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Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-04T23:50:25Z

Aman Mehta: started some details w/ sources

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Viluppuram
| map_image = Viluppuram lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Area of Viluppuram Lok Sabha Constituency
|mp = [[D. Ravikumar]]
| incumbent_image = Ravikumar D VCK Photo 12022021 1200x800.jpg
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
|established = 2009
|reservation = SC
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|electors = 1,444,335
| party = {{Party index link|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|preceded_by = [[S. Rajendran (AIADMK politician)|S. Rajendran]]
|assembly_cons = [[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]] [[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur]] [[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]] [[Vikravandi Assembly constituency|Vikravandi]] [[Tirukkoyilur Assembly constituency|Tirukkoyilur]] [[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpettai]]
}}

'''Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{langx|ta|விழுப்புரம் மக்களவைத் தொகுதி}}) is one of the 39 [[Lok Sabha]] ([[Parliament of India|parliamentary]]) constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]], a [[Federated state|state]] in southern [[India]].

== Assembly segments ==
Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] segments:

{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
| 72
| [[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]
| SC
| rowspan="5" | [[Viluppuram District|Viluppuram]]
| {{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| {{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 73
| [[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur]]
| SC
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 74
| [[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]
| None
|-
| 75
| [[Vikravandi Assembly constituency|Vikravandi]]
| None
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
| 76
| [[Tirukkoyilur Assembly constituency|Tirukkoyilur]]
| None
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 77
| [[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpettai]]
| None
| [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Members of the Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white; " colspan="2"|Party
|----
|2009
|[[K. Murugesan Anandan]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|2014
|[[S. Rajendran (AIADMK politician)|S. Rajendran]]
|----
|2019
|rowspan="2"|[[D. Ravikumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|2024
|{{Full party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|----
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}|41.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.56}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Viluppuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. Ravikumar]] |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=477,033 |percentage=41.39% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Bakkiyaraj|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= 406,330|percentage=35.25% |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S.Murali Sankar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=181,882 |percentage=15.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Kalanjiyam |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=57,242 |percentage=4.97% |change= {{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=8,966 |percentage=0.78% |change={{decrease}}0.28 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 70,703|percentage= 6.13%|change={{decrease}}5.2 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 1,152,667|percentage=76.52% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1503115 |change =}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Viluppuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravikumar (writer)|D. Ravikumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,59,585 |percentage=49.49% |change=22.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Vadivel Ravanan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=4,31,517 |percentage=38.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Ganapathy |party=Independent politician |votes=58,019 |percentage=5.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Prakalatha |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=24,609 |percentage=2.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Anbin Poyyamozhi |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=17,891 |percentage=1.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Arasan |party=Independent politician |votes=12,781 |percentage=1.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=11,943 |percentage=1.06% |change=-0.03% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,28,068 |percentage=11.33% |change=-6.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,30,799 |percentage=78.66% |change= 2.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,44,335 |change =4.13% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.78% }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Viluppuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Rajendran (AIADMK politician)|S. Rajendran ]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,82,704 |percentage=45.70% |change=7.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. K. Muthaiyan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,89,337 |percentage=27.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Umasankar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,09,663 |percentage=19.85% |change=3.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Rani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,461 |percentage=2.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Anandan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,408 |percentage=1.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=11,440 |percentage=1.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Muthaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,780 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,93,367 |percentage=18.31% |change=17.96% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,56,201 |percentage=77.01% |change= 1.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,87,007 |change =29.85% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.14% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Viluppuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Murugesan Anandan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,06,826 |percentage=38.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Swamidurai |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=3,04,029 |percentage=38.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. M. Ganapathi |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,27,476 |percentage=16.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=14,770 |percentage=1.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Murugavel |party=Independent politician |votes=7,522 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Samidurai |party=Independent politician |votes=4,773 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,797 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,95,686 |percentage=74.56% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,68,171 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Lok Sabha]]
* [[Viluppuram district]]
* [[Parliament of India]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission of India]
*[https://resultuniversity.com/election/viluppuram-lok-sabha Viluppuram Lok Sabha - Result University]
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/viluppuram/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Viluppuram lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|11.94|79.49|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viluppuram (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Viluppuram district]]

INS Magdala (1984)

2026-05-02T04:09:15Z

Aman Mehta: Added the post w/ sources - done

{{Short description| Retired Mahe-class minesweeper of the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INS Magdala (M 88)
|namesake= [[Port of Magdalla]]
|owner=
|operator=
|registry=
|route=
|ordered=
|awarded=
|builder=[[Leningrad]], [[USSR]]
|original_cost=
|yard_number=
|way_number=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|sponsor=
|christened=
|completed=
|acquired=
|commissioned=10 May 1984
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned= 15 Feb 2002
|maiden_voyage=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport= [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]
|identification=
|motto=
|nickname=
|honours=
|honors=
|captured=
|status=Decommissioned
|notes=
|badge=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
| class = [[Mahé-class minesweeper]]
|type=
|tonnage=
|displacement=100 tons full load
|length=26  m
|beam=5.5 m
|height=
|draught=1.5 m
|draft=
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|decks=
|deck_clearance=
|ramps=
|ice_class=
|power=
|propulsion= Two diesel engines with 600 hp sustained and 2 shafts<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Mahe.html | title=Mahé {Yevgenya} Class | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331031448/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Mahe.html | archivedate=31 March 2009 | publisher=Bharat Rakshak | accessdate=6 July 2019 }}</ref>
|sail_plan=
|speed= {{convert|12|kn|km/h|0}}
|range= {{convert|300|nmi|km|1}} at {{convert|10|kn|km/h|0}}
|endurance=
|test_depth=
|boats=
|capacity=
|troops=
|complement=10
|crew=25
|time_to_activate=
|sensors=MG-7 sonar
|EW=
|armament= 2 x 25mm/80 twin guns
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=*Primarily used for: Inshore mine sweeping,
*Harbor defense,
*Coastal patrolling.
}}
}}

'''INS ''Magdala''''' an Indian Naval [[minesweeper]], took its name from the minor port of ''Magdala'', located {{convert|5|mi|km}} inshore of river [[Tapti River|Tapti]] at the [[Gulf of Khambat]] (Cambay). She was an inshore minesweeper (IMS) specially designed and built with glass reinforced plastic hull.

The ship was capable of operating in approaches to harbour and inshore waters in order to search, locate and destroy various types of mines.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/m-mahe.htm |title=Mahé Class |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-11}}</ref>

== Service==

As the naval band played ''Last Post'', the national flag and national ensign fluttering on INS Magdala were lowered for the last time. That marked the decommissioning of INS Magdala, the sixth ship under project 1258 E.

INS ''Magdala'', built at Leningrad in the erstwhile USSR, was commissioned on 10 May 1984 by Vice Admiral KK Nayyar, the then Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Southern Naval Command. The ship was a part of the 20th Mine Counter Measure Squadron (MCMS) and was placed under the Naval Officer-in-Charge ([[Kerala]] & [[Lakshadweep]]) at Kochi.

During her commission, she undertook various operational commitments such as mine counter- measure exercises, tracking exercises, visits to various minor ports and search and rescue missions. In her 17 years of glorious and distinguished service, INS Magdala covered over {{convert|45000|nmi|km}}. The ship also paid a goodwill visit to Male in October 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mod.nic.in/samachar/feb15-02/html/ch14.htm |title=INS Magdala Decommissioned |publisher=Mod.nic.in |date=1984-05-10 |accessdate=2010-08-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mahé-class minesweeper}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Magdala, INS}}
[[Category:Mahé-class minesweepers]]

Kennett Watkins

2026-05-01T10:37:44Z

Aman Mehta: Added basic info w/ refs - done

{{Short description|New Zealand painter (1847–1933)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox artist
|name = Kennett Watkins
|birth_name = Charles Henry Kennett Watkins
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1847|07|14|}}
|birth_place = [[Ooty]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1933|07|31|1847|07|14|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Mercury Bay]], [[Waikato]], [[New Zealand]]
|resting_place = Whitianga Public Cemetery
|known_for = New Zealand landscape scenes
}}

'''Charles Henry Kennett Watkins''' (14 July 1847 – 31 July 1933) was a New Zealand artist who was known for his New Zealand landscape paintings. He also painted scenes from the [[New Zealand Wars]] as well as of Maori life and history.

==Biography==
Charles Henry Kennett Watkins was born in [[Ooty|Ootacamund]], India to Major John Watkins of the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:FG4K-TLZ|title=India Births and Baptisms, 1786 1947|website=www.familysearch.org}}</ref> After attending Wellington College and studying in Switzerland and France, Kennett immigrated to New Zealand at the age of twenty-seven where he first found work as a photographer before teaching in [[Russell, New Zealand|Russell]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-PlaNine-t1-body-d1-d1254.html|title=WATKINS, KENNETT (C. H. KENNETT WATKINS) 1847–1933 – NZETC|website=www.nzetc.org}}</ref> In 1876 he moved to Auckland where he found work as an art teacher, becoming the first and only headmaster of the Auckland Free School of Art.<ref>{{cite news | work=[[New Zealand Herald]] | title=Spectemur Agendo| url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18761009.2.10 | date=9 October 1876 | page=2 | access-date=29 October 2022}}</ref> The same year, he married Clara Eliza Alice Davis at [[Kerikeri]] and had four children.

His 1912 painting 'The legend of the voyage to New Zealand', a depiction of the arrival of the 'Great Fleet' of [[Māori migration canoes|migration canoes]] in 1350, played a role in mythologising the arrival of Māori in New Zealand. It was gifted to the [[Auckland Art Gallery]] in 1913.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Gift to the City: Mr Watkins' Fine Picture |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19130113.2.45 |access-date=17 February 2026 |work=Auckland Star |date=13 January 1913}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Legend of the Voyage to New Zealand |url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artwork/11744/the-legend-of-the-voyage-to-new-zealand |website=Auckland Art Gallery |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref>

Kennett retired in 1915 and settled in the East Cape and later in [[Dannevirke]]. In 1931, he moved to [[Mercury Bay]]. He continued to paint in his retirement and died on 31 July 1933 in Mercury Bay. Survived by his wife and three children, he was buried at Whitianga Public Cemetery.<ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Mr. C. H. Kennett Watkins |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19330807.2.142 |access-date=17 February 2026 |work=New Zealand Herald |date=7 August 1933}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tcdc.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=59f9c540c7e74cf1a3225dbe08d19cc8|title = Cemeteries Viewer – Thames-Coromandel District Council}}</ref>

==Notable works==
* ''Waikato River'', (oil on canvas, 1881)
* ''The Haunt of the Moa, a scene in Puriri Forest'', (oil on canvas, 1885)
* ''The Phantom Canoe: A Legend of Lake Tarawera'', (oil on canvas, 1888)
* ''The blowing up of the Boyd'', (oil on canvas, 1889)
* ''Arrival of Captain Cook; An incident in the Bay of Islands, 29 November 1769'', (oil on cardboard, 1890)
* ''The Death of Von Tempsky at Te Ngutu o Te Manu'', (oil on canvas, 1893)
* ''Departure of the six canoes from Raratonga for New Zealand'', (oil on canvas, 1906)
* ''[[The Legend of the Voyage to New Zealand]]'', (oil on canvas, 1912)

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Wairoa, Lake Tarawera (48752869078).jpg|''Wairoa, Lake Tarawera'' (1877)
The Pink Terraces of Rotomahana (48752340373).jpg|''The Pink Terraces of Rotomahana'' (1877)
Kennett Watkins - Waikato River - Google Art Project.jpg|''Waikato River'' (1881)
Kennett Watkins - The Haunt of the Moa, a scene in Puriri Forest - U-332 - Auckland Art Gallery.jpg|''The Haunt of the Moa'' (1885)
Kennett Watkins - The Phantom Canoe- A Legend of Lake Tarawera - Google Art Project.jpg|''The Phantom Canoe: A Legend of Lake Tarawera'' (1888)
Louis John Steele - Arrival of Captain Cook, An incident in the Bay of Islands, 29 November 1769 - 1988-35-2 - Auckland Art Gallery.jpg|''Arrival of Captain Cook; An incident in the Bay of Islands, 29 November 1769'' (1890)
-Two takahe- (48753310077).jpg|Untitled painting of two [[takahē]] (1896)
Kennett Watkins - Departure of the six canoes from Raratonga for New Zealand - U-26 - Auckland Art Gallery.jpg|''Departure of the six canoes from Raratonga for New Zealand'' (1906)
Kennett Watkins - The Legend of the Voyage to New Zealand - U-32 - Auckland Art Gallery.jpg|''The Legend of the Voyage to New Zealand'' (1912)
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Watkins, Kennett}}
[[Category:1847 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:New Zealand painters]]
[[Category:Artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

{{NewZealand-artist-stub}}

Pilibanga Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:11Z

Aman Mehta: adding new post - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pilibanga
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-9-Pilibanga.svg
| mla = [[Vinod Gothwal]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Hanumangarh district]]
| established = 1977
| type = SLA
| reservation = SC
| constituency_no = 9
}}

'''Pilibanga Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

Pilibanga constituency covers all voters from [[Pilibanga|Pilibanga tehsil]]; parts of [[Rawatsar|Rawatsar tehsil]], which include [[Rawatsar|ILRC Rawatsar]] including Rawatsar Municipal Board, [[Khoda, Hanumangarh|ILRC Khoda]], [[Gandheli|ILRC Gandheli]]; and part of [[Hanumangarh|Hanumangarh tehsil]], which includes [[Dablirathan|ILRC Dablirathan]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live |publisher = [[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==Members of Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Harchand Singh Sidhu
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=2|Jeev Raj Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan=2|Ram Pratap Kasaniya
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Harchand Singh Sidhu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Ram Pratap Kasaniya
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Aad Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Dropati
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Dharmendra Kumar
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Vinod Kumar Gothwal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Pilibanga<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vinod Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:143091}}
|percentage = 57.84
|change = +10.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dharmendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:87818}}
|percentage = 35.5
|change = -11.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:10525}}
|percentage = 4.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1553}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change = -0.45
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:55273}}
|percentage = 22.34
|change = +22.22
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:247404}}
|percentage = 83.3
|change = -1.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Pilibanga<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dharmendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:106414}}
|percentage = 47.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vinod Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:106136}}
|percentage = 46.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sushil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3523}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mani Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2659}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2441}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:278}}
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:226217}}
|percentage = 84.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|29.49|74.07|display=title}}

[[Category:Hanumangarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Rajmahal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:13:39Z

Aman Mehta: adding a stub - done

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajmahal
| type = SLA
| map_image = Rajmahal constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| district = [[Sahebganj district|Sahebganj]]
| division = [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Pargana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]]
| constituency_no = 1
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[Md. Tajuddin]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors =
}}

'''Rajmahal Assembly constituency''' is one of the 81 [[State legislative assemblies of India|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in eastern [[India]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> This constituency covers Rajmahal and Sahebganj Police Stations in Rajmahal sub-division of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008, Schedule XIII|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=166, 174}}</ref>

== Overview ==

Rajmahal (constituency number 1) is one of the three [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies in [[Sahebganj district]]. It is one of the Assembly segments of the [[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency]] along with 5 other segments, namely, [[Borio Assembly constituency|Borio]] and [[Barhait Assembly constituency|Barhait]] in this district and [[Litipara Assembly constituency|Litipara]], [[Pakur Assembly constituency|Pakur]] and [[Maheshpur Assembly constituency|Maheshpur]] in [[Pakur district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref name="result">{{cite web |title=Rajmahal Election Results 2014 Jharkhand |url=http://www.elections.in/jharkhand/assembly-constituencies/rajmahal.html |access-date= |publisher=Elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Md. Burhanuddin Khan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|Jetha Kisku{{Efn|Rajmahal Damin}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan=2|[[Binodanand Jha]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Nathmal Dokarai
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Om Prakash Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Nathmal Dokania
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3|Dhruv Bhagat
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Raghu Nath Prasad Sodani
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Dhruv Bhagat
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Arun Mandal
|-
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Thomas Hansda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|Arun Mandal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anant Kumar Ojha]]
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Md. Tajuddin]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajmahal<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Md. Tajuddin]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,40,176 |percentage=53.67% |change={{increase}}41.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anant Kumar Ojha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=96,744 |percentage=37.04% |change={{decrease}}5.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=14,012 |percentage=5.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Motilal Sarkar |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=1,918 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,058 |percentage=1.17% |change={{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=43,432 |percentage=16.63% |change= {{increase}}10.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,61,163 |percentage=73.41% |change= {{increase}}3.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,55,762 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajmahal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anant Kumar Ojha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=88,904 |percentage=42.26% |change={{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Tajuddin |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=76,532 |percentage=36.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ketabuddin Sekh |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=24,619 |percentage=11.70% |change={{decrease}}27.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradip Kumar Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,826 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Chandra Mandal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,617 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nitya Nand Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=2,614 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkishor Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=1,421 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=821 |percentage=0.39% |change={{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,372 |percentage=5.88% |change= {{increase}}5.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,10,394 |percentage=69.70% |change= {{decrease}}2.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,01,867 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajmahal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anant Kumar Ojha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=77,481 |percentage=39.71% |change={{increase}}2.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Tajuddin |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=76,779 |percentage=39.35% |change={{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bajrangi Prasad Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=18,866 |percentage=9.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Rafikul Alam |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,478 |percentage=2.81% |change={{decrease}}1.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Mandal |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=5,175 |percentage=2.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar Sinha |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,125 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Mahto |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=1,617 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,268 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=702 |percentage=0.36% |change= {{decrease}}7.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,95,113 |percentage=72.28% |change= {{increase}}13.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,69,959 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajmahal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Mandal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=51,277 |percentage=37.67% |change={{increase}}22.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Tajuddin |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=40,874 |percentage=30.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thomas Hansda]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,782 |percentage=10.86% |change={{decrease}}14.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazrul Islam |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=7,017 |percentage=5.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Moinuddin Shekh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,065 |percentage=4.46% |change={{decrease}}9.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhruv Bhagat |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=3,811 |percentage=2.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binod Kumar Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=3,224 |percentage=2.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,403 |percentage=7.64% |change= {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,36,119 |percentage=58.28% |change= {{decrease}}4.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,33,547 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajmahal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thomas Hansda]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,472 |percentage=25.72% |change={{increase}}5.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Mandal |party=Independent politician |votes=25,296 |percentage=17.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Krishna Bhagat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,639 |percentage=15.26% |change={{decrease}}14.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moinuddin Shekh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,805 |percentage=13.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramchandra Keshri |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=11,254 |percentage=7.94% |change={{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhruv Bhagat |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,251 |percentage=3.00% |change={{decrease}}4.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Tajuddin |party=Independent politician |votes=2,881 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,176 |percentage=7.88% |change= {{decrease}}1.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,41,779 |percentage=62.98% |change= {{increase}}1.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,25,100 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajmahal<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Mandal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,623 |percentage=29.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Najrul Islam |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=24,761 |percentage=20.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar Sarkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,733 |percentage=20.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhruv Bhagat |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=11,804 |percentage=9.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jayant Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=8,900 |percentage=7.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dara Singh Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=7,034 |percentage=5.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Farid Shaikh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,224 |percentage=4.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,862 |percentage=9.69% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,22,406 |percentage=62.66% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,97,497 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

*[[Rajmahal (community development block)]]
*[[Sahibganj (community development block)]]
*[[Rajmahal]]
*[[Sahibganj]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]
*[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Sahibganj district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Arikady Fort

2026-04-12T06:30:29Z

Aman Mehta: made some entry from scratch

{{short description|Fort in India}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name=Arikady Fort / Kumbla Fort
|height=
|image2=
|events=
|battles=
|occupants=
|commanders=
|current_commander=
|garrison=
|controlledby=
|open_to_public=Yes
|ownership=
|condition=
|demolished=
|used=
|materials=
|partof=
|builder=
|built=
|code=
|coordinates={{coord|12.618380|N|74.945290|E|display=inline,title}}
|type=
|map_caption=Location of the fort
|map_size=300
|map_type=India Kerala
|caption=Arikady fort
|image=Arikady fort.jpg
|location=[[Arikady]], [[Kumbla]], [[Kasaragod district]]
|caption2=
}}
'''Arikadi Fort''' is a fort located in the [[Kasaragod district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is also known as '''Kumbla Fort'''. The fort is located at a distance of 1 km from Kumbla on the [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]] National Highway between kumbala River and shiriya River<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite web |title=ആരിക്കാടി കോട്ട നാശത്തിലേക്ക്.. |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/kasaragod/news/kumpala-1.4242277 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=2020-11-25 |archive-date=2019-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112051955/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/kasaragod/news/kumpala-1.4242277 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is a [[Hanuman]] temple just below the fort.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

Excavations by a team from the Department of Archeology, [[University of Kerala]] in 2015 uncovered a large hall possibly meant for congregation.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web |last1=Mahadevan |first1=G. |title=Excavations at Kumbla fort unearth palace hall |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/excavations-at-kumbla-fort-unearth-palace-hall/article7063107.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=3 April 2015}}</ref> The excavation was carried out as part of the 'A Survey of Forts' research project jointly funded by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) and the University of Kerala. Excavations have also uncovered large quantities of roof tiles, local pottery, Chinese pottery, lead bullets and the mold used to make them.<ref name="hindu"/>

==Geography==
The fort is located in the [[Arikady]] village in Kumbla, Kasaragod district. The nearest railway station and busstand is at Kumbla and the nearest airport is [[Mangalore International Airport]]. The fort is located on a lateritic hillock on the right bank of the Arikady River.<ref name="hindu"/>

==History==
According to the South Canara Manual, the [[Keladi Nayaka]]s (1500–1763) who had their capitals at [[Keladi]], [[Ikkeri]] and [[Bednore]] in [[Karnataka]] built few forts in the Hosdurg-Kasargod region of Kerala.<ref name="DH"/> Arikadi Fort is one of them. According to historical records, Arikady Fort was built by Ikeri Hiriya Venkadappa Nayak in 1608.<ref name="asianet">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/magazine/kumbala-travelogue-by-km-irshad|title=നിത്യാനന്ദ ഷേണായിയുടെ നാട്ടിൽ!|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ml}}</ref> In the second volume of the South Canara District Manual, Stuart records that there was an inscription in Kannada at the entrance to the fort, which states that the fort was built by Nayak.<ref name="asianet" />

Other histories are also being told. Most commonly, it is believed that the fort was built during the reign of [[Tipu Sultan]].<ref name="asianet" /> Another belief is that it was built for the headquarters of the Kumbala dynasty.<ref name="asianet" /> Another belief is that the fort existed during the reign of the [[Kolathiri Rajas]] and that after the collapse of the Kolathiri kingdom and the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], the area came under the control of the Ikkeri Nayakas and they rebuilt the forts.<ref name="DH">{{cite web |title=Vestige of glorious past |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/93735/vestige-glorious-past.html |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |date=3 September 2010}}</ref>

Some historians say that the fort was under the rule of the Maypadi Kovilakam, which had jurisdiction from Kumbala to the Chandragiri river.<ref name="hindu"/> The area was under their control during the heyday of the Vijayanagara Empire, which was later handed over to the Nayaks of Bednore and the local king acted as their feudatory.<ref name="hindu"/> After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, it fell into the hands of the Mysore rulers and after the defeat of Tipu Sultan by the [[British Empire|British]], the fort fell to the British control.<ref name="hindu"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Forts in Kerala]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Forts of the Keladi Nayaka Dynasty]]

Piyush Anand

2026-04-11T19:43:40Z

Aman Mehta: adding pg

{{Short description|Director General of the National Disaster Response Force}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Piyush Anand
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|06|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| father = Anand KR. Agarwal
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = IPS officer
| profession = [[Civil service|Civil servant]]
| awards = [[File:Indian Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|50px]] [[Indian Police Medal]] awarded by the [[central government]] for Meritorious Service [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|50px]] [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service
| alma_mater = [[IIT Delhi]] [[Management Development Institute|MDI, Gurgaon]]
| office = [[Director general of police|Director General]] of [[National Disaster Response Force]]
| term_start = 1 April 2024
| predecessor = Atul Karwal
}}

'''Piyush Anand''' (born 18 June 1968<ref name="Biodata">{{cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/en/officerprofile?transid=305&slugName=Deputation|title=Piyush Anand Profile on UPPolice portal|publisher=uppolice.gov.in}}</ref>) is a 1991-batch [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer from the [[Uttar Pradesh]] cadre. Since 1 April 2024, he has served as the [[Director general of police|Director General]] of the [[National Disaster Response Force]] of India.<ref name="Education">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndrf.gov.in/about-director-general-ndrf|title=About Director General, NDRF|publisher=ndrf.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://npg.news/bureaucrats/ips-piyush-anand-biography-in-hindi-ips-piyush-anand-ka-jivan-parichay-jivani-ndrf-dg-piyush-anand-kaun-hain-1263237|title=IPS Piyush Anand Biography in Hindi: आईपीएस पीयूष आनंद का जीवन परिचय (जीवनी), NDRF डीजी पीयूष आनंद कौन हैं?|date=27 March 2024 |publisher=npg.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ips-sadanand-vasant-nia-director-piyush-anand-ndrf-11711509742053.html|title=Sadanand Vasant appointed new NIA DG, Piyush Anand to head NDRF|publisher=livemint.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-up-government-transfers-two-ips-officers-piyush-anand-removed-from-adg-post-3550153.html|title=up government transfers two IPS officers piyush anand removed from adg post - यूपी सरकार ने दो आईपीएस अफसरों के किए तबादले, पीयूष आनंद एडीजी स्थापना पद से हटाए गए, उत्तर प्रदेश न्यूज}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/key-appointments-in-central-governments-security-agencies-new-heads-named-for-nia-ndrf-and-bprd/articleshow/108809786.cms|title=Key appointments in central government's security agencies: New heads named for NIA, NDRF, and BPR&D|work=The Times of India |date=27 March 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

==Early life==
Anand was born to Anand Kr. Agarwal in 1968 and he hails from [[Delhi]], India.<ref name="Biodata"/>

==Education==
Anand has completed M. Tech in (Mechanical engineering) from [[IIT Delhi]] and also Post Graduate Diploma in Public Policy and Management from [[Management Development Institute|MDI Gurgaon]].<ref name="Education"/>

== Career ==
Before his appointment as Director General of the [[National Disaster Response Force|National Disaster Response Force(NDRF)]], Anand served in various roles in the Uttar Pradesh cadre, including postings as Superintendent of Police in several districts,<ref name="UPPoliceProfile">{{cite web |title=Officer Profile-Piyush Anand |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/en/officerprofile?slugName=Deputation&transid=305 |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Police |access-date=30 November 2025}}</ref> as well as Inspector General of the Moradabad and Kanpur ranges.<ref name="UPPoliceProfile" />

He later held senior positions as Additional Director General (Establishment) and Additional Director General (Railways) with the Uttar Pradesh Police.<ref name="UPPoliceProfile" />

At the central level, he worked with the Central Bureau of Investigation for more than seven years and with the Central Reserve Police Force for over three years.<ref name="NDRFProfile">{{cite web |title=About Director General, NDRF |url=https://www.ndrf.gov.in/en/about-director-general-ndrf |publisher=National Disaster Response Force |access-date=30 November 2025}}</ref>

He also served in the [[Central Industrial Security Force|Central Industrial Security Force(CRPF)]] as Additional Director General and subsequently as Special Director General.<ref name="SecretariatDG">{{cite news |title=Piyush Anand to head NDRF |url=https://thesecretariat.in/article/maharashtra-cadre-ips-officer-sadanand-vasant-date-named-new-nia-chief-piyush-anand-to-head-ndrf |publisher=The Secretariat |access-date=30 November 2025}}</ref>

Anand took charge as Director General of the National Disaster Response Force on 1 April 2024.<ref name="NDRFProfile" />

==Awards==
Anand is the recipients of the more awards for his unbelievable service in his career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tricitytoday.com/lucknow/piyush-anand-1991-batch-ips-in-uttar-pradesh-became-adg-of-cisf-36193.html|title=पीयूष आनंद बने सीआईएसएफ के एडीजी : उत्तर प्रदेश में 1991 बैच के आईपीएस हैं|website=tricitytoday.com}}</ref>

*[[Indian Police Medal]] awarded by the [[central government]] for Meritorious Service.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}
*[[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}
*Gold Medal by School of Public Policy & Management, MDI Gurgaon for outstanding performance.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}
*Silver in 2018, Gold in 2019 and Platinum in 2020 and Kumbh Sewa Medal in 2019. He has also been awarded DG's CRPF Commendation Disc in 2017.<ref name="Education"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Piyush}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]

St. Mary's Convent, Ollur

2026-03-31T01:45:28Z

Aman Mehta: started first stub v1

{{Short description|Roman Catholic convent in Ollur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
'''St. Mary's Convent''' is a [[Roman Catholic]] convent situated in [[Ollur]], [[Thrissur]] city of [[India]]. It is the first convent in the present territory started by the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/special-prayers-at-ollur-as-date-for-canonisation-is-announced/article6109907.ece
|title=Special prayers at Ollur as date for canonisation is announced
|newspaper=The Hindu
|accessdate=2014-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiancurrents.org/detailedarticle.php?d=239
|title=Saint Euphrasia: The Praying Mother
|publisher=IndiaCurrents
|accessdate=2014-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/06/12/two_more_native_saints_to_invigorate_faith_in_india/1101697
|title=Two more Indian native Saints to invigorate Faith of the local Catholic Church
|publisher=Radio Vaticana
|accessdate=2014-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/two-more-from-kerala-to-be-canonised/article5869003.ece
|title=Two more from Kerala to be canonised
|newspaper=The Hindu
|accessdate=2014-11-19}}</ref> It has become a great tourist and pilgrimage attraction after the [[Canonisation]] of [[Euphrasia Eluvathingal]] (Evuprasiamma).It is a modern convent compared to the other monasteries.

==History==
The convent was started by the [[Metropolitan Archbishop of Thrissur]] [[John Menachery]]. It opened the door for the nuns in 24 May 1900. Saint [[Euphrasia Eluvathingal]] (Evuprasiamma) stayed in this convent from 1900 till death. She was the Assistant Superior and in-charge of the novices from 1904-1910. During this period, Blessed [[Maria Theresa Chiramel]] also stayed in the convent. From 1913-1916, she was the Superior of the convent.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.cmcsisters.org/home/inner/38
|title=Blessed Euphrasia
|publisher=CMC Sisters
|accessdate=2014-11-19}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Mary's Convent, Ollur}}
[[Category:Archdiocese of Thrissur]]
[[Category:Convents of the Catholic Church in Asia]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic monasteries in India]]
[[Category:1900 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Thrissur]]

{{India-church-stub}}
{{SyroMalabar-stub}}

Holography

2026-03-23T12:53:12Z

Aman Mehta: rework lead further and updated info

{{Short description|Recording to reproduce a three-dimensional light field}}
{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Hologram}}
{{Distinguish|Pepper's ghost}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Holomouse2.jpg|thumb|Two photographs of a single hologram taken from different viewpoints]]

'''Holography''' is a technique that allows a [[wavefront]] to be recorded and later reconstructed. It is best known as a method of generating [[three-dimensional images]], and has a wide range of other uses, including data storage, [[microscopy]], and [[interferometry]]. In principle, it is possible to make a hologram for any type of [[Holography#Holography_using_other_types_of_waves|wave]].

A '''hologram''' is a recording of an [[Wave interference|interference]] pattern that can reproduce a 3D [[light field]] using [[diffraction]]. In general usage, a hologram is a recording of any type of wavefront in the form of an interference pattern. It can be created by capturing [[light]] from a real scene, or it can be generated by a computer, in which case it is known as a [[computer-generated hologram]], which can show virtual objects or scenes. Optical holography needs a [[laser]] light to record the light field. The reproduced light field can generate an image that has the depth and [[parallax]] of the original scene.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://holocenter.org/what-is-holography |title=What is Holography? {{!}} holocenter |language=en-US |access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref> A hologram is usually unintelligible when viewed under [[Diffuse reflection|diffuse ambient light]]. When suitably lit, the interference pattern diffracts the light into an accurate reproduction of the original light field, and the objects that were in it exhibit visual [[Depth perception|depth cues]] such as [[parallax]] and [[perspective (visual)|perspective]] that change realistically with the different angles of viewing. That is, the view of the image from different angles shows the subject viewed from similar angles.

A [[hologram]] is traditionally generated by overlaying a second wavefront, known as the reference beam, onto a [[wavefront]] of interest. This generates an interference pattern, which is then captured on a physical medium. When the recorded interference pattern is later illuminated by the second wavefront, it is diffracted to recreate the original wavefront.<ref name=Jesacher>{{Cite journal |last1=Jesacher |first1=Alexander |last2=Ritsch-Marte |first2=Monika |date=2016-01-02 |title=Synthetic holography in microscopy: opportunities arising from advanced wavefront shaping |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00107514.2015.1120007 |journal=Contemporary Physics |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=46–59 |doi=10.1080/00107514.2015.1120007 |bibcode=2016ConPh..57...46J |issn=0010-7514|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The 3D image from a hologram can often be viewed with non-laser light. However, in common practice, major image quality compromises are made to remove the need for laser illumination to view the hologram.

A [[computer-generated hologram]] is created by digitally modeling and combining two wavefronts to generate an interference pattern image. This image can then be printed onto a mask or film and illuminated with an appropriate [[light]] source to reconstruct the desired wavefront.<ref name=Jesacher /> Alternatively, the interference pattern image can be directly displayed on a dynamic holographic display.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sahin |first1=Erdem |last2=Stoykova |first2=Elena |last3=Mäkinen |first3=Jani |last4=Gotchev |first4=Atanas |date=2020-03-20 |title=Computer-Generated Holograms for 3D Imaging: A Survey |url=https://trepo.tuni.fi//bitstream/handle/10024/127486/ACM_CSUR_Sahin_revised_submitted.pdf |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=32:1–32:35 |doi=10.1145/3378444 |issn=0360-0300 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231140210/https://trepo.tuni.fi//bitstream/handle/10024/127486/ACM_CSUR_Sahin_revised_submitted.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-31}}</ref>

Holographic portraiture often resorts to a non-holographic intermediate imaging procedure, to avoid the dangerous high-powered [[Laser#Pulsed operation|pulsed lasers]] which would be needed to optically "freeze" moving subjects as perfectly as the extremely motion-intolerant holographic recording process requires. Early holography required high-power and expensive lasers. Currently, mass-produced low-cost [[laser diode]]s, such as those found on [[DVD recorder]]s and used in other common applications, can be used to make holograms. They have made holography much more accessible to low-budget researchers, artists, and dedicated hobbyists.

Most holograms produced are of static objects, but systems for displaying changing scenes on dynamic holographic displays are now being developed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Blanche |first1 = P.-A. |year =2010 |title = Holographic three-dimensional telepresence using large-area photorefractive polymer |journal = Nature |volume = 468 |issue = 7320 |pages = 80–83 |doi=10.1038/nature09521 |last2 = Bablumian |first2 = A. |last3 = Voorakaranam |first3 = R. |last4 = Christenson |first4 = C. |last5 = Lin |first5 = W. |last6 = Gu |first6 = T. |last7 = Flores |first7 = D. |last8 = Wang |first8 = P. |last9 = Hsieh |first9 = W.-Y. |last10 = Kathaperumal |first10 = M. |last11 = Rachwal |first11 = B. |last12 = Siddiqui |first12 = O. |last13 = Thomas |first13 = J. |last14 = Norwood |first14 = R. A. |last15 = Yamamoto |first15 = M. |last16 = Peyghambarian |first16 = N. |pmid = 21048763 |bibcode = 2010Natur.468...80B |s2cid = 205222841 |display-authors = 8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smalley |first1=D. E. |last2=Nygaard |first2=E. |last3=Squire |first3=K. |last4=Van Wagoner |first4=J. |last5=Rasmussen |first5=J. |last6=Gneiting |first6=S. |last7=Qaderi |first7=K. |last8=Goodsell |first8=J. |last9=Rogers |first9=W. |last10=Lindsey |first10=M. |last11=Costner |first11=K. |last12=Monk |first12=A. |last13=Pearson |first13=M. |last14=Haymore |first14=B. |last15=Peatross |first15=J. |date=2018-01-25 |title=A photophoretic-trap volumetric display |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=553 |issue=7689 |pages=486–490 |doi=10.1038/nature25176 |pmid=29368704 |bibcode=2018Natur.553..486S |s2cid=4451867 |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The word ''holography'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words {{lang|grc|ὅλος}} (''holos''; "whole") and {{lang|grc|γραφή}} (''[[-graphy|graphē]]''; "[[writing]]" or "[[drawing]]").

==History==
[[File:IntroductionToHolography1972.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=40|''Introduction to Holography'' (1972 educational film)]]
The [[Magyars|Hungarian]]-[[British people|British]] physicist [[Dennis Gabor]] invented holography in 1948 while he was looking for a way to improve [[image resolution]] in [[electron microscope]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Gabor |first1 = Dennis |author-link = Dennis Gabor |year = 1948 |title = A new microscopic principle |journal = Nature |volume = 161 |issue = 4098 |pages = 777–8 |doi=10.1038/161777a0 |bibcode = 1948Natur.161..777G |pmid=18860291 |s2cid = 4121017 |doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1098/rspa.1949.0075 |first = Dennis |last = Gabor |year = 1949 |title = Microscopy by reconstructed wavefronts |journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society |volume = 197 |pages = 454–487 |issue = 1051 |bibcode = 1949RSPSA.197..454G |s2cid = 123187722 |doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name=FieldGuideHistory>{{Cite book |last=Blanche |first=Pierre-Alexandre |title=Field guide to holography |date=2014 |publisher=SPIE Press |isbn=978-0-8194-9957-8 |series=SPIE field guides |location=Bellingham, Wash|page=1}}</ref> Gabor's work was built on pioneering work in the field of [[X-ray microscopy]] by other scientists including [[Mieczysław Wolfke]] in 1920 and [[William Lawrence Bragg]] in 1939.<ref name="Hariharan 1996">{{cite book |last1=Hariharan |first1=P. |title=Optical Holography |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-43348-8}}</ref> The formulation of holography was an unexpected result of Gabor's research into improving electron microscopes at the [[British Thomson-Houston]] Company (BTH) in [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby]], England, and the company filed a [[patent]] in December 1947 (patent GB685286). The technique as originally invented is still used in electron microscopy, where it is known as [[electron holography]]. Gabor was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1971 "for his invention and development of the holographic method".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1971/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 |publisher=Nobelprize.org |access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref>

[[File:III-BIBI BEI BOB.jpg|thumb|Horizontal symmetric text, by [[Dieter Jung (artist)|Dieter Jung]]]]
Optical holography did not really advance until the development of the [[laser]] in 1960. The development of the laser enabled the first practical optical holograms that recorded 3D objects to be made in 1962 by [[Yuri Denisyuk]] in the Soviet Union<ref name="denisyuk">{{Cite journal |title = On the reflection of optical properties of an object in a wave field of light scattered by it |last = Denisyuk |first = Yuri N. |author-link = Yuri Denisyuk|journal = [[Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR]] |volume = 144|pages = 1275–1278|year = 1962|issue = 6}}</ref> and by [[Emmett Leith]] and [[Juris Upatnieks]] at the [[University of Michigan]], US.<ref name="leith">{{Cite journal |title = Reconstructed wavefronts and communication theory|author = Leith, E.N.|author2=Upatnieks, J.|journal = J. Opt. Soc. Am. |volume = 52|pages = 1123–1130|year = 1962|doi =10.1364/JOSA.52.001123| issue = 10|bibcode = 1962JOSA...52.1123L}}</ref>

Early optical holograms used [[silver halide]] photographic emulsions as the recording medium. They were not very efficient as the produced [[diffraction grating]] absorbed much of the incident light. Various methods of converting the variation in transmission to a variation in refractive index (known as "bleaching") were developed which enabled much more efficient holograms to be produced.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Upatnieks |first1 = J |last2 = Leonard |first2 = C |year = 1969 |title = Diffraction efficiency of bleached, photographically recorded interference patterns |journal = Applied Optics |volume = 8 |issue = 1 |pages = 85–89 |doi = 10.1364/ao.8.000085 |pmid = 20072177 |bibcode = 1969ApOpt...8...85U }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Graube |first1 = A |year = 1974 |title = Advances in bleaching methods for photographically recorded holograms |journal = Applied Optics |volume = 13 |issue = 12 |pages = 2942–6 |doi = 10.1364/ao.13.002942 |pmid = 20134813 |bibcode = 1974ApOpt..13.2942G }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Phillips |first1 = N. J. |last2 = Porter |first2 = D. |year = 1976 |title = An advance in the processing of holograms |journal = Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments |volume = 9 |issue = 8 |page = 631 |doi = 10.1088/0022-3735/9/8/011 |bibcode = 1976JPhE....9..631P }}</ref>

A major advance in the field of holography was made by [[Stephen Benton]], who invented a way to create holograms that can be viewed with natural light instead of lasers. These are called [[rainbow hologram]]s.<ref name=FieldGuideHistory />

==Basics of holography==
[[File:Holograph-record.svg|thumb|400px|Recording a hologram]]
[[File:Holography-reconstruct.svg|thumb|300px|Reconstructing a hologram]]
[[File:Structure of a holographic recording.jpg|thumb|This is a photograph of a small part of an unbleached transmission hologram viewed through a microscope. The hologram recorded an image of a toy van and car. It is no more possible to discern the subject of the hologram from this pattern than it is to identify what music has been recorded by looking at a [[compact disc|CD]] surface. The holographic information is recorded by the [[speckle pattern]].]]

Holography is a technique for recording and reconstructing light fields.<ref name="Hariharan basics">{{cite book |last1=Hariharan |first1=P |title=Basics of Holography |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge|isbn = 978-0-511-75556-9}}</ref>{{rp| Section 1}}
A light field is generally the result of a light source scattered off objects. Holography can be thought of as somewhat similar to [[sound recording]], whereby a sound field created by vibrating matter like [[musical instrument]]s or [[vocal cords]], is encoded in such a way that it can be reproduced later, without the presence of the original vibrating matter.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richards|first=Keith L.|title=Design engineer's sourcebook|date=2018|isbn=978-1-315-35052-3|location=Boca Raton|oclc=990152205}}</ref> However, it is even more similar to [[Ambisonics|Ambisonic]] sound recording in which any listening angle of a sound field can be reproduced in the reproduction.

===Laser===
In laser holography, the hologram is recorded using a source of [[laser]] light, which is in phase. Various setups may be used, and several types of holograms can be made, but all involve the interaction of light coming from different directions and producing a microscopic interference pattern which a [[photographic plate|plate]], film, or other medium [[photography|photographically]] records.

In one common arrangement, the laser beam is split into two, one known as the [[signal beam|object beam]] and the other as the [[reference beam]]. The object beam is expanded by passing it through a lens and used to illuminate the subject. The recording medium is located where this light, after being reflected or scattered by the subject, will strike it. The edges of the medium will ultimately serve as a window through which the subject is seen, so its location is chosen with that in mind. The reference beam is expanded and made to shine directly on the medium, where it interacts with the light coming from the subject to create the desired interference pattern.

Like conventional photography, holography requires an appropriate [[Exposure (photography)|exposure]] time to correctly affect the recording medium. Unlike conventional photography, during the exposure the light source, the optical elements, the recording medium, and the subject must all remain motionless relative to each other, to within about a quarter of the wavelength of the light, or the interference pattern will be blurred and the hologram spoiled. With living subjects and some unstable materials, that is only possible if a very intense and extremely brief pulse of laser light is used, a hazardous procedure which is rarely done outside of scientific and industrial laboratory settings. Exposures lasting several seconds to several minutes, using a much lower-powered continuously operating laser, are typical.

===Apparatus===
A hologram can be made by shining part of the light beam directly into the recording medium, and the other part onto the object in such a way that some of the scattered light falls onto the recording medium. A more flexible arrangement for recording a hologram requires the laser beam to be aimed through a series of elements that change it in different ways. The first element is a [[beam splitter]] that divides the beam into two identical beams, each aimed in different directions:
* One beam (known as the 'illumination' or 'object beam') is spread using [[Lens (optics)|lenses]] and directed onto the scene using [[mirror]]s. Some of the light scattered (reflected) from the scene then falls onto the recording medium.
* The second beam (known as the 'reference beam') is also spread through the use of lenses, but is directed so that it does not come in contact with the scene, and instead travels directly onto the recording medium.

Several different materials can be used as the recording medium. One of the most common is a film very similar to [[photographic film]] (silver halide [[photographic emulsion]]), but with much smaller light-reactive grains (preferably with diameters less than 20 nm), making it capable of the much higher [[Optical resolution|resolution]] that holograms require. A layer of this recording medium (e.g., [[silver halide]]) is attached to a transparent substrate, which is commonly glass, but may also be plastic.

===Process===
When the two laser beams reach the recording medium, their light waves intersect and [[Interference (wave propagation)|interfere]] with each other. It is this interference pattern that is imprinted on the recording medium. The pattern itself is seemingly random, as it represents the way in which the scene's light ''interfered'' with the original light source – but not the original light source itself. The interference pattern can be considered an [[encoded]] version of the scene, requiring a particular key – the original light source – in order to view its contents.

This missing key is provided later by shining a laser, identical to the one used to record the hologram, onto the developed film. When this beam illuminates the hologram, it is diffracted by the hologram's surface pattern. This produces a light field identical to the one originally produced by the scene and scattered onto the hologram.

===Comparison with photography===
Holography may be better understood via an examination of its differences from ordinary [[photography]]:
* A hologram represents a recording of information regarding the light that came from the original scene as scattered in a range of directions rather than from only one direction, as in a photograph. This allows the scene to be viewed from a range of different angles, as if it were still present.
* A photograph can be recorded using normal light sources (sunlight or electric lighting) whereas a laser is required to record a hologram.
* A lens is required in photography to record the image, whereas in holography, the light from the object is scattered directly onto the recording medium.
* A holographic recording requires a second light beam (the reference beam) to be directed onto the recording medium.
* A photograph can be viewed in a wide range of lighting conditions, whereas holograms can only be viewed with very specific forms of illumination.
* When a photograph is cut in half, each piece shows half of the scene. When a hologram is cut in half, the whole scene can still be seen in each piece. This is because, whereas each point in a [[photograph]] only represents light scattered from a single point in the scene, ''each point'' on a holographic recording includes information about light scattered from ''every point'' in the scene. It can be thought of as viewing a street outside a house through a large window, then through a smaller window. One can see all of the same things through the smaller window (by moving the head to change the viewing angle), but the viewer can see more ''at once'' through the large window.
* A photographic [[Stereoscopy|stereogram]] is a two-dimensional representation that can produce a three-dimensional effect but only from one point of view, whereas the reproduced viewing range of a hologram adds many more [[Depth perception|depth perception cues]] that were present in the original scene. These cues are recognized by the [[human brain]] and translated into the same perception of a three-dimensional image as when the original scene might have been viewed.
* A photograph clearly maps out the light field of the original scene. The developed hologram's surface consists of a very fine, seemingly random pattern, which appears to bear no relationship to the scene it recorded.

==Physics of holography==
{{Main|Physics of optical holography}}
For a better understanding of the process, it is necessary to understand [[Interference (optics)|interference]] and diffraction. Interference occurs when one or more [[wavefronts]] are superimposed. Diffraction occurs when a wavefront encounters an object. The process of producing a holographic reconstruction is explained below purely in terms of interference and diffraction. It is somewhat simplified but is accurate enough to give an understanding of how the holographic process works.

For those unfamiliar with these concepts, it is worthwhile to read those articles before reading further in this article.

===Plane wavefronts===
A [[diffraction grating]] is a structure with a repeating pattern. A simple example is a metal plate with slits cut at regular intervals. A light wave that is incident on a grating is split into several waves; the direction of these diffracted waves is determined by the grating spacing and the wavelength of the light.

A simple hologram can be made by superimposing two [[plane wave]]s from the same light source on a holographic recording medium. The two waves interfere, giving a [[Interference (optics)#Between two plane waves|straight-line fringe pattern]] whose intensity varies sinusoidally across the medium. The spacing of the fringe pattern is determined by the angle between the two waves, and by the wavelength of the light.

The recorded light pattern is a diffraction grating. When it is illuminated by only one of the waves used to create it, it can be shown that one of the diffracted waves emerges at the same angle at which the second wave was originally incident, so that the second wave has been 'reconstructed'. Thus, the recorded light pattern is a holographic recording as defined above.

===Point sources===
[[File:Zonenplatte Cosinus.png|upright|thumb|Sinusoidal zone plate]]

If the recording medium is illuminated with a point source and a normally incident plane wave, the resulting pattern is a [[Zone plate|sinusoidal zone plate]], which acts as a negative [[Fresnel lens]] whose focal length is equal to the separation of the point source and the recording plane.

When a plane wave-front illuminates a negative lens, it is expanded into a wave that appears to diverge from the focal point of the lens. Thus, when the recorded pattern is illuminated with the original plane wave, some of the light is diffracted into a diverging beam equivalent to the original spherical wave; a holographic recording of the point source has been created.

When the plane wave is incident at a non-normal angle at the time of recording, the pattern formed is more complex, but still acts as a negative lens if it is illuminated at the original angle.

===Complex objects===
To record a hologram of a complex object, a laser beam is first split into two beams of light. One beam illuminates the object, which then scatters light onto the recording medium. According to diffraction theory, each point in the object acts as a point source of light so the recording medium can be considered to be illuminated by a set of point sources located at varying distances from the medium.

The second (reference) beam illuminates the recording medium directly. Each point source wave interferes with the reference beam, giving rise to its own sinusoidal zone plate in the recording medium. The resulting pattern is the sum of all these 'zone plates', which combine to produce a random ([[Speckle pattern|speckle]]) pattern as in the photograph above.

When the hologram is illuminated by the original reference beam, each of the individual zone plates reconstructs the object wave that produced it, and these individual wavefronts are combined to reconstruct the whole of the object beam. The viewer perceives a wavefront that is identical with the wavefront scattered from the object onto the recording medium, so that it appears that the object is still in place even if it has been removed.

==Applications==

===Art===
Early on, artists saw the potential of holography as a medium and gained access to science laboratories to create their work. Holographic art is often the result of collaborations between scientists and artists, although some holographers would regard themselves as both an artist and a scientist.

[[Salvador Dalí]] claimed to have been the first to employ holography artistically. He was certainly the first and best-known surrealist to do so, but the 1972 New York exhibit of Dalí holograms had been preceded by the holographic art exhibition that was held at the [[Cranbrook Academy of Art]] in Michigan in 1968 and by the one at the Finch College gallery in New York in 1970, which attracted national media attention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://holophile.com/history.htm |title=The History and Development of Holography|publisher=Holophile.com |access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref> In Great Britain, [[Margaret Benyon]] began using holography as an artistic medium in the late 1960s and had a solo exhibition at the [[University of Nottingham]] art gallery in 1969.<ref name=Coyle>{{Cite book| publisher = John Libbey and Company| isbn = 978-0-86196-266-2| pages = 65–88|editor-first1= Philip |editor-last1= Hayward | last = Coyle| first = Rebecca| title = Culture, Technology & Creativity in the Late Twentieth Century| chapter = Holography – Art in the space of technology| location = London, England| date = 1990| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yLq3rM2at3cC&pg=PA67}}</ref> This was followed in 1970 by a solo show at the [[Lisson Gallery]] in London, which was billed as the "first London expo of holograms and stereoscopic paintings".<ref name="poster">{{cite web|title=Margaret Benyon Holography|url=http://www.lissongallery.com/exhibitions/margaret-benyon|website=Lisson Gallery|access-date=4 February 2016}}</ref>

During the 1970s, a number of art studios and schools were established, each with their particular approach to holography. Notably, there was the San Francisco School of Holography established by [[Lloyd Cross]], The Museum of Holography in New York founded by Rosemary (Posy) H. Jackson, the Royal College of Art in London and the [[Lake Forest College]] Symposiums organised by [[Tung Jeong]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Integraf |url=http://www.integraf.com/tung_jeong.htm |title=Dr. Tung J. Jeong Biography |publisher=Integraf.com |access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref> None of these studios still exist; however, there is the Center for the Holographic Arts in New York<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.holocenter.org |title=holocenter |publisher=holocenter |access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref> and the HOLOcenter in Seoul, which offers artists a place to create and exhibit work.

During the 1980s, many artists who worked with holography helped the diffusion of this so-called "new medium" in the art world, such as Harriet Casdin-Silver of the United States, [[Dieter Jung (artist)|Dieter Jung]] of [[Germany]], and [[Moysés Baumstein]] of [[Brazil]], each one searching for a proper "language" to use with the three-dimensional work, avoiding the simple holographic reproduction of a sculpture or object. For instance, in Brazil, many concrete poets (Augusto de Campos, Décio Pignatari, Julio Plaza and José Wagner Garcia, associated with [[Moysés Baumstein]]) found in holography a way to express themselves and to renew [[concrete poetry]].

A small but active group of artists still integrate holographic elements into their work.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universal-hologram.com/ |title=The Universal Hologram |website=Cherry Optical Holography}}</ref> Some are associated with novel holographic techniques; for example, artist Matt Brand<ref>Holographic metalwork http://www.zintaglio.com</ref> employed computational mirror design to eliminate image distortion from [[specular holography]].

The MIT Museum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/museum/collections/holography.html |title=MIT Museum: Collections – Holography |publisher=Web.mit.edu |access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref> and Jonathan Ross<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jrholocollection.com/ |title=The Jonathan Ross Hologram Collection |publisher=Jrholocollection.com |access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref> both have extensive collections of holography and on-line catalogues of art holograms.

===Data storage===
{{Main|Holographic data storage}}
Holographic data storage is a technique that can store information at high density inside crystals or photopolymers. The ability to store large amounts of information in some kind of medium is of great importance, as many electronic products incorporate storage devices. As current storage techniques such as [[Blu-ray Disc]] reach the limit of possible data density (due to the diffraction-limited size of the writing beams), holographic storage has the potential to become the next generation of popular storage media. The advantage of this type of data storage is that the volume of the recording media is used instead of just the surface.
Currently available [[spatial light modulator|SLMs]] can produce about 1000 different images a second at 1024×1024-bit resolution which would result in about one-[[gigabit per second|gigabit-per-second]] writing speed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=M. |last2=Eschler |first2=H. |date=1974-10-01 |title=Gigabyte capacities for holographic memories |journal=Optics & Laser Technology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=219–224 |doi=10.1016/0030-3992(74)90061-9 |bibcode=1974OptLT...6..219L |issn=0030-3992}}</ref>

In 2005, companies such as Optware and [[Maxell]] produced a 120 mm disc that uses a holographic layer to store data to a potential 3.9 [[terabyte|TB]], a format called [[Holographic Versatile Disc]]. As of September 2014, no commercial product has been released.

Another company, [[InPhase Technologies]], was developing a competing format, but went bankrupt in 2011 and all its assets were sold to Akonia Holographics, LLC.

While many holographic data storage models have used "page-based" storage, where each recorded hologram holds a large amount of data, more recent research into using submicrometre-sized "microholograms" has resulted in several potential [[3D optical data storage]] solutions. While this approach to data storage can not attain the high data rates of page-based storage, the tolerances, technological hurdles, and cost of producing a commercial product are significantly lower.

===Dynamic holography===
In static holography, recording, developing and reconstructing occur sequentially, and a permanent hologram is produced.

There also exist holographic materials that do not need the developing process and can record a hologram in a very short time. This allows one to use holography to perform some simple operations in an all-optical way. Examples of applications of such real-time holograms include [[phase-conjugate mirror]]s ("time-reversal" of light), optical cache memories, [[image processing]] (pattern recognition of time-varying images), and [[optical computing]].

The amount of processed information can be very high (terabits/s), since the operation is performed in parallel on a whole image. This compensates for the fact that the recording time, which is in the order of a [[microsecond]], is still very long compared to the processing time of an electronic computer. The optical processing performed by a dynamic hologram is also much less flexible than electronic processing. On one side, one has to perform the operation always on the whole image, and on the other side, the operation a hologram can perform is basically either a multiplication or a phase conjugation. In optics, addition and [[Fourier transform]] are already easily performed in linear materials, the latter simply by a lens. This enables some applications, such as a device that compares images in an optical way.<ref>R. Ryf et al. [http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?id=65530 High-frame-rate joint Fourier-transform correlator based on Sn2P2S6 crystal], Optics Letters '''26''', 1666–1668 (2001)</ref>

The search for novel [[:Category:Nonlinear optical materials|nonlinear optical materials]] for dynamic holography is an active area of research. The most common materials are [[photorefraction|photorefractive crystals]], but in [[semiconductor]]s or [[Heterojunction|semiconductor heterostructures]] (such as [[quantum well]]s), atomic vapors and gases, [[plasma (physics)|plasmas]] and even liquids, it was possible to generate holograms.

A particularly promising application is [[optical phase conjugation]]. It allows the removal of the wavefront distortions a light beam receives when passing through an aberrating medium, by sending it back through the same aberrating medium with a conjugated phase. This is useful, for example, in free-space optical communications to compensate for atmospheric turbulence (the phenomenon that gives rise to the twinkling of starlight).

===Hobbyist use===
[[File:Contest3.jpg|thumb|''Peace Within Reach'', a Denisyuk DCG hologram by amateur Dave Battin]]

Since the beginning of holography, many holographers have explored its uses and displayed them to the public.

In 1971, [[Lloyd Cross]] opened the San Francisco School of Holography and taught amateurs how to make holograms using only a small (typically 5 mW) [[helium-neon laser]] and inexpensive home-made equipment. Holography had been supposed to require a very expensive metal [[optical table]] set-up to lock all the involved elements down in place and damp any vibrations that could blur the interference fringes and ruin the hologram. Cross's home-brew alternative was a [[sandpit|sandbox]] made of a [[cinder block]] retaining wall on a plywood base, supported on stacks of old tires to isolate it from ground vibrations, and filled with sand that had been washed to remove dust. The laser was securely mounted atop the cinder block wall. The mirrors and simple lenses needed for directing, splitting and expanding the laser beam were affixed to short lengths of PVC pipe, which were stuck into the sand at the desired locations. The subject and the [[photographic plate]] holder were similarly supported within the sandbox. The holographer turned off the room light, blocked the laser beam near its source using a small [[relay]]-controlled shutter, loaded a plate into the holder in the dark, left the room, waited a few minutes to let everything settle, then made the exposure by remotely operating the laser shutter.

In 1979, [[Jason Sapan]] opened the [[Holographic Studios]] in [[New York City]]. Since then, they have been involved in the production of many holographs for many artists as well as companies.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/new-yorks-hologram-king-is-also-the-citys-last-pro-holographer | title=New York's Hologram King is Also the City's Last Pro Holographer | newspaper=The Daily Beast | date=27 May 2014 | last1=Strochlic | first1=Nina }}</ref> Sapan has been described as the "last professional holographer of New York".

Many of these holographers would go on to produce art holograms. In 1983, Fred Unterseher, a co-founder of the San Francisco School of Holography and a well-known holographic artist, published the ''Holography Handbook'', an easy-to-read guide to making holograms at home. This brought in a new wave of holographers and provided simple methods for using the then-available AGFA [[silver halide]] recording materials.

In 2000, [[Frank DeFreitas]] published the ''Shoebox Holography Book'' and introduced the use of inexpensive [[laser pointer]]s to countless [[hobby]]ists. For many years, it had been assumed that certain characteristics of semiconductor [[laser diodes]] made them virtually useless for creating holograms, but when they were eventually put to the test of practical experiment, it was found that not only was this untrue, but that some actually provided a [[coherence length]] much greater than that of traditional helium-neon gas lasers. This was a very important development for amateurs, as the price of red laser diodes had dropped from hundreds of dollars in the early 1980s to about $5 after they entered the mass market as a component pulled from [[Compact disc|CD]], or later, [[DVD]] players from the mid-1980s onwards. Now, there are thousands of amateur holographers worldwide.

By late 2000, holography kits with inexpensive laser pointer diodes entered the mainstream consumer market. These kits enabled students, teachers, and hobbyists to make several kinds of holograms without specialized equipment, and became popular gift items by 2005.<ref name="IEEE">Stephen Cass: ''[https://spectrum.ieee.org/holiday-gifts-2005 Holiday Gifts 2005 Gifts and gadgets for technophiles of all ages: Do-It Yourself-3-D]''. In ''IEEE Spectrum'', November 2005</ref> The introduction of holography kits with self-developing [[photographic plate|plates]] in 2003 made it possible for hobbyists to create holograms without the bother of wet chemical processing.<ref name="physicsteacher">Chiaverina, Chris: ''[http://www.litiholo.com/Hologram%20Kit%20article%20Physics%20Teacher%20Nov%202010.pdf Litiholo holography – So easy even a caveman could have done it (apparatus review)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208030253/http://www.litiholo.com/Hologram%20Kit%20article%20Physics%20Teacher%20Nov%202010.pdf |date=8 February 2012 }}''. In ''The Physics Teacher'', vol. 48, November 2010, pp. 551–552.</ref>

In 2006, a large number of surplus holography-quality green lasers (Coherent C315) became available and put dichromated gelatin (DCG) holography within the reach of the amateur holographer. The holography community was surprised at the amazing sensitivity of DCG to green light. It had been assumed that this sensitivity would be uselessly slight or non-existent. Jeff Blyth responded with the G307 formulation of DCG to increase the speed and sensitivity to these new lasers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holowiki.com/index.php/G307_DCG_Formula |title=A Holography FAQ |publisher=HoloWiki |date=2011-02-15 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106135632/http://www.holowiki.com/index.php/G307_DCG_Formula |archive-date=6 November 2010}}</ref>

Kodak and Agfa, the former major suppliers of holography-quality silver halide plates and films, are no longer in the market. While other manufacturers have helped fill the void, many amateurs are now making their own materials. The favorite formulations are dichromated gelatin, Methylene-Blue-sensitised dichromated gelatin, and diffusion method silver halide preparations. Jeff Blyth has published very accurate methods for making these in a small lab or garage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holowiki.com/index.php/Special:Search?search=Blyth&go=Go |title=Many methods are here |publisher=Holowiki.com |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307232834/http://www.holowiki.com/index.php/Special%3ASearch?search=Blyth&go=Go |archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>

A small group of amateurs are even constructing their own pulsed lasers to make holograms of living subjects and other unsteady or moving objects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cabd0.tripod.com/holograms/index.html |title=Jeff Blyth's Film Formulations |publisher=Cabd0.tripod.com |access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref>

===Holographic interferometry===
{{Main|Holographic interferometry}}

Holographic interferometry (HI) is a technique that enables static and dynamic displacements of objects with optically rough surfaces to be measured to optical interferometric precision (i.e. to fractions of a wavelength of light).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Powell | first1 = RL | last2 = Stetson | first2 = KA | year = 1965 | title = Interferometric Vibration Analysis by Wavefront Reconstruction| journal = J. Opt. Soc. Am. | volume = 55 | issue = 12 | pages = 1593–8 | doi = 10.1364/josa.55.001593 | bibcode = 1965JOSA...55.1593P }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Robert |last2=Wykes |first2=Catherine |title=Holographic and Speckle Interferometry |date=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-34417-4}}</ref> It can also be used to detect optical-path-length variations in transparent media, which enables, for example, fluid flow to be visualized and analyzed. It can also be used to generate contours representing the form of the surface or the isodose regions in radiation dosimetry.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beigzadeh |first1=A.M. |last2=Vaziri |first2=M.R. Rashidian |last3=Ziaie |first3=F. |title=Modelling of a holographic interferometry based calorimeter for radiation dosimetry|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A|date=2017|volume=864|pages=40–49|doi=10.1016/j.nima.2017.05.019|bibcode=2017NIMPA.864...40B}}</ref>

It has been widely used to measure stress, strain, and vibration in engineering structures.

===Interferometric microscopy===
{{Main|Interferometric microscopy}}

The hologram keeps the information on the amplitude and phase of the field. Several holograms may keep information about the same distribution of light, emitted to various directions. The numerical analysis of such holograms allows one to emulate large [[numerical aperture]], which, in turn, enables enhancement of the resolution of [[optical microscopy]]. The corresponding technique is called [[interferometric microscopy]]. Recent achievements of interferometric microscopy allow one to approach the quarter-wavelength limit of resolution.<ref name="U1">{{Cite journal
| author=Y.Kuznetsova
|author2=A.Neumann, S.R.Brueck
| title=Imaging interferometric microscopy–approaching the linear systems limits of optical resolution
| journal=[[Optics Express]]
| volume=15
| pages=6651–6663
| year=2007
| doi=10.1364/OE.15.006651
|bibcode = 2007OExpr..15.6651K
| pmid=19546975
|issue=11| doi-access=free
}}</ref>

===Sensors or biosensors===
{{Main|Holographic sensor}}

The hologram is made with a modified material that interacts with certain molecules generating a change in the fringe periodicity or refractive index, therefore, the color of the holographic reflection.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=AK |last1=Yetisen |first2=H |last2=Butt |first3=F |last3=da Cruz Vasconcellos |first4=Y |last4=Montelongo |first5=CAB |last5=Davidson |first6=J |last6=Blyth |first7=JB |last7=Carmody |first8=S |last8=Vignolini |first9=U |last9=Steiner |first10=JJ |last10=Baumberg |first11=TD |last11=Wilkinson |first12=CR |last12=Lowe |title=Light-Directed Writing of Chemically Tunable Narrow-Band Holographic Sensors |journal= Advanced Optical Materials |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=250–254 |year=2013 |doi= 10.1002/adom.201300375 |s2cid=96257175 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/293246 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = MartíNez-Hurtado | first1 = J. L. | last2 = Davidson | first2 = C. A. B. | last3 = Blyth | first3 = J. | last4 = Lowe | first4 = C. R. | title = Holographic Detection of Hydrocarbon Gases and Other Volatile Organic Compounds | doi = 10.1021/la102693m | journal = Langmuir | volume = 26 | issue = 19 | pages = 15694–15699 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20836549}}</ref>

===Security===
{{Main|Security hologram}}
[[File:Hologramm.JPG|thumb|''Identigram'' as a security element in a German identity card]]
[[File:Visa Dove Hologram Rainbow.jpg|thumb|Dove hologram used on some [[credit card]]s]]
Holograms are commonly used for security, as they are [[#Copying and mass production|replicated]] from a master hologram that requires expensive, specialized and technologically advanced equipment, and are thus difficult to forge. They are used widely in many [[currency|currencies]], such as the [[Brazilian real|Brazilian]] 20, 50, and 100-reais notes; [[Pound sterling|British]] 5, 10, 20 and 50-pound notes; [[South Korean won|South Korean]] 5000, 10,000, and 50,000-won notes; [[Japanese yen|Japanese]] 5000 and 10,000 yen notes, [[Indian rupee|Indian]] 50, 100, 500 rupee notes; and all the currently-circulating banknotes of the [[Canadian dollar]], [[Croatian kuna]], [[Danish krone]], and [[Euro]]. They can also be found in [[credit card|credit]] and [[bank card]]s as well as [[passport]]s, ID cards, [[book]]s, food packaging, [[DVD]]s, and sports equipment. Such holograms come in a variety of forms, from adhesive strips that are laminated on packaging for [[fast-moving consumer goods]] to holographic tags on [[Consumer electronics|electronic products]]. They often contain textual or pictorial elements to protect identities and separate genuine articles from [[counterfeit]]s.

Holographic scanners are in use in post offices, larger shipping firms, and automated conveyor systems to determine the three-dimensional size of a package. They are often used in tandem with [[checkweigher]]s to allow automated pre-packing of given volumes, such as a truck or pallet for bulk shipment of goods.
Holograms produced in elastomers can be used as stress-strain reporters due to its elasticity and compressibility, the pressure and force applied are correlated to the reflected wavelength, therefore its color.<ref>'Elastic hologram' pages 113–117, Proc. of the IGC 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-9566139-1-2}} here: http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/225960</ref> Holography technique can also be effectively used for radiation dosimetry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beigzadeh |first1=A.M. |title=Modelling of a holographic interferometry based calorimeter for radiation dosimetry |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |volume=864 |pages=40–49 |doi=10.1016/j.nima.2017.05.019 |year=2017 |bibcode=2017NIMPA.864...40B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beigzadeh |first1=A.M. |title=Double-exposure holographic interferometry for radiation dosimetry: A new developed model |journal=Radiation Measurements |date=2018 |volume=119 |pages=132–139 |doi=10.1016/j.radmeas.2018.10.010 |bibcode=2018RadM..119..132B |s2cid=105842469 }}</ref>

==== High-security registration plates ====
High-security holograms can be used on license plates for vehicles such as cars and motorcycles. As of April 2019, holographic license plates are required on vehicles in parts of India to aid in identification and security, especially in cases of car theft. Such number plates hold electronic data of vehicles, and they have a unique ID number and a sticker to indicate authenticity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why has the government made high security registration plates mandatory |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/why-has-the-government-made-high-security-registration-plates-mandatory/what-is-hsrp/slideshow/79936271.cms |website=The Economic Times |publisher=ET Online |access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>

==Holography using other types of waves==
In principle, it is possible to make a hologram for any [[wave]].

[[Electron holography]] is the application of holography techniques to electron waves rather than light waves. Electron holography was invented by Dennis Gabor to improve the resolution and avoid the aberrations of the [[transmission electron microscope]]. Today it is commonly used to study electric and magnetic fields in thin films, as magnetic and electric fields can shift the phase of the interfering wave passing through the sample.<ref>R. E. Dunin-Borkowski et al., Micros. Res. and Tech. vol. 64, pp. 390–402 (2004)</ref> The principle of electron holography can also be applied to [[interference lithography]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ogai | first1 = K. | display-authors = etal | year = 1993 | title = An Approach for Nanolithography Using Electron Holography| journal = Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. | volume = 32 | issue = 12S | pages = 5988–5992 | doi = 10.1143/jjap.32.5988 | bibcode = 1993JaJAP..32.5988O | s2cid = 123606284 }}</ref>

[[Acoustic holography]] enables sound maps of an object to be generated. Measurements of the acoustic field are made at many points close to the object. These measurements are digitally processed to produce the "images" of the object.<ref>{{cite web |title=Acoustic Holography |url=https://www.bksv.com/en/knowledge/applications/noise-source-identification/acoustic-holography |website=Bruel and Kjaer |access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref>

Atomic holography has evolved out of the development of the basic elements of [[atom optics]]. With the Fresnel diffraction lens and [[atomic mirror (physics)|atomic mirrors]] atomic holography follows a natural step in the development of the physics (and applications) of atomic beams. Recent developments including [[atomic mirror (physics)|atomic mirrors]] and especially [[ridged mirror]]s have provided the tools necessary for the creation of atomic holograms,<ref name="holo">{{Cite journal| title = Reflection-Type Hologram for Atoms | author = F. Shimizu |author2=J.Fujita |date=March 2002 |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |volume=88 | issue = 12 |article-number=123201 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.123201 | pmid=11909457 | bibcode=2002PhRvL..88l3201S}}</ref> although such holograms have not yet been commercialized.

[[Neutron]] beam holography has been used to see the inside of solid objects.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2016/10/move-over-lasers-scientists-can-now-create-holograms-neutrons-too|title=Move Over, Lasers: Scientists Can Now Create Holograms from Neutrons, Too|last=Swenson|first=Gayle|date=2016-10-20|work=NIST|access-date=2017-04-04|language=en}}</ref>

Holograms with x-rays are generated by using [[synchrotron]]s or x-ray [[free-electron laser]]s as radiation sources and pixelated detectors such as [[Charge-coupled device|CCDs]] as recording medium.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eisebitt | first1 = S. | display-authors = etal | year = 2004 | title = Lensless imaging of magnetic nanostructures by X-ray spectro-holography | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1233277| journal = Nature | volume = 432 | issue = 7019| pages = 885–888 | doi = 10.1038/nature03139 |bibcode = 2004Natur.432..885E | pmid=15602557| s2cid = 4423853 }}</ref> The reconstruction is then retrieved via computation. Due to the shorter wavelength of [[x-ray]]s compared to visible light, this approach allows imaging objects with higher spatial resolution.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pfau | first1 = B. | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title =Influence of stray fields on the switching-field distribution for bit-patterned media based on pre-patterned substrates | url =https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282859/file/Pfau_APL_2014.pdf | journal = Applied Physics Letters | volume = 105 | issue = 13| article-number = 132407 | doi = 10.1063/1.4896982 |bibcode = 2014ApPhL.105m2407P | s2cid = 121512138 }}</ref> As [[free-electron laser]]s can provide ultrashort and x-ray pulses in the range of [[femtosecond]]s which are intense and coherent, x-ray holography has been used to capture ultrafast dynamic processes.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | first1 = H. N. | display-authors = etal | year = 2007 | title = Femtosecond time-delay X-ray holography | url = http://bib-pubdb1.desy.de//record/83807/files/Nature-merged.pdf| journal = Nature | volume = 448 | issue = 7154| pages = 676–679 | doi = 10.1038/nature06049 |bibcode = 2007Natur.448..676C | pmid=17687320| s2cid = 4406541 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Günther | first1 = C.M. | display-authors = etal | year = 2011 | title = Sequential femtosecond X-ray imaging | journal = Nature Photonics | volume = 5 | issue = 2| pages = 99–102 | doi = 10.1038/nphoton.2010.287 |bibcode = 2011NaPho...5...99G }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = von Korff | first1 = Schmising | year = 2014 | title = Imaging Ultrafast Demagnetization Dynamics after a Spatially Localized Optical Excitation | url = http://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/169124/files/DESY-2014-02806.pdf |display-authors=et al. | journal = Physical Review Letters | volume = 112 | issue = 21| article-number = 217203 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.217203 | bibcode=2014PhRvL.112u7203V |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231207161245/https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/169124/files/DESY-2014-02806.pdf |archive-date= Dec 7, 2023 }}</ref>

==False holograms==
[[File:Pyramid_holographic_3D_holographic_projection_phone_projector_3D_holographic_projection_3D_mobile_phone_naked_eye_3D_pyramid.jpg|thumb|A [[Pepper's ghost]] illusion made from a clear plastic [[frustum]]]]

Virtually every illusion of an image that looks three-dimensional, seems to be floating in space, or features other vague resemblances, has erroneously been labelled a hologram, including effects produced by [[lenticular printing]], [[iridescence|iridescent]] foil printing, [[bubblegram]]s, the [[Pepper's ghost]] illusion (or modern variants such as the [[Musion Eyeliner]]), [[tomography]] and [[volumetric displays]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/business-12328160 |title=Holographic announcers at Luton airport |publisher=BBC News |date=2011-01-31 |access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Farivar |first=Cyrus |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/news/2012/04/tupac-hologram-merely-pretty-cool-optical-illusion.ars |title=Tupac "hologram" merely pretty cool optical illusion |publisher=Ars Technica |date=2012-04-16 |access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref> Such illusions have been called "fauxlography".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://light2015blog.org/2015/09/28/holographic-3d-technology-from-sci-fi-fantasy-to-engineering-reality/ |title=Holographic 3D Technology: From Sci-fi Fantasy to Engineering Reality |date=2015-09-28 |website=International Year of Light Blog |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030003249/https://light2015blog.org/2015/09/28/holographic-3d-technology-from-sci-fi-fantasy-to-engineering-reality/ |archive-date=2017-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |type=MFA |last=Gordon |first=Marcus A. |date=2017 |title=Habitat 44º |publisher=OCAD University |doi-access=free |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.30421.88802}}</ref>

The Pepper's ghost technique is most prevalent in 3D displays that claim to be (or are referred to as) "holographic". While the original illusion, used in theater, involved actual physical objects and persons, located offstage, modern variants replace the source object with a digital screen, which displays imagery generated with [[3D computer graphics]] to provide the necessary [[depth perception|depth cues]]. The reflection of flat imagery can look less realistic than that of an actual 3D object. Alternatively, [[rear projection]] of realistic images on semi-transparent screens can create the same illusion. Notable examples of digital Pepper's ghost illusions include virtual "live" performances by the [[Gorillaz]] (in the [[2005 MTV Europe Music Awards#Performances|2005 MTV Europe Music Awards]] and the [[48th Grammy Awards#Performances|48th Grammy Awards]]), [[Tupac Shakur]]'s at [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]] in 2012,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://marquee.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/16/tupac-returns-as-a-hologram-at-coachella/ |title=Tupac returns as a hologram at Coachella |work=The Marquee Blog |publisher=CNN Blogs |first1=Carolyn |last1=Sung |first2=Topher |last2=Gauk-Roger |first3=Denise |last3=Quan |first4=Jessica |last4=Iavazzi |date= 16 April 2012|access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504172454/http://marquee.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/16/tupac-returns-as-a-hologram-at-coachella/ |archive-date= May 4, 2012 }}</ref> Swedish supergroup [[ABBA]],<ref>{{cite web |title=ABBA's mysterious "Abbatars" revealed |url=https://www.graphicnews.com/en/pages/38425/entertainment-abbas-mysterious-abbatars-revealed-1 |first1=Ninian |last1=Carter |date=November 27, 2018 |website=Graphic News |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> American rock group [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amorosi |first1=A. D. |title=KISS Says Farewell at Madison Square Garden, Before Passing the Torch to Band's Avatar Successors: Concert Review |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/concert-reviews/kiss-final-concert-review-madison-square-garden-avatars-1235819744/ |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=3 December 2023}}</ref> and [[Hatsune Miku]] and other [[Vocaloid]] singing synthesizer applications.<ref>{{cite web |last = G. |first = Adrian |title = LA's Anime Expo hosting Hatsune Miku's first US live performance on 2 July |work = Kawaii Kakkoii Sugoi |date = 16 June 2011 |url = http://www.kawaiikakkoiisugoi.com/2011/06/16/las-anime-expo-hosting-hatsune-mikus-first-us-live-performance-on-july-2nd/ |access-date = 20 April 2012 |archive-date = 18 October 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121018154249/http://www.kawaiikakkoiisugoi.com/2011/06/16/las-anime-expo-hosting-hatsune-mikus-first-us-live-performance-on-july-2nd/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZCYJu7KSqQM | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/ZCYJu7KSqQM| archive-date=2021-10-30|title="We can invite Hatsune Miku in my room!", Part 2 (video) |publisher=Youtube.com |date=2011-09-07 |access-date=2012-04-21}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Waite |first=Jacob |title=Hatsune Miku: Expo 2020 Europe |department=Production profile |url=https://www.tpimagazine.com/hatsune-miku-expo-2020-europe/ |date=May 2020 |magazine=Total Production International |issue=249 |publisher=Mondiale Media |editor-last=Hume |editor-first=Stew |location=United Kingdom |issn=1461-3786 |page=46}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Technically incorrect: Tomorrow's Miley Cyrus? A hologram live in concert! |url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-17852_3-20022743-71.html |access-date = 29 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Hatsune Miku – World is Mine Live in HD |website = [[YouTube]]|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTXO7KGHtjI |access-date = 29 April 2011 }}</ref>

Holography is distinct from [[specular holography]], which is a technique for making three-dimensional images by controlling the motion of specularities on a two-dimensional surface.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zintaglio.com/how.html |title=specular holography: how |publisher=Zintaglio.com |access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref> It works by reflectively or refractively manipulating bundles of light rays, not by using interference and diffraction.

==Tactile holograms==
{{See also|Solid light|Slow light|label 2 = Stopping light}}

==In fiction==
{{Main|Holography in fiction}}

Holography has been widely referred to in movies, novels, and TV, usually in [[science fiction]], starting in the late 1970s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Holographic Visions: a History of New Science.|url=https://archive.org/details/holographicvisio00john_090|url-access=limited|last=Johnston|first=Sean|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press, UK|isbn=978-0-19-151388-6|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/holographicvisio00john_090/page/n427 405]–408|chapter=The Hologram and Popular Culture|oclc=437109030}}</ref> Science fiction writers absorbed the [[urban legend]]s surrounding holography that had been spread by overly-enthusiastic scientists and entrepreneurs trying to market the idea.<ref name=":0" /> This had the effect of giving the public overly high expectations of the capability of holography, due to the unrealistic depictions of it in most fiction, where they are fully [[Volumetric display|three-dimensional computer projections]] that are sometimes tactile through the use of [[Force field (fiction)|force fields]].<ref name=":0" /> Examples of this type of depiction include the hologram of [[Princess Leia]] in [[Star Wars (film)|''Star Wars'']], [[Arnold Rimmer]] from ''[[Red Dwarf]]'', who was later converted to "hard light" to make him solid, and the [[Holodeck]] and [[The Doctor (Star Trek)|Emergency Medical Hologram]] from ''[[Star Trek]]''.<ref name=":0" />

Holography has served as an inspiration for many video games with science fiction elements. In many titles, fictional holographic technology has been used to reflect real-life misrepresentations of potential military use of holograms, such as the "mirage tanks" in ''[[Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2]]'' that can disguise themselves as trees.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Holograms: A Cultural History|last=Johnston|first=Sean F.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-102138-1|chapter=11 - Channeling Dreams}}</ref> [[Player character]]s are able to use holographic decoys in games such as ''[[Halo: Reach]]'' and ''[[Crysis 2]]'' to confuse and distract the enemy.<ref name=":12" /> ''[[StarCraft|Starcraft]]'' ghost agent Nova has access to "holo decoy" as one of her three primary abilities in ''[[Heroes of the Storm]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://us.battle.net/heroes/en/heroes/nova/|title=Nova - Heroes of the Storm|website=us.battle.net|language=en-us|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref>''

Fictional depictions of holograms have, however, inspired technological advances in other fields, such as [[augmented reality]], that promise to fulfill the fictional depictions of holograms by other means.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Hologram: Principles and Techniques|last=Richardson|first=Martin|others=Wiltshire, John D.|isbn=978-1-119-08890-5|location=Hoboken, NJ|oclc=1000385946|date = 2017-11-13}}</ref>

==See also==
{{cols|colwidth=21em}}
* [[List of file formats#3D graphics|3D file formats]]
* [[Computer-generated holography]]
* [[Holographic display]]
* [[Augmented reality]]
* [[Australian Holographics]]
* [[Autostereoscopy]]
* [[Digital holography]]
* [[Digital holographic microscopy]]
* [[Digital planar holography]]
* [[Fog display]]
* [[Holographic principle]]
* [[Holonomic brain theory]]
* [[Hogel Processing Unit]]
* [[Integral imaging]]
* [[List of emerging technologies]]
* [[Phase-coherent holography]]
* [[Plasmon#Possible applications|Plasmon – possible applications]] (full color holography)
* [[Tomography]]
* [[Volumetric display]]
* [[Volumetric printing]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* Hariharan P, 1996, Optical Holography, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-43965-5}}
* Hariharan P, 2002, Basics of Holography, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-00200-1}}
* Lipson A., Lipson SG, Lipson H, Optical Physics, 2011, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-49345-1}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* ''Lasers and holography: an introduction to coherent optics'' W. E. Kock, Dover Publications (1981), {{ISBN|978-0-486-24041-1}}
* ''Principles of holography'' H. M. Smith, Wiley (1976), {{ISBN|978-0-471-80341-6}}
* G. Berger et al., ''Digital Data Storage in a phase-encoded holographic memory system: data quality and security'', Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 4988, pp. 104–111 (2003)
* ''Holographic Visions: A History of New Science'' Sean F. Johnston, Oxford University Press (2006), {{ISBN|0-19-857122-4}}
* {{Cite book|title = Practical Holography, Third Edition|last = Saxby|first = Graham|year = 2003|publisher = Taylor and Francis|isbn = 978-0-7503-0912-7}}
* ''Three-Dimensional Imaging Techniques'' Takanori Okoshi, Atara Press (2011), {{ISBN|978-0-9822251-4-1}}
* ''Holographic Microscopy of Phase Microscopic Objects: Theory and Practice'' Tatyana Tishko, Tishko Dmitry, Titar Vladimir, World Scientific (2010), {{ISBN|978-981-4289-54-2}}
* {{cite book|title=The Hologram: Principles and Techniques|editor-first1=Martin J. |editor-last1=Richardson |editor-first2=John D.|editor-last2=Wiltshire|publisher=Wiley|year=2017|isbn=978-1-119-08890-5|oclc=1000385946|doi=10.1002/9781119088929|last1=Richardson|first1=Martin J.|last2=Wiltshire|first2=John D.|bibcode=2017hpt..book.....R }}

{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Holography}}
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20041204092005/http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1971/gabor-autobio.html Dennis Gabor – Autobiography]", 30 September 2004, Nobelprize.org
**"[https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/gabor-lecture.pdf Holography, 1948-1971 Nobel Lecture]", 11 December 1971, by Dennis Gabor
* "[http://science.howstuffworks.com/hologram.htm How Holograms Work]", How Stuff Works, by Tracy V. Wilson, 30 August 2023
* "[https://youtube.com/watch?v=aTB2ryoWIFU&t=459 Making Real Holograms!!!!!!]" at [[YouTube]] by The Thought Emporium, 19 November 2020
* "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmKQsSDlaa4 How are holograms possible?]" at YouTube by Grant Sanderson, [[3Blue1Brown]], 5 October 2024

{{Display technology}}
{{photography subject}}
{{emerging technologies|displays=yes}}
{{Stereoscopy}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Holography| ]]
[[Category:British inventions]]
[[Category:Hungarian inventions]]
[[Category:Laser image generation]]
[[Category:Photographic techniques]]
[[Category:3D imaging]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Harappan language

2026-03-21T23:43:01Z

Aman Mehta: adjusted section to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Short description|Language of the Bronze Age civilization of the Indus Valley}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Harappan
| altname = Indus language
| region = [[Indus Valley]]
| extinct = {{circa|1300 BC}} or later
| familycolor = unclassified
| family = [[Unclassified language|unclassified]]
| dia1 =
| script = [[Indus script]]
| iso3 = xiv
| linglist = xiv
| glotto = hara1272
| glottorefname = Harappan
| imagecaption = Impression of an Indus [[stamp seal]], showing a string of five "[[Harappan script]]" glyphs; the Indus script is interpreted by some scholars as the writing system of the Harappan language.
| image = Indus seal impression.jpg
| states = [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]
| acceptance = undeciphered
}}
[[File:Akkadian cylinder seal with inscription Shu-ilishu, interpreter of the Meluhhan language, Louvre Museum AO 22310.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Impression of an [[Akkadian Empire]] [[cylinder seal]] with inscription: ''"Shu-ilishu, interpreter of the language of Meluhha"'';<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parpola |first=Asko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DagXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT353 |title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-022693-0 |page=353 |language=en}}</ref> [[Louvre Museum]], reference AO 22310.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meluhha interpreter seal. Site officiel du musée du Louvre |url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=12071 |website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}</ref>]]

The '''Harappan language''', also known as the '''Indus language''', is the unknown language or languages of the [[Bronze Age]] ({{circa|3300 to 1300 BC}}) [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappan civilization]] (Indus Valley civilization, or IVC). The [[Indus script|Harappan script]] is yet undeciphered; it has not even been demonstrated to be a writing system, and therefore the language remains unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=India - Agriculture and animal husbandry {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Agriculture-and-animal-husbandry#ref46830 |access-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306022746/https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Agriculture-and-animal-husbandry#ref46830 |archive-date=2023-03-06 }}</ref> The language being yet unattested in readable contemporary sources, hypotheses regarding its nature are based on possible [[loanword]]s, the [[substratum in Vedic Sanskrit]], and some terms recorded in [[Sumerian cuneiform]] (such as ''[[Meluhha]]''), in conjunction with analyses of the [[Indus script|Harappan script]].

There are some possible loanwords from the language of the Indus Valley civilization. '''{{transliteration|sux|Meluḫḫa}}''' or '''{{transliteration|sux|Melukhkha}}''' ({{langx|sux|{{cuneiform|𒈨𒈛𒄩[[𒆠]]}}}} {{transliteration|sux|Me-luḫ-ḫaKI}}) is the [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] name of a prominent trading partner of [[Sumer]] during the [[Middle Bronze Age]]. Its identification remains an open question, but most scholars associate it with the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley Civilisation]].{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|page=46}} [[Asko Parpola]] identifies [[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidian]]s with the [[Indus Valley civilization|Harappan Culture]] and the Meluhhan people mentioned in [[Sumer]]ian records. In his book ''Deciphering the Indus Script,'' Parpola states that the [[Brahui people]] of [[Pakistan]] are remnants of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappan culture]].<ref>Asko Parpola (1994), ''Deciphering the Indus script'', Cambridge University Press</ref> According to him, the word "Meluhha" derives from the Dravidian words ''mel'' ("elevated") and ''akam'' ("place"). Parpola also relates Meluhha with [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], which he calls the "[[Elamo-Dravidian languages|Proto-Dravidian]] homeland". He also relates Meluhha with the transient word [[Mleccha]], a [[Vedic sanskrit|Vedic]] word used to mean "barbarian" and used by the incoming [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan speaking]] population for the native Harappan population.<ref>{{citation |last1=Parpola |first1=Asko |first2=Simo |last2=Parpola |title=On the relationship of the Sumerian toponym Meluhha and Sanskrit mleccha |journal=Studia Orientalia |volume=46 |year=1975 |pages=205–238 |url=http://ojs.tsv.fi/index.php/StOrE/article/view/49874/14912}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1999 |author-link=Michael E. J. Witzel |title=Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic) |periodical=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0501/ejvs0501article.pdf |page=25 |access-date=2018-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206073939/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0501/ejvs0501article.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-06 }}</ref><ref>An Indus loanword of "para-Munda" nature in Mesopotamian has been identified by Michael Witzel, A first link between the Rgvedic Panjab and Mesopotamia: śimbala/śalmali, and GIŠšimmar? In: Klaus Karttunen and Petteri Koskikallio (eds.) Vidyarnavavandanam. Essays in Honour of Asko Parpola. 2000 (Studia Orientalia, published by the Finnish Or. Soc. 94): 497–508. See also Witzel, [http://compling.ai.uiuc.edu/2007Workshop/Slides/witzel.doc The language or languages of the Indus civilization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084908/http://compling.ai.uiuc.edu/2007Workshop/Slides/witzel.doc |date=2011-07-20 }}, July 2007.</ref>

==Identification==
There are a number of hypotheses as to the nature of this unknown language:
*A prevalent hypothesis<ref name=Cole/> places it within or near the [[Dravidian languages]], perhaps identical with [[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidian]] itself. Proposed by [[Henry Heras]] in the 1950s,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heras |first=Henry |title=Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean Culture |date=1953 |publisher=Indian Historical Research Institute |location=Bombay, IN}}</ref> the hypothesis has gained some plausibility and is endorsed by [[Kamil Zvelebil]], [[Asko Parpola]] and [[Iravatham Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |title=Peoples and languages in pre-islamic Indus valley |url=http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509053921/http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html |archive-date=2008-05-09 |access-date=2008-11-20 |website=utexas.edu |publisher=[[University of Texas]] |place=Austin, TX |quote=... who was the first to suggest that the language of the Indus Civilization was Dravidian. |department=Asian Studies Network Information Center (ASNIC)}}</ref><ref name=Cole>{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Jennifer |title=The Sindhi language |url=http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/jscole/Sindhi_Elsevier_encyl.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106015921/http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/jscole/Sindhi_Elsevier_encyl.pdf |archive-date=January 6, 2007 |access-date=2008-11-20 |quote=... Harappan language, the ancient script is as yet undeciphered, but a prevailing theory suggests a Dravidian origin.}}</ref> A 2021 research paper published in [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']] argues that Proto-Dravidian was spoken in the Indus Valley based on the Dravidian word for "tooth" (or "tusk"), as well as genetic migration patterns.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ansumali Mukhopadhyay |first=Bahata |date=2021-08-03 |title=Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |article-number=193 |doi=10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w |issn=2662-9992 |s2cid=257091003 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* A "[[language isolate]]", i.e. a language with no living continuants (or perhaps a last living [[Reflex (linguistics)|reflex]] in the moribund [[Nihali language]]). In this case, the only trace left by the language of the Indus Valley civilization would be historical substratum influence, in particular the [[substratum in Vedic Sanskrit]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

=== Multiple languages ===
The Indus script only indicates that it was used to write one language (if any), but it is quite possible that multiple languages were spoken in the IVC, much as [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] and [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] co-existed in [[Mesopotamia]] for centuries. Jane R. McIntosh suggests one such possibility: Para-[[Munda languages|Munda]] was originally the main language of the civilization, especially in the Punjab region. Later, the [[proto-Dravidian]] immigrants introduced their language to the area in the 5th millennium BC. The Dravidian language was spoken by the new settlers in the southern plains, while Para-Munda remained the main language of those in Punjab.{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=355-356}}

=== Other theories ===
*[[Michael Witzel]] suggested as an alternative, that an underlying, prefixing language similar to [[Austroasiatic]], notably [[Khasi language|Khasi]]; he called it "para-[[Munda languages|Munda]]" (i.e. a language related to the Munda subgroup or other Austroasiatic languages, but not strictly descended from the last common predecessor of the contemporary Munda family). Witzel argued that the [[Rigveda]] showed signs of this [[substratum in Vedic Sanskrit|hypothetical Harappan influence]] in the earliest historic level, and Dravidian only in later levels, suggesting that speakers of Austroasiatic were the original inhabitants of [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] and that the Indo-Aryans encountered Dravidian speakers only in later times.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Witzel |first=M. |author-link=Michael E. J. Witzel |date=2000-02-17 |editor-last=Kenoyer |editor-first=J. |editor-link=Jonathan Mark Kenoyer |title=The Languages of Harappa |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/IndusLang.pdf |access-date=2007-07-18 |book-title=Proceedings of the conference on the Indus civilization |place=Madison, WI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Witzel |first=M. |author-link=Michael E. J. Witzel |date=August 1999 |title=Substrate languages in old Indo-Aryan |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com |journal=EJVS |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–67}} cf. reprint in: {{cite journal |title={{grey|[no title cited]}} |journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |date=2001 |issue=1 |at=sqq.}}</ref> The theory was since further supported by Franklin Southworth.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}. As of 2019, Witzel prefers to leave the question of the original Indian language(s) open until better reconstructions for Dravidian and Munda substrate components in Indo-Aryan languages have been done.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Bahata Ansumali |date=December 2021 |title=Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: Ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |volume=8 |issue=1 |article-number=193 |doi=10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w |s2cid=236901972 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Indo-European languages]]: generally believed to be arriving after 1800 BCE, but recent genetic and linguistic study suggests that the language family emerged from the Fertile Crescent as early as 6000 BCE and likely spread to South Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-07-28|title=Language trees with sampled ancestors support a hybrid model for the origin of Indo-European languages|journal=Science|language=en|volume=381|doi=10.1126/science.abg0818|hdl=10234/204329|hdl-access=free |last1=Heggarty |first1=Paul |last2=Anderson |first2=Cormac |last3=Scarborough |first3=Matthew |last4=King |first4=Benedict |last5=Bouckaert |first5=Remco |last6=Jocz |first6=Lechosław |last7=Kümmel |first7=Martin Joachim |last8=Jügel |first8=Thomas |last9=Irslinger |first9=Britta |last10=Pooth |first10=Roland |last11=Liljegren |first11=Henrik |last12=Strand |first12=Richard F. |last13=Haig |first13=Geoffrey |last14=MacÁk |first14=Martin |last15=Kim |first15=Ronald I. |last16=Anonby |first16=Erik |last17=Pronk |first17=Tijmen |last18=Belyaev |first18=Oleg |last19=Dewey-Findell |first19=Tonya Kim |last20=Boutilier |first20=Matthew |last21=Freiberg |first21=Cassandra |last22=Tegethoff |first22=Robert |last23=Serangeli |first23=Matilde |last24=Liosis |first24=Nikos |last25=Stroński |first25=Krzysztof |last26=Schulte |first26=Kim |last27=Gupta |first27=Ganesh Kumar |last28=Haak |first28=Wolfgang |last29=Krause |first29=Johannes |last30=Atkinson |first30=Quentin D. |issue=6656 |article-number=eabg0818 |pmid=37499002 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-220000 |display-authors=1 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Elamo-Dravidian languages]]
* [[Indus–Mesopotamia relations]]
* [[Megalithic graffiti symbols]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

*{{Cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC |title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BC to AD 400 |date=13 July 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977507-1 |author-link=Patrick Olivelle}}
*{{Cite book |last=McIntosh |first=Jane R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC |title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives |date=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-907-2 |location=Santa Barbara, California}}
*{{Cite web |last=Kohari |first=Alizeh |date=8 February 2022 |title=An ancient language has defied translation for 100 years, can AI crack the code? |url=https://restofworld.org/2022/indus-translation-ai-code-script}}

{{Indus Valley Civilization}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Eurasian languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harappan Language}}
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 13th century BC]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation|Language]]
[[Category:Unclassified languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Unattested languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Pre-Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 2nd millennium BC]]

Clerk (1989 film)

2026-03-20T20:31:30Z

Aman Mehta: enhanced intro as per guidelines and added references for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{infobox film
| name = Clerk
| image = Clerk 1989.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Manoj Kumar
| producer = Manoj Kumar
| writer = Manoj Kumar
| editing = Manoj Kumar
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Rajendra Kumar]] [[Manoj Kumar]] [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Rekha]] [[Anita Raj]] [[Sonu Walia]] [[Mohammad Ali (actor)|Mohamed Ali]] [[Zeba (actress, born 1945)|Zeba]]
| cinematography = Joe D Souza
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| released = {{Film date|1989|04|07|df=yes}}
| music = Uttam Jagadish
}}
'''''Clerk''''' is a 1989 Indian [[Hindi Language|Hindi-language]] [[Action-thriller film|action thriller film]] written, produced and directed by [[Manoj Kumar]] and starring Manoj Kumar alongside an ensemble cast including [[Rekha]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Sonu Walia]], Rajiv Goswami, along with Pakistani actors [[Mohammed Ali (actor)|Mohammed Ali]] & [[Zeba (actress, born 1945)|Zeba]] in their only Hindi film appearance.<ref name=dawn>{{cite news|title=Love thy neighbour|url=http://dawn.com/2012/06/20/love-thy-neighbor/|accessdate=1 July 2012|newspaper=Dawn|author=Gautam Chintamani}}</ref> It was the last film Manoj Kumar directed that had him in the leading role.<ref name=dailybhaskar>{{cite news|title=Jai Bharat! Manoj Kumar returns to Bollywood|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-jai-bharat-manoj-kumar-returns-to-bollywood-3409806.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616062355/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-jai-bharat-manoj-kumar-returns-to-bollywood-3409806.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2012|accessdate=1 July 2012|newspaper=Daily Bhaskar}}</ref>

==Plot synopsis==

The film is a story of an honest clerk, Bharat ([[Manoj Kumar]]), who along with his family faces immense difficulties owing to their poverty. The plot revolves around the circumstances which force him to become corrupt. In the end, he repents and becomes honest again — while also saving his nation from anti-nationals.

==Cast==
Source<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clerk |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/clerk/cast/2000335561/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Satyapati
*[[Rajendra Kumar]] as Rahim Khan
*[[Manoj Kumar]] as Bharat
*[[Shashi Kapoor]] as Vijay Kapoor
*[[Rekha]] as Sneha
*[[Anita Raj]] as Pooja
*[[Sonu Walia]] as Sonu
*Rajiv Goswami as Balram
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Sadhuram
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as General Jindal
*[[Mohammad Ali (actor)|Mohammad Ali]] as Ram
*[[Zeba (actress, born 1945)|Zeba]] as Rukmini
*[[Dina Pathak]] as Bharat's mother
*[[Sonika Gill]] as Tulsi
*[[Rajendra Nath|Rajendranath]] as S. P. Lal
*Birbal as Kuljeet
*[[Anoop Kumar]] as Head Clerk Mukherjee

==Music==
The music was composed by Jagdish Khanna, Uttam Singh and Uttam Ghosh. The music was released under [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref name=gomolo>{{cite web|title=Cast & Crew of Clerk (1989 - Hindi)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/clerk-movie-cast-crew/6317|publisher=Gomolo}}</ref>

#"Jhoom Jhoom Kar Gaao Re, Aaj Pandrah August Hai" — Mahendra Kapoor, Lata Mangeshkar
#"Mai Ek Clerk Hu" — [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
#"Neelaam Ghar Me Humne" — Lata Mangeshkar
#"Rakh Geeta Pe Haath" — [[Nitin Mukesh]], Lata Mangeshkar
#"Kadam Kadam" — Mahendra Kapoor
#"Tumse Jo Baat Hui" — [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
#"Tun Tun Tun Tun Tun" — [[Lata Mangeshkar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0233464}}

[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:1989 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manoj Kumar]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Lascar War Memorial

2026-03-20T02:22:03Z

Aman Mehta: added some stub initial version.

{{further| Lascar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Lascar War Memorial
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| status =
| image = Lascar War memorial.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Lascar War Memorial, Kolkata
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption =
| altitude =
| building_type = [[Monument]]
| architectural_style = Indo – Mughal Style
| structural_system =
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| client =
| owner = [[Indian Navy]]
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| location = Hastings, Kolkata
| address = Napier Road
| location_town = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.55|88.33|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date =
| construction_start_date = 1920
| completion_date = 6 February 1924
| completed_date =
| opened_date =
| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date = 2011–present
| demolished_date =
| destruction_date =
| height = {{convert|100|ft|m}} (approximately)
| diameter =
| antenna_spire =
| roof =
| top_floor =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| seating_type =
| seating_capacity =
| elevator_count =
| main_contractor =
| architect = William Ingram Keir
| architecture_firm =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| awards =
| designations =
| ren_architect =
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}}

The '''Lascar War Memorial''', located on Napier Road in the [[Hastings, Kolkata|Hastings]] area of [[Kolkata]], is a [[memorial]] dedicated to the memory of the 896 [[lascar]]s (sailors from the [[Indian subcontinent]]) who died serving on ships of the [[Royal Navy]] and [[Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)|British Merchant Service]] during [[World War I]].<ref name = "das">{{cite news|last=Das|first=Soumitra|title=Tears of Subaltern|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090712/jsp/calcutta/story_11220903.jsp|accessdate=11 March 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|date=12 July 2009|archive-date=22 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122162055/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090712/jsp/calcutta/story_11220903.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "Niyogi">{{cite news|last=Niyogi|first=Subhro|title=Forgotten War Memorial gets its place in history|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Forgotten-war-memorial-gets-its-place-in-history/articleshow/17082206.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034629/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-04/kolkata/34907878_1_kolkata-monument-seamen|url-status=live|archive-date=11 April 2013|access-date=11 March 2013|location=Kolkata|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref name = "basu">{{cite news|last=Basu|first=Soma|title=Oceans Apart|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=390645&catid=44|accessdate=12 March 2013|newspaper=The Statesman|date=20 November 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413205801/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=390645&catid=44|archive-date=13 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Lascar==
{{main|Lascar}}

{{cquote|He had thought that the Lascars were a tribe or nation, like the [[Cherokee]] or [[Sioux]]: he discovered now that they came from places that were far apart, and had nothing in common, except the Indian Ocean; among them were Chinese and East Africans, Arabs and Malays, Bengalis and Goans, Tamils and Arakanese.|x|x|[[Sea of Poppies]] by [[Amitav Ghosh]]}}
A '''lascar''' (Lashkar, Laskar) ({{langx|fa|لشکر}}) and ([[Bengali language|Bengali:লস্কর]]) was a [[sailor]] or [[militiaman]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]] or other countries east of the [[Cape of Good Hope]], employed on [[Europe]]an ships from the 16th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The word comes from the [[Persian language|Persian]] ''Lashkar'', meaning military camp or army, and ''[[askar (disambiguation)|al-askar]]'', the Arabic word for a guard or soldier. The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] adapted this term to ''lascarim'', meaning an [[Asian people|Asian]] militiaman or seaman, especially those from the Indian Subcontinent. Lascars served on [[Great Britain|British]] ships under 'lascar' agreements which gave shipowners more control than the usual agreement. The sailors could be transferred from one ship to another and retained in service for up to three years at one time. The name ''lascar'' was also used to refer to Indian servants, typically engaged by British military officers.<ref>{{citation|title=The evolution of the Artillery in India| first= Romesh C |last=Butalia|year=1999|publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=81-7023-872-2|page =239}}</ref>

==History and architecture==
[[File:Inside Laskar.jpg|thumb|Inside the Lascar War Memorial]]
[[File:Plaques.jpg|thumb|left|Inside the Lascar War Memorial]]

[[File:Lascar War Memorial.jpg|thumb|Lascar War Memorial]]
The Lascar War Memorial was erected by shipping and mercantile companies, in the memory of the 896 Lascars of undivided [[Bengal]] and [[Assam]] who lost their lives during World War I.<ref>{{cite web|title=Death in Kolkata|url=http://gypsyscholar.com/30431dailydeatht.html|work=John Barry|accessdate=14 March 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043946/http://gypsyscholar.com/30431dailydeatht.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The monument is situated at the southern end of the [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]], on Naiper Road, Hastings, near [[Prinsep Ghat]]. The 100 feet high monument was unveiled by [[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]], then [[Governor of Bengal]] on 6 February 1924. The monument, built in typical [[Oriental architecture|Oriental style]], is a four-sided column, having designs reflecting the [[prow]] of an ancient [[galley]] on each side of the column. The upper part of the monument consists of four small [[minaret]]s and a large gilt dome. A typical Indian look has been given by adding wavy lines beneath the projected balcony, which symbolises waves, along with ''[[chhajja]]s'' and [[Trellis (architecture)|trellises]].<ref name = "basu"/> The Lascar War Memorial has similarities with the victory tower of Chittor.<ref name = "das"/>
The memorial built in the [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Mughal style]] by William Ingram Keir, who also designed the Kidderpore Bridge, buildings at [[Bengal Engineering and Science University]] in [[Shibpur]], the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]], and [[Maulana Azad College|Islamia College]], and also replaced the 1934 earthquake affected spire of [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata]] with a tower. William Ingram Keir won a prize of Rupees 500 for designing the memorial.<ref name = "Niyogi"/>
The inside of the Memorial is approached through a huge doorway on the Northern wall. The interior contains three plaques below the inscription "Lascar Memorial." One plaque commemorates the unveiling of the memorial by Lytton. The second plaques says that the memorial was erected by shipping and mercantile community of India in memory of the 896 seamen of Bengal Assam and upper India (the term Lascar is not used) who lost their lives in service of the British Empire in the great war of 1914 – 18. The third smaller plaques tells about the renovation and lighting of the Lascar War Memorial.

==Renovation==
[[File:Renovation plaque.jpg|thumb|left|Renovation plaque Lascar War Memorial]]
In 1994, commodore B K Mohanti spotted the ruined and neglected Lascar War Memorial overgrown with vegetation during his morning walk. Recognising the importance of the monument,<ref name = "Niyogi"/> Mohanty arranged for funds for the renovation of the memorial. The renovation and lightning was completed in December 1994. A.L. Dias, then [[Governor of West Bengal]], switched on the illumination on 7 December 1994<ref name = "das"/> on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of INS Netaji Subhas.

==Events==
Lascar War memorial is the venue for several events:

===National Navy Day India===
National Navy Day of India is celebrated every year at the Lascar War Memorial every year on 4 December. On 4 December 2012, James Keir, son of William Ingram Keir, the architect of the Lascar War Memorial visited the memorial. Commodore B K Mohanti, who took the initiative to restore the memorial, was also present. The event was an initiative by [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH), Kolkata Chapter, to popularise lesser known monuments in Kolkata.<ref name = "Niyogi"/>

===Apeejay Kolkata Literary Festival===
[[File:Apeejay.jpg|thumb|Apeejay Kolkata Literary Fest]]
On 13 Jan. 2013 the Lascar War Memorial was the venue of the Apeejay Kolkata Literary Festival. Apeejay Kolkata Literary Festival 2013 on its closing day hosted an afternoon literary session at the compound of the Lascar War Memorial. The event consisted of several book reading sections, a debate on the topic "Is Kolkata still the cultural capital of India" and a music band session. Apeejay Kolkata Literary Festival also featured the live performance of traditional baul singers and poto chitra artists.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolkata Lit Fest|url=http://www.kolkatalitfest.in/images/K-for-Kulture.pdf|accessdate=11 March 2013|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202535/http://www.kolkatalitfest.in/images/K-for-Kulture.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Photo gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Balcony of Lascar.jpg|Balcony of the Lascar War Memorial
File:Outside Plaque.jpg|Plaque at the entrance of the Lascar War Memorial compound
File:Apeejay1.jpg|Book reading session, Apeejay Kolkata Literary Festival
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Tourist attractions in Kolkata}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Monumental columns in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1924]]
[[Category:1924 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:Indian military memorials and cemeteries]]
[[Category:British military memorials and cemeteries]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Military history of Kolkata]]

Iqbal Khan (general)

2026-03-19T06:56:18Z

Aman Mehta: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|Pakistani general (1924–2000)}}
{{other people||Iqbal Khan (disambiguation){{!}}Iqbal Khan}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox office holder
| honorific_prefix = [[General (Pakistan)|General]]
| name = Muhammad Iqbal Khan
| honorific_suffix = {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|SI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]]}}
| image = General Muhammad Iqbal Khan awarding a trophy to Lt. Col. Hamid Mahmood.jpg
| image_size = 290px
| caption = Khan (right) {{c.|1980}}
| birth_date = 
| death_date = 
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| birth_place = [[Pindi Gheb]], Punjab, [[British India]]
| death_place = [[Rawalpindi]], Punjab, Pakistan
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname = M.I. Khan
| birth_name = Mohammad Iqbal Khan
| allegiance = {{flag|British Raj}} {{small|(1944–1947)}} {{flag|Pakistan}} {{small|(1947–1984)}}
| branch = {{flagicon|British India|army}} [[British Indian Army]] {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Pakistan Army]]
| serviceyears = 1944–1984
| rank = [[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|20px]] General
| unit = [[Guides Infantry]], [[Frontier Force Regiment|Frontier Force]]
| commands = [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff]] [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Deputy Chief of Army Staff]] [[V Corps (Pakistan)|V Corps]] in [[Karachi Cantonment|Karachi]] [[IV Corps (Pakistan)|IV Corps]] in [[Lahore Cantonment|Lahore]] [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]], [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|33rd Infantry Division]], [[Quetta Cantonment|Quetta]] [[Director-General|DG]] [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] (DG MI)
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
** [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
** [[Operation Searchlight]]
* [[1970s Baloch Insurgency and Rahimuddin's Provincial Stabilization|Fourth Balochistan Conflict]]
* [[Soviet–Afghan War]]
{{tree list/end}}
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] {{small|[[Nishan-i-Imtiaz|Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}} [[File:Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] {{small|[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}} [[File:Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] {{small|[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|Sitara-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}} [[File:Sitara-e-Basalat.png|40px]] {{small|[[Sitara-i-Basalat|Sitara-e-Basalat]]}}
| relations =
| laterwork =
| service number =
| office = 3rd [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
| succeeded = [[General (Pakistan)|General]] [[Rahimuddin Khan]]
| preceded = [[Admiral (Pakistan)|Admiral]] [[Mohammad Shariff]]
| term_start = 13 April 1980
| term_end = 22 March 1984
}}

'''Mohammad Iqbal Khan''' {{small|{{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|SI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]]}}}} ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|اقبال خان{{popdf}}}}}}; 1924–2000) was a four-star general in the [[Pakistan Army]] who served as the third [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] from 1980 to 1984.<ref name="The News International, 2013">{{cite news|title=CJCSC office in Pakistan and the world over|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/633545-cjcsc-office-in-pakistan-and-the-world-over|access-date=6 April 2018|work=The News International|date=8 October 2013|location=Islamabad|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Military College Jhelum" />

==Biography==
Mohammad Iqbal Khan was educated and graduated from the [[Military College Jhelum|Military College]] in [[Jhelum]] and was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] in the [[British Indian Army]] in 1944.<ref name="Military College Jhelum">{{cite web|title=Honours of MCJ|url=https://militarycollege.edu.pk/new/honours-of-mcj/|publisher=Military College Jhelum|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> He joined the [[Guides Infantry]] in the [[Frontier Force Regiment|2nd Frontier Force Regiment]] as [[Second lieutenant|2nd-Lt.]] and later serving in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first war]] with India on [[Kashmir dispute|Kashmir front]] in 1947.<ref name="Military College Jhelum"/><ref name="Manto">A.H. Amin. [http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/february/manto.htm "Interview with Brig (retd) Shamim Yasin Manto"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503043659/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/february/manto.htm |date=2013-05-03}} ''Defence Journal'', February 2002</ref>

After participating in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Second war]] with India in 1965, [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] Iqbal was appointed as the [[Director General|Director-General]] of the [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] in 1969, and was politically involved in supporting the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) against the [[Awami League]].{{rp|50}}<ref name="Oxford university press, Siddiqi 2004">{{cite book|last1=Siddiqi|first1=brigadier Abdul Rahman|title=East Pakistan, the endgame : an onlooker's journal, 1969-1971|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Karachi|isbn=9780195799934|pages=260}}</ref> Eventually, [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brig.]] Iqbal held the responsibility of [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] in 1971.<ref>Hamid Hussain. [http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/dec/demons.htm "Demons of December"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609122558/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/dec/demons.htm |date=2011-06-09 }} ''Defence Journal'', 2002 December</ref>

In 1971–73, [[Major-General]] Iqbal held the command of the [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|33rd Infantry Division]] in [[Quetta Cantonment|Quetta]] as its [[General officer commanding|GOC]], and oversaw the [[1970s Baloch Insurgency and Rahimuddin's Provincial Stabilization|military operations]] against the armed [[Baloch Insurgency|insurgency groups]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] in Pakistan.<ref name="The Daily Star, Maj. Sehgal, 2007">{{cite news|last1=Sehgal|first1=Maj. Ikram|author-link1=Ikram Sehgal|title=Learning from experience|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-1139|access-date=6 April 2018|work=The Daily Star|date=23 August 2007|location=Islamabad|language=en-pak}}</ref>

In 1974, [[Major general|Major General]] Iqbal was posted as [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff (CGS)]] under [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] General [[Tikka Khan]] at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] in [[Rawalpindi Cantonment|Rawalpindi]] which he served until 1976.<ref>A.H. Amin [http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/september/tajammal.htm "Remembering Our Warriors: Maj Gen (Retd) Tajammal Hussain Malik"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165516/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/september/tajammal.htm |date=2016-03-03}} ''Defence Journal'', September 2001</ref> In 1976, Maj-Gen. Iqbal was promoted to the [[Three-star rank|three-star]] rank army general and was posted as field commander of the [[IV Corps (Pakistan)|IV Corps]] based in [[Lahore Cantonment|Lahore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Remembering Our Warriors|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Agha_Amin/publication/319664998_Brigadier_Shamim_Yasin_Manto-Interview/links/59b8da2da6fdcc68722d5838/Brigadier-Shamim-Yasin-Manto-Interview|website=www.researchgate.net|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref>

In 1977, [[Lieutenant-General]] Iqbal took over the control of the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in Pakistan as its [[martial law administrator]] when [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] Gen. [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] imposed the [[1977 Pakistani coup d'état|martial law]] against the [[Government of Pakistan|civilian government]] on 5 July 1977.{{rp|194}}<ref name="Routledge, Norman, 2013">{{cite book|last1=Norman|first1=Omar|title=Pakistan:Political and Economics History since 1947|date=2013|publisher=Routledge |location=New York [u.s.]|isbn=9781136143946|pages=225|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfKzAAAAQBAJ&dq=Iqbal+Khan+martial+law&pg=PA194|access-date=6 April 2018|language=en-us|format=google books|chapter={{small|(§Ethnic Conflict)}}}}</ref> [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] Iqbal was later rotated when Lt-Gen. [[Sawar Khan]] took command of the IV Corps, and appointed as the field commander of the [[V Corps (Pakistan)|V Corps]] and served as the [[martial law administrator]] of [[Sindh]] in Pakistan.<ref>Rizwan Hussain. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TRW_M_xybyYC&dq=x+corps+rawalpindi&pg=PA97 ''Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan''] Ashgate Publishing, 2005, {{ISBN|0-7546-4434-0}}</ref>

In 1978, Lt-Gen. Iqbal was again posted at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] in [[Rawalpindi Cantonment|Rawalpindi]] when he was appointed as the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Deputy Chief of Army Staff]] (DCOAS) under President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]].{{rp|430}}<ref name="Zia 1988">"Pakistan under Zia, 1977–1988" by Shahid Javed Burki ''Asian Survey'', Vol. 28, No. 10 (October, 1988), pp. 1082–1100</ref> During this time, he was appointed as the [[Colonel Commandant]] of the [[Frontier Force Regiment]], which he served until his retirement in 1984.<ref name="The Gazette of Pakistan, 1978">{{cite book|title=The Gazette of Pakistan|date=1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtJPAQAAMAAJ&q=2052|access-date=6 April 2018|language=en|author1=Pakistan}}</ref>

==Chairman Joint chiefs (1980–1984)==
In 1980, Lt-Gen. Iqbal, who at that time was the senior military officer in the military, was promoted to the [[Four-star rank|four-star]] rank and appointed as the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]].{{rp|156}}<ref name="Zia 1988" />

In 1980, Gen. Iqbal played a crucial role in [[Operation Cyclone|maintaining]] of the [[Afghan Arabs]] in the country and supported the [[Anti-Soviet agitation|anti-Russian]] agitation when Soviet Union [[Soviet–Afghan War|intervened]] in [[Afghanistan]].{{rp|contents}}<ref name="Routledge, Hilali, 2017">{{cite book|last1=Hilali|first1=A. Z.|title=US-Pakistan Relationship: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351876223|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEErDwAAQBAJ&dq=general++Iqbal+Khan+appointed+chairman+joint&pg=PT132|access-date=6 April 2018|language=en}}</ref> Gen. iqbal eventually and coordinated the national security meetings concerning the [[ISI in Afghanistan|covert efforts]] in [[Afghanistan]].{{rp|contents}}<ref name="Routledge, Hilali, 2017"/>{{rp|viii}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Matinuddin|first1=Kamal|title=Power struggle in the Hindu Kush: Afghanistan, 1978-1991|date=1991|publisher=Wajidalis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueVtAAAAMAAJ&q=pertinent+|access-date=6 April 2018|language=en}}</ref> In 1984, Gen. Iqbal completed his four-year term and eventually retired from the military.<ref name="The News International, 2013" />

== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Basalat.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Diffa.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Military Merit (Jordan) - Knight.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=United Nations Medal ribbon.svg|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Order of Excellence)''
| colspan="2" |'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Crescent of Excellence)''
|-
|'''[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|Sitara-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Star of Excellence)''
|'''[[Sitara-e-Basalat]]'''
''(Star of Good Conduct)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Diffa]]'''
''(General Service Medal)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1971)''
|'''[[Pakistan Medal|Pakistan Tamgha]]'''
''(Pakistan Independence Medal)''

'''1947'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-]]'''
'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''

'''''('''100th Birth Anniversary of''
''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]])''

'''1976'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]]'''
''(Republic Commemoration Medal)''

'''1956'''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces|Hijri Tamgha]]'''
''(Hijri Medal)''

'''1979'''
|'''[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|Order of Military Merit]]'''
'''([[Jordan]])'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945]]'''
|'''[[United Nations]]'''
'''[[United Nations Operation in the Congo|UN UNOC 1 Medal]]'''

''(Congo Clasp)''
|}

=== Foreign Decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign Awards'''
|-
!'''{{flag|Jordan}}'''
|'''[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|The Order of Military Merit]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Military Merit (Jordan) - Knight.png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UN}}'''
|'''[[United Nations Operation in the Congo|UN UNOC 1 Medal]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=United Nations Medal ribbon.svg|width=130}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=M. Rahim Khan}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]]|years=1974–1976}}
{{s-aft|after=Abdullah Malik}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Mohammad Shariff]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]]|years=1980–1984}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rahimuddin Khan]]}}
{{end}}
{{CJCSC Pakistan |state=expanded}}
{{Pakistan Army template}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Iqbal}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:People from Rawalpindi District]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Frontier Force Regiment officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the General Staff (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Governors of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)]]
[[Category:Chairmen Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
[[Category:People of the Soviet–Afghan War]]
[[Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]

Baghdad Thirudan

2026-03-04T05:17:10Z

Aman Mehta: added references

{{Short description|1960 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Baghdad Thirudan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = T. P. Sundaram
| producer = T. P. Sundaram Harilal Patoviya
| writer = A. S. Muthu (dialogues)
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[Vyjayanthimala]]
| music = [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]]
| cinematography = M. Krishnaswamy
| runtime = 169 minutes
| editing = G. D. Joshi
| studio = Southern Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1960|05|06}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Baghdad Thirudan''''' ({{translation|The Thief of Baghdad}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[swashbuckler film]] produced and directed by T. P. Sundaram. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[Vyjayanthimala]], with [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[S. A. Ashokan]], [[M. N. Rajam]], A. Sandhya and [[S. N. Lakshmi]] in supporting roles. It is a remake of the 1924 American film ''[[The Thief of Bagdad (1924 film)|The Thief of Bagdad]]'' and was inspired by 1951 film ''[[The Prince Who Was a Thief]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=17 February 2011 |title=Superstar of the silent era |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Superstar-of-the-silent-era/article14941711.ece |url-status=live |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061945/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Superstar-of-the-silent-era/article14941711.ece |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> The film was released on 6 May 1960.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2021}}
Following the betrayal of the Prime Minister, the Maharaja and the Maharani of the kingdom are murdered and their son, Abu, is hidden in a herd of cows. Abu is found by robbers, who were hidden in the forest and eventually grows up to become their leader. The two impostors who sit on the throne have a daughter and a child servant who poses as the son who survived the death of the former royal couple. Abu robs the rich to give to the poor and strives to reconquer his kingdom.

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Abu
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Hyder / Chinna Sarkar
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as Periya Sarkar
* [[T. R. Ramachandran]] as Abu's friend
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Qayyum
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
*K. Kannan as Bandit
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Zarina
* [[M. N. Rajam]] as Princess Zubeida
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Begum
* Sandhya as Gulshad
* M. S. S. Bhagyam
* K. S. Angamuthu as Princess Friend
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Dancer
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
''Baghdad Thirudan'' was financed by Krishnaswamy Naidu, the former owner of Golden Studios. A single set in the film cost {{INRConvert|30000|year=1960}}, yet [[M. G. Ramachandran]] always wanted new sets. By this type of over-expenditure, it was believed that the film would ultimately cost {{INRConvert|500000|year=1960}}. Ramachandran demanded that an additional {{INRConvert|200000|year=1960}} be spent to complete the film, much to Naidu's horror.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=17 October 2011 |title=Kannadasan's Minor Book(let) on MGR: Random Notes |url=https://sangam.org/2011/10/Kannadasan_Booklet.php?uid=4486 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200104064118/https://sangam.org/2011/10/Kannadasan_Booklet.php?uid=4486 |archive-date=4 January 2020 |access-date=19 May 2017 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> ''Baghdad Thirudan'' was also the only film that featured Ramachandran opposite [[Vyjayanthimala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=8 April 2015 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 26 {{!}} V.C. Ganesan: A reputable rival in Movies and Politics |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-26/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803090549/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-26/ |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> Ramachandran briefly served as the film's editor. He said, "I was at the editing table, and it was so easy to join the cuts, because the movements just flowed into each other".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajan |first=Anjana |date=15 January 2007 |title=Screen, stage and beyond |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/screen-stage-and-beyond/article2239100.ece |url-status=live |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925205807/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/screen-stage-and-beyond/article2239100.ece |archive-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> [[S. N. Lakshmi]] had to fight a leopard in one scene without the use of a [[stunt double]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=20 February 2012 |title=An actor par excellence |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/an-actor-par-excellence/article2912927.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202225343/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/an-actor-par-excellence/article2912927.ece |archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> She later remarked that she feared cats.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=28 May 2010 |title=Courage goaded her on … |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Courage-goaded-her-on-%E2%80%A6/article16303894.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180119073913/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Courage-goaded-her-on-%E2%80%A6/article16303894.ece |archive-date=19 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parthasarathy |first=Anusha |date=2 March 2011 |title=Plays were crowd pullers |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1502113.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202223824/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1502113.ece |archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music composed by [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]]. All lyrics were penned by [[A. Maruthakasi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=204 |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Azhagu Laila" || A. P. Komala || 02:28
|-
| "Enthan Kathai Idhana" || rowspan=4|P. Suseela || 02:51
|-
| "Vetri Kollum Vaalendhi" || 05:24
|-
| "Kanneerin Vellam" || 03:16
|-
| "Pothukulunguthey...Sokkudhe Manam" || 03:30
|-
| "Bul Bul Paarvaiyile" || K. Jamuna Rani || 02:12
|-
| "Siricha Pothum" || Jikki & group || 02:44
|-
| "Unmai Anbin" || T. M. Soundararajan & P. Suseela || 02:18
|-
| "Yaarukku Dimikki" || T. M. Soundararajan || 02:34
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Baghdad Thirudan'' was released on 6 May 1960,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table: Chronological List of MGR's Movies released between 1960 and 1967 |url=https://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616112435/http://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> and had an average run.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail.php?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZt8l0U3&tag=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%20%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF.%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D. |title=சாதனை நாயகன் எம்.ஜி.ஆர். |publisher=Arulmozhi Publications |year=1997 |pages=28 |language=ta |trans-title=MGR, the man of achievements}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said there was nothing special about the film, but it could be watched for Ramachandran.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=22 May 1960 |title=பாக்தாத் திருடன் |url=https://ibb.co/T0HQfyy |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105631/https://ibb.co/T0HQfyy |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref> Later it was dubbed in Hindi and released as ''Baghdad'' in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1960 – பாக்தாத் திருடன் – சதர்ன் மூவிஸ் |trans-title=1960 – Baghdad Thirudan – Southern Movies |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails30.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209021253/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails30.asp |archive-date=9 February 2017 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{One Thousand and One Nights}}
{{Aladdin}}

[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Demons in film]]
[[Category:Fictional caliphs]]
[[Category:Films about Islam]]
[[Category:Films about magic rings]]
[[Category:Films about princes]]
[[Category:Films about princesses]]
[[Category:Films about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Films about witchcraft]]
[[Category:Films about wizards]]
[[Category:Films based on Aladdin]]
[[Category:Films based on The Thief of Bagdad]]
[[Category:Films set in Baghdad]]
[[Category:Films set in palaces]]
[[Category:Films set in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Genies in film]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian historical musical films]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]
[[Category:Sound film remakes of silent films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action adventure films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Yarukku Mappillai Yaro

2026-03-04T04:55:40Z

Aman Mehta: started basic post first draft

{{short description|1975 film by S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yarukku Mappillai Yaro.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| writer = Thooyavan
| producer = A. Nanjappan
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] [[Jayachitra]] [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]]
| cinematography = Babu
| editing = R. Vittal
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| studio = Uma Chitra Films
| released = {{Film date|1975|3|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Yarukku Mappillai Yaro''''' ({{IPA|ta|jaːrukkːu maːppːiɭɭːaɪ jaːɾoː|pron}} {{Translation|Whose groom is who?}}) is a 1975 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]] and written by Thooyavan. The film stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] and [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]]. It was released on 7 March 1975, and became a success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2019 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் 4, சிவாஜி 8, கமல் 10 – 75ம் வருட ப்ளாஷ்பேக் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/512470-mgr-sivaji-kamal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114073522/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/512470-mgr-sivaji-kamal.html |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=23 January 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film served as an inspiration for the 2002 [[Tamil film]] ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2019 |title='Charlie Chaplin 2' review: Did 2019 really need this dated Prabhu Deva sequel? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/charlie-chaplin-2-review-did-2019-really-need-dated-prabhu-deva-sequel-95663 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912134244/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/charlie-chaplin-2-review-did-2019-really-need-dated-prabhu-deva-sequel-95663 |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=December 2023}}
Seetharaman and Ramesh are good friends. Seetharaman is married to a possessive woman Meena. Things take a turn when Meena spots Seetharaman with another woman Malathi and Seetharaman lies to Meena that Malathi is Ramesh's lover.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Seetharaman
*[[Jayachitra]] as Meena
*[[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Ramesh
*[[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]] as Malathi
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Major Ramanathan
*[[S. A. Ashokan]]
*[[Suruli Rajan]]
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
*[[C. I. D. Sakunthala|A. Sakunthala]] as Sharmili
*[[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Sarasu
*[[Typist Gopu]] as Dr. Ramachari
*[[Lee Kuan Yew]] as Singapore Prime Minister
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yarukku Mappillai Yaaro |url=https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/yarukku-mappillai-yaaro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230222043517/https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/yarukku-mappillai-yaaro |archive-date=22 February 2023 |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Tamil Songs Lyrics}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Meena Meena
| note1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Vani Jairam]], L. R. Anjali
| length1 =
| title2 = Muthukkal Sindhi
| note2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Naan Oru Thodarkathai
| note3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = Vani Jairam
| length3 =
| title4 = Naanam Ennadiyo
| note4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length4 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Yarukku Mappillai Yaro'' was released on 7 March 1975.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 1975 |title='யாருக்கு மாப்பிள்ளை யாரோ' மார்ச் 7ஆம் தேதி |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-22-3-167 |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=Navamani |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the cast performances, particularly Jayalaxmi's, Babu's cinematography and Muthuraman's direction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=30 March 1975 |title=யாருக்கு மாப்பிள்ளை யாரோ? |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1975/mar/30-03-1975/p39.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=39 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220727122758/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1975/mar/30-03-1975/p39.jpg |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref> ''[[Kumudam]]'' also reviewed the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1975 |title=யாருக்கு மாப்பிள்ளை யாரோ |url=https://archive.org/details/cftri.kumudham0000unse/page/n463/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240605090816/https://ia801203.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/4/items/cftri.kumudham0000unse/cftri.kumudham0000unse_jp2.zip&file=cftri.kumudham0000unse_jp2/cftri.kumudham0000unse_0464.jp2&id=cftri.kumudham0000unse&scale=4&rotate=0 |archive-date=5 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2023 |magazine=[[Kumudam]] |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{S. P. Muthuraman}}

{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}

[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:1975 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1975 comedy films]]
[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Priyamaana Thozhi

2026-03-03T04:40:11Z

Aman Mehta: basic improved page based on references additionally and corrected details based on references

{{for|the TV series|Priyamaana Thozhi (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Priyamaana Thozhi
| image = Priyamaana Thozhi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Vikraman]]
| producer = [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] M. Balasubramanian [[M. S. Guhan]]
| writer = Vikraman
| starring = [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] [[Jyothika]] [[Sridevi Vijayakumar]] [[Vineeth]]
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cinematography = [[S. Saravanan]]
| editing = V. Jaishankar
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2003|07|11|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Priyamaana Thozhi''''' ({{translation|''Lovable Female Friend''}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Vikraman]] and produced by [[AVM Productions]]. The film stars [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], [[Jyothika]], [[Sridevi Vijayakumar]] and [[Vineeth]], with [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] and [[Manivannan]] playing other supporting roles. The film's music is composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]], while S. Saravanan handled the camera.

''Priyamaana Thozhi'' released simultaneously alongside the Telugu version of the film, ''[[Vasantham]]'', on 7 July 2003 to an average response critically and commercially. The movie was remade in Kannada in 2010 as ''[[Hoo (film)|Hoo]]''.

==Plot==
Ashok and Julie have been friends since childhood. They live in [[Ooty]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and share no love interest. Ashok falls in love with Nandini, a rich girl whom he marries, and although Julie's closeness to Ashok initially irritates Nandini, she subsequently accepts it. Julie falls in love with Michael D'Souza, a cricketer who is hoping for a place in the [[India national cricket team]] and whose main rival happens to be Ashok.

When Ashok gets selected instead of Michael, Michael's father strikes a deal with Ashok that the marriage between his son and Julie will only take place if Ashok steps down and lets Michael substitute him, and also tells Ashok to cut his friendship with Julie so he does not interfere in Michael's and Julie's life, to which Ashok agrees. Ashok acts as an unwilling person to his friend Julie. Julie decides to move out of Ashok's house and plans to stay at Michael's. Ashok plans to sell his property, give the money to Julie, and go to [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] with Nandini, where his friend has offered to arrange him a job. Ashok and his wife vacate their house without informing Julie. Julie and Michael learn why Ashok is leaving [[Chennai]], and they rush to the railway station to stop him but fail to find him. To spot Ashok easily, Julie sings a song to which Ashok responds, and they reunite. Ashok ends up playing for the Indian team, and over time, their children become friends too. The film ends on a happy note.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[R. Madhavan]] as Ashok
* [[Jyothika]] as Nandini Ashok
* [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]] as Julie
* [[Vineeth]] as Michael D'Souza
* [[Manivannan]] as Peter, Julie's father
* [[R. Sundarrajan]] as Sundarrajan, Ashok's father
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Kumar, Ashok's elder brother
* [[Ramesh Khanna]] as "Kaka" Ramesh
* Kumaresan as Ashok's friend
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1951)|Vijay Babu]] as Michael's father
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Nandini's father
* [[Madhan Bob]]
* [[Mohan Sharma]] as Ashok's interviewer
* [[Nirosha]] as Vasanthi, Ashok's sister-in-law
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Nandini's mother
* Tharini as Nandini's elder sister
* [[Neelu]] as Vasanthi's father
* Suresh as Ashok's younger brother
* [[Teja Sajja|Teja]] as Young Ashok
* Bharath as Ashok's nephew
* Sweatha Bharathi as Ashok's niece
* [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]] as himself (special appearance)
;Uncredited
*Raviraj as Marketing manager
*Muthalvan Saran as a train passenger
}}

==Production==
AVM Productions had agreed a deal with Vikraman to make a film for them in the 1990s but date clashes meant that they were unable to work together until 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/11priya.htm |title='No sex, no vulgarity, no double meaning' |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2013-05-15 |archive-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718110747/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/11priya.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> After the success of ''[[Gemini (2002 film)|Gemini]]'', AVM Productions approached Vikraman to make a film for them, he expressed interest in making an action film like ''Gemini'' however the company felt it won't look good if Vikraman does an action based film hence decided it to be a family drama.<ref name=vik /> Initially titled ''Inimaiyaana Naatkal'' before it was retitled, Madhavan signed the film in September 2002, and it became the first time the actor had worked with the producers or the director.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/29102002/sm.shtml |title=Shanthi-Madhan! |website=www.cinesouth.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031213075504/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/29102002/sm.shtml |archive-date=13 December 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092301070300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031019171342/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092301070300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-10-19 |title=Mad about 'Maddy' |date=2002-09-23 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-05-15}}</ref> Scenes for the film were shot in [[Ooty]], [[Tamil Nadu]] with producer Guhan often cooking for the team. The songs were shot abroad, with places filmed where the team filmed including [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/11/stories/2003071101220200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030907212405/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/11/stories/2003071101220200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-09-07 |title=For the family, from AVM |date=2003-07-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/09/stories/2003060900970200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040829174112/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/09/stories/2003060900970200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-08-29 |title=Maddy musings |date=2003-06-09 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-05-15}}</ref>

The film was also made in Telugu as ''[[Vasantam]]'' and released on the same date, but with a different cast. [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Arthi Agarwal]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]] and [[Jai Akash]] reprised the roles of Madhavan, Jyothika, Sridevi and Vineeth respectively; while [[V. V. S. Laxman]] appeared in the film in a cameo instead of Srikkanth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vasantham.html |title=Telugu cinema review - Vasantham |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2003-07-11 |access-date=2013-05-15 |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223152845/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vasantham.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/28south.htm |title=Mammootty succeeds, Mohanlal falters |work=Rediff.com |date=2003-06-28 |access-date=2013-05-15 |archive-date=16 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016095845/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/28south.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Priyamaana Thozhi
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 17 June 2003
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[AVM Productions|AVM Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]]. The lyrics for the film were written by [[Pa. Vijay]] and Kalaikumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/22/stories/2003092201140400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031104063452/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/22/stories/2003092201140400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-11-04 |title=Lyrically lively |date=2003-09-22 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-05-15}}</ref> The song "Maan Kuttiye" was allegedly lifted from Hindi song "Saawan Ka Mahina" from Hindi film ''[[Milan (1967 film)|Milan]]'' (1967).<ref name = "Rediff"/> The song "Rojakkale" was reused from Rajkumar's own Kannada song "O Preethiye" which he had composed for ''[[Jodi (2001 film)|Jodi]]'' (2001).

{{track listing
| headline = Track-list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Maan Kuttiye (Duet)
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Penne Neyum Pennaa
| extra2 = [[Unni Menon]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar]]
| lyrics2 = Pa. Vijay
| length2 =
| title3 = Kattre Poongattre
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics3 = Pa. Vijay
| length3 =
| title4 = Vaanam Enna Vaanam
| extra4 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| lyrics4 = Pa. Vijay
| length4 =
| title5 = Maan Kuttiye (Female)
| extra5 = [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| lyrics5 = Pa. Vijay
| length5 =
| title6 = Rojakkale
| extra6 = [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| lyrics6 = Kalaikumar
| length6 =
| title7 = Kattre Poongattre (2)
| extra7 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics7 = Pa. Vijay
| length7 =
| title8 = Entha Desathil
| extra8 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| lyrics8 = Pa. Vijay
| length8 =
}}

==Reception==
The film received mixed reviews, with [[The Hindu]]'s Malathi Rangarajan giving the film an average review concluding that "the dialogue sparkles in many a place, the direction is neat and song sequences have been inserted intelligently — but even with such a youthful team what the film lacks is pep and verve."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/07/25/stories/2003072501320200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125093632/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/07/25/stories/2003072501320200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-25 |title=Priyamana Thozhi |date=2003-07-25 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-05-15}}</ref> Another critic noted that the film "has predictable, clichéd situations, stereotyped characters, and lack-lustre treatment. Half-way through the film, you realise which way the script is being steered."<ref>{{cite web |date=2003-06-22 |title=Priyamana Thozhi Review |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/338/tamil/priyamana-thozhi/124/review.htm |access-date=2013-05-15 |publisher=Nowrunning.com}}</ref> [[Rediff.com]] noted that " the film lacks the freshness and grandeur of other films",<ref name = "Rediff">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/15thozhi.htm |title=Cricket, friendship and deja vu |work=Rediff.com |date=2003-07-15 |access-date=2013-05-15 |archive-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106070057/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/15thozhi.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> while Sify called it "a highly melodramatic and over-the-top movie with no logic". The critic however noted "If there is something nice about Priyamana Thozhi, it is Sridevi as Julie who looks like a dream, with her controlled and understated performance and steals the show."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/priyamana-thozhi-review-tamil-13196836.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414031652/http://www.sify.com/movies/priyamana-thozhi-review-tamil-13196836.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-04-14 |title=Movie Review : Priyamana Thozhi |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2013-05-15}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''Kalki'' praised Vikraman for making a film which can be watched with family.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=ta|access-date=5 February 2024|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-07-27/page/n17/mode/2up|date=27 July 2003|page=16|title=பிரியமான தோழி |first=விஷுவல் |last=தாசன் }}</ref> ''New Straits Times'' wrote "wish Vikram had been as meticulous with the storyline and given us something new and more believable".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=x8G803Bi31IC&dat=20030719&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title=New Straits Times - Google News Archive Search|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=17 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517133446/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=x8G803Bi31IC&dat=20030719&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote "This is typical Vikraman's film: neatly packed sentiment film. The thin storyline is laced with good humor and deft screenplay. Unlike his past films, this film is not so great, just a good family entertainer. But its slow pace irks the audience. A few scenes reminds us of Vikraman's earlier film like ''SOORYA VAMSAM'' and ''UNNIDATHIL ENNAI KODUTHEN''".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/priyamainathozhi.html|website=Indiainfo|access-date=24 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003040744/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/priyamainathozhi.html|archive-date=3 October 2003|title=PRIYAMANA THOZHI for family audiences}}</ref>

== Box office ==
''Priyamaana Thozhi'' became an average grosser, the first of his career for director [[Vikraman]]. He has since struggled to recapture the success that he achieved before this film with his subsequent ventures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/12/09/stories/2006120900580100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227002602/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/12/09/stories/2006120900580100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-12-27 |title=Metro Plus Tiruchirapalli / Cinema : Love is in the air |date=2006-12-09 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/06kadhal.htm |title=Target Dhanush! |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2013-05-15 |archive-date=15 August 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030815035836/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/06kadhal.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Vikraman felt the climax scene was cinematic and since he made the same story in both the languages simultaneously in quick succession he couldn't able to concentrate on the script hence it didn't do well though it did not gave any losses.<ref name=vik>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=ta|title=விருதை எதிர்பார்ப்பதில் நியாயமில்லை!|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-07-02/page/52/mode/2up|pages=52–53|date=2 July 2006|access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref> The film was remade in Kannada as ''[[Hoo (film)|Hoo]]'' (2010).{{cn needed|date=February 2026}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0446439|title=Priyamana Thozhi}}

{{Vikraman}}
{{AVM Productions}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Australia]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bav River

2026-02-28T09:01:44Z

Aman Mehta: made first place and citations

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Bav River
| native_name ={{native name|mr|बाव नदी}}

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =

| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]

| length =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates=
| mouth = [[Jaigad River]]
| mouth_location = [[Karjuve]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| river_system =
| bridges =
}}

'''Bav River''' is a river in [[Ratnagiri district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It originates in the Western Ghats and flows near [[Marleshwar]]. It swells in the Sahayadri mountain ranges and flows into Arabian Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographical Information {{!}} District Ratnagiri, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://ratnagiri.gov.in/geographical-information/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In July 2022, parts of Ratnagiri were inundated due to heavy rains resulting in the overflow of many rivers including Bav River.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-22 |title=Maharashtra: Parts of Ratnagiri inundated after heavy rains, hurdles faced in rescue ops; 2 dead in landslide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-parts-of-ratnagiri-inundated-after-heavy-rains-hurdles-faced-in-rescue-ops-2-dead-in-landslide/articleshow/84649118.cms |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The coordinates of Bav River are in the Konkan division of Maharashtra are: Latitude: 17°09'00"N and Longitude: 73°30'00"E.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://wrd.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/PDF/Bav%20River%20Part-1%20Tq%20Sangmeshwar%20Dist%20Ratnagiri.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230811151925/https://wrd.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/PDF/Bav%20River%20Part-1%20Tq%20Sangmeshwar%20Dist%20Ratnagiri.pdf |archive-date=2023-08-11 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=wrd.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ratnagiri district]]

Caste panchayat

2026-02-27T20:58:13Z

Aman Mehta:

{{Short description|Caste-specific juries in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{other uses|Panchayat (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
[[File:Panchayat India 1.jpg|thumb|A panchayat near [[Narsinghgarh, Rajgarh|Narsinghgarh]], Madhya Pradesh, India]]
'''Caste panchayats''', based on [[caste system in India]], are [[caste]]-specific [[juries]] of elders for villages or higher-level communities in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts |date=9 September 2007 |author1=Mullick, Rohit |author2=Raaj, Neelam |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913045922/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms |archive-date=13 September 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> They are distinct from [[gram panchayat]]s in that the latter, as statutory bodies, serve all villagers regardless of caste as a part of the Indian government, although they operate on the same principles. A [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] could be permanent or temporary.<ref name="EB">{{cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/panchayat | title=Panchayat Indian caste government | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | access-date=22 March 2016 | archive-date=2 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402040725/http://www.britannica.com/topic/panchayat | url-status=live }}</ref>

The term ''panchayat'' implies a body of five ([[Sanskrit]]: ''panch'') individuals, although the number may vary in practice. The number is kept odd to ensure there is no tie when a decision is made. Panchayat members are appointed by consensus.<ref>[http://www.freepressjournal.in/justice-human-rights-and-premchands-panch-parmeshwar/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020065110/http://www.freepressjournal.in/justice-human-rights-and-premchands-panch-parmeshwar/|date=20 October 2015}}
Justice, Human Rights and Premchand’s Panch Parmeshwar By CHARANJEET KAUR | 9 Dec 2012]</ref>

==History==
Panchayats, the council of five elders, had existed since [[Vedic period]] ({{Circa|1500|600 BCE}}) from the times of [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]]. [[Kautilya]] (Chanakya) also provides the 4th century BCE description of decentralised autonomous governing organisation for each village based on the council of five where the king ruled the empire based on the conglomeration of villages.<ref name=hist1/> The earliest mention in English of Panchayats was made by [[Ram Raz]] in a letter to H.S. Graeme of the Madras Council around 1828.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ram Raz|year=1836|title=On the Introduction of Trial by Jury|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283387/page/n256|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|pages=244–257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bayly|first=C. A.|date=2007|title=Rammohan Roy and the advent of constitutional liberalism in India, 1800–30|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1479244306001028/type/journal_article|journal=Modern Intellectual History|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=25–41|doi=10.1017/S1479244306001028|s2cid=145404296|issn=1479-2443|access-date=24 December 2019|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207120226/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-intellectual-history/article/abs/rammohan-roy-and-the-advent-of-constitutional-liberalism-in-india-180030/DB348DE6CDCCF8A6E9879B7D3F0F1D22|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Historical mentions<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wadia|first1=Sorab P. N.|title=The Institution of Trial by Jury in India|publisher=Printed at the Fort Print. Press|date=1897|page=[https://archive.org/details/institutiontria00wadigoog/page/n36 26]|url=https://archive.org/details/institutiontria00wadigoog|quote=panchayat.}}</ref> of panchayats include the [[Parsi]] Panchayat in 1818,<ref>[https://archive.org/details/rhetoricritualin0000hayn/page/78 ]
Rhetoric and Ritual in Colonial India: The Shaping of a Public Culture in Surat City, 1852-1928, Douglas E. Haynes, [[University of California Press]], 1991, p. 77-79]</ref> the [[Arora|Aror Bans]] Panchayat at [[Lahore]] in 1888,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=suJAAQAAMAAJ&q=panchayat&pg=PA8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207120223/https://books.google.com/books?id=suJAAQAAMAAJ&q=panchayat&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q=panchayat&f=false|date=7 December 2023}}
Short Ethnographical History of Aror Bans [panchayat]: According to the Questions, Issue 2
Volume 756 of Tract (India Office Library) Virajananda Press, 1888]</ref> [[Dalit]] panchayats in 1907,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Crooke|first1=W|title=Natives of northern India.(Native races of the Brit. empire).|page=70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQUPAAAAQAAJ&dq=caste+panchayat&pg=PA1|year=1907|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207120223/https://books.google.com/books?id=DQUPAAAAQAAJ&dq=caste+panchayat&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=caste%20panchayat&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Agrawal Jain#Prachin Shri Agarwal Digambar Jain Panchayat|Prachin Agrawal Jain Panchayat]] of [[Delhi]], founded in the late 19th century, which runs Delhi's famous [[Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir|Bird Hospital]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=134328|title=A Jain hospital exclusively for birds|website=www.merinews.com|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-date=11 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211042801/http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=134328|url-status=live}}</ref> and some of its oldest temples.

== Caste panchayat versus Gram panchayat ==
There are different types of [[panchayats]].<ref name=hist1/>

[[Gram panchayat]] or sabha (village councils) were usually controlled by the elected members of panchayats for maintaining the social order and the resolution of criminal and civil disputes. There were also panchayats for resolving inter-caste conflicts. Gram panchayats were legally formalised under the [[panchayati raj]] system as a decentralised grassroot form of local governance.<ref name=hist1>Smita Mishra Panda, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2eGGAwAAQBAJ&dq=types+of+caste+panchayat&pg=PT120 Engendering Governance Institutions: State, Market and Civil Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207120223/https://books.google.com/books?id=2eGGAwAAQBAJ&dq=types+of+caste+panchayat&pg=PT120 |date=7 December 2023 }}, p119-.</ref>

''Caste panchayats'' (caste councils) have members of particular [[caste]]s who follow [[Caste system in India|caste-based social norms]], rules, religious values and settle conflict among its own members. Each caste, including upper castes and [[dalit]]s, had own caste panchayat. They repair wells, organise festivals, look after the sick of their castes. These caste panchayats existed as the form of [[Local government |local governance]] much before the gram panchayats came into being.<ref name=hist1/>

==Urban caste panchayat==
A 1992 study on twenty different low caste [[Telugu people|Telugu]] immigrant communities in [[Pune]], found evolution of caste panchayat of each community into three different types in their new urban setting:
* '''Fused caste panchayats''': those with characteristics similar to the traditional caste panchayats in villages.
* '''Transitional caste panchayats''': those where the characteristics of traditional village caste panchayats and modern organisations coexist.
* '''Differentiated caste panchayats''': those more adopted to the changing modern conditions with diminished traditional characteristics and modern organisational characteristics projected outside.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumaran|first1=K.P.|title=Migration settlement and ethnic associations|date=1992|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170223900|pages=56–90|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gt9PQ-mjzRoC&pg=PA5|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207120223/https://books.google.com/books?id=gt9PQ-mjzRoC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Responsibilities ==
Traditionally, panchayats have adjudicated disputes involving caste members in open meetings. The issues brought before these bodies can include: managing temples and schools, property disputes, marital relations, and breaches of community rules (such as extravagant spending on weddings<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/dec/19/jain-panchayat-frames-regulations-to-check-lavish-weddings-695829.html|title=Jain Panchayat Frames Regulations to Check Lavish Weddings|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417124811/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/dec/19/Jain-Panchayat-Frames-Regulations-to-Check-Lavish-Weddings-695829.html|url-status=live}}</ref> or the eating, drinking, or killing of certain animals, such as [[Cattle slaughter in India|cows]]). Penalties include monetary fines, offering a feast to the caste members or to [[Brahmin]]s, or temporary or permanent excommunication from the caste. Pilgrimage and self-humiliation are also occasionally imposed. Physical punishment was levied on occasion but is now uncommon.<ref name="EB" />

When the Evidence Act was passed in 1872,<ref name="EB" /> some caste members began to take their cases before civil or criminal courts rather than have them adjudicated by the caste panchayat.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9374468 Panchayat: Indian caste government (article 9374468)], Encyclopædia Britannica, about "caste panchayats"</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Randeria|first=Shalini|title=Civil society: Berlin perspectives, Chapter 9, "Entangled histories: Civil society, caste solidarities and legal pluralism in post-colonial India"|year=2006|publisher=Bergahn Books|isbn=184545-064-7|pages=213–226|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4t-8cqE5FwC&pg=PA213|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207120223/https://books.google.com/books?id=C4t-8cqE5FwC&pg=PA213#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, these bodies still exist and exert leadership roles within their respective groups.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Vijay|title=Scheduled caste panchayat pradhans in India: A study of western Uttar Pradesh|year=1989|publisher=Ajanta|isbn=8120202627|pages=183|url=http://www.getcited.org/pub/102853583|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615045514/http://www.getcited.org/pub/102853583|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dube|first=SC|title=India's Villages|year=1955|url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1954_6/20/a_deccan_village.pdf|access-date=14 June 2013|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015853/http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1954_6/20/a_deccan_village.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Robert|first1=Hayden|title=A Note on Caste Panchayats and Government Courts in India : Different Kinds of Stages for Different Kinds of Performances|journal=[[The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law]]|date=1984|volume=16|issue=22|pages=43–52|url=http://commission-on-legal-pluralism.com/volumes/22/hayden-art.pdf |doi=10.1080/07329113.1984.10756282 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607195539/http://commission-on-legal-pluralism.com/volumes/22/hayden-art.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Khap==
{{main|Khap}}
A [[Khap]] is a clan, or a group of related clans, mainly among the [[Jat]]s of western [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]] and some parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2009/08/090805_honourkill_expert_as.shtml|title=क्या है खाप पंचायत, क्यों है उसका दबदबा?|first1=अतुल संगर बीबीसी|last1=संवाददाता|last2=दिल्ली|website=BBC News हिंदी|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721111509/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2009/08/090805_honourkill_expert_as.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The term has also been used in other communities.<ref>अब उतपति श्रावकनु के, षांप गोत की जेम | 
भई सु पोथिनु देषि करि, वरनन है कवि तेम ||६८२|| 
आगैं तो श्रावक सवै, एकमेक ही होत | 
लगे चलन विपरीति तव, थापे षांप अरु गोत ||६८३|| 
थपी वहैतरि षांप ऐ, गांम नगर के नांम | 
जैसैं पोथनु मैं लषी, सो वरनी अभिराम ||६८४|| Describes the 84 Jain communities, Buddhi-Vilas, Bakhtaram Sah, Samvat 1827, (1770 AD)</ref> A Khap panchayat is an assembly of Khap elders, and a Sarv Khap (literally, "all Khaps") meeting is an assembly of many Khaps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Haryanas-biggest-khap-panchayat-scripts-history-allows-inter-caste-marriages/articleshow/34016585.cms|title=Haryana's biggest khap panchayat scripts history, allows inter-caste marriages - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-date=13 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Haryanas-biggest-khap-panchayat-scripts-history-allows-inter-caste-marriages/articleshow/34016585.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1965_17/51/the_jats_of_northern_indiatheir_traditional_political_systemii.pdf|title=The Jats of Northern India Their Traditional Political System—II, M C Pradhan, Economic and Political Weekly, 18 December 1965|access-date=8 September 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020156/http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1965_17/51/the_jats_of_northern_indiatheir_traditional_political_systemii.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A Khap panchayat is concerned with the affairs of the Khap it represents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samaylive.com/editorial/262627/khap-deleted-conditional-ban-on-interracial-marriages.html|title=खाप पंचायतों का हृदय परिवर्तन!|website=SamayLive|access-date=8 September 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094026/http://www.samaylive.com/editorial/262627/khap-deleted-conditional-ban-on-interracial-marriages.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is not affiliated with the democratically elected local assemblies that are also termed panchayat, and has no official government recognition or authority, but it can exert significant social influence within a community.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Ravinder |url=https://www.academia.edu/671328 |title=Khap panchayats, sex ratio and female agency | Ravinder Kaur |publisher=Academia.edu |date=5 June 2010 |access-date=31 March 2013 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625120110/https://www.academia.edu/671328 |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Baliyan Khap''', led by the late farmer's leader [[Mahendra Singh Tikait]], is a well-known Jat Khap.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/muzaffarnagar-riots-a-jat-family-protected-70-muslims-in-fugna-village-211011-2013-09-14|title=Muzaffarnagar riots: A Jat family protected 70 Muslims in Fugna village|date=September 14, 2013|website=India Today|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212190404/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/muzaffarnagar-riots-a-jat-family-protected-70-muslims-in-fugna-village-211011-2013-09-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |chapter=Khap Panchayats in Haryana |first=K. S. |last=Sangwan |title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law: Colonialism, Criminology and Human Rights in India |editor1-first=Kalpana |editor1-last=Kannabiran |editor2-first=Ranbir |editor2-last=Singh |publisher=SAGE |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-76193-665-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaMGo6zqzNYC}}

[[Category:Law of India]]

Sunil Lanba

2026-02-14T14:57:33Z

Aman Mehta: General improvements and edits

{{Short description|Former chief of the Indian Navy (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Pingat Jasa Gemilang|PJG]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]
| image = Admiral Sunil Lanba, PVSM, AVSM, ADC, Chairman COSC and Chief of the Naval Staff, Indian Navy.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| alt =
| caption = Official portrait
| office = 55th [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
| term_start = 31 December 2016
| term_end = 31 May 2019
| president = [[Pranab Mukherjee]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Arup Raha]]
| successor = [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]]
| office1 = 23rd [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
| termstart1 = 31 May 2016
| termend1 = 31 May 2019
| president1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Robin K. Dhowan]]
| successor1 = [[Karambir Singh]]
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|07|17}}
| birth_place = [[Amarpur, Haryana|Amarpur]], [[Palwal]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = 1 January 1978 – 31 May 2019
| rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
[[File:IN Admiral Shoulder curl.png|23px]] [[File:14-Indian Navy-ADM.svg|23px]]
| servicenumber = 
| unit =
| commands = {{plainlist|
*[[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
*[[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]]
*[[Vice Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Naval Staff]]
*[[Western Naval Command]]
*[[Southern Naval Command]]
*[[INS Mumbai]]
*[[INS Ranvijay]]
*{{INS|Himgiri|F34|6}}
*[[Ton-class minesweeper|INS Kakinada]]
}}
| battles_label =
| battles =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[Ati Vishist Seva Medal]]
}}
| memorials =
| spouse = Reena Lanba
| relations = 2 daughters and 1 son
| laterwork =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module =
}}

[[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] '''Sunil Lanba''', [[PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Pingat Jasa Gemilang|PJG]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] (born 17 July 1957<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/admiral-sunil-lanba-takes-charge-as-new-chief-of-the-naval-staff-things-you-may-not-know-about-him_1890324.html|title=Admiral Sunil Lanba takes charge as new Chief of the Naval Staff - Things you may not know about him|date=2016-05-31|work=Zee News|access-date=2017-09-11|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911205227/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/admiral-sunil-lanba-takes-charge-as-new-chief-of-the-naval-staff-things-you-may-not-know-about-him_1890324.html|archive-date=2017-09-11}}</ref>) is a retired Indian naval officer who served as the 23rd [[Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy|Chief of the Naval Staff]] of the Indian Navy. He assumed the office on 31 May 2016 after Admiral [[Robin K. Dhowan]] and demitted office three years later on 31 May 2019. During this time, he also served as [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]] and Honorary [[Aide-de-Camp]] to the [[President of India]].

== Early life and education ==
Sunil Lanba was born on 17 July 1957 and hails from [[Palwal district]], [[Haryana]].<ref name="IndianNavy">{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Sunil Lanba will be the next Chief of the Naval Staff {{!}} Indian Navy|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-sunil-lanba-will-be-next-chief-naval-staff|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=5 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506162954/http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-sunil-lanba-will-be-next-chief-naval-staff|archive-date=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/palwal-village-rejoices-at-lanba-s-selection-as-navy-chief/233503.html|title=palwal-village-rejoices-at-lanba-s-selection-as-navy-chief|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222154054/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/palwal-village-rejoices-at-lanba-s-selection-as-navy-chief/233503.html|archive-date=2016-12-22}}</ref> He attended [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]]; [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], [[Pune]]; [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington; [[College of Defence Management]], [[Secunderabad]] and [[Royal College of Defence Studies]], [[London]], and is a post-graduate in Defence and Management studies.<ref name=tnie1>{{cite news|last1=N C Bipindra|title=Shadow of Operational Inexperience Dogs the Top Navy Appointments|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Shadow-of-Operational-Inexperience-Dogs-the-Top-Navy-Appointments/2014/05/04/article2204116.ece|access-date=20 December 2014|work=The New Indian Express|date=4 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914213130/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Shadow-of-Operational-Inexperience-Dogs-the-Top-Navy-Appointments/2014/05/04/article2204116.ece|archive-date=14 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/chief-naval-staff-cns|title=Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=2016-12-22|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222154035/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/chief-naval-staff-cns|archive-date=2016-12-22}}</ref>

== Military career ==
[[File:National Defense College Commandant Vice Admiral Sunil Lanba gives U.S. Army Chief of Staff Gen. Raymond T. Odierno a tour of the college's archive display.jpg|National Defence College Commandant Vice Admiral Sunil Lanba gives U.S. Army Chief of Staff Gen. [[Raymond T. Odierno]] a tour of the college's archive display|250px|thumb|left]]
Lanba was commissioned into the Indian Navy as an officer on 1 January 1978 into the Executive Branch of Indian Navy.<ref name="IndianNavy"/> He is a Navigation and Direction specialist who has served as the navigation and operations officer onboard various ships in both the Eastern and Western Fleets. He, over four decades, has served as a navigation officer on board {{INS|Sindhudurg|K72|6}} and {{INS|Dunagiri|F36|6}} before serving as the commanding officer (CO) of various ships: minesweeper [[Ton-class minesweeper|INS ''Kakinada'']], frigate {{INS|Himgiri|F34|6}}, {{INS|Ranvijay|D55|6}} and {{INS|Mumbai|D62|6}}.<ref name="indiannavy1">{{cite news|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/news-events/vice-admiral-sunil-lanba-takes-over-vcns|title=Vice Admiral Sunil Lanba takes over as VCNS|date=2 June 2014|work=Indian Navy|access-date=20 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141220135736/http://indiannavy.nic.in/news-events/vice-admiral-sunil-lanba-takes-over-vcns|archive-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> Promoted to substantive captain on 1 January 2000,<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=104 |date=18 January 2003|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2003/W_3_2011_174.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> he also served as executive officer of aircraft carrier {{INS|Viraat|R22|6}} and the Fleet Operations Officer of the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]].<ref name="IndianNavy"/><ref name=":0" />

He has also held numerous training positions like training officer at the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]]; Directing Staff at the [[College of Defence Management]]; Commandant of the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]] and Flag Officer Sea Training organisation at the Local Workup Team (West), Western Naval Command.

===Flag rank===
Lanba on being elevated to flag rank, was the [[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area|Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra and Gujarat Naval Area]] (FOMAG) and Chief of Staff, [[Southern Naval Command]]. On being promoted to vice admiral, he was the Chief of Staff, Eastern Naval Command; Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Southern and Western Naval Commands; Fleet Oper and the Vice Chief of Naval Staff from 2 June 2014 to 30 March 2015.<ref name="toi1">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vice-Admiral-Sunil-Lanba-appointed-new-Navy-vice-chief/articleshow/35849244.cms|title=Vice Admiral Sunil Lanba appointed new Navy vice-chief|date=31 May 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405212015/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vice-Admiral-Sunil-Lanba-appointed-new-Navy-vice-chief/articleshow/35849244.cms|archive-date=5 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="indiannavy1" /><ref name="VAdm SL Takes Over Western Naval Command - PIB">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135947|title=Vice Admiral Sunil Lanba Takes Over Western Naval Command|website=PIB|publisher=Govt. of India|access-date=3 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203190425/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135947|archive-date=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="NextCoS">{{cite news|url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/vice-admiral-sunil-lanba-is-next-chief-of-naval-staff-335973|title=Vice Admiral Sunil Lamba is next Chief of Naval Staff|date=5 May 2016|publisher=ABP Live|access-date=6 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506165803/http://www.abplive.in/india-news/vice-admiral-sunil-lanba-is-next-chief-of-naval-staff-335973|archive-date=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Admiral Sunil Lanba takes over as Chief of Naval Staff - The Economic Times">{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/admiral-sunil-lanba-takes-over-as-chief-of-naval-staff/articleshow/52517064.cms|title=Admiral Sunil Lanba takes over as Chief of Naval Staff - The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times|access-date=31 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531081531/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/admiral-sunil-lanba-takes-over-as-chief-of-naval-staff/articleshow/52517064.cms|archive-date=31 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Admiral Sunil Lanba, PVSM, AVSM, ADC assumes command of Indian Navy">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145806|title=Admiral Sunil Lanba, PVSM, AVSM, ADC assumes command of Indian Navy|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=31 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624155439/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145806|archive-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>

On 5 May 2016, the Union Government announced that Lanba will take charge as the Chief of the Naval Staff on 31 May 2016, replacing Admiral [[Robin K. Dhowan]] who retired the same day.<ref name="IndianNavy"/><ref name=toi1/>

He took over as the chairman of the chiefs of staff committee (CoSC) from outgoing IAF chief Marshal Arup Raha on 29 December 2016.
[[File:Admiral Sunil Lanba, PVSM, AVSM, ADC assumes Command of Indian Navy 3.jpg|250px|thumb|Admiral [[Robin K. Dhowan|R. K. Dhowan]], the outgoing CNS, handovers the traditional telescope of the CNS to Admiral Lanba as he takes charge as the chief at Naval Headquarters, New Delhi, on 31 May 2016.]]

=== Bilateral visits as CNS ===

{| class="wikitable"
!Country
!Date
!Purpose
!References
|-
| colspan="4" |'''2016'''
|-
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}
|1–4 November
|
* Bilateral discussions with First Vice President, Vice Senior General and Service Chiefs of Army and Navy
* Visit National Defence College, Defence Services Academy and Naval Training Command
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/admiral-sunil-lanba-pvsm-avsm-adc-chief-naval-staff-visits-myanmar|title=Admiral Sunil Lanba, PVSM, AVSM, ADC, Chief of the Naval Staff visits Myanmar {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=2016-12-22|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222153849/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/admiral-sunil-lanba-pvsm-avsm-adc-chief-naval-staff-visits-myanmar|archive-date=2016-12-22}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
|27 November – 1 December
|
* Bilateral meetings with President, Prime Minister and 3 Service Chiefs
* Key note speaker at Galle Dialogue
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/admiral-sunil-lanba-chief-naval-staff-visits-sri-lanka|title=Admiral Sunil Lanba, Chief of the Naval Staff Visits Sri Lanka {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=2016-12-22|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222153413/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/admiral-sunil-lanba-chief-naval-staff-visits-sri-lanka|archive-date=2016-12-22}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|19–23 December
|
* Bilateral meetings with Chief of Staff(JMSDF), MoS for Defence, Joint Staff
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/cns-visit-japan|title=CNS visit to Japan {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=2016-12-22|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222222321/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/cns-visit-japan|archive-date=2016-12-22}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" |'''2017'''
|-
|{{Flag|UAE}}
|26–28 February
|
* Bilateral meetings with MoS for Defence, Chief of Staff, Commander of Naval force
* Visit to Ghantoot Naval Base, National Defence College (UAE) and Rashid Bin Saeed Al Maktoum Naval College
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:158684)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-02-27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227150223/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:158684)|archive-date=2017-02-27}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Oman}}
|1–2 March
|
* Bilateral meetings with MoS for Defence, Service Chiefs
* Visit to Sultan Qaboos Naval Academy and Said Bin Naval Base
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{Flag|Malaysia }}
|11–15 April
|
* Bilateral meetings with Deputy Minister of Defence, Chief of Royal Malaysian Defence Forces and the 3 service Chiefs
* Visit to submarine base and Royal Malaysian Armed Forces Command and Staff College
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:160817)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-04-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413070705/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:160817)|archive-date=2017-04-13}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Singapore}}
|15 May – 19 May
|
* Bilateral meetings with Defence Minister, Chief of Defence Forces, Chief of Navy
* Attend International Maritime Review (IMR) and International Maritime Defence Exhibition and Conference (IMDEX) 2017
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:161776)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-05-14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430020646/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:161776)|archive-date=2018-04-30}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|12–15 June
|
* Bilateral meetings with Defence Minister, Chief of General Staff, Commander-in-Chief of Israeli Navy, Commander of Israeli Air Force and Commander of Israeli Ground Forces
* Visit to Haifa Naval Base and other military establishments
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-navy-chief-sunil-lanba-to-visit-israel-next-week-4693239/|title=Indian Navy chief Sunil Lanba to visit Israel next week|date=2017-06-07|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-06-07|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610042408/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-navy-chief-sunil-lanba-to-visit-israel-next-week-4693239/|archive-date=2017-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:165559)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-06-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105011703/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:165559)|archive-date=2018-01-05}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Mozambique}}
|23–25 July
|
* Bilateral meetings with Minister of National Defence, Chief of Defence Staff, and the three service Chiefs
* Visit to Instituto Superior De Estudos De Defesa (ISEDEF) and Hero's Square
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168865|title=PIB News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725183439/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168865|archive-date=2017-07-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Tanzania }}
|26–30 July
|
* Bilateral meetings with President of Tanzania, Minister of Defence and National Service, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Chief of Defence Forces and the three service Chiefs
* Visit to the Command and Staff College
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}
|4–7 October
|
* Bilateral meetings with Prime Minister of Vietnam, Defence Minister, Vice Minister of National Defence, Chief of General Staff and Commander-in-Chief of the Vietnam People's Navy
* Visit to the National Defence Academy, Vietnam Naval Academy, Naval Region 4 and Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=171340|title=Admiral Sunil Lanba, Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of the Naval Staff visits Vietnam|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004035051/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=171340|archive-date=2017-10-04}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|France}}
|5–10 November
|
* Bilateral meetings with Defence Minister of France, Chief of Defence Staff, Chief of French Navy, Director General Armament and Director General International Relations & Strategy
* Visit to the Landivisia airbase, Submarine Facility at Cherbourg, Maritime Prefectures at Brest and Cherbourg
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=173257|title=Visit of Admiral Sunil Lanba, Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of The Naval Staff to France|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-11-07|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107164739/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=173257|archive-date=2017-11-07}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}
|26–28 November
|
* Bilateral meetings with Chief of the Naval Staff
* Attend the International Multilateral Maritime Search and Rescue Exercise (IMMSAREX)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=173843|title=Admiral Sunil Lanba, PVSM, AVSM, ADC Chief of The Naval Staff Visits Bangladesh|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-11-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032031/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=173843|archive-date=2017-12-01}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" |'''2018'''
|-
|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|4–8 February
|
* Bilateral meetings with Deputy Defence Minister, Chief of General Staff, Commanders of Royal Saudi Naval Forces, Royal Saudi Arabian Land Forces, Air Forces and Air Defence Forces
* Visit to the Naval Operations Centre, Naval Fire and Rescue School and Western Fleet at Jeddah
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176412|title=Admiral sunil lanba, chairman, chiefs of staff Committee and chief of the naval staff visits saudi arabia|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-02-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002241/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176412|archive-date=2018-02-10}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|United States}}
|19–23 March
|
* Bilateral meetings with Secretary of Defence, Secretary of the Navy, Vice Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff, Chief of Naval Operations, Commander of Pacific command, Commander of Pacific fleet, Commander of Naval Sea Systems Command
* Visit to the Pacific Command Headquarters at Pearl Harbor, Naval Surface Warfare Centre at Dahlgreen and the Pentagon.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177627|title=Admiral Sunil Lanba, Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Chief of the Naval Staff to Visit USA (19-23Mar)|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-03-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319151501/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177627|archive-date=2018-03-19}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Iran}}
|23–25 April
|
* Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) and Conclave of Chiefs
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=178840|title=Admiral Sunil Lanba, Chief of the Naval Staff visits Tehran, Iran for Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) – 2018|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-04-23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423170057/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=178840|archive-date=2018-04-23}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}
|24–29 June
|
* Bilateral meetings with President, Prime Minister and Chiefs of Armed Forces
* Visit to naval bases at Chittagong and Khulna
* Inaugurate the India–Bangladesh CORPAT, 1st edition
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=180148|title=Admiral Sunil Lanba, Chief of the Naval Staff Visits Bangladesh|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-06-27}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|United States}}
|18-22 September
|
* Visit 23rd edition of the International Seapower Symposium (ISS)
* Bilateral meetings with Chief of the Naval Staff; Chief of Naval Operations (CNO); Commanders of Indo-Pacific Command, Pacific Fleet and Naval Forces-Europe, NAVCENT, and 5th Fleet
* Bilateral meetings with Chiefs of Navies of France, Sweden, United Kingdom, Japan, Australia and Malaysia.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183539|title=Admiral Sunil Lanba, Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee and the chief of the Naval Staff to visit United States of America|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|26-29 November
|
* Bilateral meetings with Commander-in-Chief of Russian Navy, Chief of General Staff, First Deputy Defence Minister, Director, Federal Service for Military Technical Cooperation (FSMTC).
* Visit to Military Academy of the General Staff, Piskarev Memorial Cemetery, Nakhimov Naval School and Admiralty Shipyard at St Petersburg and Moscow.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1553744|title=Admiral Sunil Lanba, Chief of the Naval Staff to Visit Russia (26 to 29 November 2018)|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and decorations==


{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Indian Navy Surface Warfare Badge.png|width=180}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|Colspan=4|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pingat Jasa Gemilang (Tentera) ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|Colspan=4|Surface warfare badge
|-
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|-
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-

|Colspan=2|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|Colspan=2|[[Pingat Jasa Gemilang (Tentera)|Meritorious Service Medal - Military (Singapore)]]
|}
He was awarded the [[Pingat Jasa Gemilang (Tentera)|Meritorious Service Medal (Military)]] of Singapore on 8 September 2022. He was awarded for his outstanding contributions in enhancing the strong and long-standing bilateral defence relationship between the Indian Navy and the Republic of Singapore Navy. Admiral Lanba became the first Indian to receive this award.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2022/September/08sep22_nr |title=Former India Chief of Naval Staff Receives Prestigious Military Award |publisher=Ministry of Defence Singapore |date=2022-09-07}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to Reena Lanba who is a qualified teacher and a home-maker. They have two daughters, named Moneesha and Sukriti, and a son named Adhiraj.<ref name="indiannavy1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135947|title=Vice Admiral Sunil Lanba Takes Over Western Naval Command|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2016-12-22|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415172246/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135947|archive-date=2017-04-15}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Sunil Lanba}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rama Kant Pattanaik]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Sea Training (India)|Flag Officer Sea Training]]|years=2008 - 2009}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Harish Bisht]]}}
{{s-bef|before = [[PK Chatterjee]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area|Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra & Gujarat Naval Area]]|years=2009 – 2011}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Bimal Verma]]}}
{{s-bef|before=Air Marshal P. K. Roy}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commandant of the National Defence College]]|years=2012 - 2014}}
{{s-aft|after= Lieutenant General N. S. Ghei}}
{{s-bef | rows=2| before = [[Surinder Pal Singh Cheema]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]] | years = 2015 – 2016 }}
{{s-aft | rows=2| after = [[Girish Luthra]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]] | years = 2016 – 2016 }}
{{s-bef | before = [[Robin K. Dhowan]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]] | years = 2016 – 2019 }}
{{s-aft | after = [[Karambir Singh]]}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Arup Raha]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]] | years = 31 December 2016 – 31 May 2019 }}
{{s-aft | after = [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief of the Naval Staff (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lanba, Sunil}}
[[Category:Indian Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Commandants of National Defence College, India]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Sea Training]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Mayo College alumni]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:College of Defence Management alumni]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]]

Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Neves

2026-02-08T21:09:30Z

Aman Mehta: added formatting based on references and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Historical Catholic Church in Rachol, Goa}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Rachol Church.jpg|thumb|right|''Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Neves'' and the ruins of the [[Rachol Fort]].]]
The '''''Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Neves'' ''' (Church of Our Lady of the Snows) is a historical Catholic church in [[Rachol]] village, [[Salcete]] sub-district, on the southern banks of the [[Zuari River|Zuari river]], in the [[South Goa district]] of [[Goa]] state, [[India]]. The church was built in the 1560's during the [[Goa Inquisition]]. It is situated in close proximity to the renowned [[Rachol Seminary]].<ref>
{{cite book
|last=Bayly
|first=Susan
|title=Saints, Goddesses, and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900
|date=1989
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=9780521891035
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC&q=The+Church+of+Our+Lady+of+Snows+Goa&pg=PA366}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|title=Small, But Special
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/small-but-special/articleshow/56302566.cms
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=3 January 2017}}
</ref> There is a church of the same name in the neighbouring village of [[Raia, Goa|Raia]].

== History==
[[File:RACHOL FORT DIOGO RODRIGUES GOA.jpg|thumb|right|Historical portrait of the ''Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Neves'' and the Rachol Fort]]

The Colonial Portuguese [[Baroque architecture|Baroque style]] [[church (building)|church]] was originally built with mud walls and a thatched roof, alongside the [[Rachol Fort|fort of Rachol]]. The Captain of the Rachol fortress (in Portuguese ''Capitão desta Fortaleza de Rachol'') [[Diogo Rodrigues]] was appointed to carry out the work. It was completed in AD 1565.<ref>
{{cite book
|last=Fonseca
|first=José Nicolau da |title=An historical and archaeological sketch of the city of Goa : preceded by a short statistical account of the territory of Goa
|year=1994
|publisher=Asian Educational Services
|isbn=81-206-0207-2
|edition=2nd reprint
|location=New Delhi
|oclc=43027643
}}
</ref>

The church was dedicated to ''Nossa Senhora das Neves'' (Our Lady of the Snows). It has been referred to as the "Mother church" (''Matriz'') for the whole of [[South Goa|southern Goa]] and was named ''Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Neves''. It was the Seat of the first [[Archbishop of Goa]], Dom [[Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira]] who personally visited [[Margão]] and the surrounding areas to choose the location. The Archbishop shot an arrow into the ground at Rachol and ordered the church to be built there. The church was considered to be the first in the [[Salcette]] ''[[concelho]]'' (Salcette was called ''Ilha de Salcette do Sul'' at that time).<ref>
{{cite news
|last=Miranda
|first=Karsten
|title=Raia locals to celebrate '''Konsanchem fest''' today
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Raia-locals-to-celebrate-Konsanchem-fest-today/articleshow/15358278.cms
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=5 August 2012}}
</ref>

Two historical burials took place at the altar. The first burial was for the captain of the Fort (''Capitão desta Fortaleza'') Diogo Rodrigues in AD 1577. The second regards the massacre of [[Jesuit]] priests and civilians that occurred in the [[Cuncolim Revolt]] in July 1583. The martyrs' bodies remained in the church until AD 1597, after which they were moved to [[Saint Paul's College, Goa]] and laid to rest in [[Old Goa]] at the Cathedral in AD 1862.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

==See also==
* {{C|Colonial Goa}}
* {{C|Portuguese colonial architecture in India}}
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|15.30845|74.01047|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Goa]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1565]]
[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]
[[Category:1565 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1560s establishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Baroque church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Portuguese colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:1565 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Churches in South Goa district]]

Mihir Chowdhury

2026-02-08T17:42:05Z

Aman Mehta: added a pg needs work

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Mihir Chowdhury
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1937|7|15}}
| birth_place = Dacca, [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date ={{Death date and age|2017|3|28|1937|7|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Physical chemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] | [[Presidency University, Kolkata]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Rajabazar Science College]] ([[University of Calcutta]]) | [[Pennsylvania State University]] | [[University of Chicago]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | [[Sadhan Basu]] }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on Optical, magneto-optical and quantum-mechanical studies on electronic structure of molecules
| awards = {{ublist | 1977 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2000 [[Chemical Research Society of India|CRSI]] Silver Medal | 2000 ISRAPS Lifetime Achievement Award | 2005 [[Calcutta University]] Eminent Teacher Award | 2006 [[Indian Chemical Society|ICS]] Lifetime Achievement Award | 2007 [[Chemical Research Society of India|CRSI]] Gold Medal}}
}}

'''Mihir Chowdhury''' [[Indian National Science Academy|FNA]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences|FASc]] (15 July 1937 – 28 March 2017) was an Indian [[physical chemist]] and Professor and Head of Department of Chemistry at [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] and at the Department of Physical Chemistry of the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS).<ref name="CurSci">{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Kankan |author-link=Kankan Bhattacharyya |date=25 April 2017 |title=Mihir Chowdhury (1937 – 2017) |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/112/08/1765.pdf |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=112 |issue=8 |pages=1765–1766}}</ref><ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N80-0171 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> He is known for his studies on the electronic structure of molecules using optical, magneto-optical and quantum-mechanical methods.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=438 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Chowdhury,_Prof._Mihir |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1977, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>
Three of his research students were also Shanti Swarup Bhatnager awardees.

== Biography ==
[[File:Presidency University - Kolkata 7368.JPG|thumb|235px|Presidency University, Kolkata]]
Chowdhury was born in [[Dhaka]] of [[British India]] (presently in Bangladesh) to Prof. Jogendra Kumar Chowdhury, a chemistry professor at Dacca University and Indira Chowdhury (nee' Guhathakurta), graduated in chemistry from [[Calcutta University]] in 1955 and completed his master's degree in 1957 from the [[Rajabazar Science College]], [[Calcutta University]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Enrolling for his doctoral research under the guidance of the renowned chemist and [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate, [[Sadhan Basu]], he secured a PhD and moved to the US for his post-doctoral research which lasted three years, working at the [[Pennsylvania State University]] during 1961–62 and at the [[University of Chicago]] from 1962 to 1964. On his return to India the same year, he started his career as a pool officer at [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS) and stayed there till 1966 when he joined Presidency College, Kolkata (the present-day [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]) as a faculty of the department of chemistry.<ref name="About The Department">{{Cite web |url=http://www.presiuniv.ac.in/web/chemistry.php |title=About The Department |date=2016 |publisher=Presidency College}}</ref> He served the college for over a decade as a professor of chemistry.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

It was during this time, he was caught between a student unrest in the college and had to suffer manhandling by a section of the agitating students.<ref name="Former Presidency students liken recent campus violence to the turbulent 70s">{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Former-Presidency-students-liken-recent-campus-violence-to-the-turbulent-70s/articleshow/19736472.cms |title=Former Presidency students liken recent campus violence to the turbulent 70s |date=26 April 2013 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> The incident resulted in his absence from the college for almost a year and subsequent resignation from the college.<ref name="Years of research reduced to ashes">{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101030/jsp/calcutta/story_13115640.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104004805/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101030/jsp/calcutta/story_13115640.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2010 |title=Years of research reduced to ashes |date=30 October 2010 |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref> He was the head of the department of chemistry at Presidency College when he left the institution to return to Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science as a professor in 1966 and when he superannuated in 1998, he had served IACS as the head of the department of physical chemistry since 1976. Post retirement, he served as a senior scientist of the Indian National Science Academy, a position he held till 2006. He also continued his association with the post graduate teaching programs of Calcutta University and Presidency College on honorary basis.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

Chowdhury's wife Sunanda Chowdhury taught at Muralidhar Girls' College. Their Son, Arindam is a professor at IIT, Bombay and daughter, Avantika is an economist. His elder sister Prof. Amita Datta is a noted economist who taught at Delhi University, Lady Brabourne and Presidency Colleges, Kolkata. His elder brother Dr. Subir Chowdhury was a director at IIM, Kolkata. The family lives in Kolkata.

== Legacy ==
Using optical, magneto-optical and quantum-mechanical methodologies, Chowdhury studied the electronic structure of molecules and widened the understanding of CT, [[exciton]] and parity forbidden transitions of metal complexes, [[diazine]]s, bimolecules and rare earth complexes.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He developed facilities to carry out his spectroscopic and fast kinetic experiments and studied various fields of spectroscopy such as laser, time-resolved and non-linear optics, and elucidated ''role of spin and magnetic field in the radical pair recombination process, circular dichroism of crystal field split components in cooled single crystals, and laser-induced fluorescence of jet-cooled large organic molecules and their hydrated clusters''. His work on the [[Robert S. Mulliken]]'s conjecture is reported to have assisted him to ratify for the first time that the CT band is polarised along the intermolecular axis.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

Chowdhury documented his researches by way of over 155 articles published in peer-reviewed journals.{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} He was associated with a number of science journals as a member of their editorial boards and guided 30 doctoral scholars in their studies.<ref name="Curriculum Vitae">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chemistry.iitkgp.ac.in/~mintu/academic/resume.php |title=Curriculum Vitae |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Kanpur |access-date=17 November 2016 |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310024427/http://www.chemistry.iitkgp.ac.in/~mintu/academic/resume.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Alumni Details">{{Cite web |url=http://iacs.res.in/alumni_physical_chemistry.html |title=Alumni details |date=2016 |publisher=IACS}}</ref><ref name="Programme">{{Cite web |url=http://www.niist.res.in/english/wp-content/files/Programme.pdf |title=Programme |date=2016 |publisher=NISCAIR}}</ref> His involvement in the efforts to popularise science included a series of lectures on topics such as ''LASER- the wonderful toy'', ''Hundred years of electron discovery'', and ''Symmetry in Chemistry and Physics''<ref name="Indian fellow" /> and his contributions have earned him mention from other authors.<ref name="Bartlett1997">{{cite book|author=Rodney J. Bartlett|title=Recent Advances in Coupled-cluster Methods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81RLqhJ09C4C&pg=PA177|year=1997|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-3112-5|pages=177–}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Chowdhury the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1977.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm |title=Chemical Sciences |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |date=2016 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> He received the Silver Medal of the [[Chemical Research Society of India]]<ref name="Awards: Year - 2000">{{Cite web |url=http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-1999-2008 |title=Awards: Year – 2000 |date=2016 |publisher=Chemical Research Society of India |access-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016123938/http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-1999-2008 |archive-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as the Lifetime Achievement Award and the life membership of the Indian Society for Radiation and Photochemical Sciences in 2000.<ref name="Life Members">{{Cite web |url=http://www.israps.org.in/life-members.php |title=Life Members |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Society for Radiation and Photochemical Sciences}}</ref> In 2005, Calcutta University awarded him the Eminent Teacher Award<ref name="Eminent Teacher Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/about/Eminent-teacher.html |title=Eminent Teacher Award |date=2016 |publisher=Calcutta University}}</ref> and the next year, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the [[Indian Chemical Society]], followed by the Gold Medal of the Chemical Research Society of India, a year later.<ref name="Awards: Year - 2007">{{Cite web |url=http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-1999-2008 |title=Awards: Year – 2007 |date=2016 |publisher=Chemical Research Society of India |access-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016123938/http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-1999-2008 |archive-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Chowdhury was a recipient of [[honoris causa]] degrees of Doctor of Science of the [[Vidyasagar University]] (2007) and [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]] (2013).<ref name="Presidency University to honour Ranajit Guha, Mihir Chowdhury">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/news/presidency-university-to-honour-ranajit-guha-mihir-chowdhury-news-education-niuuEjfdebhsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211843/http://www.sify.com/news/presidency-university-to-honour-ranajit-guha-mihir-chowdhury-news-education-niuuEjfdebhsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 November 2016 |title=Presidency University to honour Ranajit Guha, Mihir Chowdhury |date=20 August 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> He was a National Lecturer of the [[University Grants Commission of India]] in 1980 and the award orations he has delivered include Mitra Memorial Lecture of [[Delhi University]] (1988),<ref name="Mitra Memorial Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://people.du.ac.in/~rkant/MitraMemorial.html |title=Mitra Memorial Lecture |date=2016 |publisher=Delhi University}}</ref> K. Rangadhama Rao Memorial Lecture of Indian National Science Academy (1989),<ref name="K. Rangadhama Rao Memorial Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#rangadhama |title=K. Rangadhama Rao Memorial Lecture |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=17 November 2016 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#rangadhama |url-status=dead }}</ref> J. C. Ghosh Memorial Lecture of Indian Chemical Society (1997), Morris Travers Memorial Lecture of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (1998),<ref name="Morris Travers Memorial Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ac.in/institute-lectures/memorial-lectures/ |title=Morris Travers Memorial Lecture |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> Baba Kartar Singh Memorial Lecture of [[Panjab University]] (1999), Sadhan Basu Memorial Lecture of Indian National Science Academy (2002)<ref name="Sadhan Basu Memorial Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#sadhan |title=Sadhan Basu Memorial Lecture |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=17 November 2016 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#sadhan |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Mizushima-Raman Lectures in Japan (2003).<ref name="Indian fellow" /> The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as a fellow in 1977 before he became a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 1980.<ref name="Fellow profile" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Mihir Chowdhury, Sadhan Basu |title=Nature of Intermolecular Forces in Quinhydrone |journal=INSA |date=1961 |volume=27}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mihir Chowdhury, Sadhan Basu |title=Some Notes on Molecular Complexes between Iodine and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons |journal=J. Chem. Phys. |year=1960 |volume=32 |issue=1450 |page=a |doi=10.1063/1.1730939|bibcode=1960JChPh..32.1450C }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Samita Basu |author2=Liudmila Kundu |author3=Mihir Chowdhury |title=The influence of trivalent lanthanide ions on the magnetic field effect of pyrene-dimethylaniline exciplex luminescence |journal=Chemical Physics Letters |year=1987 |volume=141 |issue=1–2 |pages=115–118 |doi=10.1016/0009-2614(87)80102-1|bibcode=1987CPL...141..115B }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Tapanendu Kundu |author2=Asok K. Banerjee |author3=Mihir Chowdhury |title=Two-photon spectra of single-crystal gadolinium diglycolate |journal=Phys. Rev. B |year=1990 |volume=41 |issue=10911 |pages=10911–10922 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.41.10911|pmid=9993510 |bibcode=1990PhRvB..4110911K }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Tapanendu Kundu |author2=Asok K. Banerjee |author3=Mihir Chowdhury |title=Erratum: Two-photon spectra of single-crystal gadolinium diglycolate |journal=Phys. Rev. B |year=1991 |volume=44 |issue=7769 |page=7769 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.44.7769|pmid=9998706 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mihir Chowdhury |title=Selection Rules For Processes Involving Photon-Molecule Interaction: A Symmetry-Conservation-Based Approach Bypassing Transition Matrix Elements |journal=J. Chem. Educ. |year=1996 |volume=73 |issue=8 |page=743 |doi=10.1021/ed073p743|bibcode=1996JChEd..73..743C }}

== See also ==
* [[Sadhan Basu]]
* [[Robert S. Mulliken]]
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Mihir}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania State University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:Indian physical chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:Rare earth scientists]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]

IFFI Special Jury Award and Special Mention

2026-02-03T06:55:01Z

Aman Mehta:

{{Short description|Award in an Indian film festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = IFFI Special Jury Award and Special Mention
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = International award for contributions to [[World Cinema]]
| awarded_for = Excellency in Film Art
| sponsor = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| firstawarded = 1969
| lastawarded =
| reward = Special Jury Award Special Mention
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = [[Akinola Davies Jr.]] ''[[My Father's Shadow]]'' ([[56th International Film Festival of India|2025]])
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 43
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[Lester James Peries]]
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner = Lav Diaz [[Praveen Kandregula]]
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''IFFI Special Jury Award and Special Mention''' (officially known as the '''Silver Peacock {{Ndash}}''' '''Special Jury Award and Special Mention''') are the two honors presented annually at the [[International Film Festival of India]] for excellency in Film Art in [[World cinema]].<ref name="auto5">{{cite web|url=https://pickle.co.in/markets/iffi-a-trip-down-the-memory-lane/|title=4th IFFI|date=23 November 2019 |publisher=}}</ref> It was first presented during the [[4th International Film Festival of India|4th IFFI 1969]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|title=International Film Festival in India|website=rrtd.nic.in|access-date=31 March 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121093039/http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|archive-date=21 November 2004}}</ref> The award was later re-instated since [[29th International Film Festival of India|29th IFFI 1998]].<ref name="auto9">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/light-in-the-haze/204920|title=Light In The Haze|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="frontline.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1503/15030800.htm|title = Frontline.in}}</ref> On the occasion of 100 years of Indian cinema, centenary awards were conferred during 2012, 2013, and 2014.<ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=89798|title=43rd IFFI closes with Meera Nair's 'The Reluctant Fundamentalist'|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/iffi-zanussi-to-get-lifetime-achievement-award-522595.html|title=IFFI: Zanussi to get lifetime achievement award|date=20 November 2012 |publisher=}}</ref> The special mention is being awarded since the [[46th International Film Festival of India|46th IFFI 2015]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/iffi-2015-award-winners-list-at-the-46th-international-film-festival-of-india-in-pics-749256/|title=IFFI 2015: Award winners list at the 46th International Film Festival of India (In pics)|first=Shweta|last=Parande|date=1 December 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

== List of recipients of IFFI Special Jury Award ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of Silver Peacock award recipients, showing the year, film(s) and language(s)
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Work(s)
! scope="col" |Language(s)
!Country
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[4th International Film Festival of India|1969 {{small|(4th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Lester James Peries]]
| ''[[Golu Hadawatha]]''
| [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
|[[Sri Lanka]]
| rowspan="3" | <ref name="auto5" />
|-
!scope="row" |[[Mrinal Sen]]
|''[[Bhuvan Shome]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|[[India]]
|-
!scope="row" |[[Sobhan Babu]]
|''[[Bangaru Panjaram]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|India
|-
| [[29th International Film Festival of India|1998 {{small|(29th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Santwana Bordoloi|Santwana Bardoloi]]
| ''[[Adajya]]''
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|India
| <ref name="auto9" /><ref name="frontline.in" />
|-
| [[31st International Film Festival of India|2000 {{small|(31st)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Huo Jianqi]]
| ''[[Postmen in the Mountains]]''
| [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]]
|[[China]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/06/stories/09060221.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2000-02-06|title=Still no character or class}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[33rd International Film Festival of India|2002 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Revathi]]
| ''[[Mitr, My Friend]]''
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|India
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="frontline">{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1922/stories/20021108004108800.htm|title=Tame fare at the festival|website=frontline.in|date=8 November 2002|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=Amulya|access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |[[Magdy Ahmed Ali]]
|''Asrar EL-Banat''
|[[Egyptian language|Egyptian]]
|[[Egypt]]
|-
| [[34th International Film Festival of India|2003 {{small|(34th)}}]]
! scope="row" |Subhadro Chowdhury
| ''[[Prohor]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|India
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/iranian-film-gets-golden-peacock-at-iffi-2003/story-w75PY9H9V8dO4DXGjIBoxM.html|title=Iranian film gets Golden Peacock at IFFI 2003|date=19 October 2003|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| [[35th International Film Festival of India|2004 {{small|(35th)}}]]
! scope="row" |Gennady Sidorov
|''Old Women''
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
|[[Russia]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/beach-screening-makes-its-debut-with-mission-impossible-at-35th-iffi-goa-2004/6269|title=Beach Screening Makes Its Debut with Mission Impossible at the 35th IFFI Goa 2004|website=businesswireindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2004/12/17/stories/2004121700130300.htm|title=The Hindu Business Line : Finally, a permanent address!|last=blanj|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[36th International Film Festival of India|2005 {{small|(36th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Tom Hooper]]
| ''[[Red Dust (2004 film)|Red Dust]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|[[South Africa]]
|<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/05/stories/2005120514320100.htm {{Dead link|date=September 2024 |fix-attempted=yes |url=}}</ref>
|-
| [[37th International Film Festival of India|2006 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Abu Sayeed (film director)|Abu Sayeed]]
| ''[[Nirontor]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|[[Bangladesh]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/IFFI-focus-on-South-India/article15736510.ece|title=IFFI: focus on South India|newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 November 2006|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[38th International Film Festival of India|2007 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Golam Rabanny Biplab
| ''On The Wings of Dreams''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|[[Bangladesh]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=33127|title=English Releases|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Taiwan-film-wins-Golden-Peacock/article14888303.ece|title=Taiwan film wins Golden Peacock|newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 December 2007|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |Julia Urbini
|''[[More Than Anything in the World]]''
|[[Mexican language|Mexican]]
|[[Mexico]]
|-
| [[39th International Film Festival of India|2008 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Malani Fonseka]]
| ''[[Akasa Kusum]]''
| [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
|[[Sri Lanka]]
|<ref name="Kick">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200811221921.htm|title=IFFI 2008 kicks off in Goa|date=22 November 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 November 2009|archive-date=7 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107155417/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200811221921.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[40th International Film Festival of India|2009 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Giorgi Ovashvili]]
| ''[[The Other Bank]]''
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
|[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/India-wins-Golden-Peacock-after-10-yrs/articleshow/7031938.cms|title=India wins Golden Peacock after 10 yrs – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 December 2010 |publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[41st International Film Festival of India|2010 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| ''[[Arekti Premer Golpo]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|India
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="auto1" />
|-
!scope="row" |[[Taika Waititi]]
|''[[Boy (2010 film)|Boy]]''
|[[English language|English]]
|[[New Zealand]]
|-
| [[42nd International Film Festival of India|2011 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Salim Ahamed]]
| ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|India
|<ref name="shadowplayindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.shadowplayindia.com/shadow-play/42nd-international-film-festival-india-iffi-goa-2011|title=42nd International Film Festival of India (IFFI) – Goa – 2011 – Shadow Play India|website=www.shadowplayindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[43rd International Film Festival of India|2012 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Lucy Mulloy]]
| ''[[Una noche]]''
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|[[Cuba]]{{Br}}[[United Kingdom]]
|<ref name="auto8" />
|-
| [[44th International Film Festival of India|2013 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Onur Ünlü]]
| ''[[Thou Gild'st the Even]]''
|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|[[Turkey]]
|<ref name="auto10">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Beatrizs-War-wins-Golden-Peacock-at-44th-International-film-festival-of-India/articleshow/26656548.cms|title='Beatriz's War' wins Golden Peacock at 44th International film festival of India – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=December 2013 |publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| [[46th International Film Festival of India|2015 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Julia Vargas-Weise]]
| ''[[Sealed Cargo (2015 film)|Sealed Cargo]]''
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|[[Bolivia]]
|<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=132010|title=Key highlights of the 46th International Film Festival of India|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[47th International Film Festival of India|2016 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Lee Joon-ik]]
| ''[[The Throne (film)|The Throne]]''
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
|[[South Korea]]
|<ref name="jagranjosh.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/47th-iffi-concluded-in-goa-1480409063-1|title=47th IFFI Concluded in Goa|date=29 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| [[48th International Film Festival of India|2017 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Mahesh Narayanan]]
| ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|India
|<ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iffi-2017-complete-winners-list-parvathy-wins-best-actress-amitabh-bachchan-is-film-personality-of-the-year-4232189.html|title=IFFI 2017 complete winners list: Parvathy wins Best Actress; Amitabh Bachchan is 'Film Personality of The Year'|date=28 November 2017 |publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| [[49th International Film Festival of India|2018 {{small|(49th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Milko Lazarov
| ''[[Ága (film)|Ága]]''
| [[Yakut language|Yakut]]
|[[Bulgaria]]
| <ref name="auto6">{{cite news |title=Donbass wins Golden Peacock at IFFI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/donbass-wins-golden-peacock-at-iffi/article25616280.ece |accessdate=23 August 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=28 November 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| [[50th International Film Festival of India|2019 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Pema Tseden]]
| ''[[Balloon (2019 Chinese film)|Balloon]]''
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|[[China]]
|<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/goa/particles-wins-the-golden-peacock-award-at-iffi-2019/articleshow/72281199.cms|title=Particles wins the Golden Peacock Award at IFFI 2019 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| [[51st International Film Festival of India|2020 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Kamen Kalev]]
| ''February''
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
|[[Bulgaria]]
|<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/51st-international-film-festival-of-india-winners-list-7160074/|title=51st International Film Festival of India: Winners list|date=24 January 2021|access-date=24 January 2021|website=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[52nd International Film Festival of India|2021 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Renata Carvalho]]
| ''The First Fallen''
| [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]]
|[[Brazil]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="auto7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/1825666-japanese-movie-ring-wandering-wins-golden-peacock-award-at-52nd-edition-of-iffi |title=Japanese movie 'Ring Wandering' wins Golden Peacock Award at 52nd edition of IFFI|date=28 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|website=Devdiscourse}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |Nikhil Mahajan
|[[Godavari (2022 film)|''Godavari'']]
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|India
|-
| [[53rd International Film Festival of India|2022 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Lav Diaz]]
| ''[[When The Waves Are Gone]]''
| [[Filipino language|Filipino]]
|[[Philippines]]
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/iffi-2022-winners-list-i-have-electric-dreams-8294772/|title=IFFI 2022 winners list: I Have Electric Dreams wins big|date=28 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[54th International Film Festival of India|2023 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Rishab Shetty]]
| ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]''
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|India
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1980531 |title= Winners at IFFI54|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=29 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[55th International Film Festival of India|2024 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Louise Courvoisier]]
| ''[[Holy Cow (2024 film)|Holy Cow]]''
| [[French language|French]]
| France
| <ref name="iffiaw:variety">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/iffi-goa-2024-winners-toxic-1236226082/ |title= Lithuanian Drama ‘Toxic’ Wins Top Prize at 55th International Film Festival of India |author= Naman Ramachandran, Patrick Frater |work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date= 28 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[56th International Film Festival of India|2025 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Akinola Davies Jr.]]
| ''[[My Father's Shadow]]''
| English, Naija, Yoruba
| United Kingdom, Ireland, Nigeria
| <ref name="awards56:variety">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/festivals/transgender-vietnamese-drama-skin-of-youth-iffi-top-prize-1236594980/ |title= Transgender Vietnamese Drama ‘Skin of Youth’ Wins Top Prize at International Film Festival of India |author= Naman Ramachandran, Udita Jhunjhunwala |work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date= 28 November 2025 |access-date=29 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== List of recipients of IFFI Special Mention ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of Special Mention recipients, showing the year, film(s) and language(s)
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Work(s)
! scope="col" |Language(s)
!Country
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[46th International Film Festival of India|2015 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" |Goran Radovaovic
| ''[[Enclave (film)|Enclave]]''
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
|[[Germany]]{{Br}}[[Serbia]]
|<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
| [[47th International Film Festival of India|2016 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Tiffany Hsiung]]
| ''[[The Apology (2016 film)|The Apology]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|[[Canada]]
|<ref name="jagranjosh.com"/>
|-
| [[49th International Film Festival of India|2018 {{small|(49th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Chezhiyan]]
| ''[[To Let (film)|To Let]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[India]]
| <ref name="auto6"/>
|-
| [[50th International Film Festival of India|2019 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Abhishek Shah]]
| ''[[Hellaro]]''
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|India
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| [[51st International Film Festival of India|2020 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | Kripal Kalita
| ''Bridge''
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|India
|<ref name="auto2"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[52nd International Film Festival of India|2021 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" |Simon Farriol
| ''The Wealth of the World''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="auto7" />
|-
!scope="row" |[[Roman Vasyanov]]
|''[[Hostel (2021 film)|The Dorm]]''
|[[Russian language|Russian]]
|[[Russia]]
|-
| [[53rd International Film Festival of India|2022 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Praveen Kandregula]]
| ''[[Cinema Bandi]]''
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|India
|<ref name="auto" />
|}

== List of recipients of IFFI Centenary Award ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of Centenary Award recipients, showing the year, film(s) and language(s)
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Work(s)
! scope="col" |Language(s)
!Country
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[43rd International Film Festival of India|2012 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Mira Nair]]
| ''[[The Reluctant Fundamentalist (film)|The Reluctant Fundamentalist]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|[[United States]]{{Br}}[[India]]{{Br}}[[Qatar]]
|<ref name="auto8" />
|-
| [[44th International Film Festival of India|2013 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
| ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]''
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|India
|<ref name="auto10" />
|-
| [[45th International Film Festival of India|2014 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Shrihari Sathe]]
| ''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|India
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/russian-film-leviathan-wins-golden-peacock-at-iffi-2014/story-grvIQEUbfveMMx5jNpdxkL.html|title=Russian film Leviathan wins Golden Peacock at IFFI 2014|date=30 November 2014|publisher=}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{notelist}}
{{IFFI Silver Peacock - Special Jury Award and Special Mention}}
{{International Film Festival of India|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:International Film Festival of India]]
[[Category:Indian film festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Goa]]

Goli Soda Rising

2026-01-31T06:25:26Z

Aman Mehta: added a stub w/ refs

{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Goli Soda Rising Official Poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| genre = [[Action drama]]
| writer = [[B. Jeyamohan]] Vijay Milton
| director = Vijay Milton (Episode 1-6)({{abbr|cre.|credited}}) [[Pon Kumaran]] (Episode 7-10)
| creator = [[Vijay Milton]]
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Kishore DS|Kishore]]
* [[Udayaraj]]
* [[Thamizh (actor)|Pandi]]
* Murugesh
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]]
* [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
* [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]
* [[Sujatha Sivakumar]]
* [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]]
* [[Remya Nambeesan]]
* [[Avantika Mishra]]
* [[Ammu Abhirami]]
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]]
* [[John Vijay]]
* [[Imman Annachi]]
* Bharath Seeni
* Seetha
}}
| composer = [[Simon K. King]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| list_episodes =
| producer = Ramesh Krishnamoorthy
| cinematography = Vijay Milton
| editor = [[Praveen K. L.]] (Episode 1-5) [[Sathish Suriya]] (Episode 6-10)
| runtime = 22-25 minutes
| company = Global One Studios
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2024|11|01|df=y}}

}}
'''''Goli Soda Rising''''' ({{translation|[[Banta|Marble Soda]] Rising}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama]] television series created by [[Vijay Milton]] and [[B. Jeyamohan]]. The series is a sequel and prequel to Milton's ''[[Goli Soda]]'' (2014) and ''[[Goli Soda 2]]'' (2018) respectively. [[Kishore DS]], Murugesh, [[Thamizh (actor)|Pandi]], and Seetha reprised their roles from the first film. Other cast members include [[Udayaraj]], Swetha, [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]], [[Sujatha Sivakumar]], [[Abhirami Gopikumar]], [[Remya Nambeesan]], [[Ammu Abhirami]], [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]], [[John Vijay]], [[Imman Annachi]], and Bharath Seeni. Milton directed the first six episodes of the first season and the remaining four episodes were directed by [[Pon Kumaran]]. It premiered in [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 13 September 2024.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Kishore DS|Kishore]] as Puli
* [[Udayaraj]] as Settu
* [[Thamizh (actor)|Pandi]] as Sithappa
* Murugesh as Kuttimani
* Bharath Seeni as Maaran
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as Vellai Ravi
* [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] as Thillai
* [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]] as Urundai/Raj Prakash "Raji"
* [[Abhirami Gopikumar]] as Thendral
* [[Remya Nambeesan]] as Bhargavi
* [[John Vijay]] as Samidurai
* [[Avantika Mishra]] as Janaki
* Swetha as Yamini
* Seetha as Vanmathi
* [[Ammu Abhirami]] as 3D
* [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] as Aachi
* [[Imman Annachi]] as Manthiravadhi
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Naidu
* Vijay Murugan as Mayilu
* [[Senthi Kumari]] as Naidu's first wife
* [[Meenal]] as Naidu's second wife
* Vasiyan as Pilot
* [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] as Vanmathi's father
* [[Vijay Milton]] as a customer in Aachi Mess (cameo)
}}

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #9C2A5D
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 10
| start1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|9|13}}
| end1 = {{End date|df=yes|2024|9|1}}
}}
{{Episode table
| background = #9C2A5D
| overall = 10
| overallT = Season
| season = 10
| seasonT = Episode
| title = 10
| director = 10
| writer = 10
| airdate = 10
| episodes =
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Identity
| DirectedBy = [[Vijay Milton]]
| WrittenBy = [[B. Jeyamohan]] Vijay Milton
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|09|13}}
| ShortSummary = The Aachi Mess boys are all grown up and running their restaurant successfully in Koyambedu Market. Thillai is released from jail and comes across the four boys.
| LineColor = 9C2A5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = The Unknown
| DirectedBy = Vijay Milton
| WrittenBy = B. Jeyamohan Vijay Milton
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|09|13}}
| ShortSummary = Desperate for girlfriends, Kuttymani and Settu try to talk to a pretty girl using a unique method, which ends in a disaster. Meanwhile, Urundai is on the hunt for a mysterious bag.
| LineColor = 9C2A5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = The Recognition
| DirectedBy = Vijay Milton
| WrittenBy = B. Jeyamohan Vijay Milton
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|09|13}}
| ShortSummary = Urundai meets Ravi to talk about the mysterious bag. Inspired by a little tea seller, the boys launch a mobile restaurant in the new market. Ravi finds Thillai, shocking Maran.
| LineColor = 9C2A5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = The Reunion
| DirectedBy = Vijay Milton
| WrittenBy = B. Jeyamohan Vijay Milton
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|09|20}}
| ShortSummary = Ravi entrusts Thillai with a new business, leading to a surprising reunion with his old love. Mayil gets released from jail and visits the boys.
| LineColor = 9C2A5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = The Conflict
| DirectedBy = Vijay Milton
| WrittenBy = B. Jeyamohan Vijay Milton
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|09|27}}
| ShortSummary = The boys await Mayil's return with the key to Aachi Mess. A murder rocks Thillai's water factory. Conflict erupts when Urundai hides his man from cops in the mobile restaurant
| LineColor = 9C2A5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = The Confrontation
| DirectedBy = Vijay Milton
| WrittenBy = B. Jeyamohan Vijay Milton
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|10|04}}
| ShortSummary = Mayil finally knows the truth behind his arrest. Bhargavi advises Ravi on how to recover Benz's bag. Urundai's father finds the Aachi Mess receipt in Benz's belongings.
| LineColor = 9C2A5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = The Twist
| DirectedBy = [[Pon Kumaran]]
| WrittenBy = B. Jeyamohan Vijay Milton
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|10|11}}
| ShortSummary = Twelve years ago, encounter specialist Samidurai was assigned to kill Ravi. Janaki learns that Maran knows Thillai. What happens when Aachi's boys refuse to give the bag to Benz?
| LineColor = 9C2A5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = The Rescue
| DirectedBy = Pon Kumaran
| WrittenBy = B. Jeyamohan Vijay Milton
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|10|18}}
| ShortSummary = The Aachi Mess boys fight to get back their van. The fight for the bag grows intense as Pilot also gets kidnapped.
| LineColor = 9C2A5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = The Revelation
| DirectedBy = Pon Kumaran
| WrittenBy = B. Jeyamohan Vijay Milton
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|10|25}}
| ShortSummary = Naidu finds shocking evidence in the bag. Mayil meets Ravi with a hidden agenda. Thillai visits Janaki to reveal what happened to her father.
| LineColor = 9C2A5D
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = The Betrayal
| DirectedBy = Pon Kumaran
| WrittenBy = B. Jeyamohan Vijay Milton
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|01}}
| ShortSummary = Fuming over Naidu's murder, the Aachi Mess boys and girls decide to kidnap Ravi. Meanwhile, Janaki gets crucial evidence about her father's death from an unlikely source.
| LineColor = 9C2A5D
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The [[web series]] was announced by [[Disney+ Hotstar]] in early 2024 and is the first Tamil series set as a [[sequel]] a feature film.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nakkheeran|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/goli-soda-web-series-update|title=Goli soda web series update|work=[[Nakkheeran]]|lang=ta|date=17 August 2024|access-date=6 September 2024|archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817105905/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/goli-soda-web-series-update|url-status=live}}</ref> The series was created by [[Vijay Milton]] and [[B. Jeyamohan]], and produced by Ramesh Krishnamoorthy with music from [[Simon K. King]]. Milton also directed the first six episodes of the first season and the remaining four episodes were directed by [[Pon Kumaran]]. Milton announced that "Goli Soda Rising will serve as the sequel to [[Goli Soda|Goli Soda 1]] and a prequel to the [[Goli Soda 2|second part]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=Suksham Sharma|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/goli-soda-the-rising-ott-release-date-disney-hotstar-when-to-watch-vijay-miltons-tamil-series-641192.html|title=Goli Soda - The Rising OTT release date Disney+ Hotstar: When to watch Vijay Milton's Tamil series|work=India Times|date=4 September 2024|access-date=6 September 2024|archive-date=17 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917133215/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/goli-soda-the-rising-ott-release-date-disney-hotstar-when-to-watch-vijay-miltons-tamil-series-641192.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Kishore DS|Kishore]], Murugesh, [[Thamizh (actor)|Pandi]], and Seetha reprised their roles from the first film ''Goli Soda''. Other cast members include [[Udayaraj]], [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]], [[Sujatha Sivakumar]], [[Abhirami Gopikumar]], [[Remya Nambeesan]], [[Ammu Abhirami]], [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]], [[John Vijay]], [[Imman Annachi]], and Bharath Seeni.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/shaam-and-cheran-starrer-goli-soda-rising-set-for-its-ott-premiere-soon/articleshow/112757855.cms|title=Shaam and Cheran starrer 'Goli Soda Rising' set for its OTT premiere soon|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 August 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|28782582}}

{{S. D. Vijay Milton}}
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
{{Disney+ Hotstar Tamil original programming}}
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sequel television series]]
[[Category:Prequel television series]]

Asha Sobhana

2026-01-23T01:27:59Z

Aman Mehta:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Asha Sobhana
| full_name =Asha Sobhana Joy
| country = India
| female = true
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|03|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg break]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]

| internationalspan = 2024–present
| international = true

| odidebutdate = 16 June
| odidebutyear = 2024
| odidebutagainst = South Africa
| odicap = 143
| lastodidate = 19 June
| lastodiyear = 2024
| lastodiagainst = South Africa

| T20Idebutdate = 6 May
| T20Idebutyear = 2024
| T20Idebutagainst = Bangladesh
| T20Icap = 82
| lastT20Idate = 9 May
| lastT20Iyear = 2024
| lastT20Iagainst = Bangladesh
| T20Ishirt = 4

| club1 = [[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
| year1 = 2006/07–2018/19, 2024/25–present

| club2 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|2013/14–2021/22}}

| club3 = [[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| year3 = 2022/23–2023/24

| club4 = {{nowrap|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]}}
| year4 = 2023–2025

| club5 = {{nowrap|[[UP Warriorz]]}}
| year5 = 2026–Present

| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/asha-sobhana-550687 ESPNcricinfo
| date = 3 April
| year = 2024
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry| {{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[Women's Asia Cup|2024 Sri Lanka]]|}}
}}

'''Asha Sobhana''' (born 16 March 1991) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Kerala women's cricket team]] in domestic cricket and for UP Warriorz in the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]. She is an [[all-rounder]], who is a right-handed [[Batting (cricket)|batter]] and a [[Leg spin|leg break bowler]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile: Asha Sobhana |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/asha-sobhana-550687 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

== Early years ==
Born in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], she found interest in cricket while studying at [[Government Higher Secondary School for Girls, Cotton Hill|Cotton Hill Girls Higher Secondary School]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Asha Sobhana? All you need to know about RCB all-rounder who picked 5-fer vs UPW in WPL 2024 |url=https://khelnow.com/cricket/wpl-2024-who-is-asha-sobhana-rcb-all-rounder |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref> Sobhana's cricket journey started when she went for her first district cricket trials and got selected for the district cricket team at the age of 12.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Kanika |date=27 February 2024 |title=Asha Shobana – Starting With Paper Balls to Becoming First Indian with WPL Fifer |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/wpl-2024-royal-challengers-bangalores-asha-shobanas-journey-starting-with-paper-balls-to-becoming-first-indian-with-wpl-fifer |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> She was mentored by former Kerala captain Shabina Jacob in her early career.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Ankit |date=25 February 2024 |title=Who is Asha Shobana? Everything you need to know about RCB's five-wicket hero |url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/who-is-asha-shobana/ |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=CricTracker |language=en}}</ref> Although initially she was a [[Fast bowling|pace bowler]], once she was bowling leg spin and was then advised by her coach to become a leg spinner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Asha Sobhana? RCB Bowler Who Picked Fifer Against UP Warriorz In WPL 2024 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/who-is-shobana-asha-rcb-bowler-who-picked-fifer-against-up-warriorz-in-wpl-2024 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> When she was 15 years old, [[Kerala Cricket Association]] sent her to train at the MAC Spin Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 20 November 2019|title=Inspired by Sachin Tendulkar, Kerala's Asha S Joy dreams of winning matches for India |url=https://thebridge.in/cricket/inspired-by-sachin-tendulkar-keralas-asha-s-joy-dreams-of-winning-matches-for-india/ |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=The Bridge |language=en}}</ref>

== Domestic career ==
Sobhana made her [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for [[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]] on 28 November 2006, against [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]] in the [[2006–07 Senior Women's One Day League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=28th November 2006, Karnataka Women v Kerala Women |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/114/114944.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=CricketArchive}}</ref> She made her [[First-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Kerala on 10 September 2007, against [[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]] in the [[2007–08 Inter State Women's Competition]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=10th September 2007, Hyderabad Women v Kerala Women |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/124/124720.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=CricketArchive}}</ref> She made her [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]] debut for Kerala on 3 December 2009, against [[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] in the 2008–09 [[Women's Senior T20 Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu vs. Kerala, 3 December 2009 |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/259/259475.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=CricketArchive}}</ref> She joined the [[Railways cricket team]] in 2011 and represented the team for ten years.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 26 February 2024|title=Hard work, determination and a bit of kismet: For RCB's Asha Sobhana, WPL is just the start |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/wpl/wpl-2024-asha-sobhana-joy-stats-royal-challengers-bangalore-domestic-cricket-indian-railways-womens-cricket/article67889458.ece |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, she left the Railways team and moved to Puducherry to do commentary for a men’s T20 tournament.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Gomesh |date=9 March 2023 |title=Kerala leggie Asha finds Joy in WPL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2023/Mar/09/kerala-leggie-asha-finds-joy-in-wpl-2554352.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Eventually, she was named as the captain of the Puducherry team for the [[2021–22 Women's Senior T20 Trophy]].<ref name=":0" /> In February 2024, she was signed by the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] at a price of ₹10 lakh to play for them in the [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023 Women's Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2024 |title=Sobhana Asha levels up to awesome for RCB |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sobhana-asha-levels-up-to-awesome-for-rcb-1422527 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

She was the leading wicket-taker for Puducherry in the [[2023–24 Women's Senior One Day Trophy]], picking up 16 wickets in seven matches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Asha Shobana? RCB Bowler who picked up a Fifer against UP Warriorz |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/who-is-asha-shobana-wpl-2024-rcb-bowler-fifer-against-up-warriorz-266181.html |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=Mykhel}}</ref> She was also the only player to score more than 200 runs and take more than 10 wickets in that tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Gaurav Nandan |date=21 February 2024 |title=WPL 2024 – Six lesser known Indian players to look out for |url=https://www.cricket.com/news/wpl-2024-six-uncapped-indian-players-to-look-out-for-2212024-1708559624945 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=Cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> On 24 February 2024, she took five wickets for 26 runs, helping RCB to beat [[UP Warriorz]] by 2 runs, during the [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024 Women's Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 24 February 2024|title=WPL 2024: Asha Sobhana's five-for helps Royal Challengers Bangalore beat UP Warriorz in nail-biter |url=https://scroll.in/field/1064234/wpl-2024-asha-sobhanas-five-for-helps-royal-challengers-bangalore-beat-up-warriorz-in-nail-biter |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> With this, she became the first Indian player to take a [[five-wicket haul]] in the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= 25 February 2024|title=Sobhana Asha becomes first Indian to take five-wicket haul in WPL history |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/sobhana-asha-indian-five-wicket-haul-wpl-13741665.html |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> She remained as the second highest wicket-taker of the season,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shreyanka Patil And Asha Sobhana: The RCB Spin Duo Are Here To Stay |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/shreyanka-patil-and-asha-sobhana-the-rcb-spin-duo-are-here-to-stay/92071/1 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> claiming 12 wickets in ten matches.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 18 March 2024|title=WPL: Top 5 uncapped players who have captured the limelight this season |url=https://thebridge.in/women-cricket/top-five-uncapped-players-of-the-season-two-of-wpl-46526 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=The Bridge |language=en}}</ref>

== International career ==
In April 2024, Sobhana earned her maiden call-up to the [[India women's national cricket team|India women's cricket team]] for their [[India women's cricket team in Bangladesh in 2024|tour to Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Maiden call-up for two WPL stars as India announce T20I squad for Bangladesh series |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/two-wpl-stars-earn-maiden-call-ups-as-india-announce-t20i-squad-for-bangladesh-series |access-date=15 April 2024 |work=International Cricket Council|date=15 April 2024}}</ref> She made her [[Women's Twenty20 International|Twenty20 International]] (T20I) debut in the fourth match of same series on 6 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1429396.html |title=4th T20I (D/N), Sylhet, May 06, 2024, India Women tour of Bangladesh |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> In May 2024, she was named in India's [[One Day International]] squad for the series [[South Africa women's cricket team in India in 2024|against South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/harmanpreet-kaur-captain-bcci-squad-announcement-indian-womens-team-ind-vs-sa-2546005-2024-05-30 |title=Harmanpreet Kaur to lead India women's multi-format squad vs South Africa |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref> She made her ODI debut on 16 June 2024, against South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IND-W vs SA-W Cricket Scorecard, 1st ODI at Bengaluru, June 16, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-vs-south-africa-women-2024-1434282/india-women-vs-south-africa-women-1st-odi-1434287/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> She was named in the India squad for the [[2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/jKTSq82Z |title=India’s squad for the ICC Women's T20 World Cup 2024 announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cricinfo|id=550687}}

{{India Squad 2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sobhana, Asha}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India women One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Railways women cricketers]]
[[Category:Pondicherry women cricketers]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL) cricketers]]

List of Bengali films of 2010

2026-01-14T09:47:58Z

Aman Mehta: minor edit

#REDIRECT [[List of Bengali films]]

Barahmasa

2026-01-03T18:30:44Z

Aman Mehta: made first info more to come

{{short description|Poetic genre}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = February 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date = February 2020}}
[[File:The Month of Ashadha (June-July), Folio from a Barahmasa (The Twelve Months) LACMA M.71.1.26.jpg|thumb|The month of ''[[Ashadha]]'' (June–July), folio from a Barahmasa painting ({{circa|1700–1725}}) |alt=|310x310px]]
'''Barahmasa''' ({{literal|the twelve months}}) is a [[Poetry|poetic]] [[genre]] popular in the [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raheja|first=Gloria Goodwin|date=2017|title="Hear the Tale of the Famine Year": Famine Policy, Oral Traditions, and the Recalcitrant Voice of the Colonized in Nineteenth-Century India|journal=Oral Tradition|language=en|volume=31|issue=1|pages=|doi=10.1353/ort.2017.0005|hdl=10355/65381|s2cid=164563056|issn=1542-4308|quote=This song was written in the traditional form of a barahmasa (a "song of the twelve months"). In central and northern India, this is almost entirely...|doi-access=free|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raeside|first=I. M. P.|date=1988|title=Bārahmāsā in Indian literatures. Songs of the twelve months in Indo-Aryan literatures. By Charlotte Vaudeville with a foreword by T. N. Madan. pp. xvi, 139. DelhiMotilal Banarsidass, 1986. (Revised and enlarged English edition, first pub. in French, 1965.) Rs. 70.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/barahmasa-in-indian-literatures-songs-of-the-twelve-months-in-indoaryan-literatures-by-charlotte-vaudeville-with-a-foreword-by-t-n-madan-pp-xvi-139-delhimotilal-banarsidass-1986-revised-and-enlarged-english-edition-first-pub-in-french-1965-rs-70/C837E45A7DD3E8B889D75356311D82F2|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|language=en|volume=120|issue=1|pages=218|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00164652|s2cid=197840649 |issn=2051-2066|via=|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dwyer|first1=Rachel|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1768150|title=Key Concepts in Modern Indian Studies|last2=Dharampal-Frick|first2=Gita|last3=Kirloskar-Steinbach|first3=Monika|last4=Phalkey|first4=Jahnavi|date=2016|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-4798-2683-4|location=|pages=|language=English|chapter=Monsoon|quote=Conversely, the sixteenth century tradition of Hindi poetry known as Barahmasa (lit. ‘songs of the twelve months’), which also appears in...|via=Project MUSE}}</ref> derived primarily from the Indian [[folk poetry|folk tradition]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wadley|first=Susan Snow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuyTqD0Ybw4C|title=Essays on North Indian Folk Traditions|date=2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-8028-016-0|location=|pages=57|language=en|quote=Evidence indicates that the Barahmasa originated in folk poetry...}}</ref> It is usually themed around a woman longing for her absent lover or husband, describing her own emotional state against the backdrop of passing seasonal and ritual events.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Orsini|first=Francesca|title=Before the divide: Hindi and Urdu literary culture|date=2010|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|isbn=978-81-250-3829-0|editor-last=Orsini|editor-first=Francesca|location=New Delhi|pages=143|chapter=Barahmasas in Hindi and Urdu|oclc=490757928}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Claus|first1=Peter J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|last2=Diamond|first2=Sarah|last3=Mills|first3=Margaret Ann|date=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5|location=|pages=52|language=en|quote=The primary focus is on the human year, as formed and mediated by the climatic year and its associated...through the psychological shoals of the annual cycle.}}</ref> The progression of months (according to the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu lunar calendar]]) is a fundamental component of the genre, but the number of months is not necessarily ''barah'' ({{Langx|hi|बारह}}, [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]:𑂫𑂰𑂩𑂯, {{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|بارہ}}}}) or "twelve" as similar poetic forms known as ''chaumasas'', ''chaymasas'' and ''ashtamasas'' (cycles of four, six, and eight months, respectively) also exist in the same lineage of folk traditions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alam|first=Muzaffar|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/25916|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-520-92673-8|editor-last=Pollock|editor-first=Sheldon|location=|pages=|language=English|chapter=The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan|quote=The succession of months is a fundamental component, but the number of months is not necessarily twelve. The songs known as chaumasas, chaymasas, and astamasas (cycles of four, six, and eight months, respectively) belong to same category. These are in some cases mere catalogs of seasonal festivals and read like a kind of calendar.}}</ref>

Although originally an [[oral tradition]], the genre was incorporated into longer poems, [[Epic poetry|epics]] and [[narrative]]s by a number of Indian poets<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Orsini|first=Francesca|title=Before the divide : Hindi and Urdu literary culture|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|year=2010|isbn=978-81-250-3829-0|location=New Delhi|pages=147|chapter=Barahmasas in Hindi and Urdu|oclc=490757928}}</ref> across major [[Modern Indo-Aryan]] languages including—[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Rajasthani languages]], [[Bihari languages]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] etc., and can be found in the folk poetry of the tribal people too.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wadley|first=Susan Snow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuyTqD0Ybw4C|title=Essays on North Indian Folk Traditions|date=2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-8028-016-0|location=|pages=54|language=en}}</ref>

== Origins ==

=== Etymology ===
The word ''barahmasa'' derives from the word ''barah'' ({{Langx|hi|बारह}}, [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]: 𑂫𑂰𑂩𑂯 {{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|بارہ}}}}) meaning "twelve" and ''masa'' ({{Langx|Bho|𑂧𑂰𑂮}}, {{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|ماہ}}}}) meaning "month".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Srivastava|first=P.K.|date=2016|title=Separation and Longing in Viraha Barahmasa|url=|journal=The Delhi University Journal of the Humanities and the Social Sciences.|volume=3|pages=43–56|via=}}</ref> Similar [[cognate]]s are employed to denote the same genre in other languages such as ''baromasi'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Bose|first1=Mandakranta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW0dAAAAQBAJ|title=A Woman's Ramayana: Candrāvatī's Bengali Epic|last2=Bose|first2=Sarika Priyadarshini|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-07125-7|location=|pages=30–32|language=en}}</ref>

== Literature ==
[[File:Bramahmasa_series.jpg|alt=bhadon month|thumb|An illustration to the month of ''[[Bhadon]].'' |border]]

=== Hindi-Urdu ===
The ''barahmasas'', along with ''saṭ-ṛtu'' (‘six seasons’) genre, were incorporated in the [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] ''premakhyans'' (‘romances’),<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Pandey|first=Shyam Manohar|title=Studies in early modern Indo-Aryan Languages, Literature, and Culture : research papers, 1992–1994, presented at the Sixth Conference on Devotional Literature in New Indo-Aryan Languages, held at Seattle, University of Washington, 7–9 July 1994|date=1999|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|others=Entwistle, A. W.|isbn=81-7304-269-1|location=New Delhi|pages=287, 303, 306|chapter=Brahamasa in Candayan and in Folk Traditions|oclc=44413992}}</ref> [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] ''rasaus'' ('ballads') such as the ''Bisaldev-ras'' of ''Nalha Kavi<ref name=":1" />''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vaudeville|first=Charlotte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sYNAAAAIAAJ|title=Bārahmāsā in Indian Literatures: Songs of the Twelve Months in Indo-Aryan Literatures|date=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0185-1|location=|pages=12|language=en}}</ref> as well as in the works of the renowned [[Braj Bhasha]] poet [[Keshavdas|Keshavadas]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sodhi|first=Jiwan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kj583zZs2dMC|title=A Study of Bundi School of Painting|date=1999|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-347-2|location=|pages=54|language=en|quote=Amongs all these poets, the most popular was Keshavdasa, the renowned poet laureate of Raja Inderjit of Orchha. He gave new meaning to the Barahmasa...The Baramasa motif in Brajbhasha poetry not only gave freshness...}}</ref> A few devotional ''barahamasa'' attributed to [[Tulsidas]] and [[Surdas]] themed mainly around the worship of [[Rama]]-[[Krishna]] have been found too.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vaudeville|first=Charlotte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sYNAAAAIAAJ|title=Bārahmāsā in Indian Literatures: Songs of the Twelve Months in Indo-Aryan Literatures|date=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0185-1|location=|pages=41|language=en|quote=...traditional barahamasas form in their religious works to the glories of Rama and Krishna...in fact a barahmasa attributed to Tulsidas...}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The ''barahmasas'' first appeared in [[Hindi]] and then gradually in [[Urdu]] as well. According to [[Francesca Orsini|Orsini]], they were "perhaps the first substantial genre in the boom in commercial publishing in north-India of the 1860s."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Orsini|first=Francesca|title=Before the divide: Hindi and Urdu literary culture|date=2010|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|isbn=978-81-250-3829-0|editor-last=Orsini|editor-first=Francesca|location=New Delhi|pages=169|oclc=490757928}}</ref>
=== Bhojpuri ===
Barahmasa in Bhojpuri language is a folk song genre which is sung throughout the year. Theme of these songs are based on human nature of love and separation.
One of the earliest form of Barahmasa is found in Gorakhnath Baani and Bharathari's writings of 11th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neeran, Mishra |first=Arunesh, Chitaranjan |title=Purain Paat |publisher=Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan |year=2002 |isbn=8171243045 |location=Varanasi |pages=14-21 |language=Bho |trans-title=Old Book}}</ref>

=== Bengali ===
In [[Bengali language|Bengali]], ''baromasis'' were incorporated in the devotional literature known as [[Mangal-Kāvya|''Mangal-Kavya'']] and [[Chandravati (poet)|Chandravati's]] adaptation of the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]] wherein [[Sita]] recollects her experiences with [[Rama]] through a whole year.<ref name=":2" />

=== Persian ===
The earliest and the only literary ''barahmasa'' in [[Persian language|Persian]] was composed by Sad-i-Salman. The poet, who lived in [[Lahore]], was probably influenced by Indian folk conventions. But its theme is neither a woman's longing nor union of lovers, and begins with the [[Iranian calendars|Iranian month]] of ''Parvardin''.<ref name=":3" />

=== Gujarati ===
In early nineteenth century [[Gujarat]], the poet-saint [[Brahmanand Swami|Brahmanand]] restructured Barahamasas and incorporated theology of [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]. His compositions fall under larger Krishna-bhakti poetry.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism : tradition, adaptation and identity|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Williams, Raymond Brady., Trivedi, Yogi.|isbn=978-0-19-908657-3|edition=1st|location=New Delhi, India|oclc=948338914}}</ref> {{clear}}

== Paintings ==
The genre was also used by artists & painting schools such as 'Bundi school of painting' to make several miniature paintings depicting different months of the year. There are about 138 Barahmasa painting in [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum]], New Delhi. Most of these paintings were belong to late 18th century to early 19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beach|first=Milo Cleveland|date=1974|title=Rajput Painting at Bundi and Kota|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1522680|journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum|volume=32|pages=55–56|doi=10.2307/1522680|jstor=1522680|issn=1423-0526|via=|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Indian folk culture]]

Srivari Brahmotsavam

2025-12-09T00:47:36Z

Aman Mehta: added info

{{Short description|Annual lunar festival}}
{{For|the principal festival|Brahmotsava}}{{More footnotes|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Srivari Brahmotsavams శ్రీవారి బ్రహ్మొత్సవములు
| type = Religious
| image = File:Lord Venkateswara on Gaja Vahanam..JPG
| imagesize = 300
| caption = [[Venkateswara Temple]] in Brahmotsavams
| official_name = Sri Venkateswara Brahmotsavams
| nickname = Tirumala Brahmotsavams, Tirupati Brahmotsavams
| observedby = [[Hindu]]s
| litcolor =
| longtype =
| significance =
| begins =
| ends =
| date =
| scheduling = 
| duration = Nine days
| frequency = Annual
| week_ordinal = 
| weekday = 
| month = 
| date2016 = 
| date2017 = 
| celebrations = The [[Malayappa swami|Malayappa]] (Shree Bhoo Sahita)(processional deity) of [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]] is taken on the morning and evening of the nine-day festival on four streets around the shrine. Celebrations include dance, music, elephants and horses.
| observances =
| relatedto = [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]]
}}
'''Sri Venkateswara Swami Vari Brahmotsavam''' or '''Srivari Brahmotsavam'''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkataramanan |first=Geetha |date=2017-09-21 |title=Tirupati, getting ready for Brahmotsavam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/brahmotsavam-celebrations-begin-at-tirupati/article19728057.ece |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> or '''Purattasi Brahmotvasam'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamil |first=Updated: {{!}}Samayam |title=திருமலை திருப்பதி புரட்டாசி பிரம்மோற்சவம் 2022 - முழு விபரம் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/religion/religious/tirumala-tirupati-purattasi-brahmotsavam-2022/articleshow/94449601.cms |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> is the most significant<ref name=svutsav1>{{cite book | title = Srivari Brahmotsavam| work = The Hindu | year = 1975 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=FXZMAgAAQBAJ&q=tirupati+brahmotsavams+the+hindu&pg=PA26}}</ref> annual [[fête]] celebrated at the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]] in [[Tirumala]]-[[Tirupati]], [[Tirupati district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkataramanan |first=Geetha |date=2017-09-21 |title=Tirupati, getting ready for Brahmotsavam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/brahmotsavam-celebrations-begin-at-tirupati/article19728057.ece |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> which falls between the Telugu calendar of ''Aasveeyujamu'' / Tamil calendar month of ''Purattasi''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkataramanan |first=Geetha |date=2017-09-21 |title=Tirupati, getting ready for Brahmotsavam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/brahmotsavam-celebrations-begin-at-tirupati/article19728057.ece |access-date=2025-09-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and the [[Gregorian calendar]] months of September or October.<ref>{{Cite news|title=8th Day of Srivari Salakatla Brahmotsavam-Aswa Vahanam on Oct 12|date=12 October 2013|newspaper=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams News|url=http://news.ttdevasthanams.com/8th-day-of-srivari-salakatla-brahmotsavam-aswa-vahanam-on-oct-12/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318182257/http://news.ttdevasthanams.com/8th-day-of-srivari-salakatla-brahmotsavam-aswa-vahanam-on-oct-12/|archive-date=18 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''Utsava-murti'' (processional deity) of the presiding deity, [[Venkateswara]], and his consorts Sridevi and Bhudevi are taken on a procession on several ''[[vahana]]ms'' on the streets surrounding the temple. The celebration attracts pilgrims and tourists from all over India and around the world. A ''Brahmotsavam'' is a cleansing ceremony in honor of [[Brahma|Lord Brahma]], and the ceremony at Tirumala is the largest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brahmotsavam: Why is Brahmotsavam Celebrated|publisher=Ygoy|url=http://hinduism.ygoy.com/2011/08/17/brahmotsavam-why-is-brahmotsavam-celebrated/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318173943/http://hinduism.ygoy.com/2011/08/17/brahmotsavam-why-is-brahmotsavam-celebrated/|archive-date=18 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''Brahmotsavam'' is a combination of two [[Sanskrit]] words—''[[Brahma]]'' and ''utsavam'' (festival)—and Brahma reportedly conducted the first festival. ''Brahma'' also means "grand" or "large".<ref name="day5night1">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/brahmotsavam-celebrations-begin-at-tirupati/article19728057.ece| title=Mother of all Festivals | work=The Hindu | date=21 September 2017 | access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> Srivari Brahmotsavam is also known as "Venkateswara Salakatla Brahmotsavams" and "Venkateswara Navaratri Brahmotsavams".

==Two festivals==
When there is an extra month in the Telugu calendar, two Brahmotsavam are held viz., Salakatla and Navarathri. Both festivals were held in 2015, 2018, 2020 and 2023

'''Brahmotsavam 2024'''

This year, in 2024, since there is no Adhika Maasa, there will only be one Brahmotsavam, which is the annual Salakatla Brahmotsavam.

The Salakatla Brahmotsavam and the Navaratri Brahmotsavam will be held together..

The TTD Brahmotsavam 2024 will take place from October 3 to October 12.<ref>{{Cite web
|title=TTD Brahmotsavam 2024
|url=https://tirupatibalajionline.com/tirumala-srivari-brahmotsavam-2024-dates/
|website=Tirupati Balaji Online
|access-date=25 June 2024
}}</ref>

In Salakatla Brahmotsavam, Rathotsavam (Big Chariot) is held on the morning of the eighth day; during [[Navaratri]] Brahmotsavam, Golden Chariot (Swarna Rathotsavam) is held that morning of the eighth day. In Salakatla Brahmotsavam, there will be flag hoisting (Dwajarohanam) on 1st day and flag-lowering (Dwajaavarohanam) on the evening of the ninth day.<ref>{{cite web|last1=K|first1=Kandaswamy|title= Detailed Schedule of Brahmotsavam in Tirupati - 2 Brahmotsavam if Adhika Maas (Extra Month) comes in Lunar Calendar|url=https://skanda-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/tirupati-brahmotsavam-schedule-tirumala-salakatla-navarathri-brahmotsavam-garuda-seva-dates.html|website=Live Trend|publisher=K Kandaswamy|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

==History and legend==
According to the [[legend of Tirumala]], Brahma descends to earth to conduct the festival.<ref name=svutsav1 /> ''Sri Venkteswara Sahasranamastotra'' refers to Brahma performing the festival, signified by a small, empty wooden chariot (''brahmaratham'') which moves ahead of the processions of the [[Venkateswara]] processional deity [[Malayappa swami|Malayappa]].<ref name=svutsav1 /><ref name=toi1>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tirupati-dresses-up-for-Brahmotsavam/articleshow/24404716.cms?referral=PM| title=Tirupati dresses up for Brahmotsavam | work=Times of India | date=7 October 2002 | access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref>

The first reference to festivals in the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] was in 966 CE, when the Pallava queen Samavai endowed land and ordered its revenue to celebrate festivals in the temple.{{sfn|Sharma|Young|1999|p=48}}<ref name=svutsav1 /> Until 1582, Brahmotsavams were held as often as 12 times a year.<ref name=svutsav1 />

==Celebrations==
The Brahmotsavam is held over nine days at the beginning of the [[Hindu calendar]] month of [[Asvina|Āśvina]], paralleling [[Navaratri]]. The evening before the first day, the rite of Ankurarpana (the sowing of seeds to signify fertility and abundance) is performed. The main first-day activity is Dwajarohana, the raising of the [[Garuda]] flag to signify the beginning of the festival. Religious activities during the festival include daily [[Homa (ritual)|homas]] and processions on streets surrounding the temple. The final day commemorates Venkateswara's birth star. The [[Sudarshana Chakra]] is bathed in the [[temple tank]] with the devotees. The Chakra is then placed on a high platform, and the devotees walk under it and are blessed with its dripping water. The festival ends with Dhvajavarohanam, the lowering of the Garuda flag.

{{glossary}}
{{term|Dwajarohanam}}
{{defn|A ceremony on the first day, when a flag with a picture of [[Garuda]] (the [[Vahana|vehicle]] of [[Vishnu]]) is hoisted over the temple.<ref name=day1>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tirumala-brahmotsavam-begins/article5205431.ece | title=Tirumala Brahmotsavam begins | work=The Hindu | date=6 October 2006 | access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref> The flag is believed to be a symbolic invitation to the [[Hindu deities]] to attend the festival.<ref name=day1 /> After the ceremony, the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] [[chief minister]] offers new silk clothes to [[Venkateswara]].<ref name=day1cm>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ttd-gearing-up-for-brahmotsavams/article19212171.ece| title=TTD gearing up for Brahmotsavams | work=The Hindu | date=5 July 2017 | access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>}}

{{term|Pedda Shesha Vahanam}}
{{defn|On the evening of the first day, The processional deity of Sri [[Malayappa Swami]] is carried on a Seven - hooded golden Pedda Shesha Vahanam. The serpent represents [[Adisesha]], the divine serpent that serves as the couch of [[Lord Vishnu]]. The vahana symbolizes the universe's support and balance, as Shesha is believed to hold the world.}}

{{term|Chinna Shesha Vahanam}}
{{defn|On the morning of the second day, The processional deity of Sri [[Malayappa Swami]], donning the role of [[Sri Krishna]], will be taken for a pleasure ride on the five - hooded golden Chinna Sesha vahanam in all his majestic display of power and strength. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.tirumala.org/malayappa-as-sri-krishna-takes-ride-on-chinna-sesha-vahanam|title=MALAYAPPA AS SRI KRISHNA TAKES RIDE ON CHINNA SESHA VAHANAM – TTD News|website=TTD News}}</ref>}}

{{term|Hamsa Vahanam}}
{{defn|On the evening of the second day, The processional deity of Sri [[Malayappa Swami]], will be taken around for a ride on a golden swan. The [[swan]] symbolizes purity, knowledge, and wisdom. It is said that [[Lord Vishnu]] himself took the form of a swan in ancient mythology, and this procession is a reminder of divine wisdom and enlightenment. It is also associated with the goddess of knowledge - [[Saraswati]], and the creator god - [[Brahma]], who is often depicted riding a swan.}}

{{term|Garuda Vahanam}}
{{defn|On the evening of the fifth day, Venkateswara and Garuda are carried in a procession and decorated with garlands of flowers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.tirumala.org/andal-mala-presented-to-lord-venkateswara-in-tirumala|title=Andal Mala Presented to Lord Venkateswara in Tirumala|access-date=18 December 2019|date=29 September 2014|website=TTD News}}</ref> Every year, the Tirupati Venkateswara garland is sent to the Srivilliputtur Andal Temple for the marriage festival of Andal.<ref name="sri">{{cite web|url=http://www.srivilliputtur.co.in/srivilliputtur_andal_temple.html|title=Srivilliputtur Andal Temple|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024095724/http://www.srivilliputtur.co.in/srivilliputtur_andal_temple.html|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref>}}
{{term|Hanumantha Vahanam}}
{{defn|On the morning of the sixth day morning, Venkateswara and [[Hanuman]] are taken out in procession.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Srivari Salakatla Brahmotsavam - Hanumantha Vahanam|date=10 October 2013|newspaper=Indian New Times 24X7|url=http://www.indiannewstimes.in/srivari-salakatla-brahmotsavam-hanumantha-vahanam/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318215142/http://www.indiannewstimes.in/srivari-salakatla-brahmotsavam-hanumantha-vahanam/|archive-date=18 March 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}
{{term|Chakra Snanam}}
{{defn|On the morning of the ninth day, the [[Malayappa swami|Malayappa]], his two [[Queen consort|consort]]s and the [[Sudarshana Chakra]] are carried in procession to the [[Varahaswamy Temple, Tirumala|Varahaswamy Temple]].<ref name=day9m>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/grand-finale-to-tirumala-brahmotsavam/article2518756.ece| title=Grand finale to Tirumala Brahmotsavam | work=The Hindu | date=8 October 2011 | access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref> After the [[abhishekam]] and presentation of food offerings, the Sudarshana Chakra and its devotees are bathed in the temple tank.<ref name=day9m />}}
{{glossary end}}

==Procedure==
*First day
**Morning : '''Dwajarohanam''' [The official commencement of the [[Brahmotsava]]]
**Evening : '''Pedda Shesha Vahanam''' [Seven hooded [[Adishesha]]]
*Second day
**Morning : '''Chinna Shesha Vahanam''' [Fived hooded [[Vasuki]]] [[File:Malayappa in Chinnasesha Vahanam.jpg|thumb|Chinna Sesha Vahanam|300px]]
**Evening : '''Hamsa Vahanam''' [Golden [[Swan]]] [[File:Malayappa in hamsa vahanam.jpg|thumb| Hamsa vahanam|300px]]
*Third day
**Morning : '''Simha Vahanam''' [Golden [[Lion]]]
**Evening : '''Muthuyapu Pandiri Vahanam''' [Pearl-studded Palanquin][[File:Malayappa in mutyala pandiri vahanam.jpg|thumb|Mutyala pandiri vahanam|300px]]
*Forth day
**Morning : '''Kalpavriksha Vahanam''' [Wish-fulfilling Tree] [[File:Malayappa in kalpavriksham vahanam.jpg|thumb|Kalpa Vruksha Vahanam|300px]]
**Evening : '''sarva bhoopala Vahanam''' [Carried as Ruler of the world][[File:Malayappa in sarvabhoopala vahanam.jpg|thumb|sarvabhoopala vahanam|300px]]
*Fifth day
**Morning :'''Mohini Avatharam''' [Mohini]
**Evening :'''Garuda Vahanam''' [Eagle - [[Garuda]]]
*Sixth day
**Morning : '''Hanumantha Vahanam''' [Lord [[Hanuman]]], '''Vasanthotsavam'''
**Pre Evening : '''Swarana Rathotsavam''' [Golden Chariot][[File:Malayappa in swarnarathotsavam.jpg|thumb| Swarna Rathotsavam [Golden Chariot]|300px]]
**Evening :'''Gaja Vahanam''' [Golden [[Elephant]]]

*Seventh day
**Morning :'''Surya Prabha Vahanam''' [Sun - [[Surya]]]
**Evening :'''Chandra Prabha Vahanam''' [Moon - [[Chandra]]]
*Eighth day
**Morning :'''Rathotsavam''' [Big Chariot]
**Evening :'''Aswa Vahanam''' [Golden [[Horse]]]
*Ninth day
**Morning :'''Pallaki utsavam''' [Palanquin], '''Chakra snanam''' [Bath of [[Sudarshana Chakra|Vishnu Chakra]]]
**Evening :'''Dwaja avarohanam''' [The closing ritual of [[Brahmotsava]]]

==See also==
* [[Venkateswara]]
* [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Sharma |editor1-first=Arvind |editor2-last=Young |editor2-first=Katherine K. |date=1999 |title=Feminism and World Religions |location=Albany |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=0-7914-4023-0 }}
* {{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-10-07/hyderabad/27302532_1_tirumala-temple-lord-venkateswara-goddess-padmavathi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014095333/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-10-07/hyderabad/27302532_1_tirumala-temple-lord-venkateswara-goddess-padmavathi|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2012|title=Tirupati dresses up for Brahmotsavam|date=6 October 2002|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 December 2019}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/crafts-mela-to-coincide-with-brahmotsavam/article27977498.ece|title=Crafts mela to coincide with Brahmotsavam|date=17 September 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 December 2019}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060217203559/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/10/stories/2005101003630200.htm The Hindu reports on Brahmotsavam]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020808060042/http://www.tirumala.org/utsavams.htm The temple's official page on the festival]
*{{Commons category-inline|Srivari Brahmotsavam}}

{{Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala}}{{Tirupati topics}}

[[Category:Festivals in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:September]]
[[Category:October]]
[[Category:Tirumala festivals]]
[[Category:Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]
[[Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]
[[Category:Tirupati]]

2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage

2025-12-04T12:46:27Z

Aman Mehta:

{{Short description|Group stage of 2025–26 AIFF Super Cup}}
{{Main|2025–26 AIFF Super Cup}}
{{infobox football tournament season
| title = {{nowrap|[[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]] [[AIFF Super Cup]] group stage}}
| country = India
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| num_teams = 16
| matches = 24
| goals = 60
| top goal scorer = [[Koldo Obieta]] (Kerala Blasters) (3 goals)
| attendance = {{#expr:10188}}
| prevseason = [[2025 AIFF Super Cup group stage|2025]]
| nextseason = [[2026 AIFF Super Cup group stage|2026]]
}}
The '''[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup]]''' edition is being held in Goa from October 25 to November 22, 2025. Due to scheduling changes, it is being held at the start of the season. A total of 16 teams, consisting of 13 [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) and 3 [[I-League]], are competing in the group stage to decide the 4 places in the [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Giri |first=Rahul |date=2025-09-12 |title=AIFF Shortlists Goa as Centralised Venue for Super Cup |url=https://revsportz.in/aiff-shortlists-goa-as-centralised-venue-for-super-cup/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Revsportz {{!}} Sports News Portal {{!}} Latest Sports Articles |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Draw ==

The draw for the group stage was conducted on 25 September 2025.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mohun Bagan, FC Goa top seeded for Super Cup, 16 teams to take part |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/goa/mohun-bagan-fc-goa-top-seeded-for-super-cup-16-teams-to-take-part/articleshow/124055437.cms |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

All current ISL teams except [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] participated. This included [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]], who were newly promoted to the ISL. Three other I-League teams (based on their standings in the [[2024–25 I-League]] also participated: [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]], [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] and [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] (who replaced [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-13 |title=Goa to host Super Cup, AFC spot on offer for winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-to-host-super-cup-afc-spot-on-offer-for-winner/articleshow/123858353.cms |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-10-16 |title=Real Kashmir FC withdraws from AIFF Super Cup 2025-26; Dempo SC named replacement |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/real-kashmir-fc-withdraws-aiff-super-cup-2025-26-dempo-replacement/article70170882.ece |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] and [[FC Goa]], the top two ISL teams were placed in position 1 in Groups A and B respectively. The rest of the teams were divided into two pots, with the remaining ten ISL teams placed in Pots 1, according to their points in the [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25 ISL]]. The four I-League teams were placed in Pot 2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa to host Super Cup, 12 ISL teams confirm participation with schedule decided |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-super-cup-schedule-202509 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style=white-space:nowrap
|-
!width=25%| Predetermined
!width=25%| Pot 1
!width=25%| Pot 2
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] (A1) [[FC Goa|Goa]] '''(H)''' (B1)
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] [[Northeast United FC|NorthEast United]] [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] [[Punjab FC|Punjab]] [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] [[SC Delhi|Delhi]] [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|}

==Format==
Each group is being played in a single [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format. The top team advances to the knockout stage.<ref name=":0" />

===Tiebreakers===
The teams are ranked according to [[Three points for a win|points]]. When tied on points, tiebreakers are applied in the following order:
# Points in head-to-head matches among participating teams;
#[[Goal difference]] in head-to-head matches among participating teams;
#Goals scored in head-to-head matches among participating teams;
#If more than two teams are tied, and after applying all head-to-head criteria above, a subset of teams are still tied, all head-to-head criteria above are reapplied exclusively to the matches between the participating teams,
#Goal difference from all group matches;
#Goals scored from all group matches;
#[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if only two teams are tied and they met in the last round of the group;
#Disciplinary points (yellow card = 1 point, red card as a result of two yellow cards = 3 points, direct red card = 3 points, yellow card followed by direct red card = 4 points);
#Drawing of lots.

==Groups==
===Group A===
{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group A|show_matches=yes |teamwidth=240}}

{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 1'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|25|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57383 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57383_Match_Summary_V1_1761397759.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| goals1 =
*[[Mahesh Singh Naorem|Naorem]] {{goal|46}}
*[[Miguel Figueira|Figueira]] {{goal|57}}
| goals2 =
*[[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|M. Ali]] {{goal|27}}
*[[Laximanrao Rane|Rane]] {{goal|89}}
| location = [[Bambolim]]
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance = 934
| referee = Ashwin Man of the Match: Laximanrao Rane (Dempo)
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 2'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|25|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57384 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57384_Match_Summary_V1_1761408163.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 =
*[[Jamie Maclaren|Maclaren]] {{goal|38||67}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 323
| referee = TV Nagvenkar Man of the Match: [[Jamie Maclaren]] (Mohun Bagan)
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 7'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|28|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| score = 0–4
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57385 I-League] 
[https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57385_Match_Summary_V1_1761656123.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*[[Kevin Sibille|Sibille]] {{goal|36}}
*[[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|Thounaojam]] {{goal|40||45+1}}
*[[Hiroshi Ibusuki|Ibusuki]] {{goal|90+4|pen.}}
| location = [[Bambolim]]
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance = 247
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha Man of the Match: [[Naorem Mahesh Singh]] (East Bengal)
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 8'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|28|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57386 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57386_Match_Summary_V1_1761667561.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location=[[Fatorda]]
| stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 576
| referee = Crystal John Man of the Match: Ashish Sibi (Dempo)
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 13'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|31|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57387 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57387_Match_Summary_V1_1761915464.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 =
*[[Shubham Rawat|Rawat]] {{goal|28}}
| goals2 =
*[[Samik Mitra|Mitra]] {{goal|31}}
| location=[[Bambolim]]
| stadium=[[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance = 674
| referee = Pratik Mondal
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 14'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|31|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57388 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57388_Match_Summary_V1_1761926793.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location=[[Fatorda]]
| stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 1245
| referee = Harish Kundu Man of the Match: [[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodríguez]] (Mohun Bagan)
}}

===Group B===
{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group B|show_matches=yes |teamwidth=240}}

{{#invoke:Football box |main
| round = '''Match 3'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|26|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57390 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57390_Match_Summary_V1_1761483696.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 =
*[[Alaaeddine Ajaraie|Ajaraie]] {{goal|18}}
*[[Míchel Zabaco|Zabaco]] {{goal|40}}
| goals2 =
*[[Harmanpreet Singh (footballer)|H. Singh]] {{goal|5}}
*[[Karthik Panicker|Panicker]] {{goal|74}}
| location = [[Bambolim]]
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance = 226
| referee = Harish Kundu Man of the Match: Karthik Panicker (Inter Kashi)
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 4'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|26|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57389 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57389_Match_Summary_V1_1761496166.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 =
*[[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] {{goal|45}}
*[[Dejan Dražić|Dražić]] {{goal|66}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 327
| referee = Venkatesh Ramachandran Man of the Match: [[Dejan Dražić|Dejan Drazic]] (Goa)
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 9'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|29|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57391 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57391_Match_Summary_V2_1761743173.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| goals1 =
*[[Pronay Halder|Halder]] {{goal|43}}
*[[Raphaël Messi Bouli|Messi Bouli]] {{goal|89}}
| goals2 =
*[[Chema (footballer, born 1997)|Chema]] {{goal|20}}
*[[Alaaeddine Ajaraie|Ajaraie]] {{goal|29}}
| location = [[Bambolim]]
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance = 467
| referee = Tejas Nagvenkar
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 10'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|29|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57392 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57392_Match_Summary_V1_1761753938.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 =
*[[Dejan Dražić|Dražić]] {{goal|4}}
*[[Borja Herrera|Herrera]] {{goal|38||42}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 893
| referee = Ashwin Man of the Match: [[Borja Herrera]] (Goa)
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 15'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|01|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57393 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57393_Match_Summary_V2_1762002964.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*[[Raphaël Messi Bouli|Messi Bouli]] {{goal|38}}
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 2001)|Manvir]] {{goal|82}}
| location = [[Bambolim]]
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance = 136
| referee = K Ramdasan
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 16'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|01|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57394 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57394_Match_Summary_V1_1762013073.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| goals1 =
*[[Sahil Tavora|Tavora]] {{goal|72}}
| goals2 =
*[[Chema (footballer, born 1997)|Chema]] {{goal|68}}
*[[Robin Yadav|Yadav]] {{goal|77}}
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,723
| referee = Crystal John Man of the Match: Dipesh Chauhan (NorthEast United)
}}

===Group C===
{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group C|show_matches=yes |teamwidth=240}}

{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 5'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|27|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57395 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57395_Match_Summary_V2_1761570405.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 =
*[[Muhammad Suhail F|Suhail]] {{goal|2}}
*[[Nikhil Prabhu|Prabhu]] {{goal|10}}
*[[Princeton Rebello|Rebello]] {{goal|43}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Bambolim]]
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance = 189
| referee = K Ramdasan
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 12'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|30|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57396 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57396_Match_Summary_V1_1761840085.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| goals1 =
*[[Kelvin Singh Taorem|Taorem]] {{goal|34}}
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|86|pen.}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 232
| referee = Venkatesh Ramachandran Man of the Match: Taorem Kelvin Singh (Bengaluru)
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 17'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|02|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 0–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57397 I-League]
 [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57397_Match_Summary_V2_1762088538.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*[[Ninthoinganba Meetei|Ninthoi]] {{goal|27}}
*[[Samir Zeljković|Zeljković]] {{goal|43}}
*[[Manglenthang Kipgen|Kipgen]] {{goal|73}}
| location = [[Bambolim]]
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance = 123
| referee = Tejas Nagvenkar
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 18'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|02|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 0–4
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57398 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57398_Match_Summary_V1_1762099446.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*[[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{goal|7||47}}
*[[Vinith Venkatesh|Vinith]] {{goal|44}}
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|62}}
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 350
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha Man of the Match: [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]] (Bengaluru)
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 21'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|05|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57400 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57400_Match_Summary_V1_1762348397.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| goals1 =
*[[Albert Torras|Torras]] {{goal|28}}
*[[Samuel Kynshi|Kynshi]] {{goal|56}}
*[[Juan Carlos Rico Azorin|Azorin]] {{goal|86}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Bambolim]]
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance = 100
| referee = Crystal John
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 22'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|05|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57399 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57399_Match_Summary_V1_1762359918.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|penalties1 =
*[[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Wangjam]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Braian Sánchez|Sánchez]] {{pengoal}}
|penaltyscore = 4–5
|penalties2 =
*{{pengoal}} [[Effiong Nsungusi|Nsungusi]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Princeton Rebello|Rebello]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Samir Zeljković|Zeljković]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Leon Augustine|L.Augustine]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Vinit Rai|V. Rai]]
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 100
| referee = Ashwin Man of the Match: [[Muheet Shabir]] (Punjab)
}}

=== Group D ===
{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group D|show_matches=yes |teamwidth=240}}

{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 6'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|27|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[SC Delhi|Delhi]]
| score = 1–4
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57401 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57395_Match_Summary_V2_1761570405.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 =
*[[Andrei Alba|Alba]] {{goal|75|p}}
| goals2 =
*[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|P. Díaz]] {{goal|7}}
*[[Vikram Partap Singh|V. P. Singh]] {{goal|9||90+4}}
*[[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Ortiz]] {{goal|32}}
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 272
| referee = Pratik Mondal Man of the Match: [[Vikram Partap Singh|Vikram Partap]] (Mumbai City)
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 11'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|30|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57402 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57402_Match_Summary_V1_1761829432.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*[[Koldo Obieta|Obieta]] {{goal|87}}
| location = [[Bambolim]]
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance = 213
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 19'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|03|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57404 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57404_Match_Summary_V1_1762174714.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[SC Delhi|Delhi]]
| goals1 =
*[[Koldo Obieta|Obieta]] {{goal|18||23}}
*[[Korou Singh Thingujam|Thingujam]] {{goal|34}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Bambolim]]
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance = 100
| referee = Ashwin
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 20'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|03|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57403 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57403_Match_Summary_V1_1762185787.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 =
*[[Robinson Blandón|Blandón]] {{goal|43}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 150
| referee = Pratik Mondal Man of the Match: Robinson Blandón (Rajasthan)
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 23'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|06|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57405 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57405_Match_Summary_V1_1762433967.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[SC Delhi|Delhi]]
| goals1 =
*[[Pedro Astray|Pedro]] {{goal|22}}
*[[Robinson Blandón|Blandón]] {{goal|35}}
| goals2 =
*[[Sourav K.|Sourav]] {{goal|61}}
*[[Alan Saji|Saji]] {{goal|90+4}}
| location = [[Bambolim]]
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance = 100
| referee = K Ramdasan
}}
{{#invoke:Football box|main
| round = '''Match 24'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|06|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57406 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57406_Match_Summary_V1_1762445267.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| goals1 =
*[[Muhammed Saheef|Saheef]] {{goal|88|o.g.}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 488
| referee = Harish Kundu Man of the Match: [[Akash Mishra]] (Mumbai City)
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/super-cup AIFF Super Cup] at the-aiff.com
*[https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/super-cup/# AIFF Super Cup] at i-league.com
{{#invoke:Portal bar|main|India|Association football}}
{{AIFF Super Cup}}

[[Category:2025–26 AIFF Super Cup]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football]]

Pichatur

2025-12-02T07:19:00Z

Aman Mehta: adding a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pichatur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|24|03|N|79|44|28|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Pitchatur
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 517587
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08576
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pichatur''' is a village in [[Tirupati district]] of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the mandal headquarters of Pitchatur mandal.<ref name=map>{{cite web |title=Chittoor District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2015|pages=477, 513|format=PDF}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]

Super Mom (TV series)

2025-11-10T16:18:47Z

Aman Mehta: started first stub from scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* Children
* Reality
* [[Talent show]]
}}
| starring =
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Archana Chandhoke]] (S1–S3)
* Zaara Vineet (S1–S3)
* VJ Vijay (Super Mom Reunion)
* [[Poornitha]] (Super Mom Reunion)
}}
| judges = {{plainlist|
* [[Priya Raman]] (Super Mom Reunion)
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] (Season 3)
}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 34+1 (Special Episode)
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| runtime = approx. 60–70 minutes per episode (seasons 1 & 3) approx. 120–150 minutes per episode (Super Mom Reunion)
| company =
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|11|4}}
| last_aired = present
| voices =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| related = DID Super Moms
}}

'''''Super Mom''''' is a 2018 Indian-[[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language children reality television show airs on [[Zee Tamil]] and streamed on [[ZEE5]]. Over four years, Super Mom has rolled out three seasons and [[Archana Chandhoke]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994522831/Yov-tube-Archanas-net-worth|title=Archana has been anchoring since the 90s when private satellite channels were introduced in Tamil.|website=www.indiaherald.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/138529-anchor-archana-and-her-daughter-sara-jointly-hosts-reality-show-super-mom|title=அம்மாவும் மகளுமா ஆங்கரிங் பண்ண வர்றோம்! - அர்ச்சனா|website=cinema.vikatan.com|date=October 2018 |language=ta}}</ref> and her daughter Zaara Vineet<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vj-archana-daughter-sara-expresses-strong-criticism-on-the-bigg-boss-tamil-show-vijay-tv-tamil-news-323405|title=VJ Archana's daughter expresses strong criticisms over the Bigg Boss Tamil show!|website=www.indiaglitz.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/archana-chandoke-and-zaara-vineet-to-host-a-show-details-inside/articleshow/89089653.cms|title=Archana Chandoke and Zaara Vineet to host a show? details inside|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=24 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> has continued as a host for three seasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/vj-archana-interview-about-zee-tamil-super-mom-show-and-daughter-sarah-510738/|title=சாராவுடன் நிகழ்ச்சி பண்ணும்போது பயமா இருக்கு… உண்மையை உடைத்த விஜே அர்ச்சனா|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}</ref>

The show about Tamil Television celebrity moms and their kids, where they indulge in various fun games and activities together. The winner of this game show will be crowned as the "Super Mom". The first season was premiered on 4 November 2018.

==Overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Original Broadcast
! rowspan="2" |Winner
! rowspan="2" |Runner up
! rowspan="2" |Aried
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First Aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last Aired
|-
|style="background:#0000A0"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 1|1]]'''
|rowspan="2"align="center"| 17
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2018|11|4}}
|{{start date|df=yes|2019|3|3}}
|style="background:cyan;" |Swetha and Hrithik
|style="background:pink;" |Preethi Sanjeev and Laya
| rowspan="2"align="center"|Sunday at 20:00
|-
|style="background:#E0C56E"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 2|2]]'''
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2019|11|10}}
|{{start date|df=yes|2019|3|8}}
|style="background:cyan;" |Devi and [[Yuvina Parthavi]]
|style="background:pink;" |Gayathri and Tharun
|-
|style="background:#3598FB"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Super Mom Reunion|SE]]'''
| 1 Special Episode
|align="center" colspan="2" style= | {{start date|df=yes|2020|11|28}}
|
|
|align="center"|Sunday at 18:30 - 21:30
|-
|style="background:#8FBC8F"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 3|3]]'''
|align="center"| 16
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2022|9|4}}
|1 January 2023
|style="background:cyan;" |Roshini and Riya
|style="background:pink;" |Meera Krishna and Akshit
|align="center"|Sunday at 18:30 -20:00
|-
|}

==Season 1==
The first season aired on every Sunday at 20:00 from 4 November 2018 to 3 March 2019 and ended with 17 Episodes. The winner of the season was Television Actress Swetha and her son Hrithik. Actress Preethi and her daughter Laya was the runner-up, Deepa and her son Godwin and Krithika Laddu and her daughter Srika was Second Runner-up.

=== Contestants ===
* Anitha Venkat and Aishwarya
* Deepa and Godwin
* Jayashree and Rethva
* Krithika and Vishnu
* Krithika Laddu and Srika
* Monica and Jaden
* Preethi Sanjeev and Laya
* Swetha and Hrithik Bharathi
* Vanaja and Saisri Priyamvatha

==Season 2==
The second season aired on every Sunday at 20:00 from 10 November 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/super-mom-season-2-promo-sizzles-the-viewers-367555.html|title=பனி விழும் இரவு... நனைந்தது நிலவு... இவங்களும் சூப்பர் மாம்தான்!|website=tamil.oneindia.com|date=5 November 2019 |language=ta}}</ref> to 8 March 2019 and ended with 17 Episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-mom-2-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/71776477.cms|title='Super Mom 2' to premiere soon|work=The Times of India|date=26 October 2019 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> The winner of the season was Devi and her daughter [[Yuvina Parthavi]]. Actress Gayathri and her son Tharun was the runner-up. [[Archana Chandhoke]] and her daughter [[Archana Chandhoke|Zaara Vineet]] has officially once again been appointed as the host for the second time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/are-you-ready-for-super-mom-season-2-of-zee-tamil-tv/articlecontent-pf405332-365155.html|title=ஜீ தமிழ் டிவியின் சூப்பர் மாம் சீசன் 2 நீங்க ரெடியா?|date=9 October 2019 |publisher=tamil.oneindia.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/archana-and-her-daughter-zaara-are-co-hosting-the-show-super-mom/articleshow/72039154.cms|title=Archana and her daughter Zaara are co-hosting the show Super Mom|work=The Times of India|date=14 November 2019 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/super-mom-programme-looks-like-kushboo-s-jackpot-376098.html|title=சூப்பர் மாம் குஷ்பூ நடத்தின ஜாக்பாட் மாதிரி இருக்குதே...!?|website=tamil.oneindia.com|date=4 February 2020 |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Contestants ===
* Akila and Dhanaviruthika
* Anisha and Sasha
* Arthi and Theo
* Devi and [[Yuvina Parthavi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/super-mom-season-2-all-set-to-rock-the-small-screen/articlecontent-pf414711-368637.html|title=சூப்பர் மாம் சீசன் 2 கலக்கலா இருக்கும் போலிருக்கே!|website=tamil.oneindia.com|date=15 November 2019 |language=ta}}</ref>
* Gayathri and Tharun
* Janaki and Makshi
* Neepa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/serial-actress-neepa-cry-in-zee-tamil-tv-super-mom-show-her-daughter-solves/|title=அம்மாக்கள்தானே மகள்களுக்கு ஆறுதல் கூறுவார்கள்… ஆனால், நீபா மகளைப் பாருங்கள்!|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}</ref> and Shreya
* Nithya and Boshika
* [[Shanthi (choreographer)|Shanthi]] and Tharak
* Sulabha and Samrith

==Season 3==
The show launched on 4 September 2022 on every Sunday at 18:30 on [[Zee Tamil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/zee-tamil-super-mom-season-3/articleshow/93802884.cms|title=Super mom: ஜீ தமிழ் சூப்பர் மாம் சீசன் 3 உடன் சூப்பர் குடும்ப ஞாயிறுகள் மீண்டும் வரவுள்ளன..!|website=tamil.samayam.com|language=ta}}</ref> and streamed on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-zee-tamil-tv-super-mom-season-3-program-participants-name-list-out-795524.html|title=சூப்பர் மாம் சீசன் 3 நிகழ்ச்சியில் பங்கேற்கும் முதல் 5 போட்டியாளர்கள் யார் தெரியுமா?|website=tamil.news18.com|date=2 September 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> [[Archana Chandhoke]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-archana-chandhoke-daughter-zaara-super-mom-show-biggboss-archana-back-to-zee-media-from-vijay-television-791206.html|title=மீண்டும் பழைய இடத்திற்கு சென்ற பிக் பாஸ் அர்ச்சனா!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=25 August 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> and her daughter [[Archana Chandhoke|Zaara Vineet]] has officially once again been appointed as the host for the third time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/we-are-humans-and-we-fight-our-own-battles-too-vj-archana-chandoke-and-daughter-zaara-vineet-hit-back-at-hatred-for-their-latest-pictures/articleshow/89184990.cms|title=We are humans and we fight our own battles too: VJ Archana Chandoke and daughter Zaara Vineet hit back at hatred for their latest pictures|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=28 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as the judge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/actress-kushboo-interview-about-zee-tamil-super-mom-reality-show-511077/|title=இவர்களை பார்க்கும்போது எனது குழந்தை பருவம் நினைவுக்கு வருகிறது : நடிகை குஷ்பு சிறப்பு பேட்டி|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-mom-season-3-to-feature-khushboo-as-judge-and-mom-daughter-duo-archana-zaara-as-hosts/articleshow/93803954.cms|title=Super Mom Season 3 to feature Khushboo as judge and mom-daughter duo Archana-Zaara as hosts|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=26 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The final episode was aired on 1 January 2023 on Sunday at 5PM. The winner of the season was singer [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]] and his daughter Riya,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://totalreporter.com/super-mom-season-3-winner-and-runner-up-get-grand-finale-finalists-episode-telecast-date-time-and-more-details-here/|title=Super Mom Season 3 Winner and Runner-up, Get Grand Finale Finalists|website=totalreporter.com|date=11 October 2024 |language=ta}}</ref> [[Meera Krishna]] and Akshit was the runner-up.

* '''Winner''': [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]] and Riya
* '''First Runners-Up''': [[Meera Krishna]] and Akshit

===Finalists===
* Shalini and Riya
* Meera Krishnan and Akshit
* Sophia and Aarin
* [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]] and Riya
* Sasi Laya and Yugansarvesh

=== Contestants ===
* [[Abitha]]
* Amrutha and Aadiv
* Annabharathi and Ashikha
* Lakshmi Priya and Kiruthika
* Mennal and Anika
* [[Meera Krishna]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/actress-meera-krishna-s-interview|title=Super Mom -ல Title -ஐ விட என் பையன்கூட Enjoy பண்றதுதான் முக்கியம்! -Actress Meera Krishna|website=cinema.vikatan.com|date=23 September 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> and Akshit
* [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]] and Riya
* Sasi Laya and Yugansarvesh
* Shalini and Riya
* Sophia<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-aishwarya-rajesh-brother-manikandan-sofia-entry-in-super-mom-show-sofia-manikandan-back-to-television-792207.html|title=சின்னத்திரையில் ஐஸ்வர்யா ராஜேஷின் அண்ணி சோபியா என்ட்ரி!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=26 August 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> and Aarin

=== Episodes ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Episodes
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Airing
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| Round
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FF7F00 ;color:black"| special guest
|-
| 1
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|9|4}}
| The Grand Launch
|-
| 2
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|9|11}}
| Story, Thanks
|
|-
| 3
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|9|18}}
| In the Back-to-School round
| [[Coffee with Kadhal]] Team ([[Srikanth (Tamil actor, born 1980)|Srikanth]], [[Aishwarya Dutta]] and [[Amritha Aiyer]])
|-
|-
| 4
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|9|25}}
| Thaai Paasam Round
| [[Coffee with Kadhal]] Team ([[Jiiva]] and [[Jai (actor)|Jai]])
|-
| 5
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|10|2}}
|
|
|-
| 6
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|10|9}}
| In Super Mom and DJD S3 Mahasangamam
| [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
|-
| 7
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|10|16}}
| In the strongest Mummy round
|
|-
| 8
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|10|30}}
| In the Summa Pizhi round
|
|-
| 9
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|11|6}}
| In the Inaindha Kaigal round
| [[Baba Bhaskar]]
|-
| 10
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|11|13}}
|
|
|-
| 11
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|11|20}}
|
|
|-
| 12
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|11|27}}
|
| [[Prabhu Solomon]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan|Ashwin Kumar]]
|-
| 13
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|12|4}}
|
|
|-
| 14
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|12|18}}
|
| [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
|-
| 15
| {{start date|df=yes|2022|12|25}}
|
|
|-
| 16
| {{start date|df=yes|2023|01|01}}
| Grand Finale
| [[Baba Bhaskar]]
|}

==Super Mom Reunion==
'''Super Mom Reunion''' is a special show. It premiered on 28 November 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediainfoline.com/entertainment/super-mom-reunion-28th-november|title=Super Mom Reunion on Sunday 28th November|website=www.mediainfoline.com|date=24 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Contestants ===
;Season 1
* Deepa and Godwin
* Monica and Jaden
* Vanaja and Saisri Priyamvatha
* Swetha and Hrithik Bharathi

;Season 2
* Akila and Dhanaviruthika
* Anisha and Sasha
* Arthi and Theo
* Devi and Yuvina Parthavi<ref>{{cite web|author1=Ravanan |url=https://ravanaanews.com/veeram-movie-child-artist-latest-photo-shoot/|title=அஜித்துடன் வீரம் படத்தில் நடித்த குட்டி பாப்பாவா இது? ஹீரோயினாக மாறிட்டாரே|website=ravanaanews.com|date=27 November 2021 |language=ta}}</ref>
* Gayathri and Tharun
* Neepa and Shreya
* Nithya and Boshika
* Shanthi and Tharak
* Sulabha and Samrith

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title |tt10340842}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/super-moms-season-3/0-6-4z5210753 ''Super Mom 3''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language children's television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Asthawan

2025-10-28T15:35:13Z

Aman Mehta: made some entry first draft

{{Short description|Block in Nalanda district of Bihar}}
'''Asthawan''' is one of the 20 blocks located in [[Nalanda district]] in rural [[Bihar]]. According to the administration register, the block code of Asthawan is 373.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nalanda.nic.in/en/asset-declaration-mukhiya-panchayat-samitizila-parishad-membersarpanch/asthawan/ | title=Asthawan | District Nalanda, Government of Bihar | India }}</ref>

==History==
Asthawan approved as [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]] by [[Government of Bihar|Bihar Government]]

==Population==

According to the 2011 census, the population here was about 14 thousand. At present the population of Asthawan Nagar panchayat is more than 17 thousand. Asthawan, Akbarpur, Soyvapar, Srichandpur, Amir Bigha, Gafoor Bigha, Tar Bigha and Nanhu Bigha villages come in this Nagar Panchayat

==Literacy Rate==
Asthawan village has higher literacy rate compared to Bihar. In 2011, literacy rate of Asthawan village was 64.91 % compared to 61.80 % of Bihar. In Asthawan Male literacy stands at 75.57 % while female literacy rate was 53.16 %.

==Education==
Following colleges, schools and educational institutions are located here
* [https://www.gpasthawannalanda.org.in/ Government Polytechnic Asthawan, Nalanda]
* [https://nitma.co.in/ Nalanda Institute of Technology & Management]
==Notable people==
[[Syed Suleman Nadvi]]

[[Manazir Ahsan Gilani]]

[[Siddheshwar Prasad]]

[[Moin-ul-Haq]]

[[Abdul Qavi Desnavi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nalanda district}}

[[Category:Nalanda district]]

{{Bihar-stub}}

Chitra Naik

2025-10-16T16:01:20Z

Aman Mehta: improve content after review and added references per sources

{{short description|Indian educationist, writer, social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chitra Naik
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1918|7|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2010|12|24|1918|7|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Educationist Writer Social worker
| yearsactive =
| known for = Educational reforms
| spouse = [[Jayant Pandurang Naik]]
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = {{URL|http://www.iiepune.org|Website of IIE}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Pranawanand Award Jeevan Sadhana Award Karma Veer Bahurao Patil Samaj Seva Award Tagore Literacy Award [[UNESCO]] Raja Roy Singh Award [[Rajiv Gandhi]] Award [[UNESCO]] Jan Amos Comenius International Award [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]]
}}
'''Chitra Jayant Naik''' (15 July 1918 – 24 December 2010) was an Indian educationist, writer, social worker, the chairperson of the Indian Institute of Education and the expert member of the [[Planning Commission of India]].<ref name="Educationist Chitra Naik No More">{{cite web | url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNPUN34665 | title=Educationist Chitra Naik No More | publisher=DNA Syndication | date=25 December 2010 | access-date=20 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511081344/http://dnasyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNPUN34665 | archive-date=11 May 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvzcy7o4sgAC&q=Chitra+Jayant+Naik | title=Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues | publisher=New Age International | author=Ramesh K. Arora, Rajani Goyal | year=1995 | pages=676 | isbn=9788173280689}}</ref> She was the chairperson of the Non-formal Education Committee set up by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] and was a member of the [[National Literacy Mission]].<ref name="Educating the Society">{{cite web | url=http://www.sparrowonline.org/downloads/SNL21.pdf | title=Educating the Society | publisher=Sparrow Online | date=April 2011 | access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded her the fourth highest Indian civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 1986.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=18 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Chitra Naik was born on 15 July 1918 at [[Pune]] in the western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]<ref name="Pune's Pride">{{cite web | url=http://www.punediary.com/wellknown11.html | title=Pune's Pride | publisher=Pune Diary | date=2015 | access-date=20 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020231121/http://www.punediary.com/wellknown11.html | archive-date=20 October 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and graduated in arts with honours.<ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/awards/archives/2002/women--and--child-welfare/chitra-naik | title=Jamnalal Bajaj Award | publisher=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation | date=2015 | access-date=20 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817053912/http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/awards/archives/2002/women--and--child-welfare/chitra-naik | archive-date=17 August 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She continued her studies to get another graduate degree in education and secured a doctoral degree (PhD) from [[Mumbai University]].<ref name="Educationist Chitra Naik No More" /> In 1953, she received a [[Fulbright scholarship]]<ref name="Educationist Chitra Naik dead">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Educationist-Chitra-Naik-dead/articleshow/7159314.cms | title=Educationist Chitra Naik dead | newspaper=Times of India | date=25 December 2010 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> and did post doctoral studies at [[Columbia University]], New York.<ref name="Educationist Chitra Naik No More" /> Her career started at the Rural Institute in Bhudargad, [[Kolhapur District]] where she organised educational camps among the [[harijan]]s, gathered women to form women's associations (Mahila Mandal) and founded Children's daycare centres (Balwadi) and a health clinic.<ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Award" />

==Legacy and positions==
In 1948, she helped her husband and renowned educationist, [[Jayant Pandurang Naik]], to found the Indian Institute of Education (IIE),
<ref name="Remembering a legend">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Remembering-a-legend/articleshow/3446819.cms | title=Remembering a legend | newspaper=Times of India | date=5 September 2008 | access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref> a research institute affiliated to [[Mumbai University]], to facilitate higher education and research facilities for the teachers in the [[Greater Bombay]] area.<ref name="About Us">{{cite web | url=http://www.iiepune.org/InnerPages/About_Us.aspx | title=About Us | publisher=IIE | date=2015 | access-date=20 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526225541/http://www.iiepune.org/InnerPages/About_Us.aspx | archive-date=26 May 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Chitra Naik was a collaborator in the endeavours of [[Jayant Pandurang Naik|Jayant Naik]], an inductee of the [[UNESCO]] Roll of Honour of the 100 significant educational thinkers of the last 25 centuries.<ref name="UNESCO Roll of Honour">{{cite web | url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en/services/online-materials/publications/thinkers-on-education.html | title=UNESCO Roll of Honour | publisher=UNESCO | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=9 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009072611/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en/services/online-materials/publications/thinkers-on-education.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> She served as the director of IIE and under her leadership, the institution set up training centres for women in the disciplines of home nursing, first aid, maternal and child care, sanitation and nutrition.<ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Award" /> She also established a Children's Home (Bal Bhavan) and a training centre for social workers, organised education camps on family planning for women and conducted a project study on ''Mobilising Gram Panchayats for Rural Development''.<ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Award" />

Naik was the director of National Institute of Basic Education, New Delhi and chaired the Non-formal Education Committee of the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]].<ref name="Educating the Society" /> She was a member of the [[Planning Commission of India]] and attended to the responsibilities of the General education, Social welfare and Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe as the expert member of the commission for the [[Five-Year Plans of India|Ninth Five Year Plan]] (1997–2002).<ref name="Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues" /> She was a member of the Working Group on Adult Education (1978–83) under the Ministry of Human Resource Development<ref name="Committees and Commissions in India">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4Mh097YC6oC&q=chitra+naik+committee&pg=PA1304 | title=Committees and Commissions in India | publisher=Concept Publications | year=1993 | isbn=9788170224877}}</ref> and a permanent member of the ''CABE Committee on Decentralised Management of Education'' (1993) set up by the Central Advisory Board of Education<ref name="Development of Education in India, Volume 5">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCRqyug6KQYC&q=chitra+naik+committee&pg=PA148 | title=Development of Education in India, Volume 5 | publisher=Concept Publications | author=S. P. Agrawal, J. C. Aggarwal | year=1997 | pages=447 | isbn=9788170226611}}</ref> She served as a member of the [[National Literacy Mission]]<ref name="Educating the Society" /> and was involved with the International Institute of Adult and Lifelong Education (IIALE) as a member of its International Consultative Committee.<ref name="Administrative Set Up - IIALE">{{cite web | url=http://www.iiale.org/admin.html | title=Administrative Set Up – IIALE | publisher=International Institute of Adult and Lifelong Education | date=2015 | access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref> She was in close association with the [[Government of Maharashtra]] and served in various capacities as the Director of [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]], Director of Higher Education and Director of Education.<ref name="Educationist Chitra Naik No More" /> Naik is the author of the books, ''Shikshan ani Samaj''<ref name="Shikshan ani Samaj">{{cite web | url=http://210.212.169.35/W27/Result/Dtl/W21OneItem.aspx?xC=033816 | title=Shikshan ani Samaj | publisher=Indian Institute of Education | date=1975 | access-date=21 July 2015 | author=Chitra Naik | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073433/http://210.212.169.35/W27/Result/Dtl/W21OneItem.aspx?xC=033816 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]), ''Educational innovation in India'',<ref name="Educational innovation in India">{{cite book | title=Educational innovation in India | publisher=UNESCO Press | author=Chitra Naik | year=1974 | asin=B007ESYZWK}}</ref> and ''Lokmanya Tilak as Educational Thinker''.<ref name="Lokmanya Tilak as Educational Thinker">{{cite web | url=http://210.212.169.35/W27/Result/Dtl/W21OneItem.aspx?xC=032959 | title=Lokmanya Tilak as Educational Thinker | publisher=Indian Institute of Education | date=2004 | access-date=21 July 2015 | author=Chitra Naik | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063829/http://210.212.169.35/W27/Result/Dtl/W21OneItem.aspx?xC=032959 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She has also written many books for children of which four were published by the [[National Book Trust]] in fourteen languages.<ref name="Educationist Chitra Naik No More" />

==Death==
Towards the later part of her life, Naik suffered from heart and lung diseases and was admitted to hospital in December 2010.<ref name="Educationist Chitra Naik dead" /> The treatment could not save her and she died on [[Christmas Eve]], 2010, at the age of 92, at [[Pune]], survived by her niece, Aruna Giri.<ref name="Educationist Chitra Naik No More" />

==Awards and honours==
Chitra Naik was a recipient of the Pranawanand Award for Educational Research of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] and Jeevan Sadhana Award of the [[University of Pune]].<ref name="Educationist Chitra Naik dead" /> The [[Government of India]] awarded her the civilian honour [[Padma Shri]] in 1986<ref name="Padma Awards" /> and she received the first ''Karma Veer Bahurao Patil Samaj Seva Award'' in 1989.<ref name="Pune's Pride" /> The Indian Adult Education Association (IAEA) selected her for the Tagore Literacy Award in 1992 and the same year, [[UNESCO]] awarded her the Raja Roy Singh Award.<ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Award" /><ref name="Founders">{{cite web | url=http://www.iiepune.org/InnerPages/Founder.aspx | title=Founders | publisher=IIE | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524155207/http://www.iiepune.org/InnerPages/Founder.aspx | archive-date=24 May 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> This was followed by the Rajiv Gandhi Award for social Service and the [[UNESCO]] Jan Amos Comenius International Award and, in 2002, she received the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]] from the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation]].<ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Award" /><ref name="Founders" />

==Bibliography==
* {{cite web | url=http://210.212.169.35/W27/Result/Dtl/W21OneItem.aspx?xC=033816 | title=Shikshan ani Samaj | publisher=Indian Institute of Education | date=1975 | access-date=21 July 2015 | author=Chitra Naik | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073433/http://210.212.169.35/W27/Result/Dtl/W21OneItem.aspx?xC=033816 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | title=Educational innovation in India | publisher=UNESCO Press | author=Chitra Naik | year=1974 | asin=B007ESYZWK}}
* {{cite web | url=http://210.212.169.35/W27/Result/Dtl/W21OneItem.aspx?xC=032959 | title=Lokmanya Tilak as Educational Thinker | publisher=Indian Institute of Education | date=2004 | access-date=21 July 2015 | author=Chitra Naik | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063829/http://210.212.169.35/W27/Result/Dtl/W21OneItem.aspx?xC=032959 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}

==See also==
{{portal|India|Education}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Jayant Pandurang Naik]]
* [[Planning Commission of India]]
* [[National Literacy Mission]]
* [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jamnalal Bajaj Award winners}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Chitra}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian women science writers]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Social workers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]

Ultadanga

2025-10-13T06:51:37Z

Aman Mehta:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement



|name = Ultadanga উল্টোডাঙা 
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|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
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|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = {{Bulleted list|[[Shyambazar metro station|Shyambazar]]|[[Shobhabazar Sutanuti metro station|Shobhabazar Sutanuti]]|[[Bengal Chemical metro station|Bengal Chemical]]|[[Phoolbagan metro station|Phoolbagan]]}}
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|parts = [[Ward No. 13, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|13]], [[Ward No. 14, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|14]], [[Ward No. 32, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|32]]
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|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 700054, 700067
|area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
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| coord = {{coord|22.5913|88.3934}} 
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'''Ultadanga''' is a locality of [[North Kolkata]] in [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/ultadanga-munchi-bazar-market-main-road-kolkata-west-bengal-700067|title=Pincode of Ultadanga Muchi Bazar|publisher=Pincode.net.in|access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> It is one of the important junctions in North Kolkata. Prominent places include Muchi Bazar and Telenga Bagan.

==Etymology==
Ultadanga lay outside the [[Maratha Ditch]], beyond Halsibagan, where the Sikh billionaire [[Legendary personalities in Bengal#Umichand|Umichand]] had a garden. It was the land on the opposite bank (''ulta'' in Bengali).<ref name="Nair">Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, pp. 14-15, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

==History==
The [[East India Company]] obtained from the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Farrukhsiyar]], in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of these 5 lay across the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] in what is now Howrah district. The remaining 33 villages were on the Calcutta side. After the fall of [[Siraj-ud-daulah]], the last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]], it purchased these villages in 1758 from [[Mir Jafar]] and reorganised them. These villages were known en-bloc as ''[[Dihi Panchannagram]]'' and Ultadanga was one of them. It was considered to be a suburb beyond the limits of the [[Maratha Ditch]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 6-10: The History | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', first published 1909/reprint 1980, pages 103-4 and 221, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref><ref name="Nair"/>

The name, Ulta Danga, comes from the original name of the place, Ulta Dingi, or a place where small boats which were colloquially called Dingis were made or repaired. It was a ghat area and chances are that this too would be on the banks of the Ganges at some point of time in history, before the river changed its course.

In 1889, [[Maniktala]], Ultadanga and [[Beliaghata]] became 'fringe area wards' of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 13, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

==Geography==
===Police district===
Ultadanga police station is part of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|Eastern Suburban division]] of [[Kolkata Police]]. It is located at Block 13, CIT Scheme No. VIII M, Kolkata-700067.<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=2&Division=E |title = Kolkata Police |work = Eastern Suburban Division | publisher= KP| access-date = 5 March 2018}}</ref>

Ultadanga Women police station, located at the same address as above, covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Suburban division i.e. Beliaghata, Entally, Manicktolla, Narkeldanga, Ultadanga, Tangra and Phoolbagan.<ref name="police"/>

==Economy==
[[File:Mani Imperial - Residential Complex Under Construction - Ultadanga - Kolkata 2017-05-02 7069.JPG|thumb|Mani Imperial (Residential Complex), Ultadanga]]
Ultadanga is densely populated with not only people but also with shops, restaurants, shopping malls, banks, Government housings, Government and private offices, educational and training institutes etc. [[The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation|HSBC]], [[AXIS Bank]], [[Bank of Baroda]], [[United Bank of India]], Federal Bank and [[State Bank of India]] are some of the bank branches located in this area. Ultadanga is near to some of the most happening shopping malls in the city like Mani Square, City Center, Charnok City and [[Pantaloon Retail India|Pantaloon]] in [[Kankurgachi]] etc. Sony World, one of Kolkata’s biggest Sony showrooms is located at Ultadanga crossing near the station. Honey da Dhaba, Bika, Delhi Darbar and Rose are few of the many restaurants located in and close to the Ultadanga area. Arena Animation Kankurgachi, Jetking Institute, FIIT JEE, DGCT BRAIN Credence Academy, Kolkata Cables, [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]] and BrandMantra Solutions Pvt. Ltd. are some of the prominent institutes and offices in Ultadanga and its surrounding areas. There is also a TITAN Showroom in Ultadanga.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}
[[File:Kolkatavsnl.JPG|thumb|BSNL Tower, CIT Road, Ultadanga]]

==Transport==
[[File:CSTC Bus Depot - Ultadanga - Kolkata 2017-04-29 1727.JPG|thumb|WBTC Ultadanga Bus Depot]]

===WBTC Bus===
* AC-30S (Ultadanga - Ecospace)
* S-30 (Ultadanga - Ecospace)
* S-30A (Ultadanga - Ultadanga)
* S 21 (Baghbazar - Garia)

'''Hudco More''' in Ultadanga is one of the busiest crossings in [[Kolkata]]. It is the junction of four roads:- Ultadanga Main Road/ Bidhannagar Road (towards [[Maniktala]]), [[VIP Road]] (towards [[Lake Town, Kolkata|Lake Town]]), CIT Road (towards [[Kankurgachi]]) and Bagmari Road/ 1st Avenue (towards [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]]). [[EM Bypass]] also runs parallel to CIT Road on the eastern boundary of Ultadanga. Many buses along with taxis and auto-rickshaws are available on these roads. [[Trams in Kolkata|Kolkata tram]] route no. 18 serves Ultadanga (via CIT Road).<ref>Google maps</ref> Ultadanga and Gouribari ([[Maniktala]]) are connected with '''Arobindo Setu''' (Gouribari Bridge), which was constructed in 1974.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arobindo Setu|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-ill-health-of-calcutta-bridges-spells-much-more-than-logistical-doom/cid/1719743}}</ref> In 2011, '''Ultadanga Flyover''' was opened in Ultadanga to connect [[EM Bypass]] with [[VIP Road]] easily.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ultadanga Flyover|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Ultadanga-flyover-opened-in-a-hurry-Kshiti-Goswami/articleshow/18785540.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/new-height-barriers-for-ultadanga-flyover-steel-fence-at-new-town/articleshow/63981122.cms|title=New height barriers for Ultadanga flyover, steel fence at New Town - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref>

[[File:Busy VIP Road at Ultadanga.jpg|thumb|Busy [[VIP Road]] in Ultadanga at night]]
One of Kolkata’s busiest railway stations, [[Bidhannagar Road railway station]], is located in Ultadanga. It remains packed with passengers throughout the day especially on weekdays.

==Education==
The [[Sir Gurudas Mahavidyalaya]], a college previously known as Gurudas College of Commerce, affiliated to [[University of Calcutta]] is located in Ultadanga.

==Incidents==

On 12 January 2010, a fire broke out at a slum in Ultadanga, popularly known as 'Basanti Colony', leaving 1 man dead and 450 homeless. The homes were rebuilt by the Government and were redistributed among the residents free of cost within 6 months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/basanti-colony-fire-leaves-450-homeless-1-dead/566802/|title=Basanti colony fire leaves 450 homeless, 1 dead - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/North Kolkata}}

{{Neighbourhoods in Kolkata}}

[[Category:Road junctions in India]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

List of awards and nominations received by S. S. Rajamouli

2025-10-10T16:31:31Z

Aman Mehta: added initial stub w/ refs.

{{Short description|none}}

{{Infobox awards list
| name = [[S. S. Rajamouli]]
| image = SS Rajamouli, 2021.jpg
| image_size = 175
| alt =
| caption = Rajamouli in 2021
| wins = 25
| nominations = 43
| awards =
}}

[[S. S. Rajamouli]] is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film director and screenwriter who primarily works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He is the [[List of salaries|highest paid director in India]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Suparna |date=30 April 2022 |title=Indian director Rajamouli scores a global hit with new film RRR |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/30/indian-director-ss-rajamouli-rrr-film-teluga-cinema |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |quote=It catapulted Rajamouli into becoming India’s most expensive director, commanding about $13m to direct a film.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2020 |title=Rohit Shetty to SS Rajamouli, this is how much 5 of the highest-paid directors in Bollywood charge per movie |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/rohit-shetty-ss-rajamouli-highest-paid-directors-in-bollywood |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]] |language=en-IN |quote=DNA also reported that the director SS Rajamouli, took home a mammoth profit share of Rs 100 crore. This is probably the most any director has earned from a movie, yet.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanwal |first=Sanyukta |date=13 October 2021 |title=India: best paid directors by fee 2020 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/972743/india-best-paid-directors-by-fee/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=[[Statista]] |language=en |quote=In 2020, S.S. Rajamouli, known for films like Baahubali: The Beginning and Baahubali 2, was the leading director in India whose charge for a single project grossed about one billion Indian rupees.}}</ref> and is known for his [[Action film|action]], [[fantasy]], and [[Epic film|epic]] genre films. Three of his films, ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015), ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017) and [[RRR (film)|''RRR'']] (2022) are among the top six [[List of highest-grossing films in India#Domestic gross figures|highest grossing-films in India]] to date.

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Name of the award ceremony, year presented, nominee(s) of the award, award category, and the result of the nomination
|+{{sronly|Awards and nominations received by S. S. Rajamouli}}
! scope="col" style="width:19%;" |Award
! scope="col" style="width:6%;" |Year{{efn|Indicates the year of ceremony.}}
! scope="col" style="width:18%;" |Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:42%;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:8%;" |Result
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[ANR National Award]]
|2017
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2017 |title=Director SS Rajamouli conferred with ANR award, says its an impetus to work harder |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-ss-rajamouli-conferred-anr-award-says-its-impetus-work-harder-68570 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Austin Film Critics Association]]
|[[Austin Film Critics Association Awards 2022|2022]]
| rowspan="2" |[[RRR (film)|''RRR'']]
|Best Director
|{{nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=January 3, 2022 |title=2022 Austin Film Critics Association Award Nominations |url=https://austinfilmcritics.org/2022-austin-film-critics-association-award-nominations-e921fe958b1d |accessdate=January 3, 2022 |website=[[Austin Film Critics Association]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Chicago Film Critics Association]]
|[[Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 2022|2022]]
|[[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Tallerico |first=Brian |date=December 12, 2022 |title=Everything Everywhere All at Once Leads Chicago Film Critics Nominations |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/festivals/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-leads-chicago-film-critics-nominations |accessdate=December 12, 2022 |website=[[Roger Ebert|Rogerebert.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[CineMAA Awards]]
|2009
|''[[Magadheera]]''
| rowspan="2" |Best Director
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2015
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=CineMAA Awards 2016: Baahubali Leads With 13 Awards – NDTV Movies |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/regional/cinemaa-awards-2016-baahubali-leads-with-13-awards-1418314 |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=NDTVMovies.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[CNN-News18 Indian of the Year|CNN–News18 Indian of the Year]]
|2015
|{{N/A}}
|Entertainment
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2022
|{{N/A}}
|Entertainment
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Nominees for CNN-NEWS18 Indian of The Year (IOTY) 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/indianoftheyear/nominees.html |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=[[CNN-News18]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Critics' Choice Movie Awards]]
|[[28th Critics' Choice Awards|2023]]
|[[RRR (film)|''RRR'']]
|[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verhoeven |first=Beatrice |date=December 14, 2022 |title=''Everything Everywhere All At Once'' Leads 2023 Critics Choice Awards Film Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-awards-2023-film-nominations-list-1235281602/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214202755/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-awards-2023-film-nominations-list-1235281602/ |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |access-date=December 14, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="10" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|2004
|''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]''
| rowspan="10" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2006
|[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|''Chatrapathi'']]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Vikramarkudu]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Yamadonga]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Magadheera]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2010 |title=Magadhera wins 6 Filmfare awards |work=Sify |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/magadhera-wins-6-filmfare-awards-news-telugu-kkguRAfifbbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112052048/http://www.sify.com/movies/magadhera-wins-6-filmfare-awards-news-telugu-kkguRAfifbbsi.html |archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[Eega]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare awards list of winners |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/filmfare-awards-south-dhanush-eega-win-big-awards/408186-71-177.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510051756/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/filmfare-awards-south-dhanush-eega-win-big-awards/408186-71-177.html |archive-date=10 May 2015 |website=IBNLIVE}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards South 2016 (Telugu) – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Winners-of-63rd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South-2016-Telugu/articleshow/52814271.cms |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[65th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]
|''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners: 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[68th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|''[[RRR]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-67194.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Hollywood Critics Association|Hollywood Critics Association Awards]]
|[[6th Hollywood Critics Association Film Awards|2023]]
|''[[RRR]]''
|Best Director
|{{nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Big win for SS Rajamouli’s RRR in Hollywood. Jr NTR-Ram Charan's film bags multiple awards |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/big-win-for-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-in-hollywood-jr-ntr-ram-charans-film-bags-multiple-awards-2305851-2022-12-06 |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[IIFA Utsavam]]
| rowspan="2" |[[1st IIFA Utsavam|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|Best Director – Tamil
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Utsavam A MAGNIFICIENT CELEBRATION OF THE CINEMA OF SOUTH INDIA 2015 |url=http://iifautsavam.com/awards.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605225151/http://iifautsavam.com/awards.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |website=IIFA Utsavam}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2016 |title=IIFA Utsavam A MAGNIFICIENT CELEBRATION OF THE CINEMA OF SOUTH INDIA 2015 |url=http://iifautsavam.com/awards.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605225151/http://iifautsavam.com/awards.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=iifa Utsavam}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]]
|[[2022 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|2022]]
|[[RRR (film)|''RRR'']]
|[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{draw|Runner-up}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Carly |date=December 11, 2022 |title=‘Tár’ and ‘Everything Everywhere All at Once’ Named Best Picture by L.A. Film Critics |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/la-film-critics-award-winners-2022-1235279497/ |accessdate=December 11, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Macau International Movie Festival]]
|[[9th Macau International Movie Festival|2017]]
|''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|[[Golden Lotus Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017年第九屆澳門國際電影節·首批獎項提名名單 |url=http://movie.mtm.mo/?act=app&appid=37&mid=234&p=view |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171240/http://movie.mtm.mo/?act=app&appid=37&mid=234&p=view |archive-date=4 December 2017 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=mtm.mo |language=zh}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Nandi Awards]]
|2009
|''[[Magadheera]]''
|[[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2009 |url=http://apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2009.html |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=APSFTVTDC}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
| rowspan="2" |''[[Eega]]''
|[[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2012 |url=http://apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2012.html |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=APSFTVTDC}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]]
|{{won}}
|-
|2014
|{{N/A}}
|[[BN Reddy National Award]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=B N REDDY NATIONAL FILM AWARDEES |url=http://apsftvtdc.in/bn-reddy-national-film-award.html |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=APSFTVTDC}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|[[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2015 |url=http://apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2015.html |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=APSFTVTDC}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]
|[[60th National Film Awards|2012]]
|''[[Eega]]''
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2013 |title='Eega' wins two National Awards |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/eega-wins-two-national-awards/article4523938.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095039/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/eega-wins-two-national-awards/article4523938.ece |archive-date=6 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[63rd National Film Awards|2015]]
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao, Ch Sushil |date=29 March 2016 |title=Magnum opus Baahubali: Best film of the year |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/290316/magnum-opus-baahubali-best-film-of-the-year.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330130407/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/290316/magnum-opus-baahubali-best-film-of-the-year.html |archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="63rdaward">{{Cite press release |title=63rd National Film Awards |date=28 March 2016 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf |access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[65th National Film Awards|2017]]
|''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2018 |title=National Film Awards 2018 sees Baahubali 2 bagging three trophies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-2-wins-three-national-awards-1211272-2018-04-13 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|[[69th National Film Awards|2021]]
|''[[RRR]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=69th National Film Awards 2023 complete winners list: Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun, RRR, Gangubai Kathiawadi win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[New York Film Critics Circle]]
|[[2022 New York Film Critics Circle Awards|2022]]
| rowspan="2" |[[RRR (film)|''RRR'']]
|[[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Lewis |first=Hilary |date=December 2, 2022 |title=New York Film Critics Circle Names ‘Tár’ as Best Film of 2022 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/2022-new-york-film-critics-circle-winners-full-list-1235274021/ |accessdate=December 2, 2022 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Saturn Awards]]
|[[47th Saturn Awards|2022]]
|[[Saturn Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy and Horror Films |url=https://www.saturnawards.org/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=[[Saturn Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|2012
|''[[Eega]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 NOMINEES |url=http://www.siima.in/nominees.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827201533/http://www.siima.in/nominees.php |archive-date=27 August 2013 |website=SIIMA}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA AWARDS {{!}} 2016 {{!}} winners {{!}} {{!}} |url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714054004/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |archive-date=14 July 2016 |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=siima.in}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA AWARDS {{!}} 2018 {{!}} winners {{!}} {{!}} |url=http://siima.in/2018/winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604230740/http://siima.in/2018/winners.html |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=siima.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[South Scope|South Scope Cine Awards]]
|2010
|''[[Magadheera]]''
|Best Director
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-24 |title=South Scope Awards 2010: Stars & style |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/south-scope-awards-2010-stars--style-imagegallery-kollywood-kjvmhfgbafesi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624224417/https://www.sify.com/movies/south-scope-awards-2010-stars--style-imagegallery-kollywood-kjvmhfgbafesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-06-24 |access-date=2023-01-05 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[:fr:Utah Film Critics Association|Utah Film Critics Association]]
|2022
|[[RRR (film)|''RRR'']]
|Best Director
|{{draw|Runner-up}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Erik |date=December 17, 2022 |title=2022 Utah Film Critics Association: 'Everything Everywhere All At Once' wins 10 awards |url=https://awardswatch.com/2022-utah-film-critics-association-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-wins-10-awards/ |accessdate=December 18, 2022 |website=AwardsWatch}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[7th Vijay Awards|2013]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Naan Ee]]''
|[[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=14 May 2013 |title=Stars, big and small |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-big-and-small/article4714588.ece |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Story, Screenplay Writer]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favorite Director]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[10th Vijay Awards|2018]]
|''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|[[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
|
|}

== Honours ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Honouring body
!Ref
|-
|2016
|[[Padma Shri]]
|[[Government of India]]
|<ref name="Padma">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=Padma Awards 2016: Rajinikanth, Priyanka Chopra, Ujjwal Nikam, Saina Nehwal, Sania Mirzia, SS Rajamouli and others honoured |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/padma-awards-2016-rajinikanth-priyanka-saina-nehwal-sania-rajamouli-honoured-complete-winners-list-664471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011048/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/padma-awards-2016-rajinikanth-priyanka-saina-nehwal-sania-rajamouli-honoured-complete-winners-list-664471 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 January 2016 |website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|1442514|name=S. S. Rajamouli|section=awards}}
{{S. S. Rajamouli}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by writer|Rajamouli, S. S.]]
[[Category:S. S. Rajamouli]]
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian film director]]

WWI

2025-09-10T12:34:19Z

Aman Mehta: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[World War I]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from initialism}}
{{R hatnote}}
{{R printworthy}}
}}

Manmangalam

2025-08-17T03:45:52Z

Aman Mehta: correct information also and cleaned formatting

{{Hatnote|Alternatively, you may be searching for [[Manimangalam]] in Kancheepuram District}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manmangalam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.028|N|78.064|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karur District|Karur]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = Manmangalam
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 148
| population_total = 6068
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.tnrd.gov.in/databases/census_of_india_2011TN/pdf/19-Karur.pdf |title=Karur District: Census Handbook | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | accessdate=5 February 2016 }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 639006
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#TN.E2.80.94Tamil Nadu|TN]]-
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Manmangalam''' is a [[Town]] and Taluk in [[Tamil Nadu]], India, in the Manmangalam created on 12 February 2014 by chief minister Dr. J. Jayalalitha through a TV conference from Chennai headquarters [[taluk]] of [[Karur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/vill.php?dcode=14&centcode=0006&tlkname=Manmangalam |title=Karur District - Manmangalam Taluk |access-date=6 February 2016 |archive-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225100605/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/vill.php?dcode=14&centcode=0006&tlkname=Manmangalam |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is 9 km north of the district headquarters [[Karur]], and 383 km from the state capital [[Chennai]]. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the local language.

== Transport ==

The nearest railway stations are at Moorthipalayam (4 km),Vangal (6 km),Karur junction (7 km) and Pugalur (9 km). The nearest airport is at [[Trichy]] (78 km).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Karur district]]

{{Karur-geo-stub}}

Kotulpur

2025-08-05T20:21:57Z

Aman Mehta: Added initial post more to come - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kotulpur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India 23°00'45.0"N 87°35'37.0"E
| coordinates = {{coord|23|00|45.0|N|87|35|37.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.6454
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8,483
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722141 (Kotulpur)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03451
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Katulpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katulpur]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kotulpur''' is a village in the [[Kotulpur (community development block)|Kotulpur]] CD block in the [[Bishnupur subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Etymology==
Kotlu Khan of [[Gar Mandaran]], then capital of the local kingdom, was killed in a war in the Mughal era. Kotulpur was named after him.<ref name=police>{{cite web| url = https://bankurapolice.org/kotulpur/ |title = Kotulpur PS | publisher= Bankura District Police | access-date = 14 October 2016}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=360| height=370| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|7|30|N|87|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Bishnupur subdivision in Bankura district''' M: Municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: ancient/ temple centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|10|25|N|87|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Bhara| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Bhara]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle| shape-color1=#C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|1|12|N|87|30|55|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Chatra| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Chatra, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|9|0|N|87|37|55|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Indas| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Indas]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|10|N|87|26|48|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Joypur| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Joypur, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|55|22|N|87|36|36|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Jayrambati| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Jayrambati]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|12|16|N|87|31|50|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Patrasayer| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Patrasayer]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|10|10|N|87|19|25|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7=Radhanagar| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Radhanagar, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|9|15|N|87|16|45|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Ajodhya| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Ajodhya, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|0|15|N|87|40|21|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9=Laugram| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Laugram]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|6|40|N|87|18|51|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10=Joykrishnapur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Joykrishnapur]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|3|50|N|87|19|12|E}}| label-pos11=right |label11=Bishnupur| numbered11=M| mark-title11 =[[Bishnupur, Bankura]] (M)| shape-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|17|30|N|87|25|12|E}}| label-pos12=left |label12=Sonamukhi| numbered12=M| mark-title12 =[[Sonamukhi]] (M)| shape-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|10|N|87|35|37|E}}| label-pos13=right |label13=Kotulpur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13 =Kotulpur (CT)||shape-color13=black| label-size13=13|label-color13=black 
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|14|N|87|17|57|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Dharapat| numbered14=T| mark-title14= [[Dharapat]] (T) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|7|25|N|87|21|18|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15=Dihar| numbered15=T| mark-title15= [[Dihar]] (T) |shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|14|N|87|43|20|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Akui| numbered16=T| mark-title16= [[Akui]] (T) |shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|57|48|N|87|29|51|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Baital| numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Baital, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|9|50|N|87|33|6|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Balsi|labela18= Purbapara| numbered18=T| mark-title18= [[Balsi Purbapara]] (T) |shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|3|10|N|87|16|20|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Dwadashbari| numbered19=T| mark-title19= [[Dwadashbari]] (T) |shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|2|15|N|87|27|42|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Gokulnagar| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Gokulnagar, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|7|36|N|87|23|0|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Gumut| numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Gumut, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|16|28|N|87|31|26|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Hadal Narayanpur| numbered22=T| mark-title22= [[Hadal Narayanpur]] (T) |shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|0|41|N|87|29|30|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Maynapur| numbered23=T| mark-title23= [[Maynapur]] (T) |shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|36|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=Patit Dommahal| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Patit Dommahal]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|19|29|N|87|24|58|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=Madanmohanpur| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Madanmohanpur]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23.2888|87.5548}}| label26=Damodar River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=50| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.0968|87.4558}}| label27=Dwarakeswar| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=-10| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.0982|87.5086}}| label28= River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=25| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none}}

===Location===
Kotulpur is located at {{coord|23|00|45.0|N|87|35|37.0|E|display=inline}}

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Bishnupur subdivision of Bankura district. Physiographically, this area has fertile low lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plains.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 23 April 2020}}</ref> It is a predominantly rural area with 90.06% of the population living in rural areas and only 8.94% living in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It was a part of the core area of [[Mallabhum]].<ref>O'Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', ''Bengal District Gazetteers'', pp. 21–46, 1995 reprint, first published 1908, Government of West Bengal</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to [[2011 Census of India]], Kotulpur had a total population of 8,483, of which 4,280 (50%) were males and 4,203 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 759. The total number of literates in Kotulpur was 6,653 (86.13% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 14 October 2016 }}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Kotulpur police station has jurisdiction over [[Kotulpur (community development block)|Kotulpur]] CD block. The area covered is 250.50 km2 with a population of 167,547.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=police/>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Kotulpur CD block are located at Kotulpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Bankura | work= Map of Bankura with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bankura'', Kotulpur covered an area of 5.6454 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved tap water from un-treated sources, hand pumps. It had 790 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 hospital, 11 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had were 7 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools, the nearest general degree college at Chatra 13 km away.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1429-1434; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 1429; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1430; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 1431; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Page 1432; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 1432; Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 7 April 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|State Highway 2]] running from Khatra to Malancha (in North 24 Parganas district) passes through Kotulpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 15 October 2016}}</ref> A well connected bus services available from Kotulpur. Various long-distance bus routes like Tarakeswar - Bankura, Tarakeswar - Khatra, Arambagh - Purulia, Kolkata - Bishnupur, Chuchura - Bankura, Kotulpur - Durgapur, Kotulpur - Namkhana etc. present now, beside this local busses available for Jairambati, Indas, Arambagh, Kamarpukur, Bishnupur, Badanganj etc.

==Education==
Kotulpur High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1891. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 12 computers, a library with 1,000 books and a playground.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19130906401/kotulpur-h-s.html|title = Kotulpur HS |publisher= Schools.org.in | access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref>

Kotulpur Sarojbasini Balika Vidyalaya is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1965. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 5 computers, a library with 2,350 books and a playground.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19130906501/kotulpur-s-b-balika-vidyalaya.html |title = Kotulpur SB Balika Vidyalaya |publisher= Schools.org.in | access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref>

[[Chatra Ramai Pandit Mahavidyalaya]], was established at [[Chatra, Bankura|Chatra]], PO Darapur in 2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://crpmahavidyalaya.in/about-college/ |title = Chatra Ramai Pandit Mahavidyalaya |publisher= CRPM| access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Kotulpur Rural Hospital, with 60 beds at Kotulpur, is the major government medical facility in the Kotulpur CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Gopinathpur (with 6 beds), Lego (with 10 beds), Laugram Karakheria (with 10 beds), Sihar (with 10 beds), Mirjapur (with 4 beds) and Deshra (Deopara) (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =10 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> also a multi-speciality hospital is located inside this town.

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Bankura District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bankura district]]

Sadanam Vasudevan

2025-07-31T00:23:59Z

Aman Mehta: started new entry from scratch

{{short description|Indian percussionist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Sadanam Vasudevan''' (born 1945) is an Indian percussionist who plays the [[chenda]] (a traditional Kerala drum).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nirupama Chaturvedi |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Dances |date=2007 |isbn=978-8-1261-3119-8 |page=80|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited }}</ref> He is a well-known artist in both [[Thayambaka]] and [[Kathakali]] performances.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thumping success |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/thumping-success/article5940315.ece |access-date=18 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="Bio">{{cite web |title=Sadanam Vasudevan |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2013/sadanam-vasudevan-percussionist/456 |publisher=Kerala Tourism |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref> He received the Pallavur Appu Marar Award from the Kerala government in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=State Kathakali award for Nelliyodu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-kathakali-award-for-nelliyodu/article5500798.ece |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He also received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] in 2019.<ref name="2019:">{{cite news |title=ബിയാട്രിസിനും സദനം വാസുദേവനും വി. സുരേന്ദ്രനും : സംഗീത നാടക അക്കാദമി ഫെലോഷിപ്പ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/news/17sep2020-1.5059163 |access-date=4 March 2023 |newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=17 September 2020 |language=ml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200917025610/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/news/17sep2020-1.5059163 |archive-date=17 September 2020}}</ref>

Born in 1945 as the son of Karimpnaykkal Meenakshi Amma and Chenankara Gopalan Nair in [[Angadipuram]] in [[Malabar District|Malabar]], Sadanam Vasudevan started learning Chenda at the age of seven.<ref name="Bio"/> He later joined the [[Gandhi Seva Sadan]] (Sadanam), a leading Kathakali institution in Perur village near [[Ottappalam]] in [[Palghat]], and continued his studies as a disciple of Pallassana Chandramannadiar. He later became a chenda teacher at Sadanam.<ref name="Bio"/> He is the guru of many famous artists like [[Mattannoor Sankarankutty]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Resounding success |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/resounding-success/article4769091.ece |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He is also proficient in playing [[Madhalam]], [[Idakka]], and [[Timila]].{{fact|date=July 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Music of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasudevan, Sadanam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian percussionists]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Chenda players]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century drummers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:1945 births]]

{{Kerala-stub}}
{{India-musician-stub}}
{{drummer-stub}}

Panchghara, Baruipur

2025-07-29T23:46:55Z

Aman Mehta: Updated entries and formatting

{{Distinguish|Panchghara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panchghara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4083|N|88.4489|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1.33
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total = 6340
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700147
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Baruipur Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baruipur Paschim]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Panchghara''' is a [[census town]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Baruipur]] police station in the [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Baruipur subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=450| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|10|0|N|88|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern part of Baruipur subdivision (including Baruipur, Jaynagar I & II, Kultali CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: historical place/ religious centre Places linked with coastal activity are marked in blue Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|25|25|N|88|26|56|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Petua| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Petua]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|24|9|N|88|28|14|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Garia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Garia, Baruipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|24|45|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Panchghara | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= Panchghara, Baruipur (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black 
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|24|0|N|88|25|41|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Mallikpur | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Mallikpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|23|20|N|88|26|38|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Hariharpur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Hariharpur, Baruipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|24|55|N|88|29|37|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Champahati | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Champahati]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|23|50|N|88|31|55|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Solgohalia| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Solgohalia]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|23|0|N|88|28|50|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Naridana| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Naridana]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|21|20|N|88|26|37|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Baruipur (CT)| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Baruipur (CT)]]
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|22|35|N|88|25|46|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Salipur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Salipur, Baruipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|21|5|N|88|25|37|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Khodar Bazar| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Khodar Bazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|19|8|N|88|27|13|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Komarhat| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Komarhat]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|22|10|N|88|26|30|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Baruipur| numbered13=M| mark-title13= [[Baruipur]] (M) |shape-color13=#800000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|13|30|N|88|27|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Raynagar| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Raynagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|13|20|N|88|26|47|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Kalikapur Barasat| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Kalikapur Barasat]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|12|20|N|88|25|41|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Baharu| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Baharu]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|12|20|N|88|26|51|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Uttarparanij| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Uttarparanij]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|11|45|N|88|25|46|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Alipur| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Alipur, Jaynagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|11|15|N|88|25|50|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Uttar Durgapur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Uttar Durgapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|10|25|N|88|25|32|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Jaynagar Majilpur| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Jaynagar Majilpur]] (M) |shape-color120=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|14|5|N|88|26|42|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Dakshin Barasat| numbered21=N| mark-title21=[[Dakshin Barasat]] (N)|shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|9|10|N|88|26|23|E}} | label-pos22=bottom|label22=Nimpith| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Nimpith]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|9|8|N|88|27|26|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Tulshighata| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Tulshighata]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|5|11|N|88|35|37|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Kultali| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Kultali]] (R)|shape-color24=#C42222
|mark-coord25={{coord|21|55|17|N|88|32|40|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Maipit| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Maipit]] (R)|shape-color25=#0048BA
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|6|59|N|88|34|13|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Jamtala| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Jamtala]] (R)||shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|14|48|N|88|32|48|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Dhosa| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Dhosa, Jaynagar]] (H)| shape-color27=#AA6666
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|14|16|N|88|33|41|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28=Tilpi| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Tilpi]] (H)| shape-color28=#AA6666
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|14|50|N|88|26|47|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Padmerhat| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Padmerhat]] (R)||shape-color29=#C42222
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|0|35|N|88|38|40|E}} |label30= Matla River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=-65| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30=none}}

===Area overview===
Baruipur subdivision is a rural subdivision with moderate levels of urbanization. 31.05% of the population lives in the urban areas and 68.95% lives in the rural areas. In the southern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 20 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the southern part is covered by the Baruipur-Jaynagar Plain. [[Archaeological]] excavations at [[Dhosa, Jaynagar|Dhosa]] and [[Tilpi]], on the bank of the [[Piyali River]] indicate the existence of human habitation around 2,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Panchghara is located at {{coord|22.4083|N|88.4489|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

[[Petua]], Panchghara, [[Mallikpur]] and [[Hariharpur, Baruipur|Hariharpur]] form a cluster of census towns in the Baruipur CD block, as per the map of the Baruipur CD block in the District Census Handbook for the South 24 Parganas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 383 - Map of Baruipur CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 7 November 2019}}</ref> This cluster has [[Rajpur Sonarpur]] on the east and [[Bidyadharpur]] on the north, both in the Sonarpur CD block, as per the map of the Sonarpur CD block in the District Census Handbook for the South 24 Parganas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 259 - Map of Sonarpur CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 7 November 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Panchghara had a total population of 6,340, of which 3,230 (51%) were males and 3,110 (49%) were females. There were 825 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate persons in Panchghara was 3,964 (72.23% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 November 2019}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Panchghara covered an area of 1.3336&nbsp;km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 8&nbsp;km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved tap water from treated and untreated sources. It had 2,470 domestic electric connections and 50 road light points. Among the medical facilities it had dispensary/ health centre 1&nbsp;km away, family welfare centre 1&nbsp;km away, maternity and child welfare centre 1&nbsp;km away and 15 medicine shops in the town. Among the educational facilities it had were 3 primary schools.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 9 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
Subhashgram-Champahati Road links Panchghara to the [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|State Highway 1]].<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Subhashgram railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/>

==Healthcare==
Hariharpur Block Primary Health Centre, with 10 beds, at [[Hariharpur, Baruipur|Hariharpur]] (PO [[Mallikpur]]), is the major government medical facility in the Baruipur CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =8 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Balasore railway station

2025-07-28T01:32:03Z

Aman Mehta: further enhanced section per sources additionally and corrected details

{{short description|Railway station in Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Balasore
| native_name = Baleshwar
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Balasore Railway Station.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Station Road, [[Balasore]], [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|21.5014|N|86.9203|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|16|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| line = [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] [[Balasore–Gopinathpur Nilgiri line]]
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 4
| tracks = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| parking = Available
| opened = 1896
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes, Double electrified line
| accessible = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BLS
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Kharagpur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| former = [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
| passengers = Daily more than 150000
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| mapframe =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Odisha#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in Odisha##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=South Eastern Railway zone|left=Tikirapal Halt|right=Nilgiri Road|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Chennai Central|type=[[Howrah–Chennai main line]]}}
}}
'''Balasore railway station''', officially '''Baleshwar railway station''',<ref>{{Cite news |title=Balasore Railway Station's renamed Baleswar, within 10 hours of demand from Ashwini Vaishnaw |url=https://www.aninews.in/videos/national/balasore-railway-stations-renamed-baleswar-within-10-hours-of-demand-from-ashwini-vaishnaw/ |work=ANI News |date=14 January 2024 |access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref> is a railway station in [[Balasore]] city of [[Odisha]]. It serves Balasore, [[Remuna]], [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]] and [[Bhograi]] in [[Balasore district]] and other districts like [[Mayurbhanj]], [[Kendujhargarh]] and [[Bhadrak]] for boarding major trains like [[Duronto Express|Duronto]], [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani]], [[Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi]] and [[Humsafar Express]] and many more trains that do not stop at [[Bhadrak railway station]]. It is an A-grade station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Category of stations over S E Railway |url=https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,2,406,2246,2247&cssType=2 |website=ser.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref>

==Facilities==
{{stack|
[[File:Bhubaneswar Express at Balasore Railway Station.jpg|thumb|New Delhi–Bhubaneswar Rajdhani Express at Balasore railway station]]
}}
There are four platforms in Balasore railway station. Generally platforms 1,2 and 3 are used for long-distance trains like express and mail trains and platform no. 4 is used for suburban and local DEMU, MEMU trains.{{clarify|What is DEMY and MEMU?|date=December 2019}}

Balasore railway station has a computerised reservation office, cloak room, waiting room, retiring room, and refreshment room. This station is provided with Railwire free wifi by Google. One can download movies and music at high speed for 30 minutes after which speed will be reduced.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/balasore.html| title=Balasore railway station| publisher= make my trip| access-date = 6 January 2013 }}</ref> Balasore railway station has a double-bedded air-conditioned retiring room, 6 double bedded non-air-conditioned retiring rooms and a six-bedded dormitory, many small shops are available at all the platforms, water vending machine is also available in all platforms.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.trainenquiry.com/o/StaticContent/Railway_Amnities/SER/Retiring_room_at_station.htm | title = Availability of Railway Retiring Rooms and Dormitories | access-date = 14 July 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Passenger movement and train performance==
Balasore railway station is an A-grade station. Balasore railway station serves around 130,000 passengers every day. It is a major station in the state of Odisha where all the trains going from Howrah to Chennai make a scheduled stop. Many trains like Bhubaneswar rajdhani express, Bhubneswar-New Delhi duronto express and Howrah–Yashvanantapur Humsafar express, Puri-Howrah shatabdi express halt here. Other trains like Antodaya express and other AC superfast, mail trains have a regular halt in this station. Though this station lacks connectivity to some western states but one can easily get connecting trains from any major station like Bhubaneswar, kharagpur which have frequent connectivity from Balasore railway station. There is a long-standing demand of direct train to Mumbai from Balasore which has not yet been resolved. <ref>{{cite web| url = http://railenquiry.in/stationinfo/BLS/Balasore |title = Balasore (BLS)| publisher= Indian Rail Enquiry| access-date = 14 July 2013}}</ref>

==History==
During the period 1893 to 1896, {{convert|1287|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of [[East Coast State Railway]] was built and opened to traffic. [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]'s line to Cuttack was opened on 1 January 1899.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=2 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date= 1 April 2013 }}</ref> The {{convert|514|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long northern section of the East Coast State Railway was merged with BNR in 1902.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261 | title=History | publisher=East Coast Railway | access-date=2 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131114416/http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C261 | archive-date=31 January 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/balasore-bls/485 Trains at Balasore]
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Chandipur}}

{{Railway stations in Odisha}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Balasore district]]
[[Category:Kharagpur railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1899]]
[[Category:1899 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Transport in Balasore]]

{{Odisha-railstation-stub}}

Kurnool Urban Development Authority

2025-07-11T19:24:23Z

Aman Mehta: Updated entries and formatting

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Kurnool Urban Development Authority
| nativename = [KUDA]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = 4 November 2016
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| headquarters = [[Kurnool]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16.17|N|81.13|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| agency_type = Urban Planning Agency
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| keydocument1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Kurnool Urban Development Authority''' (KUDA) is an [[urban planning]] agency in the [[Kurnool district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=KUDA|url=http://www.tenalicorporation.org/webdtcp/pdf/277-KUDA.PDF|website=tenalicorporation.org|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=29 May 2017|archive-date=29 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529070536/http://www.tenalicorporation.org/webdtcp/pdf/277-KUDA.PDF|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was constituted on 1 February 2016, under ''Andhra Pradesh Metropolitan Region and Urban Development Authority Act, 2016'' with the headquarters located at [[Kurnool]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Four urban development authorities on the way|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/four-urban-development-authorities-on-the-way/article9236596.ece|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu|date=19 October 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Jurisdiction ==
The jurisdictional area of KUDA is spread over an area of {{convert|2599.50|sqkm|}}. It covers 123 villages in 9 [[mandal]]s of Kurnool districts. [[Kurnool Municipal Corporation]], [[Nandyal]] Municipality, Dhone Municipality, Bethamcherla Nagar Panchayat and Gudur [[nagar panchayat]] are the ulbs present in KUDA.<ref name="profile" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Urban development authorities of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Urban development authorities in India]]

{{india-gov-stub}}

Inder Singh Gandhi

2025-06-14T03:13:15Z

Aman Mehta: Added the bio v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Inder Singh Gandhi
| office = Member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1962}}
| constituency = [[Balh Assembly constituency|Balh]]
| term_start = 2017
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| predecessor = Prakash Chaudhary
| birth_place = Khandla village, [[Mandi district]], Himachal Pradesh
}}

'''Inder Singh Gandhi''' (born 1962)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Inder Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BALH (SC)(MANDI) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/himachalpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Balh Assembly constituency in [[Mandi district]]. He won the [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Raju |date=8 November 2022 |title=Himachal Pradesh Assembly election results: BJP wins Balh constituency |url= https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news/balh-assembly-constituency-himachal-pradesh-election-2022-details-history-voting-dates-results-mla-population-2022-11-08-822285 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born in Khandla village, Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Gandhi to develop Balh as model Assembly segment |url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal-tribune/gandhi-to-develop-balh-as-model-assembly-segment-627558 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> He is the son of late Gandhi Ram. He studied Class 10 at Government School, Dhangayara, and passed the examinations conducted by the [[Himachal Pradesh Board of School Education]] in 1981.<ref name=":1" /> In 1983, he also did a diploma as a surveyor, [[Industrial training institute|Industrial Training Institute]], Shahpur.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Singh won from [[Balh Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 31,792 votes and defeated his nearest rival and former minister, Prakash Chaudhary of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 1,307 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2022 |title=Balh Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate INDER SINGH wins from Balh , Details Inside |url= https://news.abplive.com/elections/balh-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-result-news-1568226 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balh Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Inder Singh of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/balh-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562573.html |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He defeated Chaudhary of Congress by a margin of 12,811 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJPs Inder Singh Gandhi wins first seat in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://zeenews.india.com/himachal-pradesh/bjps-inder-singh-gandhi-wins-first-seat-in-himachal-pradesh-2067505.html |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2024, he opposed the shifting of [[Atal Medical and Research University]] from Balh's Nerchowk to [[Sundar Nagar|Sundarnagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal News: कांग्रेस की सुक्खू सरकार के तुगलकी फरमान पर भड़के बल्ह विधायक इंद्र सिंह गांधी, कही ये बात |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeephh/himachal-pradesh/balh-mla-indra-singh-gandhi-comment-on-himachal-cm-sukhu-atal-medical-shifiting-decision/2407168 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Inder Singh}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Mandi district]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]

Sorimuthu Ayyanar Temple

2025-06-08T06:04:39Z

Aman Mehta: started first place added tags

{{short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Sorimuthu Ayyanar Temple''' is the temple located in [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve|Mundhunthurai reserve forest]] in a dense jungle which is between [[Papanasam, Tirunelveli|Papanasam]] and [[Papanasam Dam|Karaiyar Dam]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located 12 km from Papanasam and 61 km from [[Thirunelveli]]. Its presiding deity is Mahalinga Swamy. Lord Dharma Sastha (Ayyappa) appears with his left leg bent and the right hanging down. The temple is under the administration of [[Singampatti |Singampatti Zamin]], who maintains the temple. An estimated 2 lakh devotees come to Karayar on Thai and Adi Amavasya (new moon) days. All Amavasya days are observed. People erect tents to stay in the temple up to a month in advance. They bring with them provisions for cooking to fulfill their prayer commitments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Temple |first1=Sorimuthu Aiyanar |title=Sorimuthu Aiyanar Temple : Sorimuthu Aiyanar Temple Details {{!}} Sorimuthu Aiyanar- Karayar {{!}} Tamilnadu Temple {{!}} சொரிமுத்து அய்யனார் |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1246 |work=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sorimuthu Aiyyanar |first1=Temple |title=No tents, private vehicles during Ayyanar Temple fest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/No-tents-private-vehicles-during-Ayyanar-Temple-fest/article14492279.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 July 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Temple |first1=Aiyyanar |title=Carcass of two-year-old leopard found in KMTR |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/apr/22/carcass-of-two-year-old-leopard-found-in-kmtr-1967376.html |work=The New Indian Express |issue=22 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Temple |first1=Sorimuthu Aiyyanar |title=No tents, private vehicles during Ayyanar Temple fest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/No-tents-private-vehicles-during-Ayyanar-Temple-fest/article14492279.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 July 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Raj-Ranpur

2025-05-03T04:28:52Z

Aman Mehta: adding a entry - done

{{Short description|Town City in Odisha, India}}
{{no footnotes|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
'''Raj-Ranpur''', also written as [[Ranapurgarh]], '''Ranapur''' or '''Ranpur''', is a town and a Notified Area Council in the district of [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]] in the eastern Indian state of [[Odisha]]. The town is also known as ''Ranpurgarh'' or simply ''Ranpur'' as per the modern usage. The town is historically significant especially during the [[British Raj]] when it was the capital of the princely [[Ranpur State|state of Ranpur]]. The martyrs ''Shaheed Raghu-Dibakar'' (Raghunath Mohanty and Dibakar Parida) who were hanged for their resistance to British rule belong to this place. Rajsunakhala and Tangi are the nearest Town of Raj-Ranpur, which in almost 10 to 20 km from the town. Rajsunakhala is the most important business centre in Ranpur block under Nayagarh district.
[[File:Ranapur Jagannath Temple 6.JPG|thumb|Ranapur Jagannath Temple]]

==Location and Geography==

The Raj-Ranpur town is situated at the foothills of Maninag Hills which is a hill-system covering the whole of Ranpur and much of the surrounding areas. It is one of the most important towns in the Nayagarh district and also one of the important places in Odisha. [[New Jagannath Sadak]] passes through Raj-Ranpur and it connects Raj-Ranpur with Puri. It is situated at a distance of 63 kilometres south-west of the state capital [[Bhubaneswar]]. Also 13 Kilometers from Rajsunakhala. The area covering the town and the surrounding areas experiences a tropical climate as is experienced in most parts of the state. There are numerous fountains and water streams originating and running through the Maninag Hills. '''Mandakini''' (also known as ''Malaguni'') is the traditional river associated with the place. Presently this river is in a very bad condition and has almost dried up. It is said that one of the poets of Odisha, Kabibara Radhanath Ray (Poet Radhanath Ray) composed many of his poems sitting beside the Malaguni river while enjoying its beauty.

The area is home to one of the biggest biodiversities in the state of Odisha. The varied vegetation includes Coconut trees, Mango trees, teakwood among others. There is also a protected rubber plantation in the area. Apart from these, the place is also important in the agriculture map. Crops like paddy, sugarcane, moong (green gram) are grown in the area making the people of Ranpur self-sufficient in terms of foodgrains available to the people. The crops in this area have faced drought many times because of many factors including the changing climate and the absence of a proper farm irrigation system in the area. This place is known for its cashew plantation. The king's palace is one of the oldest palaces of Odisha.

==History==
{{main|Ranpur State}}
The area which is now part of the Ranpur town and the surrounding villages have continuously been inhabited by humans since the ancient times. The Maninag Hills has many rocks and geological features which indicate the continuous inhabitation of the area by humans and other animals. As per the traditional legend associated with the place, there used to be an Asura (Demon) named ''Ranasura'' who was creating trouble for the population and making their life miserable. The king of Ranpur was able to defeat the demon and kill him. The place has taken its name from the demon and was known as ''Ranasurapura'' during the ancient times. The name had changed to Ranpur with due course of time.

Irrespective of the assertion that the place has seen continuous human habitation since ancient times, for many scholars and historians, the place was a vast wilderness almost till early medieval times. During the later medieval times, the Kingdom of Ranpur was established. The rulers of Ranpur were in continuous battle with the rulers of surrounding small kingdoms. Many times battles were fought between the rulers of Nayagarh and Ranpur with several military reverses inflicted on each other. Ranpur is also known as dwitiya Shreekhetra of Odisha as per historical data.

Since late medieval times, the rulers of Ranpur have shown their allegiance to the prominent rulers of Odisha. Ranpur has remained as a vassal kingdom of the ''Surya dynasty'' of Odisha which had famous kings like [[Kapilendra Deva]], [[Purushottama Deva]] and ''Prataparudra Deva''. After 1568, when Odisha fell to the [[Afghans of Bengal]], the rulers showed their allegiance to the Afghans. Shortly afterwards in 1592, Odisha became part of the [[Mughal Empire]] after the successful military campaign of [[Man Singh]] against the Afghans of Bengal. The rulers of Ranpur again showed allegiance to the Mughals.

In 1803, the British occupied Odisha and started administering it as a part of [[Bengal Presidency]]. Modern Odisha became a Division within the Bengal Presidency. The rulers of Ranpur along with rulers of other small states and estates within Odisha showed their allegiance to the British. Ranpur formed part of an administrative unit under the British known as the [[Odisha Tributary States]] which consisted many princely states of Odisha. Initially the Odisha Tributary States was attached administratively to the Bengal Presidency. On 1 April 1912, Odisha was separated from Bengal and formed part of a new province called [[Bihar and Odisha]]. Accordingly, the [[Odisha Tributary States]] came to be attached with the Province of Bihar and Odisha and its administration came under the Governor of Bihar and Odisha. The Odisha Tributary States was also known as the [[Odisha States Agency]]. On 1 April 1936, Odisha and Bihar became separate provinces and the [[Odisha States Agency]] now became associated with the newly formed Odisha province which consisted of six districts: [[Balasore district|Balasore]], [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]], [[Puri district|Puri]], [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], [[Koraput district|Koraput]], [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]. Meanwhile, on 1 April 1933, the Odisha States Agency was merged with the [[Eastern States Agency]] which directly came under the administration of the Governor-General instead of a provincial Governor. After India achieved its independence, Ranpur along with the other 23 princely states within the [[Odisha States Agency|Odisha States]] were merged with the Province of Odisha. After the independence and merger, many small and medium-sized princely states were made part of surrounding districts or part of newly formed districts. As such Ranpur became part of the Puri district in 1949.

By the end of 1950, Odisha had 13 districts. Between 1949 and 1993, Ranpur formed part of the Nayagarh Sub-Division within Puri district. In 1993, during the [[Janata Dal]] [[government]] of Odisha, the [[Chief Minister]] of the state [[Biju Patnaik]] resolved to increase the number of districts from 13 to 30. As per this resolution, the erstwhile Puri district was trifurcated into three districts, namely [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]], [[Puri district|Puri]] and [[Khordha district|Khordha]] in 1993. With this division and creation of new districts, Ranpur became part of the Nayagarh district on 1 April 1993 and this status continues till today.

==Demographics and culture==
[[File:Ranapur Jagannath Temple 1.JPG|thumb|Ranapur Jagannath Temple]]
[[File:Maninaaga Devi (1), Ranpur, Nayagarh.JPG|thumb|Maninaaga Devi, Ranpur]]
The town is famous for its magnificent '''Jagannath Temple''' (''Jagannath Mandir'' in Oriya) which is situated in the main market area of the town. The Hindu deities '''Lord Jagannath''', '''Lord Balabhadra''' and '''Goddess Subhadra''' are worshipped in this temple along with other Hindu Gods and Goddesses. The sanctum sanctorum (''Garbha Gruha'' in Oriya) of the temple houses the three main deities whereas other Gods and Goddesses are worshipped elsewhere within the temple compound.

Also famous is the [[Rath Yatra]] (''Ratha Jatra'' in Oriya), the Chariot Festival which falls in June/July every year. The three deities Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra and Goddess Subhadra visit the '''Gundicha Temple''' riding on these three chariots specially designed and decorated for each of them. The devotees pull the chariots with all the enthusiasm and devotion. After nine days, the deities are brought back to the main Temple. The festival attracts a huge crowd from surrounding areas and elsewhere in the district of Nayagarh and other places.

The town is also home to two temples dedicated to [[Shiva]]. The ''Swapneshwar Mandir'' dates from the medieval times whereas the ''Chandeshwar Mandir'' is relatively new.

Among other sites in the town, is the Royal Palace (''Rajaprasada'' in Oriya) which is situated at the main market area near the Jagannath Temple. Ranpur was one of the 26 princely Indian States which were merged with the modern province of Odisha after India achieved independence in 1947. Owing to its small area and population the native state of Ranpur was placed under Category 'C' states within the Odisha States Agency which was an administrative unit of India during the British rule.

Ranpur is also a Legislative Assembly constituency which consists of the town and surrounding areas including nearby small towns of Chandpur and [[Rajsunakhala|Raj-Sunakhala]]. as well as numerous small villages such as [[Kesiapalli]]. Ranpur also is one of the 8 Tehsils within the Nayagarh district. It is also one of the 8 C.D. Blocks in the district.

The town's roads connect to other places within the districts of Nayagarh and Khordha including Bhubaneswar, the state capital of Odisha. It has a hospital with proper infrastructure and amenities.{{fact|date=May 2018}} The town is also home to the [[Civil law (common law)|civil court]] of Ranpur which is one of the lower level courts subordinated to the [[Odisha High Court]].

Maa Maninaga temple is also a temple in the history of Ranpur. A small temple built on the hilltop, it overlooks the town of Ranpur and has a birds eye view over a long distance. It is a short but arduous trek to the top, and offers views of the surroundings. However, due to the [[slash-and-burn]] method of cultivation by the locals, the green canopy of the hills has completely vanished and is in urgent need of afforestation.

==Politics==

Ranpur is one of the 147 [[Legislative Assembly]] [[Electoral district|constituencies]] of Odisha. There are a total of four assembly constituencies within the district of Nayagarh. The other three constituencies are: [[Daspalla]], [[Khandapada]] and [[Nayagarh]]. Ranpur has its own representation in the [[Vidhan Sabha|State Legislative Assembly]] of Odisha ever since the first [[General Elections]] were conducted in 1952 after India became a [[republic]].

Leaders from different political parties have been representing Ranpur in the [[Vidhan Sabha]]. There have been elected [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] from parties like the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Communist Party of India]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Janata Party]], [[Janata Dal]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Biju Janata Dal]]. Shri Ramakanta Mishra from the Congress holds the record for winning the most Vidhan Sabha elections from Ranpur. Among the earlier MLAs since 1952, notable are Raja Brajendra Chandra and [[Basanta Manjari Devi]], both of whom belonged to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]].

Current MLA of [[Ranpur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] is [[Surama Padhy]].

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.facebook.com/RajRanpur
* http://india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://nayagarh.nic.in
* http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june2006/engpdf/137-141.pdf
* http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2009/Jan/engpdf/40-42.pdf
* http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/sept-oct2007/engpdf/Pages75-76.pdf
* Books Ranpur Itihas, Ranpur Bidroh and Sahid Raghu Dibakar written by Satyabadi Baliarsingh

{{Nayagarh district}}
{{coord |20.062819| 85.344887|display=title}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nayagarh district]]

It's Not That Simple

2025-03-18T03:51:38Z

Aman Mehta: Added initial details first draft - done

{{Short description|Comedy-drama web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{For|the Invincible episode|It's Not That Simple (Invincible)}}
{{Infobox television
| image = It's Not That Simple.jpg
| image_size = 200
| caption =
| genre = [[Comedy]] [[Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| writer = Danish Aslam Charudutt Acharya
| screenplay =
| director = Danish Aslam
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Akshay Oberoi]]
*[[Vivan Bhatena]]
*[[Karan Veer Mehra]]
*[[Swara Bhasker|Swara Bhaskar]]
*[[Sumeet Vyas]]
*[[Purab Kohli]]
*[[Manasi Rachh]]
*[[Neha Chauhan]]
*[[Rohan Shah]]
*Devika Vatsa
}}
| music =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| producer = Vaibhav Modi Tabassum Modi
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| runtime =
| company = Victor Tango Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| budget =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016|10|21|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2018|12|14|df=y}}
}}
'''''It's Not That Simple''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] web series starring [[Akshay Oberoi]], [[Vivan Bhatena]], [[Karan Veer Mehra]], [[Swara Bhasker|Swara Bhaskar]], [[Sumeet Vyas]], [[Purab Kohli]], [[Manasi Rachh]], [[Neha Chauhan]], [[Rohan Shah]] and Devika Vatsa in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-06 |title=Swara Bhasker Is Excited About It's Not That Simple Season 2! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/swara-bhasker-is-excited-about-its-not-that-simple-season-2/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> It was written by Charudutt Acharya and directed by Danish Aslam. It originally premiered on [[Voot]] on 21 October 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Unhappy marriage or perfect affair? It's not that simple - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/unhappy-marriage-or-perfect-affair-its-not-that-simple/articleshow/54696027.cms |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=The Times of India |date=6 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Swara marked her web series debut with this and received praise for her performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swara Bhaskar's web series 'It's Not That Simple' to have a second season |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-swara-bhaskar-s-web-series-it-s-not-that-simple-to-have-a-second-season-2406714 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

=== Main ===

* [[Akshay Oberoi]] as Sameer
* [[Vivan Bhatena]] as Rajiv
* [[Karan Veer Mehra]] as Jayesh
* [[Swara Bhasker|Swara Bhaskar]] as Meera
* [[Sumeet Vyas]] as Dev
* [[Purab Kohli]] as Angad
* [[Manasi Rachh]] as Natasha
* [[Neha Chauhan]] as Anika
* [[Rohan Shah]] as Jassi
* Devika Vatsa as Tani
* Errol Peter Marks as Ronjoy
* Ishan Mishra as Mohit
* Jia Vaidya as Jhilmil
* [[Shobha Khote]] as Ajji
* [[Rumana Molla]] as Reha

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 ===
{{Series overview|color1=#005F6C|link1=#Season_1|episodes1=7|released1={{Start date|df=yes|2016|10|21}}|color2=#8C224A|episodes2=7|released2={{Start date|df=yes|2018|12|14}}}}{{Episode table|background=#005F6C|overall=|season=|title=|director=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Machhli Ki Aankh
| DirectedBy = Danish Aslam
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2016|10|21|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = War Cry #Trolls
| DirectedBy = Danish Aslam
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2016|10|21|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Risky Chemistry
| DirectedBy = Danish Aslam
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2016|10|21|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Clash Of The Ego
| DirectedBy = Danish Aslam
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2016|10|21|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Boardroom Vs Bedroom
| DirectedBy = Danish Aslam
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2016|10|21|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Hell Hath No Furry
| DirectedBy = Danish Aslam
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2016|10|21|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Rise Of The Phoenix
| DirectedBy = Danish Aslam
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2016|10|21|df=y}}
}}}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Episode table|background=#8C224A|overall=|season=|title=|director=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Season Premiere
| DirectedBy = Danish Aslam
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2018|12|14|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = TwitterWar: Mira vs Angad
| DirectedBy = Danish Aslam
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2018|12|14|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = 4 kisses, 1 party and a 30-sec pitch
| DirectedBy = Danish Aslam
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2018|12|14|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Man vs Woman: The ego tussle
| DirectedBy = Danish Aslam
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2018|12|14|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = The wounded tigress
| DirectedBy = Danish Aslam
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2018|12|14|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Kaun sahi kaun galat
| DirectedBy = Danish Aslam
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2018|12|14|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Sher ki sawari
| DirectedBy = Danish Aslam
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2018|12|14|df=y}}
}}}}

== Release ==
The series was announced to consist of 7 episodes as part of the first season on 6 October 2016 and started airing on [[Voot]] on 21 October 2016. It was written by Charudutt Acharya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VOOT launches all-new web series, 'IT'S NOT THAT SIMPLE' |url=https://www.adgully.com/voot-launches-all-new-web-series-it-s-not-that-simple-69152.html |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=www.adgully.com |date=6 October 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> The second season was announced by Voot on 30 August 2018 along with 16 other new original series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voot Announces 17 New Originals, International Expansion |url=https://gadgets360.com/entertainment/news/voot-17-new-originals-javed-akhtar-international-expansion-uk-viacom18-1908865 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=Gadgets 360 |date=30 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Season 2 reviews ===
The series received mixed responses from critics. It was praised for its performances by [[Swara Bhasker|Swara Bhaskar]] and [[Sumeet Vyas]] while it was criticised by some for its story.

Sreehari Nair of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2 stars, criticizing its plot while praising the performance of the cast "What holds the show together is the cast; performers who frequently rise above their stodgy lines to bring something personal to the table." She added "''It's Not That Simple'' is, at its core, a speeded-up, foul-mouthed version of shows like ''Shanti'' and ''[[Swabhimaan]]'' -- those [[Doordarshan]] soaps where business magnates had secrets that only their slavish butlers knew about."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Sreehari |title=It's Not That Simple: Foul-mouthed Soap Opera |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/its-not-that-simple-foul-mouthed-soap-opera/20181218.htm |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

Soumya Rao of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' mentioned "Strong performances come to the rescue when the dialogue and plot fall flat. The surface-scratching observations about gender bias and stereotypes are complemented by a couple of genuinely strong moments."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Soumya |title=More men and more problems in season two of web series 'It's Not That Simple' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/906731/more-men-and-more-problems-in-season-two-of-web-series-its-not-that-simple |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Scroll.in |date=24 December 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

A reviewer for ''Firstpost'' said "Performance wise, ''It's Not That Simple'' season 2 earns brownie points. Vivan oscillates perfectly between the obsessive friend and repulsed, homophobic lover. Sumeet is unsurprisingly on point. His predatory nature is well-fleshed out, all the while keeping it understated. Swara Bhasker does justice to a role tailor-made for her"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-11 |title=It's Not That Simple season 2 review: Swara Bhasker does justice to a role tailor-made for her |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/its-not-that-simple-season-2-review-swara-bhasker-does-justice-to-a-role-tailor-made-for-her-5878271.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3 stars, saying "the focus here is on Swara who looks svelte and gives her character a heft and heave that never seem manufactured. Some of the dialogues do sound like bumper sticker wisdom and WhatsApp forwards."<ref>{{Cite web |title='It's Not That Simple' season 2 review: This Swara Bhasker-starrer not that complicated |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/dec/20/its-not-that-simple-web-series-season-2-this-swara-bhasker-starrer-not-that-complicated-1914248.html |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=The New Indian Express|date=20 December 2018 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=6132872}}

[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:Comedy-drama web series]]

Morvi Railway

2025-02-26T01:32:21Z

Aman Mehta: added basic stub more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail
| railroad_name = Morvi Railway
| logo_filename = Indian Railway Heritage Logo-27 – Morvi State (WR).jpg
| logo_size =
| system_map =
| map_caption =
| map_size =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| locale = [[Gujarat]]
| start_year = 1890
| end_year = 1948
| predecessor_line =
| successor_line = [[Saurashtra Railway]], [[Western Railway Zone|Western Railway]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1000mm|lk=on}}
| old_gauge = {{RailGauge|762mm|lk=on}}
| electrification =
| length =
| hq_city = [[Morvi]]
| website =
}}
'''Morvi Railway (MR)''' was a {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} line in the [[Morvi State|princely state of Morvi]] in Gujarat, India.

==History==
The Morvi Railway was built by the Morvi State. Construction started in 1886 and the line was opened to traffic in 1890 between [[Wadhwan]] and [[Wankaner]] as a {{RailGauge|762mm|lk=on}} [[narrow gauge]] roadside tramway. The line was converted to {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} in 1905 to match the [[track gauge|gauge]] of other state Railways. During 1905 the metre gauge lines were extended to 73 miles and the {{RailGauge|762mm|disp=1}} lines were now 17 miles. The gauge conversion to metre gauge from Wankaner to Morvi was completed in 1924 under the regime of Lakhdiraji Thakor.

In April 1948 it was merged into [[Saurashtra Railway]].

== Rolling stock ==
In 1936, the company owned 59 locomotives, 3 railcars, 134 coaches and 315 goods wagons.<ref>{{cite book |title=World Survey of Foreign Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxHLQGfxDa0C&pg=RA16-PA18 |year=1936 |publisher=Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C.|language=English |page=223}}</ref>

==Classification==
It was labeled as a Class II railway according to [[Indian Railway Classification]] System of 1926.<ref>{{cite web| title=Indian Railway Classification | url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Indian_Railway_Classification | access-date=10 November 2022| language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=World Survey of Foreign Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxHLQGfxDa0C&pg=RA16-PA15 |year=1936 |publisher=Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C.|language=English |pages=220–223}}</ref>

==Conversion to broad gauge==
The railway was converted to [[Broad gauge]] in the year 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.videoscene.co.uk/last-wisps-of-indian-steam.html |title=history of maliya miyana-wankaner section}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Class II railways according to Indian Railway Classification System}}

[[Category:2 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Metre-gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Defunct railway companies of India]]
[[Category:History of rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Morbi district]]

Moolapalayam

2025-01-18T02:35:14Z

Aman Mehta: added first stub nd citations.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Moolapalayam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = neighborhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11|18|55|N|77|43|36|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Erode
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 638 002
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0424
| registration_plate = TN-33
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Erode
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Erode
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Erode East
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Moolapalayam''' is a neighborhood located in the southern side of [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the major residential locality in the city.

Kasipalayam(E) Zonal(IV) office of [[Erode Municipal Corporation]] is located in Moolapalayam.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cpi-m-assails-delay-in-road-works/article7714450.ece
|title=CPI(M) assails delay in road works|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=21 December 2016}}</ref>

==Location==
The locality being mostly residential with areas like Shanthi Nagar, NGGO Nagar, LIC Nagar, Bharathi Nagar, Telephone Nagar and Vaigai Nagar;<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cpi-m-assails-delay-in-road-works/article7714450.ece
|title=CPI(M) assails delay in road works|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=21 December 2016}}</ref> it also houses a number of educational institutions and commercial places like supermarkets and two-wheeler showrooms. Due to the unavailability of space and increasing residential area, the small lands in this locality were turning into Parking places.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vacant-plots-become-car-parking-sheds-in-erode-city/article8425055.ece
|title=Vacant plots become car parking shed in Erode city|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=21 December 2016}}</ref> It is located along the [[State Highway 83A (Tamil Nadu)|Avalpoondurai Road]], about 5 km from [[Erode Central Bus Terminus]] and 2 km from [[Erode Junction railway station]]. Karur bypass road branches off from Palani road here. The [[Central Warehousing Corporation]] has a warehouse in this locality.<ref>{{cite book
|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agricultural_marketing/list%20of%20CWC%20in%20TN.pdf
|title=List of Central Warehouses, page 3|publisher=Central Warehousing Corporation (Govt. of India undertaking)|accessdate=21 December 2016}}</ref>

==Neighborhoods==
*[[Erode Junction railway station]]
*[[Central Bus Terminus, Erode|Erode Bus Terminus]]
*Solar
*[[Avalpoondurai]]
*Mullamparappu
*Kaspapettai
*Bharathi Nagar
{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Moolapalayam
| North =
| Northeast =
| East =
| Southeast =
| South =
| Southwest =
| West =
| Northwest =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Erode]]

{{Erode-geo-stub}}

Bharno block

2024-12-26T01:19:24Z

Aman Mehta: cleaned up lead per sources

{{distinguish|Bermo block}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bharno
| nickname = 
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|23.246224|84.886267|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gumla district|Gumla]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 299.87
| population_total = 84572
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835203
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06529
| registration_plate = JH 07
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 58.24%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Sisai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sisai]]
| website = {{URL|gumla.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bharno block''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Gumla subdivision]] of [[Gumla district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
Gumla became a subdivision of Ranchi district in 1902 and it became a separate district in 1983. Simdega district was carved out of Gumla district in 2011. Subsequently, Gumla district was divided into three subdivisions – Gumla Sadar subdivision (with Gumla, Ghaghra, Bharno, Bishunpur, Raidih and Sisia blocks), Basia subdivision (with Palkot, Basia and Kamdara blocks), and Chainpur subdivision (with Chainpur, Albert Ekka (Jari) and Dumri blocks).<ref>{{cite web | url= https://gumla.nic.in/about-district/ | title= Gumla | work= About district/ Administrative Set-up/ Subdivision | publisher= Gumla district authorities | access-date= 19 October 2021 | archive-date= 19 October 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211019052021/https://gumla.nic.in/about-district/ | url-status= live }}</ref>

==Maoist activities==
The [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Maoist]] insurgency started spreading around the mid-1990s and poses a big challenge to peace and development of the district. It “is involved in abduction, extortion, extortion killings.” The banned organisation is active largely in the eastern part of the district mainly in Kamadara, Basia, Palkot, Gumla, Raidih, Sisai and Bharno police stations. In order to counter the activities of the insurgents, arms, ammunition and security equipment have been provided in every police station. It includes bullet-proof and landmine-proof vehicles.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla | title = District Police Profile Gumla | work = Security Scenario | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 7 October 2021 | archive-date = 5 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211005032328/https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
In the southern portion of Gumla district, there are flat topped hills called ''pat'', with an elevation ranging from 2,500 feet to 3,000 feet. The ''pat'' region is spread across Bishunpur, Chainpur and Ghaghra CD blocks. The highest areas are Netarhat pat (3,356 ft), Lamiti pat (3,777 ft) and Galgat pat (3,823 ft). The rest of the district occupies a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Ranchi Plateau|Ranchi Plateau]] with an average elevation of 2,300 feet.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII A| work = page 7: Natural Divisions| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand| access-date = 7 October 2021| archive-date = 10 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010133301/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Chota-Nagpur |title = Chota Nagpur plateau |publisher= Britannica| access-date = 7 October 2021}}</ref>

Three major rivers flowing through Gumla district are [[North Koel River]], [[South Koel River]] and [[Sankh River]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nrcddp.org/District_Plans/Gumla_BRGF_District_Plan_2011-12.pdf | title = District Gumla Backward Region Grant Fund, Annual Action Plan 2011-12 | work = page 6 | publisher = District administration - Gumla | access-date = 7 October 2021 | archive-date = 7 August 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220807211338/http://www.nrcddp.org/District_Plans/Gumla_BRGF_District_Plan_2011-12.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

Bharno CD block is bounded by [[Bhandra block|Bhandra]] CD block in Lohardaga district on the north, [[Bero block|Bero]] and [[Lapung block|Lapung]] CD blocks in Ranchi district on the east, [[Kamdara block|Kamdara]] and [[Basia block|Basia]] blocks on the south, and [[Sisai block|Sisai]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/gumla.html | title = Gumla CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 6 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/lohardaga.html | title = Lohardaga CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 6 October 2021 | archive-date = 5 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211005072215/https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/lohardaga.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/ranchi.html | title = Ranchi CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 6 October 2021}}</ref>

Bharno CD block has an area of 299.87 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2021_PART_B_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII B| work = Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand| access-date = 5 October 2021| archive-date = 10 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010133308/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2021_PART_B_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>[[Bharno#Police station|Bharno]] police station serves Bherno CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla| title = District Police Profile - Gumla| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 5 October 2021| archive-date = 5 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211005032328/https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla| url-status = dead}}</ref> The headquarters of Bherno CD block is located at [[Bharno]] village.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Map of Gumla district on the fifth page | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 5 October 2021 | archive-date = 10 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010133301/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bharno CD block had a total population of 84,572, all of which were rural. There were 42,355 (50%) males and 42,217 (50%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 14,845. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 1,297 (1.53%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 62,451 (73.83%).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Bharno CD block was 40,612 (58.24% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 24,094 (69.38% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 16,518 (47.19% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 22.19%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Gumla district was 66.92%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title = Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand | work = Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India | access-date = 7 October 2021 | archive-date = 29 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210729184338/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011 |work=Page 110 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=7 October 2021 |archive-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706191931/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Gumla district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bharno block (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web|title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=26 December 2024|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509181739/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|65.11}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|21.30}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|7.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|5.63}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.62}}
}}

According to the ''Population by Religious Communities 2011'' data, in the Bharno subdistrict, ‘Other religious communities’ numbered 55,069 and formed 65.11% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Hindus]] 18,018/ 21.30%), [[Muslims]] (6,208/ 7.34%), [[Christians]] (4,760/ 5.63%), and persons who did not state their religion (506/ 0.60%) ).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW20C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK | title = C1 Population by Religious Community 2011 | work = 2011 Census of India | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 23 January 2022 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112244/https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW20C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK | url-status = live }}</ref>

[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 706,754 and formed 68.94% of the total population of Gumla district. Within the scheduled tribes the more populous tribes were (percentage of ST population in 2011 in brackets): [[Oraon people|Oraon, Dhangars]] (62.63%), [[Munda people|Munda, Patars]] (11.70%), [[Kharia people|Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, Hill Kharia]] (9.07%), Lohras (5.77%) and [[Chik Baraik]] (2.57%).<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Lohardaga, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 census | work= page 31: Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date= 9 October 2021 | archive-date= 10 October 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211010133301/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf | url-status= live }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages in Bharno block (2011)
|label1 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]] |value1 = 61.37 |color1 = burlywood
|label2 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value2= 27.83 |color2 = mediumseagreen
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 5.20 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 2.52 |color4 = green
|label5 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value5 = 2.27 |color5 = teal
|label6 = Other |value6 = 0.81 |color6 = grey
}}

According to the ''Population by Mother Tongue 2011'' data, in the Bharno subdistrict, [[Hindi]] was the mother-tongue of 56,424 persons forming 66.72% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] (23,536/ 27.83%), [[Urdu]] (2,130/ 2.52%), [[Mundari language|Mundari]] (1,896/ 2.24%), [[Kharia language|Kharia]] (385/ 0.46%), and persons with other languages as mother-tongue (200/ 0.24%). Persons with Hindi as mother-tongue included 12,967 persons having [[Sadri language|Sadri]]/ [[Sadan people|Sadan]], 38,934 persons having [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] as mother-tongue.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-16%2FDDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK | title = C-16 Population by Mother Tongue| work= Census of India 2011| publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India| access-date =11 January 2022}}</ref>

 Note: An attempt has been made to include all language groups each with at least 300 persons as their mother-tongue and only those groups with less than 300 persons as their mother-tongue in the census data are normally included in the “other languages” category. Comparatively smaller language groups with 200+ persons as their mother-tongue are mentioned in the text. Many languages have sub-groups. Those who are interested can see the reference for more details.

[[Hindi]] is the official language in Jharkhand and [[Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=18 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Overview===
80% and over of the population of Gumla district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India | work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 1 October 2021 | archive-date = 25 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211025113847/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> In 2011–12, the proportion of BPL population in Gumla district came down to 36.75%.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.livemint.com/Specials/bqVly6xj4usB3DiTibS3DK/Spatial-poverty-in-Jharkhand.html| title = Spatial poverty in Jharkhand| publisher = Mint| accessdate = 1 October 2021| archive-date = 26 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211026092153/https://www.livemint.com/Specials/bqVly6xj4usB3DiTibS3DK/Spatial-poverty-in-Jharkhand.html| url-status = live}}</ref> According to a study in 2013 (modified in 2019), "the incidence of poverty in Jharkhand is estimated at 46%, but 60% of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are still below poverty line."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/#:~:text=The%20incidence%20of%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20is%20estimated,are%20main%20causes%20for%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20state. | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India: An Empirical Study based on Panel Data | publisher = MPRA | accessdate = 9 October 2021 | archive-date = 25 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211025102702/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/#:~:text=The%20incidence%20of%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20is%20estimated,are%20main%20causes%20for%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20state. | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Bharno CD block'''
|value1 = 67.97
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 22.58
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.18
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 7.26
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Bharno CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 25,310 and formed 67.97%, agricultural labourers numbered 8,409 and formed 22.58%, household industry workers numbered 813 and formed 2.18% and other workers numbered 2,703 and formed 7.26%. Total workers numbered 37,325 and formed 44.03% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 47,337 and formed 55.97% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook 2011 Gumla, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Tables 30 and 33, pages 51 and 54| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 9 October 2021| archive-date = 10 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010133301/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 69 inhabited villages in Bharno CD block. In 2011, 54 villages had power supply. 1 village had tap water (treated/ untreated), 69 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 69 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 4 villages had post offices, 11 villages had sub post offices, 2 villages had telephones (land lines), 43 villages had mobile phone coverage. 69 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 13 villages had bus service (public/ private), 11 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 6 villages had taxi/ vans, 16 villages had tractors. 3 villages had bank branches, 31 villages had [[public distribution system]], 26 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 446-448, Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 9 October 2021 | archive-date = 10 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010133301/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
In Gumla district, only three CD blocks, namely Sisai, Bharno and Kamdara, have plain lands. Rest of the district is mostly undulating in nature. Forests cover around 27% of the total area. About 35% of the total geographical area of the district is under cultivation. Out of 3.296 lakh hectare cultivable lands, only 22,056 hectare of land is under assured irrigation coverage. “The main economy of the village depends upon agriculture, forest produce, cattle development, and other labour activities...” About 70% farmers belong to the small and marginal category and have small plots scattered all around. Percentages of landless farmers are negligible.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nrcddp.org/District_Plans/Gumla_BRGF_District_Plan_2011-12.pdf | title = District Gumla Backward Region Grant Fund, Annual Action Plan 2011-12 | work = pages 6, 9 | publisher = District administration - Gumla | access-date = 9 October 2021 | archive-date = 7 August 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220807211338/http://www.nrcddp.org/District_Plans/Gumla_BRGF_District_Plan_2011-12.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Gumla district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 9 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title = Backward Regions Grant Fund | work = Press Release, 14 June 2012 | publisher = Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 9 October 2021 | archive-date = 6 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181106210742/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Education==
Bharno CD block had 21 villages with pre-primary schools, 66 villages with primary schools, 38 villages with middle schools, 13 villages with secondary schools, 10 villages with senior secondary schools, 2 villages had no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web | url= https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Lohardaga, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 446-448 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date= 10 October 2021 | archive-date= 10 October 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211010133301/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf | url-status= live }}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Bharno CD block had 5 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 15 villages with primary health subcentres, 5 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 3 villages with allopathic hospitals, 2 villages with dispensaries, 1 village with veterinary hospital, 1 village with family welfare centre.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Blocks of Gumla district}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Gumla district]]

Veera Abhimanyu (1936 film)

2024-10-28T17:39:05Z

Aman Mehta: started the pg w/ refs

{{short description|1936 Telugu film directed by V. D. Amin}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Veera Abhimanyu
| image = Veera Abhimanyu (1936 film).jpg
| director = V. D. Ameen
| writer = [[Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao]]
| producer =
| starring = Pulipati Venkateswarlu [[Kanchanamala]] [[Surabhi Kamalabai]]
| cinematography =
| music =
| studio = Select Pictures Circuit
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1936|10|24}}
}}

'''''Veera Abhimanyu''''' is a 1936 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[List of genres|Hindu mythological]] film directed by V. D. Ameen and produced under the banner of Select Pictures Circuit. The film stars Pulipati Venkateswarlu, [[Kanchanamala]], and [[Surabhi Kamalabai]]. The film was written by [[Kodavatiganti Kutumbarao|Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=T. V. S. Sastry |title=కాంచనమాల కన్నీటి కథ |url=https://www.gotelugu.com/teluguarticles/view/515/kaanachana-maala-story |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=Gotelugu.com |language=te}}</ref> It was released on 24 October 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veera Abhimanyu (1936 film) |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/public/film/veer-abhimanyu-1- |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=Cinemaazi.com}}</ref> The film was commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2023 |title=ప్రేక్షకాభిమానుల కలలరాణి.. లావణ్య వాణి కాంచనమాల |url=https://thebetterandhra.com/telugu/telugu-topics/cinema/the-dream-queen-of-audience-fans-lavanya-vani-kanchanamala/ |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=TheBetterAndhra |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The plot of ''Veera Abhimanyu'' is based on the episode of [[Abhimanyu]] from the [[Mahabharata]], focusing on his valour and tragic death in the [[Kurukshetra War|battle of Kurukshetra]]. The film emphasizes Abhimanyu's bravery as he penetrates the [[Chakravyuha]], a complex battle formation, and his ultimate sacrifice on the battlefield.

== Cast ==
* Pulipati Venkateswarlu
* [[Kanchanamala]] as [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttara]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Surabhi Kamalabai]]
* Mantravadi Venkata Joga Rao
* Sandhyaram Venkateswarlu
* Nagaratnam
* Haimavati
* Singaraju Nagabhushanam

== Music ==
The film featured both songs and poetry, with lyrics written by Sandhyaram Venkateswarlu. The songs were performed by Pulipati Venkateswarlu, Kanchanamala, Surabhi Kamalabai, and others.<ref>ఘంటసాల గళామృతము, కొల్లూరి భాస్కరరావు బ్లాగ్.</ref>

Songs:

1. "Krishnaa Muraari Vinuthu Jethu Ninu Hari"

2. "Khanda Khandamuluga Chendedan Kurukulu Kaantaara" – Sung by Pulipati Venkateswarlu

3. "Jayaveera Jayasura Jayapaandu Narapaala" – Sung by a group

4. "Tanayaa Intha Dudukaa Maama Edala" – Sung by Surabhi Kamalabai

5. "Naa Tanayaa Sukumaara Eenaatiki Naakoorika" – Sung by Surabhi Kamalabai

6. "Pagathura Madhahari Vai Sangraamamu Na Jayeempan" – Sung by Surabhi Kamalabai

7. "Pranaya Madhura Vaanchithambhu Phalaroopamu Daalechu" – Sung by Kanchanamala

8. "Pranakantaa Kanaraadhaa Bhavadiya Mridumadhura" – Sung by Kanchanamala

9. "Praanaanatha Palkadagu Nee Anyamerugani Nannitu" – Sung by Kanchanamala

10. "Priya Chanamaa Anikin Vadigaa Sannaaha Veerundavai" – Sung by Kanchanamala

Padyams (Poems):

1. "Arjunaatmaja Divya Baanamulu Ganaga" – Sung by Pulipati Venkateswarlu

2. "Astranidi Natanchu Naadarintune Ninnu Arjunudu" – Sung by Pulipati Venkateswarlu

3. "Itani Shatruvu Marudauta Yerigiyundi" – Sung by Srihari

4. "Kalikirammani Jeerinan Gaugulinchi" – Sung by Kanchanamala

5. "Gaganaveedhini Mabbulu Galayugade" – Sung by Pulipati Venkateswarlu

6. "Gurudu Yuddhambunaku Vachchi Kontapori" – Sung by Pulipati Venkateswarlu

7. "Needu Kangava Kumpunu Negaduneni Eelugu Padunalugu" – Sung by Malpuri Dakshinamurthy

8. "Paramasaadvini Munnu Draupadini Sabhanu" – Sung by Pulipati Venkateswarlu

9. "Pragna Labhimanyudi Inkanu Balkanela" – Sung by Nagaratnam

== Production ==
''Veera Abhimanyu'' was produced by Select Pictures Circuit, with Sandhyaram Venkateswarlu penning the lyrics and dialogue. The film's release on 24 October 1936 marked one of the early productions based on the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.

== See also ==
* [[Veera Abhimanyu (1965 film)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0281337|Veera Abhimanyu}}

[[Category:1936 films]]
[[Category:1930s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]

Nagkesar seed oil

2024-05-23T05:38:31Z

Aman Mehta: added a data v1

{{Short description|Oil from the Nagkesar tree (Mesua ferrea)}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
[[File:Mesua ferrea.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Tree]]
[[File:Mesua ferrea flower.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Flower]]
[[File:Base of the Mesua ferrea flower having dropped most of the petals.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Fertilized flower]][[File:നാഗപ്പൂവു്.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Raw fruit]]
[[File:Mesua ferrea seeds - Kunming Botanical Garden - DSC03235.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Seeds]]
'''Nagkesar oil''' is extracted from seeds of the nagkesar tree (''[[Mesua ferrea]]'', [[Hindi language|Hindi]]: नागकेसर). It belongs to the [[Calophyllaceae]] family. It is an East Indian [[Evergreen|evergreen tree]] and is often planted as an [[Ornamental plant|ornamental]] for its fragrant white flowers that yield a [[perfume]]. It is the source of [[hardwood]] used for [[railroad ties]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ironwood+tree |title=ironwood tree - definition of ironwood tree by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref> It is Sri Lanka's national tree.<ref name="india"/>

== Etymology ==
The generic name is after J. Mesue (777–857) and the specific epithet is from Latin, meaning 'belonging to iron', in reference to its famed and very hard, durable timber.<ref name="agro" />

==Common names==
It is commonly known as Ceylon ironwood, cobra's saffron, Indian rose chestnut, ironwood tree, mesua, poached egg tree<ref name="india">{{cite web|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Nag%20Kesar.html |title=Mesua ferrea - Nag Kesar |publisher=Flowersofindia.net |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2019}}

===Common names in India===
*[[Hindi language|Hindi]]− नाग चम्पा (Nag champa, नागकेसर( Nagkesar )
*[[Urdu]]− नर्मिश्क, Narmishka
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]]− Tadinangu, நாகப்பூ( nagappu), நாகேசுரம் (nakecuram)
*[[Marathi language|Marathi]]− Thorlachampa, नागचंपा (nagchampa), नागकेशर (nagakeshara)
*[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]− (Vainavu, ചുരുളി (churuli
*[[Assam]]− নোক্তে (Nokte ), নাহৰ (Nahor), নাগেশ্বৰ (Nageshwar)
*[[Meitei language|Meitei]]− নাগেসৰ (Nageshor )
*[[Telugu language|Telugu]]−నాగకేసరము (nagakesaramu)
*[[Sanskrit]] नागकेशर (nagakesarah), नागपुष्प( nagapuspah)
*[[Kannada language|Kannada]]− ನಾಗ ಕೇಸರಿ( nagakesari), ನಾಗ ಸಮ್ಪಿಗೆ (nagasampige)
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]− নাগকেশর (nagkesar, পুন্নাগ (punnaga)
*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]− નાગચંપા( nagachampa)
*[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]− नागकेसर (nagkesarah)

===Common name in other countries===
*English− Ceylon ironwood, Cobra's saffron, Indian rose-chestnut, Iron-wood tree, Sembawang tree (Singapore)
*Italian− Croco di cobra
*German− Nagassamen
*Arabic− Narae-kaisar
*Russian− Indiiskoe zheleznoe derevo, Mezua zheleznaia, Mezuia zheleznaia, Nagakeshara (from Hindi), Zheleznoe derevo.
*Burmese− Gungen, Kenga
*Chinese- : Tie li mu, (Taiwan)
*Japanese− Tagayasan
*Thai- : Bhra na kaw, Bunnak (Boon naak), Ka ko (Karen), Gaa gaaw, Gam gaaw, Kam ko (Shan), Saan phee daawy, Saraphi doi (Chiang Mai)

==Habitat==
''M. ferrea'' reaches up to {{Convert|100|ft}} height.The tree is native to [[Sri Lanka]], [[India]], southern Nepal, [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], Indochina, the [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], where it grows in evergreen forests, especially in river valleys. In the Himalayas and India the tree can grow at altitudes up to {{convert|1500|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} and in Sri Lanka up to {{convert|1000|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frim.gov.my/?page_id=9142 |title=Mesua ferrea: Useful and graceful tree | Forest Research Institute Malaysia |website=www.frim.gov.my |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131109030020/http://www.frim.gov.my/?page_id=9142 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the only [[ironwood]] forest in the dry zone with wet zone vegetation.

==Morphology==

===Tree===
''M. ferrea'' is a small to medium-size [[evergreen]] It grows up to {{convert|13|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall, often buttressed at the base with a [[Trunk (botany)|trunk]] up to {{convert|90|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in [[diameter]]. It has simple, narrow, [[Rectangle|oblong]], dark green [[leaves]] {{convert|7–15|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long, with a whitish underside. The emerging young leaves are red to yellowish [[pink]] and droop.<ref name="india"/> The [[wood]] is hard, heavy and strong at about {{Convert|72|lb/ft3}}. Its density is 1.12 ton/m3.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

===Flowers===
Its flowers are terminal or axillary, [[bisexual]], solitary or in an up to nine-flowered open [[panicle]], [[pedicel (botany)|pedicel]] with small paired [[bracts]]. It has four [[decussate]] [[sepals]] sub-orbicular, persistent and variously enlarged and thickened in fruit. [[Stamens]] are numerous, free or [[connation|connate]] only at the base, [[ovary]] superior (1-2 celled) each cell with one to two axillary [[ovules]]. They are slender with a [[peltate]] to four-lobed stigma. The flowers are {{convert|4-7.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} diameter, with four white [[petals]].<ref name="agro">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1770 |title=Species Information |publisher=Worldagroforestry.org |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref> The flowers are used to make an [[incense]] and to stuff [[pillows]].<ref name="india"/>

===Fruits===
The fruit is a capsule, usually globule, often beaked, thinly woody, usually dehiscing with two to four valves before falling, often exuding resinous droplets. One fruit contains one to four seeds. Fruits are reddish, conical hard and ovoid. The fruit diameter is 3.0" and nearly woody. Fruits are ovoid, {{convert|2.5-5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long with persistent [[Calyx (flower)|calyx]]. The seeds are dark brown fleshy oily [[cotyledons]].<ref name="nag">{{cite web|author=Chakrapani Ayurveda |url=http://nagkesar.com/aboutnagkesar.html |title=Nagkesar, Mesua, Mesua ferrea, Clusiaceae |publisher=Nagkesar.com |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2019}} Fruits weigh from {{convert|50-60|g|1|abbr=on}} each.<ref name="sea">SEA HandBook-2009, By The Solvent Extractors' Association of India {{full citation needed|date=April 2019}}</ref>

===Seeds===
The fruit contains one round or three conical brown, shiny, seeds consisting of the kernel (cotyledons, 36.6%) within a fibrous outer cover (50% seed) and brittle shell (13.4%). ''M. ferrea'' seeds contained [[lipid]]s (66.91-70.23 g %), moisture (4.02-5.05 g %), ash (1.46-1.50 g %), total protein (6.99-7.19 g %), water-soluble protein (2.98-3.11 g %), starch (5.51-5.85 g %), crude fiber (1.22-1.98 g %), carbohydrate (15.88-18.68 g %). The energy value is 700.55-724.15 kcal/100 g.<ref name="ajol"/>

==Physical properties and composition==
The major fatty acids in nagkesar oil are [[oleic acid]], [[linoleic acid]], [[stearic acid]], and [[palmitic acid]]. [[Polyphenols]] and volatiles can contribute an unpleasant odour. These include the 4-phenyl [[coumarins]] mesuol, mammeisin, mesuagin and mammeigin.<ref name=BALA&SESHADRI>{{cite journal|last1=BALA|first1=K.R.|author2=T.R. SESHADRI|title=Isolation and synthesis of some coumarin components of Mesua ferrea seed oil|journal=Phytochemistry|year=1971|volume=10|issue=5|pages=1131–1134|doi=10.1016/s0031-9422(00)89951-3|bibcode=1971PChem..10.1131B }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Fatty acid composition<ref name="sea"/><ref name="ajol">{{cite journal|volume=18 |issue=2 |publisher=Ajol.info |doi=10.4314/bcse.v18i2.61435 |year=2004 |last1=Abu Sayeed |first1=M. |last2=Abbas Ali |first2=M. |last3=Sohel |first3=F.I. |last4=Astaq Mohal Khan |first4=G.R.M. |last5=Sarmina Yeasmin |first5=Mst. |title='''Physico-chemical characteristics of ''Mesua ferrea'' seed oil and nutritional composition of its seed and leaves''' |journal=Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia |doi-access=free }}</ref>
!Fatty acid!!percentage
|-
|[[Myristic acid]] (C14:0)||0.0-2.8
|-
|[[Palmitic acid]] (C16:0)||8.0-16.5
|-
|[[Stearic acid]] (C18:0)||10.0-15.8
|-
|[[Oleic acid]] (C18:1)||55-66
|-
|[[Linoleic acid]] (C20:0)||0-1.0
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Physical properties<ref name="ajol"/><ref>PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MESUA FERREA SEED OIL AND
NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF ITS SEED AND LEAVES.M. Abu Sayeed, M. Abbas Ali, F.I. Sohel, G.R.M. Astaq Mohal Khan and Mst. Sarmina
Yeasmin</ref>
!Character!!Range/limit
|-
|[[Refractive Index]]at, 400C||1.465-1.475
|-
|[[Iodine value]]||65-95
|-
|[[Saponification value]]||195-205
|-
|[[Moisture]]||1.0-1.5
|-
|Color 1/4" cell(Y+5R)||25-35
|-
|[[Unsaponifiable matter]] %||2.0-2.5
|}

===See also===
*[[Mesua ferrea]]
*[[Nagkesar]]
*[[Trees of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Non-timber forest products|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Vegetable oils]]