{cite journal| last1=Biswas| first1=B.| last2=Mazumder| first2=S. C.| year=1981| title=Description of two new species of crab-spiders of the genera ''Diaea'' and ''Bomis'' (Family: Thomisidae) from India| journal=Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India| pages=271–275| volume=4}}
*{{cite journal| last1=Tikader| first1=B. K.| last2=Biswas| first2=B.| year=1981| title=Spider fauna of Calcutta and vicinity: Part-I| journal=Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper| pages=1–149| volume=30}}

==External links==

{{Taxonbar| from=Q2909781}}

[[Category:Thomisidae genera]]
[[Category:Spiders of Australia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Koch]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 1874]]
[[Category:Spiders of the Indian subcontinent]]

{{Thomisidae-stub}}

Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)

2025-11-06T20:43:36Z

AmanGautamArtist:

{{Short description|Neighborhood in South Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 86 Grant Road station.jpg|thumb|211x211px|The [[Grant Road railway station]] on the Western Railway Line]]
'''Grant Road''' (named after [[Robert Grant (MP)|Sir Robert Grant]], the [[Governor of Bombay]] between 1835 and 1839, formally '''[[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Maulana Shaukatali]] Road''') is located in [[South Mumbai]].

==Overview==

Towards the west of the Grant Road station is Nana Chowk (named after [[Jagannath Shankarseth]]) and residential localities of Gamdevi, Raghav Wadi, Shastri Hall, Talmaki Wadi, Navi (New) Chikhal Wadi, Juni (Old) Chikhal Wadi, Bhaji Gully (the local vegetable market). To the east of Grant Road station is the retail electronic market of Bombay along [[Lamington Road (Mumbai)|Lamington Road]]. Grant Road station also connects famous Radha Gopinath Temple [ISKCON] at Chowpatty. Novelty cinema is at the junction of Grant Road with Lamington Road.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.mumbai77.com/pages/grant-road/|title = Grant Road Station Attractions - Mumbai|date = 6 September 2013}}</ref>

Famous places accessible to the West are [[Gowalia Tank]] (also known as August Kranti Maidan), [[Mani Bhavan]] at Gamdevi, Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhavan's College, [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]], [[Girgaon Chowpatty|Girgaum Chowpatty]] and [[Walkeshwar]].
Famous places accessible from the East are Gol Deol off Duncan Road, Chor Bazaar on Mutton Street, Hurkisondas Hospital,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hnhospital.com/aboutus.html|title=:: Welcome to HN-Hospital ::|accessdate=2010-07-26|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712142206/http://www.hnhospital.com/aboutus.html|archivedate=12 July 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Prathana Samaj, Badr Baug.

Grant Road along with [[Tardeo]] and Mumbai Central has been a neighbourhood of Mumbai City dominated by the [[Hindus]], [[Jains in India|Jains]], [[Muslims]] and the [[Parsi]] & Irani [[Zoroastrians]]. It is considered as the place of ancestral roots of the originating Zoroastrians of the city mainly being the areas of Balaram Street and Sleater Road. It has 4 [[Fire temple]]s<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ahuramazda.com/mumbaift.htm |title=Daremehers In and Around Mumbai -- [www.ahuramazda.com] |access-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313224554/http://www.ahuramazda.com/mumbaift.htm |archive-date=13 March 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and The Cama Baug<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zoroastriansnet.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/lagan-n-sagan-navjotes-n-weddings.pdf |title=Venues list |website=zoroastriansnet.files.wordpress.com |format=PDF}}</ref> is an important place for the Wedding Ceremonies and other functions of the Parsis of Mumbai.
[[File:Cama baug Fire Temple.jpg|thumb|Cama Baug Fire Temple|250x250px]]

The Gilder Tank is one of the oldest tanks in the city originating the roots of Yazdani, Cooper and the Gilder Families of Mumbai. B'Merwan Cake Shop and Bakery is one of the oldest bakeries in the City of Mumbai which has catered to nearly all classes of people from students and mill workers <ref>{{cite web |url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=12-01-2014&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Mumbai&edname=&articleid=Ar00401&publabel=TOI |title=Archived copy |website=mobiletoi.timesofindia.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303074833/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=12-01-2014&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Mumbai&edname=&articleid=Ar00401&publabel=TOI |archive-date=3 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2014/jan/090114-century-old-iconic-irani-cafe-to-close-down-its-doors.htm|title=Century-old iconic Irani cafe to close down its doors|website=archive.mid-day.com}}</ref>
Grant Road is famous for its electronic items purchase at Lamington Road. [[Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital|Sir H.N. Reliance Foundation Hospital]] and Research Centre is one of the most important and oldest hospitals in the city of Mumbai. It is also an access point to the [[Tower of Silence]] at [[Kemps Corner]] which is the only remaining one after the closure of the [[dakhma]] at [[Andheri]]'s Salsette Parsi Colony on the [[Salsette Island]] and even the [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]].

[[File:Hurkissandos Hospital.jpg|thumb|Hurkisondas Hospital|250x200px]]
[[File:Minerva Cinema.jpg|thumb|Minerva Cinema|200x200px]]
[[File:B.Merwan Bakey.jpg|thumb|B.Merwan Bakey|200x200px]]
[[File:Sethna Agiary.jpg|thumb|Sethna Agiary|200x200px]]

[[File:Tower of Silence, Mumbai 11.JPG|thumb|200x200px|The Tower of Silence {Doongerwadi} at Kemps Corner]]
It is among the access points towards the residential areas of Gamdevi and [[Walkeshwar]], [[Gowalia Tank]]
[[File:People teargassed at Gowalia Tank Maidan.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Gowalia Tank where the Quit India Movement took place]]
Grant Road had a number of theatres until 2004, namely the Novelty Cinema (now apartments), Super Cinema, Apsara, Jamuna, Minerva, Royal Talkies, New Roshan Talkies, Nishat Cinema, Naaz Cinema, Imperial Cinema, Krishna Cinema, Alfred Theatre and Shalimar Cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/a-look-at-the-oldest-theatres-in-mumbai/article1-797856.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117074458/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/A-look-at-the-oldest-theatres-in-Mumbai/Article1-797856.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2012|title=A look at the oldest theatres in Mumbai|date=16 January 2012|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbai77.com/city/2298/multiplexes-theaters/old-cinema-halls-theaters-talkies/|title=Old Theatres in Mumbai - List Of Oldest Cinema Theatres Called Talkies|date=27 March 2012|publisher=}}</ref>

The Zoroastrian Shoppe near Cama Baug and the Appo Menes and Company are one of the oldest surviving Zoroastrian shops in the city which caters to the traditional weaving of [[Sudreh]] Kasti and other religious items to the [[Zoroastrian]] Community of [[Bombay]] City.

The Grant Road Skywalk is the latest addition to the skywalks of Mumbai due to its round architecture.
[[File:Lamington Road street view.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Lamington Road, the busiest electronic street of the city of Bombay]]

[[File:Grant Roadf Skywalk is the latest addition to the suburb and an iconic one in the city of Bombay.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Grant Road Skywalk is the latest addition to the area and an iconic one in the city of Bombay]]

Grant Road is also known for its Irani Cafes like the B'Merwan and the [[Persian cuisine|Persian]] Bakery & Stores at Balaram Street.

The Sheetal Store on Malauna Shaukatali Road is one of the oldest surviving [[saree]] stores in this area.

== Grant Road Station ==
[[Grant Road railway station]] serves this area. Grant Road is the fourth station on the Western local line preceded by [[Churchgate railway station|Churchgate]], [[Marine Lines]], [[Charni Road railway station|Charni Road]], and followed by a main junction, [[Mumbai Central]]. Most slow trains halt at this station, which is useful for people who want to reach the [[Royal Opera House (Mumbai)|Royal Opera House]], [[Nana Chowk]], [[Lamington Road]], and the Roxy Theatre.[https://www.railyatri.in/stations/mumbai-grant-road-gtr]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Roads in Mumbai]]

Junaid Ahmad Noor

2025-10-16T17:18:23Z

AmanGautamArtist: added a entry - done

{{Short description|Indian Urdu writer and researcher (born 1992)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Junaid Ahmad Noor
| birth_name = Junaid Ahmad Zargar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1992|01|02}}
| birth_place = [[Bahraich]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| occupation = Writer, researcher, trader
| language = Urdu
| nationality = Indian
| notableworks= ''Bahraich Ek Tārīkhi Shahr'' (2 vols), ''Khanqah-e-Nayeemia Bahraich''
}}

'''Junaid Ahmad Noor''' (born 2 January 1992), also spelled as '''Juned Ahmad Noor''', is an Indian Urdu writer and researcher from [[Bahraich]], Uttar Pradesh. He has written on the cultural, religious, and literary history of Bahraich, including the two-volume ''Bahraich Ek Tārīkhi Shahr'' and ''Khanqah-e-Nayeemia Bahraich: Tarīkh ke Aurāq se Aaj tak''.

== Biography ==
Junaid Ahmad Noor was born in [[Bahraich]], Uttar Pradesh, on 2 January 1992.<ref name="rekhta">{{cite web |title=Junaid Ahmad Noor - Profile & Biography |url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/junaid-ahmad-noor/profile |website=[[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]] |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Adabī Mīrās ke Qalammkāron kā Mukhtasar Ta‘āruf: Junaid Ahmad Noor|trans-title=A Brief Introduction to the Writers of Adbi Miras: Junaid Ahmad Noor|url=https://adbimiras.com/short-introduction-of-junaid-ahmad-noor/ |website=Adbi Miras |date=3 August 2021 |language=ur |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> He studied at local institutions and later pursued further education through [[IGNOU]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bahraich Ek Tareekhi Shahar (ebook) |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/bahraich-ek-tareekhi-shahar-junaid-ahmad-noor-ebooks#192 |website=Rekhta |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>

In October 2021, he was elected senior vice-president of ''Urdu Mahfil'', a literary association in Bahraich.<ref>{{cite news |title=बहराइच-सम्मान समारोह एवं मुशायरे का हुआ आयोजन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bahraich/story-honoring-saraswati-committee-for-preserving-sanatan-tradition-in-bahraich-201759067433701.html |work=[[Live Hindustan]] |date=12 October 2021 |language=hi |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>

In March 2025, amid public debate over the Jeth Fair at the shrine of [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]], Noor was quoted in the ''Hindustan Times'' as saying that Masud was born in [[Ajmer]] in 1015 CE and died in Bahraich in 1034 CE. He added that the saint is locally known as "Baale Miyan" and that carrying flags to his shrine has been a longstanding practice.<ref>{{cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=Shariq Rais |title=Demands to ban Bahraich’s Jeth Fair gather steam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/demands-to-ban-bahraich-s-jeth-fair-gather-steam-101742570375938.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 March 2025 |access-date=29 September 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928070436/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/demands-to-ban-bahraich-s-jeth-fair-gather-steam-101742570375938.html |archive-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>

== Works ==
Noor authored the two-volume series ''Bahraich Ek Tārīkhi Shahr''. The first volume, published in 2019, documents the history of Bahraich with accounts of religious figures, scholars and political leaders.<ref>{{cite web |author=Abul Bashar|title=Review: Bahraich Ek Tārīkhi Shahr|url=https://adbimiras.com/bahraich-ek-tarikhi-shehar-abu-al-bashar/ |website=Adbi Miras |date=8 December 2020 |language=ur |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> The second volume, ''Bahraich Urdu Adab Mein'' (2021), focuses on the region’s Urdu literary tradition and was launched in Bahraich in March 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bahraich: Ek Tārīkhi Shahar, Jild Dōm kī Rasm-e-Ijrā’|trans-title=Bahraich: A Historic City, Release Ceremony of Volume II|url=https://adbimiras.com/bahraich-aik-tareekhi-shahar-jild-doum-ki-rasm-e-ijra/ |website=Adbi Miras |date=29 March 2022 |language=ur |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>

The series received reviews in Urdu literary circles. In the daily ''Aag'' (Lucknow), Waseem Ahmad Azmi wrote that the second volume places Bahraich in a wider literary and historical context,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Azmi|first =Waseem Ahmad|title=Review: Bahraich Urdu Adab Mein|journal=Daily Aag|date=10 May 2023 |url=https://archive.org/details/urdu-daily-aag-10-may-2023 |access-date=28 September 2025 |volume=17|issue=298|page=7|language=ur}}</ref> while University of Lucknow scholar Sufiyan Ahmad Ansari described the work as a detailed cultural and historical study.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ansari|first=Sufiyan Ahamad|title=Kitab Ki Baat: Book Review |url=https://adbimiras.com/bahraich-aik-tareekhi-shahar-tabsara-by-sufiyan-ahmad-ansari/ |website=Adbi Miras |date=27 January 2022 |language=ur |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> The quarterly journal ''Fikr-o-Taḥrīr'' (Kolkata) praised the first volume for its treatment of Bahraich's geography, religious figures and freedom fighters.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ansari |editor-last=Anees |editor-first=Nayeem |first=Dāim Muhammad |title=Review: Bahraich Ek Tārīkhi Shahr |url=https://archive.org/details/fikr-o-tahreer-jan-march-2021 |journal=Quarterly Fikr o Taḥrīr |volume=8 |issue=27 |date=January–March 2021 |pages=138–139 |language=ur |publisher=Office of Fikr o Taḥrīr |location=Braunfield Road, [[Kolkata]]}}</ref> In 2024, [[Tahir Mahmood]] discussed Noor's work in his essay collection ''Merā junūn-i Urdū'', calling it a notable attempt to record regional Urdu literary heritage.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mahmood|first=Tahir|author-link=Tahir Mahmood|title=Merā junūn-i Urdū: k̲h̲ut̤bāt va maẓāmīn |publisher=[[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu]] |year=2024 |isbn=978-81-966470-2-5 |language=ur |pages=306–309}}</ref> Both volumes were also listed in official sanction orders of the [[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]], which provided grants for Urdu promotional activities in 2019 and 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 October 2019 |title=Sanction Order (7 October 2019) |url=https://www.urducouncil.nic.in/sites/default/files/policy-planning/Sanction_Order_07_Oct._2019_%281%29_0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412191158/https://urducouncil.nic.in/sites/default/files/policy-planning/Sanction_Order_07_Oct._2019_(1)_0.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2025 |access-date=28 September 2025 |publisher=[[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]], Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 November 2021 |title=Sanction Order (3 November 2021) |url=https://www.urducouncil.nic.in/sites/default/files/policy-planning/Sanction_Order_0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412054006/https://urducouncil.nic.in/sites/default/files/policy-planning/Sanction_Order_0.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2025 |access-date=28 September 2025 |publisher=NCPUL, Ministry of Education, Government of India}}</ref>

Apart from this series, Noor wrote ''Khanqah-e-Nayeemia Bahraich: Tarīkh ke Aurāq se Aaj tak'' and compiled collections such as ''Chamanistān-e-Bahraich'', ''Khutbāt-e-Bahraich'',<ref name="rekhta"/> and ''Sadā-i Watan''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ansari |first=Sufyān Ahmad |title=Nigārishāt (A Collection of Articles) |date=May 2025 |publisher=Educational Publishing House |isbn=978-93-6062-669-3 |edition=2nd |location=[[New Delhi]] |language=ur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Bahraich]]

Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles

2025-10-06T05:04:49Z

AmanGautamArtist: content fix

{{Infobox tennis tournament event|2010|Commonwealth Games|
|quadrennial = yes
|multi = yes
|type = mixed
|before_year = no
|after_year = no
}}
{{main|Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games}}
This was the first ever Commonwealth tournament held, [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] and [[Leander Paes]] of India were the top seed. But they lost in the semifinals to the champions [[Paul Hanley (tennis)|Paul Hanley]] and [[Peter Luczak]], and had to settle for the bronze medal. Hanley and Luczak defeated [[Ross Hutchins]] and [[Ken Skupski]] of England 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 to win the gold medal.

==Medalists==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| bgcolor="gold" | '''Gold''' || {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Paul Hanley (tennis)|Paul Hanley]] / [[Peter Luczak]]|AUS|2010}}
|-
| bgcolor="silver" | '''Silver''' || {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ross Hutchins]] / [[Ken Skupski]]|ENG|2010}}
|-
| bgcolor="CC9966" | '''Bronze''' || {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Mahesh Bhupathi]] / [[Leander Paes]]|IND|2010}}
|}

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagCGFathlete|[[Mahesh Bhupathi]] / [[Leander Paes]]|IND|2010}} ''(semifinals, bronze medalists)''
# {{flagCGFathlete|[[Rohan Bopanna]] / [[Somdev Devvarman]]|IND|2010}} ''(semifinals, fourth place)''
# {{flagCGFathlete|[[Ross Hutchins]] / [[Ken Skupski]]|ENG|2010}} ''(final, silver medalists)''
# '''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Paul Hanley (tennis)|Paul Hanley]]''' / '''[[Peter Luczak]]|AUS|2010}} (champions, gold medalists)'''
}}

==Main draw==
{{Draw key}}

==Draw==

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3-with third
| RD1=Semifinals
| RD2=Gold Medal Match
| 3rd=Bronze Medal Match

| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1={{flagCGFathlete|[[Mahesh Bhupathi]]|IND|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Leander Paes]]|IND|2010}}
| RD1-score1-1=2
| RD1-score1-2=2
| RD1-score1-3= 
| RD1-seed2=4
| RD1-team2='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Paul Hanley (tennis)|Paul Hanley]]|AUS|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Peter Luczak]]|AUS|2010}}'''
| RD1-score2-1='''6'''
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''
| RD1-score2-3= 

| RD1-seed3=3
| RD1-team3='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ross Hutchins]]|ENG|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Ken Skupski]]|ENG|2010}}'''
| RD1-score3-1=3
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed4=2
| RD1-team4={{flagCGFathlete|[[Rohan Bopanna]]|IND|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Somdev Devvarman]]|IND|2010}}
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2=3
| RD1-score4-3=4

| RD2-seed1=4
| RD2-team1='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Paul Hanley (tennis)|Paul Hanley]]|AUS|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Peter Luczak]]|AUS|2010}}'''
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2=3
| RD2-score1-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed2=3
| RD2-team2={{flagCGFathlete|[[Ross Hutchins]]|ENG|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Ken Skupski]]|ENG|2010}}
| RD2-score2-1=4
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=3

| 3rd-seed1=1
| 3rd-team1='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Mahesh Bhupathi]]|IND|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Leander Paes]]|IND|2010}}'''
| 3rd-score1-1='''6'''
| 3rd-score1-2='''77'''
| 3rd-score1-3= 
| 3rd-seed2=2
| 3rd-team2={{flagCGFathlete|[[Rohan Bopanna]]|IND|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Somdev Devvarman]]|IND|2010}}
| 3rd-score2-1=3
| 3rd-score2-2=64
| 3rd-score2-3= 
}}

===Top half===
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals

| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Mahesh Bhupathi|M Bhupathi]]|IND|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Leander Paes|L Paes]]|IND|2010}}'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3= 
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2={{flagCGFathlete|[[Thangarajah Dineshkanthan|T Dineshkanthan]]|SRI|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Ruchika Jayawickreme|R Jayawickreme]]|SRI|2010}}
| RD1-score2-1=3
| RD1-score2-2=3
| RD1-score2-3= 

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[James Ward (tennis)|J Ward]]|ENG|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Joshua Goodall|J Goodall]]|ENG|2010}}'''
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3= 
| RD1-seed4= 
| RD1-team4={{flagCGFathlete|[[Francis Mwangi|F Mwangi]]|KEN|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|Denis Okoth|KEN|2010}}
| RD1-score4-1=2
| RD1-score4-2=2
| RD1-score4-3= 

| RD1-seed5=4
| RD1-team5='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Paul Hanley (tennis)|P Hanley]]|AUS|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Peter Luczak|P Luczak]]|AUS|2010}}'''
| RD1-score5-1='''77'''
| RD1-score5-2='''6'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6= 
| RD1-team6={{flagCGFathlete|[[Aqeel Khan|A Khan]]|PAK|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi|A-u-H Qureshi]]|PAK|2010}}
| RD1-score6-1=65
| RD1-score6-2=4
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7= 
| RD1-team7={{flagCGFathlete|[[Devin Mullings|D Mullings]]|BAH|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Marvin Rolle|M Rolle]]|BAH|2010}}
| RD1-score7-1=4
| RD1-score7-2=2
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8= 
| RD1-team8='''{{nowrap|{{flagCGFathlete|Christopher Lewis|WAL|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Joshua Milton|J Milton]]|WAL|2010}}}}'''
| RD1-score8-1='''6'''
| RD1-score8-2='''6'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Mahesh Bhupathi|M Bhupathi]]|IND|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Leander Paes|L Paes]]|IND|2010}}'''
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2=64
| RD2-score1-3='''77'''
| RD2-seed2= 
| RD2-team2={{flagCGFathlete|[[James Ward (tennis)|J Ward]]|ENG|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Joshua Goodall|J Goodall]]|ENG|2010}}
| RD2-score2-1=2
| RD2-score2-2='''77'''
| RD2-score2-3=64

| RD2-seed3=4
| RD2-team3='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Paul Hanley (tennis)|P Hanley]]|AUS|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Peter Luczak|P Luczak]]|AUS|2010}}'''
| RD2-score3-1='''6'''
| RD2-score3-2='''6'''
| RD2-score3-3= 
| RD2-seed4= 
| RD2-team4={{flagCGFathlete|Christopher Lewis|WAL|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Joshua Milton|J Milton]]|WAL|2010}}
| RD2-score4-1=4
| RD2-score4-2=0
| RD2-score4-3= 

| RD3-seed1=1
| RD3-team1={{flagCGFathlete|[[Mahesh Bhupathi|M Bhupathi]]|IND|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Leander Paes|L Paes]]|IND|2010}}
| RD3-score1-1=2
| RD3-score1-2=2
| RD3-score1-3= 
| RD3-seed2=4
| RD3-team2='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Paul Hanley (tennis)|P Hanley]]|AUS|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Peter Luczak|P Luczak]]|AUS|2010}}'''
| RD3-score2-1='''6'''
| RD3-score2-2='''6'''
| RD3-score2-3= 
}}

===Bottom half===
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals

| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1={{flagCGFathlete|Gavin Manders|BER|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|David Thomas|BER|2010}}
| RD1-score1-1=2
| RD1-score1-2=3
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Haydn Lewis|H Lewis]]|BAR|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Darian King|D King]]|BAR|2010}}'''
| RD1-score2-1='''6'''
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''
| RD1-score2-3= 

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagCGFathlete|[[Harshana Godamanna|H Godamanna]]|SRI|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Rajeev Rajapakse|R Rajapakse]]|SRI|2010}}
| RD1-score3-1=2
| RD1-score3-2=1
| RD1-score3-3= 
| RD1-seed4=3
| RD1-team4='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ross Hutchins|R Hutchins]]|ENG|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Ken Skupski|K Skupski]]|ENG|2010}}'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3= 

| RD1-seed5= 
| RD1-team5='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Matthew Ebden|M Ebden]]|AUS|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Greg Jones (tennis)|G Jones]]|AUS|2010}}'''
| RD1-score5-1='''6'''
| RD1-score5-2='''6'''
| RD1-score5-3= 
| RD1-seed6= 
| RD1-team6={{flagCGFathlete|Robert Buyinza|UGA|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Duncan Mugabe|D Mugabe]]|UGA|2010}}
| RD1-score6-1=1
| RD1-score6-2=1
| RD1-score6-3= 

| RD1-seed7= 
| RD1-team7={{flagCGFathlete|[[Colin Fleming|C Fleming]]|SCO|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Jamie Murray|J Murray]]|SCO|2010}}
| RD1-score7-1=3
| RD1-score7-2=1
| RD1-score7-3= 
| RD1-seed8=2
| RD1-team8='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Rohan Bopanna|R Bopanna]]|IND|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Somdev Devvarman|S Devvarman]]|IND|2010}}'''
| RD1-score8-1='''6'''
| RD1-score8-2='''6'''
| RD1-score8-3= 

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagCGFathlete|[[Haydn Lewis|H Lewis]]|BAR|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Darian King|D King]]|BAR|2010}}
| RD2-score1-1=3
| RD2-score1-2=5
| RD2-score1-3= 
| RD2-seed2=3
| RD2-team2='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ross Hutchins|R Hutchins]]|ENG|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Ken Skupski|K Skupski]]|ENG|2010}}'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''7'''
| RD2-score2-3= 

| RD2-seed3= 
| RD2-team3={{flagCGFathlete|[[Matthew Ebden|M Ebden]]|AUS|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Greg Jones (tennis)|G Jones]]|AUS|2010}}
| RD2-score3-1=65
| RD2-score3-2=4
| RD2-score3-3= 
| RD2-seed4=2
| RD2-team4='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Rohan Bopanna|R Bopanna]]|IND|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Somdev Devvarman|S Devvarman]]|IND|2010}}'''
| RD2-score4-1='''77'''
| RD2-score4-2='''6'''
| RD2-score4-3= 

| RD3-seed1=3
| RD3-team1='''{{flagCGFathlete|[[Ross Hutchins|R Hutchins]]|ENG|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Ken Skupski|K Skupski]]|ENG|2010}}'''
| RD3-score1-1=3
| RD3-score1-2='''6'''
| RD3-score1-3='''6'''
| RD3-seed2=2
| RD3-team2={{flagCGFathlete|[[Rohan Bopanna|R Bopanna]]|IND|2010}} {{flagCGFathlete|[[Somdev Devvarman|S Devvarman]]|IND|2010}}
| RD3-score2-1='''6'''
| RD3-score2-2=3
| RD3-score2-3=4
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.lta.org.uk/Global/Downloads/Results/2010/Commonwealth%20Games/Draw-Olympics-MD.pdf|title=Men's doubles draw}}

{{2010 in tennis}}
{{Sports at the 2010 Commonwealth Games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games - Men's Doubles}}
[[Category:Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:2010 in men's tennis]]
[[Category:Men's events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]

Sorde, Manipur

2025-10-03T23:47:30Z

AmanGautamArtist: new!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sorde
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|43|05|N|94|21|42|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ukhrul central|Ukhrul]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 265
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tangkhul language|Tangkhul]] Sorde tui
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795142
| registration_plate = MN
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ukhrul]] [[Imphal]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 98.17%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Outer Manipur
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Phungyar]]
| website = {{URL|manipur.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sorde''' is a village located south-west of [[Kamjong]] in [[Kamjong District]], [[Manipur]] state, [[India]]. The village falls under [[Phungyar]] sub division. The village is partially connected by Ukhrul-Phungyar state highway and Shangshak-Yairipok district road. Sorde is flanked by [[Khamlang]] in the west, [[Punge]] in the south, [[Kangpat]] in the east and [[Phungyar]] in the north. Locally, the inhabitants speak Sorde dialect that belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family.

==Total population==
According to 2011 census, Sorde has 59 households with the total of 265 people of which 137 are male and 128 are female. Of the total population, 24 were in the age group of 0–6 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/manipur/ukhrul/phungyar-phaisat-sub-division/sorde.html|title=Location of Sorde|publisher=Maps of India|accessdate=2019-11-11 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1408_PART_B_DCHB_UKHRUL.pdf|title=Census of India 2011, District Census Handbook: Ukhrul|last=|first=|date=2011|website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|page=81|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> The average sex ratio of the village is 934 female to 1000 male which is lower than the state average of 985. The literacy rate of the village stands at 68.88% which is lower than the state average 76.94%. Male literacy rate stands at 77.42% while female literacy rate was 59.83%.

==People and occupation==
The village is home to people of [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul Naga]] tribe. Agriculture is the primary occupation and the majority of the inhabitants is Christian. The village is known in the district for its reserve{{Clarify|reason=Not clear what a reserve natural environment is? Is it part of a natural reserve? If so, it should be mentioned by name|date=October 2025}} natural environment, flora and fauna. Being a remote village, the village has a relatively poor transport system and bad road condition, and the inhabitants suffer most during the rainy season because of frequent landslides.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ukhrul district]]

Sunaina Anand

2025-08-03T01:13:41Z

AmanGautamArtist: done!

{{Short description|Indian weightlifter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sunaina Anand
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nationality = Indian
| residence =
| alma mater =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|04|20}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| website =
| country =
| sport = [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Manchester]]|[[Weightlifting at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|58 kg snatch]]}}
{{MedalBronze|2002 Manchester|58 kg clean and jerk}}
{{MedalBronze|2002 Manchester|58 kg total}}
}}

'''Sunaina Anand''' (20 April 1980)<ref>{{cite web |title=Results |url=http://m2002.thecgf.com/results/default.asp?ath=8329 |website=m2002.thecgf.com |accessdate=6 May 2020}}</ref> is an Indian weightlifter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Satheesha Rai faces life ban |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/satheesha-rai-faces-life-ban/cid/1071193 |website=The Telegraph |access-date=26 November 2023 }}</ref>

Sunaina won three bronze medals at the [[Weightlifting at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Commonwealth Games]] in the 58 kg snatch, 58 kg clean and jerk and 58 kg total events.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://iwf.sport/weightlifting_/athletes-bios/?athlete=sunaina-anand-1980-04-20&id=5067 IWF Profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunaina Sunaina}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female weightlifters]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games weightlifters for India]]

Theeyathur Sahasralakshmeeswarar Temple

2025-07-12T16:29:28Z

AmanGautamArtist: stub

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Theeyathur Sahasralakshmeeswarar Temple
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Sahasralakshmeeswarar Temple, Theeyathur, [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9167|N|79.0737|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
| location = Theeyathur
| elevation_m = 32.26
| deity = Sahasralakshmeeswarar
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = [https://theeyathursivantemple.com]
}}

'''Sahasralakshmeeswarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple|Shiva temple]] situated at Theeyathur alias Theeyathur Vadakottai neighbourhood in [[Pudukkottai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=S. PRAKASH |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exo5EAAAQBAJ&q=Sahasra%2520Lakshmeeswarar%2520Temple&pg=PT534 |title=Unlock Purva Punya and Paap from the Stories of 27 Nakshatras: Curses through Medical Astrology |date=20 July 2021 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63957-558-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sahasra Lakshmeeshwarar Shiva Temple |url=https://epuja.co.in/product-details.php?puja_id=1292&page=Sri-Sahasra-Lakshmeeshwarar-Shiva-Temple-Theeyathur |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=ePuja |language=en}}</ref> The main deity is Sahasralakshmeeswarar and goddess is Periyanayaki in this temple. Sun and Agni worshipped the mai deity here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divinvite |url=https://www.divinvite.com/temple-epuja-service/star/theeyathur-sahasra-lakshmeeswarar-uthiratathi-star-spl-puja |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=www.divinvite.com}}</ref>

== Location ==
This temple is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of {{coord|9.9167|N|79.0737|E}} at Theeyathur in Pudukkottai district.
== History ==
Lord Vishnu had the habit of performing pooja for Shiva every day. One day he tried to do so with 1,000 (sahasram) lotus flowers. On doing so, he had observed that there was a shortage of one flower. So, he decided to perform the pooja by fulfilling the shortage by one of His eyes as a flower. So he intended to pluck off his eyes. On doing so, Shiva appeared in front of Him and prevented Him to pluck off the eye. On hearing this incident, goddess Mahalakshmi also had the intention of the darshan of Shiva. As per the suggestions from Sage [[Agastya]], Mahalakshmi performed pooja for Shiva with 1,000 flowers. Shiva was delighted by the pooja and gave darshan to Mahalakshmi in this place. Thereafter He stayed here in this place for the darshan of devotees also and named as Sahasralakshmeeswarar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theeyathur Sivan Temple |url=https://theeyathursivantemple.com/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=theeyathursivantemple.com}}</ref>
== Mythical belief ==
Divine sculptor Viswakarma, Sage
Agir Budhan, Sage Agni Purandhaks and Sage Angirasa who were born in Uthirattadhi nakshatra, in their invisible forms, are believed to perform Homam every month on the star of Uthirattadhi, in this temple where Mahalakshmi worshipped Shiva with 1,000 lotus flowers.<ref>{{Cite web |author=lightuptemple |date=21 December 2020 |title=Sri Sahasra Lakshmeeswarar Temple- Uthirattathi Nakshatra |url=https://lightuptemples.com/en/sri-sahasra-lakshmeeswarar-temple-uthirattathi-nakshatra/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=lightuptemples |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Sub deities ==
[[Brahma]], [[Dakshinamurti]], Lingothbavar, Chandikeswarar, Vancha Ganapathy, [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya|Subramanian]] with His consorts Valli and Devasena, Nandi, Sun, Moon, [[Navagraha]], [[Bhairava]] and [[Nāga]] are the sub deities in this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahasra Lakshmeeswarar Temple : Sahasra Lakshmeeswarar Temple Details |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1397 |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=temple.dinamalar.com}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district]]