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Swapan Kumar Das

2026-05-07T19:26:31Z

Aman064: Adding A Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician in West Bengal}}
{{distinguish|Swapan Kumar Das|Sawpan Kumar Das}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Santipur Assembly constituency|Santipur]]
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Swapan Kumar Das''' is a politician from West Bengal. He is a member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly, from [[Santipur Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal|Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swapan Kumar Das(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SANTIPUR(NADIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=2373 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swapan Kumar Das, SANTIPUR constituency, BJP, WestBengal Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/WestBengal2026/swapan-kumar-das-2373/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

Akaash Singh

2026-05-07T08:48:49Z

Aman064: Added initial biography added tags - done

{{Short description|American comedian and actor (born 1984)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akaash Singh
| image = Akaash Singh Uploaded James Tamim (cropped).png
| alt =
| caption = Singh in 2021
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|05|04}}
| birth_place = [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], U.S.
| alma_mater = [[Austin College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Comedian|actor|[[podcast]]er}}
| notable works = ''Akaash Singh: Bring Back Apu'' ''[[Wild 'n Out]]'' ''[[Brown Nation]]'' ''Flagrant 2''
| website = {{URL|akaashsingh.com}}
| years_active = 2007{{ndash}}present
| spouse = {{marriage|Jasleen Chawla|2021}}
}}

'''Akaash Singh''' (born May 4, 1984) is an American comedian, actor, and podcaster. He is known for formerly hosting the ''[[Flagrant 2 (podcast)|Flagrant]]'' podcast with [[Andrew Schulz]] and his comedy specials ''Bring Back Apu'' and ''Gaslit'' on YouTube.

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born on May 4, 1984, in [[Dallas, Texas]], into an [[Indian Americans|Indian]] family from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His father is a business owner. He started developing his stand-up skills at school talent shows.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ZulkarNayeem |date=2022-04-02 |title=Akaash Singh Wild N Out Show Everything You Need to Know |url=https://wildnoutshow.com/akaash-singh-wild-n-out-show/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Wild 'N Out |language=en-US}}</ref> He went to [[Austin College]] from 2002 to 2006. He left the pre-med track to pursue his comedy career full-time.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://downingtowntimes.com/?p=23410 | title=On Stage: Akaash Singh thrives on having a live audience | the Downingtown Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=North Indians VS South Indians Naveen Richard Brownish Comedy | date=26 July 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiG3L_j3u8E | via=YouTube |quote=0:47 where he talks about his family from UP}}</ref>

==Career==
===Stand-up comedy===
Singh began performing stand-up comedy by his freshman year in college as he performed at his first open mic in [[Denton, Texas]].<ref name="India">{{cite web |last1=Chinatomby |first1=Alicia |title=Comedian Akaash Singh Decodes the Art of Being Funny |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/comedian-akaash-singh-decodes-the-art-of-being-funny-409225/ |website=India.com |access-date=3 April 2022 |date=June 5, 2015}}</ref>

In February 2022, Singh self-released his first comedy special, ''Bring Back Apu'' on YouTube.<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite web |last1=Zinoman |first1=Jason |title=Akaash Singh and His Case for Bringing Back Apu |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/arts/television/akaash-singh-apu-the-simpsons.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=31 March 2022 |date=March 4, 2022}}</ref><ref name="RVA">{{cite web |last1=Santamaria |first1=Gabriel |title=Bring Back Apu: An Interview With Akaash Singh |url=https://rvamag.com/news/comedy/bring-back-apu-an-interview-with-akaash-singh.html |website=RVA Mag |access-date=31 March 2022 |date=February 1, 2022}}</ref> This special amassed a million views in one week of being released.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wild |first=Stephi |title=Akaash Singh Comes to Comedy Works Larimer This Week |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/denver/article/Akaash-Singh-Comes-to-Comedy-Works-Larimer-This-Week-20230418 |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Television, film, and web series===
Singh was featured in five episodes of the [[Improvisational theatre|improv]] comedy show ''[[Wild 'n Out]]'' (2014–2015), moving to a creative consultant role in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-17 |title=Comedian Akaash Singh performing at Albany Funny Bone |url=https://www.news10.com/community/concerts-performances/comedian-akaash-singh-performing-at-albany-funny-bone/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=NEWS10 ABC |language=en-US}}</ref>

Additionally, he appeared in a smaller role in [[HBO]]'s ''[[The Leftovers (TV series)|The Leftovers]]'' (2014) and was a cast member for the fifth season of [[MTV]]'s ''[[Guy Code]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lakshmin |first1=Deepa |title='Guy Code' Returns For Season 5 With 13 New Cast Members |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2026370/guy-code-season-5-new-members/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226001015/http://www.mtv.com/news/2026370/guy-code-season-5-new-members/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 26, 2014 |website=MTV News |access-date=31 March 2022 |date=December 15, 2014}}</ref><ref name="India" />

In 2016, Singh appeared as Mookie in the [[Netflix]] series ''[[Brown Nation]].''<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-20 |title=Akaash Singh brings comedy show to West Michigan |url=https://www.fox17online.com/news/morning-news/akaash-singh-brings-comedy-show-to-west-michigan |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=FOX 17 West Michigan News (WXMI) |language=en}}</ref>

===Podcasts===

Singh co-hosts the ''Flagrant'' podcast with fellow comedian [[Andrew Schulz]], with support from AlexxMedia and Mark Gagnon. Originally intended to be a sports podcast, as of 2022, it focuses on current events and [[Popular culture|pop culture]].<ref name="RVA"/><ref name="The New York Times"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Schulz & Akaash slam The Simpsons over Joe Rogan sketch |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/andrew-schulz-akaash-slam-the-simpsons-over-joe-rogan-sketch-1786509/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref> The podcast releases two episodes a week and an additional episode exclusively for [[Patreon]] subscribers<ref>{{Cite web |title='Unfiltered, unapologetic, and unruly,' any topic is fair game for hot takes in 'Andrew Schulz's Flagrant 2 with Akaash Singh' |url=https://podsauce.com/articles/andrew-schulzs-flagrant-2-with-akaash-singh-is-full-of-hot-takes/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Podsauce |language=en-US}}</ref> and it has 2 million subscribers on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FLAGRANT |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5PstSsGrRwj2o6asQpC4Rg |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He married his wife Jasleen (née Chawla) in July 2021 in [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Randell |first=Louise |date=2022-02-10 |title=All about is Akaash Singh's wife Jasleen |url=https://www.stylesrant.com/all-about-is-akaash-singhs-wife-jasleen/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=StylesRant |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-28 |title=Akaash Singh Recalls His Wife Sticking By His Side When He Was 'Broke' |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/backwoodsaltar/akaash-singh-wife-broke-praise |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref> He lives in New York City.

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''Hellaware''
|Noah
|
|-
|''[[How to Follow Strangers]]''
|Ian
|
|-
|2016
|''Hail Mary''
|Kevin
|TV Movie
|-
|2017
|''Everything is Okay''
|Gary (Subway)
|Short
|-
|2020
|''Timing''
|Akaash
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''Good Medicine''
|Raj
|Main Cast
|-
|''[[The Leftovers (TV series)|The Leftovers]]''
|Dry Cleaner Employee
|Episode: "Gladys"
|-
|2014–2015
|''[[Wild 'n Out]]''
|Himself
|Season 6 & 7
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015
|''[[Guy Code]]''
|Himself
|Episode: "Being Offensive, Commitment, Being Crazy"
|-
|''Broker''
|Raj
|TV Short
|-
|''Carpool Rules''
|Himself
|Web Series
|-
|''[[Difficult People]]''
|Dog Owner
|Episode: "Premium Membership"
|-
|''[[Red Oaks]]''
|Delivery Guy
|Episode: "MDMA"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''Guy Code vs. Girl Code''
|Himself
|
|-
|''[[Brown Nation]]''
|Mookie
|Main Cast
|-
|2017
|''Clickbait''
|Himself/Host
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szalai |first=Georg |date=2017-04-26 |title=MTV International to Debut Music-Themed Show 'Clickbait' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/mtv-international-debut-music-themed-show-clickbait-997601/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Fake News at Night''
|Himself
|
|-
|2022
|''Top Gen''
|Himself/Host
|
|}

=== Comedy Special ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Distribution
!Notes
|-
|2022
|''Akaash Singh: Bring Back Apu''
|YouTube
|-
|2024
|''Akaash Singh: Gaslit''
|YouTube
|
|}

=== Writing ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Notes
|-
|2017
|''[[Wild 'n Out]]''
|
|-
|2022
|''Akaash Singh: Bring Back Apu''
|
|-
|2023
|''Fouja''
|Post-production
|}

=== Executive producer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Notes
|-
|2022
|''Akaash Singh: Bring Back Apu''
|
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Akaash}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American male actors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American male comedians]]
[[Category:American stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:American comedians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American comedy podcasters]]
[[Category:Austin College alumni]]
[[Category:Comedians from Dallas]]

Left Front-led Alliance

2026-05-07T03:28:55Z

Aman064: added initial entry with sources!

{{Short description|Political coalition in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Left Front-led Alliance
| native_name =
| logo = <div style="background-color:#F4C2C2; padding:4px; text-align:center;">
[[File:CPI(M) Election symbol.png|35px]] [[File:CPI symbol.svg|35px]] [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|35px]] [[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|35px]] [[File:Flag Logo of CPIML.png|35px]] [[File:Indian Election Symbol Envelope.jpg|30px]]
<div style="font-weight:bold; margin-top:5px;">''Left Front+''</div></div>
| leader = [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
| chairman = [[Biman Bose]]
| colorcode = {{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}}
| foundation = 2026<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/left-front-moves-to-forge-broader-alliance-ahead-assembly-polls-1503519078.html|title=Left Front moves to forge broader alliance ahead Assembly polls|publisher=The Statesman|access-date=15 March 2026}}</ref>
| country = India
| abbreviation = LF+
| position = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]{{efn|name=A}}
| seats1_title = [[Lok Sabha]]
| seats1 = {{composition bar|0|42|{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}}}}
| seats2_title = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| seats2 = {{composition bar|0|16|{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}}}}
| seats3_title = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| seats3 = {{composition bar|2|294|{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}}}}
| seats4_title = [[Gram Panchayats]]
| seats4 = {{composition bar|3785|63229|{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}}}}
| seats5_title = [[Panchayat Samiti|Panchayat Samitis]]
| seats5 = {{composition bar|196|9730|{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}}}}
| seats6_title = [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishads]]
| seats6 = {{composition bar|3|928|{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}}}}
| seats7_title = [[Municipalities]]
| seats7 = {{composition bar|1|108|{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}}}}
| colours = {{color box|{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}}|border=darkgray}} Red
| ideology = [[Marxism–Leninism]] [[Secularism]] [[Revolutionary patriotism]] [[Anti-imperialism]]
| flag =
| footnotes = {{efn|name=A|The Front is described as a broad left-wing alliance, with [[Centrism|centre]] and [[Far-left politics|far-left]] parties.}}
}}

'''Left Front-led Alliance''' ({{small|abbr.}} '''LF+''')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2014/0518_pd/west-bengal-left-front-appeals-greater-unity|title=West Bengal Left Front Appeals for Greater Unity|publisher=People's Democracy|date=18 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/left-front-moves-to-forge-broader-alliance-ahead-assembly-polls-1503519078.html|title=Left Front moves to forge broader alliance ahead Assembly polls|publisher=The statesman|access-date=28 Feb 2026}}</ref> is an alliance of [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] to [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]] political parties led by the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] in [[West Bengal]] ahead of [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] in opposition to the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC) and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite web|date=12 February 2021|title=Surjya Kanta Mishra: 'West Bengal Left bringing secular forces together to fight Trinamool and BJP'|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/interview-surjya-kanta-mishra-cpim-west-bengal-left-bringing-secular-forces-together-to-fight-trinamool-and-bjp-in-west-bengal-assembly-election-2021/article33659950.ece|access-date=23 March 2021|website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307133947/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/interview-surjya-kanta-mishra-cpim-west-bengal-left-bringing-secular-forces-together-to-fight-trinamool-and-bjp-in-west-bengal-assembly-election-2021/article33659950.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bengal-cpi-m-for-unity-of-left-democratic-and-secular-forces-118020801672_1.html|date=8 Feb 2018|title=Bengal CPI(M) for unity of Left, democratic and secular forces|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cpm-open-to-alliances-with-secular-forces-in-bengal/articleshow/118608402.cms|title=CPM open to alliances with ‘secular forces’ in Bengal|date=27 Feb 2025}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Background ===

Following the fall of CPI(M)-led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government in West Bengal along with the rise of the [[Trinamool Congress]] in 2011 and the rise of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2014, the [[CPI(M)]] had welcomed ideas of the broad understanding of [[secular]] and [[Democracy|democratic]] forces. The first signs came when in the [[Siliguri]] municipal election, CPI(M) made some local understanding with [[Indian National Congress|INC]] resulting in CPI(M) leader [[Ashok Bhattacharya]] being appointed as the [[mayor]]. This success got popularity as the "Siliguri Model".<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2016|title='Siliguri Model': How the Left-Congress 'alliance' was forged|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/siliguri-model-how-the-left-congress-alliance-was-forged-2757798/?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=WhatsappShare|work=The Indian Express|access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref> After the success of the model, in the long run, some Congress and CPI(M) leader advocated for a Left-Congress alliance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/kolkata/6939-left-congress-alliance-in-west-bengal-elections-2016.html|title=Left-Congress alliance in West Bengal Elections 2016, hinted Left leaders|work=infoelections}}</ref> This gradually materialized into "alliance" between INC and Left Front. The precedence of the [[UPA-Left Coordination Committee|Left Front providing outside support to the UPA-I government in 2004-2008]] was cited in support.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/left-parties-seek-coordination-committee-meet/articleshow/1495738.cms|title=Left parties seek Coordination Committee meet|publisher=Times of India|date=19 April 2006|access-date=27 Feb 2026}}</ref> Given the political history of West Bengal, the materialisation of an alliance between the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] & the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], 2 parties that have been bitter rivals of each other since the 1970s & have a history of unleashing political violence against each other's cadres, took the political circles of the state by surprise. After much dispute and secession of two far-left groups: [[SUCI(C)]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]], from the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]], both Congress and the Communists formed an understanding basis of what they called "seat-sharing", strongly objecting to the use of the word "alliance".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/West-Bengal-Assembly-Election-2016-Left-Front-reaches-%E2%80%98understanding%E2%80%99-with-Congress/article60562296.ece|title=Left Front reaches ‘understanding’ with Congress|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref>

=== 2016 election and Mahajot ===

In 2016, '''Mahajot'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 Feb 2016|title=WB Congress Calls For Alliance With CPI(M), Other "Secular Forces"|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/wb-congress-calls-for-alliance-with-cpim-other-secular-forces|work=The Quint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 Jan 2016|title=West Bengal Elections 2016: CPI(M) to take final call on alliance with Congress next week|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-west-bengal-elections-2016-cpim-to-take-final-call-on-alliance-with-congress-next-week-2165160|work=DNA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2016|title=CPI-M and Congress alliance to continue in Bengal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/west-bengal-elections-2016/news/cpi-m-and-congress-alliance-to-continue-in-bengal/articleshow/52404084.cms|work=The Times of India}}</ref> was formed on the broad agreement that some political parties proposed before the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] for fighting against the [[Trinamool Congress]] government in [[West Bengal]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on national level. [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] consisting of [[CPI(M)]], [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]], [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]] and [[Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)|DSP]] along with [[Indian National Congress|INC]] released their respective candidate list in several rounds after consultations and bargaining.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/kolkata/6338-wset-bengal-cpm-candidate-list.html|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Left Front Candidate List 2016|work=Infoelection}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/kolkata/6336-west-bengal-congress-candidate-list.html|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Congress Candidate List 2016|work=Infoelection}}</ref> However, the alliance failed to gain the majority seats in the assembly elections.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2016/west-bengal-election/story/west-bengal-results-mamata-banerjee-set-to-sweep-left-congress-experiment-fails-324368-2016-05-19|title =West Bengal results: It's Mamata all the way, Left-Congress experiment fails|date =19 May 2016|author =Romita Datta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 May 2016|url =https://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/west-bengal-left-congress-alliance-weak-in-arithmetic-and-chemistry-2813058/|title =West Bengal: Left-Congress alliance weak in arithmetic and chemistry|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Halt in broader understanding in 2019 ===

Afterwards, ahead of [[2019 Indian general election]], the alliance between the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] is off the cards as both camps could not agree on a seat-sharing formula for Lok Sabha elections, especially in the [[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj]] and [[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]] seats, where the incumbent MP was from CPI(M) but the MLAs of the constituent legislative assembly seats were mostly from the Congress.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/left-congress-alliance-mess-719266.html|title =Left-Congress alliance in a mess|date =19 February 2019|author =Soumya Das }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 March 2019|title=We're done: Congress calls off alliance with the Left in West Bengal|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/lok-sabha-elections-2019-congress-calls-off-alliance-left-west-bengal-1480435-2019-03-17|work=India Today}}</ref>

=== 2021 election and Sanjukta Morcha ===

Subsequently, Mahajot was succeeded by the '''Sanjukta Morcha'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/photos/photoessay/with-brigade-rally-left-congress-isfs-sanyukta-morcha-kicks-of-bengal-poll-campaign/2628|title=With Brigade Rally, Left-Congress-ISF's 'Sanyukta Morcha' Kicks Of Bengal Poll Campaign|website=Outlook India|date=2021-02-28|access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref> in 2021 with the joining of [[Indian Secular Front|ISF]] in the alliance. Despite a spirited campaign, both the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] and the [[Indian National Congress]] drew a blank in the election with a considerable decrease in their respective vote shares. That was the first time when the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] was devoid of any MLA from Left Front or Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 May 2021|title=The rise of BJP and fall of leftist and Congress in West Bengal|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/world/politics/rise-bjp-and-fall-leftist-and-congress-west-bengal-240853|work=The Business Standard}}</ref> Afterwards, ahead of [[2024 Indian general election]], ISF decided to contest alone in the Lok Sabha polls due to some differences in seat sharing and marks the end of alliance with Left and INC.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 April 2024|title=Left Front's electoral understanding with the Indian Secular Front falls flat|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/left-fronts-electoral-understanding-with-the-indian-secular-front-falls-flat/article68029055.ece.html|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref> Thereafter, Sanjukta Morcha was succeeded by the '''LF–INC Alliance'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 Feb 2024|title=রাজ্যে ফের বাম-কংগ্রেস জোট, আসনরফা নিয়ে লক্ষ্মীবারই বৈঠক সেলিম-অধীরের|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/cpim-and-congress-to-fight-ls-polls-2024-in-alliance-in-bengal/|work=Sangbad Pratidin|access-date=14 Feb 2024}}</ref> or the '''Secular Democratic Alliance'''. The alliance won only 1 seat ([[Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Dakshin]] by INC) out of the 42 it contested.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/left-draws-a-blank-in-west-bengal-isha-khan-wins-for-congress/article68252473.ece|title=Left draws a blank in West Bengal, Isha Khan wins for Congress|publisher=The Hindu|date=5 June 2024}}</ref>

=== 2026 election, exit of Indian National Congress and larger Left unity ===

Afterwards, ahead of [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] Indian National Congress decided to fight alone in the polls marking the end of LF–INC Alliance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-to-contest-all-294-seats-solo-in-west-bengal-assembly-polls-10955885|title=No Alliance, Congress To Go Solo In All 294 Seats Of Bengal|publisher=|access-date=21 Feb 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/congress-solo-move-sharpens-tmc-bjp-binary-ahead-of-bengal-polls-3894350|title=Congress solo move sharpens TMC-BJP binary ahead of Bengal polls|publisher=Deccan Herald|access-date=27 Feb 2026}}</ref> On the other hand, Left Front kept uniting other left parties (communist and socialist parties) including [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]] and other 'secular', 'democratic' forces and fractions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/bharat/will-left-front-be-able-to-find-back-winning-ways-in-2026-bengal-assembly-polls-enn25102601978|title=Will Left Front Be Able To Find Back Winning Ways In 2026 Bengal Assembly Polls?|publisher=ETV Bharat|date=26 October 2025|access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref> together forming a broader Left alliance ('''LF+''').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/left-front-moves-to-forge-broader-alliance-ahead-assembly-polls-1503519078.html|title=Left Front moves to forge broader alliance ahead Assembly polls|publisher=The statesman|access-date=28 Feb 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/its-a-rejuvenated-cpi-m-its-a-resurgent-left-mohammed-salim-on-bengal-polls-1503580836.html|title=It’s a rejuvenated CPI-M, it’s a resurgent Left: Mohammed Salim on Bengal polls|publisher=The Statesman|date=12 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/biman-bose-says-cpim-first-candidate-list-will-announce-today-1290342.html|title=WB Assembly Election: আজই বামেদের প্রার্থী তালিকা প্রকাশ, জোট কি হচ্ছে? জানিয়ে দিলেন বিমান বসু|publisher=TV9 Bangla|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/cpi-ml-to-contest-10-seats-in-bengal-in-alliance-with-left-front/|title=CPI(ML) Liberation to contest 10 seats in Bengal in alliance with Left Front|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/politics/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2026-seat-sharing-formula-becomes-difficult-for-cpim-leaders-wbs26031106164|title=আসন সমঝোতার প্রশ্নে সহজ পার্টি-গণিত কঠিন হয়ে দাঁড়াচ্ছে সেলিম-বিমানদের কাছে|publisher=ETV Bangla|date=11 March 2026}}</ref> Subsequently, [[Indian Secular Front|ISF]] once again joined hands with the alliance led by the CPI(M)-led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/isf-leader-nawsad-siddique-speaks-out-about-isf-and-left-front-alliance-in-west-bengal-assembly-elections-rdp-2555596.html|title=ISF-Left Front Alliance: বামেদের সঙ্গেই সর্বাত্মক জোটে আইএসএফ! বুধবারের মধ্যেই কাটবে আসন রফা নিয়ে জট, ঘোষণা নওশাদের|publisher=News18 Bangla|date=24 Feb 2026}}</ref> The alliance won 2 seats ([[Domkal Assembly constituency|Domkal]] by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] and [[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]] by [[All India Secular Front|ISF]]) out of 293 it contested.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/west-bengal/2026/May/04/cpim-ends-electoral-drought-in-west-bengal-with-single-assembly-seat-win|title=CPI(M) ends electoral drought in West Bengal with single assembly seat win|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

== Members ==
=== Political parties ===

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Symbol and Colour
!Party
!Flag
!Ideology
!Political position
!Leader(s)
|-
|colspan="8"|'''[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]'''
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| [[File:CPI(M) Election symbol.png|50px]]
|'''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]'''
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Anti-imperialism]]
|[[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]] to [[Far-left politics|far-left]]
|[[M. A. Baby]] [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{Party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px|centre]]
|'''[[Communist Party of India]]'''
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
|[[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Anti-imperialism]]
|[[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]] to [[Far-left politics|far-left]]
|[[D. Raja]] Swapan Banerjee
|-
|style="background-color:{{Party color|All India Forward Bloc}}"|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|50px|centre]]
|'''[[All India Forward Bloc]]'''
|[[File:All India Forward Bloc flag.svg|50px]]
|[[Left-wing nationalism]] [[Anti-imperialism]]
|[[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
|G. Devarajan Naren Chatterjee
|-
|style="background-color:{{Party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}"|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px|centre]]
|'''[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]'''
|[[File:RSP-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[Revolutionary socialism]] [[Anti-imperialism]]
|[[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
|[[Manoj Bhattacharya]] [[Tapan Hore]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{Party color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}"|
|rowspan="5"| [[File:CPI(M) Election symbol.png|50px]]
|'''[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]'''
|[[File:RCPI Flag.jpg|50px]]
|[[Marxism-Leninism]]
|[[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
|Subhash Roy
|-
|style="background-color:{{Party color|Marxist Forward Bloc}}"|
|'''[[Marxist Forward Bloc]]'''
|
|[[Marxism]]
|[[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
|Ashish Chakraborty
|-
|style="background-color:{{Party color|Bolshevik Party of India}}"|
|'''[[Bolshevik Party of India]]'''
|
|[[Marxism-Leninism]]
|[[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
|Probir Ghosh
|-
|style="background-color:{{Party color|Workers Party of India}}"|
|'''[[Workers Party of India]]'''
|
|[[Marxism]]
|[[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
|Shipra Chakraborty
|-
|style="background-color:{{Party color|Biplobi Bangla Congress}}"|
|'''[[Biplobi Bangla Congress]]'''
|
|[[Democratic socialism]]
|[[Centre-left]] to [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]
|(Not specified)
|-
|colspan="8"|'''[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] allies'''
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}"|
|[[File:Flag Logo of CPIML.png|50px|centre]]
|'''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]'''
|[[File:CPIML LIBERATION FLAG.jpg|50px]]
|[[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism]] [[Anti-imperialism]]
|[[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
|[[Dipankar Bhattacharya]] Abhijit Majumder
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|West Bengal Socialist Party}}"|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Bat.png|50px|centre]]
|'''[[West Bengal Socialist Party]]'''
|
|[[Socialism]]
|[[Left wing politics|Left Wing]]
|Manindra Chandra Paul
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Secular Front}}"|
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Indian Election Symbol Envelope.jpg|50px|centre]]
|'''[[All India Secular Front]]'''
|[[File:ISF flag.svg|50px]]
|[[Social justice]]
|[[Centrist politics|Centre]] to [[centre-left]]
|[[Nawsad Siddiqui]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Social Democratic Party of India}}"|
|'''[[Social Democratic Party of India]]'''
|[[File:SDPI Flag.jpg|50px]]
|[[Social justice]]
|[[Centrist politics|Centre]] to [[centre-left]]
|Hakikul Islam
|}

===Past members===

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Ideology
!Political position
!Leader(s)
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[Secularism]] [[Civic nationalism]]
|[[Centrism|Centre]]
|[[Subhankar Sarkar]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== Results of State Assembly election in West Bengal ===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}};color:white" | Overall Votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}};color:white" | Seats won 
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Secular Democratic Alliance}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|
|
|293
|2
|{{Increase}}1
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)]]
* [[Left Front (West Bengal)]]
* [[Left Front (Tripura)]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Defunct political party alliances in India]]
[[Category:Politics of West Bengal]]

Salim Kumar

2026-05-02T05:54:29Z

Aman064: Adding New Bio!

{{short description|Indian film actor, director, and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Salim Kumar
| image = Salim kumar.jpg
| caption = Salim Kumar receiving Kerala State Film Award in 2011
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|10|10}}
| birth_place = [[Chittatukara]], [[North Paravur]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director}}
| yearsactive = 1996–present
| spouse = Sunitha
| children = 2, including [[Chandu Salim Kumar]]
| awards = [[National Film Awards]] (2010) [[Kerala State Film Awards]] (2005, 2010, 2013, 2016) [[Filmfare Awards South]] (2011)
}}

'''Salim Kumar''' (born 10 October 1969) is an Indian actor, comedian, director and writer in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/co-passengers-made-disgusting-faces-when-they-saw-me-reading-shakeelas-biography-salim-kumar/articleshow/67622709.cms|title=Co-passengers made disgusting faces when they saw me reading Shakeela's biography: Salim Kumar - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021203617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/co-passengers-made-disgusting-faces-when-they-saw-me-reading-shakeelas-biography-salim-kumar/articleshow/67622709.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Mostly known for his comic and comedy roles, Salim Kumar is considered one of the best and most prominent comedians in the history of Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Best Comedians of Mollywood|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/best-comedians-of-mollywood/photostory/49746858.cms|access-date=2021-03-12|website=The Times of India|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702055524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/best-comedians-of-mollywood/photostory/49746858.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In his later career, Salim Kumar also found success in playing character roles and won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] in 2010 for his role in ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]'' (which also won the year's [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Kerala State Film Award]]). His directorial film ''[[Karutha Joothan]]'' won the 2017 [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award]] for Best Story. He has also won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor]] for ''[[Achanurangatha Veedu]]'' (2005) and a [[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actor]] (2013).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2032096.ece?homepage=true | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Priscilla | last=Jebaraj | title=South hogs limelight at 58th National Film Awards | date=19 May 2011 | access-date=19 May 2011 | archive-date=5 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505172349/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2032096.ece?homepage=true | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Salim Kumar was born on 10 October 1969 in [[North Paravur]], as the youngest son of Gangadharan and Kausalya. He once told an interviewer that his father was an [[atheism|atheist]] and a follower of the veteran social reformer [[Sahodaran Ayyappan]], who was also from North Paravur, and so named his son Salim Kumar to avoid religious associations.

Kumar attended the Govt. Lower Primary School, Chittattukara North Paravur; went to high school at the Govt. Boys High School, North Paravur; and completed his pre-degree education at Sree Narayana Mangalam College Malyankara, Moothakunnam. He wanted to become a singer at a young age but later took up [[Impressionist|Mimicry]]. He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharajas College]], [[Ernakulam]] where he won the university's Mimicry title thrice. He started his stage career at [[Kalabhavan]]. He was also a performer in ''Comicola'', a comedy program on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. For about four years, he was associated with professional drama in Arathi Theatres, [[Kochi]].

==Film career==
Before entering into Malayalam film industry, Salim Kumar was chosen as host for a comedy programme called ''Comicola'' broadcast on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. He made his debut in Malayalam cinema with the 1997 family drama ''Ishtamanu Nooru Vattam'', directed by Siddique Shameer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/archive|title=Archives Top and Latest News|website=mint|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628083531/https://www.livemint.com/archive|url-status=live}}</ref> After doing some minor roles in numerous movies, [[Sibi Malayil]] offered Salim Kumar a role in his movie [[Nee Varuvolam]]. However he was sent back from the location by the production controller by saying that his acting was not right. He was later replaced by [[Indrans]] to do the role.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Salim Kumar sent back saying he doesn't know how to act, screenwriter Kaloor Dennis shares his experience - The Post Reader|url=https://thepostreader.com/salim-kumar-sent-back-saying-he-doesnt-know-how-to-act-screenwriter-kaloor-dennis-shares-his-experience/|access-date=2021-06-25|language=en-US|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625072006/https://thepostreader.com/salim-kumar-sent-back-saying-he-doesnt-know-how-to-act-screenwriter-kaloor-dennis-shares-his-experience/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was later noted for his performance in the movie [[Sathyameva Jayathe|Satyameva Jayathe]], which was released in 2000. After getting impressed with his performance in Satyameva Jayathe, director [[Rafi–Mecartin|Rafi Meccartin]] offered Salim a role in his movie [[Thenkasipattanam]], which was a major breakthrough in his film career. It was one of the highest grossing movie of 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title='ഐതിഹാസിക വിജയത്തിന് രണ്ട് പതിറ്റാണ്ടുകൾ'; തെങ്കാശിപ്പട്ടണത്തിൻ്റെ വിജയ ഓർമ്മ പങ്കിട്ട് ലാൽ!|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/actor-director-lal-celebrates-20-years-of-industry-hit-thenkasipattanam-movie/articleshow/79925559.cms|access-date=2021-06-25|website=malayalam.samayam.com|language=ml|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625070452/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/actor-director-lal-celebrates-20-years-of-industry-hit-thenkasipattanam-movie/articleshow/79925559.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the movie ''[[One Man Show (film)|One Man Show]]'', he played the memorable role of a patient escaped from mental hospital. Salim Kumar then found success while acting along with [[Dileep]]. In some movies, the duo is joined by [[Harisree Ashokan|Harishree Ashokan]]. In the 2001 [[Slapstick|slapstick comedy]] movie [[Ee Parakkum Thalika]], he played the role of cook ''Koshi'' while in the 2002 [[cult]] comedy movie [[Meesa Madhavan]], he did the role of ''Advocate Mukundan Unni''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-06|title=When Dileep Joined hands With Them!!|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/when-dileep-joined-hands-with-them-221884.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.filmibeat.com|language=en|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625073712/https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/when-dileep-joined-hands-with-them-221884.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also remembered for his performances alongside [[Cochin Haneefa]] in [[Mazhathullikkilukkam]] and [[Kunjikoonan (2002 film)|Kunjikkoonan]]. In the movie [[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyanaraman]], Salim Kumar played the role of ''Pyaari,'' which is considered one of the finest comedy performance in his career.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Salim Kumar and Sunny Leone's pic on FB gets flooded with trolls|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/salim-kumar-and-sunny-leone-s-pic-on-fb-gets-flooded-with-trolls-1.3555521|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625081016/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/salim-kumar-and-sunny-leone-s-pic-on-fb-gets-flooded-with-trolls-1.3555521|url-status=live}}</ref> He played one of the lead roles in the 2002 slapstick comedy film [[Bamboo Boys]] alongside [[Kalabhavan Mani]], Cochin Haneefa and Harishree Ashokan.

Salim Kumar probably played some of the most memorable comedy roles in his career in 2003. He played the character of a psychic mental patient in the classic cult movie [[C.I.D. Moosa]]. His role as ''Omanakkuttan'' in [[Thilakkam]], ''Usman'' in [[Kilichundan Mampazham]] alongside [[Mohanlal]] and ''S.I. Gabbar Keshavan'' in [[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]] which starred [[Mammootty]] were memorable ones.<ref>{{Cite news|title=What makes Salim Kumar the face of Malayalam memes? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/what-makes-salim-kumar-the-face-of-malayalam-memes/articleshow/58548837.cms|access-date=2021-06-25|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702055523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/what-makes-salim-kumar-the-face-of-malayalam-memes/articleshow/58548837.cms|url-status=live|last1=George |first1=Anjana }}</ref> It was in the romantic-comedy movie [[Pulival Kalyanam]] that Salim Kumar played the most memorable character in his career. Most of the critics acclaims this character called ''Manavalan'' as the best comedy character played by Salim Kumar. The many expressions of Manavalan, including his helpless face, his coy smile and act as a rich man smoking pipe later developed a [[cult]] following in Kerala troll community and are widely used in memes.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/five-movie-characters-that-trollers-made-iconic/manavalan-from-pulival-kalyanam/photostory/65255581.cms | title=Five movie characters that trollers made iconic | newspaper=The Times of India | date=29 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Manavalan from 'Pulival Kalyanam' - Five movie characters that trollers made iconic|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/five-movie-characters-that-trollers-made-iconic/Manavalan-from-Pulival-Kalyanam/photostory/65255581.cms|access-date=2020-09-15|website=The Times of India|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702055524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/five-movie-characters-that-trollers-made-iconic/Manavalan-from-Pulival-Kalyanam/photostory/65255581.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Alongside [[Jayasurya]], Salim Kumar's other famous role is ''Dance Master Vikram'' in the movie [[Chathikkatha Chanthu|Chathikkatha Chandu]] (2004). One of the other popular character played by Salim Kumar came out in the 2007 [[Mammootty]] movie [[Mayavi (2007 film)|Mayavi]]. His character called ''Kannan Srank/Ashan'' has been widely used in Malayalam memes.<ref>{{Cite web|title='അവന് പരസ്യമായി ഗുരുപൂജ ചെയ്യണമെന്ന്' : 'ശിഷ്യന്റെ' പോസ്റ്റ് ഷെയര്‍ ചെയ്ത് 'ആശാന്‍'|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/malayalam-actor-salim-kumar-shared-ramesh-pisharody-s-troll-post-on-facebook-qe70wf|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ml|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625084543/https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/malayalam-actor-salim-kumar-shared-ramesh-pisharody-s-troll-post-on-facebook-qe70wf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Salim Kumar's potential to do the character roles were revealed in 2004, after receiving critical acclaim for his role in the [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] movie [[Perumazhakkalam]]. Though slightly comedic, the role was realistic, allowing him to display different acting skills. His role as the father in ''[[Achanurangatha Veedu]]'' (2005), directed by [[Lal Jose]], was a major break in his acting career, when he was able to shrug off the usual idiot-fool-illiterate comedic roles for which he seemed destined. The role won him the [[Kerala State Film Awards]] for Second Best Actor. He was then declared the winner of the [[National Film Award for Best Actor|National Award for Best Actor]] for his performance in ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]'' in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/South-hogs-limelight-at-58th-National-Film-Awards/article13896094.ece|title=South hogs limelight at 58th National Film Awards|first=Priscilla|last=Jebaraj|newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 May 2011|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025500/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/South-hogs-limelight-at-58th-National-Film-Awards/article13896094.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some of his other popular roles were ''Raajakkannu'' in [[Thommanum Makkalum]], ''Umakandan'' in [[Pandippada]], ''Chidhambaram'' in [[Hallo(2007 film)|Hallo]], ''Naranimangalam Narayanan'' in [[Romeo]], ''Inspector Shyamalan'' in [[Annan Thampi]] and ''Maakri Gopalan'' in [[Chattambinaadu]].

Salim Kumar appeared in a hip-hop number in [[Vineeth Sreenivasan|Vineeth Srinivasan]]'s album "Coffee @ [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kochi)|MG Road]] - Palavattam" (2008). It was an instant hit and developed a cult following.<ref>{{Cite web|last=George|first=Meghna|title=First Look: Vineeth Sreenivasan is back!|url=https://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/12/south-malayalam-first-look-malarvady-arts-club.htm|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>

Salim Kumar later ventured into direction, directing documentaries<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/actor-salim-kumar-moves-hc-against-non-consideration-of-pokkali-documentary-in-state-film-festival-/articleshow/15107513.cms|title=Actor Salim Kumar moves HC against non-consideration of 'Pokkali' documentary in state film festival. - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 July 2012 |access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629011437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/actor-salim-kumar-moves-hc-against-non-consideration-of-pokkali-documentary-in-state-film-festival-/articleshow/15107513.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and feature-length dramas that were well received by critics.<ref name="auto" /> [[Karutha Joothan]] (2017), which is written and directed by Salim Kumar won the award for the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]] at the [[47th Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tracing an abandoned dark life|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/feb/18/tracing-an-abandoned-dark-life-1571796.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625084825/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/feb/18/tracing-an-abandoned-dark-life-1571796.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His next directorial effort was [[Daivame Kaithozham K. Kumar Akanam]] (2018), starring [[Jayaram]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7489844/|title=Daivame Kaithozham K. Kumarakanam|date=12 January 2018|via=IMDb|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809004340/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7489844/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kumar lives in North Paravur-Ernakulam District, in a house called "Laughing Villa". He and his wife Sunitha have two sons, Chandu and Aaromal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/292750/ |title=സലിം കുമാറിനെ ചതിച്ചതാര്?, Interview - Mathrubhumi Movies |access-date=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215014142/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/292750/ |archive-date=15 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He is a member of [[Indian National Congress]] in Kerala. He has written a memoir called ''Ishwara Vazhakkillello''.
He conducts a mimicry troupe, ''Cochin Stallions'', which introduced cine-serial actor [[Ramesh Pisharody]] and many other talents.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=17199655&programId=1073753134&channelId=-1073751306&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=5 |title=Manorama Online | Women | Work & Life | |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-date=7 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207040341/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=17199655&programId=1073753134&channelId=-1073751306&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His son Chandu acted in the film [[Manjummel Boys]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manjummel-boys-actor-chandu-salimkumar-meets-rajinikanth-calls-it-a-thalaivar-darshanam/articleshow/108942357.cms |title='Manjummel Boys' actor Chandu Salimkumar meets Rajinikanth; calls it a 'Thalaivar Darshanam' |newspaper=The Times of India | date=1 April 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Malayalam===

==== 1990s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Sandesham]]'' || || Cameo (Uncredited Role)
|-
| 1996 || ''Ishtamanu Nooru Vattam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1997 || ''Ishtadanam'' || Unnikuttan ||
|-
|| ''Moonu Kodiyum Munnooru Pavanum'' || Mattanchery Mathen ||
|-
|| ''[[Ancharakalyanam]]'' || Gireesan ||
|-
|| ''[[Mannadiar Penninu Chenkotta Checkan]]'' || Kizhi ||
|-
|| ''[[Adukkala Rahasyam Angaadi Paattu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Newspaper Boy (1997 film)|Newspaper Boy]]'' || Venkiti ||
|-
|| ''[[My Dear Kuttichathan]]'' || Stage Performance||
|-
|| ''Suvarna Simhaasanam'' || Gopalan ||
|-
|| ''Poothumbium Poovalanmarum'' || ||
|-
|| ''Guru Sishyan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1998 || ''[[Manthri Kochamma]]'' || Pankajakshan ||
|-
|| ''[[Chenapparambile Aanakkariyam]]'' || Uthaman ||
|-
|| ''[[Gramapanchayath (film)|Gramapanchayath]]'' || Bhaskaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Mattupetti Machan]]'' || Manoharan ||
|-
|| ''[[Meenakshi Kalyanam]]'' || Adv. Sivan Mullassery ||
|-
|| ''Mayajalam'' || Ezhupunna Mathai ||
|-
|| ''[[Mangalya Pallakku]]'' || Phalgunan ||
|-
|| ''Chenapparambile Aanakkariyam'' || Uthaman ||
|-
|| ''[[Sooryavanam]]'' || Thamarathoppu ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1999 || ''Auto Brothers'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[My Dear Karadi]]'' || Constable Ujwallan ||
|-
|| ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan]]'' || Salim ||
|-
|| ''[[Pattabhishekam (1999 film)|Pattabhishekam]]'' || Illikkulam Kattumanakkal Ashtangahridayam Bhramadathan Moosad ||
|-
|| ''[[Tokyo Nagarathile Viseshangal]]'' || Kadappuram Paarayi ||
|-
|}

==== 2000s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2000 || ''[[Kinnara Thumbikal]]'' || Tea shop owner ||
|-
|| ''Mera Naam Joker'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Darling Darling (2000 film)|Darling Darling]]'' || Telephone Booth Owner||
|-
|| ''[[Nadan Pennum Natupramaniyum]]'' || Showroom Manager ||
|-
|| ''[[Vinayapoorvam Vidhyaadharan]]'' || Astrologer ||
|-
|| ''Unnimaya'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Melevaryathe Malakhakkuttikal]]'' || Bhaskaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Sathyameva Jayathe]]'' || Mattancherry Mammathu ||
|-
|| ''[[Thenkasipattanam]]'' || Muthuraman ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2001 || ''[[Naranathu Thampuran]]'' || Shivan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Parakkum Thalika]]'' || Koshy ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Nadu Innale Vare]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sundara Purushan (2001 film)|Sundara Purushan]]'' || Balan ||
|-
|| ''[[One Man Show (film)|One Man Show]]'' || Bhaskaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Nariman (film)|Nariman]]'' || Kochu Narayanan's Manager ||
|-
|| ''[[Bharthavudyogam]]'' || Pushpan ||
|-
|| ''[[Soothradharan]]'' || Leela Krishnan ||
|-
| rowspan=13 | 2002 || ''Kakki Nakshatram'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Valkannadi]]'' || Raghavan ||
|-
|| ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]'' || Advocate Mukundanunni ||
|-
|| ''[[Thandavam]]'' || Basheer ||
|-
|| ''[[Pranayamanithooval]]'' || Sundaran ||
|-
|| ''Punyam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mazhathullikkilukkam]]'' || Maayandi ||
|-
|| ''Kashillatheyum Jeevikkam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kunjikoonan (2002 film)|Kunjikoonan]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
|| ''[[Bamboo Boys]]'' || Chamba ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyanaraman]]'' || Pyari ||
|-
|| ''[[Vasanthamalika]]'' || Komalan ||
|-
|| ''Savithriyude Aranjanam'' || Olympian Bhootham Appachan ||
|-
| rowspan=13 | 2003 || ''[[Pattanathil Sundaran]]'' || Adv. Bhuvanachandran ||
|-
|| ''[[Vellithira (2003 film)|Vellithira]]'' || Surendran ||
|-
|| ''[[Gramaphone (film)|Gramophone]]'' || 'Tabla' Bhaskaran ||
|-
|| ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]'' || Mental Patient ||
|-
|| ''[[Thilakkam]]'' || Omanakkuttan ||
|-
|| ''[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]'' || Usman ||
|-
|| ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]'' || S.I. Gabbar Keshavan ||
|-
|| ''Swantham Malavika'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]'' || Manavalan ||
|-
|| ''[[Hariharan Pillai Happy Aanu]]'' || Sundaran ||
|-
|| ''The Fire'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]'' || Ganeshan ||
|-
|| ''Malsaram'' || Vaira Muthu ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2004 || ''Youth Festival'' || Veerapandi ||
|-
|| ''[[Rasikan]]'' || Paramu ||
|-
|| ''[[Chathikkatha Chandu]]'' || Dance Master Vikram ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 2005 || ''[[Pandippada]]'' || Umakandan ||
|-
|| ''[[Thommanum Makkalum]]'' || Raajakkannu ||
|-
|| ''[[Sarkar Dada]]'' || Kumaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Maanikyan]]'' || Kumaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Krithyam]]'' || Badsha ||
|-
|| ''Izha'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalyana Kurimanam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Rappakal]]'' || Govindan ||
|-
|| ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' || Idimutt Rajappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Junior Senior (2005 film)|Junior Senior]]'' || Sathyan ||
|-
|| ''[[Aandavan (2008 film)|Aandavan]]'' || Mayinkutti ||
|-
|| ''[[Rajamanikyam]]'' || Dasappan ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 2006 || ''[[Chanthupottu]]'' || Vareed ||
|-
|| ''[[Oruvan (2006 film)|Oruvan]]'' || Balan ||
|-
|| ''[[Aanachandam]]'' || Aana paappan Manikandan ||
|-
|| ''[[Narakasuran]]'' || CBI Officer Govind ||
|-
|| ''Vrindavanam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Lion (2006 film)|Lion]]'' || Pottakuzhy Chellappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Thuruppugulan|Thuruppu Gulan]]'' || Khadar&Khadar ||
|-
|| ''[[Eakantham]]'' || Velayudhan ||
|-
|| ''[[Pulijanmam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Achanurangatha Veedu]]'' || Samuel/Prabhakaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Pachakuthira]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
|| ''[[Prajapathi]]'' || Film Star Abhilash ||
|-
|| ''[[Chess (2006 film)|Chess]]'' || Unnikkannan ||
|-
|| ''[[Vaasthavam]]'' || Thrippan Namboothiri ||
|-
|| ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=20 | 2007 || ''[[Changathipoocha]]'' || Rajappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Inspector Garud (film)|Inspector Garud]]'' || Chakkachamparambil Lonappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Mayavi (2007 film)|Mayavi]]'' || Kannan Srank ||
|-
|| ''[[Hareendran Oru Nishkalankan]]'' || Rajendran Vazhayila ||
|-
|| ''[[Romeo (2007 film)|Romeo]]'' || Naranimangalam Narayanan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ayur Rekha]]'' || P.C. Ismail ||
|-
|| ''[[Kangaroo (2007 film)|Kangaroo]]'' || 'Current' Kunjachan ||
|-
|| ''Anamika'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mission 90 Days]]'' || Aravindan ||
|-
|| ''[[The Speed Track]]'' || Lali ||
|-
|| ''[[Abraham & Lincoln]]'' || Constable Marcos ||
|-
|| ''[[Nagaram (2007 film)|Nagaram]]'' || Lalkuzhi Nanappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Eakantham]]'' || Velayudhan ||
|-
|| ''[[Goal (2007 Malayalam film)]]'' || Kuriakose ||
|-
|| ''[[July 4 (film)|July 4]]'' || Sakthivel ||
|-
|| ''[[Hallo (film)|Hallo]]'' || Chidambaram ||
|-
|| ''[[Arabikatha]]'' || Kareem ||
|-
|| ''[[Chocolate (2007 film)|Chocolate]]'' || Pappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Kadha Parayumbol]]'' || Poet Das Vadakkemuri ||
|-
|| ''[[Flash (2007 film)|Flash]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 2008 || ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || Induchoodan IPS ||
|-
|| ''[[De Ingottu Nokkiye]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Jubilee'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Shakespeare M.A. Malayalam]]'' || Sugunan Muthukunnam ||
|-
|| ''[[Cycle (2008 film)|Cycle]]'' || Stephen ||
|-
|| ''Thavalam'' || Sundaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Parthan Kanda Paralokam]]'' || Karunan ||
|-
|| ''[[Gopalapuranam]]'' || Ramanan ||
|-
|| ''[[Mulla (film)|Mulla]]'' || 'Thotti' Sasi ||
|-
|| ''[[One Way Ticket (2008 film)|One Way Ticket]]'' || Sakkath Beeran ||
|-
|| ''[[Annan Thampi]]'' || Inspector Shyamalan ||
|-
|| ''[[Mayabazar (2008 film)|Mayabazar]]'' || Govindan Ashari ||
|-
|| ''[[Sultan (2008 film)|Sultan]]'' || Sundaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Crazy Gopalan]]'' || Lakshmanan ||
|-
|| ''[[Lollipop (2008 film)|Lollypop]]'' || Priest / Advocate Kuriakose ||
|-
| rowspan=17 | 2009 || ''Sanmanassullavan Appukuttan'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Samastha Keralam PO]]'' || Subrahmaniam ||
|-
|| ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2009 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' || Usman ||
|-
|| ''[[Loudspeaker (2009 film)|Loudspeaker]]'' || KP ||
|-
|| ''Samayam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Malayali (film)|Malayali]]'' || Mohanakrishnan ||
|-
|| ''[[Duplicate (2009 film)|Duplicate]]'' || Professional killer 1 ||
|-
|| ''[[Love in Singapore (2009 film)|Love In Singapore]]'' || Shukkur khan ||
|-
|| ''[[2 Harihar Nagar]]'' || Ayyappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham]]'' || SI Madhavan Chandrappinni / Parakkum Madhavan ||
|-
|| ''[[Makante Achan]]'' || Krishnan Kutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Decent Parties]]'' || Rafeeq ||
|-
|| ''[[Swantham Lekhakan]]'' || Chandramohan ||
|-
|| ''[[Kappal Muthalaali]]'' || Omanakuttan ||
|-
|| ''[[Angel John]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
|| ''[[Gulumal-The Escape]]'' || Bhai ||
|-
|| ''[[Chattambinadu]]'' || Maakri Gopalan ||
|-
|}

==== 2010s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=16 | 2010 || ''[[Senior Mandrake]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Nizhal'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policeum]]'' || Gopalan ||
|-
|| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' || Novelist Manoharan Mangalodayam ||
|-
|| ''[[3 Char Sau Bees]]'' || Chandran Muthalali ||
|-
|| ''[[Anwar (2010 film)|Anwar]]'' || Ashraf ||
|-
|| ''[[Swantham Bharya Zindabad]]'' || T K Vipin kumar ||
|-
|| ''[[My Big Father]]'' || Unnikuttan ||
|-
|| ''[[Four Friends (2010 film)|Four Friends]]'' || Kochouseph ||
|-
|| ''[[Malarvaadi Arts Club]]'' || Kattapparam Sasi ||
|-
|| ''[[Thaskara Lahala]]'' || Ayyappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Oridathoru Postman]]'' || Chandrappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaaryasthan]]'' || Kalidas ||
|-
|| ''[[Best Actor (film)|Best Actor]]'' || Vadival Pranchi ||
|-
|| ''Aakashayathra'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]]'' || Lonappan ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2011 || ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]'' || Abu ||
|-
|| ''[[Doubles (2011 film)|Doubles]]'' || Mayyazhi ||
|-
|| ''[[Arjunan Saakshi]]'' || Mechanic Jackson ||
|-
|| ''[[Makeup Man]]'' || Lawrence ||
|-
|| ''[[Prabhuvinte Makkal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]'' || Purushothaman ||
|-
|| ''[[Manikyakkallu]]'' || Kunjuraman/Thampuraan ||
|-
|| ''[[Janapriyan]]'' || Kannappan kannapi ||
|-
|| ''[[Teja Bhai & Family]]'' || Divakaran Nair ||
|-
| rowspan=13 | 2012 || ''[[916 (film)|916]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Players'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar]]'' || Rafeek ||
|-
|| ''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]'' || Monichan ||
|-
|| ''[[Annum Innum Ennum]]'' || Lopez ||
|-
|| ''[[Cobra (2012 film)|Cobra]]'' || Gopalan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ordinary (film)|Ordinary]]'' || Ashan - Bus mechanic ||
|-
|| ''[[Vaadhyar]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ezham Suryan]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]'' || Sankaranunni ||
|-
|| ''[[Mazhavillinattam Vare]]'' || The Cook ||
|-
|| ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]'' || Thomachan ||
|-
|| ''[[101 Weddings]]'' || Khader ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2013 || ''[[Abhiyum Njanum]]'' || Jose ||
|-
|| ''[[Pigman (film)|Pigman]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Lisammayude Veedu]]'' || Samuel/Prabhakaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Immanuel (film)|Immanuel]]'' || Suku ||
|-
|| ''Moonam nal Nyararcha'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kunjananthante Kada]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Nadodimannan]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
|| ''KQ'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Bicycle Thieves (2013 film)|Bicycle Thieves]]'' || Bose Prakash/Bossettan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014 || ''My Dear Mummy'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Bhaiyya Bhaiyya]]'' || Korah ||
|-
|| ''[[Seconds (2014 film)|Seconds]]'' || Jeevan ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2015 || ''Compartment'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Fireman (film)|Fireman]]'' || Narendan Achari ||
|-
|| ''[[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]]'' || School Head Master ||
|-
|| ''Elanjikkavu P.O'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Female Unnikrishnan]]'' || Thamarakulam Raviyan ||
|-
|| ''[[Pathemari]]'' || Narayanan's Father ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016 || ''[[Thoppil Joppan]]'' || Fr. Issac Vaalamparambil ||
|-
|| ''Moonam Naal Njyayarazhcha'' || Karumpan ||
|-
|| ''[[Kattappanayile Hrithik Roshan]]'' || Naxalite Chandran ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2017 || ''[[Ramaleela]]'' || Sumesh Venjara ||
|-
|| ''[[Karutha Sooryan]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Hello Dubaikkaran'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sherlock Toms]]'' || Chouro Aashan ||
|-
|| ''[[Karutha Joothan]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Velipadinte Pusthakam]]'' || Prof. Premraj Idikkattutharayi ||
|-
|| ''[[Clint (film)|Clint]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Chippy (film)|Chippy]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2018 || ''[[Mangalyam Thanthunanena]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Chalakkudikkaran Changathi]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mohanlal (film)|Mohanlal]]'' || Sathan Jose ||
|-
|| ''[[Panchavarnathatha]]'' || Adv. Jimmy ||
|-
|| ''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' || Philipose ||
|-
|| ''[[Daivame Kaithozham K. Kumar Akanam]]'' || Karimannur Gopi ||
|-
|| ''[[Shikkari Shambhu]]'' || SI Jimmy ||
|-
|| ''[[Queen (2018 film)|Queen]]'' || Adv. Mukundan ||
|-
|| ''[[Sakhavinte Priyasakhi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=17 | 2019 || ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving License]]'' || Agasthi ||
|-
|| ''Varky'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ulta (film)|Ulta]]'' || Pattelar Dopanna ||
|-
|| ''[[Munthiri Monchan: Oru Thavala Paranja Kadha]]'' || Thavala ||
|-
|| ''[[Edakkad Battalion 06]]'' || Santhosh ||
|-
|| ''[[Ganagandharvan]]'' || Rajaji ||
|-
|| ''[[Ittymaani: Made in China]]'' || Mapranam Varkey ||
|-
|| ''[[A For Apple]]'' || Muhammed ||
|-
|| ''[[Shibu (film)|Shibu]]'' || Dr.Thomachan ||
|-
|| ''[[Rangeela (2019 film)|Rangeela]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mask (2019 film)|Mask]]'' || Cheguevara alias Jaggu Varapuzha ||
|-
|| ''Thamara'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]'' || Paanchi ||
|-
|| ''[[Madhura Raja]]'' || Manoharan Manyolodayam ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar R |first1=Manoj |title=Madhura Raja movie review: Mammootty's wisecracks save the day |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/madhura-raja-movie-review-mammootty-5672968/ |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=13 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[An International Local Story ]]'' || MLA Joseph Manavalan ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Adaar Love]]'' || Manavalan ||
|-
|| ''[[Allu Ramendran]]'' || SI Sinto Simon ||
|-
|}

==== 2020s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamaka]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2021 || ''[[Meow (2021 film)|Meow]]'' || Usthad ||
|-
| ''[[Malik (film)|Malik]]'' || Moosakka ||
|-
| ''[[Sumesh and Ramesh]]'' || Indukaladharan ||
|-
| ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' || Dassappan ||
|-
| ''[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]]'' || || Narration
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Pada (film)|Pada]]'' || Justice Thankappan Achari ||
|-
| ''[[Thallumaala]]'' || Singer || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Mei Hoom Moosa]]'' || Adv. Manoharan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2023 || ''[[Vellari Pattanam]]'' || Kunjikannan Mash ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soubin Shahir-Manju Warrier starrer Vellaripattanam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/13/soubin-shahir-manju-warrier-starrer-vellari-pattinam-gets-a-release-date-41028.html |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kallanum Bhagavathiyum]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan starrer 'Kallanum Bhagavathiyum' gets a release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vishnu-unnikrishnan-starrer-kallanum-bhagavathiyum-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/99110058.cms |access-date=2023-03-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kenkemam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kirkkan]]'' || Kirkkan ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=New poster of Kani Kusruthi starrer Kirkkan is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/24/a-new-poster-of-kirkkan-is-out-42651.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2024 || ''Badal'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=Badal Premiere Locked: Shwetha Menon's Political Thriller Will Release On THIS Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/badal-premiere-locked-shwetha-menons-political-thriller-will-release-on-this-date-8828912.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Malayalee From India]]'' || Hamsa ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-25 |title=Nivin Pauly's film with Dijo Jose Antony titled 'Malayalee From India' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nivin-paulys-film-with-dijo-jose-antony-titled-malayalee-from-india/article67673636.ece |access-date=2023-12-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Marivillin Gopurangal]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-27 |title=Indrajith And Sarjano Khalid's Marivillin Gopurangal Set to Hit Theaters On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/indrajith-and-sarjano-khalids-marivillin-gopurangal-set-to-hit-theaters-on-this-date-8868920.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kudumbasthreeyum Kunjadum'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-26 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's comedy-drama 'Kudumbasthreeyum Kunjadum' gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dhyan-sreenivasans-comedy-drama-kudumbasthreeyum-kunjadum-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/110436132.cms |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''Pattapakal'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-06 |title='Pattapakal' release: Krishna Sankar starrer to release on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pattapakal-release-krishna-sankar-starrer-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/109882231.cms |access-date=2024-06-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Idiyan Chandhu]]'' || Balan|| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2024/07/19/idiyan-chandu-movie-review.html | title=പ്രതിരോധത്തിന്റെ ഇടിക്കാഴ്ച്ച; 'ഇടിയൻ ചന്തു' റിവ്യു }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Panchayath Jetty]]''|| Radha Ramanan||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2024/07/26/panchayath-jetty-malayalam-movie-review.html | title=കെട്ടുകാഴ്ചകളുടെ അമിതഭാരമില്ലാത്ത കൊച്ചു സിനിമ; പഞ്ചായത്ത് ജെട്ടി റിവ്യു }}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Bha Bha Ba]]'' || Advocate Mukundanunni || Cameo appearance<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Bha Bha Bha’ trailer: Mohanlal makes stylish entrance as Dileep attempts signature slapstick humour |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/12/11/bha-bha-bha-trailer-release-dileep-comeback-reactions.html |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=‘Bha Bha Bha’ trailer: Mohanlal makes stylish entrance as Dileep attempts signature slapstick humour |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''Koodothram'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-31 |title=Baiju Ezhupunna's Koodothram gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/31/baiju-ezhupunnas-koodothram-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-02-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Other languages===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|rowspan=3|2014||''Appavin Meesai''||Kolappan||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||Unreleased film
|-
|''[[Nedunchaalai]]''||Mattu Sekar||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|[[Maryan (film)|''Maryan'']]||Thomayya||[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]||
|-
|2013||[[Oonga (film)|''Oonga'']]||Kunja/Tramp||[[Odia language|Oriya]], [[Hindi]]|| [[Bilingual film]]
|-
|2011||''Mayabazaar''||unknown||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||
|}

==As director==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2015||''Compartment''||-||[[Malayalam]]||Director
|-
|2017||''[[Karutha Joothan]]''||-||[[Malayalam]]||Director
|-
|2018||''[[Daivame Kaithozham K. Kumar Akanam]]''||-||[[Malayalam]]||Director
|}

==As dubbing artist==
*[[Ohm Shanthi Oshaana]] - Narrator<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-15 |title=Voice overs are in vogue in Mollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/voice-overs-are-in-vogue-in-mollywood/articleshow/44821451.cms |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Utopiayile Rajavu]] - Voice for Kakka(Voice For Crow)
*[[Alamara]] - Voice for Alamara (Voice For Wooden Wardrobe)
*[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]] - narrator
*[[Mukundan Unni Associates]] - Voice for Mukundan's grandfather

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!!Title !! Role !!Channel!! class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
|2015||''Cinema Chirima''||himself||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|2016||''Komedy Circus''||Judge||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|2017–2019||''Comedy stars season 2''||Recurring Judge ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
|2017||''Comedy Utsavam''||Himself||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] ||
|-
|2018||''Urvashi Theatre''||Mentor||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2018-2019||''Thakarppan Comedy''||Mentor||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|2020||''John Jaffer Janardhanan''||Narrator||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2020–2022||''Comedy Masters''||Judge||Amrita TV||
|-
|2021–2022||''Star Magic''||Mentor||Flowers TV||
|-
|2024||Chiri Kadhakal||Host||Kaumudy TV||
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award !! Year!! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
|[[National Film Awards]]||2010 || Best Actor || ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technoparktoday.com/salim-kumar-wins-best-actor-national-award/|title=Salim Kumar wins Best Actor National Award - TechnoparkToday.com - Techies News, Jobs, Events & Lifestyle!|date=19 May 2011 |access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625062238/https://www.technoparktoday.com/salim-kumar-wins-best-actor-national-award/|url-status=live}}</ref> || rowspan="12" {{Won}}
|-

|rowspan=4|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]||2005||Second Best Actor|| ''[[Achanurangatha Veedu]]''
|-
|2010||Best Actor||''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''
|-
|2013||Best Comedian||''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]''
|-
|2016||Best Story||''[[Karutha Joothan]]''
|-

|Kerala State Television Awards
||2013||Best Actor|| ''Parethante Paribhavangal''
|-

|[[Filmfare Awards South]]||2011||Best Actor (Malayalam)||''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms|title=The 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South)|access-date=2012-07-08|work=The Times Of India|archive-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405205144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-

|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]||2012||Special Jury Award|| ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''
|-

|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Association Award]]||2010||Special Jury Award ||''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''
|-

|rowspan=2|[[Asianet Film Awards]]||2008||Best Comedy Actor|| ''[[Annan Thambi]]''
|-
|2011||Special Jury Award || ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''
|-

|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]||2011||Best Comedian||''[[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]]''
|}

===Other awards===
* 2005: [[Sathyaneshan Nadar#Awards established in his name|Sathyan Award]] - ''[[Achanurangatha Veedu]]''
* 2005: [[Bharathan]] Award - ''[[Achanurangatha Veedu]]''
* 2010: [[Jaihind TV]] Film Award for Best Actor - ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''
* 2010: [[Amrita TV|Amrita]]-FEFKA Film Award's Special Jury Award - ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''
* 2011: [[Prem Nazir]] Award
* 2012: Best Actor for ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]'' at Imagine India International Film Festival

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|1368581}}
* [https://archive.today/20131118140716/http://actorsalimkumar.com/ Salim Kumar Official Website]
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Salim%20Kumar&limit=206 Salim Kumar at MSI]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECIPlalG-aY Palavattam Hip-Hop single featuring Salim Kumar]
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{National Film Award Best Actor}}
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Salim}}
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]

History of Kochi

2026-05-01T10:00:06Z

Aman064: creating initial details initial version

{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}

Kochi is a coastal city in the [[Ernakulam District]] in the Indian state of Kerala about 200 km from [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the state capital.
{| class="wikitable" width="250" style="font-size: 0.85em; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #DEE8F1;"
|bgcolor="#A1C2CF" colspan="2" style="color: white;" align="center"|'''Timeline of Kochi'''
|-
|colspan="2"|[[Image:Kochi, Fishing nets at sunset, Kerala, India.jpg|250px]]
|-
|bgcolor="#B0BFD5" width="20%" align="center"|'''Year'''
|bgcolor="#B0BFD5" width="80%" align="center"|'''Event'''
|-
|1102
|The kingdom of [[Kulasekhara dynasty (Venad)|Kulasekhara]] breaks up, and the [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|''Permbadappu Swaroopam'']] is formed.
|-
|1341
|The port at [[Kodungallur]] is destroyed in a massive flooding in the [[Periyar River|Periyar]]. The prominence of Kochi as a trading post increases.
|-
|1410
|Chinese treasure fleet under the command of General [[Zheng He]] visits Kochi
|-
|1440
|European traveler [[Niccolò Da Conti]] visits Kochi
|-
|1500
|[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] Admiral [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], lands at Kochi and establishes diplomatic relations
|-
|1503
|Port of Kochi is taken over by the Portuguese.
|-
|1663
|Port of Kochi taken over by the Dutch.
|-
|1664
|Dutch establish municipality of Fort Kochi, the first municipality in Indian subcontinent
|-
|1773
|[[The Kingdom of Mysore]] conquers Kochi.
|-
|1814
|[[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]] officially passes the city to the [[Kingdom of Cochin]], a [[British Protectorate]]
|-
|1947
|India gains independence, Kochi joins the Indian Union.
|-
|1956
|The State of [[Kerala]] is formed.
|-
|1967
|[[Kochi Corporation]] comes into existence.
|}

For many centuries up to and during the [[British Raj]], the city of Kochi was the seat of the eponymous [[princely state]]. [[Muziris]], a centre of global trade somewhere north to [[Kochi]] (presently identified with [[Kodungallur]] in [[Thrissur district]]), traces its history back many centuries, when it was the centre of Indian spice trade for hundreds of years, and was known to the Jews, [[Arab]]s, [[Yavanas]] ([[Greek people|Greek]]s, [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]), and Chinese since ancient times.<ref name="Ernakulam Portal">{{cite web
|work=Ernakulam Portal
|publisher=National Informatics Centre
|url=http://ernakulam.nic.in/history.htm
|title=History of Ernakulam
|access-date=23 May 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115160050/http://ernakulam.nic.in/history.htm
|archive-date=15 November 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Kochi earned a significant position in [[History of Kerala|Malabar Coast]] after the port at [[Kodungallur]] was destroyed by massive flooding of the river [[Periyar River|Periyar]] in 1341.<ref name="Centre for heritage studies">{{cite web|work=History of Kochi |publisher=Centre For Heritage Studies, India |url=http://www.centreforheritagestudies.com/html/history.htm |title=Emergence of Kochi harbour |access-date=23 May 2006 |url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915105257/http://www.centreforheritagestudies.com/html/history.htm |archive-date=15 September 2015 }}
</ref> The earliest documented references to Kochi occur in the books written by Chinese voyager [[Ma Huan]], during his [[Ming treasure voyages|visit to Kochi in the 15th century]] as part of the treasure fleet of Admiral [[Zheng He]].<ref>
{{
cite book
|author =[[Ma Huan]]: Ying Yai Sheng Lan – translated by [[J.V.G. Mills]]
|year = 1970
|title = The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores
|publisher = [[Hakluyt Society]], White Lotus Press
|isbn = 974-8496-78-3
}}
</ref> There are also references to Kochi in accounts written by Italian traveller [[Niccolò Da Conti]], who visited Cochin in 1440.<ref name="Niccolo di Conti ">
{{cite web
|work = Niccolo di Conti
|publisher = win.tue.nl
|url = http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/conti.html
|title = Accounts of Nicolo de' Conti (ca.1395–1469)
|access-date = 23 May 2006
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130221064823/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/conti.html
|archive-date = 21 February 2013
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>
Today, Kochi is the commercial hub of Kerala,<ref name="Trade & Industry in Kochi">{{cite web
|publisher=Kochi Corporation
|title=The Economy of Kochi — Trade & Industry in Kochi
|url=http://www.corporationofcochin.org/pages/MainTemp.asp?id=7&val1=2&PLK=2
|access-date=23 May 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503202739/http://www.corporationofcochin.org/Pages/Maintemp.asp?id=7
|archive-date=3 May 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> and one of the fastest growing second-tier metropolises in India.<ref name="Developing metro and quaint environs">
{{cite news
| author=Rakee Mohan
| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1482577.cms
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202090758/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1482577.cms
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=2 February 2017
| title=Developing metro and quaint environs
| work=The Economic Times
| date=8 April 2006
| access-date=23 May 2006
}}
</ref>

==Princely rule==
{{main|Kingdom of Kochi}}
[[File:King of Cochin and small Malabar boats.jpg|thumb|The King of Cochin and small Malabar boats]]
The early history of Kochi is not well documented. Kochi's prominence as a trading port grew after the collapse of the port at Kodungallur in 1341 AD.

The [[Kingdom of Kochi|''Perumpadappu Swaroopam'']] came into existence in 1102 AD after the breaking up of the [[Kulasekhara dynasty (Venad)|Kulasekhara empire]].<ref name="Corporation of Kochi - Prehistory and Archaeology of Cochin">{{cite web
|publisher=Corporation of Cochin
|url=http://www.corporationofcochin.org/pages/Maintemp.asp?id=3&val=1
|title=Prehistory and Archaeology of Cochin
|access-date=23 May 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620160940/http://corporationofcochin.org/pages/Maintemp.asp?id=3&val=1
|archive-date=20 June 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The ruler of [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|Perumpadappu]] (near [[Ponnani]]) fled to [[Kodungallur]] in the early medieval period, when the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] annexed [[Ponnani]] region, after [[Tirunavaya]] war.<ref name="askh">A Survey of Kerala History, A. Sreedhara Menon, DC Books, Kottayam (2007)</ref> They later moved to Kochi and established the [[Kingdom of Cochin]].<ref name="askh"/> When [[Vasco Da Gama]] landed at [[Kozhikode]] and the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] fought against the Portuguese led by [[Kunjali Marakkar]](The
naval chief of the kingdom of [[Kozhikode]]), the ruler of Cochin aligned with the Portuguese.<ref name="askh"/>

The port at [[Kozhikode]] held superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while [[Kannur]], [[Kollam]], and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<ref name="Malekandathil">''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: [[Pius Malekandathil]] and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)</ref> On the Malabar coast during the early 15th century, Calicut and Kochi were in an intense rivalry, so the [[Ming dynasty]] of China decided to intervene by granting special status to Kochi and its ruler known as ''Keyili'' (可亦里) to the Chinese.<ref name=sen16-616-7>{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |title=The Impact of Zheng He's Expeditions on Indian Ocean Interactions |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |year=2016 |volume=79 |issue=3 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X16001038| pages=616–617}}.</ref> Calicut had been the dominant port-city in the region, but Kochi was emerging as its main rival.<ref name=sen16-616-7/> For the fifth [[Ming treasure voyage]], Admiral [[Zheng He]] was instructed to confer a seal upon ''Keyili'' of Kochi and enfeoff a mountain in his kingdom as the ''Zhenguo Zhi Shan'' (鎮國之山, Mountain Which Protects the Country).<ref name=sen16-616-7/> Zheng He delivered a stone tablet, inscribed with a proclamation composed by the [[Yongle Emperor]] himself, to Kochi.<ref name=sen16-616-7/> As long as Kochi remained under the protection of Ming China, the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] was unable to invade Kochi and a military conflict was averted.<ref name=sen16-616-7/> The cessation of the [[Ming treasure voyages]] consequently had negative results for Kochi, as the Zamorin of Calicut would eventually launch an invasion against Kochi.<ref name=sen16-616-7/> In the late 15th century, the Zamorin occupied Kochi and installed his representative as the king of the port-city.<ref name=sen16-616-7/>

==Foreign influences==
Kochi was under the influence of many foreign powers, during which the Raja of Kochi still remained the titular head.

=== Ming dynasty alliance (1406-1433) ===
The port at [[Kozhikode]] held superior economic and political position on the medieval Kerala coast, while [[Kannur]], [[Kollam]], and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<ref name="Malekandathil"/> On the Malabar coast during the early 15th century, Calicut and Cochin were in an intense rivalry, so the [[Ming dynasty]] of China decided to intervene by granting special status to Cochin and its ruler, known as ''Keyili'' (可亦里) to the Chinese.<ref name=sen16-616-7b>{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |title=The Impact of Zheng He's Expeditions on Indian Ocean Interactions |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=2016 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=609–636 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X16001038}}.</ref> Calicut had been the dominant port-city in the region, but Cochin was emerging as its main rival.<ref name=sen16-616-7b/> For the fifth [[Ming treasure voyage]], Admiral [[Zheng He]] was instructed to confer a seal upon ''Keyili'' of Cochin and designate a mountain in his kingdom as the ''Zhenguo Zhi Shan'' (鎮國之山, Mountain Which Protects the Country).<ref name=sen16-616-7b/> Zheng He delivered a stone tablet, inscribed with a proclamation composed by the [[Yongle Emperor]] himself, to Cochin.<ref name=sen16-616-7b/> The cessation of the [[Ming treasure voyages]] consequently had negative results for Cochin, as the Zamorin of Calicut later launched an invasion against Cochin.<ref name=sen16-616-7b/> In the late 15th century, the Zamorin occupied Cochin and installed his representative as the king.<ref name=sen16-616-7b/>

===Portuguese period (1503–1663)===
[[Image:Mattancherry palace bhagvathy kshetram.JPG|180px|thumb|[[Mattancherry Palace]]-temple, which was built during the Portuguese period by the Cochin Raja Veera Kerala Varma]]
The Portuguese arrived at [[Kappad]] [[Kozhikode]] in 1498 during the [[Age of Discovery]], thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to India.<ref>DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> Kochi was the scene of the first European settlement in India. In the year 1500, the Portuguese Admiral [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], landed at Cochin after being repelled from [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. The king of Kochi, a rival, welcomed the Portuguese as his guests and a treaty of friendship was signed. Promising his support in the conquest of Calicut, the admiral coaxed the king into allowing them to build a [[factory (trading post)|factory]] at Cochin. Assured by the support, the king called war with the [[Zamorin]]s of Calicut. However, the admiral retreated in panic on seeing the powers of the Zamorin.

Another captain, [[João da Nova]], was sent in place of Cabral. However, he too faltered at the sight of the Zamorin. The consecutive retreats made the King of Portugal indignant. The king sent [[Vasco Da Gama]], who bombed Calicut and destroyed the Arab trading posts. This invited the anger of the Zamorin, who declared a war against the Kochi Raja. [[Image:Kochi.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The [[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica]] in Kochi, which was built by the Portuguese]]

The war between Calicut and Cochin began on 1 March 1503 and the second invasion lasted from 16 March 1504, to 3 July 1504 ([[Battle of Cochin (1504)]]). However, the oncoming monsoons and the arrival of a [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|Portuguese fleet]] under [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]] in September, 1504 (and a year later, the [[7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)|armada]] led by [[Francisco de Almeida]] and [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]), alarmed the Zamorin, and he recalled his army. The Zamorin resorted to a retreat also because the revered festival of [[Onam]] was near, and the Zamorin intended to keep the auspicious day holy. This led to a triumph for the king of Kochi, who later reestablished the possession of his kingdom. However, much of the kingdom was burnt and destroyed by the armies. The garrison, led by [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]], repelled the enemy.

The ruler of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], who was a vassal to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="askh"/> The ruler of [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] also sided with [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]].<ref name="askh"/> Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th centuries were selected from [[Vettom Grama Panchayath|Vettom]].<ref name="askh"/> However, the [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]].<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> However, the allegiance of the Muslim [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] merchants in [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] region remained with the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="Makhdoom">{{cite book
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
}}</ref>

After securing the king in his throne, the Portuguese got permission to build a fort –- [[Fort Kochi]] ([[Fort Emmanuel]]) (after the reigning king of Portugal) – surrounding the Portuguese factory, to protect it from any further attacks. The entire work was commissioned by the Cochin Raja, who supplied workers and material. The Raja continued to rule with the help of the Portuguese. Meanwhile, the Portuguese secretly tried to enter into an alliance with the Zamorins. Later attempts by the Zamorin at conquering the Kochi port was thwarted by the Cochin Raja with the help of the Portuguese. Slowly, the Portuguese armoury at Kochi was increased, with the presumed notion of helping the raja protect Kochi. However, the measure led to decrease in the power of the Cochin Raja, and an increase in the Portuguese influence.

From 1503 to 1663, Port of Kochi was controlled by Portugal, with the blessing of the Kochi Raja. Kochi remained the main base of the Portuguese in India till 1510. In 1530, [[Saint Francis Xavier]] arrived and founded a [[Christ]]ian mission. The following Portuguese period was difficult for the Jews living in the region, since the [[Portuguese Inquisition|Inquisition]] was established in [[Portuguese India]] in 1560. Kochi hosted the grave of [[Vasco da Gama]], the Portuguese viceroy, who was buried at [[St. Francis Church, Kochi|St. Francis Church]] until his remains were exhumed and interred in Portugal in 1539.<ref name="Vasco Da Gama">
{{cite encyclopedia
|encyclopedia=MSN Encarta Encyclopedia
|publisher=Microsoft
|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567498/Vasco_Da_Gama.html
|title=Death of Vasco Da Gama in Kochi
|access-date=23 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028171509/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567498/Vasco_Da_Gama.html
|archive-date=28 October 2009
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref>
Soon after the time of Albuquerque, the Portuguese influence in Kerala declined.

===Dutch period (1663–1773)===

[[File:Overwinningh van de Stadt Cotchin op de Kust van Mallabaer - Victory over Kochi on the coast of Malabar.jpg| In 1663, the Dutch conquered the city of Cochin from the Portuguese. ''([[Coenraet Decker]], 1682)''|thumb|250px]]

[[File:ബോൾഗാട്ടി.jpg|The [[Bolgatty Palace]], built in 1744, by Dutch traders, is one of the oldest existing Dutch-era palaces outside of the Netherlands.|thumb|250px]]

The Portuguese rule was followed by that of the [[Dutch Malabar|Dutch]], who had by then conquered [[Quilon]], after various encounters with the Portuguese and their allies. Discontented members of the Cochin Royal family called on the assistance of the Dutch for help in overthrowing the Cochin Raja. The Dutch successfully landed at [[Njarakal]] and headed on to capture the [[Pallipuram Fort]], which they handed over to the Zamorin.
Then they went on to establishing the municipality of Fort Kochi in 1664, the first municipality in Indian subcontinent.

===Mysorean invasion===
{{Main|Mysore invasion of Kerala}}

===British Period (1814–1947)===
[[File:56Cochin Strret Scene.jpg|thumb|Cochin in Colonial times]]
[[File:Kochi 1960 street.jpg|thumb|Cochin in 1960s]]
[[File:59Cochin Canal.jpg|thumb|Cochin in Colonial times]]
In 1814 according to the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814|Anglo-Dutch Treaty]], the islands of Kochi, including [[Fort Kochi]] and its territory were ceded to the United Kingdom in exchange for the island of Malaya. Even prior to the signing of the treaty, there are evidence of English residents in Kochi.<ref name="kochirajyam">Kochi Rajyacharithram by KP Padmanabha Menon. P(1914)</ref>

Towards the early 20th century, trade at the port had increased substantially, and the need to develop the port was greatly felt. Harbour Engineer [[Robert Bristow (engineer)|Robert Bristow]], was thus brought to Cochin in 1920 under the direction of [[Lord Willingdon]], then the Governor of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]. In a span of 21 years, he had transformed Cochin as the safest harbour in the peninsula, where ships berthed alongside the newly reclaimed inner harbour equipped with a long array of steam cranes.<ref name="Corporation of Kochi - Robert Charles Bristow">{{cite web
|work=Robert Charles Bristow employed to develop Kochi port
|publisher=Corporation of Kochi
|url=http://www.corporationofcochin.org/pages/Maintemp.asp?id=7
|title=The Cochin Saga
|access-date=23 May 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503202739/http://www.corporationofcochin.org/Pages/Maintemp.asp?id=7
|archive-date=3 May 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
Meanwhile, in 1866, [[Fort Cochin]] municipality reestablished. [[Fort Kochi]], was made a municipality on 1 November 1866, along with [[Kannur]], [[Thalassery]], [[Kozhikode]], and [[Palakkad]], according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850)<ref name="Ref1">{{cite web |url=http://www.lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |title=CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF CENTRAL ACTS (Updated up to 17-10-2014) |website=Lawmin.nic.in |access-date=2016-08-07 |archive-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127075116/http://www.lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis McIver |first1=G. Stokes |title=Imperial Census of 1881 Operations and Results in the Presidency of Madras |date=1883 |publisher=E.Keys at the Government Press |location=Madras |page=444 |edition=(Vol II) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_YIAAAAQAAJ |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="google.co.in">{{cite book |last1=Presidency |first1=Madras (India |title=Madras District Gazetteers, Statistical Appendix For Malabar District. |date=1915 |publisher=The Superintendent, Government Press |location=Madras |page=20 |edition=Vol.2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUEwnQEACAAJ |access-date=2 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=HENRY FROWDE, M.A. |first1=Imperial Gazetteer of India |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1908–1909 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |edition=New |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref> of the [[British Indian Empire]]. Its first [[Municipal Council]] seating contest was conducted in 1883. The Maharajah of Cochin, in 1896 initiated local administration, by forming town councils in [[Mattancherry]] and [[Ernakulam]]. In 1925, Kochi legislative assembly was constituted due to public pressure on the state. The assembly consisted of 45 members, 10 of who were officially nominated. [[Thottakkattu Madhaviamma]] became the first woman to be a member of any legislature in India.<ref name="Corporation of Kochi - History and culture of Kochi'">{{cite web
|publisher=Corporation of Kochi
|title=History and culture of Kochi
|url=http://www.corporationofcochin.org/pages/Maintemp.asp?id=4
|access-date=23 May 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503202745/http://www.corporationofcochin.org/Pages/Maintemp.asp?id=4
|archive-date=3 May 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Post Independence era==
[[File:Cochin 1960 in the Harbour (109694992).jpg|left|thumb|Cochin Harbour in 1960s]]
In 1947, India gained [[Indian independence movement|independence]] from the British colonial rule. Cochin was the first [[princely state]] to join the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] willingly.<ref name="Corporation of Kochi - History and culture of Kochi'"/> Post independence, [[E. Ikkanda Warrier]] became the first Prime Minister of Kochi. K. P. Madhavan Nair, P.T Jacob, [[C. Achutha Menon]], [[Panampilly Govinda Menon]] were few of the other stalwarts who were in the forefront of the democratic movements. Then in 1949, [[Travancore-Cochin]] state came into being by the merger of Cochin and [[Travancore]], with [[Parur T. K. Narayana Pillai]] as the first [[chief minister]]. Travancore-Cochin, was in turn merged with the [[Malabar district]] of the [[Madras Presidency|Madras State]]. Finally, the [[Government of India]]'s 1 November 1956 [[States Reorganisation Act]] inaugurated a new state – Kerala – incorporating Travancore-Cochin, Malabar District, and the [[tehsil|taluk]] of [[Kasaragod district|Kasargod]], [[South Kanara]].<ref>
{{cite book
|author =Plunkett, R, Cannon, T, Davis, P, Greenway, P & Harding
|year = 2001
|title = Lonely Planet South India, Lonely Planet
|isbn = 1-86450-161-8
}}
</ref> On 9 July 1960, the Mattancherry council passed a resolution that was forwarded to the government, requesting the formation of a [[Municipal Corporation]] by combining the existing municipalities of Fort Kochi, Mattancherry and Ernakulam. The proposal was condemned by the Fort Kochi municipality. However, the Ernakulam municipality welcomed the proposal, suggesting the inclusion of more suburban areas in the amalgamated Corporation. Major Balagangadhara Menon, the then Director of Local Bodies was appointed by the government to study the feasibility of the suggested merger. And based on the report submitted by him, the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] approved the formation of the Corporation. Thus, on 1 November 1967, exactly 11 years since the conception of the state of Kerala, the corporation of Cochin came into existence, by the merger of the municipalities of Ernakulam, Mattancherry and Fort Kochi, along with that of the Willingdon Island and four [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]s viz. [[Palluruthy]], [[Vennala]], [[Vyttila]] and [[Edappally]] and the small islands of [[Gundu Island|Gundu]] and [[Ramanthuruth]].

==See also==
* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Chera dynasty]]
* [[Kerala]]
* [[Robert Bristow (engineer)|Robert Bristow]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Kochi}}
[[Category:History of Kochi| ]]

Feroke

2026-04-30T11:16:25Z

Aman064: starting new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2006}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Feroke
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline = Ferokebusstand.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Feroke bus stand
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|11|0|N|75|51|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| subdivision_type3 = Taluk
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kozhikode]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kozhikode]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Parappanad Royal family
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal council
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 54074
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 September 2014 |website=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 673631
| registration_plate = KL-85
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank3_name_sec1 = Nearby Railway Station
 
Nearby Airport
| blank3_info_sec1 = '''Feroke Railway Station'''
 
[[Calicut International Airport]]
}}
'''Feroke''' ({{IPA|ml|fɐroːkːɨ̆|IPA}}) is a [[List of urban local bodies in Kerala|Municipality]] in [[Kozhikode district]], [[Kerala]], and part of the [[Kozhikode metropolitan area]]. It is 11 km from Kozhikode city and is developing as a suburb, included in the city's urban masterplan.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-06-13|title=Master plan for Kozhikodeurban area likely to be revised|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/master-plan-for-kozhikodeurban-area-likely-to-be-revised/article27894990.ece|access-date=2021-04-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Master Plan {{!}} Kozhikode Municipal Corporation|url=https://kozhikodecorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/master-plan|access-date=2021-05-20|website=kozhikodecorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>

[[File:Cheruvannur 06146.JPG|thumb|Cheruvannur Festival]]

==Name==
The village was originally named Farookhabad by [[Tipu Sultan]]. Later, this was changed to Feroke by the British. Tipu Sulthan wanted to make Feroke as his capital in Malabar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140628/lifestyle-travel/article/trip-tips-tipu-sultan%E2%80%99s-dream-capital-feroke|title=Trip tips: Tipu Sultan's dream capital - Feroke|date=2014-06-29|access-date=2020-08-17|website=Deccan chronicle|last=K. I. Abin}}</ref> The remains of a fort built by Tipu Sultan still stands in Feroke with a long tunnel to the river. Authorities are trying to preserve the fort remains as a site of historical importance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-22|title=ഫറോക്കിലെ ടിപ്പു കോട്ടക്ക് പുതുജീവൻ നൽകുമ്പോൾ|url=https://islamonlive.in/your-voice/when-tipus-fort-in-farook-was-revived/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=islamonlive|language=en-US}}</ref> The old bridge at Feroke was built by the British in 1883.

==History==
Feroke, on the southern bank of [[Chaliyar]] river, was adjacent to the kingdom of [[Parappanad]] during medieval period.<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> The rulers of Parappanad were vassals to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=Kerala Charitram |date=January 2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788126415885 |edition=2007}}</ref> The headquarters of Parappanad Royal family was the coastal town of [[Parappanangadi]] in present-day [[Malappuram district]].<ref name="1961_kkd">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook (2) - Kozhikode (1961)|last=Devassy|first=M. K.|publisher=Government of Kerala|year=1965|location=Ernakulam|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf}}</ref> In the 15th century CE, ''Parappanad Swaroopam'' was divided into two - Northern Parappanad (''Beypore Swaroopam'') and Southern Parappanad (''Parappur Swaroopam'').<ref name="askh"/> [[Beypore]], [[Cheruvannur]], and [[Panniyankara]], on northern bank of [[Chaliyar]], became Northern Parappanad.<ref name="Logan"/> [[Kadalundi]], [[Vallikkunnu]], and [[Parappanangadi]], on the southern bank of [[Chaliyar]] became Southern Parappanad.<ref name="Logan"/>

It is also known the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] (''Vettathunadu Swaroopam'') had assisted the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] to build a fort at the island of [[Chaliyam]], which was a part of Southern Parappanad. It was destroyed during the Battle at Chaliyam fort occurred in 1571.<ref name="askh"/> Feroke became a part of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in the late 18th century CE.<ref name="askh"/> Following the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and the subsequent [[Treaty of Seringapatam]], Feroke became a part of [[Malabar District]] under [[British Raj]].<ref name="askh"/> Feroke was included in [[Eranad]] [[Tehsil|Taluk]] in the [[Malappuram district|Malappuram Revenue Division]] of Malabar District with its Taluk headquarters at [[Manjeri]].<ref name="Malabar">{{Cite book|title=1951 census handbook - Malabar district|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1953|location=Chennai|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Logan"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=C.A. |first1=Innes |title=Madras District Gazetteers: Malabar and Anjengo |date=1908 |publisher=Government Press, Madras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w806vgAACAAJ}}</ref> Following the formation of the state of [[Kerala]] in 1956, Feroke became a part of [[Tirurangadi]] [[Revenue block]] of [[Tirur Taluk]].<ref name="1961_kkd"/><ref name="c1971">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook - Malappuram (Part-C) - 1971|last=K. Narayanan|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala|year=1972|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=3|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5714/1/51172_1971_MAL.pdf}}</ref> On 16 June 1969, [[Eranad Taluk]], Tirur Taluk, Tirurangadi, and Parappanangadi were transferred to the newly formed [[Malappuram district]].<ref name="c1971"/> However, three Revenue Villages of [[Tirur Taluk]], namely Feroke, [[Ramanattukara]], and [[Kadalundi]], remained in Kozhikode district, as they were much closer to [[Kozhikode]] city centre.<ref name="c1971"/> However Kadalundi Nagaram beach (where the [[Kadalundi River]] flows into Arabian Sea, a part of [[Vallikkunnu]] grama panchayat), [[Tenhipalam]], the centre of [[University of Calicut]], and [[Karippur]], the site of [[Kozhikode International Airport]], became parts of Malappuram.<ref name="c1971"/>

Feroke, Ramanattukara, and Kadalundi are parts of Kozhikode taluk and [[Kozhikode metropolitan area]].<ref name="c2011-kkd">{{cite book |last1=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |title=District Census Handbook, Kozhikode |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3204_PART_B_KOZHIKODE.pdf}}</ref><ref name="c2011-mlp">{{cite book |last1=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |title=District Census Handbook, Malappuram |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations|state=expanded
|title= Feroke Municipality population

|1961| 24124
|1971| 30516
|1981| 37720
|1991| 44494
|2001| 50277
|2011| 54074
|footnote= Source: [[Census of India]]
}}

As of the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Feroke had a population of 29,504. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. In Feroke, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

As of the 2011 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/627439-feroke-kerala.html|title=Feroke Population Census 2011 - 2018|access-date=30 December 2018|publisher=census2011.co.in}}</ref>
Feroke has a population of 32,122 of which 15,596 are males while 16,526 are females.

The population of children ages 0-6 is 3,979 which is 12.39% of the total population of Feroke (CT). In Feroke the female sex ratio is of 1060 against state average of 1084. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Feroke is around 969 compared to the Kerala state average of 964. The literacy rate of Feroke city is 95.99% higher than the state average of 94.00%. In Feroke, male literacy is around 97.67% while the female literacy rate is 94.42%.

==Civic Administration==
===[[2020 Kerala local body elections|Feroke Municipality]] Election 2020===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|title=Feroke Municipality election 2020|access-date=2020-12-11|website=lbtrend|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203519/http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> !! Party name !! Party symbol !! Number of Councillors
|-
| 01 || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] ||[[File:UDF logo.png|50px]]|| 20
|-
| 02 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] ||[[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]] || 17
|-
| 03 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ||[[File:BJP election symbol.png|50px]] || 01
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2025 Election results===
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Feroke Municipal election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election =
| previous_year = 2020
| next_election =
| next_year = 2030
| election_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|12|11}}
| seats_for_election = All 39 councils in the Feroke Municipality
| majority_seats = 20
| turnout =77.08%
| image1 =
| leader1 =
| leader_since1 =
| party1 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| alliance1 = {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats_needed1 =
| seats1 = 15
| last_election1 = 17
| seat_change1 = 2{{decrease}}
| popular_vote1 = 13,784
| percentage1 = 38.39%
| swing1 =
| image2 =
| leader2 =
| leader_since2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| leaders_seat2 =
| seats_needed2 =
| seats2 = 23
| last_election2 = 20
| seat_change2 = 3{{increase}}
| popular_vote2 = 17,412
| percentage2 = 48.50%
| swing2 =
| image3 =
| leader3 =
| leader_since3 =
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance3 = {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| leaders_seat3 =
| seats_needed3 =
| seats3 = 1
| last_election3 = 1
| seat_change3 = 0
| popular_vote3 = 3,639
| percentage3 = 10.13%
| swing3 =
| map_caption =
| title = Municipal Chairman
| posttitle = Elected Municipal Chairman
| before_election = NC Abdul Razak
| before_party = IUML
| after_election = C Chandrika
| after_party = IUML
| party_colour = #AAAAAA
| map =
}}

===2020 Election results===
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2020 Feroke Municipal election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election =
| previous_year = 2015
| next_election =
| next_year = 2025
| election_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|12|08}}
| seats_for_election = All 38 councils in the Feroke Municipality
| majority_seats = 20
| turnout = 79.81%
| image1 =
| leader1 =
| leader_since1 =
| party1 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| alliance1 = {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats_needed1 =
| seats1 = 17
| last_election1 = 18
| seat_change1 = 1{{decrease}}
| popular_vote1 = 14,820
| percentage1 = 42.57%
| swing1 =
| image2 =
| leader2 =
| leader_since2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| leaders_seat2 =
| seats_needed2 =
| seats2 = 20
| last_election2 = 17
| seat_change2 = 3{{increase}}
| popular_vote2 = 14,921
| percentage2 = 42.86%
| swing2 =
| image3 =
| leader3 =
| leader_since3 =
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance3 = {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| leaders_seat3 =
| seats_needed3 =
| seats3 = 1
| last_election3 = 1
| seat_change3 = 0
| popular_vote3 = 4,273
| percentage3 = 12.27%
| swing3 =
| map_caption =
| title = Municipal Chairman
| posttitle = Elected Municipal Chairman
| before_election = K Kamarulaila
| before_party = CPI(M)
| after_election = NC Abdul Razak
| after_party = IUML
| party_colour = #AAAAAA
| map =
}}

==Industry==

Feroke is the cradle of the [[tile]] industry in Kerala. The rapid rivers from the Western Ghats after passing through forests carry the [[clay]] which is the raw-material for tiles, pottery and ceramic wares. There are more than a dozen tile factories in Feroke. Feroke is also well known for its wood and timber industries.

Cheruvannur and Feroke are predominant industrial areas of [[Kozhikode]]. A number of tile factories, match factories, timber industries, automobile dealerships, footwear industries, and steel factories are located in Feroke, providing employment to thousands of workers.

==Farook College==
[[Farook College]] is the biggest educational organization of Feroke area. The college was started in 1948 and enjoys autonomous status from 2015. It is the largest residential post-graduate institution affiliated with the University of Calicut.
The college is located on a hillock originally called 'Irumooli Paramba' 5 km from Feroke Railway Station and 16 km from the city of Calicut and at a distance of 16 km from the Calicut Airport. The entire campus comprising the college, its hostels, the staff quarters and its sister concerns covers an area of 70 acres. The entire village is popularly called 'Farook College' and has a post office called Farook College.
[[File:Farook college Main gate Kozhicode.JPG|thumbnail|Rajah Gate of Farook College]]

==Hospitals==
* Koyas Hospital
* [[Employees' State Insurance]] Hospital, Feroke
* Red Crescent Hospital, Chungam.
* Shifa hospital, kallampara
* Govt. Taluk Hospital, Chanda Feroke
==Education==
===Irshadiya College (3 km)===
'''[[Irshadiya College]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irshadiyacollege.com|title=Irshadiya College - College of Commerce and Social Sciences {{!}} Feroke - Calicut {{!}} Official Website {{!}} Parallel College under Calicut University {{!}} University of Calicut Courses|website=www.irshadiyacollege.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref> is an educational institution located in Paruthippara road. It has a historic experience of nearly four decades in the educational purview of Feroke. Its main peculiarly is that it offers courses in both arts and Islamic studies. Hundreds of students are studying from in and outside of Kerala.

===RCCM College (1 km)===
'''[[RCCM College]]'''<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.Rccmcollege.com|title=RCCM College – Regional college of Commerce and Management {{!}} Feroke - Calicut {{!}} Official Website {{!}} Parallel College under Calicut University {{!}} University of Calicut Courses|website=www.Rccmcollege.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref> is an exclusive educational institution for commerce students located in Cheruvannur.
==Karuvanthuruthy==
'''Karuvanthuruthy''' is a fishing village near Feroke. It is surrounded on sides with water giving the name 'thiruth' to it. The village is located on the western side of Feroke railway station. The underbridge from Feroke town goes to Karuvanthuruthy town and the Karuvanthuruthy bridge connects the town to [[Chaliyam]] beach and seawalk.
<gallery>
File:Karuvanthuruthy School.jpg|Bafaki School
File:Kadavu Masjidh, Karuvanthuruthy.jpg|Kadavath Masjidh
File:Commonwealth Tile Factory, Feroke.jpg|Commonwealth factory
File:Karuvanthuruthy Kadavu.jpg|Karuvanthuruthy Kadavu
</gallery>

===Kadalundi (6 km)===
[[Kadalundi]] is one of the oldest towns in Kerala and is an example of the old ports called "thundies". The tidal/[[mangrove forest]] on the banks of the Kadalundi river make it a picturesque area. The deltas formed by the Kadalundi river add to the beauty of the place. The town is divided into two by the river— Kadalundi in the Kozhikode district and Kadalundi Nagaram in Malappuram district. Thousands of migratory birds from all over the world gather here starting in November.
[[File:Calicut Halwa.jpg|thumb|Halwas are popular in Feroke]]

==Major Landmarks==
* [[Mananchira]], 11 km
* [[University of Calicut]], 9 km
* [[Farook College]], 3 km
* [[Alfarook College, Feroke|Al-farook College]], 3 km
* [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode|Medical college Kozhikode]], [[Calicut International Airport|17 km]]
* [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut Airport]], 17 km
* [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]] 7.4 km
* [[Beypore|Beypore Beach]], 6 km
*

==Villages and Suburbs==
* Chandakkadavu, Pettah and Chungam
* Karuvanthuruthi, Thirichilangadi and Kokkivalavu
* Adivaram, Melevaram and Irumoolipparamba
* [[Perumugham]] and Pullikkadavu.
* Kallampara
* Nallur
* Puttekadu
* Chenaparamba
* Karad
* Feroke Railway Station
{{Further|Mahlkot}}

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Karuvanthuruthy School.jpg|Orphanage School
File:Kadavu Masjidh, Karuvanthuruthy.jpg|Kadavath Masjidh
File:Ferke Post Office, Kozhikode District.jpg|Feroke Post Office
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]]
* [[Paruthippara]]
* [[Farook College]]
* [[Ramanattukara]]
* [[Cheruvannur Nallalam|Cheruvannur]]
* [[Karuvanthuruthy|Karuvanthiruthy]]
* [[Kadalundi]]
* [[Chelembra]]
* [[Cherukavu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}

{{Kozhikode district}}
{{South Malabar}}
{{Malabar}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Kozhikode]]

Mauranipur Assembly constituency

2026-04-27T17:23:23Z

Aman064: added initial page v1!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mauranipur
| map_image = 224-Mauranipur.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
| reservation = SC
|constituency_no=224
|division=[[Jhansi division]]
| type = SLA
| mla = [[Rashmi Arya]]
| party = {{Party index link|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = 4,13,770
}}
'''Mauranipur''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Mauranipur in the [[Jhansi district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Mauranipur is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Jhansi Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 224 amongst 403 constituencies. As of 2022, the constituency is represented by [[Rashmi Arya]] of the [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]] party.{{update after|2027|5}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Mauranipur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mauranipur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Beni Bai
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Premnarain Ahirwar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Beni Bai
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Premnarain Ahirwar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Bhagirath Chaudhri
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |Pragilal Ahirwar
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bihari Lal Arya]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Pragilal Ahirwar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Bhagwati Prasad Sagar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Rashmi Arya]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Bihari Lal Arya]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Rashmi Arya]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}" |
|[[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mauranipur<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = [[Rashmi Arya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:143577}}
|percentage = 51.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Tilak Chandra Ahirwar
|votes = {{formatnum:84982}}
|percentage = 30.68
|change = +0.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rohit Ratan
|votes = {{formatnum:32641}}
|percentage = 11.78
|change = -17.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bhagwan Das Kori
|votes = {{formatnum:3323}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jitendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2653}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3471}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change = -0.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:58595}}
|percentage = 21.15
|change = +14.83
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:276999}}
|percentage = 66.95
|change = +0.1
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Mauranipur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biharilal Arya
|votes = {{formatnum:98905}}
|percentage = 36.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Dr.Rashmi Arya
|votes = {{formatnum:81934}}
|percentage = 30.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Prageelal Ahirwar
|votes = {{formatnum:77919}}
|percentage = 28.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3536}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16971}}
|percentage = 6.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:268783}}
|percentage = 66.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.25|79.14|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jhansi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

2025 TASMAC scam

2026-04-27T13:23:42Z

Aman064: Added the info from scratch - done

{{Short description|Financial scam in India}}
The '''2025 TASMAC scam''' is an alleged financial scandal involving [[Tamil Nadu]]’s state-run liquor company, [[TASMAC]] (Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation).

On 23 May 2025, the [[Supreme Court of India]] stayed an investigation by the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED).

== Overview ==
On 13 March 2025, TASMAC came under intense scrutiny following allegations of large-scale corruption. The ED alleged that a network involving politicians, bureaucrats, and distillery owners siphoned off more than {{INRConvert|1000|c}} through manipulated tenders, inflated expenses, and illegal transactions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-17 |title=Decoding TASMAC scam, the Rs 1000 crore corruption scandal that has rocked Tamil Nadu politics |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/tasmac-scam-explained-tamil-nadu-liquor-scandal-1.10430972 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ranjani |first=Lalitha |date=2025-03-13 |title=Tamil Nadu Today {{!}} ED alleges ₹1000-crore scam in TASMAC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/here-are-the-big-stories-from-tamil-nadu-today/article69326472.ece |access-date=2025-03-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Also, irregularities were found in transport and bar license tenders, which involved fake documentation and favoritism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chanrdababu |first=Divya |date=14 March 2025 |title=‘Unaccounted’ cash deals worth ₹1,000 cr in TASMAC, says ED |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/unaccounted-cash-deals-worth-1-000-cr-in-tasmac-says-ed-101741892254028.html |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

According to [[V. Senthil Balaji]], Tamil Nadu Excise Minister; the ED is used by the Central Government to target rival parties and leaders, particularly before an election, with Tamil Nadu set to hold one next year. He also emphasized that the raids were conducted as a pressure tactic amid the ongoing battle between the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] vs. [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] battle over "Hindi imposition" and "delimitation."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel Stalin |first=J Sam |title='Due To Hindi Row, Delimitation...': Tamil Minister On Liquor Corruption Claims |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-budget-news-tasmac-liquor-corruption-claim-v-senthil-balaji-responds-due-to-hindi-row-delimitation-tamil-minister-on-liquor-corruption-clai-7922257 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
Distillery companies such as SNJ, Kals, Accord, SAIFL, and Shiva Distillery—along with bottling entities such as Devi Bottles, Crystal Bottles, and GLR Holding—colluded with senior government officials to secure undue favors, leading to large-scale financial fraud.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Divyesh |date=2025-03-13 |title=ED unearths unaccounted cash deals in Rs 1,000-crore Tamil Nadu liquor 'scam' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ed-alleged-tasmac-liquor-scam-black-money-racket-unaccounted-cash-deals-2693450-2025-03-13 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Madhuparna |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Karishma |title=Rs 1,000-Crore TASMAC Scam Rocks Tamil Nadu, DMK Minister Under Lens |url=https://www.news18.com/india/rs-1000-crore-tasmac-scam-rocks-tamil-nadu-dmk-minister-under-lens-9261522.html |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

On 23 May 2025, the [[Supreme Court of India]] granted a stay on an investigation by ED. During the proceedings, the Court expressed concerns that the ED may have exceeded its jurisdiction, raising questions about potential encroachment on India’s federal structure. It also noted issues regarding the initiation of a case against a state-run corporation, particularly in light of the fact that the Government of Tamil Nadu had already registered multiple FIRs related to the matter.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-05-22 |title=Supreme Court stays ED probe in TASMAC liquor ‘scam’ in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/supreme-court-stays-ed-probe-in-tasmac-liquor-scam-in-tamil-nadu/article69605181.ece |access-date=2026-04-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaumik |first=Aaratrika |date=2025-10-14 |title=Supreme Court questions whether ED is overstepping in Tamil Nadu liquor-scam probe |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tn-liquor-scam-probe-supreme-court-tasmac-ed-encroaching-states-right-to-investigate/article70163542.ece |access-date=2026-04-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Fraud in India]]

Sita Navami

2026-04-25T02:19:35Z

Aman064:

{{Short description|Hindu festival celebrating the birth of the deity Sita}}
{{Infobox holiday
| type = Hindu
| nickname = Janaki Navami, Sita Jayanti, Janaki Jayanti
| image = Ma Janki, Sitamarhi.jpg
| caption = Image depicting the manifestation of Sita from the Earth
| date = '''Sita Navami''' is celebrated every year on the ninth day of Shukla Paksha in the month of [[Vaisakha]]
| significance = marks the divine appearance of Goddess Sita,
| observances = [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]], [[Vrata]] (fast), recitation of the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and [[Versions of the Ramayana|other versions]], [[Sita]] Puja
| frequency = Annual
| duration = 1 Day
| date2026 = 25 April
| holiday_name = Sita Navami
}}
'''Sita Navami''' (also called '''Sita Jayanti''', {{Langx|sa|सीतानवमी|translit=Sītānavamī}}) is a [[Hindus|Hindu]] festival that celebrates the birth of the goddess [[Sita]]. It is celebrated on the ''[[navami]]'' (ninth day) of the ''[[Paksha|Shukla Paksha]]'' (first lunar fortnight) of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu month]] of [[Vaisakha|''Vaishakha'']].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-30 |title=Sita Navami 2024: Plant Parijat for happiness and prosperity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/others/sita-navami-2024-plant-parijat-for-happiness-and-prosperity/articleshow/109722562.cms |access-date=2024-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Legend ==
According to the ''[[Ramayana]]'', the infant Sita appeared or manifested from a divine earthen pot in the kingdom of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] from a farm field to King Siradhvaja [[Janaka]] and Queen Sunayana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Publishing |first=Bloomsbury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk7eEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA457 |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes] |date=2011-09-13 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-59884-206-7 |pages=457 |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Sthala purana|regional tradition]], this site is identified to be at the [[Punaura Dham]] of the [[Sitamarhi district]] of [[Bihar]], India. The date and time of the manifestation of the infant Sita is recorded as the ninth day of Shukla Navami in the Vaishakha month of ''[[Ayilyam]] [[nakshatra]]'' in the ''Ramayana''. It is said that when King Siradhvaja [[Janaka]] was ploughing the land with a plow, a part of his plough got stuck in the earth. On digging that place, he found an infant girl in an earthen pot. A tip of the plow is called Sita, and hence the girl was named Sita and was adopted as the king's daughter.<ref name=":0" /> Sita later married [[Rama]], the seventh incarnation of [[Vishnu]]. Sita is revered for her loyalty, devotion and sacrifice to her husband. She is considered the epitome of womanhood and is regarded as the ideal wife and mother in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-28 |title=Sita Navami 2023: Date, history, significance and all you need to know |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/sita-navami-2023-date-history-significance-and-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/99841620.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Description ==
Sita Navami celebrates the anniversary date of the appearance or manifestation of Sita. On the occasion of Sita Navami,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-04 |title=Sita Navami 2025: Date, history and significance |url=https://holidaytoday.in/en/india/bihar/holidays/janaki-navami-sita-navami|access-date=2025-05-04 |website=Holiday Today|language=en}}</ref> married women fast for their husbands's long life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sita Navami 2024 : सीता नवमी कब है? नोट कर लें डेट, पूजा- विधि, शुभ मुहूर्त और महत्व |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/astrology/story-sita-navami-2024-date-time-puja-vidhi-shubh-muhrat-importance-significance-9872731.html |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

In the city of Sitamarhi, a grand religious one day internal circumambulation of the city known as ''Antar Griha Parikrama'' which is a part of the larger [[Sitamarhi Dham Parikrama]] is organised on the day of Janaki Navami. It starts from the sacred site [[Urvija Kund]], believed to be the birthplace of Goddess Sita, at the [[Janaki Sthan]] and after the completion of the circumambulation it ends at the same Urvija Kund.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सीतामढ़ी में चौदह कोसी परिक्रमा के लिए निकली माता सीता के डोला का जगह-जगह स्वागत - Dola of Mata Sita who came out for Chaudah Kosi Parikrama in Sitamarhi is being welcomed from place to place |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-dola-of-mata-sita-who-came-out-for-chaudah-kosi-parikrama-in-sitamarhi-is-being-welcomed-from-place-to-place-22669946.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=सीतामढ़ी धाम की परिक्रमा यात्रा जानकी स्थान उर्विजा कुंड से शुरू |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/sitamarhi/news/the-parikrama-yatra-of-sitamarhi-dham-starts-from-janaki-sthan-urvija-kund-132948635.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Hindu holy days]]
[[Category:Ramayana]]
[[Category:Birthdays by person]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:May observances]]

Mother Mary Comes to Me

2026-04-22T11:24:07Z

Aman064:

{{Infobox book
| image = Mother Mary Comes to Me (Book Cover).jpeg
| author = Arundhati Roy
| genre = Memoir
| pub_date = September 2025
}}

{{Short description|2025 memoir by Arundhati Roy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}

'''''Mother Mary Comes to Me''''' is a memoir by [[Arundhati Roy]] published in 2025.

It is centred on the eventful life of her mother [[Mary Roy]], who is "sharp, restless and charismatic, a visionary ruling with an iron fist<ref name=":2" />" and Arundhati Roy's relations with her.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gornick |first=Vivian |date=2026-02-26 |title=Mother Trouble |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2026/02/26/mother-trouble-mother-mary-comes-to-me-arundhati-roy/ |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=The New York Review of Books |language=en |volume=73 |issue=3 |issn=0028-7504}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mead |first=Rebecca |date=2025-09-03 |title=What to Make of the Mother Who Made You |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2025/09/22/what-to-make-of-the-mother-who-made-you |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref>In the author's own words, it is "about my relationship with my mother, about how she made me the kind of writer that I am - and then resented it"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=South |date=2025-09-04 |title=Arundhati Roy’s fierce memoir on life with her mercurial mother |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gzdnp43l8o |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>. However, the book is also "a search for the roots of Roy’s own evolution into a writer"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garcia-Navarro |first=Lulu |date=2025-08-30 |title=Arundhati Roy on How to Survive in a ‘Culture of Fear’ |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/30/magazine/arundhati-roy-modi-trump-interview.html |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>. One commentator termed it a "biography cum autobiography of two remarkable women"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walpola |first=Thilina |date=2025-09-21 |title=Comment: Arundhati Roy’s Mother Mary Comes to Me |url=http://island.lk/comment-arundhati-roys-mother-mary-comes-to-me/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |language=en-US|website=The Island}}</ref>.

The book received wide reviews published in leading newspapers and magazines, including the ''[[Financial Times]],'' ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The New Yorker]]'', ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Shelter and storm |url=https://www.the-tls.com/lives/autobiography/mother-mary-comes-to-me-arundhati-roy-book-review-pragya-agarwal |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=TLS |language=en-US |last=Agarwal |first=Pragya}}</ref> and ''[[The Hindu]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dixit |first=Neha |date=2025-08-28 |title="I wasn’t brave. I did not have a choice," says Arundhati Roy in an interview about her memoir |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/arundhati-roy-interview-new-memoir-mother-mary-comes-to-me/article69967654.ece |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>,''[[The Straits Times]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-20 |title=Shawn Hoo’s top books of 2025 |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/arts/shawn-hoos-top-reads-of-2025-arundhati-roy-ng-yi-sheng-and-wahidah-tambee |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref>'','' to cite a few. ''The New York Times'' included the work in their list of the ten Best Books of 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-02 |title=The 10 Best Books of 2025 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/02/books/review/best-books-2025.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>.

John Reed in a review published in the ''Financial Times'' commented: "The book has the lyricism of [[Gabriel García Márquez]], the political sweep of [[Barbara Kingsolver]], and the antic family humour of [[David Sedaris]]. There is not an ounce of self-pity in it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reed |first=John |date=30 August 2025 |title=Arundhati Roy: ‘One half of me was taking the pain, the other half was taking notes’ |url=https://www.ft.com/content/621ca5b7-0869-4646-b18a-b6b90b26b9e7 |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=Financial Times, UK}}</ref> Amit Chaudhari in a review published by ''The Guardian'' found the book to be "brave and absorbing," noting that Roy’s account of her mother has a "wonderful, self-assured self-sufficiency." He found the prose "unexpectedly funny" despite the heavy subject matter<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Chaudhuri |first=Amit |date=1 September 2025 |title=Mother Mary Comes To Me by Arundhati Roy review – brave and absorbing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/sep/01/mother-mary-comes-to-me-by-arundhati-roy-review-brave-and-absorbing |access-date=12 February 2026 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>. Alexandra Jacobs, in a review in ''The New York Times'', praised the memoir as "sturdy and polished". She noted that Roy does not soften the "abrasive presence" of her mother, Mary Roy, presenting her both as "shelter and storm."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Alexandra |date=2025-09-02 |title=She Raged. She Terrified. And She Shaped Arundhati Roy. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/02/books/review/arundhati-roy-mother-mary-comes-to-me.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>''Kirkus Review'' described it as "an intimate, stirring chronicle" that revives "...the tangled complexities of filial love".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/arundhati-roy/mother-mary-comes-to-me/ |title=MOTHER MARY COMES TO ME {{!}} Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref>

Arundhati Roy won the 2025 [[National Book Critics Circle Award]] (for biography) for the book.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alter |first=Alexandra |date=2026-03-27 |title=Han Kang Among National Book Critics Circle Award Winners |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/26/books/national-book-critics-circle-awards.html |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>She also received [[Mathrubhumi]] Book of the Year Award 2026 for the work. Mathrubhumi praised her "ability to distil profound emotional complexity into powerful prose". It added that, "her writing combines clarity with intensity". Accepting the award, Roy described the book as the most difficult one she has written. She said that, "much of it was written at night and revisited the next morning", as she "grappled with some of (her) deepest fears and emotions"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khosla |first=Aishwarya |date=2026-02-10 |title=Arundhati Roy wins Mathrubhumi Book of the Year Award for ‘Mother Mary Comes to Me’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/arundhati-roy-mathrubhumi-book-the-year-award-mother-mary-comes-to-me-10501075/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>.

It is short listed for the 2026 [[Women's Prize for Non-Fiction]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2026 |title=Revealing the 2026 Women’s Prize for Non-Fiction Shortlist |url=https://womensprize.com/revealing-the-2026-womens-prize-for-non-fiction-shortlist/ |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=[[The Women's Prize]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Works by Arundhati Roy]]
[[Category:Penguin Books books]]
[[Category:2025 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian memoirs]]

Prabhat Pattan

2026-04-22T06:47:58Z

Aman064: started new article

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Prabhat Pattan
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.64|N|78.27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{Ind}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Betul district|Bettul]]
}}

'''Prabhat Pattan''' is a village and a [[Tehsil]] in [[Betul district]] of Madhya Pradesh, India. [[Wardha River]] flows near Prabhat Pattan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=विकासखण्ड जिला बैतूल, मध्यप्रदेश शासन |url=https://betul.nic.in/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%96%e0%a4%a3%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a1/ |website=Betul District}}</ref> Prabhat Pattan pin code is 460665.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/betul/prabhat-pattan|title=Prabhat Pattan Pin Code | Postal Code (Zip Code) of Prabhat Pattan, Betul, Madhya Pradesh, India|website=India TV News}}</ref>

==Geography==
Prabhat Pattan is located on {{coord|21.64|N|78.27|E|}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Prabhat_Pattan.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Prabhat Pattan, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> located in Southern part of state 17 km away from [[Multai]]. It is surrounded with Satpura Mountain and [[Wardha River]] originate near Prabhat Pattan.

==Demographics==
In the 2011 census, the town had a population of 7704 in 1645 families, of which 3909 were males and 3795 were females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/486272-prabhat-pattam-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Prabhat Pattam Village Population - Multai - Betul, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[National Highway 347A (India)|National Highway 347A]] passes through Prabhat Pattan, connecting it to:
* [[Pandhurna]] ~35 km
* [[Multai]] ~17 km
* [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]] ~63 km

==See also==
* [[Multai]]
* [[Betul District]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Narmadapuram Division}}
{{Betul district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Betul district]]

Kuppam Assembly constituency

2026-04-20T06:43:04Z

Aman064:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kuppam
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (175-Kuppam highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Kuppam Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| map_alt =
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
| constituency_no = 175
| established = 1955
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = The portrait of CM Shri Nara Chandrababu Naidu.jpg
| abolished =
| mla = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] {{Small|[[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| preceded_by = N. Rangaswami Naidu, [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|20px]] {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| electors = 2,25,977<ref name="electors" />

}}

'''Kuppam Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Chittoor district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency]].

{{Pie chart|value1=66.67|value2=13.33|value3=13.33|value4=6.67|label1=[[Telugu Desam Party|'''TDP '''(10 Times)]]|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (2 Times)]]|label3=[[Independent politician|'''Independent''' (2 times)]]|label4=[[Communist Party of India|'''CPI'''(1 Time) ]]|color1={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color3={{party color|Independent}}|color4={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Kuppam Assembly}}

[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], the present [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2024, there are a total of 2,25,977 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2024|title=AC Wise Number of Electors|date=2024|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
{{Static row numbers}}
!Mandal
|-
| Kuppam Municipality
|-
| Kuppam
|-
| Gudupalle
|-
| Santipuram
|-
| Ramakuppam
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Kuppam Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q58378201,Q60366801,Q5614701,Q60366788"}</mapframe>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| D. Ramabrahmam
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| A. P. Vajravelu Chetty
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2| D. Venkatesham
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| B. R. Doraswamy Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2| N. Rangaswami Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=10}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan=8|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 1978 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuppam
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| candidate = B. R. Doraswamy Naidu
| votes = 24,644
| percentage = 41.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = D. Venkatachalam
| votes = 14,222
| percentage = 23.86
| change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = M. Venkarachalam
| votes = 7,004
| percentage = 11.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| candidate = R. J. Karunanidhi
| votes = 5,338
| percentage = 8.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = A. P. Vajravelu Chetty
| votes = 4,543
| percentage = 7.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 10,442
| percentage = 17.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 59,596
| percentage = 66.3
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| loser = Independent (politician)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuppam
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = N. Rangaswami Naidu
| votes = 38,543
| percentage = 60.02
| change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = B. R. Doraswami Naidu
| votes = 24,550
| percentage = 38.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 13,993
| percentage = 21.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 64,212
| percentage = 66.7
| change = {{increase}} 0.4
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuppam
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = N. Rangaswami Naidu
| votes = 46,548
| percentage = 75.83
| change = {{increase}}15.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Dr S. Krishna
| votes = 9,584
| percentage = 15.61
| change = {{decrease}}22.62
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 36,964
| percentage = 60.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 61,385
| percentage = 57.0
| change = {{decrease}} 9.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuppam
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| votes = 50,098
| percentage = 52.65
| change = {{decrease}}23.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = B. R. Doraswamy Naidu
| votes = 43,180
| percentage = 45.38
| change = {{increase}}29.77
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 6,918
| percentage = 7.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 95,157
| percentage = 74.4
| change = {{increase}}17.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuppam
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| votes = 81,210
| percentage = 75.49
| change = {{increase}}22.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = R. Gopinath
| votes = 24,622
| percentage = 22.89
| change = {{decrease}}22.49
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 56,588
| percentage = 52.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 107,582
| percentage = 76.3
| change = {{increase}}1.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuppam
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| votes = 93,288
| percentage = 74.42
| change = {{decrease}} 1.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = M. Subramanyam Reddy
| votes = 27,601
| percentage = 22.02
| change = {{decrease}} 0.87
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 65,687
| percentage = 52.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 125,357
| percentage = 80.0
| change = {{increase}}3.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuppam
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| votes = 98,123
| percentage = 69.93
| change = {{decrease}} 4.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = M. Subramanyam Reddy
| votes = 38,535
| percentage = 27.46
| change = {{increase}}5.44
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 59,588
| percentage = 42.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,40,297
| percentage = 75.4
| change = {{decrease}} 4.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuppam
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| votes = 89,952
| percentage = 61.91
| change = {{decrease}} 8.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = M. Subramanyam Reddy
| votes = 43,886
| percentage = 30.21
| change = {{increase}}2.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = K. Rajendra Babu
| votes = 5,366
| percentage = 3.69
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = N. S. Thulasinath
| votes = 2,117
| percentage = 1.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 46,066
| percentage = 31.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,45,287
| percentage = 82.60
| change = {{increase}}7.20
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuppam<ref name=election2014>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| votes = 1,02,952
| percentage = 62.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = K. Chandramouli
| votes = 55,831
| percentage = 33.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = K. Srinivasulu
| votes = 2,785
| percentage = 1.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NOTA
| candidate = [[None of the above]]
| votes = 905
| percentage = 0.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 47,121
| percentage = 28.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,64,481
| percentage = 83.97
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuppam<ref name=election2019>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| votes = 1,00,146
| percentage = 55.18
| change = {{decrease}}7.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Krishna Chandra Mouli
|votes = 69,424
|percentage = 38.25
|change = {{increase}}4.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. B. R. Suresh Babu
|votes = 3,839
|percentage = 2.12
|change = {{increase}}0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,905
|percentage = 1.60
|change = {{increase}}1.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jana Sena Party
|candidate = Venkataramana Muddhineni
|votes = 1,879
|percentage = 1.04
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = N. S. Thulasinath
|votes = 1,139
|percentage = 0.63
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 30,722
|percentage = 16.93
|change = {{decrease}}11.72
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,81,499
|percentage = 85.08
|change = {{increase}}1.11
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,13,329
|ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kuppam<ref name="2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election Results">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01175.htm |accessdate=20 October 2024 |date=4 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|votes = 1,21,929
|percentage = 59.96
|change = +4.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[K. R. J. Bharath]]
|votes = 73,923
|percentage = 36.35
|change = -1.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = A. Govindha Rajulu
|votes = 2,574
|percentage = 1.27
|change = -0.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,115
|percentage = 1.04
|change = -0.56
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 48,006
|percentage = 23.61
|change = +6.68
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,03,367
|percentage = 89.99
|change = +4.91
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,25,977|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Trivia ==

Kuppam assembly constituency is represented by [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] since [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]], who holds the distinction of being the longest-serving [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]] (9 years) and [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Opposition leader]] (10 years) of [[United Andhra Pradesh]] and also served as the 1st Chief Minister of bifurcated [[Andhra Pradesh]] (5 years) and is currently serving as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|12.75|78.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Bilaspur–Nagpur section

2026-04-19T18:03:47Z

Aman064:

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Bilaspur–Nagpur section
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Durg junction railway station.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = [[Durg Junction railway station]] is an important Railway Station On Bilaspur–Nagpur section
| type =
| system = Electrified
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| start = [[Bilaspur railway station|Bilaspur]]
| end = [[Nagpur railway station|Nagpur]]
| stations =
| routes = [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1891
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = Main line: {{convert|414|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Branch lines: Abhanpur–Rajim : {{convert|17|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Kendri–Dhamtari : {{convert|68|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Durg–Dalli Rajhara: {{convert|87|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Gondia–Balaghat–Katangi: {{convert|88|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Tumsar Road–Tirodi: {{convert|48|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} '''Gondia–Nagbhir–Balharshah''': {{convert|252|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Nagpur–Nagbhir : {{convert|110|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Kanhan–Ramtek: {{convert|23|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Nagpur–Chhindwara : {{convert|110|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Chhindwara–Amla: {{convert|115|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracks = Main line: 3 tracks between Bilaspur to Rajnandgaon and 2 tracks between Rajnandgaon to Nagpur
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Yes
| speed = Main line: up to 130 km/h
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Bilaspur–Nagpur section}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Bilaspur–Nagpur section''' is part of the [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]] and connects [[Bilaspur railway station|Bilaspur]] in the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Nagpur railway station|Nagpur]] in [[Maharashtra]]. Part of one of the major trunk lines in the country, it passes through a forested plateau region interspersed with fertile valleys.

==History==
The first train in India travelled from Mumbai to [[Thane]] on 16 April 1853. By May 1854, [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]'s Bombay–Thane line was extended to [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]]. [[Bhusawal]] station was set up in 1860 and in 1867 the GIPR branch line was extended to Nagpur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html | title = IR History: Early Days – I : Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1832–1865)| publisher = IRFCA | access-date = 2012-11-20 }}</ref> The [[Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway]] started construction of the {{convert|240|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} [[metre gauge]] (soon converted to broad gauge) Nagpur–Rajnandgaon section in 1878, after surveys were started in 1871. The Nagpur–Tumsar Road section was opened in April 1880 and the Tumsar Road–Rajnandgaon section in December 1880.<ref name=nagpur>{{cite web | url = http://www.secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1312278598168-Tourist%20Places.pdf | title = Nagpur Division| access-date = 2012-11-20 }}</ref>

The [[Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line]], a joint effort of [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] and [[East Indian Railway Company]] came up in 1870.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | title = IR History: Early Days – II : Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899)| publisher = IRFCA | access-date = 2012-11-10 }}</ref> The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] was formed in 1887 for the purpose of upgrading the [[Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway]] and then extending it via [[Bilaspur railway station|Bilaspur]] to [[Asansol Junction railway station|Asansol]], in order to develop a shorter Howrah–Mumbai route than the one via Allahabad.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://railwaysofraj.blogspot.in/2011/08/number-1-down-mail.html |title = Number 1 Down Mail| publisher= Railways of the Raj| access-date = 2012-11-10 }}</ref> The Bengal Nagpur Railway main line from Nagpur to Asansol, on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]], was opened for goods traffic on 1 February 1891.<ref name=ser>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=2012-11-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date= 1 April 2013 }}</ref>

A narrow-gauge branch line was constructed from [[Raipur]] to [[Dhamtari]], and from [[Abhanpur]] another branch line goes to [[Rajim]]. It was opened in 1900.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/raipur-district.html |title = Raipur District| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-12-25 }}</ref> The Gondia–Nagbhir–Nagpur line was opened for traffic in 1908. The Nagbhir–Rajoli line was opened in 1913 and extended up to Chanda. The Bhilai–Dalli Rajhara line mainly for iron ore transportation was opened in 1958. [[Bhilai Steel Plant]] was opened in 1959.<ref name=ser/>

The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] was nationalized in 1944.<ref name=ser/>[[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] was formed on 14 April 1952 with the portion of [[East Indian Railway Company]] east of [[Mughalsarai]] and the Bengal Nagpur Railway.<ref name=zones>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21 }}</ref> In 1955, [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] was carved out of Eastern Railway. It comprised lines mostly operated by BNR earlier.<ref name=zones/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |title = IR History: Part - IV (1947–1970)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21 }}</ref> Amongst the new zones started in April 2003 were [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] and [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]. Both these railways were carved out of South Eastern Railway.<ref name=zones/>

==Gauge conversion==
Work for conversion to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] of the {{convert|240|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} [[narrow-gauge]] Gondia–Chanda Fort line started in December 1992, Gondia–Wadsa section was inaugurated on 25 September 1994. Wadsa–Nagbhir section was opened on 20 February 1997, Nagbhir–Chanda Fort section was opened on 13 January 1999 and the Chanda Fort–Ballarshah section was operated from 2 July 1999.<ref name=division >{{cite web| url = http://www.secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1312278598168-Tourist%20Places.pdf |title =Nagpur Division | publisher=South East Central Railway| access-date = 2012-11-10 }}</ref>

The Gondia–Balaghat broad-gauge section was opened for traffic on 6 September 2005.<ref name=division/> The Balaghat–Katangi section was converted to broad gauge in 2010.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Balaghat-Jabalpur-protest-march-to-demand-rly-line/articleshow/7300383.cms| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130126034231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-17/nagpur/28379163_1_broad-gauge-gauge-conversion-jabalpur| url-status = live| archive-date = 26 January 2013|title = Balaghat–Jabalpur protest march to demand rly line|date=17 January 2011| work = [[The Times of India]]| access-date = 2012-11-10 }}</ref><ref name=division/>

The gauge conversions are under process for {{convert|147|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long Nagpur–Chhindwara section, the {{convert|110|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long Jabalpur–Nainpur section, the {{convert|180|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long Chhindwara–Nainpur–Mandla section, the Nainpur–Balaghat section and {{convert|110|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long Nagpur–Nagbhir section.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-27/nagpur/31421245_1_gauge-conversion-narrow-gauge-broad-gauge | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130212053227/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-27/nagpur/31421245_1_gauge-conversion-narrow-gauge-broad-gauge | url-status = dead | archive-date = 12 February 2013 |title = Funds crunch hits gauge conversion work |date=27 April 2012| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 2012-12-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/budget-2012/rail-budget/What-is-new-in-Railway-Budget-2012-13/articleshow/12267354.cms |title = What is new in the Railway Budget 2012-13|work=The Times of India|date=14 March 2012| access-date = 2012-11-10 }}</ref>

==Electrification==
The entire main line is [[Central Organisation for Railway Electrification|electrified]]. The Bilaspur–Bhilai and Bhilai–Durg sections were electrified in 1970–71, Durg–Paniajob section in 1989–90. The Paniajob–Gondia and Gondia–Bhandara Road sections in 1990–91, Bhandara Road–Tharsa and Tharsa–Nagpur sections in 1991–92.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-10}}</ref> The Amla–Chhindwara section was electrified in 2017<ref>{{cite tweet|number=937269672046575616|user=Central_Railway|title=Amla-Chhindwara section of #Nagpur Division electrified from today. First train on #Electric traction Pench Valley…|date=3 December 2017}}</ref> and Balharshah–Chanda Fort–Gondia section was electrified in 2018. Other lines will be electrified once converted to broad gauge.

==Speed limits==
The entire Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line is planned to be upgraded into a "Group A" line which would let it take speeds up to 160 km/h.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |title=Chapter II – The Maintenance of Permanent Way |access-date=2012-11-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030524/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Passenger movement==
[[Bilaspur railway station|Bilaspur]], [[Raipur railway station|Raipur]], [[Durg railway station|Durg]] and [[Nagpur railway station|Nagpur]] on this line are amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway. About 1 to 1.2 million passengers travel from here.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=2012-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Narrow-gauge rail museum==
A Narrow-Gauge Rail Museum was inaugurated at Nagpur on 14 December 2002. It was accorded the status at par with National Rail Museum, New Delhi.<ref name=division/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==

{{external media
| float=right
| video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8vgk0vqntU Gondia-Balaghat-Katangi DEMU]
|video2= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTqjAa-OY4Y Gondia-Balaghat-Katangi Passenger Train]
}}

{{Railways in Central India}}
{{Godavari basin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bilaspur - Nagpur section}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bilaspur railway division|*]]
[[Category:Nagpur SEC railway division|*]]
[[Category:Raipur railway division|*]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1891]]
[[Category:Transport in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Transport in Nagpur]]

Eastern Naga Students' Federation

2026-04-19T06:42:19Z

Aman064: starting new entry...

{{Infobox organization
| name = Eastern Naga Students' Federation
| bgcolor = 
| fgcolor = 
| image = Logo of the Eastern Naga Students' Federation.jpg
| image_border =
| image_size = 150px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| abbreviation = NSF
| goal =
| formation =
| type = [[Student organisation|Student Organization]]
| status =
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Tuensang]], [[Nagaland]], India
| location =
| coordinates = 
| region_served = [[Northeast India]]
* [[Noklak]]
* [[Tuensang]]
* [[Longleng]]
* [[Mon, India|Mon]]
* [[Kiphire]]
* [[Shamator]]

| membership =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Chingmak Kumchuba Chang
| parent_organization = 
| affiliations = 
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website =
| remarks =
}}

The '''Eastern Naga Students' Federation''' ('''ENSF'''; {{IPAc-en|ˌ|iː|'|ɛ|n|.|ɛ|s|'|ɛ|f}}) is the largest representative body for students from the [[Frontier Nagaland|eastern Nagaland]] region. The federating units consists of Chang Wedoshi Setshang, Khiamniunngan Students’ Union, Konyak Students’ Union, Phom Students’ Conference, Tikhir Students’ Union, United Sangtam Students’ Conference, and Yimkhiung Akheru Arihako.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parashar |first=Utpal |date=12 October 2020 |title=Demanding a section of teachers be included into mainstream, Naga students to ban govt vehicles |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/demanding-a-section-of-teachers-be-included-into-mainstream-naga-students-to-ban-govt-vehicles/story-Ixm0fZa2os4zLNQ9Jo8fPN_amp.html/ |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2022 |title=Nagaland: Eastern Naga Students’ Federation demands equitable distribution of projects |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2022/07/23/nagaland-eastern-naga-students-federation-demands-equitable-distribution-of-projects/ |work=[[Nagaland Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tsanglao |first=Loreni |date=9 September 2022 |title=Eastern Naga Students’ Federation call for emergency federal assembly to discuss demand for Frontier Nagaland |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/nagaland/story/eastern-naga-students-federation-call-emergency-federal-assembly-discuss-demand-frontier-nagaland-445120-2022-09-09 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=India Today NE}}</ref><ref name="thenagalandtribune">{{cite web |date=January 21, 2024 |title=Eastern Nagaland summons all eastern Nagaland legislature, MP to Tuensang by noon of 14th march-Nagaland Tribune |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/ensf-summons-all-eastern-nagaland-legislatures-mp-to-tuensang-by-noon-of-14th-march/ |website=nagalandtribune.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Student politics in India]]

{{India-org-stub}}

Jaleswar, Assam Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:09Z

Aman064: creating first entry w/ refs

{{About|the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Jaleswar, Assam|the constituency in Odisha|Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jaleswar
| constituency_no = 12
| type = SLA
| map_image = Jaleswar, Assam Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| district = [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Jaleswar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in the north east state of [[Assam]], India. Jaleswar is also part of [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
* 1978: [[Afzalur Rahman]], [[Janata Party]]
* 1983: [[Afzalur Rahman]], [[Indian Congress (Socialist) - Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
* 1985: [[Afzalur Rahman]], [[Independent politician|Independent]]
* 1991: [[Afzalur Rahman]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1996: [[Afzalur Rahman]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 2001: [[Aftabuddin|Aftabuddin Mollah]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 2006: [[Afzalur Rahman]], [[Loko Sanmilon]]
* 2011: [[Moinuddin Ahmed|Moin Uddin Ahmed]], [[All India United Democratic Front]]
* 2016: [[Sahab Uddin Ahmed]], [[All India United Democratic Front]]
* 2021: [[Aftabuddin|Aftabuddin Mollah]], [[Indian National Congress]]

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaleswar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abu Sha Shadi Hossain|party=Asom Gana Parishad|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Aftab Uddin Mollah|party=Indian National Congress|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=|party=All India United Democratic Front|votes=|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Arif Akhtar Ahmed|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaleswar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS0339.htm?ac=39|title=Jaleswar (Assam) Election Results 2021|publisher=elections.in|accessdate=2 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Aftabuddin Mollah
|votes = 76,026
|percentage = 50.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Dr. Reza Ma Amin
|votes = 54,046
|percentage = 36.08
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Osman Goni
|votes = 14,053
|percentage = 9.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Khurshid Mirza Ashikur Rahman
|votes = 1,847
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Assam Jatiya Parishad
|candidate = Roshidul Hoque
|votes = 915
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Akhiruzzaman Mollah
|votes = 754
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mujaharul Islam
|votes = 626
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Osman Goni Mollah
|votes = 566
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = NOTA
|votes = 970
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,980
|percentage = 5.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,49,803
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = AIUDF
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaleswar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Sahab Uddin Ahmed
|votes = 56,003
|percentage = 43.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Aftab Uddin Mollah
|votes = 49,341
|percentage = 38.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Abdur Rahim Zibran
|votes = 11,535
|percentage = 8.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abul Fazal Nasir Uddin Mollah
|votes = 6,567
|percentage = 5.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = BRP
|candidate =Abdul Wahab Sheikh
|votes = 1,433
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Abdus Salam
|votes = 761
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Innas Ali
|votes = 690
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 627
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,662
|percentage = 5.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,28,225
|percentage = 93.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,37,096
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Goalpara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Assam]]

Mumtaz Md Nawi

2026-04-16T05:13:13Z

Aman064: Added Some Page With Sources - done

{{Short description|Malaysian politician}}
{{Malay name|Mumtaz|Md. Nawi}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berhormat]] [[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Dato']]
| name = Mumtaz Md Nawi
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=MYS|size=100%|DJMK|JMK|MP}}
| native_name = {{lang|ms|{{Script|Arab|مُمْتَاز مُحَمَّد نَوِي}}}}
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:YB Mumtaz Md Nawi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|3|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kelantan]], [[Malaysia]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the [[Kelantan State Executive Council]]
| subterm1 = 2013–2018
| suboffice1 = Chairwoman of the Family Development, Welfare and People Wellbeing
| subterm2 = 2018–2023
| suboffice2 = Chairwoman of the Welfare, Women and Family Development
| office5 = [[Dewan Negara|Senator]] {{small|Elected by the [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]}}
| subterm5 =
| suboffice5 =
| subterm6 =
| suboffice6 =
| constituency_MP = [[Tumpat (federal constituency)|Tumpat]]
| parliament = Malaysian
| term_start = 19 November 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Che Abdullah Mat Nawi]] ([[Perikatan Nasional|PN]]–[[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
| successor =
| majority = 34,793 ([[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]])
| constituency_AM9 =
| assembly9 =
| term_start9 =
| term_end9 =
| predecessor9 =
| successor9 =
| majority9 =
| citizenship = {{MAS}}
| party = {{flagicon image|PAS logo.svg}} [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS)
| other_party = [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR) {{small|(2008–2015)}} [[Gagasan Sejahtera]] (GS) {{small|(2016–2020)}} {{flagicon image|Logo Perikatan Nasional.svg}} [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) {{small|(since 2020)}}
| relations =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession = [[Lawyer]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[International Islamic University Malaysia]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| spouse = Mohd Sukiman Yasin
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| parents = Md Nawi Said Siti Talhah Ismail
| office8 = Faction represented in [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]
| suboffice8 = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]]
| suboffice9 = Perikatan Nasional
| subterm8 = 2013–2020
| subterm9 = 2020–2023
| assembly3 = Kelantan State Legislative
| constituency_AM3 = [[Demit]]
| predecessor3 = [[Muhamad Mustafa]] (PAS)
| successor3 = Mohd Asri Mat Daud ([[Perikatan Nasional|PN]]–[[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
| term_start3 = 5 May 2013
| term_end3 = 12 August 2023
| majority3 = 8,581 ([[2013 Malaysian state elections|2013]]) 9,068 ([[2018 Kelantan state election|2018]])
| office7 = Faction represented in [[Dewan Rakyat]]
| term_start7 =
| term_end7 =
| monarch7 =
| prime_minister7 =
| predecessor7 =
| alongside7 =
| successor7 =
| alongside5 = Wan Ubaidah Wan Omar {{small|(2006–2008)}} Ahmad Rusli Iberahim {{small|(2008–2011)}} Johari Mat {{small|(2011–2012)}}
| monarch5 = [[Sirajuddin of Perlis|Syed Sirajuddin]] {{small|(2006)}} [[Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu|Mizan Zainal Abidin]] {{small|(2006–2011)}} [[Abdul Halim of Kedah|Abdul Halim]] {{small|(2011–2012)}}
| predecessor5 = [[Siti Zailah Mohd Yusoff]]
| successor5 = Khairiah Mohamed
| prime_minister5 = [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] {{small|(2006–2009)}} [[Najib Razak]] {{small|(2009–2012)}}
| term_end5 = 5 July 2012
| term_start5 = 19 July 2006
| suboffice7 = [[Perikatan Nasional]]
| office10 = Faction represented in [[Dewan Negara]]
| suboffice10 = Malaysian Islamic Party
| subterm7 = 2022–
| subterm10 = 2006–2012
}}

'''Mumtaz binti Md Nawi''' (born 30 March 1972) is a [[Malaysians|Malaysian]] [[politician]] and [[lawyer]] who has served as the [[Dewan Rakyat|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Tumpat (federal constituency)|Tumpat]] since November 2022. She served as Member of the [[Kelantan State Executive Council]] (EXCO) in the [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) state administration under [[Menteri Besar of Kelantan|Menteri Besar]] [[Ahmad Yakob]] and Member of the [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for [[Demit]] from May 2013 to August 2023. She is a member of the [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS), a component party of the PN coalition.

== Election results ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament of Malaysia]]
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|rowspan=4|[[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]]
|rowspan=4|'''P019 [[Tumpat (federal constituency)|Tumpat]]'''
|rowspan=4 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
|rowspan=4|{{nowrap|'''Mumtaz Md Nawi'''}} ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|rowspan=4 align="right" |'''65,426'''
|rowspan=4|'''62.51%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|[[Che Abdullah Mat Nawi]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |30,633
|29.27%
|rowspan=4|106,131
|rowspan=4|34,793
|rowspan=4|70.07%
|-
|{{Party shading/PH}} |
|Wan Ahmad Johari Wan Omar ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])
|align="right" |7,762
|align="right" |7.42%
|-
|{{Party shading/Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia}} |
|Che Mohamad Aswari Che Ali ([[Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia|PUTRA]])
|align="right" |593
|align="right" |0.57%
|-
|{{party shading/Sabah Heritage Party}} |
|Khairul Azwan Kamarrudin ([[Heritage Party (Malaysia)|WARISAN]])
|align="right" |245
|align="right" |0.23%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="GE14 results">{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=Malay|accessdate=17 May 2018|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="The Star GE14">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|title=The Star Online GE14|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|accessdate=24 May 2018}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref>
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|[[2013 Kelantan state election|2013]]
|rowspan=3|'''N19 [[Demit (state constituency)|Demit]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Mumtaz Md Nawi'''}} ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right"| '''15,302'''
| '''69.48%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Wan Mohd Nazi Wan Hamat ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" | 6,721
| 30.52%
| 22,310
| 8,581
| 83.40%
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2018 Kelantan state election|2018]]
|rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
|rowspan=2| '''Mumtaz Md Nawi''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|rowspan=2 align="right"| '''13,621'''
|rowspan=2| '''62.55%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Nurul Amal Mohd Fauzi ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" | 4,553
| 20.91%
|rowspan=2| 22,316
|rowspan=2| 9,068
|rowspan=2| 79.00%
|-
|{{Party shading/Keadilan}} |
|Wan Ahmad Kamil Wan Abdullah ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])
|align="right" | 3,601
| 16.54%
|}

==Honours==
===Honours of Malaysia===
* {{flag|Malaysia}}
** [[File:MY Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVII ribbon.png|50px]] Recipient of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia#Honorary orders and medals|17th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal]] (2024)
* {{Flag|Kelantan}}
** [[File:My-KEL Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan 2006.svg|50px]] Knight Commander of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Kelantan|Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan]] (DJMK) – '''Dato'''' (2019)<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=17 August 2020|date=11 November 2019|publisher=[[Bernama]]|url=http://www.bernama.com/bm/am/news.php?id=1788289|language=Malay|title=Ketua Audit Negara dahului senarai 623 penerima kehormatan Kelantan}}</ref>
** [[File:My-KEL Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan 2006.svg|50px]] Companion of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Kelantan|Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan]] (JMK) (2016)

== See also ==
* [[Members of the Dewan Negara, 11th Malaysian Parliament]]
* [[Members of the Dewan Negara, 12th Malaysian Parliament]]
* [[List of people who have served in both Houses of the Malaysian Parliament]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Malaysia 15th FedRep}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Biography|Politics}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malaysian Islamic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Kelantan state executive councillors]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Members of the Dewan Negara]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2022–]]

{{Malaysia-MP-stub}}

Palghar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:46:19Z

Aman064: started new post - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palghar
| constituency_no = 130
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 130-Palghar.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Palghar Lok Sabha constituency|Palghar]]
| district = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Rajendra Gavit]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =298,608
}}
'''Palghar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Palghar district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of [[Dahanu Taluka]] viz. revenue circles Kasa and Chinchani, parts of [[Palghar Taluka]] viz. revenue circles Tarapur, Palghar and
[[Palghar Municipal Council]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-05}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palghar Elections and Results 2016, Current and Previous MLA, Candidate list |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/palghar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|[[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Navnitrai Shah
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Shridhar Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Navnitrai Shah
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Vinayak Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Arjun Shinghade
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | Vishnu Valvi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Avinash Sutar
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3" | Manisha Nimkar
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Rajendra Gavit]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Krushna Ghoda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2016^
| [[Amit Ghoda]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Shrinivas Vanga]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Rajendra Gavit]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Gavit|Rajendra Dhedya Gavit]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 1,12,894 |percentage = 53.77% |change={{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jayendra Kisan Dubla |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 72,557 |percentage = 34.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Korda Naresh Lakshman |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 10,251 |percentage = 4.88% |change={{decrease}}5.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,634 |percentage = 2.21% |change={{decrease}}3.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Viraj Ramchandra Gadag |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,089 |percentage = 1.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijaya Rajkumar Mhatre |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,494 |percentage = 1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dandekar Manoj Bhalchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,190 |percentage = 1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopal Rajaram Koli |party=Lokrajya Party |votes = 1,664 |percentage = 0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,337 |percentage = 19.21% |change= {{decrease}}13.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,14,572 |percentage = 71.86% |change= {{increase}}24.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,09,938}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,98,608|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shrinivas Vanga|Shrinivas Chintaman Vanga]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 68,040 |percentage = 55.65% |change={{increase}}13.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yogesh Shankar Nam |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,735 |percentage = 22.69% |change={{decrease}}7.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Umesh Gopal Govari |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 12,819 |percentage = 10.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Viraj Ramchandra Gadag |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 11,469 |percentage = 9.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 7,135 |percentage = 5.84% |change={{increase}}3.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Suresh Ganesh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,194 |percentage = 1.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,305 |percentage = 32.97% |change= {{increase}}21.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,29,412 |percentage = 47.23% |change= {{decrease}}16.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,22,257}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,74,026|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}13.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2016===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2016 elections in India#Maharashtra|2016 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Palghar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9899-bye-election-results-july-2018-dec-2018/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Amit Ghoda|Amit Krushna Ghoda]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 67,129 |percentage = 42.39% |change={{increase}}13.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Gavit|Rajendra Dhedya Gavit]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 48,181 |percentage = 30.42% |change={{increase}}2.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manisha Manohar Nimkar |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 36,781 |percentage = 23.22% |change={{increase}}8.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vartha Chandrakant Barkya |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 4,865 |percentage = 3.07% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,162 |percentage = 2.00% |change={{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,948 |percentage = 11.96% |change= {{increase}}11.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,61,535 |percentage = 65.23% |change= {{decrease}}2.88 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,58,373}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,47,631|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}13.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Krushna Ghoda|Krushna Arjun Ghoda]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 46,142 |percentage = 28.64% |change={{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Gavit|Rajendra Dhedya Gavit]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,627 |percentage = 28.32% |change={{decrease}}13.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr.Premchand Tulshiram Gond |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,149 |percentage = 21.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nimkar Manisha Manohar |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 23,738 |percentage = 14.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vartha Chandrakant Barkya |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 4,973 |percentage = 3.09% |change={{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagannath Kisan Vartha |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,148 |percentage = 1.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,987 |percentage = 1.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Govind Shingada |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,907 |percentage = 1.18% |change={{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 515 |percentage = 0.32% |change= {{decrease}}15.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,64,189 |percentage = 68.11% |change= {{increase}}10.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,61,129}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,41,079|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Gavit|Rajendra Dhedya Gavit]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 55,665 |percentage = 41.80% |change={{increase}}1.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manisha Manohar Nimkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 34,694 |percentage = 26.05% |change={{decrease}}21.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nam Shankar Sakharam |party=Independent politician |votes = 30,683 |percentage = 23.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Varkhande Rama Lalya |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,560 |percentage = 3.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sutar Gangaram Dhakat |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 3,677 |percentage = 2.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lahange Sunil Balu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,549 |percentage = 1.16% |change={{decrease}}2.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Makan Lallu Dhodi |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,174 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,971 |percentage = 15.75% |change= {{increase}}8.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,33,165 |percentage = 56.43% |change= {{decrease}}1.84 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,33,165}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,35,982|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}5.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Manisha Manohar Nimkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 58,627 |percentage = 47.37% |change={{decrease}}8.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Gavit|Rajendra Dhedya Gavit]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 50,186 |percentage = 40.55% |change={{increase}}22.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Avinash Baliram Sutar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,377 |percentage = 3.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishnu Laxman Kadav |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,480 |percentage = 2.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sumada Prakash Bhaurao |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 1,976 |percentage = 1.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,441 |percentage = 6.82% |change= {{decrease}}22.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,23,766 |percentage = 58.27% |change= {{increase}}16.12 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,23,764}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,12,415|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}8.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Manisha Manohar Nimkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 46,015 |percentage = 55.54% |change={{increase}}9.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pagi Geeta Gajanan |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 21,673 |percentage = 26.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Shelar Janardan Bhiva |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,155 |percentage = 18.29% |change={{decrease}}11.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,342 |percentage = 29.38% |change= {{increase}}12.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,857 |percentage = 46.73% |change= {{decrease}}24.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,843}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,96,571|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}9.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Manisha Manohar Nimkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 55,399 |percentage = 46.08% |change={{increase}}6.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahane Jagannath Shidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,250 |percentage = 29.32% |change={{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhodade Kaluram Kakadya |party=Janata Dal |votes = 27,749 |percentage = 23.08% |change={{decrease}}7.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadag Ramesh Harichandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,036 |percentage = 0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadag Suresh Harichandra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 802 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,149 |percentage = 16.76% |change= {{increase}}8.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,24,296 |percentage = 68.43% |change= {{increase}}8.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,20,236}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,81,644|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}6.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Avinash Baliram Sutar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 36,141 |percentage = 39.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kaluram Kakadya Dhodade |party=Janata Dal |votes = 28,424 |percentage = 30.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahane Jagannath Shidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,628 |percentage = 29.97% |change={{decrease}}8.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,717 |percentage = 8.37% |change= {{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,426 |percentage = 58.76% |change= {{increase}}9.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,193}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,60,698|ref = |change= {{increase}}29.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Valvi Vishnu Gopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,495 |percentage = 38.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arjun Kakadya Shingade |party=Janata Party |votes = 19,713 |percentage = 33.36% |change={{decrease}}12.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Avinash Baliram Sutar |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,942 |percentage = 25.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Janardan Bhiva Shelar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,829 |percentage = 3.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,782 |percentage = 4.71% |change= {{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,112 |percentage = 49.09% |change= {{increase}}14.20 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,097}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,493|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}10.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Valvi Vishnu Gopal |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 17,956 |percentage = 48.78% |change={{increase}}40.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shingade Arjun Kakadya |party=Janata Party |votes = 16,729 |percentage = 45.45% |change={{decrease}}12.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hirve Sakharam Undrya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,993 |percentage = 5.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,227 |percentage = 3.33% |change= {{decrease}}24.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,723 |percentage = 34.09% |change= {{decrease}}22.34 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,811}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,10,648|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Arjun Kakadya Shingade |party=Janata Party |votes = 32,635 |percentage = 58.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shelar Janardan Bhiwa |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,934 |percentage = 30.22% |change={{decrease}}33.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Valvi Vishnu Gopal |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 4,630 |percentage = 8.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharao Udarya Sumda |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 1,835 |percentage = 3.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,701 |percentage = 28.02% |change= {{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,947 |percentage = 57.51% |change= {{decrease}}2.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,034}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,00,765|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vinayak Sitaram Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 32,441 |percentage = 63.71% |change={{increase}}22.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Moreshwar Bhimaji Mestri |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 17,285 |percentage = 33.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhan Kushanlal N. Shruff |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 1,192 |percentage = 2.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,156 |percentage = 29.77% |change= {{increase}}16.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,198 |percentage = 60.36% |change= {{decrease}}9.55 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,918}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,133|ref = |change= {{increase}}26.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{increase}}9.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=N. B. Shaha |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 25,417 |percentage = 54.35% |change={{increase}}19.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=C. B. Vartak |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,052 |percentage = 40.74% |change={{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. H. Wadhan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,234 |percentage = 2.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. S. More |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,059 |percentage = 2.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,365 |percentage = 13.61% |change= {{increase}}4.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,749 |percentage = 73.07% |change= {{increase}}1.80 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,762}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,453|ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shridhar Sakharam Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,796 |percentage = 43.63% |change={{increase}}1.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Navanitrai Bhogilal Shah |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,447 |percentage = 34.93% |change={{decrease}}23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bamakaran Bachhu Dube |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,464 |percentage = 18.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sulabha Bhalchandra Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,244 |percentage = 2.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,349 |percentage = 8.71% |change= {{decrease}}7.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,321 |percentage = 71.26% |change= {{decrease}}11.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,951}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,232|ref = |change= {{increase}}37.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{decrease}}14.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Palghar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shah Navnitrai Bhogilal |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 24,879 |percentage = 57.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shroff Jayanti Chhotalal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,072 |percentage = 42.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,807 |percentage = 15.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,951 |percentage = 77.41% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,951}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,483|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.70|72.77|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Palghar district]]
[[Category:Palghar]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Controversy over arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers

2026-04-07T18:57:52Z

Aman064: starting a details...

{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
[[File:Newmidnightarrest.jpg|thumb|350px|Karunanidhi being arrested in 2001]]
On 30 June 2001, [[M. Karunanidhi]], the former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] was arrested along with the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)#Present : Commerce & Industry|minister of commerce and industry]], [[Murasoli Maran]], and the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change#Cabinet Ministers|minister of environment and forests]], [[T. R. Baalu]]. This event marked the first incident in the history of independent India in which ministers of the Republic of India were arrested. The incident began when the seventy-eight-year-old former chief minister was forcibly taken from his residence located in [[Gopalapuram, Chennai]]. Within hours, the images of the arrest were broadcast on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and other network stations. Footage shown on [[Jaya TV]] shows him continuously resisting arrest.<ref name="Shame">{{cite journal|last1=T.S.|first1=Subramanian|title=Tamil Nadu's Shame|journal=Frontline|date=7 July 2001|volume=18|issue=14|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1814/18140040.htm|accessdate=3 May 2016|publisher=The Hindu Group|location=Chennai|language=English|quote=While Sun TV kept telecasting its footage of the treatment that Karunanidhi and Maran received at the hands of the police, Jaya TV started telecasting on July 1 counter-footage. This showed that the situation was calm when the policemen arrived at Karunanidhi's house. In this version, there is no roughing up or jostling of the former Chief Minister. The situation takes a turn with the arrival of Maran. He picks up a quarrel with the police officers and resists spiritedly.}}</ref>

== Background ==
The [[First Information Report]] (FIR) was based on a complaint lodged by [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] Commissioner J. C. T. Acharyalu on 29 June 2001. Mr. Acharyalu became Corporation Commissioner following the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] held by the [[Jayalalitha II government|Jayalalithaa Government]]. He had been kept under suspension by the [[Karunanidhi]] Government.<ref name="Pre-dawnSweep">{{cite news|author1=Chennai Bureau|title=Karunanidhi held in pre-dawn swoop -- Jailed on corruption charges|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2001/07/01/stories/14015501.htm|accessdate=26 July 2016|work=The Hindu Business Line|publisher=THE HINDU group of publications|date=30 June 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514095657/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2001/07/01/stories/14015501.htm|archivedate=14 May 2005|location=Chennai}}</ref> The complaint related to alleged losses of {{INRConvert|12|c|year=2001}} in the construction of the mini-flyovers in the city of [[Chennai]]. The police complaint was lodged on Friday, 29 June at 9:00 pm, and the arrest took place a few hours after midnight. Because there was, allegedly, little time to conduct an investigation, then [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Union Law Minister]] [[Arun Jaitley]] wrote that "the initial impression appears to be that personal agenda is being given preference over the rule of the law ."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jaitley|first1=Arun|last2=Bhatt|first2=Sheela|title=Personal agenda prevailed over rule of the law|url=http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/2001/jun/30tn10.htm|accessdate=26 July 2016|work=Rediff OnTheNet|date=30 June 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928213513/http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/2001/jun/30tn10.htm|archivedate=28 September 2007|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

== Arrest ==
Reports indicate that at 1:30 am on 30 June, [[Karunanidhi]] was asleep in the upstairs bedroom of his home when the police broke open the door and asked Karunanidhi to get dressed. The police cut the telephone lines to the house. A television clip showed Karunanidhi falling down and being shoved, pushed, beaten and lifted by police officers in the house. [[Murasoli Maran]], who went to rescue him, was also attacked and arrested when he resisted the arrest of the former chief minister. Murasoli Maran, who was sick from his heart with a [[Artificial pacemaker|pacemaker]], was admitted to [[Apollo Hospital]] after his arrest.<ref name="Parcel">{{cite news|last1=Iype|first1=George|title='They carried me out like a parcel': Maran|url=http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/2001/jul/03tn9.htm|accessdate=26 July 2016|work=Rediff OnTheNet|date=3 July 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928213452/http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/2001/jul/03tn9.htm|archivedate=28 September 2007|location=Madras}}</ref> [[T. R. Baalu]] and thousands of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] cadres were arrested. [[M. K. Stalin]], Karunanidhi's third son surrendered before a [[Magistrate]].<ref name="Vengeance">{{cite news|author1=Madras Correspondent|title=Stalin surrenders, vows to fight back|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/30tn5.htm|accessdate=26 July 2016|work=Rediff OntheNet|date=30 June 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010703094242/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/30tn5.htm|archivedate=3 July 2001|location=Madras}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] condemned the arrest and demanded a report from Chief Secretary and [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="PMCondemns">{{cite news|last1=Bhatt|first1=Sheela|title=PM condemns Karunandhi arrest, seeks details|url=http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/2001/jun/30tn6.htm|accessdate=3 May 2016|work=Rediff OnTheNet|date=30 June 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825193537/http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/2001/jun/30tn6.htm|archivedate=25 August 2010|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="TNGov">{{cite news|last1=Sahay|first1=Tara Shankar|title=TN governor asked to submit report|url=http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/2001/jun/30tn22.htm|accessdate=3 May 2016|work=Rediff OnTheNet|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825190144/http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/2001/jun/30tn22.htm|archivedate=25 August 2010|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The arrest was condemned by many groups across the political spectrum<ref name="CMsLeaders">{{cite news|last1=K|first1=Balchand|title=CMs, leaders condemn arrest|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/01/stories/02010008.htm|accessdate=3 May 2016|date=1 July 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020128064828/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/01/stories/02010008.htm|archivedate=28 January 2002|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Patna}}</ref> including both human rights groups and the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="CongressNDA">{{cite news|last1=Sahay|first1=Tara Shankar|title=Congress joins NDA in condemning Karunanidhi arrest|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/30tn18.htm|accessdate=3 May 2016|work=Rediff OnTheNet|date=30 June 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010821224329/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/30tn18.htm|archivedate=21 August 2001|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== Court finds fault with the arrest ===
The court found several faults with the police's handling of the situation:{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

# A judge found fault with Chennai Corporation Commissioner Acharyalu for making a hasty complaint. They alleged that because Acharyalu had been appointed to his post only a week earlier, he could not have known what had happened between 1998 and 2000. At that time a traffic improvement committee and a high-level steering committee were set up to ease traffic and the construction of flyovers was given to contractors. He could not have known how the accused received financial benefits.
# Acharyalu made the complaint directly to CB-CID and not through the chief secretary, as is the normal procedure.
# Acharyalu had not consulted the engineers nor council members involved in the project before making a complaint.
# The judge wanted the Special Public Prosecutor, Mr. A. Raghunathan, to pinpoint who was the main accused. To the surprise of the judge, Mr. A. Raghunathan could not pinpoint the main accused.
# The judge criticized the fact that no investigation was done apart from Acharyalu's complaint and a few files with the corporation.
# The Judge disapproved of the manner in which the complaint was made, the FIR registered and the arrests carried out.
# Investigating officer, P. Padmanabhan, said that none of the accused (including Karunanidhi and the other 14), received any pecuniary benefits. This raised questions about the motive of the FIR.
# The judge was surprised that the main accused could not be pinpointed; that the accused received no benefit; and that no investigation was done prior to the arrest, all leading to his questioning the motive of the arrest.
# The judge further noted that the way the complaint was lodged and FIR registered without examining witnesses shows that the only motive was to arrest some people. The judge suggested that this was an abuse of power.
# The court wondered why, in a normal corruption case, a [[First Information Report]] would be filed, the case investigated, a charge sheet would be made and a court would decide whether to give bail to the accused or not. In this case, the FIR was filed at night and arrests were made at midnight. The accused were those leaders who were not likely to abscond. The court asked why these procedures were not followed.

== Charge sheet ==
The [[charge-sheet]] was filed only after 4 years, in 2005. This raised questions as to the conduct of the government.<ref name="Chargesheet">{{cite news|author1=DH News Service Chennai|title=Charge-sheet filed against MK, Stalin in flyover scam|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/May272005/national1618422005526.asp|accessdate=3 May 2016|work=Deccan Herald|agency=DH News Service Chennai|date=27 May 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527163339/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may272005/national1618422005526.asp|archivedate=27 May 2006}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jul/06tn5.htm Judge calls Karunanidhi arrest abuse of power]
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/30tn10.htm Personal agenda]
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/karuna.htm Former Chief Minister M Karunanidhi arrested] {{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

[[Category:Dravidian movement|Karunanidhi, Muthuvel]]
[[Category:Tamil politics]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:2001 in India]]
[[Category:2000s in Tamil Nadu]]

UGC Equity Regulations, 2026

2026-04-04T13:47:19Z

Aman064: Adding Pg

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
The '''University Grants Commission (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026''', commonly referred to as the '''UGC Equity Regulations, 2026''' or the '''Anti-Discrimination Rules, 2026''', are regulations notified by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) in India aimed at addressing discrimination within higher education institutions (HEIs). The regulations seek to replace the existing 2012 regulations with more stringent measures to ensure inclusion for students from marginalized backgrounds, particularly the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST)]] and [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward Classes (OBC)]].<ref name="TOI_UGC262">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rajeev |date=2026-01-27 |title=UGC anti-discrimination rules 2026: A bid for inclusion or risk of bias? Explained |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ugc-controversy-anti-discrimination-rules-2026-a-bid-for-inclusion-or-risk-of-bias-caste-upper-reservation-explained/articleshow/127388090.cms |access-date=2026-01-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The bill saw protests against the [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] (BJP) across the country.<ref name="o250">{{cite web | title=UGC equity rules hit the streets: Student protests across states intensify as Supreme Court steps in | website=The Times of India | date=2026-01-29 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ugc-equity-rules-hit-the-streets-student-protests-across-states-intensify-as-supreme-court-steps-in/articleshow/127762247.cms | access-date=2026-01-30}}</ref><ref name="e642">{{cite web | title=Student group protests outside UGC office in Delhi, demands complete rollback of equity rules | website=The Hindu | date=2026-01-27 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/students-want-new-ugc-regulations-against-caste-discrimination-to-be-revoked/article70556293.ece | access-date=2026-01-30}}</ref> {{As of|2026|1|29}}, the [[Supreme Court of India]] has stayed the proposed regulations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2026-01-29 |title=Supreme Court stays 2026 UGC Equity Regulations, calls it ‘too sweeping’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-stays-2026-ugc-equity-regulations-calls-it-too-sweeping/article70564593.ece |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Key provisions of the regulations ==
The regulations introduce several mandates for colleges and universities to promote equity:

* Anti-discrimination cells: Institutions must establish a dedicated cell to handle complaints related to discrimination based on caste, religion, gender, or disability.<ref name="SG_UGC262">{{Cite web |last=Mishra|first=Neerja|date=2026-01-27|title=New UGC Bill 2026: What Are the New Equity Rules, Why Are They Controversial, & How Will Colleges Implement Them?|url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/new-ugc-bill-2026-what-are-the-new-equity-rules-why-are-they-controversial-how-will-colleges-implement-them-166697/|access-date=2026-01-28|website=The Sunday Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
* Equity officers: Institutions are required to appoint an "Equity Officer" to oversee the implementation of inclusive policies and ensure that students from disadvantaged groups are not harassed or excluded from academic and extracurricular activities.<ref name="SG_UGC262" />
* Inclusion in curriculum: There are suggestions for sensitizing faculty and students through mandatory orientation programs and the inclusion of equity-based themes in the academic environment.
* Oversight in implementation: Institutions are required to submit annual reports to the UGC detailing the number of discrimination complaints received and the actions taken. The UGC would also maintain a portal to track institutional compliance across the country<ref name="SG_UGC262" />
* Stricter penalties: The regulations provide for financial penalties and the potential withdrawal of grants for institutions that fail to comply with the equity standards or ignore complaints of discrimination.<ref name="TOI_UGC262" />

== Implementation ==
Under the proposed regulations, colleges will be required to submit annual reports to the UGC detailing the number of discrimination complaints received and the actions taken. The UGC would also maintain a portal to track institutional compliance across the country.<ref name="SG_UGC262" />

The regulations require higher education institutions to establish an Equity Committee chaired by the head of the institution, with representation from faculty, non-teaching staff, civil society, and students from SC, ST, OBC, persons with disability, and women backgrounds. The committee is mandated to meet at least twice annually, investigate complaints within 24 hours for severe cases and within 15 working days for standard complaints, and recommend corrective action.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 January 2026 |title=Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions Regulations, 2026 |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/pdfnews/UGC-Equity-Regulations-2026.pdf |access-date=2026-04-04 |publisher=University Grants Commission}}</ref> Institutions are also required to establish an Equal Opportunity Centre and appoint an Ombudsperson for escalated grievances.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

== Criticism ==
The Regulations have initiated significant debate among educators, policymakers, and student groups:

* Potential for bias: Critics argue that the new rules might lead to "reverse discrimination" or bias against students from the general category. Some fear that the broad definitions of discrimination could be misused to target faculty or administrators.<ref name="TOI_UGC262" />
* Administrative burden: Educational institutions have expressed concerns regarding the logistical and financial challenges of setting up new administrative bodies and monitoring systems required by the regulations.<ref name="SG_UGC262" />
* Implementation concerns: While supporters view the regulations as a necessary step to prevent tragedies like student suicides linked to caste-based harassment, opponents question whether the rules will be implemented neutrally or if they will further polarize campuses along identity lines.<ref name="TOI_UGC262" /><ref name="SG_UGC262" />

== Protests ==
Following the notification of the Regulations, widespread demonstrations broke out across several Indian cities, including [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], and [[Hyderabad]]. Protests were particularly concentrated at major educational institutions such as [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU) and the [[University of Hyderabad]], where student organizations and faculty expressed divergent views on the legislation.<ref name="IT_Protest262">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-27|title=UGC Guidelines 2026 Row Live: Massive Student Protests Erupt in UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and Delhi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/ugc-bill-protest-live-updates-equity-regulations-row-guidelines-2858313-2026-01-27|access-date=2026-01-28|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name="c352">{{cite web | last=Nishad | first=Akash | title=UGC Student Protest: सरकार को दिखाएंगे ब्राह्मण का क्रोध...जबलपुर में सवर्ण बनाम SC-ST-OBC, छात्रों में खुला टकराव | website=News18 हिंदी | date=2026-01-29 | url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-ugc-equity-guideline-controversy-mp-students-savarna-sc-st-obc-protest-news-local18-10116928.html | language=hi | access-date=2026-01-30}}</ref> On 28 January, a [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] (BJP) functionary quit his post in [[Raebareli]]. Abhishek Pandey, the district head of the ‘Savarna Army’, called the bill a “black law", and wrote a letter to [[Narendra Modi]] with his blood.<ref name="h371">{{cite web | title=UGC rules row: BJP functionary quits, man writes letter in blood to PM as protests intensify in Uttar Pradesh | website=The Hindu | date=2026-01-28 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ugc-rules-row-bjp-functionary-quits-man-writes-letter-in-blood-to-pm-as-protests-intensify-in-uttar-pradesh/article70561215.ece | access-date=2026-01-30}}</ref> Indian Education minister [[Dharmendra Pradhan]] commented on the protests that nobody would be permitted to misuse the law.<ref name="x633">{{cite web | last1=Harigovind | first1=Abhinaya | last2=Pathak | first2=Vikas | last3=Kuntamalla | first3=Vidheesha | title=No discrimination against anybody: Govt after protests on new UGC norms | website=The Indian Express | date=2026-01-28 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/union-education-minister-dharmendra-pradhan-ugc-regulations-10497395/ | access-date=2026-01-30}}</ref>

The protests have been characterized by a divide in student opinion:

* Opposition to the Regulations: Some student groups and teachers' associations have staged demonstrations at [[Jantar Mantar]], arguing that the regulations are "arbitrary" and could lead to the harassment of staff and students. Concerns have been raised regarding a perceived threat to [[academic freedom]] and the potential for the regulations to create an atmosphere of surveillance and identity-based polarization on campuses.<ref name="TOI_Pushback262">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-27|title=Protests, PIL and campus pushback: Why UGC's equity rules have opened a can of worms|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ugcs-equity-push-meets-campus-pushback-protests-pil-and-the-fight-over-who-the-law-is-for/articleshow/127624538.cms|access-date=2026-01-28|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Support and demands for reform: Conversely, other student factions have held rallies in support of the equity measures, though some have demanded even stricter protections or a complete overhaul of the existing administrative structures to ensure the regulations' objectives are met without political interference.<ref name="IT_Protest262" />

== Challenge to the constitutionality ==
In addition to street demonstrations, the Supreme Court has admitted a Public Interest Litigation challenging the constitutional validity of the regulations and has stayed the implementation of the regulations<ref name=":0" />. The petitioners claim that the regulations are unconstitutional on grounds that they violate articles 14, 15 and 21 of the Constitution and could be misused to target specific sections of the academic community.<ref name="TOI_Pushback262" /> Security was increased at several university gates and protest sites following reports of minor clashes between opposing student groups.<ref name="IT_Protest262" />

== See also==
* [[Mandal Commission]]
* [[Criminal Tribes Act]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite report |date=13 January 2026 |title=University Grants Commission (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026 |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/pdfnews/1881254_UGC-Promotion-of-Equity-in-HEIs-Regulations-2026.pdf |work= |location= |publisher=Gazette of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}

[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]

Nuruddinpur

2026-03-26T15:57:35Z

Aman064: started new stub

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nuruddinpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Nūruddīnpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Salon block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Nuruddinpur (#556) in Salon CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.987144|N|81.562333|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.829
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3882
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nuruddinpur''' is a village in [[Salon, India|Salon]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook – Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=427–51 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 43 km from [[Raebareli]], the district headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981" /> As of 2011, Nuruddinpur has a population of 3,882 people, in 667 households.<ref name="Census 2011" /> It has 2 primary schools and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011" /> It is connected to national highways and hosts a periodic [[haat]] but not a permanent market.<ref name="Census 2011" />

Nuruddinpur was historically the seat of a [[taluqdar]]i estate held by a branch of the [[Kanhpuria]] Rajputs.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |page=87 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.17389 |access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> The Nuruddinpur branch was an offshoot of the Rajas of [[Kaithaula]] (in what is now [[Pratapgarh district (Uttar Pradesh)|Pratapgarh district]], which itself claims descent from Kanh, the dynasty's legendary founder, through his son Sahas.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The Kaithaula raja Kalyan Singh had two sons; one of them, Jurawan Singh, was the one who established the Nuruddinpur branch.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> He supposedly gained land in the [[pargana]] of Salon by being adopted by one Bahadur Singh of [[Kuturia]], although this Bahadur Singh is not attested anywhere else.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Jageshwar Bakhsh Singh (d. 1854), a sixth-generation descendant of Jurawan Singh, was pressured into signing a deed transferring the estate to one Muazzam Khan, but his widow Babuain Qadam Kunwar secured the [[Sanad (deed)|sanad]] for the estate and it remained a family possession until the 20th century.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Nuruddinpur as comprising 12 hamlets, with a total population of 1,076 people (543 male and 533 female), in 290 households and 276 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 – Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cvi-cvii of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,216 [[acre]]s and it had access to electricity at that point.<ref name="Census 1961" />
[[Thuthasimar]]
The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Nuruddinpur (as "Nurudinpur") as having a population of 1,829 people, in 500 households, and having an area of 491.70 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=218–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

Char Dham

2026-03-23T11:21:08Z

Aman064: brief reworked layout after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Four Hindu pilgrimage sites in India}}
{{for-multi|the religious sites in Nepal|Char Dham, Nepal|the Himalayan pilgrimage sites of Badrinath, Gangotri, Kedarnath and Yamunotri|Chota Char Dham}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Char Dham}}

{{Location map+ |India3|width=300|float=right|caption=Locations of the Char Dham |places=
{{Location map~ |India |lat= 19.48|long=85.49 |mark=Font Awesome 5 solid vihara.svg|label= [[Puri]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat= 9.28|long=79.31 |mark=Font Awesome 5 solid vihara.svg|label= [[Rameswaram]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=22.23|long=68.97|mark=Font Awesome 5 solid vihara.svg|label= [[Dwarka]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat= 30.744729|long=79.4907558 |mark=Font Awesome 5 solid vihara.svg|label= [[Badrinath]]|position=top}}
}}
The '''Char Dham''' ({{Langx|hi|चारधाम|translit=Cārdhām}} {{translation|the four abodes}}), or the '''Chatur Dhama''' ({{Langx|sa|चतुर्धाम|translit=Caturdhāma}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bharati |first=Agrhananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Rhy_9p9BZQC&pg=PA53 |title=Agents and Audiences |date=2011-06-03 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-080584-0 |pages=53 |language=en}}</ref> is a set of four [[Hindu]] [[pilgrimage]] sites in [[India]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Chaar Dham Yatra: A True Test of Every Hindu's Quest Towards Spiritual Enlightenment |date=20 March 2015 |website=NewsGram |url= https://www.newsgram.com/chaar-dham-yatra-true-test-hindus-spiritual-enlightenment/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220123103404/https://www.newsgram.com/chaar-dham-yatra-true-test-hindus-spiritual-enlightenment |archive-date= 23 January 2022}}</ref> consisting of [[Badrinath]], [[Dwarka]], [[Puri]] and [[Rameswaram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023|title=পুরীধাম ও জগন্নাথদেবের ব্রহ্মরূপ বৃত্তান্ত|page=4|trans-title=Puridham and the tale of lord Jagannath's legendary 'Brahmarup'|language=bn|date=28 June 2023|access-date=28 June 2023|website=dainikstatesmannews.com|publisher=Dainik Statesman (The Statesman Group)|location=Kolkata|first=Yogabrata|last=Chakraborty|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053933/https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023#page/1/1|archive-date=28 June 2023|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Badrinath, Dwarka, and Puri are shrines of [[Vishnu]], whereas Rameswaram is a shrine of [[Shiva]].

Defined by [[Adi Shankara]], each ''dhāma'' represents a particular [[yuga]], with Badrinath representing [[Satya Yuga]], Rameswaram representing [[Treta Yuga]], Dwarka representing [[Dvapara Yuga]], and Puri representing [[Kali Yuga]]. Many Hindus believe that visiting these sites can help them achieve [[moksha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burkhalter-Flueckiger |first=Joyce |title=Everyday Hinduism |publisher=Wiley |year=2015 |isbn=9781405160117 |pages=110}}</ref>

The Char Dham is not to be confused with the [[Chota Char Dham]] which comprises Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath, Badrinath. It is a Hindu pilgrimage circuit in [[Uttarakhand]] which was named by the [[religious tourism]] industry.

==Description==
According to Hindu legend, Badrinath became prominent when [[Nara-Narayana]], an avatar of Lord Vishnu, performed ''[[Tapas (Indian religions)#Hinduism|tapas]]'' there. Many berry trees then grew in the area, so the site was initially named ''badarikāvaṇa'', the forest of berries. Per legend, a large berry tree grew above Nara-Narayana to save him from the rain and sun. Locals say that it was [[Lakshmi]] who became the berry tree to save Narayana. After completing ''tapas'', Narayana said declared that people should always invoke her name before his. Therefore, Hindus refer to "[[Lakshmi Narayana|Lakshmi-Narayana]]."

Within the ''satya yuga'', the area came to be known as ''badrināth'', the lord of the berry trees, in recognizance of Nara-Narayana’s penance. The temple to him is located on the banks of the [[Alaknanda River]] in the [[Chamoli district]] of Uttrakhand.

The second ''dhāma'', Rameswaram, has its origins in the [[Treta Yuga]] when [[Rama]] installed a ''[[lingam]]'' there and worshipped it to get atonement from Shiva for slaying [[Ravana]], a devotee of Shiva.<ref>Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1991). ''South Indian shrines: illustrated''. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. {{ISBN|81-206-0151-3}}</ref> It is believed that Rama's footprints are imprinted there.<ref>Seeger, Elizabeth, 1889-1973. (1969). The Ramayana. New York :W.R. Scott</ref>

The third ''dhāma'', Dwaraka, was established in the [[Dvapara Yuga]] when Krishna made the city his residence.<ref>Chakravarti Mahadev-1994-The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages-Delhi-Motilal Banarsidass-Second Revised. {{ISBN|81-208-0053-2}}</ref>

At the fourth ''dhāma'', Puri, Vishnu is worshipped as [[Jagannatha|Jagannath]], his [[avatar]] for the current epoch, [[Kali Yuga]].

The monk [[Adi Shankara]] organised four {{IAST|[[Matha|maṭhas]]}} to correspond to the four sites of the Char Dham: the headquarters at [[Dvārakā|Dwarka]] in the West, [[Jagannatha Puri|Puri]] in the East, [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] in the South and [[Badrikashrama|Badarikashrama]] in the North.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Shankara/shankar4.html |title=Sankara Acarya: 4 - Monastic Traditions |access-date=3 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508091224/http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Shankara/shankar4.html |archive-date=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

The table below gives an overview of the four ''Amnaya Maṭhas'' founded by [[Adi Shankara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sringeri.net/history/amnaya-peethams|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626000000/http://www.sringerisharadapeetham.org/html/History/amnaya.html|url-status=dead|title=The Amnaya Peethams|archivedate=26 June 2006|website=Sri Sringeri Sharada Peetham}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Guru-shishya tradition|Shishya]] (lineage)
![[Relative direction|Direction]]
![[Matha|{{IAST|Maṭha}}]]
!{{IAST|[[Mahāvākya]]}}
![[Veda]]
!{{IAST|[[Sampradaya]]}}
|-
|{{IAST|[[Padmapāda]]}}
!East
|{{IAST|[[Govardhana matha|Govardhana Pīṭhaṃ]]}}
|{{IAST|Prajñānam brahma (''Consciousness is Brahman'')}}
|[[Rig Veda]]
|Bhogavala
|-
|{{IAST|[[Sureśvara]]}}
!South
|{{IAST|[[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri Śārada Pīṭhaṃ]]}}
|{{IAST|Aham brahmāsmi (''I am Brahman'')}}
|[[Yajur Veda]]
|{{IAST|Bhūrivala}}
|-
|{{IAST|[[Hastamalakacharya|Hastāmalakācārya]] }}
!West
|{{IAST|[[Dvaraka Pitha|Dvāraka Pīṭhaṃ]]}}
|{{IAST|Tattvamasi (''That thou art'')}}
|[[Sama Veda]]
|Kitavala
|-
|{{IAST|[[Totakacharya|Toṭakācārya]]}}
!North
|{{IAST|[[Jyotirmath|Jyotirmaṭha Pīṭhaṃ]]}}
|{{IAST|Ayamātmā brahma (''This self "soul" is Brahman'')}}
|[[Atharva Veda]]
|Nandavala
|}

==Sites of the Char Dham==

=== Puri ===
[[File:Temple-Jagannath.jpg|thumb|[[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]], [[Puri]]]]
[[Puri]] is located in the state of [[Odisha]] and is one of the oldest cities in the eastern part of the country, on the coast of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The main deity worshipped there is Krishna, revered as [[Jagannath]]. It is the only shrine in India where [[Subhadra]], the sister of Krishna, is worshipped along with her brothers, Jagannatha and [[Balarama|Balabhadra]]. As per temple records, King [[Indradyumna]] of [[Avanti (region)|Avanti]] built the main temple of Jagannath at Puri.<ref>Chakraborty, Yogabrata (28 June 2023). "পুরীধাম ও জগন্নাথদেবের ব্রহ্মরূপ বৃত্তান্ত" [Puridham and the tale of lord Jagannath's legendary 'Bramharup']. ''dainikstatesmannews.com'' (in Bengali). Kolkata: [[Dainik Statesman]] (The Statesman Group). p. 4. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.</ref> Starting in the tenth century, the first king of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]], [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]], rebuilt the present temple on the site of the pre-existing temples in the compound, excluding the main Jagannath temple.<ref>Cesarone, Bernard (2012). "Bernard Cesarone: Pata-chitras of Odisha". ''asianart.com''. Retrieved 2 July 2012. <q>This temple was built in approximately 1135–1150 by Codaganga, a king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty</q></ref> Puri is the site of the ''Govarḍhana Maṭha'', one of the four cardinal ''maṭhas'' created by [[Adi Shankaracharya|Adi Shankara]].

===Rameswaram===
[[File:Rameswaram temple (11).jpg|thumb|[[Rameswaram Temple]], [[Rameswaram]]]]
[[Rameswaram]] is located in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], in the southern part of the Indian peninsula. According to legend, this is the place where [[Lord Ram|Rama]], along with his brother Lakshmana and devotee Hanuman, built a bridge (Rama Setu) to reach [[Lanka]] to rescue his wife Sita, who had been abducted by Lanka's ruler Ravana. The Ramanathaswamy Temple, dedicated to Shiva, occupies a significant area of Rameswaram. The temple is believed to have been consecrated by Rama. The site is important to Hindus as a pilgrimage to [[Varanasi]] is considered incomplete without a pilgrimage to Rameswaram. The presiding deity is in the form of a [[Linga]] with the name Sri Ramanatha Swamy; it also is one of the twelve [[Jyotirlingas]].

===Dwarka ===
[[File:Dwarkadheesh temple.jpg|thumb|[[Dwarakadheesh Temple]], [[Dwarka]]]]
[[Dwarka]] is located in the state of [[Gujarat]] on the westernmost coast of India. The city derives its name from the word "''dvara''" meaning [[door]] or [[gate]] in the [[Sanskrit]] language. It is located where the Gomti River merges into the [[Arabian Sea]]. However, this river Gomti is not the same as the [[Gomti River]], which is a tributary of [[Ganga River]]. The legendary city of [[Dvārakā]] was the dwelling place of [[Lord Krishna|Krishna]]. It is generally believed that due to damage and destruction by the sea, Dvārakā was submerged six times, and modern-day Dwarka is the 7th such city to be built in the area.<ref name="GoUnesco">{{cite web |last1=Santosh |first1=Urmila |title=Where Mythology Meets Reality: Sunken City Of Dwarka |url=https://www.gounesco.com/where-mythology-meets-reality-sunken-city-of-dwarka/ |website=gounesco.com |publisher=GoUNESCO |access-date=25 July 2019 |date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701022620/https://www.gounesco.com/where-mythology-meets-reality-sunken-city-of-dwarka/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EconomicTimesLeg">{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Kalyani |title=Legends by the sea |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/legends-by-the-sea/articleshow/1764244.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=25 July 2019 |date=15 March 2007 |archive-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725161442/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/legends-by-the-sea/articleshow/1764244.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Badrinath===
[[File:Badrinath Temple, Uttarakhand (Photo- Vishwanath Negi).jpg|thumb|[[Badrinath Temple]]]]
[[Badrinath]] is located in the [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]] district of [[Uttarakhand]] at an altitude of 3,133 meters (10,279 feet). The temple of Badrinath is dedicated to [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-05 |title=Chardham Yatra 2024: Badrinath Temple, Where Lord Vishnu Did Penance |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/chardham-yatra-2024-badrinath-temple-where-lord-vishnu-did-penance-article-109854547 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> It is in the Garhwal hills, on the [[Alaknanda River]] banks. The town lies between the Nar and the Narayana mountain ranges and in the shadow of the [[Nilkantha (mountain)|Nilkantha]] peak (6,560 m).
Nearby within 3 km, there are also other interesting sightseeing spots like Mana, Vyas Gufa, Maatamoorti, Charanpaduka, Bhimkund, and the Mukh of the Saraswati River. [[Joshimath]] is situated on the slopes above the confluence of the Alaknanda and Dhauliganga rivers. Of the four Maths established by [[Adi Shankara]]charya, Joshimath is the winter seat of Char dham.

While the three other Dhams remain open throughout the year, [[Badrinath Temple|Badrinath Dham]] only stays open for pilgrims' darshan from April to October each year.

== Chota Char Dham==
Another circuit of four ancient pilgrimage sites in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]] is referred to as [[Chota Char Dham]] to differentiate it from this bigger circuit of Char Dham sites. It consists of [[Yamunotri]], [[Gangotri]], [[Kedarnath]], and [[Badrinath]]. The Chota Char Dham shrines are closed over winter due to snowfall and reopen for pilgrims with the advent of summer.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=T7ZHUhSEleYC&dq=Char+Dham&pg=PA468 Char Dham of Garhwal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405045122/https://books.google.com/books?id=T7ZHUhSEleYC&dq=Char+Dham&pg=PA468 |date=5 April 2023 }} ''India'', by Joe Windless, Sarina Singh, James Bainbridge, Lindsay Brown, Mark Elliott, Stuart Butler. Published by Lonely Planet, 2007. {{ISBN|1-74104-308-5}}. ''Page 468''.</ref><ref>''Chardham Yatra'', by Savitri Dubey. Published by Alekh Prakashan. {{ISBN|978-81-88913-25-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alekhprakashan.com/Bookdesc.aspx?id=1635|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223140101/http://www.alekhprakashan.com/Bookdesc.aspx?id=1635|url-status=dead|title=Welcome To Alekh Prakashan|archive-date=23 December 2010|access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Char Dham and Hemkund Sahib Yatra to restart from May 2014|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/char-dham-yatra-restarts-in-may-uttarakhand-assures-safety/|work=IANS|date=24 April 2014|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=24 April 2014|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107000849/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/char-dham-yatra-restarts-in-may-uttarakhand-assures-safety/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Winter Char Dham ===
The Uttarakhand government is promoting a ‘Winter Char Dham’ initiative to boost tourism during the off-season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WINTER CHAR DHAM CIRCUIT {{!}} Uttarakhand Tourism |url=https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/winter-char-dham-circuit-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722144332/https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/winter-char-dham-circuit-0 |archive-date=2024-07-22 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=uttarakhandtourism.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> During winter, the traditional Chota Char Dhams are closed and the deities are relocated to nearby villages for worship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winter Char Dham यात्रा क्या है? क्यों कहते हैं सूर्य पर्यटन, यहां जानें हर एक बात |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/religion/what-is-winter-char-dham-why-is-it-called-sun-tourism-all-about-uttarakhand-winter-char-dham/2585429 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> The Winter Char Dhams are the winter abodes of deities from the main Dhams: Omkareshwar Temple in Ukhimath for Kedarnath, Pandukeshwar in Chamoli for Badrinath, Mukhba in Uttarkashi for Gangotri Dham, and Kharsali for Yamunotri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=What is the winter Char Dham? Why is the Uttarakhand government promoting it? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/winter-char-dham-uttarakhand-9756353/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chota Char Dham]]
* [[Sapta Puri]]
* [[Jyotirlinga]]
* [[Yatra#Famous yatras|Famous Hindu yatras]]
* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
* [[List of Hindu festivals]]
* [[Padayatra]]
* [[Ratha Yatra]]
* [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirtha]]
* [[Tirtha and Kshetra]]
* [[Chari Kshetra]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/}}
*{{commons category-inline|Char Dham}}

{{Hindu holy cities}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Char Dham temples]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]

Shaikh Zahuruddin Hatim

2026-03-14T15:47:10Z

Aman064: Adding Entry!

{{Short description|Urdu poet}}
{{Infobox poet
|language=[[Urdu]]
|name=Shaikh Zahuruddin Hatim
|pseudonym=Hatim
|birth_date=1699
|birth_place=Shahjahanabad, [[Mughal India]]
|death_date=1781 or 1792
|image=
|native_name=}}

'''Shaikh Zahuruddin Hatim''' also known by the [[pen name]]s of '''Shah Hatim''' or '''Hatim''' was an [[Urdu]] poet and an early exponent of the [[Delhi]] school of Urdu poetry. He lived in Delhi during the reign of [[Muhammad Shah]].

==Career==
Hatim was born to Fatuddin in Delhi in 1699. He was a soldier by profession and lived during the reign of the Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]].{{sfn|Saksena|1927|p=48}} He started writing poetry under the influence of [[Wali Mohammed Wali]] after his ''[[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan]]'' came to Delhi in 1722. He actively took part in the literary assemblies or the mushairas in Delhi convened by [[Mir Taqi Mir|Mir]], Dard and other poets.{{sfn|Saksena|1927|p=48}}

His major poetic work is collected in two volumes, ''Diwan'' and ''Diwanzada''. ''Diwanzada'' is smaller selection of his first volume of ''Diwan''.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|p=45}} He also took to teaching poetry. The preface of his ''Diwanzada'' contained the name of 45 of his pupils who studied under him. Notable among his pupils were [[Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda|Sauda]] and Rangin.{{sfn|Saksena|1927|p=48}}

He died in 1781 according to one account. Another account mentions his death to be in 1792.{{sfn|Sadiq|1995|p=100}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Cited sources==
* {{Cite book|last=Sadiq|first=Muhammad|url=http://archive.org/details/historyofurdulit00sad_eg9|title=A history of Urdu literature|date=1995|publisher=Delhi; Oxford : Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-19-563145-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bailey|first=Thomas Grahame|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfUrduLiterature/page/n25/mode/2up|title=A History of Urdu Literature|date=1932|publisher=Association Press (Y.M.C.A.)|isbn=978-81-7000-080-8|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Saksena|first=Ram Babu|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38539/page/n163/mode/1up|title=A History of Urdu Literature|date=1927|publisher=Ram Narain Lal|isbn=978-81-7435-161-6|language=en}}

==External links==
* [https://www.rekhta.org/poets/shaikh-zahuruddin-hatim/profile?_ga=2.98337116.234065311.1633615906-895429247.1633615906 Works of Shaikh Zahuruddin Hatim at Rekhta]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hatim, Shaikh Zahuruddin}}
[[Category:1699 births]]
[[Category:Urdu-language literature]]

Machilipatnam

2026-03-14T12:04:51Z

Aman064:

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Machilipatnam
| other_name = Masulipatnam Masulipatam Bandar
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Robertson Square.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Koneru Centre
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16.17|N|81.13|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = [[14th century]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation]], [[Machilipatnam Area Development Authority|MUDA]]
| leader_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| leader_title = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[Kollu Ravindra]]
| leader_title1 = [[Municipal commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Chandraiah
| unit_pref = [[Metric]]
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Machilipatnam at Glance|url=http://mmc.ind.in/|publisher=Machilipatnam Municipality|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213331/http://mmc.ind.in/|archive-date=9 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 26.67
| elevation_m = 14
| population_urban = 232,000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = 6875
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Statistical Abstract of Andhra Pradesh, 2015 |url=https://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/website/gallery/Statistical%20Abstract%202015.pdf |website=Directorate of Economics & Statistics |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=26 April 2019 |page=43 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714020914/https://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/website/gallery/Statistical%20Abstract%202015.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521001,002,003,004
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-08672
| registration_plate = AP-39, AP-40
| website = {{URL|http://machilipatnam.cdma.ap.gov.in/}}
| official_name =
| native_name = 
| image_map =
}}

'''Machilipatnam''' ({{IPA|te|mɐt͡ʃiliːpɐʈnɐm|lang|Machilipatnam.ogg}}), also known as '''Masulipatnam''', '''Masulipatam''' and '''Bandar''' ({{IPA|te|bɐn̪d̪ɐɾ|lang}}),{{Sfn|Rao|2002|p=12}} is a city in [[Krishna district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a [[municipal corporation]] and the administrative headquarters of Krishna district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in East godavari district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/Krishna.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=4 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213093713/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/krishna.html|archive-date=13 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is also the [[Tehsil|mandal]] headquarters of [[Machilipatnam mandal]] in [[Machilipatnam revenue division]] of the district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Krishna District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part31.pdf|publisher=Census of India|access-date=18 January 2015|page=517}}</ref><ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Krishna |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=8 January 2016|pages=15–16}}</ref> The ancient port town served as the settlement of European traders from the 16th century, and it was a major trading port for the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], [[British Empire|British]], [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch]] and [[French colonial empire|French]] in the 17th century.{{Sfn|Reddy|2008|p=72}}

== Etymology ==

During the 17th century, it was known by the names ''Masulipatnam'', ''Masulipatam,''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=Gordon |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.04156/page/87/mode/1up |title=A manual of the Kistna district, in the presidency of Madras |date=1883 |publisher=Lawrence Asylm Press, Madras}}</ref> ''Masula'' and ''Bandar'' (Bandar translates to 'port' in [[Persian language]]).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Guru Srikanth|first1=S|title=Machilipatnam Growth May Trigger Off Reverse Migration|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Machilipatnam-Growth-May-Trigger-Off-Reverse-Migration/2015/04/02/article2742933.ece|access-date=10 December 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128195236/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Machilipatnam-Growth-May-Trigger-Off-Reverse-Migration/2015/04/02/article2742933.ece|archive-date=28 November 2015|location=Machilipatnam}}</ref>{{Sfn|George|Duggal|Bhatia|Chakrabarti|p=55}}{{Sfn|Broeze|2010}} The port town in the ancient times was also referred with the name ''Maesolia''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="maesolia">{{cite news|title=The rise and fall of Maesolia port|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/the-rise-and-fall-of-maesolia-port/article7514192.ece|access-date=1 September 2016|work=The Hindu|date=8 August 2015|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Masulipatam mg 8557.jpg|right|thumb|250px|View of Masulipatam in 1676]]

The town has existed since at least the 3rd century BCE ([[Satavahana]] period) when, according to [[Ptolemy]], it was known as Maisolos. The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' calls it Masalia in the 1st-century BCE.<ref>[http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/long.htm The Great Stupa at Nagarjunakonda in Southern India], p. 187</ref> The port is on the southeastern, or [[Coromandel Coast]], of India. At the mouth of the [[River Krishna]] on the Bay of Bengal, the Masula port saw flourishing sea trade.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Muslin was traded by ancient Greeks from the town and the word ''[[muslin]]'' originated from the name Maisolos.<ref>Periplus, Point 62; http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204143633/http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/periplus.asp |date=4 February 2017 }}</ref> Muslin was an important source of income for the town, being a favourite of Roman traders for domestic consumption. Several Roman coins were found during excavations of Buddhist towns near Machilipatnam.<ref>''Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture'' by Sukumar Butt, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1988, p. 132</ref>

The town served as the primary sea port for the [[Kingdom of Golkonda]]. It was an outlet for textiles produced in the [[Godavari Delta]]. It was a major source of income for the kingdom, and contributed to its immense prosperity in the 1620s and 1630s.{{Sfn|Eaton|2008|p=157}}

By the end of the 17th century, the port city had fallen into decline. This coincided with the [[Siege of Golconda|Mughal conquest of Golkonda]]. However, mismanagement prior to the conquest may have also been a factor in the city's decline.{{Sfn|Eaton|2008|p=159}}

[[Salabat Jung]], the son of Nizam-ul-Mulk [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]], who was indebted for his elevation to the throne to the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]], granted them in return for their services the district of [[Kondavid]] or [[Guntur]], and soon afterwards the remainder of the [[Northern Circars|Circars]]. The Circars were captured by the British from the French in 1759 and were returned to the Nizam. However Masulipatnam captured by the British during the [[Siege of Masulipatam]] was retained by the [[East India Company]].<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Circar |volume=6 |page=380}}</ref>

The town was the district headquarters of the then, Masulipatnam district and now to the [[Krishna district]], which was formed in 1859 in the composite [[Madras state]].<ref name="census" />{{Sfn|Poole|1865|p=89}}

== Geographical area ==
Machilipatnam city is at {{Coord|16.17|N|81.13|E|}} on the southeast coast of India and in the east coast of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Machilipatnam.html|title=redirect to /world/IN/02/Machilipatnam.html|work=fallingrain.com}}</ref> The city has an average elevation of 14 meters (45 feet).<ref>{{Cite web |title=overview1758 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/bellinmasulipatam/overview1758.jpg |website=[[Columbia University]]}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Machilipatnam (city) gets most of its annual rainfall due to the [[southwest monsoon]]. It has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw'') with hot summers and moderate winters. The hottest months are between April and June. The average normal rainfall in the district is {{convert|959|mm|in}} and Machilipatnam is vulnerable to high surges of the sea due to [[cyclone]]s. The [[1864 Machilipatnam cyclone|1864 Machilipatnam Cyclone]] claimed to have killed at least 30,000 people. The [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]] crossed the coast near [[Nizampatnam]] and took approximately 10,000 lives. As the storm approached the coast, gale winds reaching 200 km/h lashed [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], [[Guntur]], [[Krishna]], [[East Godavari]] and [[West Godavari]] districts. A storm surge, 5 meters high, inundated the Krishna [[estuary]] and the coast south of the city (Bandar).

On 8 December 2004, a high capacity S-Band Doppler cyclone warning radar was installed, commissioned and made operational at the city<ref>{{cite web|title=Weather Radar Network of India Meteorological Department|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/ins-radar.htm|website=India Meteorological Department|access-date=13 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512011325/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/ins-radar.htm|archive-date=12 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> by the German manufacturer Gematronik. With the installation of the radar, it is hoped the state will be better equipped to track cyclones. The facility will monitor the 960 km long coastline of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/08/stories/2004050805620400.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-05-08|title=Andhra Pradesh News: Modern cyclone warning system for Machilipatnam}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Machilipatnam (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 34.5
| Feb record high C = 37.4
| Mar record high C = 42.2
| Apr record high C = 44.4
| May record high C = 47.8
| Jun record high C = 47.0
| Jul record high C = 42.8
| Aug record high C = 39.8
| Sep record high C = 38.2
| Oct record high C = 37.8
| Nov record high C = 35.4
| Dec record high C = 34.6
| year record high C = 47.8
| Jan high C = 29.5
| Feb high C = 31.3
| Mar high C = 33.5
| Apr high C = 35.4
| May high C = 37.8
| Jun high C = 36.8
| Jul high C = 34.2
| Aug high C = 33.3
| Sep high C = 33.3
| Oct high C = 32.2
| Nov high C = 30.8
| Dec high C = 29.6
| year high C = 33.1
|Jan mean C = 24.9
|Feb mean C = 26.3
|Mar mean C = 28.5
|Apr mean C = 30.8
|May mean C = 32.9
|Jun mean C = 32.1
|Jul mean C = 30.3
|Aug mean C = 29.8
|Sep mean C = 29.7
|Oct mean C = 28.5
|Nov mean C = 26.8
|Dec mean C = 25.0
| Jan low C = 20.2
| Feb low C = 21.4
| Mar low C = 23.6
| Apr low C = 26.2
| May low C = 28.2
| Jun low C = 27.7
| Jul low C = 26.4
| Aug low C = 26.1
| Sep low C = 26.1
| Oct low C = 25.0
| Nov low C = 22.8
| Dec low C = 20.5
| year low C = 24.5
| Jan record low C = 13.4
| Feb record low C = 14.4
| Mar record low C = 16.1
| Apr record low C = 18.0
| May record low C = 17.8
| Jun record low C = 20.0
| Jul record low C = 19.0
| Aug record low C = 19.0
| Sep record low C = 18.3
| Oct record low C = 18.0
| Nov record low C = 13.9
| Dec record low C = 13.2
| year record low C = 13.2
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 6.9
| Feb rain mm = 12.4
| Mar rain mm = 0.9
| Apr rain mm = 9.3
| May rain mm = 43.3
| Jun rain mm = 124.4
| Jul rain mm = 182.9
| Aug rain mm = 173.4
| Sep rain mm = 183.7
| Oct rain mm = 208.1
| Nov rain mm = 114.4
| Dec rain mm = 15.3
| year rain mm = 1074.9
| Jan rain days = 0.6
| Feb rain days = 0.6
| Mar rain days = 0.2
| Apr rain days = 0.6
| May rain days = 1.9
| Jun rain days = 6.5
| Jul rain days = 10.5
| Aug rain days = 10.4
| Sep rain days = 8.7
| Oct rain days = 8.6
| Nov rain days = 3.7
| Dec rain days = 0.9
| year rain days = 53.1
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 68
| Feb humidity = 66
| Mar humidity = 67
| Apr humidity = 68
| May humidity = 64
| Jun humidity = 61
| Jul humidity = 67
| Aug humidity = 70
| Sep humidity = 73
| Oct humidity = 76
| Nov humidity = 74
| Dec humidity = 70
| year humidity = 69
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 479–480
| access-date = 18 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M13
| access-date = 18 February 2020}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43185
| title = Normals Data: Machilipatnam/Franchpet – India Latitude: 16.20°N Longitude: 81.15°E Height: 3 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}[[File:Musalipatam Mschilipatnam port in 1759.jpg|thumb|Masulipatam port in 1759]]{{Historical populations
|1871 | 36188
|1881 | 35056
|1891 | 38809
|1901 | 39507
|1911 | 42123
|1921 | 43940
|1931 | 56928
|1941 | 59146
|1951 | 77953
|1961 | 101417
|1971 | 112612
|1981 | 138525
|1991 | 159110
|2001 | 179353
|2011 | 169892
}}

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], Machilipatnam had a population of 2,32,000. The total population constitutes 1,13,286 males and 1,18,714 females — a sex ratio of 1047 females per 1000 males. 13,778 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 7,076 are boys and 6,702 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 83.32% with 130,173 literates, significantly higher than the state average of 67.41%.<ref name=population /><ref>{{cite web|title=Literacy of AP (Census 2011)|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf|publisher=Official Portal of Andhra Pradesh Government|access-date=5 September 2014|page=43|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Governance ==

=== Civic administration ===

[[Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation]] is the civic body of the city. It was constituted as a municipality in 1866 and was upgraded to corporation from special grade municipality on 9 December 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Masula, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram upgraded into corporations|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/masula-srikakulam-vizianagaram-upgraded-into-corporations/article7967915.ece |url-status=live |access-date=17 December 2016|work=The Hindu|date=10 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210010203/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/masula-srikakulam-vizianagaram-upgraded-into-corporations/article7967915.ece|archive-date=10 December 2015|location=Vijayawada}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Population Glitch for Masula to Turn into Corporation|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Population-Glitch-for-Masula-to-Turn-into-Corporation/2015/02/20/article2677908.ece|access-date=10 December 2015|date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125224735/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Population-Glitch-for-Masula-to-Turn-into-Corporation/2015/02/20/article2677908.ece|archive-date=25 November 2015|location=Machilipatnam}}</ref> It covers an area of {{convert|26.67|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} under its jurisdiction. The present commissioner of the corporation is Sampath and the municipal chairperson is Motamarri Venkata Baba Prasad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Machilipatnam info|url=http://mmc.ind.in/|publisher=Machilipatnam Municipality|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213331/http://mmc.ind.in/|archive-date=9 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Machilipatnam Urban Development Authority]] is the [[urban planning]] authority, headquartered at Machilipatnam.<ref name="info2">{{cite news|title=State constitutes Machilipatnam Area Development Authority|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/state-constitutes--development-authority/article8182135.ece?ref=tpnews|access-date=6 February 2016|date=2 February 2016|location=Machilipatnam}}</ref>

=== Politics ===

Machilipatnam is a part of [[Machilipatnam (Assembly constituency)]] for [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. [[Kollu Ravindra]] is the present [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency from the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MLA|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mla/|publisher=Government of AP|access-date=13 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008071101/http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mla/|archive-date=8 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Machilipatnam Assembly 2014 Election Results |url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/machilipatnam.html |publisher=Elections.in|access-date=13 October 2014}}</ref> The assembly segment is also a part of [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which was won by [[Balashowry Vallabhaneni]] of Janasena
Party.<ref>{{cite web|title=MP (Lok Sabha)|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mp-lok-sabha/|publisher=Government of AP|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121175516/http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mp-lok-sabha/|archive-date=21 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:Machilipatnam lighthouse from Manginapudi Beach.jpg|thumb|Lighthouse near Manginapudi Beach]]
Machilipatnam is known for its [[handloom]] industry, which produces Kalamkari textiles exported to United States and other Asian countries.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Other notable local industries are [[boat building]] and [[fishing industry|fishing]].<ref name="port_industries">{{cite news|last1=Naga Sridhar|first1=G|title=A port all at sea|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/a-port-all-at-sea/article7862313.ece|access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> Machilipatnam was a trading base for the [[Europeans]] in the 17th century and known for [[Mint (facility)|minting]] copper coins, exporting diamonds, textiles etc., through the port.<ref name=Maesolia_port>{{cite news|author1=T. Appala Naidu|title=The rise and fall of Maesolia port|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/the-rise-and-fall-of-maesolia-port/article7514192.ece|access-date=16 August 2015|date=8 August 2015|location=Machilipatnam}}</ref>

The AP state government is taking measures to bring back the glory of the former port city. On 7 February 2019, it has started construction of a deep [[seaport]] and associated [[industrial corridor]] under the Machilipatnam Area Development Authority.<ref name="port_industries"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Appala Naidu|first1=T|title=MADA to expedite work on deep-sea port project|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mada-to-expedite-work-on-deepsea-port-project/article8200472.ece|access-date=6 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=6 February 2016|location=Machilipatnam}}</ref>

== Culture ==

===Art and handicrafts===

''Machilipatnam Kalamkari'' is a [[handcrafted]] [[dyed]] block-painting of a [[Textile|fabric]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalamkari back in demand|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/25/stories/2010102550860200.htm|date=25 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810013653/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/25/stories/2010102550860200.htm|archive-date=10 August 2011|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Tirupati}}</ref> It is performed at the nearby town of [[Pedana]] and was registered with [[geographical indication]] from Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Wise Registration Details of G.I Applications |url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_18November2015.pdf |website=Geographical Indication Registry |access-date=28 January 2016 |page=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201065403/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_18November2015.pdf |archive-date= 1 February 2016 }}</ref> Machilipatnam and Srikalahasti styles are the only existing Kalamkari style works present in India.<ref name=style>{{cite web|title=Kalamkari: Craft of the matter|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/kalamkari-craft-of-the-matter/16478155|website=mid-day|date=24 August 2015 |access-date=26 January 2016}}</ref>

===Dance===

''[[Kuchipudi]]'', a popular [[Indian Classical Dance]] form, originated at [[Kuchipudi, Krishna|Kuchipudi]], 25 kilometers from Machilipatnam.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goyal|first=Anuradha|date=2017-03-02|title=Kuchipudi Village – Dance Village Of Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.inditales.com/kuchipudi-village-andhra-pradesh/|access-date=2020-10-23|website=Inditales|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Cuisine===

The city is well known for a sweet known as ''[[Laddu|Bandar Laddu]]'' and Bandar Halwa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Varma|first1=Sujatha|title=In search of Bandar Laddu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/in-search-of-bandar-laddu/article4605852.ece|access-date=12 July 2015|work=The Hindu|date=13 April 2013}} Vani sweets, near to the Koneru center and RK sweets, near to the bus stand are famous in the city</ref> Almond Milkshake is also largely famous in Machilipatanam which are Mostly centred in Koneru Centre. Bandar Biryani is delicious, which is made by Shia Muslims in Moharram rituals .

===Religious worship===
[[File:Chilakalapudi Temple.jpg|thumb|Panduranga Swamy Temple, located in Chilakalapudi, Machilipatnam, Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India]]
There are many religions with worship centers in and around the city, such as Panduranga Temple at Chilakalapudi, Agastheeswara Temple etc. Dattashram is a pilgrimage site on the coast and home to ancient [[Shiva]] and [[Dattatreya|Datta]] temples. Manginapudi is popularly known as "Datta Rameswaram" due to the consecration of 12 wells for bathing (recalling those at [[Rameswaram]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dattapeetham.com/india/festivals/birthday99/history.html|title=History|work=dattapeetham.com}}</ref>

===Shia Muslims===
Machilipatnam is home to the largest [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Muslim population in the entire state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The city hosts more than a hundred Astanas/Imambargahs (which are places for Moharram rituals). The famous chest beating ceremonies happen on Ashura in the Koneru Centre circle, attracting thousands of mourners and visitors from other religions. There are [[Imambargahs]] that are more than 600 years old, such as the Zari Astana, Baraimam Astana, Naqla Astana, and others. The Baraimam Alam is taken out for procession through the streets of Machilipatnam, a night before Ashura. and the Krishna district police offers a dhati (cloth) to the Alam. Hundreds of Shia Muslims from Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore, and Visakhapatnam visit the Chehlum Astana for the 17th Safar of the Islamic calendar, where Hazrat Abbas's Arabaeen attracts thousands of mourners from across South Asia.

== Tourism ==

[[Manginapudi Beach]] is on the coast of the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manginapudi Beach|url=https://www.aptourism.gov.in/k2-separator/k2/item/169-machilipatnam#.XA-t0mgzbIV|website=Andhra Pradesh Tourism|access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> Machilipatnam also has the ruined buildings built by the Europeans who settled here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monuments face utter neglect in Bandar Fort |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/577248/monuments-face-utter-neglect-bandar.html |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-05 |title=Machilipatnam in Andhra Pradesh: The tenuous link between the present and the past - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/machilipatnam-in-andhra-pradesh-the-tenuous-link-between-the-present-and-the-past/article66999135.ece |access-date=2025-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705064657/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/machilipatnam-in-andhra-pradesh-the-tenuous-link-between-the-present-and-the-past/article66999135.ece |archive-date=5 July 2023 }}</ref>

== Transport ==

The city has a total road length of {{Convert|359.09|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Roads in Each ULB of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|website=Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department - Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=28 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|archive-date=1 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[National Highway 65 (India)|National Highway 65]] connects Machilipatnam to [[Pune]] via [[Hyderabad]], [[Suryapet]] and [[Vijayawada]]. [[National Highway 216 (India)|NH 216]] from [[Kattipudi]] to [[Ongole]], passes through the city.

The city's bus station is owned and operated by [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in Districts |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mareedu |first1=Mouli |date=21 May 2010 |title=RTC takes a low blow from Laila |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article272761.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315170442/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article272761.ece |archive-date=15 March 2016 |access-date=15 March 2016 |work=The Times of India |location=Hyderabad}}</ref> The station is equipped with a [[Bus garage|bus depot]] for storage and maintenance of buses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Depot Name |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Depots.aspx |website=[[APSRTC]] |access-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309000939/http://apsrtc.gov.in/depots.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2016 }}</ref>

[[Machilipatnam railway station]] is a 'B–Category' and 'Adarsh station' under the jurisdiction of [[Vijayawada railway division]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1327487244480-Division%20profile-new.pdf|title = Vijayawada Division – a profile| publisher= Indian Railways|access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref> It is the terminal station of [[Vijayawada-Machilipatnam branch line]] that connects [[Howrah-Chennai main line]] at {{rws|Vijayawada}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Machilipatnam Railway Station|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/machilipatnam-mtm/2455|website=India Rail Info|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

Machilipatnam port was damaged by a [[1864 Machilipatnam cyclone|giant ocean wave]] on 1 November 1864.<ref name="Maesolia_port" /> Since then, there were many efforts to build a new port. Navayuga Engineering Company Limited is in the process of building a [[deep water port]] at Gilakaladinne of the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=G.O. on development of Machilipatnam deep water port|url=http://www.apports.in/in/port_info_content/Ports_I_GOs/2010INFRA_MS7.PDF|website=Department of Ports|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617082418/http://www.apports.in/in/port_info_content/Ports_I_GOs/2010INFRA_MS7.PDF|archive-date=17 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The nearest International airport is [[Vijayawada Airport|Gannavaram, Vijayawada]] (63 kms).

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided, and private schools of the School Education Department of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319051231/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education - Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date= 7 November 2016 }}</ref> [[Krishna University]] is located in Machilipatnam.

==Notable natives==
* [[N. Madhava Rao]] 23rd [[Dewan of Mysore]]
* [[Divi Gopalacharlu]] - Ayurvedic scholar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://50.6.66.190/cityresources/Health_and_Medicine/personalities02.asp|title=Medical Personalities in Chennai - chennaibest.com|website=50.6.66.190|access-date=2017-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022143114/http://50.6.66.190/cityresources/Health_and_Medicine/personalities02.asp|archive-date=22 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Timmarusu]] - Prime Minister of [[Krishnadevaraya|Raja Krishnadevaraya]], the emperor of [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
* [[Pingali Venkayya]] - Independence activist; designer of the national flag
* [[Chitrapu Narayana Murthy]] - Indian director known for films like [[AVM Studios|AVM's]] [[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhaktha Prahlada]] (1967)
* [[Mutnuri Krishna Rao]] - Independence activist and journalist
* [[U. G. Krishnamurti|U. G. Krishnamurthy]] - Philosopher
* [[Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya|Bhogaraju Pattabhisitaramayya]] - Indian independence activist and political leader
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu]] - father of [[Telugu cinema]], Indian artiste and film maker
* [[C. K. Nayudu]] - Indian cricketer
* [[Poornima (Telugu actress)|Poornima]] - Indian actress who starred in many Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam films.
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] - Telugu actor.
* [[B. Vasantha]] - South Indian playback singer.
* [[Master Venu]] - Music composer of the Telugu and Tamil cinemas.
* [[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu]] - C. S. R., was an Indian film method actor, and thespian best known for his works in Telugu cinema and Telugu theater.
* [[Nirmalamma]] - Telugu actress known for her grandmother roles in old films.
* [[Maruthi]] - Indian director, screenwriter, producer who works primarily in Telugu cinema.
* [[Mani Sharma]] - Indian composer, singer, arranger, multi-instrumentalist and music producer known for his works primarily in the Telugu and Tamil cinema along with Hindi and Kannada films.
* [[Achyuth]] - Indian actor
* [[Srikanth Bolla]] - First [[Indian people|Indian]] blind boy to study at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and an entrepreneur and founder of Bollant Industries.
* [[Turaga Desiraju]] - neurophysiologist and a professor at National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences

== See also ==
* [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book | last = Rao | first = E. Nageswara | title = Abburi Ramakrishna Rau | publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]] | year = 2002 | isbn = 9788126010707 | location = Hyderabad }}
* {{Cite book | last = Reddy | first = K. V. Nandini | title = Social Science (History) 7 | publisher = Ratna Sagar | isbn = 9788183322966 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5qkVLVpJmyoC&q=masulipatnam&pg=PP2 | language = en | year = 2008 | access-date = 8 January 2016 | edition = Revised }}
* {{Cite book | last1 = George | first1 = Mary | last2 = Duggal | first2 = Gita | last3 = Bhatia | first3 = Pooja | last4 = Chakrabarti | first4 = Joyita | title = Milestones Social Science – 7 (History, Geography, Social and Political Life) | publisher = Vikas Publishing House | isbn = 9789325982673 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1eYwDAAAQBAJ&q=During+seventeenth+century%2C+it+was+known+with+the+name+Masulipatnam+or+Masula&pg=PA55 | language = en }}
* {{Cite book | last = Broeze | first = Frank | title = Gateways Of Asia | year = 2010 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 9781136169021 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lvfIBQAAQBAJ&q=During+seventeenth+century%2C+it+was+known+with+the+name+Masulipatnam+or+Masula&pg=PT34 | language = en }}
* {{Cite book | last = Eaton | first = Richard Maxwell | title = A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives | year = 2008 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-71627-7 | oclc = 226973152 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Poole | first = Edward Stanley | title = The Thousand and One Nights, Commonly Called The Arabian Nights' Entertainments; Translated from the Arabic, with Copious Notes, Volume 3 | year = 1865 | publisher = Chatto & Windus | edition = Volume 3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSoMAAAAIAAJ&q=principal+port+masulipatam+golconda&pg=PA89 | access-date = 11 March 2017 }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes}}

{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Krishna district}}
{{Mandal headquarters in Krishna district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Machilipatnam| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in India]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Krishna district]]
[[Category:District headquarters of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1611 establishments in the British Empire]]

Uttar Pradesh Police

2026-03-11T08:25:55Z

Aman064: update citations for clarity

{{Short description|Law enforcement agency of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| nativename = उत्तर प्रदेश पुलिस
| logo = File:Logo of Uttar Pradesh Police.png
| logocaption = Emblem of the Uttar Pradesh Police
| flag = Uttar Pradesh Police Flag.svg
| flagcaption = Flag of the Uttar Pradesh Police
| abbreviation = UP Police
| motto = ''"सुरक्षा आपकी, संकल्प हमारा"'' {{small|([[Hindi]])}}
| mottotranslated = ''"Your protection, our pledge"''
| formedyear = {{ubl|{{start date and age|1863}}}} at [[Prayagraj]] erstwhile [[Allahabad]]
| country = India
| countryabbr = IN
| federal =
| divtype = State
| map = File:IN-UP.svg
| mapcaption = Jurisdiction of Uttar Pradesh Police force
| sizearea = {{convert|243286|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|2}}
| sizepopulation = 199,812,341 (est. 2011)
| divname = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| legaljuris = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| governingbody = [[Department of Home and Confidential|Home Department]]
| police = Yes
| local =
| headquarters = [[Signature Building|Uttar Pradesh Police Headquarters]], Sector-7, Gomti Nagar Extension, [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| chief1name = Rajeev Krishna,(acting) IPS
| chief1position = [[Director General of Police]]
| child1agency = [[Lucknow Police|Lucknow Police Commissionerate]]
| child2agency = [[Kanpur Nagar Police Commissionerate]]
| child3agency = [[Agra Police Commissionerate]]
| child4agency = [[Gautam Buddh Nagar Police Commissionerate]]
| child5agency = [[Ghaziabad Police Commissionerate]]
| child6agency = [[Prayagraj Police Commissionerate]]
| child7agency = [[Varanasi Police Commissionerate]]
| stations = 2,015<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Police Stations in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/tshq/202109171107082263PoliceStationList.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=Uttar Pradesh Police}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} (as of September 2021) 
| website = {{URL|https://uppolice.gov.in}}
| budget = {{INRConvert|44000 |c}} (2026–27)
| sworntype = Gazetted Officer
| sworn = 1,369 (406 IPS officers and 963 PPS officers)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/viewIPS.aspx?cd=MQA4ADgA|title=LIST OF INDIAN POLICE SERVICE OFFICER IN UTTAR PRADESH CADRE|website=Uttar Pradesh Police|access-date=6 September 2017|archive-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818094833/https://uppolice.gov.in/viewIPS.aspx?cd=MQA4ADgA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/viewPPS.aspx?cd=MQA5ADYA|title=LIST OF PROVINCIAL POLICE SERVICE OFFICER IN UTTAR PRADESH CADRE|website=Uttar Pradesh Police|access-date=6 September 2017|archive-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906041641/https://uppolice.gov.in/viewPPS.aspx?cd=MQA5ADYA|url-status=live}}</ref>
| unsworntype = Non-Gazetted officers and Constable
| unsworn = 310,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/pages/en/topmenu/about-us/en-general-information#:~:text=The%20Director%20General%20of%20UP,%2C%20Training%2C%20Forensic%20Science%20etc.|title= About UP Police|website=Uttar Pradesh Police|access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref>
| minister1name = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| minister1pfo = [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] and [[Department of Home and Confidential (Uttar Pradesh)|Minister of Home and Confidential]]
| electeetype = Minister
| constitution1 = [https://uppolice.gov.in/Site-Content/uploaded-content/pdf/police_act_1861.pdf Police Act, 1861]
| aircraft1type = Helicopter
| aircraft1 = 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/up-police-to-get-a-chopper-to-keep-eye-on-naxalite-activity/531660/|title=UP Police to get a chopper to keep eye on Naxalite activity – Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=16 August 2020|archive-date=4 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904182041/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/up-police-to-get-a-chopper-to-keep-eye-on-naxalite-activity/531660/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| animal2type = Dog
| animals2 = 78<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-police-begins-hunt-for-special-sleuths-to-sniff-out-danger-criminals/story-CD2OFUw03Wipmp4p4zufNL.html|title=UP Police begins hunt for special sleuths to sniff out danger, criminals|date=7 December 2018|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=16 August 2020|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705012259/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-police-begins-hunt-for-special-sleuths-to-sniff-out-danger-criminals/story-CD2OFUw03Wipmp4p4zufNL.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

The '''Uttar Pradesh Police''' ('''UP Police''') ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Uttara Pradeśha Pulisa}}), is the primary [[law enforcement]] agency within the [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of India. Established in 1863 as the Office of the Inspector General of Police, United Provinces under the ''Police Act, 1861''.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/Site-Content/uploaded-content/pdf/police_act_1861.pdf|title=The Police Act, 1861|date=22 March 1861|website=Uttar Pradesh Police|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128195836/https://uppolice.gov.in/Site-Content/uploaded-content/pdf/police_act_1861.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh Police is one of the oldest police departments in the Republic of India, and is the largest police force in the world, having about 68 district police department (excluding 7 [[Commissioner of Police (India)|commissionerates]]) in it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-world-s-largest-police-force-up-police-has-half-the-strength-1818695|title=World's largest police force-UP police has half the strength|first=Deepak|last=Gidwani|date=4 April 2013|website=DNA India|access-date=16 August 2020|archive-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813204327/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-world-s-largest-police-force-up-police-has-half-the-strength-1818695|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Uttar Pradesh Police is headquartered at Signature Building, Gomti Nagar Extension in [[Lucknow]] which was earlier located in city of [[Prayagraj]].
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-government-ends-services-of-25-000-home-guards-on-diwali-evening/story-hIPMu8NuMGleHDpuD7tMlJ.html|title=Ahead of Diwali, UP govt ends services of 25,000 Home Guards over pay issue|date=15 October 2019|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=16 August 2020|archive-date=5 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205034627/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-government-ends-services-of-25-000-home-guards-on-diwali-evening/story-hIPMu8NuMGleHDpuD7tMlJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Uttar Pradesh Police employ around 1,368 gazetted officers, and 231,443 non gazetted uniformed officers. Uttar Pradesh Police is governed by the [[Department of Home and Confidential]] of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="auto1" />
The Uttar Pradesh Police is headed by the [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] (DGP) for the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], who is the highest-ranking ([[Police ranks and insignia of India|DG]]) [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer of the state cadre. UP Police is the first Indian state police agency to have a [[highway patrol]] Unit, the UP-Highway Police (UPHP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/up-to-have-country-s-1st-highway-patrol-force/story-Y3dlDzMduZc1eS0okPlNFP.html|title=UP to have country's 1st highway patrol force|date=16 May 2015|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=12 November 2019|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112074056/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/up-to-have-country-s-1st-highway-patrol-force/story-Y3dlDzMduZc1eS0okPlNFP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
The present police system in the country was created following the recommendation of the Police Commission headed by Mr. H.M. Court in 1860,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://police.py.gov.in/Police%20Commission%20reports/Police%20commission%20report%201860.pdf |title= The Police Commission Report 1860 | website= |publisher= Puducherry Police| access-date= 6 February 2022}}</ref> which led to the enactment of the [[Police Act|Police Act of 1861]] that is in force even today.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/pages/en/topmenu/about-us/en-general-information |title= General Information |website= uppolice.gov.in |publisher= Uttar Pradesh Police |access-date= 6 February 2022}}</ref> The same Mr. Court became the first [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General of Police (IGP)]] of the then North West Province and Avadh which comprised the territory of the present state of Uttar Pradesh. The Police structure was erected in the form of the following eight organizations:
* Provincial Police
* Government Railway Police
* Municipal Police
* Cantonment Police
* Town Police
* Rural and Road Police
* Canal Police
* Barkandaj Guard (to protect the courts)

The Civil Police too continued to grow and Mr. B.N. Lahiri was the first Indian Inspector General of Police of Uttar Pradesh after independence. The performance of the state police in the spheres of Crime control and maintenance of law and order was highly appreciated, due to which it had the proud privilege of being the first police force in the country to receive the [[President's Colour Award|President's Color]] on 23 November 1952 by the then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Various specialized wings of the U.P. police have since come into existence for combating organized crimes, economic offences, terrorism, etc.<ref name="auto3"/>

== Organization and structure ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
A Director General of Police (DGP) heads the state police. He is assisted by many police officers. State police headquarters is situated in [[Lucknow]].

For the purpose of maintaining law and order in the state, the state of Uttar Pradesh is divided into 8 police zones. Each zone is headed by an officer of the rank of [[additional director general of police]] who is an officer of the [[Indian Police Service|Indian police Service]]. Each police zone is constituted by 2 to 3 police ranges. There are a total of 18 police ranges in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Each range is headed by an officer of the rank of either [[Inspector General of Police|inspector general of police]] or [[deputy inspector general of police]]. Each police range is constituted by around 2 to 4 districts.

=== District Police Units ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
There are a total of 68 District police units (headed by SP/SSP) and 7 Police Commissionerate (headed by CP) in the state.

In each district (except all current 7 commissionerates), the head of the police is the [[Superintendent of Police (India)|SP]] or [[Superintendent of Police (India)|SSP]]. In the discharge of his duties, he is assisted by [[Superintendent of police|Superintendent of Police]] (SP), [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police]] (Deputy SP) or [[Assistant Superintendent|Assistant Superintendent of Police]] who may either be the officers of the [[Provincial Police Service (Uttar Pradesh)|Provincial Police Service]] or [[Indian Police Service]].

The number of SPs and Deputy SPs varies with the size, population, police work, or nature of police work in different districts. The number of SPs and Dy.SPs in districts like [[Gorakhpur]], [[Bareilly]], [[Meerut]], [[Moradabad]] is considerably more than other districts. Whereas in smaller districts like [[Baghpat]], [[Kannauj]], [[Mahoba]], [[Chandauli]] the number of the PPS officers is relatively lesser.

Typically, a police district in the state corresponds with the administrative district. Though, the head of the police force in the district is the [[Superintendent of police (India)|Senior Superintendent of Police]] (SSP)/[[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of police]] (SP), who is always an officer of the [[Indian Police Service]], the ultimate/final responsibility with regard to the maintenance of the law and order in the district lies with the [[District Collector (India)|district magistrate]] who is an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]]. The police district is further subdivided into police sub-divisions or police circles. A police circle is usually headed by an officer of the rank of [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]] or [[Assistant Superintendent|Assistant Superintendent of Police]]. The officer heading the police circle/sub-division is designated as the [[Circle Officer]] (C.O.) in the state of Uttar Pradesh. A police circle is usually constituted by 2 to 4 [[Police Station|police stations]]. Each police station is headed by a [[Police Inspector|police inspector]]. Throughout the state of Uttar Pradesh and other states, especially in [[North India]], there is the main police station in the older/ main part of the city known as the Kotwali. The Kotwali covers the main or usually the older part of the town/city under its jurisdiction. Earlier, when the cities and towns were smaller and had a lesser population than at present and they hadn't grown in size so much, Kotwali covered the main town area of the cities or the districts. A police station is also called as a [[Police station|thana]] in the local language. The officer in charge of a police station is designated as or called as the [[Station Officer|station officer]] (S.O.) or [[Station House Officer|station house officer]] (S.H.O). He is assisted by various sub-inspectors, head-constables, constables. There are also a number of police chowkis that come under the police station. A police chowki is under the charge of a [[Sub-Inspector|sub-inspector]] of police. The regular constabulary carries the bulk of normal beat policing and patrolling.

===Zones, Ranges and districts===

{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="clear:center"
|+List of the police zones, ranges and districts falling under them
|-
! #
! Zone
! Headed by (post)
! #
! Range
! Headed by (post)
! #
! District
! Headed by (post)
|-
| rowspan="10" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| rowspan="10" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Lucknow]] zone
| rowspan="10" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ADG/IG
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Lucknow]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#ffffff" | IG/DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Unnao]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Sitapur]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Hardoi]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Rae Bareli]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Kheri]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Faizabad|Ayodhya]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#ffffff" | DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Faizabad|Ayodhya]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Barabanki city|Barabanki]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Ambedkar Nagar]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Amethi]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="9" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| rowspan="9" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Bareilly]] zone
| rowspan="9" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ADG/IG
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Bareilly]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | IG/DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Bareilly]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Shahjahanpur]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Pilibhit]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Badayun|Badaun]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Moradabad]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#ffffff" | DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Moradabad]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Jyotiba Phule Nagar]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Bijnor]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Sambhal]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Meerut]] zone
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ADG/IG
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Meerut]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | IG/DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Meerut]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Baghpat]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Bulandshahr]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4
| bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Hapur]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Saharanpur]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Saharanpur]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Muzaffarnagar]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Shamli]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Agra]] zone
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ADG/IG
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Agra]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | IG/DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Firozabad]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Mainpuri]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Aligarh]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Aligarh]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Hathras]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Etah]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Kanpur]] zone
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ADG/IG
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Kanpur]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#ffffff" | IG/DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Kanpur Dehat]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Auraiya]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Kannauj]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Farrukhabad]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Etawah]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Jhansi]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Jhansi]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Jalaun]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 6
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Prayagraj]] zone
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ADG/IG
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Prayagraj]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | IG/DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Chitrakoot Dham]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Banda district (India)|Banda]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Mahoba]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="9" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 7
| rowspan="9" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Varanasi]] zone
| rowspan="9" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ADG/IG
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Varanasi]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | IG/DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Chandauli]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Ghazipur]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Mirzapur]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Mirzapur]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Bhadohi]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Sonbhadra]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Azamgarh]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Azamgarh]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Ballia]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="11" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 8
| rowspan="11" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Gorakhpur]] zone
| rowspan="11" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ADG/IG
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Gorakhpur]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | IG/DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Gorakhpur]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SSP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Mahrajganj, Uttar Pradesh|Maharajganj]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Kushinagar]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
[[Basti division|Basti]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Basti district|Basti]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Sant Kabir Nagar]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharth Nagar]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Devipatan division|Devipatan]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#ffffff" | DIG
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Gonda District|Gonda]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Balrampur]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Shravasti District|Shravasti]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Bahraich]]
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | SP
|-
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | '''Total police zones'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | '''8'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | '''Total police ranges'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | '''18'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | '''Total police districts'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | '''68'''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:.7em" |
|}
{{Clear}}

=== Commissionerates ===
There are currently 7 police [[Commissioner of Police (India)|commissionerates]] under UP Police -
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!SR No
!Name
!Commissioner of Police
!CP's Rank
!Formed
!Reference
|-
!1
|[[Lucknow Police]]
|Amrendra Kumar Sengar, IPS
|[[Additional director general of police|ADGP]]
|14 January 2020
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-24 |title=Lucknow's new CP Amarendra Kumar Sengar takes charge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknows-new-cp-amarendra-kumar-sengar-takes-charge/articleshow/111216957.cms |access-date=2024-07-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Gautam Buddh Nagar Police Commissionerate|Gautam Buddha Nagar Police Commissionerate]]
|[[Laxmi Singh]], IPS
|[[Inspector general of police|IGP]]
|14 January 2020
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laxmi Singh Appointed UP's First Woman Police Commissioner At Noida |url=https://www.ndtv.com/noida-news/laxmi-singh-appointed-ups-first-woman-police-commissioner-at-noida-3562500 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[Kanpur Nagar Police Commissionerate]]
|RK Swarnakar, IPS
|[[Additional director general of police|ADGP]]
|25 March 2021
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-20 |title=Kanpur gets new commissioner of police |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/kanpur-gets-new-commissioner-of-police/articleshow/102868069.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!4
|[[Varanasi Police Commissionerate]]
|Mohit Aggarwal, IPS
|[[Additional director general of police|ADGP]]
|25 March 2021
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-29 |title=Agra, Ghaziabad and Prayagraj get first police commissioners |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/agra-ghaziabad-and-prayagraj-get-first-police-commissioners/article66199018.ece |access-date=2022-11-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!5
|[[Prayagraj Police Commissionerate]]
|Tarun Gaba, IPS
|[[Inspector general|IGP]]
|26 November 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is IPS Laxmi Singh, UP's first woman police commissioner? New police chiefs of Noida, Ghaziabad, Agra, Varanasi |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ips-laxmi-singh-up-first-woman-police-commissioner-new-police-chiefs-of-noida-ghaziabad-agra-3006495 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!6
|[[Agra Police Commissionerate]]
|Dr Preetendar Singh, IPS
|[[Inspector general|IGP]]
|26 November 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mitra |first1=Hritika |date=2022-11-29 |title=Laxmi Singh is UP's first woman Police Commissioner |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/laxmi-singh-first-woman-police-commissioner-of-uttar-pradesh-new-police-chiefs-in-noida-agra-ayodhya-prayagraj-mathura-among-others-latest-updates-2022-11-29-827322 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!7
|[[Ghaziabad Police Commissionerate]]
|Ajay Mishra, IPS
|[[Inspector general|IGP]]
|26 November 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI|date=29 Nov 2022 |title=UP: Ghaziabad, Prayagraj, Agra get first police commissioners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/up-ghaziabad-prayagraj-agra-get-first-police-commissioners/articleshow/95837526.cms |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}
In the [[Commissioner of Police (India)|police commissionerate]] system, the Commissioner of Police (CP) in the rank of [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General of Police (ADGP)]] or [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General of Police (IGP)]] heads the district police department or commissionerate.

In [[Lucknow Police]], the CP is assisted by 2 Joint Commissioners of Police (JCPs) with the ranks of IG and DIG, in [[Kanpur Nagar Police Commissionerate|Kanpur Police]] the commissioner is assisted by 2 Additional Commissioners (Addl. CPs) in the ranks of IG and DIG who look after Law and order while other looks into Crime & Headquarters respectively, whereas in all other commissionerates the commissioner is assisted by Addl.CP(s) of DIG rank. Under them, there is a team of IPS & PPS officers who are posted as DCPs and ACPs. Three DCPs are posted in a zone. One DCP's insignia is the state emblem above one star, who is senior to the other two DCPs, whose insignia is one state emblem only. Under the DCPs work ACPs, who are the chiefs of various circles. They are vested with the powers of the executive magistrate for criminal cases.

Police Commissionerates are independent of zonal & range police chiefs' supervision. They are also vested with powers of an executive magistrate under various acts.

=== Hierarchy ===

==== Officers ====

* Director general of police ([[Director general of police|DGP]])
* Additional Director General of Police ([[Additional director general of police|ADG]])
* Inspector general of police ([[Inspector-general of police|IG]])
* Deputy inspector general of police ([[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]])
* Senior Superintendent of Police ([[Senior superintendent of police|SSP]])
* Superintendent of Police ([[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]])
* Additional Superintendent of Police ([[Additional superintendent of police|Addl. SP]])
* Assistant Superintendent of Police ([[Assistant superintendent|ASP]])
* Deputy superintendent of police ([[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]])

==== Subordinates ====

* Inspector of Police ([[Inspector|PI]])
* Sub-Inspector of police ([[Sub-inspector|SI]])
* Assistant Sub-inspector of police ([[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]])
* Head constable ([[Head constable|HC]])
* Police constable ([[Police Constable|PC]])

==Ranks of law enforcement in Uttar Pradesh==
;Gazetted Officers
{{Indian Police Service Officer Ranks|Senior Superintendent=/DCP (Deputy Commissioner
Of Police)}}
;Non-gazette officers
{{Indian Police Service Enlisted Ranks}}

=== Police Units ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="clear:center"
|-
! colspan="4" |Units of Uttar Pradesh Police<ref>{{Cite web |title=uppolice.gov.in{{!}} Official Website of Uttar Pradesh Police |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=uppolice.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=uppolice.gov.in{{!}} Official Website of Uttar Pradesh Police {{!}} About Us {{!}} Organisational Setup of Uttar Pradesh Police |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/pages/en/topmenu/about-us/en-organisational-setup-of-uttar-pradesh-police |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=uppolice.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!No.
!Unit
!Current Officer Executive
!Rank
|-
|1
|DG Police Intelligence & CBCID
|Vijay Kumar
|DGP<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-31 |title=Vijay Kumar appointed acting DGP of Uttar Pradesh, replacing R K Vishwakarma |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/startups/appointments/news-vijay-kumar-appointed-acting-dgp-of-uttar-pradesh-replacing-r-k-vishwakarma-238033 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Zee Business}}</ref>
|-
|2
|DG Police HQRS
|DR. N. RAVINDER
|ADG/GSO
|-
| 3
|Police HQRS
| Bhagirath P. Jogdand
|ADG
|-
| 4
|Anti Corruption Org
|Raja Srivastava
|ADG
|-
|5
|Anti Terrorist Squad (ATS)
|NAVEEN ARORA
|ADG
|-
| rowspan="2" |5
| rowspan="2" |Criminal Investigative Department (CID)
|Vijay Kumar
|DG
|-
|K. Satya Narayan
|ADG
|-
|6
|Economic Offences Wing (EOG)
|Prashant Kumar
|Special DG
|-
|7
|Fire Services
|Avinash Chandra
|DG
|-
|8
|Government Railway Police (GRP)
|Jai Narain Singh
|ADG
|-
|9
|Human Rights
|Satish Kumar Mathur
|DG
|-
|10
|Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC)
| Kalluri SP Kumar
|ADG
|-
|11
|Recruitment Board (UPPR &PB)
|Renuka Mishra
|DG
|-
|12
|Rules & Manual
|Tanuja Srivastava
|DG
|-
|13
|Security
|Binod K. Singh
|ADG
|-
|14
|Special Enquires
|Chandra Prakash
|DG
|-
|15
|Special Investigation department\ intelligences bureau (SID/IB)
|Ashutosh Pandey
|ADG
|-
|16
|Special Task Force (STF)
|Amitabh Yash
|ADG
|-
|17
|Traffic Directorate
|Anupam Kulshrestha
|ADG
|-
| rowspan="7" |18
| rowspan="7" |Training Directorate
|Renuka Mishra
|DG/Training HQRS
|-
|Anju Gupta
|DG/PTS Meerut
|-
|Ajay Anand
|ADG/PTS Sultanpur
|-
|[[Navniet Sekera]]
|ADG/PTS Unnao
|-
|SUNIL KUMAR GUPTA
|ADG/Training HQRS
|-
|A. Satish Ganesh
|ADG/PTS Moradabad
|-
|Amit Chandra
|ADG/PTC Dr BRAP Academy Moradabad
|-
|19
|Technical Services
|Mohit Agarwal
|ADG
|-
|20
|Telecom
|Sunil Kumar Gupta
|ADG
|-
|21
|Vigilance
|Vijay Kumar
|DG
|-
|22
|Logistics
|Raj Kumar
|ADG
|-
|23
|(UP 112) ITECCS
|Ashok Kumar Singh
|ADG
|-
|24
|Civil Defence
|[[Mukul Goel]]
|DG
|-
|25
|Mahilla Samman Prakoshth
|Neera Rawat
|ADG
|}

== List of UP Police Chiefs ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="clear:center"
|+List of Directors General/ Inspectors General of Uttar Pradesh Police<ref name="former chiefs">{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/pages/en/topmenu/police-units/dg-police-hqrs/en-former-up-police-chiefs|title=Former UP Police Chiefs|website=Uttar Pradesh Police|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829210649/https://uppolice.gov.in/pages/en/topmenu/police-units/dg-police-hqrs/en-former-up-police-chiefs|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/article/en/dgp-up-archive|title=DGP-UP-Archive|website=Uttar Pradesh Police|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829210152/https://uppolice.gov.in/article/en/dgp-up-archive|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/article/en/dgp-up-archive-2|title=DGP U.P. Archive 2|website=Uttar Pradesh Police|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829210211/https://uppolice.gov.in/article/en/dgp-up-archive-2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/article/en/dgp-up-archive-3|title=DGP U.P. Archive 3|website=Uttar Pradesh Police|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829205908/https://uppolice.gov.in/article/en/dgp-up-archive-3|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/article/en/dgp-up-archive-4|title=DGP U.P. Archive 4|website=Uttar Pradesh Police|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829203132/https://uppolice.gov.in/article/en/dgp-up-archive-4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/article/en/dgp-up-archive-5|title=DGP U.P. Archive 5|website=Uttar Pradesh Police|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829210145/https://uppolice.gov.in/article/en/dgp-up-archive-5|url-status=live}}</ref>
!No.
!Name
!From
!To
|-
! colspan="4" |Directors General of Police (DGP)<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://prsindia.org/sites/default/files/budget_files/State%20Budget%20Analysis%20-%20UP%202019-20%20final.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2019–20|last=Khullar|first=Vatsal|date=7 February 2019|website=[[PRS Legislative Research]]|access-date=16 December 2019|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100915/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/State%20Budget%202018-19/Uttar%20Pradesh%20Budget%20Analysis%202018-19.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|54
|Rajeev Krishna (Acting)
|1 June 2025
|[[Incumbent]]
|-
|53
|Prashant Kumar (IPS) (Acting)
|1 February 2024
|31 May 2025
|-
|52
|Vijay Kumar (Acting)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-31 |title=UP DGP News : यूपी DGP के नाम पर सस्पेंस हुआ खत्म, IPS Vijay Kumar बने कार्यवाहक DGP |url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/states/up-dgp-news-suspense-over-the-name-of-up-dgp-ips-vijay-kumar-becomes-acting-dgp-2420715 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|1 June 2023
|31 January 2024
|-
|51
|Rajkumar Vishvakarma (acting)<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP: 1988 IPS officer, RK Vishwakarma appointed part-time DGP |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/up-1988-ips-officer-rk-vishwakarma-appointed-part-time-dgp20230331165617/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|1 April 2023
|31 May 2023
|-
|50
|Devendra Singh Chauhan (acting)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salaria |first=Shikha |date=2023-03-06 |title=9 months after its top cop was shunted out, why UP Police is still without a permanent DGP |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/9-months-after-its-top-cop-was-shunted-out-why-up-police-is-still-without-a-permanent-dgp/1420336/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|12 May 2022
|31 March 2023

|-
|49
|[[Mukul Goel]]
|1 July 2021
|11 May 2022
|-
|48
|Hitesh Chandra Awasthy
|1 Feb 2020
|30 June 2021
|-
| 47
|[[O.P. Singh|Om Prakash Singh]]
| 1 Jan 2018
| 31 Jan 2020
|-
| 46
|[[Sulkhan Singh]]
|22 Apr 2017
|31 Dec 2017
|-
| 45
|[[Javeed Ahmad|S. Javeed Ahmad]]
|1 Jan 2016
|22 Apr 2017
|-
| 44
| [[Jagmohan Yadav]]
| 1 Jul 2015
| 31 Dec 2015
|-
| 43
| Arvind Kumar Jain
| 31 Jan 2015
| 30 Jun 2015
|-
| 42
| [[Arun Kumar Gupta]]
| 1 Jan 2015
| 31 Jan 2015
|-
| 41
| Anand Kumar Banerjee
| 28 Feb 2014
| 31 Dec 2014
|-
| 40
| Rizwan Ahmed
| 1 Jan 2014
| 28 Feb 2014
|-
| 39
| Deo Raj Nagar
| 12 Apr 2013
| 31 Dec 2013
|-
| 38
| A. C. Sharma
| 19 Mar 2012
| 12 Apr 2013
|-
| 37
| Atul
| 8 Jan 2012
| 19 Mar 2012
|-
| 36
| [[Brij Lal (DGP)|Brij Lal]]
| 30 Sep 2011
| 8 Jan 2012
|-
| 35
| R. K. Tiwari
| 31 Aug 2011
| 30 Sep 2011
|-
| 34
| Karamvir Singh
| 23 Sep 2009
| 31 Aug 2011
|-
| 33
| [[Vikram Singh (IPS)|Vikram Singh]]
| 23 Jun 2007
| 23 Sep 2009
|-
| 32
| G. L. Sharma
| 15 Mar 2007
| 23 Jun 2007
|-
| 31
| Bua Singh
| 3 Apr 2006
| 14 Mar 2007
|-
| 30
| Yashpal Singh
| 11 Jan 2005
| 3 Apr 2006
|-
| 29
| [[V. K. B. Nair]]
| 28 Jun 2003
| 11 Jan 2005
|-
| 28
| Hakam Singh
| 20 Mar 2003
| 28 Jun 2003
|-
| 27
| R. M. Shukla
| 20 Jul 2002
| 20 Mar 2003
|-
| 26
| R. K. Pandit
| 31 Jul 2001
| 20 Jul 2002
|-
| 25
| M. C. Dwivedi
| 31 Jul 2000
| 31 Jul 2001
|-
| 24
| Shri Ram Arun
| 23 Dec 1999
| 31 Jul 2000
|-
| 23
| K. L. Gupta
| 2 Apr 1998
| 23 Dec 1999
|-
| 22
| Shri Ram Arun
| 3 May 1997
| 2 Apr 1998
|-
| 21
| Haridas
| 24 Nov 1996
| 3 May 1997
|-
| 20
| S. N. P. Sinha
| 4 Jul 1996
| 24 Nov 1996
|-
| 19
| V. S. Mathur
| 31 Mar 1996
| 4 Jul 1996
|-
| 18
| [[Girish Bihari]]
| 12 Aug 1995
| 31 Mar 1996
|-
| 17
| V. S. Mathur
| 30 Sep 1994
| 12 Aug 1995
|-
| 16
| V.P. Kapoor
| 8 Jun 1993
| 30 Sep 1994
|-
| 15
| [[Prakash Singh]]
| 23 Dec 1992
| 8 Jun 1993
|-
| 14
| S.V.M. Tripathi
| 30 Sep 1992
| 23 Dec 1992
|-
| 13
| [[Prakash Singh]]
| 22 Jul 1991
| 30 Sep 1992
|-
| 12
| V. K. Jain
| 31 Dec 1990
| 22 Jul 1991
|-
| 11
| R. P. Mathur
| 30 Dec 1989
| 31 Dec 1990
|-
| 10
| R. P. Joshi
| 31 Jul 1989
| 30 Dec 1989
|-
| 9
| Harimohan
| 31 Dec 1988
| 31 Jul 1989
|-
| 8
| R. N. Gupta
| 8 Jun 1987
| 31 Dec 1988
|-
| 7
| D. S. Bhatnagar
| 31 Mar 1987
| 8 Jun 1987
|-
| 6
| P. C. Kakkar
| 1 Jan 1987
| 31 Mar 1987
|-
| 5
| D. K. Agarwal
| 17 Sep 1985
| 31 Dec 1986
|-
| 4
| J. N. Chaturvedi
| 1 Apr 1984
| 17 Sep 1985
|-
| 3
| [[Shrish Chandra Dikshit]]
| 25 Jul 1982
| 31 Mar 1984
|-
|2
|Naresh Kumar
| 5 Mar 1982
|24 Jul 1982
|-
|1
|Mahendra Singh
|24 Feb 1981
|4 March 1982
|-
! colspan="4" |Inspector Generals of Police<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
|-
| 14
| Naresh Kumar
| 24 Feb 1981
| 4 Mar 1982
|-
| 13
| Mahendra Singh
| 12 Mar 1980
| 23 Feb 1981
|-
| 12
| Lal Singh Verma
| 5 Jul 1977
| 11 Mar 1980
|-
| 11
| Sarvan Tandon
| 27 Mar 1976
| 4 Jul 1977
|-
| 10
| Govind Chandra
| 16 May 1975
| 26 Mar 1976
|-
| 09
| H. K. Kherr
| 1 Dec 1973
| 15 May 1975
|-
| 08
| A. K. Dass
| 5 Nov 1971
| 30 Nov 1973
|-
| 07
| Islam Ahmad
| 18 May 1971
| 4 Nov 1971
|-
| 06
| N. S. Saxena
| 20 Feb 1970
| 17 May 1971
|-
| 05
| Jiyaram
| 10 Apr 1967
| 19 Feb 1970
|-
| 04
| Shanti Prasad
| 17 Feb 1961
| 9 Apr 1967
|-
| 03
| M. S. Mathur
| 1 Apr 1954
| 16 Feb 1961
|-
| 02
| T. P. Bhalla
| 13 Jan 1953
| 31 Mar 1954
|-
| 01
| B. N. Lahari
| 27 Oct 1947
| 12 Jan 1953
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="clear:center"
|+List of Inspector Generals of United Provinces Police <ref name=":5" />
!No.
!Name
!From
!To
|-
| 11
| SG Pearce
| 1 December 1946
| 26 October 1947
|-
| 10
| P Meabsure
| 28 June 1945
| 30 November 1946
|-
| 10
| MA Inglis
| 6 July 1940
| 26 June 1945
|-
| 9
| RA Horton
| 7 November 1937
| 5 July 1940
|-
| 8
| AH Phillips
| 15 March 1937
| 6 November 1937
|-
| 7
| RA Horton
| 16 June 1935
| 18 February 1937
|-
| 5
| ST Holling
| 7 April 1934
| 15 June 1935
|-
| 6
| HR Roe
| 5 November 1933
| 6 April 1934
|-
| 5
| ST Holling
| 27 April 1931
| 4 November 1933
|-
|
| RJS Dodd
| 5 November 1928
| 25 March 1931
|-
| 4
| AH Williamson
| 3 May 1928
| 4 November 1928
|-
| 3
| RJS Dodd
| 7 November 1925
| 2 May 1928
|-
| 2
| AD Ashdown
| 1 October 1923
| 6 November 1925
|-
| 1
| LM Kaye
| 23 February 1919
| 30 September 1923
|}

== Technology ==

=== Facial recognition system ===
UP police uses a database of 500,000+ criminals with facial recognition technology in its "Trinetra" face identification system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/ai-and-facial-recognition-tech-trinetra-launched-to-aid-uttar-pradesh-police-5799901.html|title=AI and facial recognition tech 'Trinetra' launched to aid Uttar Pradesh Police- Technology News|date=27 December 2018|website=Tech2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Technology/EG3XzpKUyJ6MBsczEMMjUJ/AI-face-recognition-to-help-UP-Police-catch-criminals.html|title=AI, face recognition to help UP Police catch criminals|date=27 December 2018|website=Livemint|access-date=5 September 2020|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118075541/https://www.livemint.com/Technology/EG3XzpKUyJ6MBsczEMMjUJ/AI-face-recognition-to-help-UP-Police-catch-criminals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Social media research center ===
A social media command and research center has been established in Meerut. The center monitors trends in social media that can have an impact on law & order situation and advise concerned district and range police chiefs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/meerut-gets-2nd-social-media-lab-in-country-after-mumbai/articleshow/48594285.cms|title=Meerut gets 2nd social media lab in country after Mumbai – TOI Mobile |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 August 2015 |access-date=2016-06-19|archive-date=22 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822101344/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/Meerut-gets-2nd-social-media-lab-in-country-after-Mumbai/articleshow/48594285.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Firearms ==
Most of the weapons in service with the Uttar Pradesh Police are locally produced by the [[Ordnance Factories Board|Indian ordnance factories]] controlled by the [[Ordnance Factories Board]], the police also induct various weapons imported by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] as part of modernization plans.
[[File:HK MP5 noBG.png|thumb|HK MP5 noBG]]
[[File:AMOGH - Carbine.JPG|thumb|[[Amogh carbine|AMOGH – Carbine]].]]
As per the 2017 audit by the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]], Uttar Pradesh Police has a shortage of 45,047 handguns and an excess of 56,298 rifles.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Report_No.3_of_2017_Performance_Audit_of_Modernisation_of_Police_Forces_Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh.pdf|title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India for the year ended 31 March 2016 on Performance Audit of Modernisation and Strengthening of Police Forces|website=[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]|publisher=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|pages=15–16|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084634/http://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Report_No.3_of_2017_Performance_Audit_of_Modernisation_of_Police_Forces_Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cag-paints-grim-picture-of-up-police-functioning/articleshow/59734798.cms|title=CAG paints grim picture of UP police functioning|date=27 July 2014|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=27 March 2018|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|publication-place=[[Allahabad]]|oclc=61311680|archive-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327091418/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cag-paints-grim-picture-of-up-police-functioning/articleshow/59734798.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cag-raps-uttar-pradesh-govt-over-rise-in-crimes-against-women/story-cMEwQwBh2jCfcbgAhhoGoK.html|title=CAG raps Uttar Pradesh govt over rise in crimes against women|date=23 August 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=27 March 2018|agency=HT Correspondent|archive-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084310/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cag-raps-uttar-pradesh-govt-over-rise-in-crimes-against-women/story-cMEwQwBh2jCfcbgAhhoGoK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

48%, 58,853, of the 1.22 lakh (122,000) rifles available to the state police are of [[.303 British|point-303 bore]] category, which was rendered obsolete by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] in 1995.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

[[File:GLOCK 17 Gen 4 Pistol MOD 45160305.jpg|thumb|GLOCK 17 Gen 4 Pistol MOD 45160305]]
[[File:AK-47 type II.png|thumb|AK-47]]
Aside from the standard issue wooden baton, weapons of the UP Police also include:
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" border="0"
! width="25%" |Name
! width="25%" |Country of origin
! width="25%" |Type
|-
|[[Indian Ordnance Factories .32 Revolver|IOF .32]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|India}}
|[[Revolver]]
|-
|[[Pistol Auto 9mm 1A]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Semi-automatic pistol]]
|-
|[[Glock|Glock 17]]
|{{Flag|Austria}}
|-
|[[Beretta PX4 Storm]]
|{{Flag|Italy}}
|-
|[[Sten]]
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Submachine gun]]
|-
|[[Sterling submachine gun|9mm SAF Carbine 1A1]]
|{{Flag|India}}
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch MP5]]
|{{Flag|Germany}}
|-
|[[Brügger & Thomet MP9]]
|{{flag|Switzerland|name=Switzerland|size=23px}}
|-
|[[Lee–Enfield|Lee–Enfield Mk III]]
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| rowspan="7" |[[Rifle]]
|-
|[[INSAS rifle]]
| rowspan="4" |{{Flag|India}}
|-
|[[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle|L1A1 SLR]]
|-
|[[Amogh carbine]]
|-
|[[Ishapore 2A1]]
|-
|[[AK-47]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Soviet Union}}
|-
|[[AKM]]
|-
|[[Bren LMG|OFB LMG]]
|{{Flag|India}}
|[[Squad Automatic Weapon]]
|}

== Controversies and criticism of misconduct ==
The Uttar Pradesh Police has an extensive history of [[police brutality]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1826387/indias-coronavirus-lockdown-brings-police-brutality-to-the-fore/|title=India's coronavirus lockdown is bringing out the worst in its police force|first=Anisha|last=Sircar|website=Quartz India|date=28 March 2020 |access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=17 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817135838/https://qz.com/india/1826387/indias-coronavirus-lockdown-brings-police-brutality-to-the-fore/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/cops-beat-minor-caa-protesters-for-sleeping|title=CAA Protests | UP Cops Beat Detained Children for Sleeping: Report|first=Anthony S.|last=Rozario|date=10 February 2020|website=TheQuint|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227012752/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/cops-beat-minor-caa-protesters-for-sleeping|url-status=live}}</ref> [[police misconduct|misconduct]], and [[police corruption|corruption]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/up-police-officer-letter-to-cm-reveals-police-posting-racket/cid/1732802|title=UP police officer letter to CM reveals police posting racket|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=17 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117214254/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/up-police-officer-letter-to-cm-reveals-police-posting-racket/cid/1732802|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as discrimination on the basis of [[Caste system in India#Varna, jāti and caste|caste]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-police-allegedly-strip-dalit-family-naked-in-up-for-filing-complaint-2133171|title=Police allegedly strip Dalit family naked in UP for filing complaint|date=9 October 2015|website=DNA India|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810224359/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-police-allegedly-strip-dalit-family-naked-in-up-for-filing-complaint-2133171|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Religion in India|religion]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/world/asia/india-protests-police-muslims.html|title=As India Violence Gets Worse, Police Are Accused of Abusing Muslims|first1=Kai|last1=Schultz|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|work=The New York Times |date=2 January 2020|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=5 September 2020|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818215031/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/world/asia/india-protests-police-muslims.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/caa-uttar-pradesh-police-tortured-children_in_5e0207b5e4b05b08babab722|title=CAA: UP Police Tortured Children Swept Up In Citizenship Law Protests|date=25 December 2019|website=HuffPost India|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629073503/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/caa-uttar-pradesh-police-tortured-children_in_5e0207b5e4b05b08babab722|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2026, the Uttar Pradesh Police follows the colonial [[Police Act, 1861|Police Act of 1861]], which has led to these controversial implications.

=== Corruption ===
In 2007, 18,000 police officers were fired as they were hired despite being unqualified for the job. These new recruits were illiterates who bribed between ₹100,000 and ₹500,000 to cheat in the UP police entrance tests.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|last=Gentleman|first=Amelia|date=16 October 2007|title=Purge of police in India's Uttar Pradesh is criticized|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/world/asia/16iht-india.1.7909206.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209205041/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/world/asia/16iht-india.1.7909206.html|archive-date=9 February 2011|access-date=4 September 2020|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

In 2020, Uttar Pradesh government started an operation to screen allegedly corrupt police officials who will be forced to take retirement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/yogi-adityanath-govt-cracks-whip-on-corrupt-uttar-pradesh-police-officials-by-asking-them-to-take-compulsory-retirement-6931521.html|title=Yogi Adityanath govt cracks whip on corrupt Uttar Pradesh police officials by asking them to take compulsory retirement |date=4 July 2019|website=Firstpost|access-date=5 September 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804181555/https://www.firstpost.com/india/yogi-adityanath-govt-cracks-whip-on-corrupt-uttar-pradesh-police-officials-by-asking-them-to-take-compulsory-retirement-6931521.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Fake encounters and Brutality ===
In 2018, [[India Today]] carried out an investigative piece reporting incidents of UP police framing innocent people and killing them in staged [[Encounter killings by police|encounters]] for money and promotions.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/three-up-cops-suspended-after-india-today-expose-on-fake-encounters-1307165-2018-08-07|title=3 UP cops suspended after India Today TV expose on fake encounters|date=7 August 2018 |magazine=India Today|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827113916/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/three-up-cops-suspended-after-india-today-expose-on-fake-encounters-1307165-2018-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref> A sub-inspector had allegedly offered to gun down an innocent civilian for around Rs 8 lakh.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/exposed-uttar-pradesh-s-cash-for-encounter-raj-1306730-2018-08-06|title=Exposed: Uttar Pradesh's cash-for-encounter raj|author=Jamshed Khan Sushant Pathak Amit Kumar Chaudhary Agra |date=7 August 2018 |magazine=India Today|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=28 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828063851/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/exposed-uttar-pradesh-s-cash-for-encounter-raj-1306730-2018-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 2015–2018, 211 complaints of fake [[Encounter killings by police|encounters]] were filed in India out of which 39 were on UP police.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-second-on-list-of-fake-encounter-plaints-with-nhrc/articleshow/69796083.cms|title=Uttar Pradesh second on list of fake encounter plaints with NHRC | Lucknow News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 June 2019 |access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301212315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-second-on-list-of-fake-encounter-plaints-with-nhrc/articleshow/69796083.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, 17 UP police personnel were given life term for killing an incontinent 24-year-old man in a 1992 fake encounter and later they branded the victim as a terrorist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/17-up-cops-get-life-term-for-killing-man-in-fake-encounter/story-COEiK8KIHBbBPA9coS3EpI.html|title=17 UP cops get life term for killing man in fake encounter|date=30 March 2012|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=4 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904182042/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/17-up-cops-get-life-term-for-killing-man-in-fake-encounter/story-COEiK8KIHBbBPA9coS3EpI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary|Provincial Armed Constabulary]] of Uttar Pradesh Police was involved in the controversial [[Hashimpura massacre]] of 1987, in the aftermath of the [[1987 Meerut riots|riots]] in [[Meerut]].<ref>{{Citation |title=India's Forgotten Massacre {{!}} People & Power Documentary | date=13 January 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FsQX1EjyVM |access-date=2024-01-13 |language=en}}</ref> In October 2018, 16 officials of the PAC found guilty for their involvement in the massacre were sentenced to life imprisonment by the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref name="DelhiHighCourt">{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/1987-hashimpura-massacre-case-delhi-hc-sentences-16-cops-to-life-imprisonment/articleshow/66442007.cms?from=mdr| title=1987 Hashimpura massacre case: Delhi HC sentences 16 ex-policemen to life imprisonment|date=31 October 2018 | agency=The Economic Times | accessdate=17 March 2020}}</ref>

On 10 July 2020, Uttar Pradesh police personnel were involved in the encounter of gangster and former BSP leader [[Vikas Dubey]]. Dubey was apprehended a day before near the [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga]] temple in [[Ujjain]], Madhya Pradesh. The police vehicle taking him back to Uttar Pradesh was involved in a crash; seeing the opportunity, Dubey allegedly snatched a pistol from a policeman trying to fix a flat tire and tried to run away,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Car In Police Convoy Taking Gangster Vikas Dubey To Kanpur Overturns|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vikas-dubey-arrest-one-of-the-three-up-police-vehicles-escorting-gangster-vikas-dubey-from-ujjain-to-kanpur-overturns-on-highway-in-kanpur-2260193|access-date=10 July 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> before being killed by the Uttar Pradesh police.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 July 2020|title=Vikas Dubey encounter news: Gangster Vikas Dubey killed – What we know so far|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/gangster-vikas-dubey-killed-what-we-know-so-far/articleshow/76884715.cms|access-date=10 July 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref> An earlier attempt to arrest Dubey resulted in the death of eight policemen, including a DSP rank officer. Through an investigation, call records showed that Dubey was in contact with multiple police personnel, who were acting as moles and leaked information to him.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Shivendra|date=5 July 2020|title=Vikas Dubey not in top 10 criminal list after 60 cases; was in contact with 24 cops|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kanpur-encounter-vikas-dubey-not-in-top-10-criminal-list-after-60-cases-was-in-contact-with-24-cops-1697160-2020-07-05|access-date=5 July 2020|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

=== Moral Policing ===

The Uttar Pradesh Police has been extensively involved in incidents of moral policing. These incidents have earned ire from general public and media personnel, besides the Supreme Court.

On 19 December 2005, police personnel raided a public park in [[Meerut]], accompanied by cameras crews from TV channels. They attacked couples sitting in the park in front of cameras. The raid was termed "Operation Majnu" (named after the [[Majnu|folklore]]) and it was claimed by the police that the purpose was to check sexual harassment.<ref name=CopMajnu>{{cite news|title=Cops didn't trip, lovers were target - Operation Majnu: crackdown on couples, not eve-teasers|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051222/asp/nation/story_5630920.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224024640/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051222/asp/nation/story_5630920.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2005|accessdate=4 December 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=21 December 2005}}</ref><ref name=MeerutGirls>{{cite news|title=Moral police beat up Meerut girls|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Moral-police-beat-up-Meerut-girls/pmredirectshow/1339622.cms?curpg=1|access-date=4 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 December 2005}}</ref>

On 29 November 2011, the [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] police launched its own "Operation Majnu". The police caught couples in parks and made the men do sit-ups in front of TV cameras. The head of the operation an officer called Alka Pandey said it was to prevent "innocent girls being trapped by boys with evil motives".<ref name=GhaziaCouples>{{cite news|title=Love under siege: Cops harass couples in parks in Ghaziabad|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Love-under-siege-Cops-harass-couples-in-parks-in-Ghaziabad/articleshow/10923488.cms|access-date=7 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 November 2011}}</ref>

On 10 August 2013, [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] police raided a hotel on a tip-off and detained 56 adult couples. It was later found out of them, 52 couples were married or consenting friends. The police had carried out the raid after locals noticed usual traffic to the hotel and told the police.<ref name=GhaziaHotel>{{cite news|title=Suspecting prostitution, police detain 56 young couples from Ghaziabad hotel|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/suspecting-prostitution-police-detain-56-young-couples-from-ghaziabad-hotel/article1-1106321.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122030008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/suspecting-prostitution-police-detain-56-young-couples-from-ghaziabad-hotel/article1-1106321.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2013|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=10 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=NoRacket.>{{cite news|title=Police eats its own words, says there was only sex, no racket in Ghaziabad hotel|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/only-sex-no-racket-in-hotel-ghaziabad-police-hotel-173480-2013-08-10|access-date=16 December 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=11 August 2013}}</ref>

In 2017, Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] started the anti-romeo squads in the department for safety of women and young girls from sexual harassment and eve-teasing. However, the squads were found to be involved in acts of moral policing, harassment of couples, as well as extortion.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/moral-policing-to-extortion-yogi-adityanath-must-disband-anti-romeo-squads/story-JQFxHCA0LSYp108XfTVjMN.html|title= Moral policing to extortion: Yogi Adityanath must disband anti-Romeo squads|date= 6 June 2017}}</ref> Due to such incidents, the Police force and the Government came under fire from media for such incidents of moral policing, as well as misuse of authority, eventually demanding that the squads be disbanded.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-launches-anti-romeo-squads-heres-how-international-media-reacted-4597597/|title= UP CM Yogi Adityanath's anti-Romeo squads: 'Moral policing', 'Taliban-like', International media has its say|date= 3 April 2017}}</ref>

In December 2025, a Station House Officer in Mau, Uttar Pradesh, was transferred, after she was found questioning a school girl and her brother, warning them not to be roaming around without guardians after suspecting a relationship between the siblings, which sparked widespread condemnation of moral policing. As a result of this, the Mau Superintendent of Police stated to the media about sensitising and counselling all police personnel regarding their behavior with the public.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dont-roam-without-guardian-up-cops-advice-to-girl-sparks-row-9821195|title= Moral Policing Gone Wrong. UP Cop Schools Sister For Roaming With Brother}}</ref>

=== Crimes against Women ===

The Uttar Pradesh Police has an infamous history of refusing to file reports and investigate crimes against women, notably rape cases, especially when high profile individuals like political leaders are involved, or caste bias. This has led to botched investigations, or cases being assigned to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]. Despite the changes mandated by [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013]], the attitude of Uttar Pradesh Police officials has often been lackluster, which has worsened crime rate and safety of women, especially in the rural areas and with most victims belonging to minority and backward castes.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/every-3-hours-there-is-a-rape-in-uttar-pradesh-1146096.html|title= Every 3 hours, there is a rape in Uttar Pradesh}}</ref> There have also been police officers accused of crimes against women, especially rape, molestation, and sexual harassment. In several cases, lower ranked police personnel have faced suspension and dismissal for inaction, ignorance, and insensitivity by indulging in victim blaming instead of investigating the crimes and apprehending the culprits.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thequint.com/news/india/a-rape-survivor-in-unnao-uttar-pradesh-set-on-fire#read-more|title= 7 UP Policemen Suspended Following Unnao Rape Victim's Death}}</ref>

In February 2017, the Uttar Pradesh Police refused to file a rape case against [[Gayatri Prasad Prajapati]], then minister of State for mining. Following the refusal, the victim approached Supreme Court, which passed an order to the department to have the report filed and conduct an investigation. Gayatri Prasad Prajapati was arrested in March 2017 after absconding for long.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/up-minister-gayatri-prajapati-wanted-in-gang-rape-case-arrested/article17465616.ece|title= U.P. Minister Gayatri Prajapati arrested on rape charge |date=15 March 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> On 12 November 2021, he was sentenced to life on the charges of rape.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ex-up-minister-gayatri-prasad-prajapati-gets-jail-for-life-gang-rape-case-1876120-2021-11-12|title=Gayatri Prajapati, former Akhilesh Yadav govt minister, gets jail for life in rape case}}</ref>

The Uttar Pradesh Police was criticized for mishandling the [[2017 Unnao rape case]], which involved expelled BJP MLA Kuldeep Singh Sengar. The victim's father went to file report earlier, but after initial refusal by the department, the Supreme Court took action and ordered filing the report. However, in the aftermath, 6 officers were suspended for arresting the victim's father and subsequent custodial death, who was also assaulted by the accused's brother Atul Sengar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/unnao-rape-case-live-updates|title=Unnao Rape: FIR Filed Against BJP MLA, Case Transferred to CBI|work=The Quint|access-date=12 April 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hc-takes-up-unnao-rape-case/article23505711.ece|title=Allahabad HC takes up Unnao rape case|last=Rashid|first=Omar|date=11 April 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 April 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following outrage and protests, the CBI took over the investigation and the case was handed to [[Allahabad High Court]]. Kuldeep Sengar was convicted in December 2019 and sentenced to life imprisonment for rape and kidnapping, along with a fine of Rs 25 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/unnao-rape-kuldeep-sengar-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-by-delhi-court-119122000557_1.html|title=Unnao rape: Kuldeep Sengar sentenced to life imprisonment by Delhi court|date=2019-12-20|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-12-20}}</ref>

In the [[2020 Hathras gang rape and murder]], the Uttar Pradesh Police came under fire, after some officials forcibly cremated the body of the victim girl without the consent of her family.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-horror-police-victim-s-family-give-contradictory-accounts-1727098-2020-09-30|title=Hathras horror: Police, victim's family give contradictory accounts|author=Tanseem Haider Himanshu Mishra |date=30 September 2020 |magazine=India Today|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=2 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002185750/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-horror-police-victim-s-family-give-contradictory-accounts-1727098-2020-09-30|url-status=live}}</ref> DK Verma, the station house officer of Chandpa Police Station, was transferred for his "failure to promptly act" in the case, as well as humiliating the victim, refusal to file a report, and failure to follow procedures laid down for investigation of rape.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-gangrape-case-sho-transferred-to-police-lines-for-failing-to-act-promptly-1725993-2020-09-27|title=Hathras gangrape case: SHO transferred to police lines for failing to 'act promptly'|date=27 September 2020 |magazine=India Today|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009180959/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-gangrape-case-sho-transferred-to-police-lines-for-failing-to-act-promptly-1725993-2020-09-27|url-status=live}}</ref> A CBI team, appointed by the State Government in the aftermath, heavily condemned the Uttar Pradesh Police for cover-up through inaction and delay in collecting samples as well as other evidence, eventually botching up the investigation, along with misconduct against the victim's family and failure to provide timely medical aid to the victim. The botched investigation led to the acquittal of 3 of the 4 accused, as with lack of crucial evidence, neither of them charged with rape and murder; furthermore, the department was also condemned for failure to stop protests led by expelled [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] MLA Rajveer Singh Pehelwan, with activists and members of [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] and [[Bajrang Dal]], who held a rally in support for the accused as they belonged to the upper castes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/india/politics-of-showing-dalits-their-place-hathras-victims-family-slams-acquittals-of-3-thakur-men/1412127/|title='Politics of showing Dalits their place' — Hathras victim's family slams acquittals of 3 Thakur men}}</ref> Additionally, the Provincial Armed Constabulary, tasked to protect the victim's family, was slammed for allowing kin of accused and the upper caste villagers to enter the premises of the victim's family and threaten them to take back their case; following media allegations, the [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] took over the security of the family. Following the trial in March 2023 at the Hathras district court, which led to acquittal of 3 suspects of 4 with the last one only charged for culpable homicide not amounting to murder (IPC Section 304) and provisions under the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|SC/ST Act]], the prosecution and defense appealed the trial in the Allahabad High Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/hathras-rape-murder-victim-brother-on-acquittal-verdict#read-more|title='Her Soul Will Never Rest Now': Hathras Victim's Brother After Court Verdict}}</ref>

On 20 September 2023, eight police personnel across the state were arrested and charged for different crimes against women.<ref>{{Cite web|title= 8 police officials in 3 west UP districts face action in rape, molestation and assault cases|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/police-officials-west-up-districts-face-action-rape-molestation-assault-8949611/ |date= September 21, 2023 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Political Influence and Interference ===
From 30 October 1990 to 2 November 1990, on the orders of [[Samajwadi Party]] leader [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], the Uttar Pradesh Police [[Ayodhya firing incident|attacked]] Kar Sevaks in Ayodhya, killing 17 devotees.<ref>{{cite web |author=Virk |first=Aviral |date=2017-02-01 |title=Ayodhya Part 6: The Making of "Mullah Mulayam" |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/short-doqs/ayodhya-deqoded-part-6-the-making-of-mullah-mulayam |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=The Quint }}</ref> The action was heavily condemned, and Yadav suffered a heavy defeat in the 1991 elections as a result, and was labeled "Mulla" Mulayam Singh by opposition leaders, especially the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ghost-of-1990-haunts-ayodhya-as-both-vhp-and-sp-try-to-play-comunal-card-on-84-kosi-yatra-174541-2013-08-21 |title=Ayodhya braces for a showdown as Akhilesh's govt bans VHP yatra |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2013-08-22 |access-date=2017-05-24}}</ref>

On 18 March 2015, the Uttar Pradesh police arrested a minor teenager from [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], for making a post on Facebook insulting politician [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]. The post allegedly contained hate speech against a community and was falsely attributed to Azam Khan by the boy. He was charged under Section 66A of the IT Act, and Sections 153A (promoting enmity between different religions), 504 (intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of peace) and 505 (public mischief) of the [[Indian Penal Code]]. After Section 66A was struck down by the Supreme Court on 24 March 2015, the state government said that they would continue the prosecution under the remaining charges.<ref name=AzamKhan>{{cite news|title=Teen arrested for Facebook post attributed to Azam Khan gets bail|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Teen-arrested-for-Facebook-post-attributed-to-Azam-Khan-gets-bail/articleshow/46620033.cms|access-date=6 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=UPtellsSC>{{cite news|title=UP tells SC that prosecution on boy for post against Azam Khan will continue|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/up-tells-sc-that-prosecution-on-boy-for-post-against-azam-khan-will-continue/|access-date=6 May 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=24 April 2015}}</ref>

On 10 July 2015, IPS Officer Amitabh Thakur, who was posted as an IG, alleged that former Chief Minister and [[Samajwadi Party]] leader Mulayam Singh Yadav, had threatened him on a phone call. He released the audio of the phone call, in which Yadav is allegedly heard saying certain sentences of threatening nature:<ref name="NDTV_sudhar_2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sudhar-jaaiye-mulayam-singh-yadav-allegedly-told-police-officer-amitabh-thakur-781203|title='Sudhar Jaaiye,' Mulayam Singh Yadav Told Police Officer Amitabh Thakur|author=Deepshikha Ghosh|date=14 July 2015|work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="IE_files_2015">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mulayam-threatened-me-says-ips-officer-releases-audio-clip/|title=IG-rank officer files police complaint against Mulayam Singh|date=12 July 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Thakur alleged that Mulayam Singh was unhappy about the complaint lodged by his wife Nutan against the state minister [[Gayatri Prasad Prajapati]] for illegal mining activities.<ref name="IE_files_2015"/> In retaliation, Thakur was charged with false cases of rape and disproportionate assets, both of which were proven to be baseless and he was cleared by the Economic Offenses Wing and the Vigilance Department.

=== Supporting Right Wing Organizations ===

The Uttar Pradesh Police has received widespread condemnation for filing charges against victims of cow vigilantism. The victims, who have been accused of cow slaughter or smuggling of cattle, belong to either Muslim or lower caste Hindu communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim Meat Trader Attacked in UP, Police File FIR Against Him |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/muslim-meat-trader-attacked-in-up-police-file-fir-against-him |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/muzaffarnagar-cow-slaughter-mob-attacks-muslim-family-no-police-case-filed-yet-beef-ban-uttar-pradesh-2948874/|title=Muzaffarnagar: mob attacks muslim family over cow slaughter, two days on no police case filed yet|work=Indian Express}}</ref>

Following the introduction of [[Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020]] in Uttar Pradesh to curb [[Love Jihad]], the Uttar Pradesh Police, collaborating with [[Bajrang Dal]], have attempted to stop interfaith marriages. In certain cases, misconduct of Uttar Pradesh Police officials have resulted in backlash, especially against women thought to be victims of Love Jihad.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Raju |first=S |date=13 December 2020 |title=Woman detained under UP's new law against love jihad suffers miscarriage |website=Hindustan Times |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/woman-detained-under-up-s-new-law-against-love-jihad-suffers-miscarriage/story-ZJyLolrouFhyK8lFJfrGjK.html |access-date=December 16, 2020}}</ref> The police personnel have also targeted couples involved in inter-caste marriages, while apparently using this law against Muslim and Dalit community, along with stopping consensual inter-faith marriages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/981591/ups-anti-conversion-law-attacks-muslims-infantalises-women-and-curbs-dalit-rights|title=UP's anti-conversion law attacks muslims, infantilises women and curbs dalit rights|website=Scroll|access-date=January 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livelaw.in/columns/love-jihad-miscegenation-nazi-germany-nuremberg-law-miscegenation-law-of-virginia-167775|title=Love Jihad: A present day variant of the anti-miscegenation laws|website=Live law|access-date= January 2, 2021}}</ref>

In 2014, a girl, whose father was a liquor baron in [[Agra]], eloped with a man and sought shelter with the Love Commandos in nearby New Delhi. The girl's father used his influence to ask the Uttar Pradesh police in Agra to search for the girl. Agra police allegedly managed to find the girl's location in a suburban area in New Delhi by using her cellphone signal. They began combing area while being armed. Ultimately, the [[Delhi Police]] had to intervene and stop the illegal search.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-policing-those-who-police-love-2061067|title= Love Commandos: Policing those who police love|last=Madhukalya|first=Amrita|date=December 5, 2017|website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref>

==In Popular culture ==

These law enforcement officers have been depicted in Indian cinema through various films. The [[Dabangg]] series of films starring [[Salman Khan]] are an example of depiction of the UP Police. [[Bhaukaal (web series)]] is based on Senior [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Officer [[Navniet Sekera]] of U.P. Police.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-06 |title=S.S.P Naveen Sikhera, played by Mohit Raina is back with Bhaukaal 2 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/s-s-p-naveen-sikhera-played-by-mohit-raina-is-back-with-bhaukaal-2/articleshow/88733639.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Article 15 (film)]]

==See also==
* [[State Disaster Response Force Uttar Pradesh Police]]
* [[National Police Memorial India]]
* [[Corps of Military Police (India)]]
* [[Emergency telephone number]]
* [[Provincial Armed Constabulary#Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary|UP Provincial Armed Constabulary]]
* [[1973 Provincial Armed Constabulary revolt]]
* [[Lucknow Police]]
* [[Varanasi Police Commissionerate]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website|https://uppolice.gov.in/}}

{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:State law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1861]]

Games24x7

2026-03-10T12:36:03Z

Aman064: starting new info...

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{{orphan|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Games24x7
| logo = The logo for Games24x7.png
| former_name =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = Online gaming, Technology
| founded = 2006
| founder = Bhavin Pandya Trivikraman Thampy
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = India
| parent = Play Games24x7
| website = [https://www.games24x7.com/ Official website]
}}

'''Games24x7''' is an Indian online gaming company<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Mohamed Imranullah |date=2023-03-10 |title=Mumbai-based online gaming firm moves HC against CB-CID notice |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mumbai-based-online-gaming-firm-moves-hc-against-cb-cid-notice/article66604470.ece |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Pooja |date=2024-01-08 |title=SC Seeks Centre's Reply On Pleas Of Games24x7, Head Digital Works On GST Notice |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/sc-seeks-centres-reply-on-pleas-of-games24x7-head-digital-works-on-gst-notice/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> founded in 2006, and headquartered in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sil |first=Debarghya |date=2022-11-07 |title=Games24x7 Slips Into The Red, Posts Loss Of INR 230 Cr In FY22 As Revenue Plunges |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/games24x7-slips-into-the-red-posts-loss-of-inr-230-cr-in-fy22-as-revenue-plunges/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> The company is known for its games like RummyCircle and My11Circle.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Storyboard18 - How Games24x7 Is Levelling Up To Leverage The Gaming Boom In India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/storyboard18/storyboard18-how-games24x7-is-levelling-up-to-leverage-the-gaming-boom-in-india/73541/1 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Prasid |date=2020-12-01 |title=Poker, rummy platforms turn to technology to tackle irresponsible gaming |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/poker-rummy-platforms-turn-to-technology-to-tackle-irresponsible-gaming-11606809030596.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=Tamil Nadu gambling law: Online rummy, poker firms block users from playing real money games |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tamil-nadu-gambling-law-online-rummy-poker-firms-block-users-from-playing-real-money-games-9304421.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> It has offices in [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[New Delhi]], and [[Miami]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laghate |first=Gaurav |date=2021-04-21 |title=Games24x7 eyes US expansion with casual games |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/games24x7-eyes-us-expansion-with-casual-games/articleshow/82180119.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> As of 2022, the company was valued at $2.5 billion following a $75 million fundraising round.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=India's Gaming Sector Is Spawning Unicorns. But The Future Is Uncertain |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/unicorn-tracker/indias-gaming-sector-is-spawning-unicorns-but-the-future-is-uncertain/80037/1 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Games 24x7: How Bhavin Pandya And Trivikraman Thampy Turned Wild Cards Into A Winning Hand |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/sports-tech-special/games-24x7-how-bhavin-pandya-and-trivikraman-thampy-turned-wild-cards-into-a-winning-hand/77149/1 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> It is backed by investors such as [[Tiger Global Management]], [[The Raine Group]], and Malabar Investment Advisors.<ref name=":0"/> The company also operates a venture arm, Games24x7 Ventures,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maloo |first1=Malvika |title=Games24x7 launches corporate investment arm |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/games24x7-launches-corporate-investment-arm-11667311186784.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=1 November 2022}}</ref> and a philanthropic wing, Games24x7 Foundation.<ref name=csr/>

==History==
Games24x7 was founded by Bhavin Pandya<ref>{{Cite web |title=In India you don't have casual payer, you have casual player: Games24x7 CEO |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/in-india-you-don-t-have-casual-payer-you-have-casual-player-games24x7-ceo-121122201467_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Games24x7's Bhavin Pandya hopes 2024 will be a promising year for industry |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/people/games24x7-s-bhavin-pandya-hopes-2024-will-be-a-promising-year-for-industry-124012600920_1.html}}</ref> and Trivikraman Thampy,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Nandita |date=2019-04-25 |title='We are a technology platform, gaming is just incidental': Pandya |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/-we-are-a-technology-platform-gaming-is-just-incidental-pandya-1556183361086.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> who met while studying economics at [[New York University]] (NYU) and shared a passion for online games.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Mittal |first=Apoorva |date=2022-04-27 |title=Gaming sector needs a regulatory structure, says Games24x7 CEO Bhavin Pandya |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/gaming-sector-needs-a-regulatory-structure-says-games24x7-ceo-bhavin-pandya/articleshow/91098291.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2006, Pandya returned to India and started Games24x7 with Thampy. They began with [[rummy]], [[chess]], and a bunch of other games online, which quickly became popular and were offered for free.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Soumya |date=29 March 2017 |title=Play Games24x7 Sees the Mobile Gaming Segment Grow 10x in Next 5 Years |url=https://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/Play-Games24x7-Sees-the-Mobile-Gaming-Segment-Grow-10x-in-Next-5-Years/29-03-2017-115280/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Businessworld}}</ref> The company partnered with [[HDFC Bank|HDFC]] to establish a payment gateway for online real-money gaming. They also advocated for the industry's legitimacy to [[Google]] and [[Facebook]], enabling the sector to advertise on these platforms.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saha |first=Soumyajit |date=2023-07-10 |title=Gamespotting: MeitY receives three applications for forming SROs |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/gamespotting-meity-receives-three-applications-for-forming-sros/articleshow/101618701.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2009, the company launched RummyCircle, an online real money gaming platform for playing the traditional Indian card game rummy. It quickly gained popularity within the gaming community and attracted a considerable user base. Games24x7 started investing in free-to-play games. It launched Ultimate Teen Patti and Ultimate Rummy.<ref name=":2" /> In December 2015, Ultimate Teen Patti became the highest-grossing Teen Patti app on the [[Google Play|Google Play store]].<ref name=":0" /> In 2019, the founders rolled out My11Circle, a fantasy sports vertical, and roped in [[Sourav Ganguly]] as the brand ambassador.<ref name=":0" /> The platform gained traction and became one of the top fantasy cricket brands, especially during the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) in 2021. It later expanded to fantasy football, and [[Kabaddi]] on My11Circle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=RPSG's Lucknow IPL Team ropes My11Circle as title sponsor |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/rpsgs-lucknow-ipl-team-ropes-my11circle-as-title-sponsor/106644 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, the company became a [[Unicorn (finance)|unicorn]] after raising $75 million, reaching a valuation of $2.5 billion. [[Tiger Global Management|Tiger Global]] was the first institutional investor for Games24x7 in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2022-03-30 |title=Games24x7 valued at $2.5 billion in new funding |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/03/30/indias-games24x7-valued-at-2-5-billion-in-new-funding/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== TechXpedite ===
In 2023, Games24x7 launched GameTech Accelerate,<ref>{{cite news |title=Games24x7 picks 15 start-ups for mentorship project |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/games24x7-picks-15-start-ups-for-mentorship-project/article67796381.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=February 1, 2024}}</ref> later rebranded as TechXpedite, a 60-day accelerator programme targeting early-stage startups in the domains of gaming, artificial intelligence, and inclusive technology. In its 2024–25 edition, the programme selected 17 startups from over 330 applications, providing mentorship, resources, and up to US$500,000 in technology credits from more than 30 partner companies. It concluded with a pitch event in March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Games24x7 announces final list of its startup accelerator programme |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/start-ups/games24x7-announces-final-list-of-its-startup-accelerator-programme-125011001001_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=10 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Games24x7 looks to back AI and tech startups beyond gaming sector |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/games24x7-looks-to-back-ai-and-tech-startups-beyond-gaming-sector-12858794.html |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=6 November 2024 |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref> TechXpedite has been associated with support from state-level stakeholders such as the governments of [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka]], [[Government of Telangana|Telangana]], and [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]], along with the [[Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade]] (DPIIT).<ref>{{cite news |title=TechXpedite accelerator unveils 17 start-ups |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/techxpedite-accelerator-unveils-17-start-ups-six-from-bengaluru-for-its-2024-cohort/article69084774.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=January 10, 2025}}</ref>

==Collaborations and sponsorships==
=== My11Circle ===
In 2021, My11Circle named Indian international cricketer and right-arm bowler [[Mohammed Siraj]] its brand ambassador. Among My11Circle's other brand ambassadors were [[Sourav Ganguly|Saurav Ganguly]], [[Ajinkya Rahane]], [[VVS Laxman]], and [[Ranveer Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khosla |first=Varuni |date=2022-01-28 |title=Games24X7 to push Rummy in north India to augment revenue |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/games24x7-to-push-rummy-in-north-india-to-augment-revenue-11643351691392.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> In March 2022, [[Shubman Gill]] and [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] became new brand ambassadors. My11Circle also secured the title sponsorship for both [[Lucknow Super Giants]], an [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] team, and the [[Women's T20 Challenge]], granted by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) in May 2022.<ref name=":3" /> In 2024, My11Circle was appointed as the new official Fantasy Sports Partner for the [[2024 Indian Premier League|Indian Premier League (IPL) 2024 season]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=My11Circle outbids Dream11, becomes official fantasy sports partner of IPL |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/my11circle-outbids-dream11-becomes-official-fantasy-sports-partner-of-ipl-124032100891_1.html |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Farooqui |first=Javed |date=2024-02-23 |title=BCCI sells four IPL sponsorship slots for Rs 1,485 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bcci-sells-four-ipl-sponsorship-slots-for-rs-1485-crore/articleshow/107923384.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In March, Games24x7 onboarded [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] and [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] as new brand ambassadors for My11Circle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Games24x7 welcomes Rinku Singh and Yashasvi Jaiswal to My11Circle family - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/games24x7-welcomes-rinku-singh-and-yashasvi-jaiswal-to-my11circle-family/108529860 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2025, the company launched the 'Circle Mein Aaja' campaign during the [[Tata IPL]], featuring brand ambassadors [[Sourav Ganguly]], [[Shubman Gill]], [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]], [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]], and [[Mohammed Siraj]]. The campaign included a remake of a 1990s track composed by [[Anu Malik]] to encourage fan participation.<ref>{{cite news |title=My11Circle's new campaign brings fans closer to the IPL action |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/my11circles-new-campaign-brings-fans-closer-to-the-ipl-action/119530303 |work=[[ETBrandEquity|ET BrandEquity]] |date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

=== RummyCircle ===
In 2022, Bollywood actor [[Hrithik Roshan]] became the brand ambassador for RummyCircle. In 2024, the company launched the ''Khelo Befikar, Jeeto RummyCircle Par'' campaign, featuring Hrithik.<ref name=":1" />

In 2025, RummyCircle launched the National Rummy Series, a nationwide rummy tournament, supported by an advertising campaign featuring [[Sourav Ganguly]]. The five-part finale streamed exclusively on [[JioCinema]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sourav Ganguly headlines campaign for RummyCircle's National Rummy Series |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/sourav-ganguly-headlines-campaign-for-rummycircles-national-rummy-series-144255.html |work=Exchange4Media |date=10 June 2025}}</ref>

==Associations==
In 2017, Games24x7 and other gaming companies collaborated to establish E-Gaming Federation (formally The Online Rummy Federation),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Pooja |date=2023-12-16 |title=SC Refuses Interim Relief To Games 24x7 & Head Digital Works On Tax Notices |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/sc-refuses-interim-relief-to-games-24x7-head-digital-works-on-tax-notices/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> a body that self-regulates the online rummy industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-07 |title=Govt notifies rules for online gaming, to appoint multiple SROs |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/it-ministry-notifies-final-rules-for-online-gaming/articleshow/99297771.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Online gaming lobby groups sign voluntary code of ethics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/online-gaming-lobby-groups-sign-voluntary-code-of-ethics-9056104/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Ashish |title=28% GST on online gaming companies: SC transfers to itself all pleas pending in 9 HCs |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/28-gst-on-online-gaming-companies-sc-transfers-to-itself-all-pleas-pending-in-9-hcs-2967046 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Games24x7 is a part of various industry associations, including [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|FICCI]]'s gaming committee, [[ASSOCHAM|Assocham]], [[Internet and Mobile Association of India|IAMAI]], and the Bombay Chamber of Commerce.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mengle |first=Gautam S. |date=2017-12-08 |title=Online rummy operators join hands self- regulate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/online-rummy-operators-join-hands-self-regulate/article21358534.ece |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Prasid |date=2021-09-27 |title=Kerala High Court strikes down proposed government ban on online rummy |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kerala-high-court-strikes-down-proposed-government-ban-on-online-rummy-11632726265042.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== Corporate Social Responsibility ===
In 2022, Nobel peace laureate [[Kailash Satyarthi]] launched Bal Mitra Mandal (BMM) in [[Pune]], supported by Games24x7, to create a slum community and empower children and their communities to secure their rights, protect against child labor and abuse, and raise awareness on education, water, sanitation, and hygiene.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-18 |title=63 street children learn to read & write in 2-hour sessions at nine junctions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/63-street-children-learn-to-read-write-in-2-hour-sessions-at-nine-junctions/articleshow/100315106.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-05 |title=Kailash Satyarthi launches initiative to create a safe, child-friendly slum community in Pune |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/kailash-satyarthi-initiative-safe-child-friendly-slum-community-pune-8072864/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Games24x7, in collaboration with the Kailash Satyarthi Children's Foundation (KSCF), recently published a report highlighting a concerning rise in child trafficking cases in [[Delhi]] since the onset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The report shows a substantial 68% increase in trafficked children in Delhi, and [[Uttar Pradesh]] witnessed an alarming nearly six-fold rise. The national capital has emerged as a major hub for trafficked children, with more than one-fourth of rescued children originating from Delhi. The sectors with the highest prevalence of child labor include hotels and dhabas (15.6%), family-owned automobile or transport units (13%), and garments (11.18%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-31 |title=Child trafficking: UP, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh among top three states; Delhi sees a sharp rise in cases |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/child-trafficking-up-bihar-and-andhra-pradesh-among-top-3-states-17387581.htm |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2023, the company formed a partnership with the [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka Government]] to launch an online gaming accelerator initiative called GameTech Accelerate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-01 |title=Games24x7 Partners Karnataka Govt To Launch Accelerator For Indian Gaming Startups |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/games24x7-partners-karnataka-govt-to-launch-accelerator-for-indian-gaming-startups/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

Games24x7 Foundation, the not-for-profit arm of Games24x7, was established in 2022. In January 2024, the foundation launched the Wheels of Change initiative on [[National Girl Child Day]]. As part of this initiative, the foundation distributed 1,000 bicycles in the [[Dharashiv district]], specifically in [[Bhoom]], [[Washim]], and [[Paranda]] to help address transportation challenges for girl students accessing higher education in remote areas of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=csr>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Games24x7 Foundation launches 'Wheels of Change' initiative; aims to empower school girls |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-games24x7-foundation-launches-wheels-of-change-initiative-aims-to-empower-school-dropout-girls-3374218/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> In April 2024, the foundation announced its collaboration with NGOs and sports academies in six Indian cities to provide youth and athletes from underserved backgrounds the opportunity to attend a [[2023 Indian Premier League|TATA IPL T20]] match.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Games24x7 Foundation includes cricketing experiences for children to its 'Wheels of Change' project |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-games24x7-foundation-includes-cricketing-experiences-for-children-to-its-wheels-of-change-project-3465776/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Regulatory Impact and Layoffs ===
In September 2025, media reports stated that Games24X7 initiated a large-scale workforce reduction, with estimates suggesting that up to 70% of its employees, approximately 500 staff employees were affected. The reported layoffs followed a government decision to prohibit money-based online gaming formats, which significantly impacted the company’s core business operations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-10 |title=Games24X7 to lay off 70% employees as real money gaming ban pinches |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/games24x7-to-lay-off-70-employees/articleshow/123811735.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* Start-Up Awards by [[Entrepreneur India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award winners - 2023 |url=https://www.entrepreneurindia.com/startup/awards_winner_2023.php |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.entrepreneurindia.com}}</ref>
* [[LinkedIn]] Top Companies 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=LinkedIn's 2023 Top Companies List: Dream11, Games24x7 and 15 more debut as best workplaces |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/photos/business/companies/linkedin-top-companies-list-dream11-tcs-amazon-among-best-workplaces-of-2023-16440021.htm |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
* Aegis Graham Bell Awards 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finalists of 13th Aegis Graham Bell Awards, supported MeiTY, NITI Aayog |url=https://bellaward.com/13th-winners-and-finalists/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Aegis Graham Bell Awards |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.games24x7.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]

Jai Ho (film)

2026-03-08T11:36:02Z

Aman064: Page updated with additional details

{{short description|2014 political action drama film directed by Sohail Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Jai Ho
| image = Jai Ho (2013 Hindi film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sohail Khan]]
| producer = Sohail Khan [[Kishore Lulla]]
| writer = Dileep Shukla
| story = A. R. Murugadoss
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Stalin (2006 film) |Stalin]]'' (2006)|[[A. R. Murugadoss]]}}
| starring = [[Salman Khan]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] [[Daisy Shah]] [[Danny Denzongpa]] [[Aditya Pancholi]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sajid–Wajid]] [[Amaal Mallik]] [[Devi Sri Prasad]] '''Score: ''' [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
| cinematography = [[Santosh Thundiyil]]
| editing = Ashish Amrute
| studio = [[Sohail Khan|Sohail Khan Productions]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2192590/Eros-acquires-Salman-Khan%27s-Jai-Ho |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102195718/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2192590/Eros-acquires-Salman-Khan%27s-Jai-Ho |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2013 |title=Eros acquires Salman Khan's Jai Ho |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=31 October 2013}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|01|24|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 142 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/jai-ho-2014 |title=JAI HO (2014) |publisher=BBFC |date=14 January 2014 |access-date=24 January 2014 |archive-date=27 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127020136/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/jai-ho-2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹50 crore
| gross = {{INR|link=yes}}195.04 crore<ref name="bo">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jai-ho/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office|title=Jai Ho Box Office|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=24 January 2014 |access-date=14 March 2020|archive-date=5 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205080727/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jai-ho/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Jai Ho''''' ({{translation|Let there be Victory}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film| political action drama film]] directed by [[Sohail Khan]], who also produced the film under the banner [[Sohail Khan|Sohail Khan Productions]] and co-produced by Sunil Lulla under [[Eros International]], which distributed the film. It is an official remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]'', which is also inspired by the [[Theater in the United States|American-drama]] film ''[[Pay It Forward (film)|Pay It Forward]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300117/copycats-in-tollywood.html | title=Copycats in Tollywood | date=30 January 2017 | access-date=25 December 2023 | archive-date=3 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003064859/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300117/copycats-in-tollywood.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> The film stars [[Salman Khan]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Daisy Shah]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Sana Khan]] and [[Aditya Pancholi]], while [[Suniel Shetty]] and [[Genelia D'Souza]] make cameo appearances.

''Jai Ho'' was released on 24 January 2014, during the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] weekend, and received mixed reviews from critics. It became a commercial success grossing {{INRConvert|195|c}} at the box office, becoming the [[List of Bollywood films of 2014|sixth highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2014]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/RZBaA8luxMEwAJ2tasugOM/Bajrangi-Bhaijaan-storms-the-Box-Office-on-opening-day.html |title='Bajrangi Bhaijaan' storms the box office on opening day |date=18 July 2015 |access-date=19 July 2015 |archive-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720160819/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/RZBaA8luxMEwAJ2tasugOM/Bajrangi-Bhaijaan-storms-the-Box-Office-on-opening-day.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Classifications |publisher=Box Office India |date=1 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/classifications2014blockbusteratlastwithkick#.U9t0SGP4J4U |archive-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804204919/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/classifications2014blockbusteratlastwithkick#.U9t0SGP4J4U |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Jai Agnihotri, a short-tempered [[Indian Army|INA]] [[Major (rank)|Major]], gets suspended after he ignores orders from his superiors by rescuing a group of children from terrorists. After this incident, Jai moves in with his mother and sister, Geeta. One day, Jai is unable to help Suman, a physically disabled girl, take an examination, while her brother is stuck in a traffic jam. A depressed Suman commits suicide. Jai gets disturbed by the incident, where he creates a help-three-people concept, which would encourage citizens to help each other and would foster kindness and a sense of community among the citizens. Each day, citizens are to help three people and these three people will in turn help three more people and so on.

On one occasion for one of his daily good deeds, Jai loses his temper and beats a rich man as he had injured a child beggar. In an act of revenge, the rich man calls some henchmen to kidnap Geeta and her friend Rinky. Jai saves Geeta and Rinky, but injures one of the captors in the process, who happens to be the henchman of [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Patil, the son-in-law of [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] Dashrath Singh, who gets enraged about Jai injuring Patil's henchmen who is actually Manik. Dashrath tells Patil to avenge this injury by kidnapping Jai's nephew Kabir, but Jai kills Patil in the process. Meanwhile, [[Chief Minister (India)|CM]] Ashok Pradhan learns about Jai's help-three-people concept after his own life is saved by a schoolgirl. Ashok intervenes in the dispute between Dashrath and Jai in order to end their fight, but Dashrath does not appreciate it and attempts to kill Ashok.

However, Jai manages to save Ashok and admits him to the hospital. Dashrath, a journalist, spreads rumours that Jai attempted to assassinate Ashok. Meanwhile, Dashrath's son, Vijayant Singh, along with his henchmen, attacks Jai. In the ensuing confrontation, Jai kills Vijayant, along with the corrupt police officers Inspectors Dilip Kadam and Imran Siddiqui, with the assistance of SI Abhay Rajput. Jai suffers severe injuries after being stabbed by Patil's widow, Kavita. Tragically, Kavita is also stabbed and dies at the hands of Vijayant. A rickshaw driver, Babban, and Jai's former colleague, Arjun Kaul, team up to help Jai reach the hospital. While Jai is there, Ashok recovers and reveals Dashrath's involvement in the attempted murder. An enraged crowd beats Dashrath nearly to death upon hearing the truth. Jai eventually recovers and emerges from the hospital, where he finds thousands of people awaiting him. Jai thanks them all for embracing his vision of help.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Salman Khan]] as [[Major (India)|Major]] Jai Agnihotri
*[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Geeta Agnihotri Khanna
*[[Daisy Shah]] as Rinky Shah
*[[Danny Dengzongpa]] as Home Minister Dashrath Singh
*[[Aditya Pancholi]] as Inspector Dilip Kadam
*[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Babban
*[[Sharad Kapoor]] as Inspector Imran Siddiqui
*[[Mukul Dev]] as Shrikant Patil
*Haroon Qazi as Vijayant Singh
*[[Nadira Babbar]] as Sulochna Agnihotri
*[[Pulkit Samrat]] as SI Abhay Rajput
*[[Mohnish Bahl]] as Chief Minister Ashok Pradhan
*[[Sana Khan]] as Kavita Singh Patil
*[[Resham Tipnis]] as Meghna Shah
*[[Ashmit Patel]] as Sumit Mohile
*[[Yash Tonk]] as Babu
*[[Mahesh Thakur]] as Rehaan Khanna
* Naman Jain as Kabir Khanna
*[[Tulip Joshi]] as Anjali D’Souza
*[[Varun Badola]] as Ronnie D'Souza
*[[Bruna Abdullah]] as Anne Rosselline
*[[Sudesh Lehri]] as Pandit Kaushal Chand Sharma
*Santosh Shukla as Manik Singh
*[[Jeetu Verma]] as Subhash Prasad Agashe
* [[Vatsal Sheth]] as Harjeet
*[[Nauheed Cyrusi]] as Simran
* [[Vikas Bhalla]] as Rohan Sharma
*[[Raju Mavani]] as Rajkishan Gupta
===Guest appearances ===
* [[Suniel Shetty]] as [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] Arjun Kaul
* [[Genelia D'Souza]] as Suman Sharma
}}

== Production ==
===Development===

In late 2012, [[Sohail Khan]] announced had planned to remake the Telugu film ''Stalin'' starring [[Chiranjeevi|Chiranjeevi Konidela]] and [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha Krishnan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jai-ho-i-never-said-i-wont-do-remakes-says-salman-khan/449034-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201201804/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jai-ho-i-never-said-i-wont-do-remakes-says-salman-khan/449034-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2014 |title=Jai Ho: I never said I won't do remakes, says Salman Khan |publisher=IBN Live |access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/movie-review-salman-khans-jai-ho-is-little-more-than-a-damp-squib/ |title=Film review: Salman Khan's 'Jai Ho' is little more than a damp squib |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131033905/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/movie-review-salman-khans-jai-ho-is-little-more-than-a-damp-squib/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Khan originally titled the film ''Mental'', but by the time the it was released, it had been re-titled as ''Jai Ho''.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 August 2013 |title=Salman’s 'Mental' to undergo title change again? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salmans-mental-to-undergo-title-change-again/articleshow/21896688.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 October 2013 |title=Salman Khan's father prefers 'Jai Ho' over 'Mental' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salim-khan-salman-khan-mental-jai-ho/articleshow/23652084.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

===Filming===

Shooting for the film was set to begin 27 February 2013 but was postponed until late March. There were rumors that the film would be released in [[3D film|3D]], but Sohail Khan was cited stating, "First, let me complete my film in the normal format. Then I'll take a call".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/samlan-khans-mental-to-come-out-in-3d_137517.htm |title=Mental to come out in 3D? |publisher=Zee News |date=24 June 2013 |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711154816/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/samlan-khans-mental-to-come-out-in-3d_137517.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Marketing ==
[[Salman Khan]] unveiled the [[Film poster|first look poster]] of ''Jai Ho'' on 6 December 2013. The poster consisted of images of thousands of fans digitally merged to create one portrait of Khan. Khan's fans designed this poster.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/first-look-fans-design-salman-khan-s-jai-ho-poster/article1-1159688.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206161721/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/first-look-fans-design-salman-khan-s-jai-ho-poster/article1-1159688.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2013 |title=First look: Fans design Salman Khan's Jai Ho poster |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 December 2013 |access-date=11 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-07/news-interviews/44865178_1_daisy-shah-first-poster-salman-khan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208161713/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-07/news-interviews/44865178_1_daisy-shah-first-poster-salman-khan |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2013 |title=Salman Khan paints first poster of 'Jai Ho' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 December 2013 |access-date=11 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Post by Salman Khan. |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-salman-khan-launches-new-digital-poster-of-jai-ho-1932045 |title=Salman Khan launches new digital poster of 'Jai Ho' |work=DNA |access-date=11 December 2013 |archive-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210215721/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-salman-khan-launches-new-digital-poster-of-jai-ho-1932045 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khans-jai-ho-poster-219853-2013-12-05 |title=Salman Khan asks fans to make Jai Ho poster, creates buzz on Twitter |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=11 December 2013 |date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=9 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209141601/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/salman-khans-jai-ho-poster/1/328097.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The makers unveiled the film's [[Teaser campaign|official teaser]] on 13 December 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/salman-khans-jai-ho-teaser-the-aam-aadmi-party-effect-655873.html |title=Salman Khan's 'Jai Ho' teaser: The Aam Aadmi Party effect? |website=News18 |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711154812/https://www.news18.com/news/india/salman-khans-jai-ho-teaser-the-aam-aadmi-party-effect-655873.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Trailer (promotion)|official trailer]] of the film was released on 3 January 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/watch-trailer-salman-khans-actionpacked-avatar-in-jai-ho/1206992/ |title=Watch trailer: Salman Khan's action-packed avatar in 'Jai Ho' – Indian Express |website=archive.indianexpress.com |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=16 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216195317/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/watch-trailer-salman-khans-actionpacked-avatar-in-jai-ho/1206992 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jai Ho
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sajid–Wajid]], [[Amaal Mallik]] and [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 December 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 35:45
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]]
| chronology = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| prev_title = [[Bullett Raja]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Main Tera Hero]]
| next_year = 2014
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]
| prev_year = 2014
| title = Jai Ho
| year = 2014
| next_title = [[Bramman]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Amaal Mallik]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| title = Jai Ho
| year = 2014
| next_title = [[Khoobsurat (2014 film)|Khoobsurat]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
}}
[[Sajid–Wajid]], [[Amaal Mallik]] and [[Devi Sri Prasad]] composed the nine-song soundtrack album for ''Jai Ho'', in which Malik had contributed three tracks and Prasad had contributed one track, while the former composed 5 tracks. Sajid, Irfan Kamal, Danish Sabri, [[Sameer Anjaan]], Kausar Munir, [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], [[Armaan Malik]], and Devi Sri Prasad wrote the lyrics for all the songs in the album. The full soundtrack album was released on 24 December 2013.<ref name="iTunes">{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/jai-ho-original-motion-picture/id786433087 |title=Jai Ho (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=3 January 2014 |work=Sajid – Wajid, Amal Mallik & Devi Sri Prasad |publisher=[[iTunes]] |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-date=10 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210184602/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/jai-ho-original-motion-picture/id786433087 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Track listing
| headline = Jai Ho
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:45
| title1 = Baaki Sab First Class Hai
| music1 = Sajid–Wajid
| lyrics1 = [[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid]], Irfan Kamal, Danish Sabri
| length1 = 4:04
| extra1 = [[Sajid–Wajid|Wajid]]
| title2 = Tere Naina Maar Hi Daalenge
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| music2 = Sajid–Wajid
| lyrics2 = [[Sameer Anjaan]]
| length2 = 5:00
| title3 = Photocopy
| extra3 = [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Keerthi Sagathia]], [[Palak Muchhal]]
| music3 = Sajid–Wajid
| lyrics3 = Kausar Munir
| length3 = 4:36
| title4 = Tumko To Aana Hi Tha
| extra4 = [[Armaan Malik]], Marianne D'Cruz, Altamash Faridi
| music4 = [[Amaal Mallik]]
| lyrics4 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| length4 = 4:13
| title5 = Love You Till The End
| extra5 = Armaan Malik
| music5 = Amaal Mallik
| lyrics5 = Armaan Malik
| length5 = 3:56
| title6 = Naacho Re
| extra6 = [[Ujjayinee Roy]]
| music6 = Devi Sri Prasad
| lyrics6 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length6 = 2:27
| title7 = Jai Ho
| extra7 = Wajid, Armaan Malik
| music7 = Amaal Mallik
| lyrics7 = Shabbir Ahmed
| length7 = 3:20
| title8 = Photocopy
| extra8 = Himesh Reshammiya, Keerthi Sagathia, Palak Muchhal
| music8 = Sajid–Wajid
| lyrics8 = Kausar Munir
| length8 = 3:53
| title9 = Baaki Sab First Class Hai
| note9 = Remix
| extra9 = Wajid
| music9 = Sajid–Wajid
| lyrics9 = Sajid, Irfan Kamal, Danish Sabri
| length9 = 2:47
| all_writing =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| note8 = Remix
| note5 = House Mix
| note7 = Title Track
}}

== Reception ==
===Critical response===

''India Today'' gave ''Jai Ho'' a 3 out of 5 and commented that it was a rip off of ''Ek Tha Tiger'' with mindless action.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jai-ho-review-salman-khan/1/339550.html |title=Mega Review: Jai Ho |work=India Today |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-date=28 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128012809/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jai-ho-review-salman-khan/1/339550.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] gave the movie a 2.5 out of 5, stating, ''Jai Ho'' was more of a cartoon than a film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Movie review by Anupama Chopra: is Jai Ho even a film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-by-anupama-chopra-is-jai-ho-even-a-film/story-q2WmY1115tBFWGkMr2hdYO.html |access-date=24 February 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108113645/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-by-anupama-chopra-is-jai-ho-even-a-film/story-q2WmY1115tBFWGkMr2hdYO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Raja Sen of [[Rediff]] gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and said, Khan, Bollywood's real-life answer to Derek Zoolander, does his thing like only he can. And the crowd responds. Sitting in a single-screen theatre, the air was filled with shrill, thrilled whistles as soon as the censor certificate hit the screen. The first glimpse of Khan – via braceleted wrist – had the crowd in paroxysms."<ref>{{cite web |title=Raja Sen reviews Salman Khan's Jai Ho |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/raja-sen-reviews-salman-khans-jai-ho/20140124.htm#:~:text=Salman%20Khan%20does%20his%20thing,And%20the%20crowd%20responds.&text=(In%20the%20film%2C%20this%20leads,him%20multiply%20numbers%20by%20three. |first=Raja |last=Sen |publisher=Rediff |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918081322/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/raja-sen-reviews-salman-khans-jai-ho/20140124.htm#:~:text=Salman%20Khan%20does%20his%20thing,And%20the%20crowd%20responds.&text=(In%20the%20film%2C%20this%20leads,him%20multiply%20numbers%20by%20three. |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5, commenting "To be honest, very little stays with you when you leave the cinema, aside from the unpleasant aftertaste that comes from being shamelessly manipulated."<ref>{{cite news|title='Jai Ho' review: The film is of a man who lets his fists do the talking|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/india/masand-review-masands-verdict-118-664062.html|date=24 January 2014|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=16 August 2021|author=Rajeev Masand|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816072440/https://www.news18.com/videos/india/masand-review-masands-verdict-118-664062.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] gave it 4.5 stars out of 5 and called it a "noble, well-intentioned message narrated in an entertaining format".<ref>{{cite web |title=Jai Ho Review by Taran Adarsh |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/587748 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015013202/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/587748 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Jai Ho'' was released on around 3900 screens in India and 650 screens in overseas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/gundaychallengingfortopopeningof2014#.Uv5ccmKSyAo |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Box Office India |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302033007/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/gundaychallengingfortopopeningof2014#.Uv5ccmKSyAo |url-status=live }}</ref> The domestic and overseas theatrical rights were sold for ₹1.1&nbsp;billion ($16&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ishare.rediff.com/video/entertainment/salman-khan-s-jai-ho-rights-sold-for-110-crore-highest-ever/9079789 |title=Salman Khan s Jai Ho Rights Sold For 110 Crore Highest Ever |website=[[Rediff.com]] |date=19 January 2014 |access-date=21 January 2014 |archive-date=24 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124173539/http://ishare.rediff.com/video/entertainment/salman-khan-s-jai-ho-rights-sold-for-110-crore-highest-ever/9079789 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Jai Ho'' spent around ₹40 crore ($5.9&nbsp;million) on the production of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/holidayinasimilarboattojaiho#.U5lOAJRw8t4 |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=7 August 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714211145/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/holidayinasimilarboattojaiho#.U5lOAJRw8t4 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film cost around ₹650&nbsp;million ($9.6&nbsp;million) total with the cost of marketing and prints added, but this number still does not include Khan's remuneration.<ref name="Jaiho650&nbsp;million">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/isaamirkhantherealsuperstarnowasheistheonlyonetotakeabigopeningwithoutbackingofaholidaywithdhoom3#.UuniCj2SyAo |title=Is Aamir Khan The Real Superstar Now As He Is The Only One To Take A Big Opening Without Backing of a Holiday With Dhoom 3? |work=[[Box Office India]] |date=30 January 2014 |access-date=30 January 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201215417/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/isaamirkhantherealsuperstarnowasheistheonlyonetotakeabigopeningwithoutbackingofaholidaywithdhoom3#.VviNhBFREy9 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihoblockbusterpricesbutsemihithitbusinss#.UuqIcj2SyAo |title=Jai Ho – Blockbuster Prices But Semi Hit – Hit Business |publisher=Box Office India |date=30 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220055/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihoblockbusterpricesbutsemihithitbusinss#.VviM1RFREy9 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The satellite rights were sold for {{INR}}50 crore ($7.4 million), and music rights were also sold for {{INR}}12 crore ($1.8&nbsp;million).

''Jai Ho'' suffered losses from piracy. A Dubai-based user uploaded a pirated version of the film to YouTube on 28 January 2014. The video had 108,151 views by the time it was removed on 1 February 2014. Another version of the film was uploaded on 2 February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jai-ho-piracy-salman-khan-starrer-leaked-online/article1-1179430.aspx |title=Jai Ho online leak: business worth Rs 10–12 crore hit? |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203024556/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jai-ho-piracy-salman-khan-starrer-leaked-online/article1-1179430.aspx |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |author1=Akshay Kapoor |author2=Sahil Magoo |url-status=dead}}</ref> DNA Films reported that Khan had requested that ticket prices be kept at the minimum so that people could afford to see the movie because of its message.<ref name="www.dnaindia.com">{{cite web |title=Salman Khan's selfless act |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-salman-khan-s-selfless-act-1965276 |access-date=27 February 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302142517/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-salman-khan-s-selfless-act-1965276 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====India====
The website Boxofficeindia.com said that ''Jai Ho'' opened well at single screens like [[Jodhpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Indore]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Central India|CI]], with an occupancy of 80–100%, 25–30% better than [[Dhoom 3#Box office|Dhoom 3]] and [[Chennai Express#Box office|Chennai Express]], and moderately well (50%) at multiplexes of [[Delhi]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihoadvancesinglescreensphenomenaloverallgood |title=Jai Ho Advance: Single Screens Phenomenal Overall Good |publisher=[[Box office India]] |work=Box Office India Trade Network |date=23 January 2014 |access-date=27 January 2014 |archive-date=26 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126131510/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihoadvancesinglescreensphenomenaloverallgood |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihohasgoodopeningbutnotbumper |title=Jai Ho Has Good Opening But Not Bumper |publisher=[[Box office India]] |work=Box Office India Trade Network |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=27 January 2014 |archive-date=27 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127020250/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihohasgoodopeningbutnotbumper |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihobelowexpectationsatmultiplexes |title=Jai Ho Below Expectations at Multiplexes |publisher=[[Box office India]] |work=Box Office India Trade Network |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=27 January 2014 |archive-date=27 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127020221/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihobelowexpectationsatmultiplexes |url-status=live }}</ref> It had an opening-day collection of around {{INRConvert|188|m}} nett.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihofirstdayterritorialbreakdown#.UuOSmhC6bIU |title=Jai Ho First Day Territorial Breakdown |publisher=[[Box office India]] |work=Box Office India Trade Network |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=27 January 2014 |archive-date=28 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128212542/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihofirstdayterritorialbreakdown#.UuOSmhC6bIU |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail_post#.UuyS6z2SyAp |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201221324/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail_post#.UuyS6z2SyAp |url-status=live }}</ref> The second day collections were about {{INRConvert|165|m}}, taking the total to {{INRConvert|335|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihoseconddaybusiness#.UuShAtK6bs0 |title=Jai Ho Second Day Business |publisher=[[Box office India]] |work=Box Office India Trade Network |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=27 January 2014 |archive-date=29 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129071113/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihoseconddaybusiness#.UuShAtK6bs0 |url-status=live }}</ref> On Sunday, the film collected {{INRConvert|263|m}} to take its weekend total to {{INRConvert|607|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihodoesverywellonsunday#.UuYqiNK6bs0 |title=Jai Ho Does Very Well on Sunday |publisher=[[Box office India]] |work=Box Office India Trade Network |date=27 January 2014 |access-date=27 January 2014 |archive-date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131163210/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihodoesverywellonsunday#.UuYqiNK6bs0 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Jai Ho'' had a noticeable drop on Tuesday as it grossed around {{INR}}7.75 [[crore]] nett taking the five-day total to a little over {{INR}}74 crore nett.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihotuesdaybusiness#.UuqKCT2SyAo |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=29 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302034304/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihotuesdaybusiness#.UuqKCT2SyAo |url-status=live }}</ref> Jai Ho emerged as the fifth highest weekend of all time in terms of worldwide gross by managing to gross {{INR}}200 crore worldwide in three days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/topalltimeworldwideweekendsjaiho5thdhoom3first#.UuiVRtK6bIU |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201214532/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/topalltimeworldwideweekendsjaiho5thdhoom3first#.UuiVRtK6bIU |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jai Ho dropped further on first Wednesday with collections around {{INR}}5.25–5.50 crore nett to take 6-day total to {{INRConvert|795|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihodropsfurtheronwednesday#.UuqIeD2SyAo |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=30 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302033451/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihodropsfurtheronwednesday#.UuqIeD2SyAo |url-status=live }}</ref> Jai Ho had the ninth highest first week of all time as it grossed {{INRConvert|817|m}} nett in its first week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihofirstweekterritorialbreakdown#.Uu9A3z2SyAo |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=3 February 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221025409/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihofirstweekterritorialbreakdown#.Uu9A3z2SyAo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihohasninthhighestfirstweekofalltime#.UutMmD2SyAo |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=31 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302033517/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihohasninthhighestfirstweekofalltime#.UutMmD2SyAo |url-status=live }}</ref> The film nett. grossed {{INR}}3 crore nett on its second Friday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihosecondfridaybusiness#.UuySOz2SyAo |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=1 February 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302033532/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihosecondfridaybusiness#.UuySOz2SyAo |url-status=live }}</ref> The film has collected {{INR}}90 crores nett in 9 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihohasdecenthumponsecondsaturday#.Uu4refmSzVE |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=2 February 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219081948/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihohasdecenthumponsecondsaturday#.Uu4refmSzVE |url-status=live }}</ref> Jai Ho collected {{INR}}13.50 crore nett in its second weekend taking its domestic total {{INR}}95 crore nett in 10 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihogrosses95croreplusintendays#.Uu9AID2SyAo |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=3 February 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221032014/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihogrosses95croreplusintendays#.Uu9AID2SyAo |url-status=live }}</ref> Jai Hai has been made tax-free in Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Jai-Ho-exempted-from-entertainment-tax-in-UP/articleshow/29737868.cms |title='Jai Ho' exempted from entertainment tax in UP – The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2 February 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302100305/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Jai-Ho-exempted-from-entertainment-tax-in-UP/articleshow/29737868.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/After-UP-Gujarat-may-give-tax-sop-to-Salman-Khans-Jai-Ho/articleshow/29788124.cms |title=After UP, Gujarat may give tax sop to Salman Khan's 'Jai Ho' – The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=3 February 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303231327/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/After-UP-Gujarat-may-give-tax-sop-to-Salman-Khans-Jai-Ho/articleshow/29788124.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/jai-ho-to-go-tax-free-in-gujarat-too/ |title=Jai Ho To Go Tax-Free in Gujarat Too |publisher=Koimoi.com |date=3 February 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301155133/http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/jai-ho-to-go-tax-free-in-gujarat-too/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihohelpedbytaxexemptioninup#.UvHUHGKSyAo |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=5 February 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223104008/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihohelpedbytaxexemptioninup#.UvHUHGKSyAo |url-status=live }}</ref> Jai Ho two-week business was around {{INR}}101.50 crore nett as it crossed around {{INR}}21.29 crore nett in its second week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/topsecondweekcollections20132014jaiho7th#.UvnagWKSyAo |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223113041/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/topsecondweekcollections20132014jaiho7th#.UvnagWKSyAo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihogrosses10150croreintwoweeks#.UvR5A2KSyAo |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=7 February 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223105143/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihogrosses10150croreintwoweeks#.UvR5A2KSyAo |url-status=live }}</ref> Jai ho on its third Friday had collections set to be around {{INR}}50 lakhs nett, with tax exemption in Gujarat also.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihothirdfridaycollections#.UvYn_2KSyAo |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=8 February 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110818/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihothirdfridaycollections#.UvYn_2KSyAo |url-status=live }}</ref> Jai Ho grossed around {{INR}}2.25–2.50 crore nett in its third weekend taking the business to {{INR}}105.50 crore nett after seventeen days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihoat105crorenettplusafterseventeendays#.Uvh7DGKSyAo |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=10 February 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223112928/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihoat105crorenettplusafterseventeendays#.Uvh7DGKSyAo |url-status=live }}</ref> The two-week distributor share of film is {{INR}}56 crore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihosecondweekdetails56croreshareintwoweeks#.Uvh7GGKSyAo |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302033537/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihosecondweekdetails56croreshareintwoweeks#.Uvh7GGKSyAo |url-status=live }}</ref> Jai Ho took its total to {{INR}}107 crore nett in after three weeks as it added around {{INR}}4 crore nett in third week.<ref name="semihitjaiho">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/gundayverygoodinitialhaseetohphaseedecentfirstweek#.Uv971WKSyAo |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=15 February 2014 |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302034142/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/gundayverygoodinitialhaseetohphaseedecentfirstweek#.Uv971WKSyAo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihogrosses120croreafterthreeweeks |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729195559/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihogrosses120croreafterthreeweeks |url-status=live }}</ref> Bollywoodhungama declared the total net gross of ''Jai Ho'' {{INR}}116 crore, and ranked it the seventh highest-grossing movie of 2014 and Salman Khan's seventh 100 crore movie in a row, an all-time record in the history of Indian cinema.<ref name="Bollywood’s 100 Crore Club ">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808035729/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/200 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2013 |title=Bollywood Boxoffice |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 April 2013 |access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref>

====Overseas====
The website, Bollywoodhungama.com estimated ''Jai Ho'' grossed $3.55&nbsp;million overseas in its first weekend. Box Office India estimated it grossed slightly less at $3.45&nbsp;million and called it "decent business".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihodecentoverseasgoodingulf#.UufBt9K6bIU |title=Jai Ho Decent Overseas – Good in Gulf |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201214220/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/jaihodecentoverseasgoodingulf#.UufBt9K6bIU |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/509 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130062548/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/509 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2014 |title='Jai Ho' witnesses day-wise growth, collects $3.55&nbsp;million – Rs 22.38 crBox Office Overseas Report |access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref> The final overseas gross for Jai Ho was $6&nbsp;million making it one of the highest overseas grossing Bollywood films of 2014.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Box Office India |title=2 States Hits $5 Million Overseas |access-date=10 June 2014 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/2stateshits5millionoverseas#.U2qiL4Fw8t4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511004255/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/2stateshits5millionoverseas#.VviDRxFREy9 |archive-date=11 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/overseasjaiholifetimelessthandhoom3andchennaiexpressweekend#.UvKPF2KSyAo |access-date=10 June 2014 |title=OVERSEAS – Jai Ho Lifetime Less Than Dhoom 3 And Chennai Express Weekend |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331023257/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/overseasjaiholifetimelessthandhoom3andchennaiexpressweekend#.UvKPF2KSyAo |archive-date=31 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/510 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207083509/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/510 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 February 2014 |title='Jai Ho' declines, total so far $5.4 millionBox Office Overseas Report |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bollywood films of 2014]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://www.jaihoonline.com}}
*{{IMDb title|1188982}}
*{{Mojo title|jaiho}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|jai_ho}}

[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2014 action drama films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sajid–Wajid]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Films about veterans]]

Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit

2026-03-06T14:12:44Z

Aman064: improved article

{{Short description|Sanskrit university in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit
| native_name = ശ്രീ ശങ്കരാചാര്യ സംസ്കൃത സർവകലാശാല
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = ज्ञानादेव तु कैवल्यम् ([[Sanskrit]])
| mottoeng = Liberation through knowledge
| established = {{start date and age|1993}}
| closed =
| type = [[Public University|Public]]
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Kerala]]
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = Dr. M. V. Narayanan
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label = [[Pro Chancellor]]
| head = [[R. Bindu]] {{Small|Minister for Higher Education, [[Government of Kerala]]|}}
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Kalady]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus =
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| athletics =
| colours =
| sports =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| website = [http://ssus.ac.in/ ssus.ac.in]
| logo =
| footnotes =
| native_name_lang = ml
| image_name = SSUS Logo.png
| faculty =
| staff =
| coor = {{coord|10|10|13|N|76|26|19|E|display=inline,title}}
| affiliations = UGC, NAAC, AIU.
}}
The '''Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit (SSUS)''' is a [[Sanskrit]] university in India established in 1993 in [[Kalady]], [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. It was established when [[Indian Union Muslim League]] leader Sri. [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer|E.T. Muhammed Basheer]] was the Education Minister of Kerala. The foundation stone for the university was laid by [[Bharathi Tirtha |Bharathi Tirtha Mahaswamiji]] of the [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Sivaramakrishna |title=Vice Chancellor of Sree Sankaracharya University of Kalady has Darshan |url=https://sringeri.net/2013/11/10/news/vice-chancellor-of-sree-sankaracharya-university-of-kalady-has-darshan.htm |website=Sri Sringeri Sharada Peetham |date=10 November 2013}}</ref> SSUS provides education in Sanskrit, other Indian and foreign languages, [[Social science|Social Sciences]] and Fine Arts. It is accredited A+ by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalady Sanskrit university gets NAAC A+ grade |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/education/news/news-updates/kerala-higher-education-institution-1.5959791 |website=English Archives |language=en |date=31 August 2021}}</ref> The university has eight regional campuses across Kerala.

==Campus==
The university functions through seven campuses, the main one at Kalady (main campus) and regional campuses at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Panmana]], [[Ettumanoor]], [[Tirur]], [[Koyilandy]] and [[Payyannur]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ssus.ac.in/ssus-home-mobile/ssus-regional-centers-mobile |title=Regional Campuses of the University |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209054207/https://ssus.ac.in/ssus-home-mobile/ssus-regional-centers-mobile |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of Institutions having M.A. Hindi |url=http://e-grantz.kerala.gov.in/ViewInstitution.aspx?courseid=124&coursename=M.A.%20Hindi |website=e-grantz.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> Most of these campuses are located in rural areas of the State, intending to serve people from disadvantaged backgrounds. More than ninety percent of the students and research scholars in the university are from economically and socially backward communities and families and more than seventy percent are women.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ssus.ac.in/university/about-us |title=The University{{!}}History of the University |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606175345/https://ssus.ac.in/university/about-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Panorama
|image = File:Sanskrit university building kalady.jpg
|height = 210
|alt = A panoramic view of Kalady Main Campus
|caption = A panoramic view of Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady with Traditional Kerala-style architecture
}}

==Organisation and administration==
===Departments===
The university consists of the following departments.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ssus.ac.in/academics-mobile/departments-mobile |title=Departments at the university |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322054908/https://ssus.ac.in/academics-mobile/departments-mobile |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* Sanskrit Vedanta
* Sanskrit Sahitya
* Sanskrit Vyakarna
* Sanskrit Nyaya
* Sanskrit General
* English
* Geography
* Hindi
* History
* Malayalam
* Music
* Painting
* Philosophy
* Political Science
* Psychology
* Arabic
* Ayurveda
* Economics
* Dance
* Education
* School of Vedic Studies
* [[Social work|Social Work]]
* [[Sociology]]
* Theatre
* [[Urdu]]
* Vastuvidya
}}

===Former Vice-Chancellors===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! SL. No. !! Name !! Took office !! Left office
|-
| 1|| [[R. Ramachandran Nair]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sree Sankaracharya University Of Sanskrit v. State, Kerala High Court, Judgment, Law, casemine.com |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56e66b08607dba6b53437492 |website=www.casemine.com |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About : Thulaseevanam |url=https://thulaseevanam.org/about/ |website=thulaseevanam.org |access-date=10 November 2023}}</ref> || 1994 || 1996
|-
| 2|| N. P. Unni<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. N.P. Unni to receive Amrita Keerti |url=https://www.amritapuri.org/10495/np-unni.aum |website=Amma, Mata Amritanandamayi Devi |date=23 September 2010}}</ref> || 1996 || 2000
|-
| 3|| K. N. Panikkar || 2000 || 2004
|-
| 4|| [[K. S. Radhakrishnan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=K S Radhakrishnan is new PSC chairman |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/k-s-radhakrishnan-is-new-psc-chairman-385766.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=News18 |date=21 July 2011 |language=en}}</ref> || 2004 || 2008
|-
| 5 || J. Prasad<ref>{{cite news |title=J Prasad is sanskrit varsity VC |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2008/dec/10/j-prasad-is-sanskrit-varsity-vc-9400.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> || 2008 || Unknown
|-
| 6 || Dharmarajan P. K.<ref>{{cite news |title=New VC for Sanskrit University |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/dec/01/new-vc-for-sanskrit-university-1715318.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> || 2017 || 2021
|-
| 7 || M. K. Jayaraj (acting)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Correspondent |first1=Special |title=Teachers exhort Governor to expedite appointment of Sanskrit University Vice Chancellor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/teachers-exhort-governor-to-expedite-appointment-of-sanskrit-university-vice-chancellor/article38151519.ece |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=6 January 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> || 2021 || 2022
|-
| 8 || M. V. Narayanan<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the 9 V-Cs of Kerala universities who were asked to resign by Governor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/meet-the-9-vcs-of-universities-in-kerala-who-were-asked-to-resign-by-governor-8229411/ |access-date=10 November 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=25 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || 2022 || 2023

|9|| Geetha kumari K 2023-Present
|}

==Academics==
===Academic programmes===
The university has twenty six [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] programmes, twenty [[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]] programmes, twenty four [[Postgraduate education|PG]] programmes, ten [[Bachelor's degree#India|UG]] programmes, two [[Postgraduate diploma#India|PgD]] programmes, one [[Diploma#India|Diploma]] programme and nine certificate programmes offered by the twenty-four academic departments. The Choice Based Credit and Semester System (CBCSS) was introduced in 2005 in SSUS.<ref>{{cite web |title=University at a Glance |url=https://ssus.ac.in/index.php/component/sppagebuilder/306-university-at-a-glance |website=ssus.ac.in |language=en-gb}}</ref> In 2018, the university implemented the system of ''Outcome Based Teaching, Learning and Evaluation (OBTLE)'' at the Post graduate level, becoming the first university in Kerala to introduce OBTLE. In 2021, the university becomes a part of KALNET, a shared platform for academic resources of libraries, developed by Kerala State Higher Education Council.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2021 |title=KALNET becomes operational |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalnet-becomes-operational/article33889752.ece |url-status=live |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 February 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302160238/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalnet-becomes-operational/article33889752.ece }}</ref> The university's postgraduate programme in [[Museology]] will be launched in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=Sanskrit varsity to launch course in museology |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/sanskrit-varsity-to-launch-course-in-museology/article33688923.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 February 2021 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211170313/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/sanskrit-varsity-to-launch-course-in-museology/article33688923.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Accreditation===
The [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] has recognized the university with 2(f) status in 1994 and 12(B) status in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consolidated List of Colleges under section 2(f)/12(B) as on 31-01-2021 |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/list-of-colleges-as-on-31-01-2021.pdf |website=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] |access-date=26 February 2021 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223084508/https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/list-of-colleges-as-on-31-01-2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On 31 August 2021, the university was accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] with A+ grade, the first University in Kerala and the first Sanskrit University in the country to earn the achievement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalady university first in Kerala to get NAAC A+ accreditation|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/sep/02/kalady-university-first-in-kerala-to-get-naac-a-accreditation-2352960.html|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905075506/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/sep/02/kalady-university-first-in-kerala-to-get-naac-a-accreditation-2352960.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2014, the university was accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] with A grade, the first University in Kerala to receive the grade in the first cycle of accreditation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2014 |title=Sankara University gets A grade certification from NAAC |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/sankara-university-a-grade-certification-naac-42514.html |url-status=live |website=[[India TV]] |access-date=26 February 2021 |archive-date=12 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812093317/http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/sankara-university-a-grade-certification-naac-42514.html }}</ref>

==Notable people==
===Alumni===
* [[Surabhi Lakshmi]], Malayalam movie actress<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=P. K. Ajith |title=Surabhi Lakshmi's 'Kaumaaram' gains acclaim |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/surabhi-lakshmi-on-her-debut-direction/article28853621.ece |publisher=thehindu.com, archived version |date=7 Aug 2017 |access-date=20 September 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921100032/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/surabhi-lakshmi-on-her-debut-direction/article28853621.ece |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
* [[Dileesh Pothan]], film director, actor and producer in Malayalam cinema<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumni Association Notable Alumni List |url=https://ssus.ac.in/student-zone/alumni |website=ssus.ac.in |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dileesh Pothan Actor Wiki, Age, Bio, Movies, Wife, Height, Photos |url=https://indiantalents.in/dileesh-pothan-actor-wiki-age-bio-movies-wife-height-photos/ |website=Indian Talents |date=13 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Grace Antony]], film actress<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |title=Grace Antony's got some mean dance moves! Check out her dance cover |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/grace-antonys-got-some-mean-dance-moves-check-out-her-dance-cover/articleshow/78300426.cms |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=25 Sep 2020 |access-date=20 September 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920214826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/grace-antonys-got-some-mean-dance-moves-check-out-her-dance-cover/articleshow/78300426.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[V. P. Sanu]], politician<ref>{{cite news |title=Students Federation of India wins majority of college unions in Ernakulam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/aug/22/students-federation-of-india-wins-majority-of-college-unions-in-ernakulam-2022371.html |publisher=newindianexpress.com |date=22 Aug 2019 |access-date=20 September 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727041508/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/aug/22/students-federation-of-india-wins-majority-of-college-unions-in-ernakulam-2022371.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Renu Soundar]], Malayalam film and television actress
* [[Hima Shankar]], film and theatre artist
* [[Sneha Sreekumar]], actress and dancer<ref>{{cite news |last1=M. |first1=Athira |title=What the grapevine says |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/what-the-grapevine-says/article6217119.ece |publisher=thehindu.com |date=17 Jul 2014 |access-date=20 September 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920214105/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/what-the-grapevine-says/article6217119.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Vijilesh Karayad]], Malayalam film actor<ref name="The Hindu Karayad">{{cite news |title='As Jithin, I'm easy to hate': Vijilesh Karayad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijilesh-karayad-on-playing-a-villain-in-varathan/article25190611.ece |work=The Hindu |date=11 October 2018 |access-date=20 September 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920214410/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijilesh-karayad-on-playing-a-villain-in-varathan/article25190611.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[M. Vijin]], politician, MLA of Kalliasseri<ref>{{cite news |last1=C. P. |first1=Sajit |title=31-year-old is the youngest in CPI(M) list in Kannur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/31-year-old-is-the-youngest-on-cpim-list-in-kannur/article34039178.ece |publisher=thehindu.com |date=10 Mar 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724215208/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/31-year-old-is-the-youngest-on-cpim-list-in-kannur/article34039178.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Faculty===
*[[Sunil P. Ilayidom]], associate professor at Malayalam department
*[[G. Gangadharan Nair]], former professor

==Campus==
<gallery mode="packed-hover" caption="Kalady Campus">
File:Academic block No1 Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit.jpg|Academic Block
File:Sculptures at Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit entrance.jpg|Sculptures
File:Wood Art at Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit Kalady 01.jpg|Wood Art
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Adi Shankara]]
*[[List of Sanskrit universities in India]]
*[[Sanskrit revival]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit}}
* [http://ssus.ac.in/ Official website of the university]
* [http://library.ssus.ac.in/ University Library]
* [http://opac.ssus.ac.in/ Online Public Access Catalogue]

{{Sanskrit Universities in India}}
{{Universities in Kerala}}
{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sree Sankaracharya University Of Sanskrit}}
[[Category:Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit| ]]
[[Category:Sanskrit universities in India]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1993]]
[[Category:Universities in Kochi]]

Narayan Govind Chapekar

2026-03-05T18:57:39Z

Aman064:

{{Short description|Indian writer (1869–1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox office holder

| name = Narayan Govind Chapekar
| image = Narayan Govind Chapekar.jpg
| birth_date = 1869
| death_date = 1968
| honorific_prefix = [[Diwan Bahadur]]
| nationality = British Indian {{small|(1869-1947)}} Indian {{small|(1947-1968)}}
| occupation = Writer, judge, critic
| alma_mater = [[University of Bombay]] (B.A.) (LL.B)
| office = [[Marathi Sahitya Sammelan|President of Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]]
| term = 1934 - 1935
}}
'''Narayan Govind Chapekar''' (1869–1968) was a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] writer from [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. The British had honoured him with the title of Diwan Bahadur which was customarily given to a judge who had the rank of First Class Sub Judge. Chapekar presided over Marathi Sahitya Sammelan held in Baroda in 1934.

== Early life ==
After having attained his BA & LL.B degrees from University Of Bombay he practised law for some time and then joined judiciary and eventually retired as First Class sub-judge. He then joined the judiciary in the Indian state of Aundh near Satara in now Maharashtra State as chief justice. It has been said that he vastly improved the judicial system there and brought it at par with the judicial system in British India.

The British had honoured him with the title of Diwan Bahadur which was customarily given to a judge who had the rank of First Class Sub Judge.

His literary works include the following:
* ''Peshwaichya Sawalit'' (पेशवाईच्या सावलीत) (1937)
* "Chiplonkar Yanche Jamakharch" (चिपळूणकर यांचे जमाखर्च)
* ''Chitpawan'' (चित्पावन)
* He also published his autobiography

Chapekar presided over [[Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]] held in [[Baroda]] in 1934.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chapekar, Narayan Govind}}
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers|Chapekar, Narayan Govind]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Shankar Dada

2026-03-03T23:36:44Z

Aman064: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shankar Dada
| image = Shankar Dada 1976.JPG
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Shibu Mitra]]
| producer = S. K. Kapur
| writer = Ram Kelkar (screenplay), Ehsan Rizvi (dialogue)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Neetu Singh]] [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
| music = Sonik Omi
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1976|07|22|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Shankar Dada''''' is a 1976 [[Bollywood]] film directed by [[Shibu Mitra]]. It stars [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] in pivotal roles and music was composed by Sonik Omi.

==Cast==
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Police Superintendent
*[[Shashi Kapoor]] as Inspector Ram Singh / Shankar Singh "Shankar Dada" (Double Role)
*[[Neetu Singh]] as Roopa Verma
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Bindiya
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Inspector Amar Singh
*[[Anjali Kadam]] as Mrs. Shanta Singh
*[[Mohan Choti]] as Porter
*[[Roopesh Kumar]] as Moti
*[[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Babu Dada "Babubhai"
*[[Rajan Haksar]] as Lakhan Singh

==Songs==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Ameeron Watan Se"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Ek Main, Ek Tu, I Love You, I Love You"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Tune Jalwe Nahin Dekhe, Jalaal Nahin Dekha"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Manna Dey]]
|-
| "Hay Hay, Mar Jawan"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Jooti Lungi Sitaronwali"
| [[Ranu Mukherjee]]
|-
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0243550|title=Shankar Dada}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sonik-Omi]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shibu Mitra]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Njan Prakashan

2026-03-03T20:33:00Z

Aman064: cleaned up structure after review and updated info

{{Short description|2018 film directed by Sathyan Anthikad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Njan Prakashan
| image = Njan Prakashan poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
| producer = Sethu Mannarkad
| writer = [[Sreenivasan]]
| starring = [[Fahadh Faasil]] [[Anju Kurian]] [[Sreenivasan]] [[Nikhila Vimal]] [[Devika Sanjay]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[S. Kumar (cinematographer)|S. Kumar]]
| editing = [[K. Rajagopal (film editor)|K. Rajagopal]]
| studio = Full Moon Cinema
| distributor = [[Kalasangham Films]] Evergreen Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|12|21}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}52 [[crore]]<ref name=bo/>
}}
'''''Njan Prakashan''''' (''{{Translation|I am Prakashan}}'') is a 2018 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[satirical film|satirical]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Sathyan Anthikad]] and written by [[Sreenivasan]]. It stars [[Fahadh Faasil]] in the title role.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Njan Prakashan' film review: Sathyan Anthikad and Sreenivasan recreate the old magic|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/dec/23/njan-prakashan-review-sathyan-anthikad-and-sreenivasan-recreate-that-old-magic-1915504.html|access-date=2021-07-03|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 December 2018 }}</ref> Sethu Mannarkkad produced the film under the banner of Full Moon Cinema.<ref name="moviebuff">{{cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/njan-prakashan|website=moviebuff.com|title=Njan Prakashan on Moviebuff.com|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/jul/18/fahadh-is-a-blessed-actor-sathyan-anthikad-1844706.html|title=Fahadh is a blessed actor: Sathyan Anthikad|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 July 2018 |access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref>

The film was released on 21 December 2018 to positive reviews. At the box office, it grossed ₹52 crore worldwide in 40 days into release, becoming one of the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films]] of all time.

==Plot==
The story of a man named Prakashan who yearns to go to foreign countries, particularly Germany. He finds that his name is a bit old-fashioned so changes his name to P. R. Akash just to sound more modern. Though qualified as a nurse, he vehemently opposes the idea of entering the nursing profession because of its lower pay and thankless nature. He shows a sexist view toward this career, believing that it is suited to women rather than men. He actively tries to go abroad by marrying a foreign citizen and thus acquiring a [[family visa]], followed by dumping her and living his life.

As a foundation for his plan, he tries his hand at rekindling an old flame with his ex-girlfriend Salomi despite the fact that she is a [[Nursing|nurse]]. Salomi is on the verge of migrating to Germany for significantly higher wages. He digresses from his original plan to start fresh, and tries to re-ignite his unfulfilled love with Salomi, learns German and foresees Germany as his final destination.

He confides in his local guardian Gopalji, a former student of his father, that the affection showered on Salomi was a lie so that he could obtain a visa in conjunction with the existing emigration rules. However, when Prakashan visits them later, he discovers that they still require a significant amount of money for the visa. Though they were planning to mortgage their house, they need the signature of Salomi's aunt, who is practicing in Italy as a nun and will not return to Kerala. Consequently, he sells his motorbike and persuades Gopalji to steal a necklace from his wife, which gets Gopalji into trouble with the police. Ironically, Salomi cheats Prakashan along with her family and manages to use him for money to get to Germany. There, she marries a German citizen to remain in the country. Realizing that she exploited him and his family, Prakashan leaves his visa acquiring scam then and there and stays in Kerala.

He then works doing manual labor for Gopalji to repay his debt for the [[necklace]], and later resorts to a related profession of a home nurse. He takes up the job with Tina Mol, the feisty daughter of a rich mother, who loves [[junk food]]. Though initially she sets her dog loose on him after he refused to let her friend Shruthi deliver a burger, they develop a remarkably close relationship. Prakashan also develops a romantic interest for Shruti. During a discussion where Tina expresses her desire to meet her father before dying, Prakashan tells her that she has her whole life ahead of her to do so. She then reveals to him that she is terminally ill with a malignant brain cyst, at which point she starts bleeding from the ear. After her family doctor treats her, Prakashan recounts a similar case in America where a terminally ill cancer patient was cured just by laughing and enjoying his life - he thus tries to improve her quality of life through inviting her schoolmates over, playing [[badminton]] with her and so on.

However, Tina unexpectedly dies during one of Prakashan's stories despite his efforts to revive her. This has a profound impact on him, with Prakashan transforming himself into a realistic and grounded human being, a sensitive nursing professional where he realizes that nursing is more than just a way of income, but rather, a way to help people in need.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as Prakashan / P. R. Akash / Sylvester<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|date=2021-06-27|title=Critic's Choice: 'C U Soon' now on the big screen|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/critics-choice-c-u-soon-now-on-the-big-screen|access-date=2021-06-28|website=National Herald|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Gopalji
* [[Anju Kurian]] as Shruthi (voice dubbed by [[Raveena Ravi]])
* [[Nikhila Vimal]] as Salomi Gregory
* [[Devika Sanjay]] as Teenamol
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Pauly Chechi
* [[Aneesh G Menon]] as Bahuleyan, Prakashan's friend
* [[Aparna Das]] as Bahuleyan's one-sided lover
* [[Sabitha Anand]] as Prakashan's mother
* Veena Nair as Usha, Prakashan's sister
* Jayashankar Karimuttam as Gregory, Salomi's father
* [[Remya Suresh]] as Salomi's mother
* Aishwarya S Menon as Celina, Salomi's sister
* Manjula as Prashanthan's wife
* Manjusha Sajish as Prakashan's sister-in-law
* Munshi Dileep as Prakashan's brother
* Sudhakaran as Prakashan's Brother-in-law
* [[M.G. Sasi]] as Doctor Varghese
* [[Sminu Sijo]] as Gopalji's wife
* [[Al Sabith]] as Gopalji's son
* Malavika Sivadas as Gopalji's daughter
* Meera Nair as Rachel
* Aniyappan as Drunkard
}}

==Production==
''Sathyan Anthikkad'' is directing a film written by Sreenivasan after 16 years. [[Fahadh Faasil]] was selected for the leading role. ''Njan Prakashan'' was produced by Full Moon Cinema. Its filming began in mid-July 2018<ref name="manoramaonline">{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2018/07/17/njan-prakashan-fahadh-faasil-sathyan-anthikadu-movie.html|title=ഞാന് പ്രകാശന്; സത്യൻ അന്തിക്കാട്–ഫഹദ് ചിത്രം തുടങ്ങി | Njan Prakashan Fahadh Faasil|website=manoramaonline.com|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-sathyan-anthikad-movie-njan-prakashan-goes-on-floors/articleshow/65022314.cms|title=Fahadh Faasil-Sathyan Anthikad movie 'Njan Prakashan' goes on floors | Malayalam Movie News|website=Times of India|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref> and was wrapped up in early October.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Madhu|first=Vignesh|date=2018-10-11|title=It's a wrap for Fahadh Faasil-Sathyan Anthikad team's Njan Prakashan|url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/wrap-fahadh-faasil-sathyan-anthikad-teams-njan-prakashan/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=onlookersmedia|language=en-US}}</ref> Anthikkad initially named the film ''Malayali'' and received approval from Kerala Film Chamber of Commerce, but was changed after knowing that there was already a Malayalam film [[Malayali (film)|with that name]].<ref name="vanitha">{{cite web|url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/sathyan-anthikkad-fahadh-faasil-movie-njan-prakashan.html|title='ഇക്കുറി ആ പതിവ് തെറ്റിച്ചു'; സത്യൻ അന്തിക്കാട്–ഫഹദ് ചിത്രത്തിന് തുടക്കമായി | fahadh faasil | sathyan anthikkad | sreenivasan | movie | shooting starts | njan prakashan|website=vanitha.in|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref><ref name="mathrubhumi">{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/fahadh-becomes-part-of-sathyan-anthikad-sreenivasan-movienjan-prakashan-movie--1.2979186|title=Fahadh becomes part of Sathyan Anthikad-Sreenivasan movie | Fahadh becomes part of Sathyan Anthikad-Sreenivasan movie | Njan Prakashan|website=english.mathrubhumi.com|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref>

==Music==
The [[film score]] was composed by [[Shaan Rahman]], in his first collaboration with [[Sathyan Anthikad]].<ref name="sify">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sathyan-anthikkad-s-fahadh-faasil-film-is-njan-prakashan-news-malayalam-shrmoXcggjadj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718133719/http://www.sify.com/movies/sathyan-anthikkad-s-fahadh-faasil-film-is-njan-prakashan-news-malayalam-shrmoXcggjadj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2018|website=[[Sify]]|title=Sathyan Anthikkad's Fahadh Faasil film is 'Njan Prakashan'|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Omal Thamara
| writer1 =
| extra1 = Yadhu S. Marar
| length1 =

| title2 = Athmavin Akashathil
| writer2 =
| extra2 = [[Shaan Rahman]], [[Gowry Lekshmi]]
| length2 =

| title3 = Badi Badi Bar
| writer3 =
| extra3 = Swathaki Banerji
| length3 =
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 21 December 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Suresh |first=Meera |title=Pretham 2 to Ente Ummante Peru: Box office rings in the festive season |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/dec/17/box-office-rings-in-the-festive-season-1912429.html |access-date=18 December 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film grossed nearly ₹20 [[crore]] from [[Kerala]] box office with a distributor's share of ₹8.9 crore, as of 9 January 2019.<ref>{{cite news|last1=M. K.|first1=Suresndhar|title=KGF becomes first Kannada film to break into Rs 200 cr club; Njan Prakashan declared blockbuster|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kgf-becomes-first-kannada-film-to-break-into-rs-200-cr-club-njan-prakashan-declared-blockbuster-5862501.html|access-date=30 January 2019|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=9 January 2019}}</ref> In overseas, the film grossed $12,080 in [[Australia]] and $19,390 in [[New Zealand]] in the opening weekend (3 days). In three weekends, it grossed $23,302 and $29,177 in Australia and New Zealand, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Njan Prakashan|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&id=_fNJANPRAKASHAN01&sort=country&order=ASC&p=.htm|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> It grossed £26,772 from 28 sites in the United Kingdom in the opening weekend.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gant|first=Charles|title=The Favourite begins reign at UK box office after Golden Globes glory|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jan/08/uk-box-office-the-favourite-olivia-colman-mary-poppins-returns|access-date=30 January 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=8 January 2019}}</ref> In three weekends, it grossed £80,029 (₹73.63 lakh) in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uri collects 3.09 mil. USD [Rs. 22.04 cr.] in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/uri-collects-3-09-mil-usd-rs-22-04-cr-in-overseas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=25 April 2019|date=22 January 2019}}</ref> It grossed $81,484 (₹56.86 lakh) in the United States opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web|title=Simmba collects 5.4 mil. USD [Rs. 37.74 cr.] in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/simmba-collects-5-4-mil-usd-rs-37-74-cr-in-overseas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=25 April 2019|date=31 December 2018}}</ref> In six weekends, it grossed $272,945 (₹1.96 crore) in the US.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga collects approx. 1.02 mil. USD [Rs. 7.32 cr.] in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/ek-ladki-ko-dekha-toh-aisa-laga-collects-approx-1-02-mil-usd-rs-7-32-cr-in-overseas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=25 April 2019|date=5 February 2019}}</ref> With a total of $278,000, ''Njan Prakashan'' became the highest-grossing Malayalam film in the US, surpassing ''[[Pulimurugan]]'' ($258,000). The film earned a global theatrical revenue of {{INR}}52 crore in 40 days, becoming one of the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films]] of all time.<ref name="bo">{{cite news|last=M. K.|first=Surendhar|title=Exclusive: Fahadh Faasil breaks into Rs 50 crore club for the first time with 'Njan Prakashan'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-exclusive-fahadh-faasil-breaks-into-rs-50-crore-club-for-the-first-time-with-njan-prakashan-2714439|access-date=15 February 2019|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=31 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="bogross">{{cite news|author=Sreedhar Pillai|title=Fahadh Faasil is a game-changer for Mollywood with three hit films: Varathan, Njan Prakashan, Kumbalangi Nights|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fahadh-faasil-is-a-game-changer-for-mollywood-with-three-hit-films-varathan-njan-prakashan-kumbalangi-nights-6169871.html/amp|access-date=16 June 2021|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=28 February 2019}}</ref> The film ran for 101 days in Kerala box office.<ref>{{cite news|title=ഞാൻ പ്രകാശനിലെ രഹസ്യങ്ങളും നസ്രിയയുടെ ഹെയർസ്റ്റൈലും; വിഡിയോ...|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2019/04/10/njan-prakshan-101-days-celebration-sathyan-anthikad-fahadh-fazil-nazriya.html|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=10 April 2019}}</ref>

===Critical response===
Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated 4 in a scale of 5 and wrote: "''Njan Prakashan'' is a laugh-out-loud comedy, and has more than enough to satisfy anyone looking for two hours of pure entertainment; but since this is a film about life, a couple of dark moments are to be expected ... Thankfully, Anthikad keeps the film free of old-fashioned melodrama".<ref>{{cite news|author=Sajin Shrijith|title='Njan Prakashan' film review: Sathyan Anthikad and Sreenivasan recreate the old magic|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/dec/23/njan-prakashan-review-sathyan-anthikad-and-sreenivasan-recreate-that-old-magic-1915504.html|access-date=22 June 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=23 December 2018}}</ref> Anjana George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 4 out of 5 stars and wrote: "As PR Akash transforms to Prakashan and realises the beauty of life and God's own country, we will definitely welcome back Sreenivasan and Sathyan Anthikad, whose films even after three decades manage to encapsulate the Malayali psyche".<ref>{{cite news|author=Anjana George|title=Njan Prakashan Review {4/5}: Fahadh once again hits the purple patch|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/njan-prakashan/movie-review/67191325.cms|access-date=22 June 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 December 2018}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and said: "''Njan Prakashan'' inhabits familiar Anthikad territory yet within the familiar, the director manages to unearth the refreshing and the new. It is hard to explain what the film is about because it is not about anything in particular, yet it is about anything that matters - life, death and the relationships that come in between".<ref>{{cite news|author=Anna M. M. Vetticad|title=Njan Prakashan movie review: Fahadh Faasil and Sathyan Anthikad end 2018 on a life-affirming high|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/njan-prakashan-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-and-sathyan-anthikad-end-2018-on-a-life-affirming-high-5811581.html|access-date=22 June 2019|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=30 December 2018}}</ref>

S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "movie sticks faithfully to the Antikad – Sreenivasan playbook ... while ''Njan Prakashan'' might satisfy those who yearn for more of the same from the 90s' Sathyan-Sreeni world, it would be a disappointment for those looking for novelty".<ref>{{cite news|last=Praveen|first=S. R.|title='Njan Prakashan' review: movie sticks faithfully to the Antikad – Sreenivasan playbook|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/njan-prakashan-review-movie-sticks-faithfully-to-the-antikad-sreenivasan-playbook/article25807708.ece|access-date=22 June 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 December 2018}}</ref> [[Sify]]'s critic rated 2.5 in a scale of 5, writing "''Njan Prakashan'' has a shaky first half but a relatively more convincing second half ... There are some laughs in the beginning but the comedy becomes predictable and the situations become less interesting ... Sreenivasan's script lacks the punch of some of his gems from the past and this one becomes a rehash of a few of Sathyan Anthikad's own earlier movies".<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title=Njan Prakashan review: Script lacks the punch! (2018)|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/njan-prakashan-review-script-lacks-the-punch-review-malayalam-smwkVdhfaibgd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222123139/http://www.sify.com/movies/njan-prakashan-review-script-lacks-the-punch-review-malayalam-smwkVdhfaibgd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2018|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=22 June 2019|date=22 December 2018}}</ref> Cris from ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote: "All the characters are written superficially, without any depth or originality. It's like a series of skits put together ... the movie itself would have felt more real, and as adorable as it was meant to be, if it were fresher, deeper and not the kind we've seen a dozen times before."<ref>{{cite news|author=Cris|title='Njan Prakashan' review: The Fahadh movie lacks the Sathyan-Sreeni magic |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/njan-prakashan-review-fahadh-movie-lacks-sathyan-sreeni-magic-93771|access-date=22 June 2019|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=21 December 2018}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
'''[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]'''
* Best Director - Sathyan Antikad<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16 |title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8286926}}

[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sreenivasan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sathyan Anthikad]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2018 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shaan Rahman]]

Slum Dog Husband

2026-03-03T09:22:10Z

Aman064: Adding A Entry!

{{Short description|2023 Indian romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Slum Dog Husband
| image = Slum Dog Husband.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = A. R. Sreedhar
| producer = {{Ubl| Appi Reddy
| Venkat Annapareddy}}
| writer = A. R. Sreedhar
| starring = {{plainlist|* Sanjay Rrao
* Pranavi Manukonda}}
| music = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| cinematography = Srinivas J. Reddy
| editing = A. Vaishnav Vasu
| studio = Mic Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2023|7|29|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Slum Dog Husband''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy film]] written and directed by A. R. Sreedhar. The film stars Sanjay Rrao and Pranavi Manukonda alongside [[Brahmaji]], [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]], [[Raghu Karumanchi]], and Yadamma Raju in supporting roles.

== Cast ==
''Source''<ref name="TSFR" />
{{cast listing|
* Sanjay Rrao as Parsigutta Laxman aka Lacchi
* Pranavi Manukonda as Mounika
*[[Muralidhar Goud]] as Mounika's father
* [[Brahmaji]] as Lawyer Salman Khan
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as David Mathew
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]]
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]]
* Yadamma Raju as Parsigutta Santosh
* [[Fish Venkat]]
*[[RK Mama]] as Inspector Balaram
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Chammak Chandra]]
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] (Cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The concept for the film, which features a dog as a key element, was inspired by [[Puri Jagannadh]]'s affection for dogs, as observed by A. R. Sreedhar,<ref name=":TSF_Filming" /> who had previously assisted Jagannadh for seven years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brahmaji: కుక్కతో బ్రహ్మాజీ కొడుకు పెళ్లి.. విడాకుల కోసం కోర్టుకి.. ఇదేం లొల్లిరా నాయనా!! |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/slum-dog-husband-trailer-brahmaji-son-sanjay-rrao-coming-with-one-more-interesting-movie/articleshow/101359417.cms |work=[[Samayam Telugu]] |date=29 June 2023}}</ref> Additionally, Sreedhar drew inspiration from the story of [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]]'s marriage, where she had reportedly [[Tree marriage|married a tree]] as part of a pre-wedding ritual to appease astrological beliefs.<ref name=":TSF_Filming" /> This anecdote, combined with Jagannadh's love for dogs, sparked Sreedhar's interest and led him to write a story that incorporated both ideas.<ref>{{cite news |title=#Slum Dog Husband Pre-Release Event: "The Trailer is very entertaining and I want this film to be a blockbuster: Actor Satyadev at the event" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/slum-dog-husband-pre-release-event-the-trailer-is-very-entertaining-and-i-want-this-film-to-be-a-blockbuster-actor-satyadev-at-the-event/articleshow/101641456.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 July 2023}}</ref> The film was launched on 10 April 2022, coinciding with [[Sri Rama Navami]], and was announced under the tentative title ''Production No. 4'', marking the fourth venture for the banner Mic Movies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Rao and Pranavi Manukonda pair up for debutant AR Sreedhar's film, shoot to commence soon |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sanjay-rao-and-pranavi-manukonda-pair-up-for-debutant-ar-sridhars-film-shoot-to-commence-soon/191bb74268916 |work=[[OTTplay]] |date=11 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
During the filming of ''[[Mr. Pregnant]]'', producer Appi Reddy shared the story of the film with [[Brahmaji]] and offered him a role as a divorce lawyer. Following this, Reddy asked Brahmaji to have his son Sanjay Rrao play the lead role. Later, Brahmaji shared the story with Sanjay, and he was subsequently cast in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Senior Actor Brahmaji Interesting Comments About Slum Dog Husband Movie, Deets Inside - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/senior-actor-brahmaji-talk-about-slum-dog-husband-movie-1712269 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=27 July 2023 |language=te}}</ref> Pranavi Manukonda, known for her roles as a child actress in films like ''[[Routine Love Story]]'' and ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]'', makes her debut as a lead actress with this film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Pranavi Manukonda Interesting Information About Slum Dog Husband Movie - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/know-about-slum-dog-husband-actress-pranavi-manukonda-1715624 |work=Sakshi |date=30 July 2023 |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pranavi Manukonda Interesting Comments About Her Character In Slum Dog Husband Movie - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/pranavi-manukonda-her-character-slum-dog-husband-movie-1711053 |work=Sakshi |date=27 July 2023 |language=te |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727020758/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/pranavi-manukonda-her-character-slum-dog-husband-movie-1711053 |url-status=live }}</ref> A trained dog from Commando Kennels in Medchal was utilized for the film. However, despite its training, the dog would often wander around the set, making it challenging for the trainer to direct its attention towards the camera. To manage this, the crew allowed the dog regular breaks to relax and avoid overexertion.<ref name=":TSF_Filming">{{cite news |last1=Sunita |first1=Y. |title=Shooting for 'Slum Dog Husband' was total fun: AR Sreedhar |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/shooting-for-slum-dog-husband-was-total-fun-director-ar-sreedhar/ |work=The South First |date=3 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2023 |access-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902051116/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/shooting-for-slum-dog-husband-was-total-fun-director-ar-sreedhar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Slum Dog Husband
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| cover =
| released = 2 August 2023
| recorded =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:26
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| prev_title = [[Unstoppable (2023 film)|Unstoppable]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Mad (film)|Mad]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|FOWqFZoeb3o|Slum Dog Husband – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The film has songs composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Slum Dog Husband Songs by Bheems Ceciroleo |url=https://gaana.com/album/slum-dog-husband |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=15 February 2025 |language=en |date=2 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Slum Dog Husband |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/slum-dog-husband/MxbFmmMW,fU_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=2 August 2023}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Lacchi Gaani Pelli
| length1 = 4:43
| lyrics1 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra1 = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| title2 = You're My Dp
| length2 = 3:06
| lyrics2 = Suresh Gangula
| extra2 = Sai Madhav, Swathi Reddy UK
| title3 = Untenem Pothenem
| length3 = 2:51
| lyrics3 = Srinivas Teja
| extra3 = Ramu Rathod
| title4 = Mera Chota Dil
| length4 = 3:21
| lyrics4 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra4 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], Kumara Vagdevi
| title5 = Frustration Song
| length5 = 3:25
| lyrics5 = Purna Chary
| extra5 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]], Bheems Ceciroleo
| total_length = 17:26
}}

== Release ==
''Slum Dog Husband'' was originally scheduled to be released on 21 July 2023,<ref>{{cite news |title='Slum Dog Husband' promises an out and out entertainer |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/slum-dog-husband-promises-an-out-and-out-entertainer-806417 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=30 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Partner, Slum Dog Husband, Monk The Young, OLAM: New trailers, teasers and posters from South |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/partner-slum-dog-husband-monk-the-young-olam-new-trailers-teasers-and-posters-from-south/cid/1949445 |work=[[The Telegraph India]] |date=3 July 2023}}</ref> but it was postponed and was released theatrically on 29 July 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=ఫ్యామిలీ ఎంటర్‌టైనర్‌ {{!}} Slum Dog Husband starring Sanjay Rao and Pranavi relessing on 29 June 2023 {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/slum-dog-husband-starring-sanjay-rao-and-pranavi-relessing-29-june-2023-1698235 |work=Sakshi |date=17 July 2023 |language=te |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526142441/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/slum-dog-husband-starring-sanjay-rao-and-pranavi-relessing-29-june-2023-1698235 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and the film began streaming on the platform from 24 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Slumdog Husband: ఓటీటీలోకి 'స్లమ్‌డాగ్‌ హస్బెండ్‌'.. రిలీజ్‌ ఎక్కడంటే..? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/slumdog-husband-ott-release-date-announced/0209/123154374 |work=Eenadu |date=23 August 2023 |language=te |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907221452/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/slumdog-husband-ott-release-date-announced/0209/123154374 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Rao and Pranavi Manukonda's 'Slum Dog Husband' set to shine on OTT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sanjay-rao-and-pranavi-manukondas-slum-dog-husband-set-to-shine-on-ott/articleshow/103007581.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Hari Prasad |title=Slum Dog Husband OTT Release Date: స్లమ్‌ డాగ్ హజ్బెండ్ ఓటీటీ రిలీజ్ డేట్ ఇదే |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/slum-dog-husband-ott-release-date-revealed-121692785471273.html |work=[[Hindustan Times Telugu]] |date=23 August 2023 |language=te |archive-date=30 August 2023 |access-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830163112/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/amp/entertainment/slum-dog-husband-ott-release-date-revealed-121692785471273.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Anji Shetty of ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars, stating that it would have been more effective if the director had focused more on comedy scenes rather than romantic scenes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Slum Dog Husband Telugu Movie Review And Rating - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/slum-dog-husband-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1714718 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=29 July 2023 |language=te |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527153443/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/slum-dog-husband-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1714718 |url-status=live }}</ref> Aithagoni Raju of ''[[Asianet News Network|Asianet News Telugu]]'' gave the film two-and-a-half out of five stars, opining that it would have benefited from a more nuanced approach to storytelling, and noting that while it may not resonate with family audiences, it would likely appeal to teenagers due to its frivolous and illogical scenes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Slum Dog Husband Movie Review: 'స్లమ్‌ డాగ్‌ హజ్బెండ్‌' మూవీ రివ్యూ, రేటింగ్‌ - slum dog husband movie review rating - Asianet News Telugu |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/movie-reviews/slum-dog-husband-movie-review-rating-arj-ryjr5r |work=[[Asianet News Network|Asianet News Telugu]] |date=29 July 2023}}</ref>

Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave it one out of five stars and wrote, "Slum Dog Husband is a juvenile sex-comedy masquerading as a farce. The director AR Sreedhar fails to build upon an unconventional premise and tries to cover much ground in the third act with a twist. The writing is largely substandard and the performances don’t make an impression at all."<ref>{{cite news |title=Slum Dog Husband review: A quirky premise dies a dog's death |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/slum-dog-husband-review-a-quirky-premise-dies-a-dogs-death/bdddcd0c6b368 |work=OTTplay |date=29 July 2023}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Eenadu]]'' found the film's background story and songs to be good, while the way the story unfolded and the courtroom scenes were weaknesses. The critic also noted that the comedy scenes were silly and concluded that the film is disappointing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Slumdog Husband Review: రివ్యూ: స్లమ్‌ డాగ్‌ హస్బెండ్‌ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/sanjay-rao-pranavi-starer-slumdog-husband-review/0203/123134708 |work=Eenadu |date=29 July 2023 |language=te |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826045452/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/sanjay-rao-pranavi-starer-slumdog-husband-review/0203/123134708 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prakash Pecheti of ''The South First'' gave it zero-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Slum Dog Husband'' could have been possibly inspired by WhatsApp ideas or silly social media jokes— grossly illogical and absurd. Neither the comedy nor the sad plight of the protagonist would make you invest in the story."<ref name="TSFR">{{cite news |last1=Pecheti |first1=Prakash |title=Slum Dog Husband review: This absurd, disjointed satirical comedy might have been inspired by an illogical WhatsApp idea |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/slumdog-husband-movie-review/ |work=The South First |date=29 July 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730170330/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/slumdog-husband-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

Jack (2025 film)

2026-03-03T09:09:29Z

Aman064: creating initial post w/ refs

{{short description|2025 Indian action comedy film by Bhaskar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jack
| image = Jack (2025 film).png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bhaskar (director)|Bommarillu Bhaskar]]
| writer = Bommarillu Bhaskar
| producer = [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]]
* [[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]]
* [[Prakash Raj]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Vijay C Chakravarthy|Vijay K. Chakravarthy]]
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli|Navin Nooli]]
| music = {{plainlist|
* [[Achu Rajamani]]
* [[Sam C. S.]]
* Suresh Bobbili
}}
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]
| released = {{film date|2025|4|10|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹40 crore
| gross = {{INR|10 crore}}{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}
}}
'''''Jack''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[spy film|spy]] [[action comedy]] film written and directed by [[Bommarillu Bhaskar]] and produced by [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]] under the banner of [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]. The film stars [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]], [[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]], and [[Prakash Raj]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Jack' trailer: Siddhu Jonnalagadda plays a quirky spy in this action-comedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jack-trailer-siddhu-jonnalagadda-bommarillu-bhaskar-bvsn-prasad/article69411888.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=11 April 2025 |language=en-IN |date=4 April 2025}}</ref> ''Jack'' was released on 10 April 2025 to negative reviews.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jack X review: Siddhu Jonnalagadda's movie fails to impress netizens, see social media reactions here |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/jack-x-review-siddhu-jonnalagadda-s-movie-fails-to-impress-netizens-see-social-media-reactions-here-2025-04-10-984801 |website=India TV News |access-date=11 April 2025 |language=en |date=10 April 2025}}</ref> It eventually became a [[box office bomb]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==Plot==

Pablo Neruda alias "Jack" is a good at nothing guy who gives a try at everything but fails to master them. His father is concerned about what he would become. But being a topper in engineering and rejecting all the jobs and choosing an aim to become one, he didn't reveal his aim to his father Prasad, which makes him more worried. To know his secret aim at any cost, he approaches a Detective Agency chief Khalid Mia who runs CAT Detective Agency. Then Khalid assigns this task to his daughter Afshana to know Jack's profession. Soon, Afshana introduced herself as Bhanumathi, one of his childhood friends and starts observing him. When observing Jack realizes and starts playing tricks. However, upon trying to catch a crook Afshana spots him. Later in the movie Afshana accidentally unties some bad guys forcing the hero to chase after them to try and return them back.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]] as Pablo Neruda alias "Jack", a [[R&AW]] aspirant
* [[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]] as Detective Afshana alias Bhanumati "Bhanu"
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Agent Manoj, operations head [[R&AW]]
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Prasad, YouTuber and Jack's father
* [[Brahmaji]] as Detective Khalid Mia, Cat Detective Agency chief and Afshana's father
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Ata-ur-Rahman
* [[Shabeer Kallarakkal]] as South
* [[Subbaraju]] as Pradeep Ranganathan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], a [[R&AW]] aspirant and Jack's trusted friend and aid
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Manoj's assistant
* Sanjay Swaroop as Manoj's boss
* Pushkar
* [[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]]
* Bindu Chandramouli as Jack's mother
* Yogi Khatri
* Imax Venkat
* Gururaj Manepalli as [[R&AW]] interviewer
}}

==Production==
The film was partially shot in [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-23 |title=In Nepal, 'Jack' celebrates Bhaskar's birthday |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/in-nepal-jack-celebrates-bhaskars-birthday |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Siddhu Jonnalagadda's New Movie 'Jack - Konchem Crack' Progressing In Nepal |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/siddhu-jonnalagaddas-new-movie-jack-konchem-crack-progressing-in-nepal-article-113608838 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The teaser was released on 7 February 2025<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Q_YWyX1mIY |title=JACK Teaser {{!}} Siddhu Jonnalagadda {{!}} Vaishnavi Chaitanya {{!}} Bommarillu Bhaskar {{!}} BVSN Prasad {{!}} SVCC |date=2025-02-07 |last=Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra |access-date=2025-04-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and the theatrical trailer was released on 3 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-03 |title=Siddhu Jonnalagadda's 'Jack' trailer is HERE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siddhu-jonnalagaddas-jack-trailer-is-here/articleshow/119936083.cms |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=2025-04-04 |title=Siddhu Jonnalagadda's 'Jack' Sold for ₹25 Crore in Telugu States |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/siddhu-jonnalagaddas-jack-sold-for-25-crore-in-telugu-states-1870846 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orJ_CQ3VU28 |title=JACK Trailer {{!}} Siddhu Jonnalagadda {{!}} Vaishnavi Chaitanya {{!}} Bommarillu Bhaskar {{!}} BVSN Prasad {{!}} SVCC |date=2025-04-02 |last=Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra |access-date=2025-04-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack is composed by [[Achu Rajamani]], [[Sam C. S.]] and Suresh Bobbili.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-20 |title=Siddu Jonnalagadda: I played Jack's role responsibly |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/siddu-jonnalagadda-i-played-jacks-role-responsibly |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9OjuXwiWvQ&t=6s |title=Kiss Song {{!}} Lyrical Video {{!}} JACK {{!}} Siddhu Jonnalagadda {{!}} Vaishnavi Chaitanya {{!}} Bhaskar {{!}} BVSN Prasad |date=2025-03-19 |last=Junglee Music Telugu |access-date=2025-04-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music =
| title1 = Pablo Neruda
| length1 = 3:05
| lyrics1 = [[Vanamali]]
| music1 = [[Achu Rajamani]]
| extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]]
| title2 = Kiss
| length2 = 3:51
| lyrics2 = Sanare
| music2 = Suresh Bobbili
| extra2 = [[Javed Ali]], [[Amala Chebolu]]
| title3 = Dettadi
| length3 = 3:00
| lyrics3 = [[Varikuppala Yadagiri]]
| music3 = Achu Rajamani
| extra3 = [[Jaspreet Jasz]], Sahithi Chaganti
}}

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out if 5 and stated, "Bommarillu Bhaskar aims to deliver a slick, stylised spy comedy, but the film's inconsistent tone and uneven writing end up diluting the impact".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jack Movie Review : A Slick Spy Setup Let Down by Sloppy Execution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/jack/movie-review/120153242.cms |access-date=2025-04-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Calling it an "unconvincing, tedious narrative", ''[[The Hindu]]''{{'s}} Sangeetha Devi Dundoo and opined that the script is flawed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-04-10 |title='Jack' movie review: An unconvincing, tedious narrative |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jack-movie-review-siddhu-jonnalagadda-bommarillu-bhaskar-vyshnavi-chaitanya/article69434467.ece |access-date=2025-04-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410152953/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jack-movie-review-siddhu-jonnalagadda-bommarillu-bhaskar-vyshnavi-chaitanya/article69434467.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Echoing the same, ''[[India Today]]'' rated it 1.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=Jack review: Siddhu Jonalagadda's not-so-smart spy comedy fails to impress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/jack-review-siddhu-jonalagadda-spy-action-comedy-fails-to-impress-2706955-2025-04-10 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415201423/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/jack-review-siddhu-jonalagadda-spy-action-comedy-fails-to-impress-2706955-2025-04-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb title|28622758|Jack}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jack}}
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:Films about criminals]]
[[Category:Films about intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Techno-thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Procedural films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Nepal]]

Naan (2012 film)

2026-03-03T03:25:24Z

Aman064: adjust details for accuracy and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Jeeva Shankar}}
{{redirect|Nakili|the 1980 Telugu film|Nakili Manishi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naan
| image = Naan (film).jpg
| director = [[Jeeva Shankar]]
| producer = Fathima Vijay Antony
| writer = [[Neelan K. Sekar]] '''(Dialogue)''' [[Jeeva Shankar]] '''(Additional Dialogue)'''
| screenplay = Jeeva Shankar
| story = Jeeva Shankar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vijay Antony]]
*[[Siddharth Venugopal]]
*[[Rupa Manjari]]
*[[Anuya Bhagvath]]
}}
| music = Vijay Antony
| cinematography = [[Jeeva Shankar]]
| editing = [[Sathish Suriya]]
| studio = Vijay Antony Film Corporation
| distributor = Sri Devar Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|08|15}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Naan''''' ({{langx|en|Me}}) is a 2012 [[India]]n [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime thriller film]] written and directed by [[Jeeva Shankar]] in his directorial debut. Composer [[Vijay Antony]] plays the lead role of a [[psychopath]]ic killer; he also produced the film and worked as the music director. [[Siddharth Venugopal]] and [[Rupa Manjari]] appeared in supporting roles. The filming of ''Naan'' began in October 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-02-16 |title=Vijay Antony's onscreen debut with 'Naan' |url=http://www.southdreamz.com/2010/02/vijay-antony%E2%80%99s-onscreen-debut-with-%E2%80%98naan%E2%80%99.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902120318/http://www.southdreamz.com/2010/02/vijay-antony%E2%80%99s-onscreen-debut-with-%E2%80%98naan%E2%80%99.html |archive-date=2 September 2012 |access-date=2012-08-18 |publisher=Southdreamz.com}}</ref> and the film was released on 15 August 2012. The movie was remade in Bengali in 2015 as ''[[Amanush 2]]'' and in Kannada in 2016 as ''[[Asthitva]]''. The film was followed by a sequel titled ''[[Salim (film)|Salim]]'', an action thriller that released in 2014. The plot of the film is loosely based on 1999 American film ''[[The Talented Mr. Ripley (film)|The Talented Mr. Ripley]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How many Tom Ripley movies are there? | It's a Stampede! |url=https://itsastampede.com/2023/05/24/how-many-tom-ripley-movies-are-there/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203123053/https://itsastampede.com/2023/05/24/how-many-tom-ripley-movies-are-there/ |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref>

==Plot==
Karthik is a brilliant student but already shows signs of criminal behaviour in childhood, like [[forgery|forging]] his friend's parent's signature on a report card. Sent home from school early for this misdeed, Karthik is shocked to discover his mother [[sexual intercourse|in bed]] with a neighbour. His mother begs him not to disclose her affair to his father, but he does so, and his father commits [[suicide]]. Karthik's mother continues her illicit relationship. One day, Karthik kills his mother and her lover by setting the house on fire. He is sent to a [[youth detention center|juvenile home]] where he grows up. On his release, the warden gives him the address of his uncle and asks him to concentrate on his studies.

Karthik's aunt is not willing to take him in, so he goes to [[Chennai]] to start a new life. As fate would have it, the bus meets with an accident, and his fellow passenger, Mohammed Salim, is killed. Karthik steals Salim's documents, adopts his identity, and enrolls in a government medical college in [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]. He befriends a rich classmate named Ashok, his girlfriend Rupa, and their friend Suresh. Ashok allows Salim to stay in his house rent-free. Later, Salim and Ashok encounter the warden from the former's juvenile home, who recognises Karthik. However, since Karthik is now impersonating Salim, he picks up an argument with the warden and swears that he is not the person he thinks he is. Nevertheless, Ashok becomes suspicious of his new friend.

One day Ashok and Suresh go to a [[farmhouse]] without Rupa. Suresh suggests that they take some girls along. Salim lets Rupa know of this plan due to her sincere and true love for Ashok. Rupa starts to suspect that Ashok is cheating on her, while Ashok worries that Salim betrayed him to Rupa. Ashok slaps Salim angrily and tells him to move out. Katrhik apologises to him and agrees to look for another lodging.

While Karthik is showering, Ashok opens his briefcase. He finds a photo of Karthik's biological father and realises that it was a different man that Karthik had introduced as his actual father earlier. Suddenly, Karthik enters the room and asks Ashok to give the photo back. Ashok refuses, removes Karthik's towel, and confirms that he is not a [[Muslims|Muslim]], as he is not [[circumcision|circumcised]]. Salim gets angry and shoves Ashok; Ashok hits his head on a table and dies. At first, Karthik is horrified by what he has done, but he then covers up the murder by burying Ashok's body in a [[graveyard]] on the outskirts so intelligently that no one ever finds out that Ashok is dead. When a family friend of Ashok, who has not seen Ashok since he was a child, plans to meet him, Karthik successfully impersonates Ashok, fooling even Ashok's parents and Rupa.

Suresh, however, discovers Karthik's deception, so Karthik kills him and buries him in the same graveyard. The following day, the police come to Ashok's house and reveal that they have found Suresh's corpse. They interrogate several people in the city, including Karthik, but he fools them into concluding that Ashok killed Suresh and fled; meanwhile, they consider Karthik (now back to impersonating Salim) an innocent and a hard-working student. Karthik continues to live as Salim after convincing Salim's father into giving him his son's identity. The film ends with the cliff hanger "To Be Continued".

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay Antony]] as Karthik / [[Salim (film)|Mohammed Salim]]
* [[Siddharth Venugopal]] as Ashok Ravindran
* [[Rupa Manjari]] as Rupa
* [[Anuya Bhagvath]] as Priya
* Vijay Victor as Suresh
* Vibha Natarajan as Uma
* [[Charmila (actress)|Charmila]] as Karthik's mother
* ''Ratsasan'' Saravanan as the original Mohammed Salim
* Pramod as Inspector Duraipandiyan
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]]
* Shyam as Ashok's enemy
* Saivam Ravi as Karthik's uncle
* [[Neelan K. Sekar]] as Salim's mansion mate
}}

==Production==
The film was initially launched in 2008, with [[Siddharth Venugopal]] and [[Rukmini Vijayakumar]] playing the lead roles, however, due to the failure of his previous film ''[[Ananda Thandavam (film)|Ananda Thandavam]]'', the producer [[Oscar Ravichandran]] called off the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-10 |title=Cinema Plus / Cinema : New kid on the block |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/10/stories/2009041050100400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413162926/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/10/stories/2009041050100400.htm |archive-date=2009-04-13 |access-date=2012-08-18 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film restarted with Vijay Antony's intervention in October 2011 who also took the lead role from Siddharth, while the latter plays a supporting role in the film.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Naan
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to ''Naan''
| artist = [[Vijay Antony]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Front CD Cover
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2012|6|4}} (Single)
{{Start date|df=y|2012|7|30}} (Album)
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Gemini Film Circuit|Gemini Audio]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Vijay Antony
| prev_title = [[Velayudham]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Daruvu]]
| next_year = 2012
}}

The soundtrack has six tracks, all composed by [[Vijay Antony]] himself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=2012-08-04 |title=Arts / Cinema : Audio Beat: Naan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3727593.ece |access-date=2012-08-18 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Following [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], who created [[single (music)|single]] tracks in ''[[Vaanam]]'' and ''[[Mankatha]]'', Vijay Antony too released a single track "Makkayala Makkayala" in June 2012.

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:25
| title1 = Makkayala Makkayala
| lyrics1 = Priyan
| extra1 = [[Krishan Maheson]], Mark Thomas, [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| length1 = 4:52

| title2 = Thapellam Thape Illai
| lyrics2 = Asmin
| extra2 = [[Hiphop Tamizha|Hiphop Adhi]], Santhosh Hariharan
| length2 = 4:27

| title3 = Ulaginil Miga Uyaram
| lyrics3 = Annamalai
| extra3 = [[Vijay Antony]]
| length3 = 4:49

| title4 = Dinnam Dinnam
| lyrics4 = Annamalai
| extra4 = Deepak
| length4 = 4:35

| title5 = No One Is Perfect (Theme)
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Instrumental
| length5 = 2:56

| title6 = Thappelam Thappe Illai (Version 2)
| lyrics6 = Asmin
| extra6 = Vijay Antony
| length6 = 2:36
}}

==Release==

===Critical reception===
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised as "Well done!" and said: "A plethora of pluses make ''Naan'' watch-worthy. Vijay Antony’s acumen comes to the fore in his choice of a subject that’s strong and a character that’s stronger".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=August 18, 2012 |title=Naan: I for intelligence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/naan-i-for-intelligence/article3790797.ece |access-date=August 13, 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> N. Venkateswaran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave ''Naan'' 3.5 out of 5 stars, writing that "but for some minor blips, the writing (and therefore the movie too) is pretty gripping throughout, and keeps the audience on the edge of the seats", calling it "[T]he perfect thriller to spice up the weekend".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkateswaran |first=M. |date=August 15, 2012 |title=Naan movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/articlelistls/tamil/movie-reviews/naan/movie-review/15532605.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017152120/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/articlelistls/tamil/movie-reviews/naan/movie-review/15532605.cms |archive-date=17 October 2015 |access-date=August 18, 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref> [[IBNLive]] wrotet that "'Naan' is racy and appealing" and also adding that "it is a racy crime thriller that is quite an appealing effort from Jeeva Shankar and Vijay Antony."<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2012 |title=Tamil Review: 'Naan' is racy and appealing |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-review-naan-is-racy-and-appealing-499070.html |access-date=August 23, 2012 |website=[[IBNLive]]}}</ref> The Behindwoods Review Board gave the film 2.5 out of 5, calling it a "suspense thriller that works for most parts."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naan Review - Naan Movie Review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/aug-12-03/naan-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122006/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/aug-12-03/naan-review.html |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=2012-08-18 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' stated that "Vijay Antony changes beat".<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 19, 2012 |title=Naan review: Vijay Antony changes beat |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/naan-review-vijay-antony-changes-beat-444 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821234951/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/naan-review-vijay-antony-changes-beat-444 |archive-date=21 August 2012 |access-date=August 23, 2012 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> [[Sify]] rated it average, calling it a "decent psychological thriller."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2012 |title=Movie Review:Naan |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/naan-review-tamil-pcma3rehjhghd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419063647/http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-review-tamil-pcma3rehjhghd.html |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=18 August 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Upon release, it was noted that the film had been inspired by the 1999 American film ''[[The Talented Mr. Ripley (film)|The Talented Mr. Ripley]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=19 August 2012 |title=Naan (Tamil) |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article591090.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822193414/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article591090.ece |archive-date=22 August 2012 |access-date=January 21, 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2016 |title=PLAGIARISM POLICING IS GOING OUT OF HAND |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2012/10/27&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar04100 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525065215/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2012/10/27&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar04100 |archive-date=25 May 2016 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Other languages===
It was remade in Bengali as ''[[Amanush 2]]'' which released in April 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 2017 |title=Arya and Jiiva in Jeeva Shankar's next? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arya-and-jeeva-in-jeeva-shankars-next/articleshow/59399853.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The Kannada remake, ''[[Asthitva]]'' was released in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Prathibha |date=24 January 2017 |title=Asthitva's an entertaining suspense thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/asthitva-is-a-suspense-thriller/articleshow/53754272.cms |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Winner
! Result
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Music Director
|rowspan=3|[[Vijay Antony]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Best Debutant Producer
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Best Male Debutant
|{{Nominated}}
|}

==Legacy==
A sequel to the movie was released in August 2014 called ''[[Salim (film)|Salim]]''. In March 2014, it was reported that the film would be remade in [[Hindi]] with [[Prashanth]] reprising Vijay Antony's role. Despite a production delay, [[Thiagarajan]] confirmed during an interview that the film would be made in February 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2017 |title=A mastermind at work |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-mastermind-at-work/article17288295.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011124346/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-mastermind-at-work/article17288295.ece |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=11 February 2017 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome cinemalead.com - Hostmonster.com |url=http://www.cinemalead.com/news-id-prashanth-to-remake-this-hit-tamil-film-in-bollywood-actor-prasahanth-04-03-144658.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054127/http://www.cinemalead.com/news-id-prashanth-to-remake-this-hit-tamil-film-in-bollywood-actor-prasahanth-04-03-144658.htm |archive-date=9 March 2018 |access-date=11 February 2017 |website=www.cinemalead.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.naanmovie.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb title|2331167}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2012 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about identity theft]]
[[Category:Films about murderers]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films based on crime novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Antony]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Patricia Highsmith]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Gopalganj

2026-03-01T18:22:51Z

Aman064: Added Some Stub V1 - done

{{wiktionary|Gopalganj District}}
'''Gopalganj''' may refer to:

==Bangladesh==
*[[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh]], a district of Dhaka Division
**[[Gopalganj, Bangladesh]], a town and headquarter of Gopalganj district
**[[Gopalganj Sadar Upazila]], an upazila of Gopalganj District
**[[Gopalganj-1]], a parliamentary constituency
**[[Gopalganj-2]], a parliamentary constituency
**[[Gopalganj-3]], a parliamentary constituency

==India==
* [[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency]], Bihar
* [[Gopalganj Assembly constituency]], Bihar
*[[Gopalganj, Bihar]], a town, municipality and headquarters of Gopalganj district
*[[Gopalganj district, India]], a district of the state of Bihar
*[[Gopalganj subdivision]], a subdivision of Gopalganj district
*Gopalganj, Madhya Pradesh, a village in Madhya Pradesh; see [[Wainganga River]]

== See also ==
*[[Gopalpur (disambiguation)]]

{{dab|geo}}

Nameri National Park

2026-02-24T02:20:45Z

Aman064: improve lead to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{short description|National park in Assam, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Nameri National Park & Tiger Reserve
| image = Nameri Signage (English).jpg
| image_caption =
| map = India Assam#India
| map_caption =
| iucn_category = II
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| location = [[Sonitpur]], [[Assam]] [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Tezpur]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27|0|36|N|92|47|24|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|200|km2|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
| established = 1978
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| governing_body = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]]
| website = http://nameritr.org
}}

'''Nameri National Park''' is a [[national park]] in the foothills of the eastern [[Himalayas]] in the [[Sonitpur]] District of [[Assam]], [[India]], about 35 km from [[Tezpur]]. Nameri is about 9 km from Chariduar, the nearest village. It shares its northern boundary with the [[Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Together they constitute an area of over {{cvt|1000|km2}}, of which Nameri has a total area of {{cvt|200|km2}}.<ref name=orsurvey>{{Cite web|title=An ornithological survey in north-east India |access-date=2011-06-27 |url=http://scholar.google.com/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131002221/http://scholar.google.com/ |archive-date=2014-01-31}}</ref> Nameri National Park was declared as the second [[Tiger reserves of India|Tiger Reserve]] in the year 2000, and is the second Tiger reserve of Assam after [[Manas Tiger Reserve]]. It has two core areas: Nameri National Park and Sonai- Rupai Wildlife (Satellite Core of the Nameri Tiger Reserve). The river Jia-Bharali is the lifeline of Nameri, which flows along the southern boundary of the park from northwest to southeast. In the east, the river Bor-Dikorai is a tributary of river Jia-Bharali, flowing along the southern boundary from northeast to southwest.

== Rivers ==
[[File:NAMERI_NATIONAL_PARK_,_ASSAM,_INDIA,_Wild_Life.jpg|thumb|River in Nameri National Park]]
The [[Kameng River]] of Assam was famous since the time of British for the [[Tor putitora|golden mahseer]] angling.<ref name=pressmoef>{{Cite web| title = Press Information Bureau English Releases| access-date = 2011-07-08| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=48616}}</ref> The [[angling]] was officially banned in 2011.{{cn|date=August 2021}} The main Rivers are Jia- Bhoroli and Bor Dikorai. Other [[tributaries]] of these two rivers are: [[Diju River|Diji]], Dinai, [[Nameri River (Kanagawa)|Nameri]], Khari, Upper Dikiri which originates in the [[Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal]] Himalayas and flows through Pakke TR and Nameri TR.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-23 |title=Nameri National Park » Naparks |url=https://naparks.com/nameri-national-park/ |access-date=2023-08-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
The park was declared a reserve forest on 17 October 1978. It was set up as a Nameri Sanctuary on 18 September 1985 with an area of {{cvt|137|km}} as a part of Naduar Forest Reserve. Until then the Nameri National Park was heavily used for logging. Another {{cvt|75|km}} was added on 15 November 1998 when it was officially established as a National Park.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

==Flora==
[[File:Dendrobium lituiflorum Orchid.jpg|thumb|An orchid in Nameri National Park]]
Nameri National Park harbours over 600 [[flora]]l species including [[Gmelina arborea]], [[Michelia champaca]], [[Amoora wallichii|Amoora wallichi]], [[Chukrasia tabularis]], [[Lagerstroemia speciosa]], Urium poma, Bhelu, [[agarwood]], [[Rudraksha]], Bonjolokia, Hatipolia akhakan, [[Terminalia myriocarpa]], [[Mesua ferrea]]. It is home for [[orchids]] like [[Dendrobium]], [[Cymbidium]] and [[Cypripedioideae]].<ref name =pressmoef/>

==Fauna==
[[File:Wild Elephant at nameri National Park.jpg|thumb|Wild elephant at Nameri National Park]]
Nameri National Park provides habitat for [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian leopard]], [[clouded leopard]], [[marbled cat]], [[leopard cat]], [[hog deer]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[dhole]], [[gaur]], [[barking deer]], [[wild boar]], [[sloth bear]], [[Himalayan black bear]], [[capped langur]] and [[Indian giant squirrel]]. The [[white winged wood duck]], [[great pied hornbill]], [[wreathed hornbill]], [[rufous necked hornbill]], [[black stork]], [[ibisbill]], [[blue-bearded bee-eater]]s, [[Old World babbler]]s, [[plover]]s and many other birds are also present.<ref name=projtiger>{{Cite web|title=Nameri-Aassam |work=Project Tiger |access-date=2011-07-07 |url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/nameri.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925073610/http://projecttiger.nic.in/nameri.htm |archive-date=2011-09-25}}</ref>

[[File:A pair of Asian fairy Bluebird in Nameri.jpg|thumb|A pair of [[Asian fairy bluebird]]s in Nameri National Park]]
In 2005, 374 bird species were recorded in Nameri National Park.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The birds of Nameri National Park, Assam, India |author=Barua, M. |author2=Sharma, P. |journal=Forktail |s2cid=126539346}}</ref>

==Conflicts and threats==
Nameri faces two threats: One is due to continued official logging in the area of [[Sonitpur]]. The other major threat for Nameri is human/animal conflict due to around 3000 cattle grazing the forest.<ref name=projtiger/> There is another human–animal conflict due to the vast group of elephants in Nameri. This conflict arose mainly due to herds of [[Indian elephant]]s raiding crops, damaging homes and killing [[cattle]] due to forest cover dropping below 30-40%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Chartier |first1=L. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=A. |last3=Ladle |first3=R. J. |title=Habitat loss and human–elephant conflict in Assam, India: does a critical threshold exist? |journal=Oryx |year=2011 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=528–533 |doi=10.1017/S0030605311000044 |s2cid=86804369 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
In 2001, there were 18 elephant deaths.<ref name=paupdate33>{{Cite web |title=Protected Area update |access-date=2011-07-08 |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/paupdates/update33.rtf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001225147/http://wiienvis.nic.in/paupdates/update33.rtf |archive-date=2011-10-01}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Protected areas of Assam}}
{{National Parks of India}}
{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}

[[Category:Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]]
[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:National parks in Assam]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Assam]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1978]]

1986 Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election

2026-02-14T21:15:31Z

Aman064: Added basic page v1 - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1986 Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election =
| previous_year = 1964
| next_election = 2002 Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election
| next_year = 2002
| outgoing_members =
| seats_for_election = All 100 elected seats in the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad
| opinion_polls =
| registered =
| majority_seats = 51
| turnout =
| image1 ={{CSS image crop|Image= |bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=0 |oLeft=6 |Location=center}}
| leader1 = [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]]
| party1 = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 =
| seats1 = 38
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=NT Rama Rao.jpg |bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=0 |oLeft=6 |Location=center}}
| leader2 = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| party2 = Telugu Desam Party
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 =
| seats2 = 24
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=170|cWidth=110|cHeight=150|oLeft=23|oTop=0}}
| leader4 = [[Jalagam Vengala Rao]]
| party4 = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| leader_since4 =
| leaders_seat4 =
| seats4 = 24
| popular_vote4 =
| percentage4 =
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Venkaiah Naidu official portrait.jpg|bSize=150|cWidth=110|cHeight=150|oLeft=23|oTop=05}}
| leader5 = [[Venkaiah Naidu]]
| party5 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since5 =
| leaders_seat5 =
| last_election5 =
| seats5 = 12
| seat_change5 =
| popular_vote5 =
| percentage5 =
| election_date = March 1986
| title = [[Mayor of Hyderabad, India|Mayor]]
| before_election = N/C
| after_election = Kalra Prakash Rao
| after_party = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
}}

The '''1986 Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election''' was conducted in March 1986 to elect members to all 99 wards of the municipal corporation. The [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] emerged as the single largest party and formed the government with outside support from the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=R.J. Rajendra |date=4 April 1986 |title=A firm Majlis hold (Saga of the Ganga) |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/content/frontline/flipbook/20201124100343/index.html#p=39 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230722175902/https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/content/frontline/flipbook/20201124100343/index.html%23p=38 |archive-date=2023-07-22 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |pages=38}}</ref>

== Background ==
The election day was marked by a tense atmosphere as the [[Telugu Desam Party]] attempted to capture the polls by impersonation. TDP legislator P. Siva Reddy was caught with bombs in the Charmahal area, while another party MLA Nooka Raju was caught by police with a group of men carrying bombs and guns.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=15 March 1986 |title=Hyderabad municipal poll: MIM finishes with highest tally, parties trade charges of rigging |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860315-hyderabad-municipal-poll-mim-finishes-with-highest-tally-parties-trade-charges-of-rigging-800658-1986-03-14 |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Ashok Yadav, TDP candidate for Himayatnagar division, tried to run away with a ballot box and whipped out a knife but was overpowered by a constable. Another TDP candidate, Rathod, was caught by the police with a store of country made bombs in his house.<ref name=":1" />

The AIMIM fought the election with the slogan ''"sheher hamara, mayor hamara"'' (our city, our mayor). Following the victory of the AIMIM, party chief [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]] proclaimed that AIMIM was committed to the all-round development of the city and neglect of the [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|old city]] would now end.<ref name=":1" />

AIMIM alleged [[gerrymandering]] by the state government to reduce the political power of Muslims. For example, Riyasathnagar division with an overwhelming Muslim population had 33,195 voters whereas Hindu-majority Chilkalguda division had just 6,457 voters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Iftikhar |date=4 April 1986 |title=A firm Majlis hold (Saga of the Ganga) |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/content/frontline/flipbook/20201124100343/index.html#p=43 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230723072624/https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/content/frontline/flipbook/20201124100343/index.html%23p=43 |archive-date=23 July 2023 |access-date=23 July 2023 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |pages=43 |quote=While Riyasathnagar division in the Old City with an overwhelming Muslim population has 33,195 voters, the Chilkalguda division in Secunderabad having a majority of Hindus has just 6,457 voters. The Government rejected the objections of the Majlis on the formation of divisions. If the divisions had been formed in a fair manner, the Majlis would have secured an absolute majority on its own.}}</ref>

== Result ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="150" |Parties and Coalitions
!Seats
|-
!Won
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
| align="left" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
|38
|-
| width="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}" |
| align="left" |[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] (INC-I)
|24
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| align="left" |[[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP)
|24
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| align="left" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|12
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| align="left" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI-M)
|1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| align="left" |[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|1
|-
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="2" align="left" |Total
|100
|}

== Government formation ==
The AIMIM formed the government with outside support from the Indian National Congress.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://tsec.gov.in/AbstractResultReportGhmc.se TSEC elections results]

{{Telangana elections}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India|Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:Local elections in Telangana]]
[[Category:1986 elections in India]]

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar

2026-01-23T18:11:06Z

Aman064: quick reworked content per standard format and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{short description|Public medical college and hospital in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar
| native_name = अखिल भारतीय आयुर्विज्ञान संस्थान, देवघर
| image_name = All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar Logo.png
| image_size = 220
| caption = Official [[seal (emblem)|seal]] of AIIMS Deoghar
| other_name = AIIMSDHR
| motto = {{transliteration|sa|ISO|Ārogyam Paramam Sukham}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO]])
| mottoeng = ''Health is the biggest blessing that can be bestowed upon a person''
| established = {{Start date and age|2019|09|17}}<ref>{{Cite news
|title=झारखंड: एम्स देवघर में पहले सत्र की कक्षाएं शुरू
|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/jharkhand/story/classes-for-the-first-session-starts-at-aiims-deoghar-jharkhand-961428-2019-09-17
|work=Aaj Tak
|language=hi
|date=2019-09-17
|access-date=2025-06-06
}}</ref>
| type = [[Public hospital|Public]] [[Medical School]]
| endowment =
| president = Dr. M. V. Padma Srivastava
| director = Dr. Nitin M. Gangane
| students = ~ 608
'''Total Seats:'''
* MBBS - 125
* B.Sc. (N) - 62
* MD+MS - 8
| undergrad = 600
| postgrad = 8
| doctoral =
| city = [[Deoghar]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|24.435828|86.613311|display=inline, title}}
| mapframe = yes
| campus = [[Urban area|Semi Urban]] {{small|{{convert|236.92|acre|ha}}}}
| free_label =
| free =
| colours =
| website = {{URL|https://aiimsdeoghar.edu.in/}}
| logo =
| staff =
| faculty = 120
| administrative_staff = 156
| profess =
| affiliations =
}}

[[File:AIIMS Deoghar Campus.jpg|thumb|Campus view of AIIMS, Deoghar]]

'''All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar''' ('''AIIMS Deoghar''') is a [[public university|prestigious medical university]] and hospital located in [[Deoghar]], [[Jharkhand]], India. It is also one of the [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) that started operation in 2019. The Institute operates autonomously under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] of Government of India under the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojna (PMSSY) and also among the [[Institutes of National Importance]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2018 |first=Dhritiman |last=Ray |title=PM to lay foundation for AIIMS Deoghar on May 25, says Jharkhand health minister {{!}} Ranchi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/pm-to-lay-foundation-for-aiims-deoghar-on-may-25-says-jharkhand-health-minister/articleshow/64276027.cms |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sixteen more AIIMS :: Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) |url=http://pmssy-mohfw.nic.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=81&lid=108 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=pmssy-mohfw.nic.in}}</ref>

==History==
AIIMS Deoghar was set up as part of the [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana]] (PMSSY) initiative, announced by the [[Government of India]] in 2003 and officially launched in March 2006, for the purpose of "correcting regional imbalances in the availability of affordable/reliable tertiary healthcare services", through setting up [[AIIMS Delhi]]-like institutions and upgrading government medical colleges.<ref>{{cite web |title=History About PMSSY |url=http://pmssy-mohfw.nic.in/history.aspx |website=pmssy-mohfw.nic.in |publisher=PMSSY |access-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214114147/http://pmssy-mohfw.nic.in/history.aspx |archive-date=14 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A proposal for setting an AIIMS in [[Jharkhand]] was first made by the [[government of Jharkhand|local government]] in June 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Porecha |first1=Maitri |title=Govt lackadaisical in establishing AIIMS: Report |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-govt-lackadaisical-in-establishing-aiims-report-2283617 |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=[[DNA India]] |date=17 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref> In August, in response to a request by the union government to come up with several alternatives for the location, the local government announced that the preferred location is in [[Deoghar]], although [[Ranchi]] was also considered.<ref>{{cite news |author=Chhandosree |title=Doctors against AIIMS at Deoghar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/doctors-against-aiims-at-deoghar/cid/1494590 |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=24 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref> On 1 February 2017, in the budget presentation for 2017–2018, [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] [[Arun Jaitley]] officially announced the intent to establish an AIIMS in [[Jharkhand]], as well as one in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New AIIMS for Jharkhand and Gujarat: Arun Jaitley|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/new-aiims-for-jharkhand-and-gujarat-arun-jaitley/articleshow/56909806.cms|access-date=4 August 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|date=1 February 2017}}</ref> These were later denoted "Phase-VI" of PMSSY.<ref name="pmssy">{{cite web|title=Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY)|url=http://pmssy-mohfw.nic.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=81&lid=108|publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]|access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> A detailed project report was prepared in July<ref>{{cite news |title=Detailed project report for Jharkhand AIIMS prepared |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/detailed-project-report-for-jharkhand-aiims-prepared/747136/ |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=3 July 2017}}</ref> and the site in Deoghar was finalised in December.<ref>{{cite news |title=Guj govt has offered four sites for new AIIMS: Centre |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/dec/19/guj-govt-has-offered-four-sites-for-new-aiims-centre-1731617.html |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=19 December 2017}}</ref> In April 2018 the local government handed over the {{convert|236.92|acre}} of land required for establishing the AIIMS,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Dhritiman |title=AIIMS: Jharkhand govt hands over 236.92 acre land to Center for building AIIMS in Deoghar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-government-hands-over-236-92-acre-land-to-center-for-building-aiims-in-deoghar/articleshow/63834035.cms |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=19 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> and finally, in May 2018, the [[union cabinet]] approved the AIIMS, with a provision of {{INRConvert|1103|c}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cabinet approves setting up of a new AIIMS in Deoghar, Jharkhand |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/cabinet-approves-setting-up-of-a-new-aiims-in-deoghar-jharkhand-118051601324_1.html |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=[[Business Standard India]] |date=16 May 2018}}</ref> The foundation stone was laid by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] later that month.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM thanks land of kala heera |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/pm-thanks-land-of-kala-heera/cid/1370194 |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=26 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The {{INRConvert|9.02|b}} contract for building the institute was awarded to [[NBCC (India) Limited|NBCC]] in October.<ref>{{cite news |title=NBCC bags Rs 9.02-billion contract to build AIIMS in Jharkhand's Deoghar |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/nbcc-bags-rs-9-02-billion-contract-to-build-aiims-in-deogarh-jharkhand-118102501273_1.html |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=[[Business Standard India]] |date=25 October 2018}}</ref>

The institute became operational with the first batch of 50 [[MBBS]] students,<ref name="status">{{cite press release|title=Establishment and Upgradation of Hospitals under PMSSY |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=195310 |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=pib.gov.in |date=3 December 2019|publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> which started in September 2019,<ref name=started>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Satyajit |title=झारखंड: शुरू हुआ देवघर AIIMS का पहला शैक्षणिक सत्र |url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/classes-for-the-first-session-starts-at-aiims-deoghar-jharkhand-1-1120298.html |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=17 September 2019 |language=hi |trans-title=Jharkhand: First academic session of Deoghar AIIMS begins |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204190303/https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/classes-for-the-first-session-starts-at-aiims-deoghar-jharkhand-1-1120298.html |archive-date=4 December 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> one of the six AIIMSs to become operational in 2019.<ref name="status" /> Saurabh Varshney was appointed director in March 2020<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tandon|first=Aditi|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/govt-names-directors-for-6-aiims-50900|title=Govt names directors for 6 AIIMS|date=4 March 2020|work=[[The Tribune]]|access-date=5 March 2020|language=en}}</ref> and N.K. Arora was appointed president in May of that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification |url=http://www.pmssy-mohfw.nic.in/files/President%20AIIMS%20Deoghar.pdf |access-date=2 August 2021 |date=18 May 2020}}</ref> A second batch of 62 MBBS students enrolled in 2020.<ref name=rn>{{Cite web|date=March 11, 2021|title=AIIMS Deoghar's OPD service kicked off |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/aiims-deoghars-opd-service-kicked-off/articleshow/81436444.cms|access-date=2021-09-07|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Outpatient department (OPD) services were launched in August 2021.<ref name=OPD>{{Cite web|title=Union health minister launches OPD facilities at AIIMS-Deoghar|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/union-health-minister-launches-opd-facilities-at-aiims-deogar/cid/1827799|access-date=2021-09-07|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> On 12 June 2022, the In-Patient Department (IPD) along with Academic and Administrative Block was inaugurated by Shri Narendra Modi. The entire campus is expected to be completely functional by the end of December 2023.
In November 2022, Institute has been permitted to run postgraduate courses with 7 number of seats allocated for the INI-CET January 2023 session.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Nov 19, 2022 |title=Seat Position for admission to PG courses of INIs for INI-CET January 2023 session. |url=https://docs.aiimsexams.ac.in/sites/10_Seat_Position_Notice.pdf |access-date=Nov 19, 2022 |website=aiimsexams.ac.in}}</ref>

==Campus==

Construction of the permanent campus started in December 2019 and is almost completed with both opd and ipd block functional, the construction completed by the end of 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sixteen more AIIMS :: Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) |url=http://pmssy-mohfw.nic.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=81&lid=108 |website=pmssy-mohfw.nic.in |access-date=19 September 2021}}</ref> The entire campus is expected to be finished in December 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Dhirendra |title=All 22 new AIIMS to be functional by 2025: Govt |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/all-22-new-aiims-to-be-functional-by-2025-govt-388302 |access-date=6 December 2019 |work=www.millenniumpost.in |date=29 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The administration along with academic block had already been shifted to its permanent campus.<ref name="started" /> Later, AIIMS Deoghar also started it Bsc.Nursing courses with an annual intake of 62 along with its regular MBBS batch of 125 students and MD/MS courses.

== Hospital services ==
The 40-room outpatient department was inaugurated by the then [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Mansukh Mandaviya]], on 24 August 2021, including a night shelter facility for the patients and attendants.<ref name=OPD/> Online registration facilities were launched on 3 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Online OPD Registration for AIIMS Deoghar started.|work=Jharkhand Aajkal.|url=https://www.jharkhandaajkal.in/online-registration-service-started-in-deoghar-aiims/|access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref> On July 12, 2022, the 250-bed in-patient department (IPD) and operation theatre were opened.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi in Deoghar: PM Modi inaugurates new In Patient Department and Operation Theatre at AIIMS Deoghar |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/pm-modi-in-deoghar-pm-modi-inaugurates-new-in-patient-department-and-operation-theatre-at-aiims-deoghar-article-92827086 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> The newly built ipd block and administration block were also inaugurated by Shri.Narendra Modi on 12 July 2022. The hospital is expected to be completed by the end of 2023 and will be totally functional with 750 beds ipd and opd facilities.

The new building of Deoghar AIIMS has started OPD services and now treating 1200 patients in a day. In the next few days, 3000 patients will be able to be treating in OPD.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=The new building of Deoghar AIIMS has started OPD services |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/deoghar/opd-service-started-in-the-new-building-of-deoghar-aiims-kkk |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur]]
* [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://Aiimsdeoghar.edu.in}}

{{All India Institutes of Medical Sciences}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2019]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Deoghar district]]
[[Category:All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|Deoghar]]

Chandragudem

2026-01-22T17:06:04Z

Aman064: starting new data...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandragudem
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Guntur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=22 September 2015|page=16,226}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 15.50

| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census />
| population_total = 7520
| population_as_of = 2019
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521230
| registration_plate = AP–16
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Vijayawada]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mylavaram]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chandragudem''' is a village in [[NTR district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Mylavaram mandal]] of [[Vijayawada revenue division]].<ref name=census /> It is one of the villages in the mandal to be a part of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]].

==Geography==
Borragudem,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana: Habitations: Andhra Pradesh, Krishna District, Mylavaram Block |publisher=Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Ministry of Communications & Information Technology, Government of India |url=http://gateway.cdac.in:7113/aspnet/citizens/NAT/01NCH/Form2Habitation_localization.aspx?state=AP&district=9&block=30&status=0&pop=0&OrderBy=Asc&language=en&sortBy=2&value=9cad9cc21b7ea6f45df204bc786bd0c2 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130412225638/http://gateway.cdac.in:7113/aspnet/citizens/NAT/01NCH/Form2Habitation_localization.aspx?state=AP&district=9&block=30&status=0&pop=0&OrderBy=Asc&language=en&sortBy=2&value=9cad9cc21b7ea6f45df204bc786bd0c2 |archivedate=12 April 2013 |url-status=dead |accessdate=10 September 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref> Sabjapadu, Jangalapalli, and Kotha Chandragudem are sub-villages of Chandragudem.

==Education==
There are four schools in Chandragudem, three [[Primary school|primary]] and one primary and [[Secondary school|secondary]]. ZPS and ZPHS School is an upper primary, secondary and upper secondary government school, founded in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Z PHS Chandragudem, Mylavaram|publisher=SchoolsWorld, India|url=http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=28161000705}}</ref> MPPS School in Borragudem is a governmental primary school, run at the mandal level and was established in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MPPS Borragudem, Mylavaram|publisher=SchoolsWorld, India|url=http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=28161000701}}</ref> MPPS School in Chandragudem is a government primary school, run at the mandal level and was established in 1967.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MPPS Chandragudem, Mylavaram|publisher=SchoolsWorld, India|url=http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=28161000704}}</ref> RCM School is a private primary school that receives government assistance and was established in the year 1939.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RCM PS (Aid) Chandragudem, Mylavaram|publisher=SchoolsWorld, India|url=http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=28161000703}}</ref> Sarada UPS School is a private primary and upper primary school that receives no governmental assistance and was founded in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarada UPS Mylavaram|publisher=SchoolsWorld, India|url=http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=28161000706}}</ref>

==Politics==
* The politics in Chandragudem village are highly influenced by the [[telugu Desam party )]].{{Citation needed|reason=opinion|date=March 2013}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]

Sulbha Gaikwad

2026-01-16T14:24:37Z

Aman064: Adding A Article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Sulbha Ganpat Gaikwad''' (born 1971)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sulbha Ganpat Gaikwad(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KALYAN EAST(THANE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=303 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. She is an MLA from [[Kalyan East Assembly constituency]] in [[Thane district|Thane District]]. She won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Assembly elections 2024 {{!}} Sulbha Ganpat Gaikwad contesting from Kalyan East: Track results here |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/maharashtra/maharashtra-assembly-elections-2024-sulbha-ganpat-gaikwad-contesting-from-kalyan-east-track-results-here-3289098 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyan East Assembly Election Results 2024: BJPs Sulbha Gaikwad Wins Big |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/kalyan-east-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2024-live-winner-and-losser-candidate-sulabha-kalu-gaikwad-candidate-dhananjay-baburao-bodare-candidate-total-votes-margin-bjp-congress-shiv-sena-ncp-eci-maharashtra-assembly-election-result-2823407.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gaikwad is from [[Kalyan]], Thane District, Maharashtra. She married [[Ganpat Gaikwad|Ganpat Kalu Gaikwad]], a three time MLA, who is involved in a criminal case and did not contest the seat in 2024 Assembly election.<ref name="BJP’s three-time jailed MLA’s wife Sulbha Gaikwad wins from Kalyan (East)">{{cite news |date=23 November 2024 |title=BJP’s three-time jailed MLA’s wife Sulbha Gaikwad wins from Kalyan (East) |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bjp-jailed-three-time-mla-wife-sulbha-gaikwad-wins-kalyan-east-9686659/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225060400/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bjp-jailed-three-time-mla-wife-sulbha-gaikwad-wins-kalyan-east-9686659/ |archivedate=25 December 2024 |accessdate=25 December 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She passed Class 5 and later discontinued her studies after 1985 while in Class 7 at Mahatma Gandhi Vidya Mandir, [[Dombivli]], Thane.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Gaikwad won from Kalyan East Assembly constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. She polled 81,516 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Mahesh Dashrath Gaikwad, an [[independent politician]], by a margin of 26,408 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyan East Election Result 2024 LIVE: Sulbha Ganpat Gaikwad of BJP wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kalyan-east-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130088.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Kalyan East, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Sulbha Gaikwad with 81516 defeats Independent candidate Mahesh Gaikwad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kalyan-east-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638253-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Her husband Ganpat Gaikwad was the sitting MLA and won thrice from the constituency.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaikwad, Sulbha}}

[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Thane district]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]

Javari Temple, Khajuraho

2026-01-13T09:35:21Z

Aman064: small adjusted structure per sources and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Javari Temple
| image = Khajuraho Jeveri Temple 2010.jpg
| alt = Javari temple at Khajuraho
| caption = Javari temple at Khajuraho
| coordinates = {{coord|24|51|11|N|79|55|10|E|type:landmark_region:IN-MP_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = जावरी मंदिर
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chhatarpur district|Chattarpur]], [[Khajuraho]]<ref name="ASI">{{cite web|first= |title=Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) - Javari Temple |url=http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/chhatarpur_khajuraho_javaritemple.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017022055/http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/chhatarpur_khajuraho_javaritemple.html |url-status=live |archive-date=17 October 2012 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) |accessdate=21 March 2012 }}</ref>

| location = [[Khajuraho]]<ref name="ASI" />
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]<ref name="ASI" />
| festivals=
| architecture =
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = ''C''. 975 and 1100 A.D.<ref name="ASI" />
| creator = [[Chandella]] Rulers
| website =
}}
The '''Javari Temple''' in Khajuraho, India, is a [[Hindu temple]], which forms part of the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web|title=Khajuraho Group of Monuments |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date = 25 June 2023}}</ref> It was built between ''c''. 975 and 1100 A.D.<ref name="ASI" />

The temple is dedicated to the Hindu deity [[Shiva]].<ref name="ASI" /> The main idol of the temple is broken and headless(see image).<ref name="MainIdol">[[:File:Khajuraho India, Javari Temple, Main Idol, Photographed on 10-March-2012.JPG|Image:Main Idol in Javari Temple]]</ref>

==Location==
The temple is located in the eastern area of Khajuraho.<ref name="ASI" /> It is near to and visible from Vamana Temple, and at a distance of about 200 meters (south)<ref name="ASI" /> from it.

==Architecture==
It has well-proportioned architecture, with a sanctum,<ref name="ASI" /> vestibule,<ref name="ASI" /> mandapa<ref name="ASI" /> and portico,<ref name="ASI" /> but without pradakshinapatha. It has remable Makara Torana<ref name="ASI" /> (Capricorn Arch) and shikhara (top). It has three bands of carved sculptures on the outer wall. The temple has a close resemblance<ref name="ASI" /> with Chaturbhuja Temple, also at Khajuraho.

===Main idol===
The main idol (of Vishnu<ref name="ASI" />) of the temple is broken and headless.<ref name="MainIdol"/>

=== Makara (Capricorn) Arch ===
Temple has a beautiful [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]]<ref name="ASI" /> (Capricorn) Arch at the entrance porch (also seen in image).

===Entrance of sanctum===
The entrance gate of sanctum has sculptures depicting nava-graha on the top. Along with nava-graha sculptures, sculpture of the Hindu deities [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] can also be seen.

===Sculptures===
The temple has two bands of sculpture on the outer wall (see image).<ref>[[:File:Khajuraho Jeveri Temple 2010.jpg|Image:Javari Temple]]</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths = "160px" heights = "150px">
Image:Khajuraho India, Javari Temple, Photographed on 10-March-2012.JPG|
Image:Khajuraho India, Javari Temple, Main Idol, Photographed on 10-March-2012.JPG|Main Idol
Image:Khajuraho India, Javari Temple, Makar Arch, Photographed on 10-03-2012.JPG|Makar (Capricorn) Arch
Image:Khajuraho India, Javari Temple, Roof , Photographed on 10-03-2012.JPG|Roof of the Temple

</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131021160514/http://www.mptourism.com/web/explore/destinations/khajurao.aspx M.P. Tourism Website, Official Website of Madhya Pradesh State Tourism Corporation, Khajuraho]
* [http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/chhatarpur.html Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Division, Index Page for Khajuraho - Chhatarpur ]
* [http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/chhatarpur_khajuraho_javaritemple.html Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Division, Javari Temple, Khajuraho]

{{Commons category|Javari Temple Khajuraho}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Khajuraho Group of Monuments}}

[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Khajuraho]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples]]

List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly

2026-01-04T06:20:45Z

Aman064: quick adjusted section after review

{{Short description|None}}
{{Featured list}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Mizoram Legislative Assembly
| legislature = [[9th Mizoram Assembly]]
| house_type = [[Unicameral]]
| term_limits = 5 years
| members = 40
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]<ref name="fpp">{{cite web | last=Khaitan | first=Tarunabh | title=Ranked-choice voting system could deepen democracy, prevent polarisation | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | date=8 May 2019 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/general-elections-lok-sabha-polls-first-past-the-post-fpp-system-bjp-5715812/ | access-date=24 August 2025 |quote=Elections to the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabhas take place under the first-past-the-post (FPP) system. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129155431/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/general-elections-lok-sabha-polls-first-past-the-post-fpp-system-bjp-5715812/ |archive-date=29 November 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| last_election1 = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]] |next_election1=[[Next Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2028]]
| session_room = Mizoram Assembly House (front entrance).jpg
| session_res = 250px
| session_alt = Photo showing the entrance of a complex of tan colored buildings with dark red highlights, including large red letters reading "Assembly House" and "Mizoram, Aizawl". Near the front there's a rounded building covered in tinted windows, and farther back there's a rectangular high-rise building covered in similar windows
| meeting_place = Legislative Assembly House, [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], India – 796001
| website = [https://www.mizoramassembly.in/ www.mizoramassembly.in]
}}
[[File:IN-MZ.svg|thumb|Location of Mizoram (highlighted in red) within India|alt=Location of Mizoram within India]]

The [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] is the [[unicameral]] legislature of [[Mizoram]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in [[Northeast India]]. The seat of the [[legislative assembly]] is at [[Aizawl]],<ref name="cpa-mz">{{cite web | title=Parliament-Mizoram Legislative Assembly | publisher=[[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]] | url=https://www.cpahq.org/directory/mizoram/ | access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref> the capital of the state. The assembly comprises 40 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly - History |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/page/history |publisher=[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] |quote=The strength of the Assembly has also been increased to 40 elected seats. |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928045003/https://www.mizoramassembly.in/page/history |url-status=live }}</ref> directly elected from single-seat constituencies. It sits for a term of five years, unless it is dissolved early.<ref name=constitution/>{{Rp|page=72}} Early dissolution of state assemblies happens when the governing party (or alliance) [[command confidence|loses confidence]] of the assembly. This leads to either the [[President's Rule]] being imposed on the state, or early elections being called. Mizoram is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|fourth-smallest state]] in India, covering {{Convert|21,081|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}};<ref name="g484">{{cite web | title=TABLE 2.1- Area and population by States (Census-2011) | publisher=[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] | url=http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/SYB2013/CH-2POPULATION/Table%202.1.xls | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116020015/http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/SYB2013/CH-2-POPULATION/Table%202.1.xls | archive-date=16 November 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref> and the second-least populous state with a population of 1.10 million.<ref name=mizocensus>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/Mizoram/Chapter_2.pdf |title=Chapter 2 - Size, Growth rate and Rural-Urban distribution of population in Mizoram |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113201758/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/Mizoram/Chapter_2.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Mizoram Legislative Assembly has existed since 1972, when it had 30 constituencies.

Since the independence of India, the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST)]] have been given [[reservation in India|reservation status]], guaranteeing political representation, and the Constitution lays down the general principles of [[positive discrimination]] for STs and SCs.<ref name=constitution>{{Cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf|title=The Constitution of India [As on 9th December, 2020]|publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)#Legislative Department|Legislative Department]]|access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126153125/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=35,137}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/17/reserved-uncertainty-or-deserved-certainty-reservation-debate-back-in-mysuru-2104413.html|title=Reserved uncertainty or deserved certainty? Reservation debate back in Mysuru |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=17 February 2020|first=K Shiva|last=Kumar|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121184123/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/17/reserved-uncertainty-or-deserved-certainty-reservation-debate-back-in-mysuru-2104413.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[2011 census of India]] stated that the indigenous population constitutes 95% of the state's total population.<ref name=tribalmizo>{{cite web |title=Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe Population of India - Table 1.1 |publisher=[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]] |url=http://www.tribal.gov.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201306110208002203443DemographicStatusofScheduledTribePopulationofIndia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903101121/http://www.tribal.gov.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201306110208002203443DemographicStatusofScheduledTribePopulationofIndia.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2013 |year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch4_2.pdf |title= Scheduled Tribes Chapter 4.2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616053238/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch4_2.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2015 |publisher=[[Planning Commission (India)]] |year=2012}}</ref> The Scheduled Tribes have been granted a reservation of 39 seats in the Mizoram assembly, leaving only one ([[Aizawl East 1 Assembly constituency|Aizawl East-I]]) unreserved.<ref name="dpaco2008"/>

== History ==
Mizoram became a [[Union Territory]] of India in 1972, at which time it was assigned a 30-member legislative assembly and it had its [[1972 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|first election]].<ref name=election1972/> In 1986, after the [[Mizoram Peace Accord]] was signed, the [[Fifty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|53rd Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of India]] was passed. Mizoram was officially converted into a state in February 1987, and the number of constituencies for its legislative assembly was increased to 40.<ref name="51stAmendment">{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend53.htm |title=The Constitution (Fifty-Third Amendment) Act, 1986 |publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)#Legislative Department|Legislative Department]]|date=30 June 1986 |access-date=22 January 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107105606/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend53.htm |archive-date=7 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/02/20/arunachal-pradesh-and-mizoram-celebrates-their-statehood-day-today/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh And Mizoram Celebrates Their Statehood Day Today |publisher=[[Northeast Today]]|date=20 February 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301044847/https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/02/20/arunachal-pradesh-and-mizoram-celebrates-their-statehood-day-today/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Changes in the constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly over time
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Act/Order
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" | Effect
! colspan="3" scope="colgroup" | Assembly Seats
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Elections
|-
! scope="col" | Total
! scope="col" | General
! scope="col" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|-
! scope="row" | 1971
| [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971|North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act]]<ref name="NE-ReorgAct197">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1534/1/197181.pdf |title=The North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 |publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)#Legislative Department|Legislative Department]]|date=20 December 1971 |author= |access-date=21 December 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713091621/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1534/1/197181.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Assam]] state's [[Mizo Hills|Mizo hills]] area was converted into the separate [[Union Territory]] of Mizoram.
| align=right | 30
| align=right | 30
| align=right | 0
| [[1972 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3654-mizoram-1972/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 1972 |date=17 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202082108/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3654-mizoram-1972/ |archive-date=2 February 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1976
|
|
| align=right | 30
| align=right | 3
| align=right | 27
| [[1978 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<ref name=election1978>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3655-mizoram-1978/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 1978 |date=17 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202080943/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3655-mizoram-1978/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1978
|
|
| align=right | 30
| align=right | 30
| align=right | 0
| [[1979 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1979]],<ref name=election1979>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3657-mizoram-1979/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 1979 |date=17 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202080959/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3657-mizoram-1979/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[1984 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<ref name=election1984>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3658-mizoram-1984/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 1984 |date=17 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202080932/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3658-mizoram-1984/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1986
| [[Mizoram Peace Accord]]
| Mizoram was given full statehood after the Mizoram Peace Accord, and the number of seats in the legislative assembly was increased to 40.
| align=right | 40
| align=right | 2
| align=right | 38
| [[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<ref name=election1987>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3659-mizoram-1987/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 1987 |date=17 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202081002/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3659-mizoram-1987/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1987
|
| There was an increase in the number of seats reserved for [[Scheduled Tribes]].
| align=right | 40
| align=right | 1
| align=right | 39
| [[1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1989]],<ref name=election1989>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3661-mizoram-1989/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 1989 |date=17 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202081026/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3661-mizoram-1989/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1993]],<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3662-mizoram-1993/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 1993 |date=17 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202081037/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3662-mizoram-1993/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[1998 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1998]],<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3663-mizoram-1998/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 1998 |date=17 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202080934/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3663-mizoram-1998/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2003]],<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3664-mizoram-2003/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2003 |date=17 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202081039/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3664-mizoram-2003/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
| Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008
| There were changes in the reservation status and area covered by constituencies.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)#Legislative Department|Legislative Department]] |date=26 November 2008 |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618112359/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| align=right | 40
| align=right | 1
| align=right | 39
| [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]],<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |date=17 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202080511/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]],<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |date=17 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202080441/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]],<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report |date=April 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202080637/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mizoram-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2023- Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 January 2024 |url-access=limited |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202080552/https://www.eci.gov.in/mizoram-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Constituencies==
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Mizoram.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Constituencies of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] |alt=Mizoram has only one unreserved seat located in Aizawl, while the rest are reserved for people of the Scheduled Tribes]]
The constituencies of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] were last [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimited]] in 2008.<ref name="dpaco2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date= 20 August 2018|author= |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202080555/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{update after|2025}}

{{legend table|width=auto|title=Reservation
|#fdcdb0|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#ST definition|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST)
}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly
! scope="col" | {{tooltip|#|Constituency number}}
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Reserved ([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#ST definition|ST]]/None)
! scope="col" | District
! scope="col" | Lok Sabha constituency
! scope="col" | Electorate (2023){{update after|2029|1}}
! scole="col" class=unsortable| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1
! scope=row | [[Hachhek Assembly constituency|Hachhek]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" rowspan="12" |ST
| rowspan="3" | [[Mamit district|Mamit]]
| rowspan="40" | [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:21160}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no1.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 1-Hachhek (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021050/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2
! scope=row | [[Dampa Assembly constituency|Dampa]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:20090}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no2.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 2-Dampa (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021207/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 3
! scope=row | [[Mamit Assembly constituency|Mamit]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:23932}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no3.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 3-Mamit (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021052/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 4
! scope=row | [[Tuirial Assembly constituency|Tuirial]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Kolasib district|Kolasib]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:18498}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no4.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 4-Tuirial (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021113/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no4.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 5
! scope=row | [[Kolasib Assembly constituency|Kolasib]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:24096}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no5.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 5-Kolasib (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021127/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 6
! scope=row | [[Serlui Assembly constituency|Serlui]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:21265}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no6.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 6-Serlui (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021327/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no6.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 7
! scope=row | [[Tuivawl Assembly constituency|Tuivawl]]
|[[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:17997}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no7.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 7-Tuivawl (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021411/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no7.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 8
! scope=row | [[Chalfilh Assembly constituency|Chalfilh]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Saitual district|Saitual]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:20133}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no8.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 8-Chalfilh (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021439/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no8.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 9
! scope=row | [[Tawi Assembly constituency|Tawi]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:17300}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no9.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 9-Tawi (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021608/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no9.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 10
! scope=row | [[Aizawl North 1 Assembly constituency|Aizawl North 1]]
| rowspan= 11 | [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:27009}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no10.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 10-Aizawl North-I (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021632/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 11
! scope=row | [[Aizawl North 2 Assembly constituency|Aizawl North 2]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:24625}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no11.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 11-Aizawl North-II (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021719/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no11.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 12
! scope=row | [[Aizawl North 3 Assembly constituency|Aizawl North 3]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:20569}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no12.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 12-Aizawl North-III (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021754/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no12.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 13
! scope=row | [[Aizawl East 1 Assembly constituency|Aizawl East 1]]
|None
| align=right | {{formatnum:29044}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no13.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 13-Aizawl East-I |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021846/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no13.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 14
! scope=row | [[Aizawl East 2 Assembly constituency|Aizawl East 2]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" rowspan=27|ST
| align=right | {{formatnum:19166}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no14.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 14-Aizawl East-II (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021931/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no14.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 15
! scope=row | [[Aizawl West 1 Assembly constituency|Aizawl West 1]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:29932}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no15.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 15-Aizawl West-I (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307021954/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no15.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 16
! scope=row | [[Aizawl West 2 Assembly constituency|Aizawl West 2]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:22900}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no16.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 16-Aizawl West-II (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307022023/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no16.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 17
! scope=row | [[Aizawl West 3 Assembly constituency|Aizawl West 3]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:23677}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no17.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 17-Aizawl West-III (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307022109/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no17.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 18
! scope=row | [[Aizawl South 1 Assembly constituency|Aizawl South 1]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:23066}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no18.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 18-Aizawl South-I (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307022129/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no18.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 19
! scope=row | [[Aizawl South 2 Assembly constituency|Aizawl South 2]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:27933}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no19.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 19-Aizawl South-II (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307022317/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 20
! scope=row | [[Aizawl South 3 Assembly constituency|Aizawl South 3]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:22631}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no20.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 20-Aizawl South-III (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307022331/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no20.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 21
! scope=row | [[Lengteng Assembly constituency|Lengteng]]
| [[Saitual district|Saitual]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:18767}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no21.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 21-Lengteng (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307022738/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no21.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 22
! scope=row | [[Tuichang Assembly constituency|Tuichang]]
| [[Khawzawl district|Khawzawl]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:17605}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no22.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 22-Tuichang (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307022844/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no22.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 23
! scope=row | [[Champhai North Assembly constituency|Champhai North]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Champhai district|Champhai]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:20220}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no23.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 23-Champhai North (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307023032/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no23.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 24
! scope=row | [[Champhai South Assembly constituency|Champhai South]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:21531}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no24.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 24-Champhai South (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307023043/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no24.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 25
! scope=row | [[East Tuipui Assembly constituency|East Tuipui]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:15910}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no25.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 25-East Tuipui (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307023044/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no25.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 26
! scope=row | [[Serchhip Assembly constituency|Serchhip]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Serchhip district|Serchhip]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:20844}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no26.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 26-Serchhip (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307023109/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no26.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 27
! scope=row | [[Tuikum Assembly constituency|Tuikum]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:17055}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no27.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 27-Tuikum (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307023112/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no27.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 28
! scope=row | [[Hrangturzo Assembly constituency|Hrangturzo]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:16780}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no28.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 28-Hrangturzo (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307023216/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no28.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 29
! scope=row | [[South Tuipui Assembly constituency|South Tuipui]]
| [[Hnahthial district|Hnahthial]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:16348}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no29.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 29-South Tuipui (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307023341/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no29.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 30
! scope=row | [[Lunglei North Assembly constituency|Lunglei North]]
| rowspan="6"| [[Lunglei district|Lunglei]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:17867}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no30.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 30-Lunglei North (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307023349/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no30.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 31
! scope=row | [[Lunglei East Assembly constituency|Lunglei East]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:16327}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no31.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 31-Lunglei East (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307025044/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no31.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 32
! scope=row | [[Lunglei West Assembly constituency|Lunglei West]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:15686}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no32.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 32-Lunglei West (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307025045/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no32.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 33
! scope=row | [[Lunglei South Assembly constituency|Lunglei South]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:19050}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no33.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 33-Lunglei South (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307031934/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no33.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 34
! scope=row | [[Thorang Assembly constituency|Thorang]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:14955}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no34.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 34-Thorang (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307032014/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no34.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 35
! scope=row | [[West Tuipui Assembly constituency|West Tuipui]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:16793}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no35.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 35-West Tuipui (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307032557/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no35.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 36
! scope=row | [[Tuichawng Assembly constituency|Tuichawng]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Lawngtlai district|Lawngtlai]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:36191}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no36.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 36-Tuichawng (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307041112/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no36.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 37
! scope=row | [[Lawngtlai West Assembly constituency|Lawngtlai West]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:29542}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no37.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 37-Lawngtlai West (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307041120/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no37.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 38
! scope=row | [[Lawngtlai East Assembly constituency|Lawngtlai East]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:25937}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no38.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 38-Lawngtlai East (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307041307/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no38.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 39
! scope=row | [[Saiha Assembly constituency|Saiha]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Siaha district|Saiha]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:24197}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no39.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 39-Saiha (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307041308/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no39.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 40
! scope=row | [[Palak Assembly constituency|Palak]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:20435}}
| align=center |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no40.pdf |title=Form 20 - Final Result Sheet - 40-Palak (ST) |publisher=[[Mizoram State Election Commission]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307041335/https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/storage/form_20/Form20-S16_ac_no40.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram|*]]
[[Category:Mizoram-related lists|Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Lists of constituencies of legislative assemblies of Indian states|Mizoram]]

Prabhakāramitra

2025-12-16T13:56:14Z

Aman064: started new details - done

{{Short description|6th/7th century Indian Buddhist monk}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|name = Prabhākaramitra
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|image =
|caption =
|alias =
|dharma name =
|birth_date = {{circa|564 CE}}
|birth_place = Central India
|death_date = {{circa|633 CE}}
|death_place = [[China]]
|nationality =
|religion = [[Buddhism]]
|school = {{plainlist|
* [[Mahayana]]
}}
|lineage =
|title =
|location =
|education = {{plainlist|
* [[Nalanda]]
}}
|teacher = [[Śīlabhadra]]
|reincarnation of =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|students =
|spouse =
|children =
}}
'''Prabhākaramitra''' (564–633 CE) (also known as '''Prabhāmitra''')<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ritsu |first1=Akahane |title=Prabhakaramitra: His Name and the Characteristics of His Translation of the Prajnapradipa |journal=Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies |date=2015 |volume=63 |issue=3 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ibk/63/3/63_KJ00009915791/_article}}</ref> was an [[History of Buddhism in India|Indian Buddhist]] monk and translator from the monastery of [[Nalanda]] who was active in both the [[Western Turkic Khaganate]] and [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]] where he was responsible for translating important texts belonging to the [[Mahayana]] tradition into [[Mandarin Chinese|Chinese]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donald |first1=Lopez |title=Prabhākaramitra |journal=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=20 July 2017 |isbn=978-0-691-15786-3 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-3283?rskey=brDoUT&result=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Makeham |first1=John |title=Transforming Consciousness: Yogācāra Thought in Modern China |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199358137 |pages=7–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UesAgAAQBAJ&dq=Prabh%C4%81karamitra&pg=PA7}}</ref>

Although he has received very little attention from modern scholars, he has been described as "one of medieval China’s most significant Buddhist figures".<ref name="Chen2024">{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Huaiyu |title=Prabhākaramitra’s Legacy and its Relationship to His Social Network in Tang China |journal=Tang Studies |date=2024 |volume=42 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/944406}}</ref>
==Life==
[[File:Nalanda, Buddhist university 04.jpg|thumb|left|The ruins of [[Nalanda]]]]
Details of Prabhākaramitra's life can be found in multiple sources, most notably the ''Xu gaoseng zhuan'' of [[Daoxuan]].
Prabhākaramitra was born in [[Central India]] in 564 CE into a noble family of high rank.<ref name= "Chen2024" /> He was ordained as a monk at the monastery of [[Nalanda]] at the age of 10 in 574 CE where he was a student of [[Śīlabhadra]] who would later go on to teach the Chinese monk, [[Xuanzang]].<ref name=Shōlshin2012>{{cite journal |title=How Xuanzang Learned about Na¯landa¯ |journal=China Report |date=2012 |volume=48 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.1177/000944551104800204 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000944551104800204|url-access=subscription }}</ref> During his time at Nalanda, he studied not just the sutras of the [[Mahayana]] like the [[Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra]] but also texts relating to [[Hinayana]] Buddhism and Vedic thought. The biographical material also states that he had three disciples of his own, Prajña, Indra and Varman. Despite the high regard he held in India, receiving a large group of followers and patronage from a local king, he also wished to proselytise Buddhism among the "northern barbarians". Together with a group of 10 followers, which included Buddhists and non-Buddhists, they reached the headquarters of the [[Western Turkic Khaganate]] in [[Tashkent|Tashkend]] which was at the time ruled by [[Tong Yabghu Qaghan|Yehu Khan]]. He was held in high esteem by the [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] after just 10 days of staying with them with the Khan sending Prabhakāramitra and his followers sending food every morning and offerings every evening.<ref name= Shōlshin2012 /> He was likely the first person to have taught Buddhism to the Khan and as a result convinced Yehu Khan to support Buddhism. The Khan also granted Prabhakaramitra material supplies on his journey.<ref name=Bagchi2011>{{cite book |title=India and China: Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy: A Collection of Essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi|chapter=A Buddhist Monk of Nalanda Amongst the Western Turks |date=2011 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=9780857288219 |pages=160–162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrA1DgAAQBAJ&dq=Prabh%C4%81karamitra%C2%A0&pg=PA161}}</ref><ref name= "Chen2024" />
[[File:DaXingShanSi temple,XiaoZhai,xi'an China - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The Mahavira hall at [[Daxingshan Temple]]]]
There is uncertainty as to the exact year that he arrived in China although some scholars state it to be around 626/627 CE. Around this time, an envoy, Prince Gaoping of Tang, was sent to the Western Turks and encountered Prabhākaramitra. Impressed by his knowledge, he wished to bring Prabhākaramitra back with him to China. Once in China, he was ordered by [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] in 629 CE to translate Mahayana scriptures into Chinese.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jülch |first1=Thomas |title=Zhipan's Account of the History of Buddhism in China: Volume 2: Fozu tongji, juan 39-42: From the Sui Dynasty to the Wudai Era |date=2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004447486 |pages=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BkgEAAAQBAJ&dq=Prabh%C4%81karamitra&pg=PA61}}</ref> He carried out his work at [[Daxingshan Temple]] and [[Xiantong Temple]] and was assisted by 19 monk-scholars. It is possible that Xuanzang learned of Nalanda through his interactions with Prabhākaramitra during this time which may have been a motivating factor in wanting to travel there.<ref name= Shōlshin2012 />

His biography states that his continuing work in translating Buddhist texts prompted the ire of [[Confucian]] [[Scholar-official]]s who spoke negatively of Prabhākaramitra to the Emperor. The result of this was that the Emperor ceased to take an interest in the translation project. By 633, Prabhakaramitra began to fall ill and realised that he would soon die. He began to practice [[meditation]] by visualising the [[Buddha]] while also distributing his belongings to the [[Guangsheng Temple]] where he was staying. He died the same year at the age of 69 and the royal family ordered his body to be cremated at a mountain and a stupa was built to house his relics.<ref name= "Chen2024" />

==Translation work==
Prabhākaramitra was considered a pioneer of the "team-based translation model" for Buddhist scriptures. This involved selecting translators based on skill and under the previous [[Sui dynasty]], "Eight Preconditions" were introduced which set out the essential skills for Buddhist translators however Prabhākaramitra selected his team based on those who possed specific moral qualities and "great virtue" in addition to knowledge of Buddhism and familiarity with scriptures. A selection process was used to select the final nineteen members of the team. The names of some of the other translators that he worked with include Huicheng慧乘, Xuanmo 玄謨, Huiming慧明 and Falin.{{sfn|Siu|2024|p=28-30}}

The prominent texts translated by Prabhākaramitra and his team from Sanskrit into Chinese were:

*''Ratnaketuparivarta'' 寶星陀羅尼經
*''[[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā]]'' 般若燈論釋
*''[[Mahayana-sutra-alamkara-karika|Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra]]'' 大乘莊嚴經論
*'' Prajñāpradīpa ''

Prabhākaramitra's model for translation marked a significant shift in how translations were carried out in medieval China. The model refined the role of the translator introducing more organisation and procedures. Prabhākaramitra later advocated for large-scale translation teams that were prominent in the [[Qin dynasty]] in the early medieval period and saw the involvement of up to 3000 translators which helped with the spread of Buddhist texts in the early medieval period. However, his proposal was criticised by contemporaries in the Tang court who believed that this was an attempt for Prabhākaramitra to extend his own influence and seek disciples. Amid the public criticism, Prabhākaramitra's proposals were ignored.{{sfn|Siu|2024|p=32-33}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Siu |first1=Sai Yau |title=The Evolution of Team-Based Buddhist Scripture Translation in Tang China |date=2024 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789819722938 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ns8SEQAAQBAJ}}
{{Notable foreigners who visited China|state=expanded}}
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Translators to Chinese]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian missionaries in China]]
[[Category:Monks of Nalanda]]
[[Category:Tang dynasty Buddhist monks]]

Ishrat Jahan (lawyer)

2025-11-29T19:11:40Z

Aman064: creating basic page w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ishrat Jahan
| other_names =
| occupation = Lawyer
| known_for = Former politician, UAPA case
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| movement = [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
}}

'''Ishrat Jahan''' is an Indian practising advocate and former [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|municipal councillor]] for the [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/former-congress-councillor-ishrat-jahan-seeks-interim-bail-due-to-covid-outbreak-in-prison/548162/ |title=Former Congress Councillor Ishrat Jahan seeks interim bail due to Covid outbreak in prison |website=[[ThePrint]] |date=19 November 2020 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> in [[Delhi]].

==Biography==
Jahan has been a practising advocate with the [[Bar Council of Delhi]] since 2006.<ref name="Iyer 2020" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi riots: Ex-Congress Councillor Ishrat Jahan seeks interim bail due to COVID-19 outbreak in prison |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/nov/19/delhi-riots-ex-congress-councillor-ishrat-jahan-seeks-interim-bail-due-to-covid-19-outbreak-in-pris-2225521.html |access-date=31 January 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=19 November 2020}}</ref> She was elected a councillor for [[Jagatpuri]] (an urban [[ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]] in [[Krishna Nagar, Delhi]])<ref name=StaffTheHindu/> under the [[Indian National Congress]] ticket in 2012.<ref name="Kalra 2020">{{cite news |last1=Kalra |first1=Aparna |title=In the Middle of Modi's UAPA Dragnet, a Wedding, and Some Fighting Spirit |url=https://thewire.in/rights/in-the-middle-of-modis-uapa-dragnet-a-wedding-and-some-fighting-spirit |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=13 June 2020}}</ref>

Ishrat Jahan was a prominent activist in the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]] that began on 13 January 2020.<ref name="Johari 2020">{{cite news |last1=Johari |first1=Aarefa |title=Two anti-CAA activists arrested by Delhi police were tortured in custody, allege family members |url=https://scroll.in/article/954538/two-anti-caa-activists-arrested-by-delhi-police-were-tortured-in-custody-allege-family-members |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=27 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kalra 2020" /> She was arrested on 26 February 2020<ref name="Iyer 2020"/> along with two other activists on a variety of charges.<ref name="Johari 2020"/> Lawyers from the [[Indian Civil Liberties Union]] and the [[Human Rights Law Network]] who went to the police station to seek their release were allegedly beaten by police.<ref name="Johari 2020"/> After Jahan was granted bail on 21 March 2020, she was arrested again the same day on charges related to the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] (UAPA).<ref name="Iyer 2020"/><ref name="Kalra 2020" />

Ishrat Jahan was accused of giving provocative speeches leading up to the violence that rocked northeast Delhi in February 2020 during the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-violence-court-refuses-to-extend-interim-bail-of-ex-congress-councilor-ishrat-jahan20200619172220/ |title=Delhi violence: Court refuses to extend interim bail of ex-Congress councilor Ishrat Jahan |website=[[Asian News International]] |date=19 June 2020 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Atul |title=Ishrat Jahan, ex-Congress municipal councillor, arrested for inciting violence during Delhi riots |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ishrat-jahan-ex-congress-municipal-councillor-arrested-for-inciting-violence-during-delhi-riots-593664 |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=IndiaTV |date=29 February 2020}}</ref> In May 2020, she was granted ten days bail to get married in June 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-violence-ex-congress-councillor-ishrat-jahan-arrested-in-delhi-violence-case-gets-bail-to-get-married-2238021 |title=Delhi Violence: Ex-Congress Councillor Ishrat Jahan, Arrested In Delhi Violence Case, Gets Bail To Get Married |website=[[NDTV]] |date=31 May 2020 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> Ishrat married Farhan Hashmi on 12 June 2020.<ref name="Iyer 2020">{{cite news |last=Iyer |first=Aishwarya S |title='Want to Live in the Moment': Inside UAPA Accused Ishrat's Wedding |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/ishrat-jahaan-wedding-uapa-north-east-delhi-riots |access-date=31 January 2021 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=17 June 2020}}</ref> Thereafter, she was denied interim bail and returned to jail on 19 June.<ref name=StaffTheHindu>{{cite news |author= |title=Court refuses to extend interim bail to Ishrat Jahan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/court-refuses-to-extend-interim-bail-to-ishrat-jahan/article31873717.ece |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Iyer 20202"/> On 31 July 2020, her appeal to the Delhi High Court against a trial court order granting the police more time to file a chargesheet was denied.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi riots: HC dismisses Ishrat Jahan's plea |url=https://www.siasat.com/delhi-riots-hc-dismisses-ishrat-jahans-plea-1934989/ |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=Siasat Daily |agency=IANS |date=31 July 2020}}</ref> She was again denied bail on 27 November 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Court denies interim bail to Ishrat Jahan in Delhi riots case |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/court-denies-interim-bail-ishrat-141954017.html |access-date=10 April 2021 |website=[[Yahoo! News]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=27 November 2020}}</ref>

She was lodged at the [[Mandoli, Delhi|Mandoli]] jail until March 2022, where she complained of being harassed on a regular basis and beaten by the inmates in at least two incidents (in November and December 2020). A district court judge noted that Jahan was in a state of "utter fear" and directed jail authorities to provide security to her.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/harassed-abused-ex-councillor-ishrat-jahan-jailed-in-delhi-riots-case-2342098 |title=Harassed, Abused: Ex-Councillor Ishrat Jahan, Jailed In Delhi Riots Case |website=[[NDTV]] |date=22 December 2020 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/ex-congress-councillor-ishrat-jahan-claims-being-assaulted-inside-mandoli-prison/story-ltMQoMNjrdmqbOejGMJS0H.html |title=Ex-Congress councillor Ishrat Jahan claims being assaulted inside Mandoli prison |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date= 22 December 2020|access-date=2021-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi riots: Ishrat Jahan alleges in court beating, harassment by jail inmates |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/delhi-riots-ishrat-jahan-alleges-in-court-beating-harassment-by-jail-inmates |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=[[National Herald]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=22 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Iyer 20202">{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Aishwarya S |title=Delhi Riots: Women in Jail Indulge in Vulgar Acts, Says Ishrat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/ishrat-jahaan-safety-abused-mandoli-jail-karkardooma-court-hearing-delhi-violence#read-more#read-more |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi violence: Ishrat Jahan alleges assault, harassment in jail, asks for a transfer |url=https://scroll.in/latest/982124/delhi-violence-ishrat-jahan-alleges-assault-harassment-in-jail-asks-for-a-transfer |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

On 14 March 2022, Jahan was granted bail in all pending cases against her.<ref name="bailindianexpress2022">{{Cite news|last=Mohan J.|first= Anand|title=Northeast Delhi riots: Ex-Congress councillor Ishrat Jahan granted bail in UAPA case|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/northeast-delhi-riots-ishrat-jahan-bail-uapa-case-7819344/|date=14 March 2022|work=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> After she was released, she continued to assert that she has been wrongly accused and that the anti-CAA protests were not linked to violence.<ref name="Aafaq 2022">{{cite news |last1=Aafaq |first1=Zafar |title=India: Muslim activist recounts two 'painful' years in jail |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/22/india-muslim-activist-ishrat-jahan-jail-delhi-riots-caa-protests |access-date=4 February 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=22 March 2022}}</ref>

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |last=Iyer |first=A. S. |date=24 July 2021 |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/ishrat-jahan-uapa-accused-congress-councillor-delhi-riots-2020 |title='Driven, tolerant and Warm': Who Is Ishrat Jahan, beyond being a UAPA Accused? |website=[[The Quint]] |access-date=27 July 2021}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jahan, Ishrat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Activists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:People involved in the Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]

C. Kondiah Raju

2025-11-21T17:30:23Z

Aman064: starting new post...

{{Short description|Indian artist (1898 – 1976)}}
{{Infobox artist
| birth_date = 7 November 1898
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age |1976|7|27|1898|11|7|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kovilpatti]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| known_for = Calendar art, [[Hindu art]], Indian freedom movement art
| style = South Indian
| alma_mater = [[Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai]]
| name = C. Kondiah Raju
| image =
| signature =
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''C. Kondiah Raju''' (7 November 1898 – 27 July 1976) was a popular Calendar artist<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianart.com/exhibitions/body_city/culture.html|title = Indian Popular Culture. 'The Conquest of the World as Picture'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tasveergharindia.net/cmsdesk/essay/97/index_1.html |title=Temple in a Frame |publisher=Tasveer Ghar: A Digital Archive of South Asian Popular Visual Culture |date= |access-date=2014-04-06 |page=1}}</ref> well known for his depictions of Hindu Gods and Goddesses in a typical style, amalgamating the features of contemporary calendar art and traditional South Indian paintings. He reached the peak of his fame during the heyday of the lithographic printing presses in [[Sivakasi]]. Kondiah Raju has an important place in the evolution of Indian [[Calendar art]], which gained popular attention with [[Raja Ravi Varma|Ravi Varma]] and continued on through artists such as [[S. M. Pandit]], [[Mulgaonkar]] and others in the 20th century. In addition to his painting skills he also displayed a spiritual streak, as also a starkly austere simplicity, that prompted many of his students to call him an 'artist-saint'.

==Brief Biography==

Kovilpatti Kondiah Raju was born on 7 November 1898 in a house at Malaiya Perumal Koil Street, [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai|Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) to a family of traditional artisans. His father C. Kuppaswami Raju was a Siddha medical practitioner. Before his death in 1912, Kuppaswami made arrangements for the young Kondiah Raju to learn the traditional skill of the Raju community - Religious painting. Kondiah Raju initially learnt painting from several teachers, including Murugesa Naiyakar and N. Subba Naidu, a well known artist from Madurai. In 1916, Kondiah Raju joined the Government School of Arts and Crafts.<ref name="BabbWadley1998">{{cite book|editor1=Lawrence A. Babb|editor2=Susan S. Wadley|title=Media and the Transformation of Religion in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDHFFe7YM8C&pg=PA55|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1453-0|page=55}}</ref>

In 1920, he joined the [[Ramana Maharishi]] Ashram at [[Thiruvannamalai]], further evidence of his spiritual trait that would characterise his near nomadic life and resurface time and again in him. Kondiah, after leaving the Ashram, joined a "village drama" troupe, (or boys' company as they were called in those days of all Men drama troupes).

Eventually, Kondiah Raju and his group began to work for the newly set up litho printing presses of [[Sivakasi]]. His ''Gajendra Motcham'', ''Meenakshi Kalyanam'' and many other religious prints are considered unrivalled masterpieces and continue to adorn the ''puja'' rooms of South Indian households and smaller shrines across the Tamil country. So pervasive are his prints that many South Indians would visualise and recognise not only the many deities, but also leaders of the Indian freedom movement,<ref>Bharat Mata India's Freedom Movement in Popular Art by Erwin Neumayer published by Oxford University Press</ref> contemporary political leaders and other important personalities only as depicted in his prints. His prints have been collected internationally and are even archived in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/name/kondiah-raju-c/280/|title=Search Results | V&A Explore the Collections}}</ref> H. Daniel Smith Poster Archive, Syracuse University library.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/s/smith_poster.htm#otherfindaid|title=H. Daniel Smith Poster Archive an inventory of the collection at Syracuse University}}</ref>

When Kondiah Raju died on 27 July 1976, his pupils spoke of him with awe, calling him an 'artist-saint'.<ref>{{cite news|author=B.N. Goswamy |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan15/art-trib.htm#art |title=Deities in calendars |publisher=The Tribune...Arts Tribune |date=1999-01-15 |access-date=2014-04-06}}</ref> Contemporary media accounts of his death describe him as a 'Brahmachari whose students were like his children'. Though he had earned a fortune through his artistic commissions, he never married, distributed his wealth to others, and lived a simple life like a saint with one shirt, one veshti and one towel. In 1971, he would even turn down an offer to travel to Chennai to receive a Government award recognising his contributions to art.

==Career==

Kondiah Raju painted for most of the printers in [[Sivakasi]] and [[Madurai]] including the Sri Kalaimagal Industries,<ref>Studies in Hindu and Buddhist Art edited by P. K. Mishra, Abhinav Publications</ref> [[Madurai]]; Coronation Litho Works, [[Sivakasi]]; Premier Litho Works; [[Sivakasi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/kondiahraju/home|title = Kondiahraju}}</ref> Sivakasi, which is only a few kilometres from Kovilpatti, had its first lithographic printing press in the mid fifties. By 1979, [[Sivakasi]] would have 350 photo-offset machines and more than 1000 litho and letter press units in operation. Thanks to the untiring efforts of the [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] industrialists' community [[Sivakasi]] had been transformed from a humdrum village-town to a major industrial centre, prompting the sobriquet - 'India's Little Japan' (''Kutti Japan''' in Tamil).<ref>Gods in the Bazaar: The Economies of Indian Calendar Art by Kajri Jain published by Duke University Press</ref> Kondaiah Raju and his students reaped the rich benefits of their proximity to [[Sivakasi]]. His paintings were also printed in many of the Tamil magazines and Deepavali ''malars'' (special issues). His latter years were spent in [[Kovilpatti]], Tamil Nadu where he established the "Devi Art Studio". The Studio in addition to paintings would also involve itself in Photography.

Kondiah Raju had a number of pupils who assisted him and would automatically sign in their master's name on all their works during their training. Many like T. S. Subbaiah continued to sign Kondiah Raju's name above his own, even after becoming an established artist and even after the death of his master! His most popular students were M. Ramalingam, T. S. Arunachalam, T. S. Subbaiah, S. Parani Chittar who would establish themselves as master artists in their own right. In addition to the popular religious calendar art Kondiah Raju and his students continued to paint for advertisements, name boards, etc. for many shops and establishments in and around [[Kovilpatti]]. T. S. Arunachalam who later took over the studio was well known for "photo retouching" a skill that was important for recycling popular designs in the lithographic printing industry. Many other students of Kondaiah Raju would open studios of their own, dealing in paintings and photography.

==Influences==

His depictions were mostly influenced not only by [[Raja Ravi Varma|Ravi Varma]]'s compositions of the Gods and Goddesses but also by the popular art of [[Tanjore painting]] in which his community, the Rajus of Tanjore and Tiruchi had distinguished themselves. The Rajus who had migrated to Tamil Nadu from Andhra under the patronage of the Nayaka kings, had popularised painting techniques related ceiling and wall paintings in temples, decoration of processional {{Transliteration|hi|vahanas}}, modelling of stucco sculptures on temple {{Transliteration|hi|gopurams}} and {{Transliteration|hi|vimanams}}. The Rajus along with the Naidus were also known for their paintings and portraits on wooden panels, glass and mica with delicate gesso work highlighted by gold foils and semi-precious gems. These paintings which would be called [[Tanjore painting]]s were not only characterised by the rigorous canons of traditional iconography but also by Islamic artistic techniques and European fashions.

Though many of Kondiah Raju's paintings bear a resemblance with Ravi Varma's paintings, he went further in his treatment of religious subjects by emphasising characteristics of the main subject in line with the depictions in temple and traditional [[Tanjore painting]]s. His calendar art unlike [[Raja Ravi Varma|Ravi Varma]] or any other artist, was in a style quite reminiscent of the traditional iconic and formal representation of deities in South Indian paintings as opposed to the western fashion adopted by Ravi Varma or [[S. M. Pandit]]. In Kondiah's paintings the central deity is emphasised by providing it a well-lit, central and prominent position and relegating the surroundings to static objects like pillars, lamps, etc. Further it should also be remembered that Kondiah Raju like his forebear [[Raja Ravi Varma|Ravi Varma]] was compelled to stick to not only the canonical iconography traditionally prescribed for the Hindu divinities but also cater to the tastes of the burgeoning Indian middle classes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tasveergharindia.net/cmsdesk/essay/97/index_1.html|title = Temple in a Frame}}</ref> In another major innovation, he would with his students herald the introduction of German tempera colours in lieu of oil colours for painting in South Indian calendar art. Subsequently, the introduction of Camlin watercolours would ensure that the artist could execute his paintings with greater speed and ease.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|editor1=Lawrence A. Babb|editor2=Susan S. Wadley|title=Media and the Transformation of Religion in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDHFFe7YM8C|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1453-0}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, C. Kondaiah}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Veetuku Veedu Vaasapadi

2025-11-21T10:17:12Z

Aman064: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Veettukku Veedu Vasappadi]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Mahidhar Rana

2025-10-13T11:13:01Z

Aman064:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kantamal Assembly constituency|Kantamal]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Bhagaban Kanhar

| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
}}

'''Mahidhar Rana''' is an Indian politician from Odisha who was a two time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Kantamal Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantamal Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Kantamal Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/kantamal-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kantamal Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kantamal-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916920.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Mahidhar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Hoysala Karnataka Brahmin

2025-10-01T06:10:07Z

Aman064:

{{Short description|Community of Smartha Brahmins}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Hoysala Karnataka Brahmins
| image = Hoysala emblem.JPG
| caption = Hoysala Empire emblem at [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]]
| popplace = [[Karnataka]]
| langs = [[Kannada]], [[Sanskrit]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Hoysala Karnataka''' [[Brahmin]]s are a community of [[Smarta_tradition#Smarta_Brahmins|Smarta Brahmins]] originating in the [[Hoysala Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|author=K. S. Singh|title=People of India: (3 pts.). Karnataka|url={{Google books|VBQwAQAAIAAJ|page=PA1334|plainurl=yes}}|page=1334}}</ref><ref name="vibrant">{{cite book|author=Chitra Agrawal|title=Vibrant India: Fresh Vegetarian Recipes from Bangalore to Brooklyn [A Cookbook]|url={{Google books|EJ8sDgAAQBAJ|page=PA6|plainurl=yes}}|pages=6–8}}</ref> The empire ruled most of what is now [[Karnataka]] between the 10th and the 14th centuries.<ref name="vibrant" />
==Diet==
{{See also|South Indian cuisine#Karnataka food}}
The community has traditionally followed a strict [[vegetarian]] [[sattvic diet]] consisting of seasonal fruits and vegetables (except onions and garlic), [[whole grains]], dairy, nuts, seeds, and oil. A typical breakfast item is ''[[upma|uppittu]]'' (a thick [[semolina]] porridge with seasonings and vegetables). A typical dinner may include ''[[rasam (dish)|saaru]]'' (a thin soup made with lentils, [[tamarind]], tomatoes, and spices) with rice, vegetable ''[[poriyal|palya]]'', and [[curd rice]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Chitra Agrawal |url={{Google books|EJ8sDgAAQBAJ|page=PA6|plainurl=yes}} |title=Vibrant India: Fresh Vegetarian Recipes from Bangalore to Brooklyn [A Cookbook] |pages=6–8}}</ref>

Other Hoysala Karnataka dishes include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onceuponatiffin.com/post/cooking-hoysala-karnataka-food-with-three-sisters|date=15 April 2020|title=Cooking Hoysala Karnataka Food with Three Sisters}}</ref>
* ''Badanekayi-aloogedde gojju'', a [[curry]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine|url={{Google books|3jusEAAAQBAJ|page=PA193|plainurl=yes}}|pages=193}}</ref> made with [[eggplant]] and [[potatoes]]
* ''Bili holige'', similar to the rice flatbread [[akki rotti]] but softer and suppler
* ''Gulpavate'', a sweet made with dried fruit, [[ghee]], [[jaggery]], and toasted wheat flour
* ''Mysuru [[koottu|kootu]]'', a Karnataka-style lentil and vegetable stew
* ''Nucchina unde'', [[quenelle]]-shaped lentil dumplings

==Titles and surnames==
Common titles of community members include [[Bhat]] and [[Jois (surname)|Jois]], which are also used as surnames. [[Rao (Indian surname)|Rao]] is another common surname.<ref>{{cite book|author=K. S. Singh|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|url={{Google books|bfAMAQAAMAAJ|page=PA1784|plainurl=yes}}|pages=1784}}</ref>

==Associations==
The Hoysala Karnataka ''[[Sangha]]'' formed in 1908 but eventually disbanded.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ramesh Bairy|title=Being Brahmin, Being Modern: Exploring the Lives of Caste Today|url={{Google books|BTXgCgAAQBAJ|page=PA179|plainurl=yes}}|pages=179–180}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Forward Castes]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kannada Brahmins]]

Helavaru

2025-09-24T08:46:36Z

Aman064: creating first info basic info

{{Short description|Community of genealogists in Karnataka and Maharashtra}}
[[File:Helava 25-09-21 11-57-51-639.jpg|thumb|Person from the Helavaru community, a traditional group in North Karnataka]]
The '''Helavaru''' or '''Helavas''' are a traditional community of genealogists found mainly in [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]], India. They are known for maintaining family lineages, reciting ancestral histories, and preserving genealogical records across generations.<ref>{{cite book |title=District Gazetteer of Belgaum |publisher=Government of Karnataka |year=1987 |pages=254–25 5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |title=Jaina Community: A Social Survey |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Bombay |year=1980 |pages=146–147}}</ref>

The term ''Helava'' is derived from the [[Kannada]] word ''helu'' (to say or narrate), reflecting their traditional role as narrators of religious stories, genealogies, and legends associated with sacred places.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=C. N. |title=Folklore and Oral Tradition in Karnataka |publisher=Institute of Kannada Studies |year=1998 |page=92}}</ref>
== Historical background ==
The Helava tradition is believed to have originated during the reign of the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuri]] king [[Bijjala II]] (r. 1157–1167 CE). According to oral tradition, Bijjala, who was a patron of [[Jainism]], appointed the Helavas to maintain the genealogical records of the [[Chaturtha|Chaturtha Jains]] Particularly ruling lineages and [[Chaturtha|Chaturtha Jains]] were ruling linages at the time in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=C. N. |title=Folklore and Oral Tradition in Karnataka |publisher=Institute of Kannada Studies |year=1998 |page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nagarajaiah |first=Hampa |title=Jainism in Southern Karnataka |publisher=Sapna Book House |location=Bangalore |year=1999 |oclc=45166444 |pages=112–113}}</ref>

Even today, Helavas invoke [[Bijjala II|Bijjala’s]] name while reciting genealogies, and many [[Chaturtha|Chaturtha Jain]] families continue to preserve ancestral details through them.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=C. N. |title=Folklore and Oral Tradition in Karnataka |publisher=Institute of Kannada Studies |year=1998 |page=92}}</ref> Over time, the system expanded beyond [[Jains]], and other communities—including [[Vokkaliga]] and [[Lingayat|Lingayats]] and many other communities of [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]] —Gradually adopted this practice of relying on Helavas for genealogical preservation.<ref>{{cite book |title=District Gazetteer of Belgaum |publisher=Government of Karnataka |year=1987 |pages=254–25 5}}</ref>

They also acted as genealogists, preserving family histories across generations, and were patronised by local chieftains and landed families. and people of the Helava's narrate in their North Karnataka tone:- "''[[Bijjala II|Raja Bijjala told our ancestors to keep all these records]]''" This oral tradition is still remembered and repeated within families as the origin of their role as record-keepers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |title=People of India: Karnataka, Volume 2 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |year=2003 |pages=484–485 |isbn=978-81-7304-133-4}}</ref>

== Role and practice ==
Helavas travel from village to village carrying record books, which often list twenty or more generations of families. When visiting households, they recite the genealogical accounts, update the records with new ''births'', ''marriages'', or ''deaths'', and collect offerings in return for their services. Their role has been important in preserving community memory, particularly in rural areas where written documentation was historically limited.<ref>{{cite book |title=District Gazetteer of Belgaum |publisher=Government of Karnataka |year=1987 |pages=254–25 5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |title=Jaina Community: A Social Survey |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Bombay |year=1980 |pages=148}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
The Helava community is concentrated in ''Northern Karnataka'' districts such as [[Bagalkot]], [[Belagavi]], [[Dharwad]], [[Gadag]], and [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]], [[Sangli district|Sangali]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Bagalkot]] and with smaller numbers in parts of Maharashtra. They primarily speak [[Kannada]] and [[Marathi Language|Marathi]], depending on their regional location.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |title=People of India: Maharashtra, Part 2 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |year=2004 |pages= 832–834 |isbn=978-81-7304-141-9}}</ref>

== See also ==
•⁠ ⁠[[Chaturtha|Chaturtha Jains]]

•⁠ ⁠[[Kalachuris of Kalyani]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=C. N. |title=Folklore and Oral Tradition in Karnataka |publisher=Institute of Kannada Studies |year=1998 |page=92}}
* {{cite book |last=Nagarajaiah |first=Hampa |title=Jainism in Southern Karnataka |publisher=Sapna Book House |location=Bangalore |year=1999 |oclc=45166444 |pages=112–113}}

Georg Pfeffer

2025-08-17T06:23:41Z

Aman064: starting info

{{Short description|German anthropologist (1943–2020)}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Georg Pfeffer
| honorific_suffix =
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1943|01|17}}
| birth_place = Berlin, Germany
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|05|20|1943|01|17}}
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| nationality =
| citizenship = Germany
| other_names =
| occupation = Anthropologist
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| parents = {{br separated entries|Margaret Wainman Kirby (mother)|[[:de:Karl Heinz Pfeffer|Karl Heinz Pfeffer]] (father)}}
| relatives =
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| website =
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Freiburg]] (Ph.D.)
| thesis_title = Pariagruppen des Pandschab (Ph.D.)
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1970
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| discipline = [[Anthropology]]
| sub_discipline = {{br separated entries|Ethnography|Ethnology}}
| workplaces = Former professor, Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology of [[Free University of Berlin]]
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students = 
| main_interests = {{br separated entries|Power relations|Anthropology of kinship|Anthropology of religion}}
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'''Georg Pfeffer''' (17 January 1943 — 20 May 2020) was a German anthropologist. Born in 1943 in Berlin to a German sociologist father and a British mother, he was schooled in [[Hamburg]]. In 1959, he moved to [[Lahore]] with his family, and studied at the city's [[Forman Christian College]] for 3 years. Later, he moved back to Germany and studied at the [[University of Freiburg]] where he also completed his Ph.D.

He served for 1 year as lecturer and for nearly 6 years as a professor of [[ethnology]] at the [[Heidelberg University]]. Later, he joined the [[Free University of Berlin]] and served as a professor at its Institute of Ethnology for nearly 23 years until his retirement in 2008. He had done fieldwork among the [[Adivasis]] of India's central regions, and in the eastern state [[Odisha]]. He also did field research in Pakistan. He was a co-founder of the [[European Association of Social Anthropologists]] and had worked at various editorial positions in a few anthropological journals. He died at the age of 77 years after a grave illness.

==Early life and family==
Georg Pfeffer was born on 17 January 1943 at Berlin in Germany to [[:de:Karl Heinz Pfeffer|Karl Heinz Pfeffer]] and Margaret Wainman Kirby.<ref name="FI"/><ref name="GA"/> His father was a sociologist. His mother was a Briton. He had to leave his native place because of bombing during the second world war's end. During his early childhood years, he lived in village in [[Hesse]] where he came in touch with refugees and experienced the "social structures" of Germany's countryside areas. In 1949, the Pfeffer family shifted to Hamburg where he completed his schooling.<ref name="GA">{{cite web |title=Short Portrait: Georg Pfeffer |editor-first=Dieter |editor-last=Haller |website=German Anthropology |place=Bochum, Germany |url=http://www.germananthropology.com/short-portrait/georg-pfeffer/75 |accessdate=September 10, 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
When Georg Pfeffer was 16 years old, the Pfeffer family shifted to [[Lahore]] in [[Pakistan]]. From 1959 to 1962, he studied at the [[Forman Christian College]]. During that time, he also learned about the culture, society, and language of Pakistan. Later, he returned to Germany. In 1966, he started to study history of religion, sociology, and ethnology at the University of Freiburg. His teachers at the university included [[:de:Rolf Herzog|Rolf Herzog]] and [[Heinrich Popitz]]. In 1970, he completed his Ph.D. at the university.<ref name="GA"/> For his doctorate, he presented a [[monograph]]ic dissertation titled ''Pariagruppen des Pandschab (Pariah Groups of Punjab)''.<ref name="FUB2">{{cite web |title=Publikationen: Prof. Dr. Georg Pfeffer |trans-title=Publications: Prof. Dr. Georg Pfeffer |website=Free University of Berlin |date=19 February 2008 |place=Berlin, Germany |url=https://www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de/ethnologie/personen/ehemalige_professor_innen/pfeffer/publ_pfeffer.html |accessdate=September 10, 2020 |language=de}}</ref>

==Academic career and research==
The subjects of Pfeffer's research included the study of power relations, anthropology of kinship, and [[anthropology of religion]]. He carried out field studies in India and Pakistan since 1968.<ref name="GA"/> He had studied the indigenous social groups and caste system of India and Pakistan. In the later half of the 1960s, he did his first [[ethnographic]] field study, and the subjects of the study were Lahore's "untouchable sweepers".<ref name="UoG"/>

In 1971, he joined the South Asia Institute of Heidelberg University as an assistant.<ref name="GA"/> In the 1970s, he also performed his career's second field study on the role of the [[Vedic priests|Vedic Brahmins]] in [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] at [[Puri]] in Odisha, India.<ref name="UoG"/> In Odisha{{refn|group=note|Odisha was known as Orissa before 2011.}}, he had done fieldwork solely at the beginning. Later, he conducted research there with a group of scholars from India and Germany. He had been among the people of Odisha nearly each year for a few decades.<ref name="FI">{{cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Georg Pfeffer (17 January 1943 — 20 May 2020) |first=Roland |last=Hardenberg |website=[[Frobenius Institute]] |place=Frankfurt, Germany |url=https://www.frobenius-institut.de/en/research/61-new/682-obituary-for-prof-dr-georg-pfeffer |accessdate=September 10, 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530063956/https://www.frobenius-institut.de/en/research/61-new/682-obituary-for-prof-dr-georg-pfeffer |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At the Heidelberg University,<ref name="GA"/> he also presented a monographic thesis titled ''Puris Sasana–Dörfer, Basis einer Regionalen Elite (Puris Sasana Villages, Basis of Regional Elite)'' for his [[habilitation]] in 1976,<ref name="FUB2"/> and worked as a lecturer at the university in 1978.<ref name="FUB1">{{cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Georg Pfeffer |first1=Hansjörg |last1=Dilger |first2=Birgitt |last2=Röttger-Rössler |website=[[Free University of Berlin]] |date=21 February 2008 |place=Berlin, Germany |url=https://www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de/ethnologie/personen/ehemalige_professor_innen/pfeffer/index.html |accessdate=September 10, 2020 |language=de}}</ref> From 1979 to 1985, he worked as a professor of ethnology at the Heidelberg University.<ref name="GA"/> From 1985 to his retirement in 2008, he worked as a professor at the Free University of Berlin's Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology<ref name="GA"/>{{refn|group=note|The Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology was known as the Institute of Ethnology till 2015.<ref name="FUB1"/>}} and also supervised the [[Asian studies]] at the institute.<ref name="FUB1"/> Since the 1980s, central India's Adivasi people had been the main focus of his field research, specially the study of their kinship, rituals, and religion.<ref name="UoG"/> From 1984 to 1988, he was the co-editor of the ''South Asian Social Scientist''{{refn|group=note|A journal published by the [[University of Madras]]'s Department of Anthropology.<ref>{{cite book |title=South Asian Social Scientist |oclc=635790824 }}</ref>}}.<ref name="FUB2"/> In 1989, he co-founded the European Association of Social Anthropologists.<ref name="UoG">{{cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Georg Pfeffer (17 January 1943 — 20 May 2020) |first=Peter |last=Berger |website=[[University of Groningen]] |place=Groningen, Netherlands |url=https://www.rug.nl/research/centre-for-religious-studies/centre-religion-culture-asia/news/prof.-dr.-georg-pfeffer-(17-january-1943-20-may-2020) |date=May 28, 2020 |accessdate=September 10, 2020}}</ref>

Since 1990, he was a member of the editorial staff of the ''[[:de:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie|Zeitschrift für Ethnologie]]'' for its South Asia and Symbolic Classification subject. From 1993 to 1995, he along with [[:de:Bernhard Hänsel|Bernhard Hänsel]], served as the co-editor for the publications of the ''[[Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte]]''.<ref name="FUB2"/> Between 1996 and 2006, he headed the [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft]]-funded ''[[:de:Schwerpunktprogramm|Schwerpunktprogramm]] Orissa''{{refn|group=note|''Priority Programme Orissa''}} at the Institute of Ethnology of the Free University of Berlin under which a number of long-term research projects were executed in the state.<ref name="FUB1"/> He was also an associate fellow of the [[University of Groningen]]'s Centre for the Study of Religion and Culture in Asia for its 2 research projects — ''Religion, Culture and Society of Indian "Tribal"'' and ''Communities and History and Theory of the Anthropology of India''.<ref name="UoG"/>

Peter Berger noted that Pfeffer compared "worldviews and social structures" of the American, Australian and Central Indian autochthonous peoples. According to Berger, Pfeffer's "most important contribution lies in his comparative endeavor, as he worked out the general patterns of social structure and ideology that are shared by the various Central Indian indigenous peoples and at the same time constitute different distinctive cultural sub-complexes."<ref name="UoG"/>

From 1993 to 1995 Pfeffer was the President of the [[Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory]].<ref>[[Nils Seethaler]], Markus Schindlbeck: Nachruf Georg Pfeffer. In: Mitteilungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, vol. 41 (2020): 15.</ref>

==Other interests==
Pfeffer was also interested in literature, art, music, sports, and the current political events.<ref name="FI"/>

==Death==
Pfeffer died on 20 May 2020 at the age of 77 because of severe illness.<ref name="FI"/>

==Works==
Pfeffer wrote 4 monographs, 93 research papers, 22 reviews, 12 [[Serial (publishing)|serials]] and 13 other [[miscellanea]].<ref name="FUB2"/>

===Books===
Some of the books authored by Pfeffer are as follows:
*{{cite book |title=Lewis Henry Morgan's Comparisons Reassessing Terminology, Anarchy and Worldview in Indigenous Societies of America, Australia and Highland Middle India |last=Pfeffer |year=2019 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books|Berghahn]] |place=New York, USA |isbn=978-1789203189 |lccn=2019980482 |oclc=1105557052}}
*{{cite book |title=Verwandtschaft als Verfassung: unbürokratische Muster öffentlicher Ordnung |trans-title=Relationship as a Constitution: Unbureaucratic Models of Public Order |edition=illustrated |first=Georg |last=Pfeffer |year=2016 |publisher=Nomos |place=Baden-Baden, Germany |isbn=978-3848724215 |lccn=2016418426 |oclc=944086186}}
*{{cite book |title=Hunters, Tribes, Peasants: Cultural Crisis and Comparison |series=The Dr. Ambedkar Memorial Lecture Series |first=Georg |last=Pfeffer |year=2003 |publisher=National Institute of Social Work and Social Sciences–Centre for Development Education and Communication (NISWASS–CEDEC) Press |place=[[Bhubaneswar]], India |oclc=918437559}}
*{{cite book |title=Status and Affinity in Middle India |series=Beiträge zur Südasienforschung, Volume 76 |first=Georg |last=Pfeffer |year=1982 |publisher=F. Steiner |place=Wiesbaden, Germany |isbn=978-3515039130 |oclc=9750736}}

===Selected papers===
*{{cite book |title=Contemporary Society: Tribal Studies |series=Structure and Process, Volume 1 |year=1997 |pages=3–27 |publisher=Concept |place=New Delhi, India |article=The Scheduled Tribes of Middle India as a Unit: Problems of Internal and External Comparison |first=Georg |last=Pfeffer |editor1-first=Georg |editor1-last=Pfeffer |editor2-first=Deepak Kumar |editor2-last=Behera |isbn=978-8170226413 |lccn=97905535}}
*{{cite book |title=Jagannath Revisited: Studying Society, Religion, and the State in Orissa |series=Studies in Orissan Society, Culture, and History, Volume 1 |edition=illustrated |year=2001 |pages=123–148 |publisher=Manohar |place=New Delhi, India |article=A Ritual of Revival among the Gadaba of Koraput |first=Georg |last=Pfeffer |editor1-first=Hermann |editor1-last=Kulke |editor2-first=Burkhard |editor2-last=Schnepel |editor1-link=Hermann Kulke |isbn=978-8173043864 |lccn=2001358932 |oclc=1129466261}}
*{{cite journal |journal=[[Contributions to Indian Sociology]] |volume=17 |issue=1 |year=1983 |publisher=[[Sage Journals]] |title=Generation and Marriage in Middle India: The Evolutionary Potential of 'Restricted Exchange' |first=Georg |last=Pfeffer |pages=87–121 |doi=10.1177/006996683017001004|s2cid=144073747}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Anthropos |volume=99 |issue=2 |year=2004 |pages=381–409 |publisher=[[:de:Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH]] |title=Order in Tribal Middle Indian 'Kinship' |first=Georg |last=Pfeffer |jstor=40466388 |jstor-access=free}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie |volume=122 |issue=2 |year=1997 |pages=183–208 |publisher=[[:de:Dietrich Reimer Verlag GmbH|Dietrich Reimer Verlag GmbH]] |title=Die Haardebatte: Gender, Glatzen und Gewalt der Bondo |first=Georg |last=Pfeffer |jstor=25842502 |jstor-access=free |language=de}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie |volume=117 |year=1992 |pages=41–54 |publisher=Dietrich Reimer Verlag GmbH |title=Zur Verwandtschaftsethnologie |first=Georg |last=Pfeffer |jstor=25842240 |jstor-access=free |language=de}}

==See also==
*[[Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf]]
*[[Paul Hockings]]
*[[Stephen Fuchs]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=The Anthropology of Values: Essays in Honour of Georg Pfeffer |edition=illustrated |publisher=[[Longman]] |place=Delhi |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Berger |others=Ellen Kattner |year=2010 |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4937231 |isbn=978-8131728208}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pfeffer, Georg}}

[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Social scientists from Berlin]]
[[Category:Forman Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Freiburg alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Heidelberg University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Free University of Berlin]]
[[Category:Social anthropologists]]
[[Category:20th-century German anthropologists]]
[[Category:Anthropology educators]]
[[Category:Anthropology writers]]
[[Category:21st-century German anthropologists]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:German Indologists]]
[[Category:German expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of South Asia Institute Heidelberg]]

Jogeshwari Caves

2025-08-11T12:08:14Z

Aman064:

{{short description|Caves in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox Cave
| name = Jogeshwari Caves
| photo = Jogeshwari_Caves_inside.jpg
| photo_caption = Jogeshwari caves interior
| location = Jogeshwari (E), Mumbai
| depth =
| length =
| coords = {{coord|19.1391|72.8568|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|15|m|ft|0|abbr=on|}}
| survey =
| survey_format =
| discovery =
| geology =
| entrance_count = 3
| entrance_list =
| difficulty = easy
| hazards =
| access =
}}

The '''Jogeshwari Caves''' are some of the earliest Hinduism cave temple sculptures located in the Mumbai suburb of [[Jogeshwari]], India. The caves date back to the sixth century, [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&dq=jogeshwari+caves&pg=PT607 |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-396-7 |language=en}}</ref> They were found during the excavation of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta]] in Maharashtra.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Arka Roy |title=Jogeshwari Caves – all you need to know about the first and largest Hindu temple caves in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/jogeshwari-caves-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-first-and-largest-hindu-temple-caves-in-india/articleshow/63594802.cms |access-date=2024-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref> These caves belong to the Hindu deity Jogeshwari. According to historian and scholar [[Walter Spink]], Jogeshwari is the earliest major cave temple in India and (in terms of total length) "the largest".<ref name="SpinkStudies1967">{{cite book|author1=Walter M. Spink|author2=University of Michigan. Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies|title=Ajanta to Ellora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwsNAQAAIAAJ|access-date=19 April 2012|year=1967|publisher=Marg Publications}}</ref>
[[File:Sculptural panels inside Jogeshwari Caves 2.jpg|thumb|325x325px]]
The caves are located off the Western Express Highway, and are surrounded by encroachments. The caves are accessed through a long flight of stairs into the main hall of this cavernous space. It has many pillars and a [[Lingam]] at the end. Idols of [[Dattatreya]], [[Hanuman]], and [[Ganesh]] line the walls. There are also relics of two doorkeepers. The cave also has a [[murti]] and [[footprints]] of the goddess [[Yogeshwari|Jogeshwari (Yogeshwari)]], after whom the area is named. The goddess is considered a [[Kuladevi]] by some Marathi people and also worshipped by some migrant groups from Gujarat. These caves are the earliest [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupata]] Caves in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=Dr. Suraj |title=Stories in Stone - Historic Caves of Mumbai by Dr. Suraj Pandit with Arun Narayanan |publisher=Instucen Trust |date=December 2013 |edition=1st |pages=80}}</ref> The caves contain six sculptural panels depicting different episodes from Shaivism, including the [[Kalyanasundara|marriage of Shiva and Parvati]], [[Andhaka|Andhakasura]] Vad, Shiva accepting Ravana as his disciple, Shiva and Parvati playing dice, Nataraja and [[Lakulisha]] Shiva.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=Dr. Suraj |title=Stories in Stone - Historic Caves of Mumbai by Dr. Suraj Pandit with Arun Narayanan |publisher=Instucen Trust |date=December 2013 |edition=1st |pages=80}}</ref> The cave also includes sculptures and pillars of Mahayana Buddhist architecture.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Caves around Mumbai}}

{{Portal|India}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindu cave temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]
[[Category:6th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Gupta art]]
[[Category:Legendary footprints]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra]]

{{India-religious-struct-stub}}