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Abd al-Rahman

2026-05-23T17:03:25Z

AlvaJustice117: put up first page with sources

{{Redirect2|Abdur Rahman|Abdelrahman}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox given name
| name = Abd al-Rahman {{Nobold|{{Lang|ar|عبد الرحمن}}}}
| pronunciation = Áb-dur-ráh-mán or Áb-dál-ráh-mán
| gender = Male
| language = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| languageorigin = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| origin = 'Abd + [[Names of God in Islam|Ar-Rahman]]
| meaning = [[Servant of God|Servant of the Most Gracious]]
| region = 7th-century [[Arabian Peninsula]]
| related names = [[Amat al-Rahman]] (female variant), [[Rahman (name)|Rahman]]
| seealso = [[Abdur Rahim]], [[Abdullah (disambiguation)|Abdullah]]
}}

'''Abdelrahman''' or '''Abd al-Rahman''' or '''Abdul Rahman''' or '''Abdur Rahman''' or '''Abdurrahman''' or '''Abdrrahman''' ({{langx|ar|عبد الرحمن}} or occasionally {{lang|ar|عبد الرحمان}}; [[DIN 31635|DMG]] ''ʿAbd ar-Raḥman'') is a male Arabic Muslim given name, and in modern usage, surname. It is built from the Arabic words ''[[Abd (Arabic)|Abd]]'', ''[[al-]]'' and ''[[Rahman (name)|Rahman]]''. The name means "servant of the most gracious", ''ar-Rahman'' being one of the [[names of God in the Qur'an]], which give rise to the [[List of Arabic theophoric names|Muslim theophoric names]].<ref name="ahmed">{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Muslim Names |author=Salahuddin Ahmed |publisher=Hurst & Company |location=London |year=1999}}</ref><ref name="rahman">{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Muslim Names |author=S. A. Rahman |publisher=Goodword Books |location=New Delhi |year=2001}}</ref>

The letter ''A'' of the ''al-'' is unstressed, and can be transliterated by almost any vowel, often by ''u''. Because the letter ''R'' is a [[sun and moon letters|sun letter]], the letter ''l'' of the ''al-'' is assimilated to it. Thus although the name is written in Arabic with letters corresponding to ''Abd al-Rahman'', the usual pronunciation corresponds to ''Abd ar-Rahman''. Alternative transliterations include '''Abd ar-Rahman''', '''Abdulrahman''', '''Abdur Rehman''', '''Abdul Rehman''', '''Abidur Rahman''', '''Abdrrahman''', and others, all subject to variant spacing and hyphenation. Certain transliterations tend to be associated with certain areas, for example, '''Abdirahman''' in Somalia, '''Abderrahmane''' in French-speaking North Africa, or '''Abdelrahman''' in Egypt.

Notable people with the name include:
{{toc limit |2}}
{{Incomplete list |date=February 2024}}

== Early Islamic era ==
* [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf]] (581–654), Arab businessman and tycoon
* [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr]] (died 675), Muslim commander and eldest son of Abu Bakr
* [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid]] (616–667), Umayyad governor of Homs
* [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam]] (died 661), the Kharijite assassin of Ali
* [[Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah|Abd al-Rahman ibn Rabiah]] (died 652), Arab leader in the Khazar-Arab Wars
* [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Ziyad]], Umayyad governor of Khurasan in 679–681
* [[Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi]] (deposed 718), Umayyad governor of Al-Andalus
* [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi|Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi]] (died 732), Arab leader in the Battle of Tours
* [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Kathir al-Lakhmi]] (fl. 746) Umayyad governor of Al Andalus
* [[Abd ar-Rahman ibn Uqba]] (fl. 755), governor of Septimania
* [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri]] (died 755), ruler of Ifriqiya
* [[Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri]] (711–759), governor of al-Andalus
* [[Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i]] (707–774), Arab lawyer
* [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam]] (729–784), founder of the [[Rustamid dynasty]]
* [[Abd al-Rahman I]] (731–788), Umayyad emir in Córdoba, founded [[Umayyad dynasty]]
* [[Abd al-Rahman II]] (788–852), Umayyad emir in Córdoba
* [[Abd al-Rahman III]] (890–961), Umayyad emir in Córdoba
* [[Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti]], traditionally held to be the common ancestor of the Somali Darod clan
* [[Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi]], also known as ''Azophi'' (903–986), Persian astronomer
* [[Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo]] (983–1009), chief minister of Córdoba
* [[Abd al-Rahman IV]] (died 1018), Umayyad emir in Córdoba
* [[Abd al-Rahman V]] (1001–1024), Umayyad emir in Córdoba
* [[Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi|Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi]] (1256–1342), Syrian Islamic scholar

== Business ==
* [[Mohamed bin Abdulrahman M. Hassan Fakhro]] (1906–1982), Bahraini businessman
* [[Abdulrahman Mohammed Jamsheer]] (1944–2024), Bahraini businessman
* [[B. S. Abdur Rahman]] (1927–2015), Indian businessman

== Entertainment ==
===Single name===
* [[Abdur Rahman (actor)]] (1937–2005), Bangladeshi film actor and director

===Given name===

* [[Abderrahmane Abdelli]] (born 1958), Algerian musician
* [[Abdel Rahman El Bacha]] (born 1958), Lebanese pianist
* [[Abdur Rahman Slade Hopkinson]] (1934–1993), Guyanese actor and Muslim convert
* [[Abder Isker]] (1920–2010), French-Algerian TV director
* [[Abderrahmane Sissako]] (born 1961), Mauritanian film director

===Surname===
* [[Hadj Abderrahmane]] (1941–1981), Algerian actor
* [[Hisham Abdulrahman]] (born 1982), Saudi actor
* [[Khalid Abdulrahman]] (born 1966), Saudi singer

== Judges and lawyers ==
* [[Abdur Rahman (Pakistani judge)]] (1888–1962), Pakistani judge
* Sheikh Abdur Rehman, known as [[S. A. Rahman]] (1903–1990), Chief Justice of Pakistan
* Hassan Ali Abdul Rahman, or [[Hassanally A. Rahman]] (1909–1986), Pakistani lawyer
* [[Tufail Ali Abdul Rehman]] (1921–1975), Pakistani lawyer
* [[Abdel Rahman Zuabi]] (1932–2014), Israeli judge
* [[Rauf Rashid Abd al-Rahman]] (born {{circa|1941}}), Iraqi judge in trial of Saddam Hussein
* [[Abdul Rahman Saleh (prosecutor)]] (1941–2025), Attorney General of Indonesia
* [[Abdurrahman Yalçınkaya]] (born 1950), Turkish judge
* [[Abdul Rahman al-Lahim]] (born 1971), Saudi human rights lawyer
* [[A.F.M. Abdur Rahman]] (born 1951), judge of the High court division of Supreme Court of Bangladesh
* [[Muhammad Abdur Rahman]] (born 1976), Pakistani judge

== Politicians and activists ==

=== International organizations ===
* [[Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam]] (1893–1976), Egyptian, secretary-general of the Arab League
* [[Safiya Abdel Rahman]], member of the Egyptian Federation for Scouts and Girl Guides

=== Historical nations ===
* [[Ghabdraxman of Astrakhan]] (died 1545), Khan of Astrakhan, part of modern-day Russia, 1534–1538
* [[`Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad]] (died 1825), Emir of Harar, modern-day Ethiopia
* [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori]] (1762–1829), prince from the Imamate of Futa Jallon in modern-day Guinea who was made a slave in the United States

=== Afghanistan ===
* [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] (1842–1901), Emir of Afghanistan
* [[Abdul Rahman (Afghan minister)]] (1953–2002), murdered Afghan minister of aviation and tourism

=== Algeria ===
* [[Abderrahmane Benhamida]] (1931–2010), Algerian politician
* [[Abderrahmane Farès]] (1911–1991), Algerian politician

=== Bangladesh ===
* [[Abdur Rahman Biswas]] (1926–2017), former President of Bangladesh
* [[Shaykh Abdur Rahman]] (died 2007), executed Jihadist terrorist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-04-06 |title=Acting tough |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30208863.ece |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Abdur Rahman (Noakhali politician)]] (died 1981), Bangladeshi politician
* [[Abdur Rahman (scholar)]] (1920–2015), Islamic scholar
* [[Abdur Rahman (Faridpur politician)]] (born 1955), Bangladeshi politician
* [[Abdur Rahman (Tangail politician)]], Bangladeshi politician
* [[Abdur Rahman Kashgarhi]] (1912–1971), first Khatib of the [[Baitul Mukarram National Mosque]]
* [[Abdur Rahman Khokon]], Bangladeshi politician

=== India ===
* [[Mohammed Abdul Rahiman]] (1898–1945), Indian journalist, orator and politician
* Abdul Rehman Antulay, known as [[A. R. Antulay]] (1929–2014), Indian politician
* Kavungal Amakkode Abdul Rahman, or [[K. A. Rahman]] (1940–1999), Indian social activist
* [[Abdul Rahman (Vellore politician)]] (born 1959), Indian politician
* [[Maulana Abdur Rahman]], Indian politician
* [[Sayyid Abdur Rahman Bafaqi Thangal]] (1906–1973), one of the founders of the Indian Union Muslim League
* [[Abdul Rehman (MLA Delhi)]], Indian politician

=== Indonesia ===
* [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] (1940–2008), President of Indonesia

=== Iraq ===
* [[Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gillani]] (1841–1927), Prime Minister of Iraq
* [[Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz]] (1913–1973), Iraqi politician
* [[Abdul Rahman Arif]] (1916–2007), President of Iraq
* Abdullah Abdulrahman Abdullah known as [[Ashti Hawrami]] (1948–2024), Iraqi-Kurdish politician
* [[Abdul Rahman Mustafa]] (born 1951) (elected 2003), Iraqi-Kurdish politician
* [[Hashim Abderrahman al-Shibli]], Iraqi politician
* [[Abderrahman Sadik Karim]] (born 1962), Iraqi politician

=== Jordan ===
* [[Abdul Rahman Al-Hanaqtah]] (1963–2016), Jordanian politician

=== Libya ===
* [[Abdel Rahman Shalgham]] (born 1949), Libyan politician
* [[Abdul Rahman Kamudi]] (born 1955), Libyan politician

=== Malaysia ===
* [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan]] (1895–1960) King of Malaysia
* [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] (1903–1990), Prime Minister of Malaysia
* [[Permaisuri Siti Aishah Abdul Rahman]] (born 1971), Queen of Malaysia
* [[Ismail Abdul Rahman]] (1915–1973), Malaysian politician
* [[Senu Abdul Rahman]] (1919–1995), Malaysian politician
* [[Abdul Rahman Ya'kub]] (1928–2015), Chief Minister of Sarawak, Malaysia
* [[Tunku Abdul Rahman (Tunku Mahkota of Johor)|Tunku Abdul Rahman]] (1933–1989), prince of Johor, Malaysia
* [[Abdul Rahman Abbas]] (born 1938), Governor of Penang, Malaysia
* [[Abdul Rahman Dahlan]] (born 1965), Malaysian politician
* [[Tajuddin Abdul Rahman]] (born 1948), Malaysian politician
* [[Abdul Halim Abdul Rahman]] (1939–2022), Malaysian politician
* [[Abdul Rahman Bakri (Selangor politician)|Abdul Rahman Bakri]] (born 1965), Malaysian politician accused of corruption
* [[Sulaiman Abdul Rahman Taib]] (born 1968), former Deputy Tourism Minister of Malaysia
* [[Norah Abdul Rahman]] (born 1959), Malaysian politician

=== Morocco ===
* [[Abderrahmane of Morocco]] (1778–1859), Sultan of Morocco
* [[Abderrahmane Youssoufi]] (1924–2020), Moroccan Prime Minister

=== Niger ===
* [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] (born 1960), President of Niger

=== Nigeria ===
* [[Abdul Rahman Mamudu]] (1937–1992), Nigerian military Governor
* [[Abdulrahman Gimba]] (born 1945), Nigerian politician

=== Pakistan ===
* [[Ibn Abdur Rehman]] (1930–2021), Pakistani journalist, peace and human-rights advocate
* [[Abdurehman Rana]] (1942–2022), Pakistani politician
* [[Abdul Rahman Khan (Azad Kashmiri politician)]], Pakistani politician
* [[Abdul Rahman Khan (East Bengal politician)]], Pakistani politician
* [[Abdul Rehman (Pakistani politician)]], Pakistani politician
* [[Abdul Rehman Makki]] (1954–2024), Pakistani Islamist

=== Saudi Arabia ===
* [[Abdul Rahman ibn Faisal]] (1850–1928), ruler of Saudi Arabia
* [[Sa'd bin Abdul-Rahman]] (1888–1916), Saudi prince and soldier
* [[Abdallah bin Abd al-Rahman]] (1889–1977), Saudi prince and soldier
* [[Muhammad bin Abdul-Rahman]] (1882–1943), Saudi prince and soldier
* [[Abdullah bin Abdul-Rahman]] (1893–1976), senior member of the House of Saud
* [[Abd al-Rahman bin Abdul Aziz]] (1931–2017), Saudi politician
* [[Abdullah Abdah Rahman Jabrin]] (1933–2009), Saudi sheikh
* [[Abd al-Rahman bin Saud]] (1940–2005), Saudi prince
* [[Ghazi Abdul Rahman Al Gosaibi]] (1940–2010), Saudi politician
* [[Fahd bin Abdul Rahman Balghunaim]] (born 1952), Saudi Minister of Agriculture
* [[Abdulrahman bin Musa'ad]] (born 1967), Saudi prince
* [[Prince Faisal Bin Abdulrahman Bin Saud]], Saudi prince
* [[Nuora bint Abdul Rahman Al Saud]] (1875–1950), elder sister of King Abdulaziz

=== Singapore ===
* [[Abdul Rahman Andak]] (1859–1930), State Secretary of Johor to Sultans Abu Bakar and Ibrahim
* [[Temenggong Abdul Rahman]] (1755–1825), Temenggong of Johor

=== Somalia ===
* [[Abdirahman Abdi Mohamed]], Somali politician
* [[Abdirahman Abdi Osman]] (1965–2019), Somali politician
* [[Abdirahman Ahmed]] (died 2009), Somali politician
* [[Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur]] (1931–2003), Somali politician
* [[Abdirahman Mohamud Farole]] (born 1945), former President of Puntland, Somalia
* [[Abdirahman Duale Beyle]] (born 1955/56), Foreign Minister of Somalia
* [[Abdirahman Jama Barre]] (1937–2017), Somali politician
* [[Abdurahman Ahmed Ali Tur]] (1931–2003), Somali politician
* [[Abdirahman Janaqow]] (died 2007), Somali politician

=== Sudan ===
* [[Abd-el-Rahman el-Mahdi]] (1885–1959), religious and political leader in Sudan
* [[Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab]] (1934–2018), Head of State of Sudan; 1985–1986
* [[Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman al-Burhan]] (born 1960), Head of State of Sudan since 2019

=== Syria ===
*[[Abdul Rahman Salama]] (born 1971), Governor of [[Raqqa Governorate]] since 2026
*[[Abdul Rahman al-Aama]] (born 1987), [[Secretary-General to the Presidency (Syria)|Secretary-General to the Presidency]] since 2026

=== Yemen ===
* [[Abdul Rahman al-Iryani]] (1910–1998), President of Yemen
* [[Abd Al-Rahman Ali Al-Jifri]] (born 1943), Yemeni politician

=== Other places ===
* [[Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou]] (1930–1989), Kurdish political leader
* [[Abdulrahman Mohamed Babu]] (1924–1996), Zanzibari revolutionary nationalist
* [[Abdul Rahman Saleem]] (born 1975), Iranian-British Islamic activist

* [[Abdur Rahman Farès]] (1911–1991), Algerian politician
* [[Abdurrahman Vazirov]] (1930–2022), First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan
* [[Abdulrahman al-Nuaimi]] (1944–2011), Bahraini politician
* [[Muriel Abdurahman]] (1938–2013), politician in Alberta, Canada
* [[Omar Abdel-Rahman]] (1938–2017), blind Egyptian Muslim activist, served a life sentence in the USA
* [[Abdulrahman Abd Ghani]], Somali-Ethiopian politician
* [[Hashem Abd al-Rahman]] (active 1989–2008), Arab-Israeli politician
* [[Abdirahman Ali Hassan]], Kenyan politician
* [[Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani]] (1871–1930), Qatari royal
* [[Abdullah Abdurahman]] (1872–1940), South African politician and physician
* [[Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar]] (1880–1940), Syrian nationalist activist
* [[Abdulrahman Akkad]] (born 1998), Syrian LGBTQ activist.

== Prisoners ==
* [[Yunis Abdurrahman Shokuri]] (born 1968), Moroccan held in Guantanamo
* [[Abdul Rahman Juma Kahm]] (born 1969), Afghan held in Guantanamo
* [[Abdelrazak Ali Abdelrahman]], (born 1970), Libyan held in Guantanamo
* [[Khalid Abdallah Abdel Rahman Al Morghi]] (born 1970), Saudi held in Guantanamo
* [[Abdul Ghappar Abdul Rahman]] (born 1973), Uyghur-Chinese Guantanamo detainee
* [[Abdul Rahman Uthman Ahmed]] (born 1973), Saudi held in Guantanamo
* [[Slimane Hadj Abderrahmane]] (born 1973), Dane held in Guantanamo
* [[Abdul Rahman al-Amri]] (1973–2007), Saudi held in Guantanamo who died there
* [[Ghanim Abdul Rahman Al Harbi]] (born 1974), Saudi held in Guantanamo
* [[Abdul Rahman Shalabi]] (born 1975), Saudi held in Guantanamo
* [[Allal Ab Aljallil Abd Al Rahman Abd]] (born 1975), Yemeni held in Guantanamo
* [[Abdul Rahman (Guantanamo detainee 357)]] (born 1976), Afghan detainee
* [[Abdul Rahman Umir Al Qyati]] (born 1976), Yemeni held in Guantanamo
* [[Khalid Saud Abd Al Rahman Al Bawardi]] (born 1977), Saudi held in Guantanamo
* [[Muhammad Abd Al Rahman Al Kurash]] (born 1977), Saudi held in Guantanamo
* [[Abdul Rahman Abdul Abu Ghiyth Sulayman]] (born 1979), Yemeni held in Guantanamo
* [[Abdul Rahman Owaid Mohammad Al Juaid]] (born 1980), Saudi held in Guantanamo
* [[Abdul Rahman Nashi Badi Al Hataybi]] (born 1980), Saudi held in Guantanamo
* [[Majid Hamad Abdulrahman Al-Fareij]] (born 1980), Saudi held in Guantanamo
* [[Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman Abdul Aziz Al Baddah]] (born 1982), Saudi held in Guantanamo
* [[Abdurahman Khadr]] (born 1982), Guantanamo detainee
* [[Abdul Rahman Noorani]] (born 1973), Afghan detained in Guantanamo
* [[Abd Al Rahman Abdullah Ali Muhammad]], Yemeni held in Guantanamo
* [[Abdul Rahman Muhammad Nasir Qasim al-Yaf'i]], Yemeni subjected to extraordinary rendition by the US
* [[Mohammed Omar Abdel-Rahman]], Egyptian imprisoned by the US at a CIA black site
* [[Hiwa Abdul Rahman Rashul]], Iraqi imprisoned by the US as a ghost detainee
* [[Abdul Rahman bin Arshad]] (born 1961/62), alias Azman, accomplice of Abdul Nasir bin Amer Hamsah in the 1994 Oriental Hotel murder
*[[Abdul Rahman Abdullah]], birth name Donny Meluda, one of the main culprits of the 2010 Kallang slashings
* [[Ridzuan Mega Abdul Rahman]] (born 1992), husband of Azlin Arujunah who was accused of abusing and murdering his five-year-old son

== Muslim scholars==
Modern era Muslim scholars and clerics with this name are:
* [[Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla'i]] (1820–1882), Somali religious teacher
* [[Abdur-Rahman al-Mu'allimee al-Yamani]] (1894–1966), Yemeni Islamic scholar
* [[Abdur Rahman (scholar)]] (1920–2015), Islamic scholar of Bangladesh
* [[Abdur Rahman Kashgari]] (1912–1971), Uyghur Islamic scholar based in Bengal
* [[Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais]] (born 1960), imam of Grand Mosque in Mecca
* [[Abdur Rahman ibn Yusuf Mangera]] (born 1974), Islamic scholar of the United Kingdom, founder of ZamZam Academy and Whitethread Institute
* [[Abdul-Rahman al-Barrak]] (born 1933), Saudi cleric
* [[Sheik Abd-Al-Rahman]] (died 2006), Iraqi cleric
* Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Jibrin known as [[Ibn Jibrin]] (1933–2009), Saudi scholar

== Science and academia ==
* [[Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi]] (1631–1685), Moroccan writer on law, history, astronomy and music
* [[Sheikh Muhammad Abdolrahman]], Persian physician
* [[Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti]] (1753–1825), Somali–Egyptian scholar and chronicler
* [[Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai]] (1889–1966), Egyptian historian
* [[Omar Abdul Rahman (academic)]] (born 1932), Malaysian scientific adviser
* [[Abdulrahman al-Ansary]] (1935–2023), Saudi archaeologist
* [[Ahmed Abdul Rahman Al-Samawi]] (born 1946), Yemeni economist
* [[Basima Abdulrahman]] (born 1986/87), Kurdish-Iraqi civil engineer
* [[Megat Burhainuddin bin Megat Abdul Rahman]] (died 2023), Vice Chancellor and chief executive officer of MAHSA University College in Malaysia

== Soldiers ==
* [[Abdur Rehman Peshawari]] (1886–1925), Turkish soldier, journalist and diplomat
* [[Habib Abdoe'r Rahman Alzahier]] (1832–1896), Yemeni participant in Aceh war
* [[Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong]] (1868–1929), Malay resistance leader
* [[Abdurahman Fatalibeyli]] (1908–1954), Soviet army major who defected to the Germans in World War II
* [[Abdul Rahman Saleh (physician)]] (1909–1947), Indonesian doctor, aviator, and [[National Hero of Indonesia|National Hero]]
* Havildar [[Abdul Rahman (GC)]] (1921–1945), Indian George Cross recipient
* [[Akhtar Abdur Rahman]] (1924–1988), Pakistani general
* [[Mahmoud Abdel Rahman Fahmy]] (1929–2006), Commander of the Egyptian Naval Forces
* [[Ahmed Abdel Rahman Nasser]] (1934–2020), Egyptian air force officer

== Sports ==

=== Basketball ===
* [[Abdulrahman Mohamed Saad]] (born 1982), Qatari basketball player
* [[Mahdi Abdul-Rahman]] or Walt Hazard (1942–2011), American basketball player
* [[Muhammad-Ali Abdur-Rahkman]] (born 1994), American college basketball player
* [[Saeed Abdulrahman]] (born 1985), Qatari basketball player

=== Cricket ===
* [[Abdur Rehman (cricketer, born 1917)]] (1917–2000), Pakistani cricketer
*[[Abdur Rehman (Kalat cricketer)]] (active 1969–70), Pakistani cricketer
*[[Abdur Rehman (cricketer, born 1969)]] (born 1969), Pakistani cricketer
* [[Abdul Rehman (Pakistani cricketer)]] (born 1970), Pakistani cricketer
* [[Abdur Rehman (cricketer, born 1980)]] (born 1980), Pakistani cricketer
* [[Abdul Rehman (Kenyan cricketer)]] (born 1980), Kenyan cricketer
* [[Abdul Rehman (Emirati cricketer)]] (born 1987), Emirati cricketer
* [[Abdur Rehman (cricketer, born 1989)]] (born 1989), Pakistani cricketer
* [[Abdul Rehman Muzammil]] (born 1989), Pakistani cricketer
* [[Abdur Rahman (Bangladeshi cricketer)]] (born 1990), Bangladeshi cricketer
* [[Abdul Rahman (Afghan cricketer, born 2001)]] (born 2001), Afghan cricketer
* [[Abdul Rahman (Boost Defenders cricketer)]], Afghan cricketer

=== Fencing ===
* [[Mohamed Abdel Rahman (fencer)|Mohamed Abdel Rahman]] (1915–1996), Egyptian fencer
* [[Sameh Abdel Rahman]] (born 1943), Egyptian fencer

=== Football ===
* [[Abdur Rahman (footballer)]] (1919–1971), Bangladeshi footballer
* [[Abderrahmane Mahjoub]] (1929–2011), Moroccan-French footballer
* [[T. Abdul Rahman]] (1934–2002), Indian footballer
* [[Abderrahmane Soukhane]] (1936–2015), Algerian footballer
* [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]] (born 1946), Malaysian footballer and coach
* [[Abdul Rahman Al-Zaid]] (born 1959), Saudi football referee
* [[Fahad Abdulrahman]] (born 1962), UAE footballer
* [[Abdulrahman Mohamed (Emirati footballer)|Abdulrahman Mohamed]] (born 1963), UAE footballer
* [[Abdulrahman Al-Haddad]] (born 1966), UAE footballer
* [[Shamsurin Abdul Rahman (Malaysian footballer)]] (born 1967), Malaysian footballer
* [[Abdulrahman Ibrahim]] (born 1974), UAE footballer
* [[Rashid Abdulrahman]] (born 1975), UAE footballer
* [[Mohd Suffian Abdul Rahman]] (born 1978), Malaysian footballer
* [[Abdurrahman Dereli]] (born 1981), Turkish footballer
* [[Abdul Rehman (footballer)]] (born 1982), Pakistani footballer
* [[Abdulrahman Al-Bishi]] (1982–2026), Saudi footballer
* [[Maman Abdurahman (footballer)]] (born 1982), Indonesian footballer
* [[Abderrahman Kabous]] (born 1983), French footballer
* [[Abdulrahman Al-Qahtani]] (born 1983), Saudi footballer
* [[Mahmood Abdulrahman]] (born 1984), Bahraini footballer
* [[Abdulrahman Mesbeh]] (born 1984), Qatari footballer
* [[Mohd Shaffik Abdul Rahman]] (born 1984), Malaysian footballer
* [[Abderrahmane Mssassi]] (born 1985), Moroccan footballer
* [[Abdul Ghani Rahman]] (born 1985), Malaysian footballer
* [[Abdramane Ouattara]] (born 1986), Burkinabé footballer
* [[Shamsurin Abdul Rahman]] (born 1986), Singaporean footballer
* [[Baha' Abdel-Rahman]] (born 1987), Jordanian footballer
* [[Abdul Rahman Sulaiman]] (born 1988), Indonesian footballer
* [[Amer Abdulrahman]] (born 1989), UAE footballer
* [[Khaled Abdulrahman]] (born 1989), UAE footballer
* [[Yousif Abdelrahman Al Bairaq]] (born 1989), UAE footballer
* [[Mohammed Abdulrahman (footballer, born February 1989)]], UAE footballer
* [[Omar Abdulrahman]] (born 1991), UAE footballer
* [[Rozaimi Abdul Rahman]] (born 1992), Malaysian footballer
* [[Mohamed Abdelrahman (footballer, born 1993)]], Sudanese footballer
* [[Abdul Rahman Baba]] (born 1994), Ghanaian footballer
* Abdullah Abdulrahman Al-Hamdan known as [[Abdullah Al-Hamdan]] (born 1999), Saudi footballer
* [[Abdul Rahman (Indonesian footballer, born 2002)]] (born 2002), Indonesian footballer

=== Running ===
*[[Abdul Rehman (sprinter)]] (born 1929), Pakistani Olympic sprinter
* [[Abdel Rahman Massad]] (born 1957), Sudanese Olympic athlete
* [[Abderrahmane Morceli]] (born 1957), Algerian runner
* [[Abdihakem Abdirahman]] (born 1977), Somali-American long-distance runner

=== Other sports ===
* [[Abdul Rehman (boxer)]] (born 1938), Pakistani boxer
* [[Abdullah Abdulrahman Zeyab]] (born 1955), Kuwaiti Olympic swimmer.
* [[Abdul Breesam Rahman]] (born 1961), Iraqi Olympic wrestler
* [[Abderrahmane Hammad]] (born 1977), Algerian athlete
* [[Abderrahman Ait Khamouch]] (born 1986), Spanish Paralympic athlete

== Terrorists and militants ==
* [[Abdul Rahman Haji Ahmadi]] (1941–2025), Kurdish-Iranian militant leader
* [[Abdurrahman Buğday]] (born 1959), Turkish terrorist and organized crime leader, member of Grey Wolves
* [[Abdul Rahman Yasin]] (born 1960), American terrorist wanted in connection with the 1993 World Trade Center bombing
* [[Atiyah Abd al-Rahman]] (1970–2011), Libyan suspected terrorists
* [[Ali Abd al-Rahman al-Faqasi al-Ghamdi]] (born 1973), Saudi suspected terrorist wanted by the United States
* [[Abdul Rahman Al-Ghamdi]] (born 1974), Saudi militant and terrorist
* [[Abdul Rahman Jabarah]] (died 2003), Canadian Al-Qaeda militant killed in Saudi Arabia
* [[Ahmad Abdul-Rahman Saqr al-Fadhli]] (died 2004), Saudi terrorist on wanted list
* [[Faisal Abdulrahman Abdullah Aldakheel]] (died 2004), Saudi terrorist on wanted list
* [[Saleh Ibn Abdul Rahman Hussayen]], Saudi government official accused of assisting terrorists
* [[Obaida Abdul-Rahman Al Otaibi]], Saudi terrorist on wanted list
* [[Asim Abdulrahman]], Egyptian Al-Qaeda militant honoured by the Taliban
* [[Abderrahmane Ameuroud]], Algerian imprisoned in France for funding terrorist groups
* [[Abu Abdul Rahman]] (died 2006), Iraqi-Canadian militant in the Iraq War

== Writers ==
* [[Abderrahman El Majdoub]] (1506–1568), Berber Moroccan poet
* Abdul Rahman Mohmand, known as [[Rahman Baba]] (1653–1711), Pashto Sufi poet
* [[Sayyid Abdurrahman|Abdurrahman Sayyid]] (1831–1901), author of the chronicles of Dagestan
* [[Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi]] (1855–1902), Syrian Arab Nationalist writer
* [[Abdel Rahman Shokry]] (1886–1958), Egyptian poet
* [[Abdurahman Čokić]] (1888–1954), Bosniak author/sheikh
* [[Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri]] (1912–2004), Syrian Sufi poet, textile worker, and trade unionist
* [[Aisha Abd al-Rahman]], known as ''Bint al-Shati'' (1913–1998), Egyptian author and professor of literature
* [[Abdel Rahman Badawi]] (1917–2002), Egyptian existentialist philosopher and poet
* [[Abdirahman Yabarow]], Somali journalist
* [[Abdul Rahman Pazhwak]] (1919–1995), Afghan poet and diplomat
* [[Abdurrahman Sharafkandi]] (1920–1990), Kurdish-Iranian poet
* [[Gely Abdel Rahman]] (1931–1990), Sudanese poet
* [[Abdul Rahman Munif]] (1933–2004), Arabic novelist
* [[Abdul Rahman Ahmed Jibril Baroud]] (1937–2010), Palestinian poet
* [[Abdulrahman Adel Al-Shammari]] (born 1974), Saudi poet
* [[S. Abdul Rahman]] (1937–2017), Indian Tamil-language poet
* [[Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi]] (1938–2015), Egyptian poet
* [[Taha Abdurrahman]] (born 1944), Moroccan philosopher
* [[Mayfa' Abdel Rahman]] (1951–2021), Yemeni short story writer and journalist
* [[Abdul Rahman Yusuf]] (born 1970), Egyptian poet
* [[Lana Abdel Rahman]], Lebanese writer

== Other people ==
* [[Abdirahman Abdi (Canadian)|Abdirahman Abdi]] (died 2016), Canadian whose July 2016 death resulted in August 2016 protests
* [[Abdur Rahman Khan (born 1878)]] (1878–1939), Bengali academic and education service officer
* [[Abdur Rahman Chughtai]] (1899–1975), Pakistani artist
* [[Abdulrahman Deria]] (1910-1970s), Sultan of the Habr Awal clan
* [[Sheikh Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur]] (fl. 1933), Somali, inventor of Borama script
* [[Abdur Rahman Hye]] (1919–2008), Pakistani architect
* [[Hassan Abdel Rahman]] (born 1944), Palestinian diplomat
* [[O. Abdurahman]] (born 1944), Indian Malayalam journalist
* [[Abd al-Rahman Mowakket]] (born 1946), Syrian sculptor
* [[Abdur Rahman (make-up artist)]] (1946–2022), Bangladeshi make-up artist
* [[Amir Abdur Rehman Cheema]] (1978–2006), Pakistani who attempted murder of German journalist
* [[Abdul Rahman al-Amoudi]] (active 1990–2004), Eritrean-American imprisoned on financial and conspiracy charges
* [[Abdu Ali Abdul Rahman]], Yemeni diplomat
* [[Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Hussein]], Saudi engineer and Minister of Water and Electricity
* [[Abdul Rahman (convert)]] (born 1965), Afghan Christian who faced the death penalty for converting from Islam
* [[Abdulrahman al-Awlaki#Abdulrahman al-Awlaki|Abdulrahman Anwar Al-Awlaki]] (1995–2011), U.S. citizen born in Denver, Colorado; died in a drone strike in Yemen

== See also ==
* [[Mohamed Abdel Rahman (disambiguation)]]
* [[Omar Abdul Rahman (disambiguation)]]
* [[Tengku Abdul Rahman (disambiguation)]]
* [[Ghulam Rahman (disambiguation)]]
* [[Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University]], a women's university in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
* [[Datuk Patinggi Haji Abdul Rahman Bridge]], a bridge crossing the Sarawak River in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
* [[B. S. Abdur Rahman University]], a private university in Chennai (Madras), India
* [[Expedition of Abdur Rahman bin Auf]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Given name|type=both}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abd al-Rahman}}
[[Category:Arabic-language masculine given names]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi masculine given names]]
[[Category:Iranian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Pakistani masculine given names]]

Thalli Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T22:34:21Z

AlvaJustice117:

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{For|the town|Thally}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 56
| map_image = Constitution-Thalli.svg
| Existence =
| district = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
| established = 1977
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
| mla = [[T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)|T. Ramachandran]]
| latest_election_year = 2026
| name = Thalli
| electors = 237,924
| reservation = None
}}
'''Thalli''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Krishnagiri district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 56. It comprises a portion of [[Denkanikottai taluk]] and is a part of [[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2"|[[D. R. Rajaram Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| K. V. Venugopal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| D. C. Vijayendraiyah
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[M. Venkatarama Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[S. Raja Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[K. V. Muralidharan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| rowspan="2"|[[T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)|T. Ramachandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Y. Prakaash]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| rowspan="2"|T. Ramachandran
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|62.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|39.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|47.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|24.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|38.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|28.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|45.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.53}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|30.53}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)|T. Ramachandran]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=78,283 |percentage=38.02 |change=-24.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Nagesh Kumar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=73,043|percentage=35.48|change=+1.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Suresh|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=45,245|percentage=21.98|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narasimhan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=4,107|percentage=1.99|change=+0.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=1,550|percentage=0.75|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,240 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,05,878|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =237924 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalli<ref>{{cite web|title=thalli Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a056|access-date= 18 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)|T. Ramachandran]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=120,641 |percentage=62.82 |change=+26.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. C. Nagesh Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=64,415 |percentage=33.54 |change=+32.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mary Selvarani |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=3,776 |percentage=1.97 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,966 |percentage=1.02 |change=-0.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=56,226 |percentage=29.28 |change= 25.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=192,056 |percentage=76.46 |change= -5.95 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 251,178 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 23.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalli<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Y. Prakaash]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,429 |percentage=39.31 |change=-4.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)|T. Ramachandran]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=68,184 |percentage=36.01 |change=-11.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Nagesh |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,415 |percentage=16.59 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Arunrajan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,253 |percentage=2.77 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Ramachandran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,908 |percentage=1.54 |change=-1.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,450 |percentage=1.29 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Hari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,722 |percentage=0.91 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Roselin |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=958 |percentage=0.51 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,245 |percentage=3.30 |change= -0.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=189,350 |percentage=82.42 |change= -1.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 229,749 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -8.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalli<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)|T. Ramachandran]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=74,353 |percentage=47.90 |change=+27.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Y. Prakaash]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,918 |percentage=43.75 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Narendiran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,727 |percentage=3.05 |change=-7.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=F. Ayaz |party=Independent politician |votes=3,847 |percentage=2.83 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Muniraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,376 |percentage=1.53 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Naseeruden |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,960 |percentage=1.26 |change=-0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Krishnappa |party=Independent politician |votes=1,057 |percentage=0.68 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,435 |percentage=4.15 |change= 0.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=155,238 |percentage=84.20 |change= 15.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,376 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Independent politician |swing= 23.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)|T. Ramachandran]] |party=Independent politician |votes=30,032 |percentage=24.24 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Nagaraja Reddy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=25,437 |percentage=20.53 |change=-11.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. M. Gowda |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=23,628 |percentage=19.07 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Y. Buttanna |party=Independent politician |votes=20,196 |percentage=16.30 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. V. Muralidharan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,912 |percentage=10.42 |change=-27.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Hari |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=5,356 |percentage=4.32 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Vindai Vendan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,032 |percentage=2.45 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Muniraj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,761 |percentage=1.42 |change=-2.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sakulan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,534 |percentage=1.24 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,595 |percentage=3.71 |change= -2.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=123,888 |percentage=68.57 |change= 11.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,674 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -14.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. V. Muralidharan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,738 |percentage=38.33 |change=+24.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Raja Reddy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=30,521 |percentage=31.84 |change=+3.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Munireddy |party=Independent politician |votes=15,226 |percentage=15.88 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muni Raj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,583 |percentage=3.74 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. M. Gowda |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=3,549 |percentage=3.70 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Srinivasareddy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,403 |percentage=3.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Nallappa |party=Independent politician |votes=1,490 |percentage=1.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Krishnappa |party=Independent politician |votes=1,343 |percentage=1.40 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,217 |percentage=6.49 |change= -1.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,853 |percentage=56.76 |change= -7.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,962 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 9.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Raja Reddy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=26,427 |percentage=28.78 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venkatarama Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,938 |percentage=20.63 |change=-25.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Lagumiah |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,073 |percentage=15.33 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ranga Reddi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,521 |percentage=13.64 |change=-19.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Venugopal |party=Independent politician |votes=6,931 |percentage=7.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Ramachandra Reddi |party=Janata Dal |votes=6,779 |percentage=7.38 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Muniraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,217 |percentage=2.41 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Gulab Jhan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,517 |percentage=1.65 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kannan |party=Janata Party |votes=1,031 |percentage=1.12 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Yallappa |party=Independent politician |votes=523 |percentage=0.57 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Krishnappa |party=Independent politician |votes=471 |percentage=0.51 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,489 |percentage=8.16 |change= -4.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,819 |percentage=64.40 |change= 4.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,379 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -17.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venkatarama Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,831 |percentage=45.88 |change=+24.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ranga Reddi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,270 |percentage=33.41 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Ramachandra Reddy |party=Janata Dal |votes=14,917 |percentage=17.63 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Nasar Alias Nasar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,412 |percentage=1.67 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jaisankar |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=466 |percentage=0.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,561 |percentage=12.48 |change= -11.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,627 |percentage=59.87 |change= -6.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,078 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= -0.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=D. C. Vijayendriah |party=Janata Party |votes=39,773 |percentage=45.96 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. V. Venugopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,810 |percentage=21.74 |change=-27.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Then Po. Subramaniam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,636 |percentage=14.60 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Lagumaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=9,883 |percentage=11.42 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ramdas |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,523 |percentage=2.92 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. P. Krishn Apppa |party=Independent politician |votes=891 |percentage=1.03 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mariappa |party=Independent politician |votes=878 |percentage=1.01 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,963 |percentage=24.22 |change= 20.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,539 |percentage=66.77 |change= -0.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,588 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -3.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Venugopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,441 |percentage=49.05 |change=+7.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. C. Vijayendriah |party=Janata Party |votes=34,017 |percentage=45.79 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nanje Gowda |party=Independent politician |votes=2,091 |percentage=2.81 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Madhe Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=1,376 |percentage=1.85 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,424 |percentage=3.26 |change= -1.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,296 |percentage=67.48 |change= 11.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,654 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. R. Rajaram Naidu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,558 |percentage=41.53 |change=+11.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. C. Vijayendriah |party=Janata Party |votes=22,601 |percentage=36.72 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Munireddi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=13,383 |percentage=21.75 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,957 |percentage=4.80 |change= -3.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,542 |percentage=56.06 |change= -6.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,047 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 11.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. R. Rajaram Naidu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,559 |percentage=30.53 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Venkataswamy |party=Janata Party |votes=13,388 |percentage=22.02 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. C. Vijayendriah |party=Independent politician |votes=11,256 |percentage=18.52 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. S. Rizwan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,010 |percentage=14.82 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Then. Ramasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,576 |percentage=14.11 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,171 |percentage=8.51 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,789 |percentage=62.72 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,012 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{coord|12.59|77.65|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Krishnagiri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Radhika Nair (researcher)

2026-05-07T06:22:44Z

AlvaJustice117: starting new post

{{short description|Indian cancer biology researcher}}
{{about|the biological researcher|the Indian model|Radhika Nair (model)|the Malayalam film actress|Radhika (Malayalam actress)}}

'''Radhika Nair''' is an Indian cancer biology researcher. She currently serves as the Ramanujan Faculty Fellow at the [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]], in [[Trivandrum, India]], and senior research officer at [[Garvan Institute of Medical Research]] in [[Darlinghurst, Sydney]], New South Wales, Australia.<ref name=linkedin>{{cite web|last1=Nair|first1=Radhika|title=Radhika Nair|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/radhika-nair-bb50279/|website=LinkedIn|accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref> She specializes in understanding the cell intrinsic mechanisms that allow tumor cells to survive, go dormant and then thrive, specifically in [[breast cancer]].<ref name=wire>{{cite news|last1=Jayaraj|first1=Nandita|title=A Cancer Biologist Moving With the Cells|publisher=The Wire|url=http://thewire.in/36826/a-cancer-biologist-moving-with-the-cells/|accessdate=13 March 2017|date=18 May 2016}}</ref>

==Education and career==

After receiving a BSc. in microbiology and biochemistry at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]], in 1996 and an MSc in biochemistry at [[the Institute of Science, Mumbai]] in 1998, Nair received a PhD from the [[National Institute of Immunology, India]], at Delhi in 2003. Her PhD work focused on germ cell death.<ref name=wire /> In 2005, she was awarded a post-doctoral Career Development Fellowship in the [[MRC Cancer Unit]] at the [[University of Cambridge]], focusing on microbial and eukaryotic genetics.

The UK fellowship was followed by several years as a research scientist at Garvan, working with Alexander Swarbrick, head of the cancer center at the institute. After losing a friend who was suffering from breast cancer. Nair dedicated her life to breast cancer research. At Garvan, she contributed to a collaborative program called ProMis (Prostate Cancer Metastasis).<ref name=garvan>{{cite web|title=DR RADHIKA NAIR|url=https://www.garvan.org.au/research/collaborative-programs/bone-metastasis/promis-teams-and-staff/radhika-nair|website=ProMis Team Member Profile|publisher=Garvan Institute of Medical Research|accessdate=13 March 2017|archive-date=4 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170516/https://www.garvan.org.au/research/collaborative-programs/bone-metastasis/promis-teams-and-staff/radhika-nair|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nair also lectured at [[St. Vincent's Clinical School]] at the [[University of New South Wales]] in Sydney, Australia.<ref name=linkedin />

== Most cited publications ==

*Nair R, Shaha C. Diethylstilbestrol induces rat spermatogenic cell apoptosis in vivo through increased expression of spermatogenic cell Fas/FasL system. ''Journal of Biological Chemistry''. 2003 Feb 21;278(8):6470-81. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12477725] Cited 130 times according to [[Google Scholar]]<ref name=gs>{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Radhika+Nair&btnG=&as_sdt=1,33&as_sdtp=#|title=Google Scholar|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>
* Hochgräfe F, Zhang L, O'Toole SA, Browne BC, Pinese M, Cubas AP, Lehrbach GM, Croucher DR, Rickwood D, Boulghourjian A, Shearer R. Tyrosine phosphorylation profiling reveals the signaling network characteristics of Basal breast cancer cells. ''Cancer research''. 2010 Nov 15;70(22):9391-401. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sandra_OToole/publication/46403226_Tyrosine_Phosphorylation_Profiling_Reveals_the_Signaling_Network_Characteristics_of_Basal_Breast_Cancer_Cells/links/5640ee8a08aec448fa603434.pdf] Cited 122 times.
* O'Toole SA, Machalek DA, Shearer RF, Millar EK, Nair R, Schofield P, McLeod D, Cooper CL, McNeil CM, McFarland A, Nguyen A. Hedgehog overexpression is associated with stromal interactions and predicts for poor outcome in breast cancer. ''Cancer research''. 2011 Jun 1;71(11):4002-14. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21632555] Cited 80 times

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Radhika}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:Indian women biochemists]]
[[Category:Cancer researchers]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Women cancer researchers]]

Kuselan

2026-05-07T04:55:23Z

AlvaJustice117:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kuselan
| image = Kuselan.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| producer = G. P. Vijay Kumar Pushpa Kandaswamy [[C. Ashwini Dutt]]
| screenplay = P. Vasu
| story = [[Sreenivasan]]
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Pasupathy]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]] A. D. Karunamoorthy '''(Additional cinematography)'''
| editing = Saravana
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]] Seven Arts Films Production
| distributor = [[Ayngaran International|Ayngaran]] (Worldwide) [[Pyramid Saimira]] (US)
| released = {{film date|df=y|2008|08|01}}
| runtime = 159 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuselan |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kuselan-2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629230908/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kuselan-2008 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{Indian Rupee|15 [[crore]]|link=yes}}<ref name="data1">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2010 |title=Robot+Rajini=Rs 300 cr : NATION |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20101018-robot-rajini-rs-300-cr-744412-2010-10-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111150948/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/robot%20rajini=rs-300-cr/1/115629.html |archive-date=11 November 2014 |access-date=2012-08-05 |publisher=India Today}}</ref>
| gross = {{Indian Rupee|8 crore|link=yes}}<ref name=data1/>
}}
'''''Kuselan''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[dramedy film]] directed by [[P. Vasu]]. An official remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Katha Parayumpol]]'' (2007), it was produced by Pushpa Kandaswamy, [[Aswani Dutt]] and G. P. Vijayakumar in two languages. ''Kuselan'' stars [[Rajinikanth]] in an extended guest appearance with [[Pasupathy]] and [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]. It also stars [[Vadivelu]] and [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] in supporting roles. The film was simultaneously made in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Kathanayakudu (2008 film)|Kathanayakudu]]''. Meena reprised her role from ''Katha Parayumpol'' in both ''Kuselan'' and ''Kathanayakudu''.

The plot revolves around a villager, who had shared a strong friendship with a popular cinema actor in his youth. However, due to their different careers, they were forced to part ways, one becoming a national figure, the other, a village barber. Decades later, the actor returns to the village to participate in his film's shooting. Whilst the entire village becomes excited about the prospect of seeing the actor, the barber fears that his old friend would have forgotten him and would neglect him.

''Kuselan'' opened to audiences on 1 August 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2008 |title=Rajinikanth's ''Kuselan'' delayed! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14709776 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707210941/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14709776 |archive-date=2008-07-07 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> taking the third-largest opening for a Tamil film up until the date of release. Despite the hype before release, the film ended up evoking negative reviews and was a flop at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malani |first=Gaurav |date=2008-08-02 |title=Kuselan: Movie Review |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/kuselan-movie-review/articleshow/3317429.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528211101/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/kuselan-movie-review/articleshow/3317429.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=28 May 2022 |access-date=2020-06-27 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2008 |title=Rajni 's 'Kulesan flops; theatres want refund |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Rajni-s-Kulesan-flops-theatres-want-refund-/articleshow/3398317.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807154635/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Rajni-s-Kulesan-flops-theatres-want-refund-/articleshow/3398317.cms |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=7 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Prior to release, the film was heavily marketed by the producers as a Rajinikanth-starrer, although Rajinikanth himself had made it clear that he was only playing a guest role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2008 |title='Kuselan' – A boon or bane to Tamil cinema |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/40636.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809081933/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/40636.html |archive-date=9 August 2008 |access-date=2008-10-11 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2008 |title=Kuselan |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/kuselan-125916 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Balakrishnan is a poor [[barber]] living in the small village of [[Marayur|Marayoor]] alongside his wife, Sridevi, and three children. He has a small independent barbershop in the marketplace. However, another barber named Shanmugam owns a much more developed independent barbershop, and he has employees and revolving chairs. His family criticises Balakrishnan for not paying the school fees on time. A local goon named Kuppusamy also disrupts the number of visitors to Balakrishnan's barbershop. He can get his daughter back into school after advising the nun working at his daughter's school, who offers to pay the fees herself. An actor named Nagercoli Nagaraj unexpectedly visits the village and demands heavy amounts of daily supplies. Kuppusamy asks why, and Nagercoil explains that Kollywood actor ''Superstar Ashok Kumar'' will be in town for several movie shoots.

When Ashok Kumar arrives alongside several other actors participating, including [[Nayanthara]], [[Vijayakanth]], and [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], the village gives them a huge welcome. Since the locality is near the [[Tamil Nadu]]-[[Andhra Pradesh]] border, the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]] is raging across the border. The [[District magistrate|District collector]] told Ashok Kumar that the filming procedure should be done elsewhere for his safety, but Ashok Kumar disregarded this. So Senthilnathan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], who leads heavy police reinforcements, gets called to the village. Balakrishna states that 30 years ago, Ashok Kumar and Balakrishna were best friends who became distant as time passed. She and the children asked Balakrishna if they could meet Ashok Kumar and take a photo with him. Balakrishna worries that Ashok might have forgotten about him since people with fame and money usually forget about their past. Shanmugam's wife, Sona, asks Shanmugan if they could get a photo with Ashok Kumar. Shanmugam tried several techniques, but his methods were unsuccessful.

Sridevi starts spreading the news that her husband, Balakrishnan, and Ashok Kumar were friends in childhood. Balakrishnan was relatively popular, and people believed he could bring Ashok Kumar to take photos with everyone. Meanwhile, Ashok Kumar is developing two films: ''Vettaiyan'' and ''Annamalai 2''. Both films are sequels to previous films he created: [[Chandramukhi]] and [[Annaamalai]]. Kuppusamy helps Balakrishnan renovate the barbershop. Shanmugam successfully breaks into Ashok Kumar's guest house and disguises himself as a helper. He gets a photo of Ashok Kumar with his wife and proudly shows it to the village. People are uncertain if Balakrishana was a friend of Ashok Kumar, as a commoner got a photo with Ashok Kumar but not him. Kuppusamy is angered when he concludes that Balakrishnan lied. He tells the entire village, which causes his children to get backlashed, and they start disliking their father.

His eldest daughter's school managed to get Ashok Kumar to attend a function for him at the school. It was also his last filming day. Balakrishnan decides to fulfil Sridevi's desire of at least seeing Ashok Kumar, and they attend the school function. Ashok Kumar makes an emotional speech, recalling his childhood days when he was destitute, about his best friend, Balakrishnan. Balakrishnan helped Ashok Kumar during his hard times when he did not have money for clothes and food and even suggested that Ashok Kumar gets into acting. Ashok Kumar tearfully explains that Balakrishnan gave him everything, even selling his ear studs to send him to [[Chennai|Madras]]. He says that he became rich because of him. When they return home, his children ask for forgiveness for ignoring him. Then Ashok Kumar unexpectedly visits them and emotionally reunites with Balakrishnan. He then suggests to Balakrishnan that he move to [[Chennai]], where he could give Balakrishnan and his family a house near his barbershop. Although Balakrishnan declines, Ashok Kumar tells him that he and his family is all that he has and makes arrangements for them to stay with him. Before Ashok Kumar leaves, Balakrishnan brings a peanut candy and feeds Ashok, who also reciprocates and share a few moments of joy before declaring to the people that Balakrishnan is his best friend.

==Cast==

{{cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Ashok Kumar, a very famous Kollywood actor
* [[Pasupathy]] as "Barber Balu" Balakrishnan
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Sridevi "Devi", Balakrishnan's wife
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Senthilnathan IPS
* [[Vadivelu]] as "Saloon Kadai" Shanmugam (Balu's former assistant)
* [[Shafna]] as Balakrishna's elder daughter
* Revathy Sivakumar as Balakrishna's younger daughter
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Kuppusamy
* [[R. Sundarrajan]] as Srinivasan
* [[Manobala]] as Sub-Inspector
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Gopi, Kuppusamy's assistant
* [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] as "Nagercoil" Nagaraj
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as Pasimani
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Sathya, Kuppuswamy’s assistant
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Hari, Kuppusamy's assistant
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Chandran, Kuppuswamy’s assistant
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as School teacher
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]
* [[Mayilswamy]]
* [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]] as Shopkeeper
* [[Mohan Ram]] as Ashok Kumar's PA
*[[Ambani Shankar|Shankar]] as Barber shop worker
* [[Singamuthu]] as Barber shop worker
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Headmistress
* [[Fathima Babu]] as Sister Maria
* [[Rajitha]]
* [[Sona Heiden|Sona]] as Sona
* [[Cool Suresh]] as Nagercoil's Nagaraj's assistant
* [[Nellai Siva]]
* [[Thalapathy Dinesh]]
* Ashok Raja
* [[Bonda Mani]] as Shanmugam's sidekick
* [[T. P. Gajendran]] as Ramesh
* [[Sampath Ram]] as Police officer (uncredited)
}}
; Cameo appearances
{{cast listing|
* [[Nayanthara]] as Herself
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Tribal
* [[Mamta Mohandas]] as an assistant director
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as himself
* [[Nizhagal Ravi]] as himself
* [[Madhan Bob]] as himself

;Special appearance in the song "Perinba Pechchukaran"
* [[Suja Varunee]] as herself
}}
;Special appearances in the song "Cinema Cinema"
{{cast listing|
* [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]] as himself
* [[Dhanush]] as himself
* [[Khushbu Sundar]] as herself
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as herself
* [[K. Balachander]] as himself
* [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] as himself
* [[P. Vasu]] as himself
* [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]] as herself
}}

==Production==

===Development===
Following [[P. Vasu]] and [[Rajinikanth]]'s film, ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' in 2005, Vasu had been keen to re-cast Rajinikanth in another role and, before signing ''Kuselan'', he had narrated a story titled ''Vettaiyan'', which would have been a sequel of a character featured in ''[[Chandramukhi]]''.<ref name="vasua">{{Cite web |last=Shankar, Settu |year=2007 |title=P Vasu's version of Vettaiyan |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/p-vasu-vettaiyan-170807.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217233428/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/p-vasu-vettaiyan-170807.html |archive-date=17 February 2013 |access-date=2007-08-27 |publisher=Oneindia}}</ref>
Early in 2008, [[Rajinikanth]] signed up for [[S. Shankar]]'s ''[[Enthiran]]'', while ''Kuselan'' was launched at the Taj Coromandel in [[Chennai]] on 14 January 2008 coinciding with [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].<ref name="sneha">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Nayan is Rajini's lady love in Kuselan! |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/nayantara-rajinikanth-kuselan-280108.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218012106/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/nayantara-rajinikanth-kuselan-280108.html |archive-date=18 February 2013 |access-date=2008-01-28 |publisher=Oneindia}}</ref> The director, [[P. Vasu]] signed up [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Pasupathy]] to portray the lead roles, while director [[K. Balachandar]] agreed to produce the Tamil version of the film along with G.P. Vijayakumar's Seven Arts Productions, while [[Aswani Dutt]] agreed to produce the film in Telugu with Rajinikanth and [[Jagapati Babu]] starring. [[Ileana D'Cruz]] turned down an offer to act in the film, citing date problems.<ref name="ileanafuss">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Ileana refuses Rajini's Kuselan |url=http://chennai365.com/news/ileana-refuses-rajinis-kuselan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304002230/http://chennai365.com/news/ileana-refuses-rajinis-kuselan/ |archive-date=4 March 2011 |access-date=2008-01-28 |publisher=Chennai365.com}}</ref> The film is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] movie, ''[[Kadha Parayumbol]]'' which was written by [[Sreenivasan]] who also played the lead role in the movie.

In the Telugu version, comedy actors [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] and [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] all signed up to play the roles of [[Jagapati Babu]]'s fellow villagers.<ref name="teluguo">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Aswani Dutt producing Rajinis Kuselan in Telugu |url=http://www.oniondosa.net/news/2008/1/Aswani-Dutt-producing-Rajinis-Kuselan-in-Telugu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305121927/http://www.oniondosa.net/news/2008/1/Aswani-Dutt-producing-Rajinis-Kuselan-in-Telugu.htm |archive-date=5 March 2012 |access-date=2008-01-24 |publisher=Oniondosa.net}}</ref> Like the Tamil version, it was said that several prominent [[Telugu people|Telugu]] actors had been approached to be a part of a song in the project, but none were selected.<ref name="specialcasttwo" /><ref name="specialcastthree">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Big star cast in Kuselan? |url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Tamil-News%20and%20Gossips-3,18098.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725071320/http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Tamil-News%20and%20Gossips-3,18098.php |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=2008-02-04 |publisher=BharatStudent.com}}</ref>

Vasu made it clear that Rajinikanth would not be doing an honorary role in the film, which [[Mammooty]] had portrayed in the original, but will play a full role, describing that "the whole story revolves around him [Rajnikanth]". The film's launch was halted on 7 March 2008 at the [[AVM Productions|AVM]] Studios in [[Chennai]] with the leading artistes present.<ref name="poojadfd">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Kuselan pooja held |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14618571 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310111530/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14618571 |archive-date=2008-03-10 |access-date=2008-03-07 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> P. Vasu, while talking to the media mentioned that the shooting lasted 82 days with the versions being shot simultaneously and that most of the movie was shot inside the [[Ramoji Rao]] film city, with other destinations including [[Kerala]] and [[Pollachi]].<ref name="pvasuint">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=P Vasu Interview |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-08-03/kuselan-19-06-08.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165545/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-08-03/kuselan-19-06-08.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=2008-06-19 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

A promotional event took place on 19 July 2008 at the Jawarhalal Nehru Stadium. The event focused on the music by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref name="Event">{{Cite web |title=Kuselan's promotional event |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/july-08-02/kuselan-10-07-08.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321140217/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/july-08-02/kuselan-10-07-08.html |archive-date=21 March 2019 |access-date=16 July 2008 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

===Casting===
Apart from the role of [[Rajinikanth]], Vasu intended to use entirely different casts in either version of the bilingual film. [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], Manobala and Santhana Bharathi were added to the cast of the Tamil version,<ref name="detail">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Jegapathy Babu in 'Kuchelan' |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23012008-4.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214222509/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23012008-4.shtml |archive-date=14 February 2012 |access-date=2008-01-23 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> along with [[Vadivelu]] who pipped [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[Goundamani]] to land the role, even though Santhanam managed another role in the film.<ref name="detai">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Vivek acts in Kuselan! |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/rajini-kuselan-vivek-vadivelu-080208.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404153214/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/exclusive/2008/rajini-kuselan-vivek-vadivelu-080208.html |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=2008-02-09 |publisher=Oneindia}}</ref> Furthermore, director S. P. Muthuraman agreed to play a guest role in the film.<ref name="two">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Latest on 'Kuselan' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/36081.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123235633/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/36081.html |archive-date=23 January 2008 |access-date=2008-01-23 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> [[Nayantara]] accepted the role, opposite Rajinikanth.<ref name="sneha" /> however finding a female lead opposite Pasupathy was more difficult for the director, with [[Simran Bagga|Simran]],<ref name="simran">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Simran confirmed for 'Kuselan'? |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/36206.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130054035/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/36206.html |archive-date=30 January 2008 |access-date=2008-01-29 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]<ref name="two" /> and [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] all being considered for the role.<ref name="sneha" /> However, [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] who played the role in the original, was offered the role in early February 2008 and accepted it.<ref name="meenutwo">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Meena in 'Kuselan'! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14600822 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208040756/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14600822 |archive-date=2008-02-08 |access-date=2008-02-06 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Throughout the production stages, it had been indicated that several prominent film personalities will appear in cameo appearances throughout the film, however no leading actors were approached.<ref name="specialcasttwo">{{Cite web |last=Shankar, Settu |year=2008 |title=Kamal, Ajith and Vijay dance with Rajini!! |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/kamal-rajini-kuselan-ajith-vijay-040208.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709075951/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/kamal-rajini-kuselan-ajith-vijay-040208.html |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=2008-02-04 |publisher=Oneindia}}</ref><ref name="specialcastthree" /> Indications later revealed that five actresses would appear opposite Rajinikanth in a song with the selected being Nayantara, [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], Suja and [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] all of whom apart from Nayantara, play minor roles.<ref name="degirlsl">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Rajinikant to romance 5 heroines? |url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=14628888&cid=2364 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329010020/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=14628888&cid=2364 |archive-date=2008-03-29 |access-date=2008-03-24 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] operated as the music composer while [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]] was the cinematographer.<ref name="detail" /> The verse alternates between clips shot of an actual movie crew filming on location, intercut with actor [[Rajinikanth]] — who plays a fictional superstar actor in this film — spoofing blockbuster movies such as ''[[Zorro]]'', ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'', ''[[House of Flying Daggers]]'', and the [[James Bond]] series.<ref name="nonstopmp3.com">{{Cite web |title=NonStopMp3 - Kathanayakudu (2008) Songs |url=http://www.nonstopmp3.com/music/Telugu+-+Movies/albums/Kathanayakudu+(2008) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714130233/http://www.nonstopmp3.com/music/Telugu+-+Movies/albums/Kathanayakudu+(2008) |archive-date=14 July 2008 |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kuselan: The Official Motion Picture Soundtrack
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 July 2008
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:43
| label = [[Big Music (record label)|Big Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| prev_title = [[Ullasamga Utsahamga]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Ananda Thandavam (film)|Ananda Thandavam]]
| next_year = 2008
}}
The soundtrack of ''Kuselan'' was released on 30 June 2008. The background score has been composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] along with five songs. The song ''Cinema Cinema'' commemorates the 75th anniversary of [[Tamil cinema]]. [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Suriya]], [[Dhanush]], [[Khushbu Sundar]] and [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]] appear in this song along with [[Rajinikanth]], [[Nayantara]] and [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]. [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[N. T. Rama Rao]], are also shown in this song. This was the first [[Rajinikanth]] Tamil film since 1987 in which [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] was not cast in the soundtracks.

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length (m:ss) !! Lyrics
|-
| "Cinema Cinema" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || 6:08 || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
| "Sollamma" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], Baby Ranjani, Baby Pooja || 6:13 || [[Pa. Vijay]]
|-
| "Om Zaarare" || [[Daler Mehndi]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sadhana Sargam]] || 7:12 || Vaali
|-
| "Chaaral" || [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || 4:34 || Kiruthiya
|-
| "Perinba Pechukaran" || [[Kailash Kher]], V. V. Prasanna || 5:36 || [[Yugabharathi]]
|}

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Kuselan'' became the third largest release in the history of [[Tamil cinema]], extracting 1000 prints worldwide, numbers exceeded only by Rajinikanth's previous venture, ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]''.<ref name="1000prints">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title='Kuselan' opens in maximum centres |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/40427.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805054505/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/40427.html |archive-date=5 August 2008 |access-date=2008-09-16 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The film upon release, despite the initial hype before release, received negative reviews and unexpectedly took a lukewarm opening at the box office.<ref name="lukewarm">{{Cite web |last=Nadar, Ganesh |year=2008 |title=Kuselan gets lukewarm response at box office |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/08sskuselan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075748/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/08sskuselan.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2008-09-16 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> Unlike previous [[Rajinikanth]] films, on day two of its release, tickets were available in almost all theatres across [[Tamil Nadu]], with the film failing to get advance bookings.<ref name="lukewarm" /> Traders blamed the producers for using Rajinikanth's "larger than life image" to sell it to distributors, Pyramid Saimira for $12 million, when they knew very well that he was only doing a special appearance.<ref name="flop">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Kuselan Fiasco- A postmortem |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14736612 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810232039/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14736612 |archive-date=2008-08-10 |access-date=2008-09-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> More than $1 million worth of unauthorized [[DVD]]s were seized around India featuring ''Kuselan''.<ref name="kflop">{{Cite web |last=Vijayasarathy, R. G. |year=2008 |title=Kuselan flops in Karnataka |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/11kuselan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020155229/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/11kuselan.htm |archive-date=20 October 2018 |access-date=2008-09-16 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> In [[Karnataka]], Rajinikanth's home state, ''Kuselan'' failed to bring in $300,000, despite being sold for $600,000.
Pyramid Saimeera declared a loss of {{INR}} 403.2 million in the 3rd financial quarter of 2008 (a loss of nearly US$8 million, the highest loss for a single film in the [[Tamil film industry]]'s 100-year history).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.pstl.in/investor_pages/investor/Notes%20on%20Q3%20financials.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306164031/http://www.pstl.in/investor_pages/investor/Notes%20on%20Q3%20financials.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2012 |access-date=24 February 2010}}</ref>

Overseas, ''Kuselan'' opened at number 12 at the UK [[box office]], but slid heavily the following week.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} The film was still labelled as a "colossal flop".<ref name="malays">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Rajnikanth's Kuselan gets rave reviews in Malaysia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rajnikanth-s-kuselan-gets-rave-reviews-in-malaysia/story-6wtZwmA4bdEQhOh2qRPM6I.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318144604/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rajnikanth-s-kuselan-gets-rave-reviews-in-malaysia/story-6wtZwmA4bdEQhOh2qRPM6I.html |archive-date=18 March 2024 |access-date=2008-09-16 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

===Critical response===

The film, upon release, garnered mainly negative reviews. [[Rediff]].com criticized the film as "rushed", however praised [[Pasupathy]] mentioning that he comes "out the winner" in acting scenes, citing that his portrayal was "poetic".<ref name="lukkueb">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan, Pavithra |year=2008 |title=Rajnikanth's show all the way |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/01ssk.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201074518/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/01ssk.htm |archive-date=1 February 2013 |access-date=2008-08-01 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] is criticized, with the reviewer claiming that she "tries hard to re-create the original version's magic, but perhaps she has been told to over-do it for Tamil: she wears lipstick and pastel shades of saris for every other scene, while trying to prove that they have no idea where the next meal's going to come from". As for the script, "the freshness of the original has been denuded a little to accommodate dialogues that extol the many virtues of the superstar", becoming worse than that of the original.<ref name="lukkueb" /> Whilst labelling [[Vadivelu]] as providing "antics are the ones that really make you grin", the rest of the supporting actors Manobala, [[M. S. Baskar]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] and Vaiyapuri "are absolutely wasted". Director [[P. Vasu]] is criticized by claiming that his "script must shoulder the responsibility of how Kuselan has ultimately turned out" with the only saving grace being "the original story, which pulls the screenplay from descending into nothing". [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and [[Thotta Tharani]] were also singled out by the Rediff reviewer for their adequate performances in their respective fields.<ref name="lukkueb" />

Reviewers also claimed that the producers and [[P. Vasu]] had attempted to capitalize on [[Rajinikanth]]'s fan following in the film. [[The Deccan Herald]] reported that "It’s a big con to exploit brand Rajni and make a quick buck. He himself gallops in on a flying horse almost half way through the tortuous proceedings. His oneliners and quirks fall flat. If at all we are able to see flashes of the Rajni of yore, it’s towards the dying moments. By then it’s too late".<ref name="lukkueffd">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=A Kuselan gone Kaput! |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Aug12008/national2008080182223.asp?section=updatenews |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121120253/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Aug12008/national2008080182223.asp?section=updatenews |archive-date=21 January 2013 |access-date=2008-08-01 |website=[[The Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> This claim was echoed by one Sify.com review claiming the film "tries desperately to glorify Rajinikanth’s larger than life superstardom and create a halo around him as a do-gooder and a saint in real life. It loses its focus and moves away from the gist of the original, which was a simple story about human emotions, based on friendship between an ordinary barber and a superstar."<ref name="lukkuepjkb">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Review:Kuselan |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?cid=2429&ctid=5&id=14728792 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805015918/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14728792&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=2008-08-05 |access-date=2008-08-01 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In contrast, another [[Sify]].com review praised the film labelling it as "above average". It claims that "Rajinikanth towers above all others, especially in the climax scene where there is a lot of melodrama and the human emotions are well etched out".<ref name="lukkuepjkb" /> Pasupathy has a "pained expression throughout" whilst "Meena just repeats her performance in the Malayalam version". It however criticizes Vadivelu who is described as "a bit crass and below-the-belt", in reference to his scenes with Sona Heiden. It adds that "Kuselan is quite an enjoyable watch and is different from previous Rajinikanth films" and that the "touching climax will leave a lump in your throat".<ref name="lukkuepjkb" />

==Controversy==
During the 2008 hunger strike organised by SIFAA against Karnataka's stance on the [[Hogenakkal Falls water dispute]], Rajinikanth reprimanded politicians in [[Karnataka]]. Further, he appealed to leaders not to inflame the water project issue for political gains and requested that the issue should be resolved soon. He urged the Karnataka politicians "to speak the truth". "They cannot be fooled and will not remain silent if you continue to act in such manner," he stated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajnikanth blasts Karnataka over water project – Thaindian News |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/rajnikanth-blasts-karnataka-over-water-project_10034510.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504194054/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/rajnikanth-blasts-karnataka-over-water-project_10034510.html |archive-date=4 May 2009 |access-date=23 September 2009 |publisher=Thaindian.com}}</ref> Vatal Nagaraj, a Kannada activist and leader of the Kannada Chaluvali Paksha, demanded an apology from Rajinikanth and threatened that he would not be allowed in the state of Karnataka and all his films would be boycotted. In an effort to save the economy of Tamil cinema in Karnataka and ensure welfare of Tamil Nadu-based filmmakers, Rajinikanth made a brief media appearance on the news channel [[TV9 (Kannada)|TV9 Kannada]] and clarified his speech, issuing an apology.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2008 |title=Karnataka groups demand apology |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14638604 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409202416/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14638604 |archive-date=9 April 2008 |access-date=23 September 2009 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Following the release of ''Kuselan'' in Karnataka, Rajinikanth thanked the [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film industry]] for allowing the release of the film and lifting the ban. Fellow actors [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Radha Ravi]] condemned the apology, with the latter calling it a disgrace to [[Tamil people|Tamils]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1273218}}
{{P. Vasu}}
{{Kavithalaya Productions}}

[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2008 multilingual films]]

Diplu Ranjan Sarmah

2026-05-07T02:47:43Z

AlvaJustice117: started new info w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Diplu Ranjan Sarmah'''<ref name=":N18"/> is an Indian politician from [[Assam]]. He has been a [[Assam Legislative Assembly|member of the Assam Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing the [[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":N18">{{cite web |title=Samaguri Bypoll Election Result 2024 LIVE: Diplu Ranjan Sarmah of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/samaguri-bypoll-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130401.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharat |first1=E. T. V. |title=With Samaguri Victory, BJP Makes Inroads into Assam's Minority Bastion |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/assam-with-samaguri-victory-bjp-makes-inroads-into-minority-bastion-enn24112306376 |website=ETV Bharat News |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en |date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BJP’s Diplu Ranjan Sarmah Triumphs In Assam s Samaguri Assembly Bye-Election |url=https://m.guwahatiplus.com/article/bjps-diplu-ranjan-sarmah-triumphs-in-assams-samaguri-assembly-bye-election/35770/amp |website=m.guwahatiplus.com |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Assam]]
* [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarmah, Diplu Ranjan}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{Assam-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kadayanallur Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T02:41:36Z

AlvaJustice117: new initial entry w/ sources - done

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{coord|9.08|N|77.35|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kadayanallur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 221
| map_image = Constitution-Kadayanallur.svg
| mla = T. M. Rajendran
| party = {{Party index link|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| alliance = {{Party index link|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
| loksabha_cons = [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]]
| established = 1967
| latest_election_year = 2026
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| electors = 269,220
}}

'''Kadayanallur''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tenkasi district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]Most successful political party- [[AIADMK]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> It is a part of [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Demographics ==
Gender demographics of Kadayanallur constituency as of 01.05.2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/kadayanallur-assembly-elections-tn-221/|title= Assembly constituency Voters Count}}</ref> taken ahead of the state general elections in 2021.

{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Female
!Male
!Transgender
!Total
|-
|2021
|1,43,484
|1,45,416
| 9
|2,88,909
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[A. R. Subbiah Mudaliar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[A. R. Subbiah Mudaliar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[M. M. A. Razak]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[A. Shahul Hameed]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[T. Perumal]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Samusudeen]] alias Kathiravan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[S. Nagoor Meeran]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[K. Naina Mohammad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[M. Subbiah Pandian]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[S. Peter Alphonse]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[P. Chendur Pandian]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[K. A. M. Muhammed Abubacker]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[C. Krishnamurali]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| T. M. Rajendran
| {{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.08}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|37.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|50.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|49.89}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadayanallur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. M. Rajendran|party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C Krishnamurali]]|party=AIADMK|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Abubacker Siddique|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. K. Abdul Jalil|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser=AIADMK |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kadayanallur]]<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 19 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Krishnamurali]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,474 |percentage=43.08% |change=6.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. A. M. Muhammed Abubacker]] |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=64,125 |percentage=31.22% |change=-6.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ayyaduraipandian |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,216 |percentage=16.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Muthulakshmi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,136 |percentage=4.94% |change=4.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ambikadevi |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,778 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,056 |percentage=0.51% |change=-0.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Seenivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=938 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velammal |party=Independent politician |votes=672 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivasubramaniyan R |party=Independent politician |votes=672 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Poologaraj R |party=Independent politician |votes=658 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muruganantham |party=Independent politician |votes=532 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,349 |percentage=11.86% |change=11.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,05,374 |percentage=70.71% |change= -0.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,90,432 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian Union Muslim League |swing= 5.59% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kadayanallur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. A. M. Muhammed Abubacker]] |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=70,763 |percentage=37.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sheik Dawood. S |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,569 |percentage=36.86% |change=-12.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gothai Mariappan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=15,858 |percentage=8.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kathirvelu. V |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,286 |percentage=7.57% |change=5.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jabar Ali Usmani. J |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=5,993 |percentage=3.18% |change=-0.93% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raja Maravan. S |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=3,581 |percentage=1.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,969 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuramalingam . S |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,681 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thirumalaikumarasamy. M |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,350 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Santhana Mariappan. V |party=Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=844 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Abdul Rahman. P |party=Independent politician |votes=812 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,194 |percentage=0.63% |change=-9.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,88,737 |percentage=71.26% |change= -4.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,64,848 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian Union Muslim League |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kadayanallur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Chendur Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,794 |percentage=49.83% |change=8.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Peter Alphonse]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=64,708 |percentage=39.91% |change=-4.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Mubarak . S. |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=6,649 |percentage=4.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pandi Durai R. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,233 |percentage=1.99% |change=-0.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jahir Hussain . S. S |party=Independent politician |votes=1,753 |percentage=1.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramaiah . M |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,177 |percentage=0.73% |change=-4.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Jaffer . K |party=Independent politician |votes=929 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramanathan . P |party=Independent politician |votes=471 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Marimuthu . T |party=Independent politician |votes=417 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bala Subramanian . M |party=Independent politician |votes=385 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sankar . A |party=Independent politician |votes=345 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,086 |percentage=9.92% |change=6.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,14,997 |percentage=75.42% |change= 6.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,62,155 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.24% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kadayanallur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Peter Alphonse]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=53,700 |percentage=44.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kamaludeen. U. H |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,386 |percentage=41.00% |change=-4.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugasamy. M |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=6,760 |percentage=5.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thiruppathy. V. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=3,229 |percentage=2.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugavelu. M |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,203 |percentage=2.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raj @ Shanmugaraj |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,372 |percentage=1.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Magdoom |party=Independent politician |votes=1,196 |percentage=0.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pandian. P. S |party=Independent politician |votes=1,110 |percentage=0.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Senthil Raj. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=490 |percentage=0.41% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,314 |percentage=3.58% |change=2.41% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,20,446 |percentage=68.52% |change= 7.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,75,786 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kadayanallur]]<ref name=election2001>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3338-tamil-nadu-2001/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2001 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Subbiah Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,220 |percentage=45.57% |change=14.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shahul P. M. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,976 |percentage=44.39% |change=-2.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pandara Mudaliar. S. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,360 |percentage=6.96% |change=-8.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bathusah M. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,571 |percentage=1.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Saied Magthume. K |party=Independent politician |votes=918 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Hamardin . V. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=409 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Kadar. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=368 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,244 |percentage=1.18% |change=-14.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,05,822 |percentage=60.66% |change= -9.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,74,540 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kadayanallur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Naina Mohammad]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,641 |percentage=46.58% |change=18.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gani. A. M. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,949 |percentage=30.92% |change=-25.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sanjeevi. M. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,939 |percentage=14.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sehana. M. M. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,342 |percentage=2.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan. G. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,215 |percentage=2.08% |change=-3.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugiah Pandian. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,927 |percentage=1.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pandian. S. |party=Janata Party |votes=253 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subbiah Pandian. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=198 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paulraj. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=106 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velusamy. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=104 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Esakki. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=104 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,692 |percentage=15.66% |change=-12.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,06,563 |percentage=70.41% |change= 3.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,59,882 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kadayanallur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Nagoor Meeran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,681 |percentage=56.59% |change=37.99% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Samusudeen]] Alias Kathiravan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,971 |percentage=28.43% |change=-8.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Kamarudeen |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=8,215 |percentage=8.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mailerumperumal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,316 |percentage=5.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvakumar Alias I. S. S. Rajan |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=377 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mydeen Pitchai |party=Independent politician |votes=268 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Shahul Hameed |party=Independent politician |votes=185 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=161 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mariappan |party=Independent politician |votes=107 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Varisai Mohamed |party=Independent politician |votes=56 |percentage=0.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Esakkia Pillai Alias Durai Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=50 |percentage=0.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,710 |percentage=28.16% |change=21.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,387 |percentage=67.33% |change= -8.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,52,327 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 19.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kadayanallur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Samusudeen]] Alias Kathiravan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,531 |percentage=36.71% |change=-8.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ayyadurai Alias Subramanian S. R. M |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,652 |percentage=29.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anaikutti Pandian S. P. M |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,019 |percentage=18.60% |change=-34.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Razaak M. M. A. M |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,908 |percentage=12.63% |change=-40.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Marimutu M. P. P. M |party=Independent politician |votes=598 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Alagumuthu Thevar K. M |party=Independent politician |votes=331 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kannan. M. M |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sampath. R. M |party=Independent politician |votes=229 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thirumalaivel S. K. M |party=Independent politician |votes=217 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shahul Hameed M. S. M |party=Independent politician |votes=184 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajaiah. A. M |party=Independent politician |votes=118 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,879 |percentage=6.73% |change=-1.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,02,230 |percentage=75.34% |change= -11.67% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,38,368 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kadayanallur]]<ref name=election1984>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3331-tamil-nadu-1984/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 1984 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Perumal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,186 |percentage=53.44% |change=5.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Samusudeen]] Alias Kathiravan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,584 |percentage=45.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Natrajan. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,019 |percentage=1.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Esakkia Pillai. M. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=255 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,602 |percentage=8.26% |change=5.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,044 |percentage=87.01% |change= 17.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,405 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 2.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kadayanallur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Shahul Hameed]] |party=Independent politician |votes=38,225 |percentage=50.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gani A. M. Alias Mohideen Pitchai. A. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,354 |percentage=48.23% |change=9.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumaraswamy Thevar. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Kader. S. T. |party=Independent politician |votes=175 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramachandran. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=173 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramanathan. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=96 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,871 |percentage=2.48% |change=-5.00% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,380 |percentage=69.44% |change= -1.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,10,307 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.93% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kadayanallur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. M. A. Razak]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,347 |percentage=38.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S.K.T. Ramachandran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,686 |percentage=31.30% |change=-16.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K.Kattari Pandian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,329 |percentage=21.58% |change=-30.91% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Lakshmana Nadar |party=Janata Party |votes=5,623 |percentage=7.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nellai Gandhi Abdul Kader |party=Independent politician |votes=690 |percentage=0.91% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,661 |percentage=7.48% |change=2.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,675 |percentage=70.67% |change= -5.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,473 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.71% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kadayanallur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. R. Subbiah Mudaliar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,649 |percentage=52.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Majid Sahib S. M. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,079 |percentage=47.51% |change=-1.77% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,570 |percentage=4.98% |change=4.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,728 |percentage=76.21% |change= -5.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,720 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 2.60% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kadayanallur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. R. Subbiah Mudaliar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=36,349 |percentage=49.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. A. Majid |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,903 |percentage=49.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Naicker |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=603 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=446 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,855 |percentage=81.41% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,875 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tenkasi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]

Birmi Patta

2026-05-06T12:31:06Z

AlvaJustice117: started basic page with sources - done

{{Short description|Village in Churu district}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Birmi Patta
| other_name = Birmi Patta
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_caption = Location In Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|28|32|N|75|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = India
| subdivision_name = [[india]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = Disttrict
| subdivision_name2 = [[Churu district|Churu]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sidhmukh]]
| government_type = Panchayati raj
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat [[Birmi Khalsa]]
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name = Pooja Lotasra
| population_total = 751
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 331701
| area_code = 01559
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = RJ-10
}}

'''Birmi Patta''' is a village situated in [[Sidhmukh]] tehsil of [[Churu district]], in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The settlement falls under the administrative jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat Birmi Khalsa and forms part of the [[Taranagar Assembly constituency]]. According to the [[Census of India 2011]], the village had a population of 751 residents.

== Geography ==
Birmi Patta is located in the Churu district of the Indian state of Rajasthan. The village lies in the northern part of Rajasthan in a semi-arid region near the Thar Desert.
<ref>{{cite web
|title=Churu district official website
|url=https://churu.rajasthan.gov.in
|publisher=Government of Rajasthan
|access-date=30 April 2026}}</ref>
== Demographics ==
As per the 2011 national census, Birmi Patta recorded a total population of 751 people, including 397 males and 354 females. Children aged 0–6 years formed a small proportion of the population, and the demographic structure is similar to nearby rural settlements of the region.<ref>{{cite web
|title=District Census Handbook – Churu (Village Directory)
|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/23423
|publisher=Government of India
|page=128
|access-date=30 April 2026}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The village functions under the [[Panchayati Raj]] system and is administered by the Gram Panchayat [[Birmi Khalsa]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Administrative Setup of Churu District |url=https://churu.rajasthan.gov.in |publisher=Government of Rajasthan |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> through an elected [[Sarpanch]]. It comes under the [[Taranagar Assembly constituency]] and the [[Churu Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Transport ==
Road connectivity links the village with nearby towns and agricultural markets. The nearest railway access is [[Sidhmukh railway station]] located roughly 17 kilometres away, providing connections to regional routes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Railways Station Information |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Railways, India |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Agriculture and animal husbandry form the primary livelihood sources of residents. Most households depend on seasonal crop cultivation and livestock-based income, while some villagers engage in small trade and labour work in nearby towns.

== Religion ==
Residents traditionally follow Hindu practices and revere [[Gogaji]], a regional folk deity of Rajasthan. The Gogaji temple at [[Dadrewa]] serves as a significant religious site for villagers during fairs and gatherings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gogaji Temple Dadrewa Information |url=https://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in |publisher=Department of Tourism, Rajasthan |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref>

== Climate ==
The village experiences a semi-arid climate typical of northern Rajasthan, with hot summers and mild winters.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Churu District – Official Website
|url=https://churu.rajasthan.gov.in
|publisher=Government of Rajasthan
|access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://censusindia.gov.in Census of India]
* [https://churu.rajasthan.gov.in Official Churu district website]

[[Category:Villages in Churu district]]
[[Category:Villages in Rajasthan]]

Rachana Inder

2026-05-05T09:39:43Z

AlvaJustice117:

{{short description|Indian Kannada actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rachana Inder
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bhagamandala]], [[Karnataka]], India
| education = MBA
| alma_mater = {{ubl|St. Vincent Pallotti School| St Claret College}}
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2020–present
}}

'''Rachana Inder''' is an Indian actress who works mainly in [[Kannada film industry]] in addition to a few [[Telugu cinema|Telugu Films]]. She debuted as a supporting actress in the film ''[[Love Mocktail]]''.

== Career ==

=== Early Days and Debut as Supporting Actor ===
Rachana started her career in the Industry as a Freelance Model. Rachana made her acting debut in the 2020 Kannada movie [[Love Mocktail]] directed by [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]]. The Movie opened to critical acclaim with commercial success and her character was received well with its quirky humorous dialogues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2020-04-15 |title=Sivakarthikeyan heaps praises on 'Love Mocktail' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/sivakarthikeyan-heaps-praises-love-mocktail-122651 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> She then appeared in a cameo in the sequel [[Love Mocktail 2]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love Mocktail 2 review: Darling Krishna's Adi is on a quest to find Nidhi |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/love-mocktail-2-review-darling-krishnas-adi-is-on-a-quest-to-find-nidhi/4178d72a9457 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Her next was with [[Rishab Shetty]] in [[Harikathe Alla Girikathe]] in which she played Girija Thomas a Character Artist, the movie opened to positive to mixed reviews and was a decent hit at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2020-09-19 |title=Thapashwini, Rachana Inder bag lead roles in Harikathe alla Giri Kathe |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/Sep/19/thapashwini-rachana-inder-bag-lead-roles-inharikathe-alla-giri-kathe-2198768.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Debut as Main Lead and Onwards ===
Rachana made her Main lead debut in the Love 360 directed by [[Shashank (director)|Shashank]] which opened to positive reviews and was a commercially successful outing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love 360 Movie Review: This unusual love story is all about newness |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/aug/20/love-360-movie-review-this-unusual-love-story-is-all-about-newness-33907.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She then appeared alongside [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Aditi Prabhudeva]] and [[Megha Shetty]] in Triple riding which opened to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2022-11-25 |title='Triple Riding' Kannada movie review: A lacklustre entertainer aimed to appease Ganesh's fans |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/triple-riding-kannada-movie-review-a-lacklustre-entertainer-aimed-to-appease-ganeshs-fans/article66182995.ece |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She made her [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut through ''Chittam Maharani'' opposite to Yazurved directed by Akula Kasi Viswanath which opened to mixed reviews but her character was praised.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-30 |title='Chittam Maharani' review: A feel-good romantic comedy worth your time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chittam-maharani-review-a-feel-good-romantic-comedy-worth-your-time/articleshow/92581068.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

* ''All films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
!Note!! Ref.
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Love Mocktail]]'' || rowspan="2" | Aditi
|Supporting Role|| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2021/aug/11/i-am-excited-to-associate-with-director-shashank-in-my-first-solo-lead-26003.html | title=Rachana Inder: I am excited to associate with director Shashank in my first solo lead | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=10 August 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2022 || ''[[Love Mocktail 2]]''
|Cameo appearance || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/feb/12/love-mocktail-2-review-krishnadelivers-a-perfect-blend-oflove-and-laughter-2418320.html | title='Love Mocktail 2' Review: Krishna delivers a perfect blend of love and laughter | date=12 February 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Harikathe Alla Girikathe]]'' || Girija Thomas
|Supporting Role|| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/regional-film-news/henge-naavu-fame-rachana-inder-in-a-different-avatar-in-harikathe-alla-girikathe |title="Henge Naavu" fame Rachana Inder in a different avatar in Harikathe Alla Girikathe |date=22 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Love 360]]'' || Janaki "Jaanu"
|Debut as Main lead|| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/aug/26/love-360-first-look-ispotpourri-of-emotions-2349752.html |title=Love 360 first look is potpourri of emotions |date=26 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Triple Riding]]'' || Radhika
| || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Love Mocktail actor Rachana lands lead role in Tribble Riding |date=30 October 2020 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/love-mocktail-actor-rachana-lands-lead-role-in-tribble-riding-653667}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chittam Maharani'' ||Chaitra
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] film||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''Naalkane Aayama'' || Mansi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-18 |title=Master Anand's Daughter Vanshika Anjani To Debut In Kannada With This Spine-chilling Horror Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/master-anands-daughter-vanshika-anjani-to-debut-in-kannada-with-this-spine-chilling-horror-film-8857016.html |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''4N6'' || Nayesha || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-12 |title=Rachana Inder's '4N6' set to release this week |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/May/07/rachana-inders-4n6-set-to-release-this-week |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Not Out (film)|Not Out]]'' || Sridevi || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Angadi |first1=Jagadish |title='Not Out' movie review: A perfect weekend family entertainer |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/not-out-movie-review-a-perfect-weekend-family-entertainer-3113420 |work=Deccan Herald |date=20 July 2024 |language=en |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828022610/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/not-out-movie-review-a-perfect-weekend-family-entertainer-3113420 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025|| ''[[Firefly (2025 film)|Firefly]]'' || Neha || ||
|-
| ''Naanu Matthu Gunda 2'' || Indu || ||
|-
|rowspan=1 |2026 || ''[[Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige]]'' || Akshara || || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Rachana Inder: The script is the strongest pillar of Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Dec/29/kannadainterviews2025dec29rachana-inder-the-script-is-the-strongest-pillar-of-theertharoopa-thandeyavarige |access-date=3 January 2026 |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Instagram|rachana.inder}}
* {{IMDb name|11393925}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inder, Rachana}}
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
__FORCETOC__

Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Members

2026-05-04T18:00:54Z

AlvaJustice117: starting a post more to come.

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<noinclude>{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}} __FORCETOC__ [[Category:WikiProject India|Members]]
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Therku Theru Machan

2026-05-03T11:36:35Z

AlvaJustice117:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Therku Theru Machan
| image = Therku Theru Machan.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manivannan]]
| producer = K. Prabakaran
| writer = Manivannan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Bhanupriya]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = [[B. R. Vijayalakshmi]]
| editing = L. Kesavan
| distributor =
| studio = [[Anbalaya Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|04|13}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Therku Theru Machan''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Manivannan]]. The film stars [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Bhanupriya]]. It was released on 13 April 1992,<ref>{{Cite web |title=தெற்கு தெரு மச்சான் / Therku Theru Machan (1992) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/therku-theru-machan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012060446/https://screen4screen.com/movies/therku-theru-machan |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=}}</ref> and completed a 100-day run.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=1 January 1993 |title=Run-of-the-mill fare |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930101&printsec=frontpage |access-date=8 October 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Valayapalam village's Landlord Paramasiva Gounder has two sons: Subramani and Ganesan. Ganesan, the elder one, gets married with Segamalam, daughter of village President and Landlord "School Gounder" from neighbouring Kittampalayam. In the meantime, Subramani and Sengamalam's sister Parimala fall in love with each other, though they are from different villages.

Devaraj, landlord and owner of a gambling club in Kittampalayam, wants to marry Parimala and she is his maternal cousin. But she refuses and ridicules him. So Devaraj decides to take revenge. Ganesan is a gambler and he even landed his family's bungalow to Devaraj. Devaraj tries to sell the house using court and the auction begins. At the same time, Subramani goes to local bank to receive the loan amount to settle the debt; but he sees Parimala getting same amount by pledging her jewels. She gives the amount to Subramani and Subramani settles the amount to the Officers before the third bells of auction, foiling the plans of Devaraj. Devaraj wants to absolutely split the lovers. Then, Devaraj and his cousin Nagaraj create a water dispute between the two villages, and kills four newly married youngsters from his own village, at night. This causes heavy riots and it leads the government to separate both villages. Ganesan sends Sengamalam back to her village as revenge. The State appoints a retired Judge Subramanian Iyer to inquire about the riot and provide a solution.

Subramani approaches the Judge with a plan, and with permission comes with an old man disguise to Kittampalayam as the Judge Iyer, with his cousin as helper Mani. Subramani unites Sengamalam and Ganesan, and earns the trust of the people. He starts to investigate the root of the issue: Devaraj had given huge loans to villagers of Valayapalam, who had pledged their lands to him. If the dispute continues, Valayapalayam's harvest will be totally spoiled, and thus Devaraj will get hold of those lands quickly. At the same time, Devaraj pesters his uncle to get Parimalam married to him. Out of options, School gounder organises an open wrestling tournament, where anyone who wants to marry Parimalam must compete and the last man standing, wins her. Devaraj defeats all other competition, and out of options, Subramani, in Iyer disguise fights him off. Subramani wins the competition, and marries Parimalam, to the anguish of everyone present. That night, he reveals to her that he is her lover, and they consummate their marriage.

Subramani's drama is exposed within weeks, and he escapes with Parimalam and Mani. The couple is denied entry to his village as Subramani had married one from the opposite village, and he moves to a hilltop house owned by Mani. Parimalam gets pregnant, and the issue between village remains unsolved. Subramani devises a plan and Mani, with permission from Police, takes interview of Nagaraj in his fields. Subramani then dubs over Nagaraj's voice and makes it look like Nagaraj is planning to betray Devaraj. Angered, Devaraj sends men to kill Nagaraj. Nagaraj, fearing for life, is captured by Subramani. He is brought to the Police, and the truth about riots comes to public knowledge. Devaraj, in a fit of anger, tries to kill the pregnant Parimalam, but Subramani defeats him and he is arrested. The real Judge [[Manivannan]] ends the riots and the separation between two villages, water is released and peace resumes.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Subramani
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Parimala
*K. Prabakaran as Ganesan
*Santhiya as Segamalam
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Devaraj
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Paramasivan
*[[Goundamani]]
*[[Senthil]]
*Alex Pandian as Kuppusamy
*R. P. Viswam as Mirasu
*[[Chokkalinga Bhagavathar]] as Kanthasamy
*[[Kovai Sarala]]
*[[Halwa Vasu|Vasu]]
*Kottai Perumal
*[[Manivannan]] as Judge (cameo)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by Kalidasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Therku Theru Machaan {{sic|nolink=y|(1990)}} |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630044829/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001961 |archive-date=30 June 2013 |access-date=3 May 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Therkku Theru Machaan / Solaiyamma |url=https://avdigital.in/products/therkku-theru-machaan-solaiyamma |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625144912/https://avdigital.in/products/therkku-theru-machaan-solaiyamma |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=AVDigital}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{cite web |title=Therku Theru Machaan - All Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/therku-theru-machaan/XSLxe9c9cpY_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=1 January 1990 |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312060748/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/therku-theru-machaan/XSLxe9c9cpY_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yenga Therkutheru
| length1 = 4:46
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Thennamara Thopukule
| length2 = 3:39
| extra2 = S. Janaki
| title3 = Kora Paaya
| length3 = 4:04
| extra3 = S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title4 = Lokku Lokku Irumalu
| length4 = 3:33
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title5 = Ezhelu Jenma Bandham
| length5 = 4:06
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title6 = Dhandal Edungada
| length6 = 4:06
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title7 = Ezhelu Jenma Bandham
| note7 = Female
| length7 = 4:06
| extra7 = S. Janaki
| title8 = Thennamara Thopukulle
| note8 = Duet
| length8 = 3:39
| extra8 = S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title9 = Malaiyeru Malaiyeru
| length9 = 4:14
| extra9 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], S. Janaki
| total_length = 36:13
}}

== Reception ==
N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called it "more or less okay entertainer".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=1 May 1992 |title=Therku Theru Machchaan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920501&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Sridharan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' gave the film a more negative review, but was tolerating of the music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஸ்ரீதரன் |date=17 May 1992 |title=தெற்கு தெரு மச்சான் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-05-17/page/n17/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230523051012/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-05-17/page/n17/mode/2up |archive-date=23 May 2023 |access-date=23 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Manivannan}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mazharul Haque (activist)

2026-04-30T00:45:40Z

AlvaJustice117: adding stub

{{short description|Indian freedom fighter}}
{{Other uses|Mazharul Haque (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mazharul Haque
| image = Mazharul_Haque.jpg
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1866|12|22}}
| birth_place = Bahpura, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1930|1|2|1866|12|22}}
| death_place = [[Saran district|Saran]], [[India]]
| occupation = Theologian, educationist, political activist, freedom fighter and lawyer
| spouse =
| awards =
| death_cause =
}}

'''Mazharul Haque''' (22 December 1866 – 2 January 1930) was an [[educator]], [[lawyer]], [[Indian independence movement|independence activist]] of the [[Indian National Movement]].<ref name=Kumar2009>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Nirmal |title=Mazharul Haque |date=2009 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788190761307 |pages=15–25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ds_0Lz67uwC&dq=mazharul+haque%C2%A0&pg=PA13}}</ref><ref name= Decan>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Abhay |title=Bihar Vidyapeeth Founded by Gandhi to be revived. |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/471328/bihar-vidyapeeth-founded-gandhi-revived.html |website=Deccan herald. |accessdate=29 September 2020}}</ref>

Throughout his career, Mazharul Haque was a proponent of Hindu-Muslim unity. The first [[president of India]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], dedicated his book, ''India Divided'' to his memory and described him as a "devout Muslim and passionate patriot".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raza |first1=Syed |title=Mazharul Haque: An Icon of Communal Harmony |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 |volume=74 |pages=555–563 |jstor=44158857 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158857}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Haque was born on 22 December 1866 in Bahpura, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]] into a middle-class family of small [[Zamindar|zamindars]] and [[indigo]] planters.<ref name= Kumar2009 /><ref name=JSTOR>{{cite journal |last1=Raza |first1=Sayed |title=Mazharul Haque: A pioneer of Sadaqat Ashram and Bihar Vidyapith. |journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|date=2009–2010 |volume=70 |pages=705–712 |jstor=44147718 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147718 |accessdate=29 September 2020}}</ref>
His family had their origins in Daudnagar of [[Muzaffarpur district]] before later shifting to Bahpura.<ref name= Kumar2009 />

As was the tradition of Muslims and [[Kayastha]]s of the time, he received an education from a [[Maulvi]] in both [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name= Kumar2009 /> He passed his middle school examination in 1871 and was subsequently admitted into [[Patna Collegiate School]]. After passing his matriculation exam in 1886, he gained admission into [[Patna College]] but due to a disagreement with a teacher, later left and joined the prestigious [[University of Lucknow|Canning College]] in [[Lucknow]] where he remained until 1887. From September 1888 he left for [[London]] and returned in June 1891 after graduating in law.<ref name= Kumar2009 />

== Life after 1891 ==

Upon his return to India as a [[barrister]] in 1891, he joined the judicial services. In 1896, he started practicing as a lawyer. By 1906, he had left Chhapra and started practicing in Patna, and in the same year was elected vice-president of the Bihar Congress Committee.<ref name= Kumar2009 />

In 1910 and 1911 he was elected as a member of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] of India. In 1911, a third "Bihar State Conference" was held under the chairmanship of the Maulana at the conference to demand a separate Bihar state.<ref name= Kumar2009 />

He played an active role in the Treaty of [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] in 1916. He joined the Home Rule Movement started by [[Annie Besant]] in 1916 and actively participated in the Champaran Satyagraha in 1917. Mahatma Gandhi's guest visited his home "Sikandar Manzil" in Patna.<ref name= Kumar2009 />

In 1919, he was active in the [[Khilafat Movement]] and in 1920 he joined the Non-Cooperation Movement on Gandhi's call. In 1921, Gandhiji was impressed and established the "Sadaqat Ashram" (abode of truth) in Patna. From the same ashram, Haque started a weekly magazine called "''Motherland''". He was a strong advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. His statement was "Whether we are Hindus or Muslims, we are on the same boat. If we overcome, we will sink, we will sink together".<ref name= Kumar2009 />

He announced his retirement from active politics in 1926, but still continued to correspond with leaders like [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Maulana Azad]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]]. He died on 2 January 1930. A residential colony in [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]] is named after him.<ref name= Kumar2009 />

==Personal life==
[[File:Stamp of India - 1981 - Colnect 361614 - Mazharul Haque.jpeg|thumb|A Commomemorative postal stamp issued by [[India Post]] in 1981]]
Mazharul Haque was married three times. His first marriage was in 1892 to Gauthia Begam of the village of Kharsanti in [[Uttar Pradesh]] however she died childless in 1902.<ref name= Kumar2009 />
His second marriage was to a Kishwar Jahan and together they had two sons, Hasan and Husain however Kishwar died in 1912.<ref name= Kumar2009 /> His third and final marriage was to a Munira Begum in 1917 and she died in 1976, many years after her husband. They were introduced to each other by [[Sarojini Naidu]].<ref name= Kumar2009 />

A stamp was issued in his honour by the Indian Postal Service in 1981 and in 1998, [[Maulana Mazharul Haque Arabic and Persian University]] was established in Patna in his memory.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maulana Mazharul Haque, who strongly believed in sacrificing personal interests for achieving common interests |url=http://heritagetimes.in/maulana-mazharul-haque-who-strongly-believed-in-sacrificing-personal-interests-for-achieving-common-interests/ |website=Heritage times.com}}</ref><ref name=Decan /><ref name=JSTOR /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=MI |title=With Gandhian heritage, campus in shambles, what is Bihar Vidyapeeth's future? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/with-gandhian-heritage-campus-in-shambles-what-is-bihar-vidyapeeths-future-4250795.html/amp |website=Firstpost.com |accessdate=29 September 2020}}</ref>

He constructed a house in Faridpur, Siwan, Bihar and named it ''Ashiyana''. It was visited by many nationalists, including Rajendra Prasad and [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name='Telegraph'>{{cite web |last1=K Singh |first1=Rakesh |title=Centre of freedom movement cries for attention- ruins tells us a sad story of neglect and mismanagement face by place of Maulana Mazharul Haque. |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/centre-of-freedom-movement-cries-for-attention-ruins-tell-a-sad-tale-of-neglect-and-mismanagement-faced-by-the-palace-of-maulana-mazharul-haque/cid/446812 |website=The Telegraph |accessdate=29 September 2020}}</ref>

== Cited Sources ==
* {{cite book| ref= Rajendra
| last1 = Prasad
| given1 = Rajendra
| year = 1946
| title = India Divided
| publisher =
}}

* {{cite book
| last1 = Kumar
| given1 = Nirmal
| year = 2009
| title = Mazharul Haque- A Political Biography
| publisher =
| isbn = 9788190761307
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ds_0Lz67uwC&pg=PA69
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://www.chhapra.co.in/person5.html}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haque, Maulana Mazharul}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:First Nehru ministry]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Journalists from Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]
[[Category:Presidents of Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

BJP IT Cell

2026-04-27T19:20:32Z

AlvaJustice117: Started some post from scratch...

{{Short description|Department of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
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{{Bharatiya Janata Party sidebar}}
The '''Bharatiya Janata Party Information Technology Cell''' is a specialized department of the Indian political party [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], responsible for managing the party's digital and social media outreach. The cell has been alleged of spreading misinformation,<ref> {{Cite news |last=Rajvanshi |first=Astha |title=How Modi's Supporters Spread Disinformation on Social Media |url=https://time.com/6984947/india-election-disinformation-modi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611233904/https://time.com/6984947/india-election-disinformation-modi/ |archive-date=2025-06-11 |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=TIME |language=en}} </ref> causing mob lynchings<ref> {{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-05-01 |title=Three cases booked for circulation of false information related to mob lynching |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/three-cases-booked-for-circulation-of-false-information-related-to-mob-lynching/article69522305.ece |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}} </ref> and popularising stereotypical narratives against Muslims.<ref> {{Cite web |date=2024-04-28 |title='Invisible in our own country': Being Muslim in Modi's India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68498675 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}} </ref> It also coordinates online campaigns, promotes party narratives, and amplifies the voices of its leaders and members across various platforms.<ref name="UP IT cell">{{cite news |title=BJP turns focus on UP IT cell, lays out strategy to boost social media presence for polls |url=https://theprint.in/politics/bjp-turns-focus-on-up-it-cell-lays-out-strategy-to-boost-social-media-presence-for-polls/753763/ |access-date=6 January 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=21 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="10 Dec 21">{{cite news |title=BJP's IT cell works behind doors for its candidates who are on the front |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/bjps-it-cell-works-behind-doors-for-its-candidates-who-are-on-the-front-7665071/ |access-date=6 January 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BJP Departments |url=https://www.bjp.org/departments |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="secret world">{{cite news |title=I am a troll: Inside the secret world of the BJP's digital army- Review |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/book-reviews/i-am-a-troll-inside-the-secret-world-of-the-bjps-digital-army-by-swati-chaturvedi |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

Since 2015, the cell has been headed by [[Amit Malviya]], who plays a key role in shaping the party's digital strategy and online narratives.<ref name="Malviya Manipulated Media">{{cite news |date=2 December 2020 |title=For the First Time in India, Twitter Flags BJP IT Cell's 'Manipulated Media' |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/politics/twitter-amit-malviya-bjp-it-cell-manipulation |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref> According to a report by ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the BJP IT Cell operates an extensive digital network comprising around 150,000 social media workers who disseminate content across numerous [[WhatsApp University|WhatsApp groups]], often targeting the fears and sentiments of [[Hinduism in India|India's Hindu majority]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=Inside the vast digital campaign by Hindu nationalists to inflame India |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/26/hindu-nationalist-social-media-hate-campaign/ |newspaper=Washington Post |date=27 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) was the first political party in India to acknowledge and use the power of [[social media]] in mobilising public opinion,<ref name=":1" /> although the rivalling [[Indian National Congress]] party also operates an IT Cell. The BJP IT Cell was founded in 2007 by [[Prodyut Bora]].<ref>Campbell-Smith, Ualan, and Samantha Bradshaw. "[https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2019/05/India-Profile.pdf Global cyber troops country profile: India.]" ''Project on Computational Propaganda'' (2019).

APA</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-25 |title='It's Like Frankenstein's Monster': The Father Of BJP's IT Cell Says Team Modi Started The Rot |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/its-like-frankensteins-monster-the-father-of-the-bjps-it-cell-says-team-modi-started-the-rot_in_5c10c957e4b09dcd67fc57bb |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref>

During the campaign for the [[2004 Indian general election]], the BJP had already promoted the [[India Shining]] slogan and used around 5% of its campaign budget on texts and pre-recorded phone calls to reach voters. For the [[2009 Indian general election]], BJP candidate [[L. K. Advani]] launched a personal website including its own forum and established local IT Cells.<ref name=":1">Chadha K, Guha P. [https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/4947/1774 The Bharatiya Janata Party's online campaign and citizen involvement in India's 2014 election]. International Journal of Communication. 2016 Aug 30;10:18.</ref>

The [[Twitter]] (now X) account for BJP leader [[Narendra Modi]] (then [[List of chief ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]]) was created in 2009. In contrast, the [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] waited until 2015 to come to that platform.

In 2010, Arvind Gupta was appointed convenor of the IT Cell.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-12 |title=Arvind Gupta appointed as convenor of BJP's IT cell |url=https://www.governancenow.com/gov-next/egov/arvind-gupta-appointed-convenor-bjps-it-cell |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Governance Now |language=en}}</ref> In 2014, Amit Malviya became head of the IT Cell.<ref>{{Citation |title=China and India |date=2023 |work=Political Technology: The Globalisation of Political Manipulation |pages=365–402 |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=Andrew |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/political-technology/china-and-india/64EE8FE42C88723B5EA85F90523C9E34 |access-date=2025-05-18 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-35533-9}}</ref>

The landslide win of the BJP in the [[2014 Indian general election]] was credited for a large part to the activities of the IT Cell. Between December 2012 and February 2014, the BJP primarily campaigned on social media. According to former IT Cell head Arvind Gupta, the IT Cell was involved in "setting the narrative, changing the tone, and reacting to social media posts."<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2014 |title=How India's BJP used data analytics to swing voters |url=https://www.prweek.com/article/1312443/indias-bjp-used-data-analytics-swing-voters |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.prweek.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Big data is like teenage sex': BJP's Arvind Gupta {{!}} Advertising |url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/big-data-is-like-teenage-sex-bjps-arvind-gupta/421453 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Campaign India}}</ref>

== Methods ==
The BJP orchestrates online campaigns through its social media cell to intimidate perceived government critics. The network of volunteers of BJP take instructions from the BJP IT Cell and two affiliated organisations to [[Troll (slang)|troll]] users who are critical of the BJP. Journalists and Indian film actors are also among their targets.<ref name="FT 2017">{{cite news |title='I Am a Troll' by Swati Chaturvedi |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6dd90462-e3bd-11e6-8405-9e5580d6e5fb |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=Financial Times |date=20 February 2017}}</ref>

In November 2015 [[Aamir Khan]], an [[Muslims in India|Indian Muslim]] actor, expressed concern about [[Aamir Khan#Comments on intolerance (2013–2016)|rising intolerance in India]]<ref>{{cite web|title = The Intolerant Response to Aamir Khan's Intolerance Comments|url = https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/11/24/the-intolerant-response-to-aamir-khans-intolerance-comments/|website = WSJ Blogs|access-date = 25 November 2015|first = Joanna|last = Sugden|date = 24 November 2015}}</ref> in response to political events in India that included [[Cow vigilante violence in India|violent attacks]] against [[Muslim]]s and [[intellectual]]s, and the absence of swift or strong condemnation from the country's ruling BJP government.<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine|title = Bollywood Star Aamir Khan Faces Religious Backlash|url = https://time.com/4126743/aamir-khan-intolerance-backlash-snapdeal-india/|magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date = 25 November 2015|first = Rishi|last = Iyengar}}</ref> Khosla said that BJP responded with an online campaign through its social media cell to intimidate Khan.<ref name="FT 2017" /> Khan at the time was a spokesperson for [[Snapdeal]]. Modi supporters bombarded the company with orders and later cancelled them, resulting in the company distancing itself from Khan, though a planned boycott of his film at the time, ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'', by BJP supporters proved unsuccessful.<ref name="qz">{{cite web|title = Aamir Khan took on religious intolerance, and Snapdeal got caught in the crossfire|url = http://qz.com/558447/bollywood-actor-aamir-khan-took-on-religious-intolerance-and-snapdeal-got-caught-in-the-crossfire/|website = Quartz|date = 25 November 2015|access-date = 25 November 2015|language = en-US|archive-date = 25 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125165013/http://qz.com/558447/bollywood-actor-aamir-khan-took-on-religious-intolerance-and-snapdeal-got-caught-in-the-crossfire/|url-status = dead}}</ref>

In 2017, the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Criminal Investigation Department]] of [[West Bengal]] arrested the local BJP IT Cell secretary for 'inciting communal tensions' using a manipulated video on Facebook.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Religion, extremism and violence in South Asia |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Singapore Pte. Limited |isbn=978-981-16-6846-3 |editor-last=Ahmed |editor-first=Imran |series=Politics of South Asia |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Ahmed |editor-first2=Zahid Shahab |editor-last3=Brasted |editor-first3=Howard |editor-last4=Akbarzadeh |editor-first4=Shahram}}</ref>

[[Derek O'Brien (politician)|Derek O'Brien]], a member of Parliament had raised the topic of online hate in the [[Rajya Sabha]], India's upper house. He had questioned why Narendra Modi followed cyber-bullies on social media, and said "We are mainstreaming hate". He also asked if the [[First Modi ministry|Modi administration]] would issue an advisory asking government officials to stop following Twitter users that regularly send abusive messages and obscenities. The government did not respond to this request.<ref name="FT 2017" />

In December 2020, Twitter took restrictive action against [[Amit Malviya]], IT Cell in charge, and tagged his posts as 'manipulated media'. This was the first time Twitter took restrictive action against an Indian political personality. Malviya had posted an edited video of an incident from [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]] that violated Twitter policy towards fighting the spread of doctored media.<ref name="Malviya Manipulated Media" />

According to the [[Washington Post]], 150,000 social media workers spread posts aimed at exploiting the fears of India's Hindu majority across a vast network of [[WhatsApp]] groups.<ref name=":2" />

An investigation by an Indian media watchdog, ''Newslaundry'', revealed the organisational structure of the IT Cell:<blockquote>The state IT cell has 25 members in the core team with Rai as its head.
Each regional centre had 20 members and a team of 15 handled IT at each of the 92 districts. Seven member teams worked at the block levels. At the regional, district and Assembly level, BJP had approximately 5,000 workers. A separate team of 20 professionals – including technicians, designers, and cartoonists – created the desired content for the party. </blockquote>
JPS Rathore, a member of the UP-BJP's IT Cell described the motives of the organisation as follows:<blockquote>
"Our aim was to capture the mind of the voter. To message them night and day. Whenever they look, they should see us, hear our message. (Humari rajniti thi ki chunav ke pehle voter ke dimag ko capture kar lo. Subeh–shaam message bhejo. Jab dekhe, humara chehra dekhe, humari baat sune)"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Amit |date=March 17, 2017 |title=How BJP's IT Cell Waged War And Won In UP: With enormous stores of data and thousands of WhatsApp groups, the BJP cell waged a smartphone war in UP. |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/03/17/how-bjps-it-cell-waged-war-and-won-in-up |website=Newslaundry}}</ref> </blockquote>''[[The Indian Express]]'' reported that Amit Malviya, the head of the IT Cell, admitted that the NaMo TV channel was run by the IT Cell.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-11 |title=BJP owns up NaMo TV, Delhi poll officer says content is not 'advertisement' |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bjp-owns-up-namo-tv-delhi-poll-officer-says-content-is-not-advertisement-lok-sabha-polls-5669552/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Another 2021 article by [[Newslaundry]] describes the "Hindu Ecosystem" (as described by Kapil Mishra whose group was infiltrated by ''Newslaundry'' journalists) and its methodology. Mishra tweeted a [[Google Forms|Google forms]] link (which is still active and can be accessed from the original article) asking for details such as the name, mobile number and email-ID of the respondents, calling them to join the Hindu Ecosystem. It also asked the respondents for 'Any Special area of interest (sic)' such as '[[Cow vigilante violence in India|Gauraksha]], Gauseva, Fight [[Love jihad conspiracy theory|Love Jihad]], [[Ghar Wapsi|Ghar Wapasi]], [[Halal]], Mandir Nirmal, [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu Ekta]], Sewa in general etc (sic).'<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Thakur |last2=S |first1=Shambhavi |first2=Meghnad |date=15 February 2021 |title="Hate factory: Inside Kapil Mishra's 'Hindu Ecosystem'" |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/02/15/we-infiltrated-the-telegram-groups-of-the-bjp-leaders-online-network-to-see-what-they-do |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=Newslaundry}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Swati |title=I am a troll: inside the secret world of the BJP's digital army |date=2016 |publisher=Juggernaut |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-93-86228-09-3 |page=192 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1134667867 |access-date=10 October 2022}}
* {{cite news |title='I Am a Troll' by Swati Chaturvedi |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6dd90462-e3bd-11e6-8405-9e5580d6e5fb |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=Financial Times |date=20 February 2017}}

[[Category:Anti-Christian sentiment in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in India]]
[[Category:Authoritarianism]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party wings]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Disinformation in India]]
[[Category:Fake news]]
[[Category:Fake news in India]]
[[Category:Islamophobia in India]]
[[Category:Internet trolls]]
[[Category:Mass media and entertainment controversies]]
[[Category:Mass media issues]]
[[Category:Mass media-related controversies in India]]
[[Category:Media bias controversies]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in television]]

Tiger 24

2026-04-26T23:29:01Z

AlvaJustice117: starting first article added tags.

{{Short description|2022 documentary film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tiger 24
| image = File:Tiger 24 Film Cover.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Warren Pereira
| writer = Warren Pereira
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Howard Barish]], Jeremy Bell, [[Eagle Egilsson]], [[Ellen Goldsmith-Vein]], [[Zach Mann]], Stephen Nemeth, Warren Pereira
| starring =
| narrator =
| cinematography = Warren Pereira
| editing = Warren Pereira
| music = [[Kreng (musician)|Pepijn Caudron]]
| studio =
| distributor = [[Elevation Pictures]], [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2022}}
| runtime =
| country =
| language =
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Tiger 24: The Making of a Man-Eater''''' is a 2022 feature-length wildlife documentary film written, directed, and produced by Warren Pereira. It follows the story of a wild tiger known as [[T-24 (tiger)|T-24]] (nicknamed "Ustad"), who was removed from [[Ranthambore National Park|Ranthambore Tiger Reserve]] in Rajasthan, India, after being accused of killing four people. The film explores the resulting legal and public battles, highlighting themes of conservation policy, animal rights, and media influence.

== Synopsis ==
The film documents the alleged killings by Tiger T-24 and his controversial removal to a zoo-like enclosure. It features interviews with activists, forest officials, legal experts, and villagers. The documentary builds tension around whether T-24 was a man-eater or a victim of bureaucratic overreach, culminating in a case presented to the High Court of Jaipur and Supreme Court of India.

== Cast ==

* Warren Pereira
* [[Valmik Thapar]]
* Yogesh Sahu
* Aditya Singh
* Chandrabal Singh
* Sarita Subramaniam
* Rajeev Garg

==Production==
===Development===
The film was directed, produced, photographed, and edited by Warren Pereira under the W Films banner.<ref name="DeadWElevation">{{cite web |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title=Elevation Pictures Picks Up Warren Pereira’s Animal Rights Doc ‘Tiger 24’ Exec Produced By The Gotham Group |url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/tiger-24-animal-rights-doc-from-gotham-group-picked-up-by-elevation-pictures-1235119027/ |website=Deadline |date=14 September 2022}}</ref>

===Filming===

After choosing to focus the documentary on the tiger known as T-24 (Ustad), filming took place over three years, documenting its wild tiger behavior.<ref name="HinduHinduHindu">{{cite web |last1=Zachariah |first1=Preeti |title=‘Tiger 24’ director Warren Pereira on the strange and tragic life of Ustad the tiger |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tiger-24-director-warren-pereira-on-the-strange-and-tragic-life-of-ustad-the-tiger/article66750383.ece |website=The Hindu |date=19 April 2023}}</ref> After T-24 was removed from the wild following the deaths of several men who had entered its territory, the film shifted into an investigative narrative rather than a traditional nature documentary. Footage in the wild was primarily shot on the Canon C500 in 4K RAW format, providing one of the only known 4K RAW archival records of the wild tiger T-24 (Ustad).<ref name="HinduHinduHindu"/>

The film was shot and edited over more than a decade, beginning in 2012, and includes extensive field footage from Ranthambore, Delhi, Pune, and Mumbai, alongside courtroom documentation, protest coverage, and expert commentary.<ref name="HinduHinduHindu"/>

===Post-production===

After completing principal photography independently, Pereira entered a collaboration agreement with a [[Los Angeles]]-based production company for post-production support. When the arrangement was not carried through to completion due to creative differences, Pereira chose to finish the film on his own to maintain creative control, self-financing the post-production process and serving as the sole editor, editing in his Hollywood loft on an iMac over the course of three years from 2019 through 2021. Filmmaker friends contributed to the effort, including assistant editor Luis Alba, as well as creative consultants Jarret Rosenblatt, Phoenix Vaughn, Eric Hersey, and others who were credited on the film.<ref name="HinduHinduHindu"/>

In 2019, following the breakup with the Los Angeles production company, Pereira explored several additional post-production collaboration agreements with other companies in the United States, Europe, and India. However, due to concerns over creative control and unfavorable financial terms, he ultimately chose to take on the editing himself. This decision proved arduous given the volume of footage collected over nearly a decade, which had to be condensed into a 90-minute investigative narrative.<ref name="HinduHinduHindu"/>

===Marketing===
In January 2023, Indian actor [[John Abraham]] shared the film's trailer on social media to support wildlife conservation efforts.<ref>{{cite web |title=John Abraham shares Tiger 24 trailer in a bid to advocate for wildlife conservation; check |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/john-abraham-shares-tiger-24-trailer-in-a-bid-to-advocate-for-wildlife-conservation-check-12008612.html |website=Firstpost |date=18 January 2023}}</ref>

==Release==

''Tiger 24'' premiered at the Cleveland International Film Festival in April 2022, where it was nominated for the Greg Gund Memorial Standing Up Award. It won Best Feature Documentary at the 2022 Burbank International Film Festival<ref name="OIndiaSurPrateek"/> That same year, the film was a finalist at the [[Jackson Wild]] Media Awards<ref name="DeadWElevation"/> and received two nominations at the [[Wildscreen]] Festival for the prestigious Panda Awards. It won the Panda Award for Onscreen Talent at Wildscreen 2022.<ref name ="STAND"/> The film was an official selection at the 2022 Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cinefest Sudbury Film Schedule 2022 |url=https://cinefest.com/sites/default/files/2022-08/2022-film%20schedule.pdf |website=Cinefest Sudbury |date=17 September 2022}}</ref>

In 2022, the film was picked up for US and Canadian distribution by Elevation Pictures.<ref name="DeadWElevation"/> It received a limited theatrical release in the United States<ref name="DeadWElevation"/> and qualified for the Academy Awards.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Clayton |title=Academy Announces 259 Eligible Titles for Animated, Documentary and International Feature Races |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/oscars-eligiblity-international-documentary-animated-feature-1235451706/ |website=Variety |date=6 December 2022}}</ref>

Tiger 24 was released theatrically in India in January 2023 through AA Films.<ref name="OIndiaSurPrateek">{{cite web |last1=Sur |first1=Prateek |title=‘Tiger 24’ Trailer: Warren Pereira’s Award-Winning Conservation Documentary Looks Intriguing |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-tiger-24-trailer-warren-pereira-s-award-winning-conservation-documentary-looks-intriguing-news-254742 |website=Outlook India |date=18 January 2024}}</ref> The film opened in multiple cities including Mumbai, Pune, Jaipur, and Delhi, screening at major multiplex chains such as PVR and Cinepolis. It was the first-ever theatrical release for a documentary centered on India's national animal, the tiger.<ref name="OIndiaSurPrateek"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Vishal |title=India's most controversial tiger comes to theatres with Tiger 24 |url=https://glamsham.com/hollywood/entertainment-news/indias-most-controversial-tiger-comes-to-theatres-with-tiger-24/ |website=Glamsham |date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

==Distribution==

In March 2023, the film was licensed by [[Amazon Prime Video]] India.<ref name ="STAND">{{cite web |title=Warren Pereira's award-winning conservation documentary 'Tiger 24' available to rent on Prime Video India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/warren-pereira-s-award-winning-conservation-documentary-tiger-24-available-to-rent-on-prime-video-india-123033100922_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=31 March 2023}}</ref> In August 2023, [[Netflix]] licensed the documentary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tiger 24 |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81698703 |website=Netflix}}</ref>

== Reception ==

''[[Boca (magazine)|Boca]]'' referred to the film as a "labor of love" in its review of the project's long gestation and independent nature.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomason |first1=John |title=Movie Review: “Tiger 24” a Beastly True Crime Saga |url=https://bocamag.com/movie-review-tiger-24-a-beastly-true-crime-saga/ |website=Boca Magazine |date=15 June 2022}}</ref> [[Film Threat]] called it, "a compelling and dramatic story for animal lovers and fans of crime procedural."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ng |first1=Alan |title=Tiger 24 Reviews |url=https://filmthreat.com/reviews/tiger-24/ |website=Film Threat |date=15 August 2023}}</ref> Marc Mohan from the Oregeon ArtsWatch wrote, "Even shorn of its subtexts, Tiger 24 contains intimate, unguarded footage of large predators that would make David Attenborough green with envy."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohan |first1=Marc |title=Tiger 24 Man Eater or Innocent Victim |url=https://www.orartswatch.org/tiger-24-man-eater-or-innocent-victim/ |website=Oregon ArtsWatch |date=22 June 2022}}</ref> It was also a Best Documentary Honorable Mention at the 2022 [[Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival Wrapped the 37th Annual Event on Nov. 13, 2022 |url=https://www.outclique.com/fort-lauderdale-international-film-festival-wrapped-the-37th-annual-event-on-nov-13-2022/) |website=Out Clique |date=22 November 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt19760262/ IMDB official]
*{{Rotten Tomatoes | m/tiger_24}}

[[Category:Documentary films about cats]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Elevation Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films about tigers]]
[[Category:2022 documentary films]]

Bilhaur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:19Z

AlvaJustice117: started a page initial version - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bilhaur
| map_image = 209-Bilhaur.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Rahul Bachha Sonkar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = 3,90,927 (2022)
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 209
}}
'''Bilhaur''' is a part of the [[Kanpur Nagar district]] and it comes under [[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Bilhaur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/Bilhaur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Brij Rani Devi
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan=2|Murli Dhar Kureel
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=5|Moti Lal Dehlavi
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]|| Hanuman Prasad Kureel
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]|| Moti Lal Dehlavi
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan=2|[[Shiv Kumar Beria]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Bhagwati Prasad Sagar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Shiv Kumar Beria]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|| Kamlesh Chandra Diwakar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Aruna Kori|Arun Kumari Kori]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Bhagwati Prasad Sagar]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|| [[Rahul Bachha Sonkar]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilhaur<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Rahul Bachcha Sonkar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:123094}}
|percentage = 50.34
|change = +7.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rachna Singh
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:80743}}
|percentage = 33.02
|change = +8.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Madhu Gautam
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:31426}}
|percentage = 12.85
|change = -16.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Usha Rani
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:2510}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1664}}
|percentage = 0.68
|change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:42351}}
|percentage = 17.32
|change = +4.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:244540}}
|percentage = 62.23
|change = -1.51
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilhaur<ref name="results2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhagwati Prasad Sagar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:102326}}
|percentage = 42.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kamlesh Chandra Diwakar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:71160}}
|percentage = 29.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Beria
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:60023}}
|percentage = 24.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1965}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31166}}
|percentage = 12.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:240684}}
|percentage = 63.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Bilhaur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Aruna Kumari Kori
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 87,804
|percentage = 40.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kamlesh Chandra Diwakar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 71,747
|percentage = 33.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rakesh Sonkar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 25,473
|percentage = 11.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramlakhan Gautam
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 22,640
|percentage = 10.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Shivkaran
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 2,426
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 16,057
|percentage = 7.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 2,15,082
|percentage = 61.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2007]]: [[Bilhaur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kamlesh Chandra Diwakar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 52,729
|percentage = 41.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Beria
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 48,770
|percentage = 38.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Satish Chandra
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 9,316
|percentage = 7.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ashok Dhanwik
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 6,285
|percentage = 4.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramdeen Kureel
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5,167
|percentage = 4.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 3,959
|percentage = 3.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,26,459
|percentage = 51.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Kanpur]]
[[Category:Kanpur Nagar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Patnagarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:00Z

AlvaJustice117: starting post.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Patnagarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patnagarh
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 67
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northern Division
| district = [[Balangir district|Balangir]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo 2024.jpg
| mla = [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] 
[[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|'''Deputy Chief Minister of Odisha''']]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 3,06,231{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Patnagarh''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Balangir district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=67|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317075954/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=67|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Patnagarh (67) District : Bolangir|accessdate= 17 March 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Patnagarh]], Patnagarh block, Belpara block and Khaprakhol block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp108.htm|title= 108 - Patnagarh Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 17 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|41.64}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|43.40}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|40.58}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|40.31}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|55.78}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|64.96}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|62.21}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|43.67}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.05}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|55.43}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|55.91}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections have been held in the constituency till date. It was a 2-member constituency for 1952 & 1957.

Elected members from the Patnagarh constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=20 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Patnagarh Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/patnagarh.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 16 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=member profile |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/MLAprof.aspx |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=odishaassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Patnagarh Assembly Election Results 2024: Patnagarh Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/patnagarh-constituency-result-18067 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019" />
|[[Saroj Kumar Meher]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="5" |[[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Bibekananda Meher
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Sushil Kumar Prusty
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Brajamohan Thakur
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Bibekananda Meher
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="3" |Ainthu Sahoo
|{{full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Ramesh Chandra Bhoi
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Ainthu Sahoo
|-
|Asharam Bhoi
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Arjun Das
|-
|Ganesh Ram Bariah
|-
|[[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946]]
|[[Nimai Charan Panigrahi]]
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting was held on 20 May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Saroj Kumar Meher]] by a margin of 1,357 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Patnagarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
|votes = 93,823
|percentage = 41.64
|change = {{increase}}3.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Saroj Kumar Meher]]
|votes = 92,466
|percentage = 41.04
|change = {{decrease}}2.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anil Meher
|votes = 26,549
|percentage = 11.78
|change = {{decrease}}3.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,460
|percentage = 1.09
|change = {{decrease}}0.56
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,357
|percentage = 0.60
|change = {{decrease}}4.84
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,25,308
|percentage = 73.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Saroj Kumar Meher]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] by a margin of 11,028 votes.<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Patnagarh<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Saroj Kumar Meher]]
|votes = 88,756
|percentage = 43.40
|change = {{increase}}10.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
|votes = 77,003
|percentage = 37.96
|change = {{decrease}}2.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar Purohit
|votes = 30,253
|percentage = 14.92
|change = {{decrease}}3.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,347
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,028
|percentage = 5.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,03,779
|percentage = 72.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Prakriti Devi Singh Deo by a margin of 13,653 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url= http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |title= Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014 |work= leadtech.in |accessdate= 29 May 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |archive-date= 18 August 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Patnagarh<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Patnagarh|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1867.htm?ac=67|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Patnagarh (67)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=67|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165654/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=67|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 July 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
|votes = 74,372
|percentage = 40.58
|change = {{increase}}0.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Prakriti Devi Singh Deo
|votes = 60,719
|percentage = 33.13
|change = {{increase}}5.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kishor Kumar Parichha
|votes = 33,697
|percentage = 18.38
|change = {{decrease}}5.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,079
|percentage = 1.68
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,653
|percentage = 7.45
|change = {{down}}4.76
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,83,295
|percentage = 73
|change = 5.58
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,51,089
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Prakriti Devi Singh Deo by a margin of 19,382 votes.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |accessdate=17 March 2014 |work=leadtech.in |quote=19382}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Patnagarh<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
|votes = 63,996
|percentage = 40.31
|change = {{decrease}}15.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Prakriti Devi Singh Deo
|votes = 44,614
|percentage = 28.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bebekananda Meher
|votes = 38,350
|percentage = 24.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,382
|percentage = 12.21{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,58,826
|percentage = 67.42
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -1.35{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 68.77%}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Balangir district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.71|83.13|display=title}}

[[Category:Balangir]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Balangir district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Presbyterian Church of South India

2026-04-12T12:02:45Z

AlvaJustice117:

{{infobox Christian denomination
| name= Presbyterian Church of South India
| main_classification= [[Protestantism|Protestant]]
| orientation= [[Calvinism|Reformed]]
| scripture=
| theology= [[Calvinist]]
| polity= [[Presbyterian]]
| associations=
| area= [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| founded_date= 2002
| separated_from =
|branched_from = [[Presbyterian Church in America]]
| merger=
| absorbed=
| separations=
| merged_into=
| congregations= 70 (2020)<ref name=REF2/>
| members =
| ministers=37 (2018)<ref name=REF/>
| website =
}}

The '''Presbyterian Church of South India''' ('''PCSI''') is a [[Presbyterian]] denomination, established in [[ India]], in 2002, as a result of the missionary work of the [[Presbyterian Church in America]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=REF>{{cite web|url=https://pceaarchive.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/The+Presbyterian+Banner/2019/Banner+November+2019.pdf| title =History of the Presbyterian Church of South India|website=The Presbyterian Banner|date=November 1, 2019| accessdate = December 16, 2021}}</ref><ref name=REF1>{{cite web|url=https://irfa.org.au/pastoral-support/nation-2-nation-partnership/presbyterian-church-of-south-india-church-plant-in-andhra-pradesh/| title =Presbyterian Church of South India|accessdate=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=REF3>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-business-of-faith/articleshow/3453877.cms| title =Presbyterian Church of South India| accessdate = December 16, 2021}}</ref>

== History ==

The [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian churches]] originate from the [[Protestant Reformation]] of the 16th century. It is the Christian churches [[Protestantism|Protestant]] that adhere to [[Calvinism|Reformed theology]] and whose [[Ecclesiastical polity|form of ecclesiastical organization]] is characterized by the government of an assembly of elders. Government [[Presbyterian]] is common in Protestant churches that were modeled after the Reformation [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Switzerland]], notably in Switzerland, [[Scotland]], [[Netherlands]], [[ France]] and portions of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], of [[Ireland]] and later in [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Presbyterian-churches| title =Presbyterian and Reformed Churches|website=Britannica|accessdate=January 17, 2022}}</ref>

In the 1990s, missionaries from the [[Presbyterian Church in America]] started church planting work in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As a result, in 2002, the Presbyterian Church of South India was formed.<ref name=REF/><ref name=REF1/>

From its growth, the denomination has reached 70 churches and congregations in 2020.<ref name=REF2>{{cite web|url=https://irfa.org.au/about/partner-churches/| title =Indian Fraternity Churches in Australia|website=IRFA| accessdate = January 17, 2022}}</ref>

== Interchurch Relations ==

The denomination was once a member of the [[World Reformed Fellowship]].<ref>{{cite web| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730014055/http://wrfnet.org/web/guest/aboutwrf/membershiplist| title=Members of the World Reformed Fraternity|url=http://wrfnet.org/web/guest/aboutwrf/membershiplist| archivedate=July 30, 2012| accessdate = November 12, 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Presbyterianism in India]]
[[Category:Presbyterian denominations in Asia]]

Gaj Singh of Bikaner

2026-03-31T15:51:06Z

AlvaJustice117: started basic biography and citations

{{Short description|Maharaja of Bikaner from 1746 to 1787}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Maharaja Gaj Singh
| image = Maharaja Gaj Singh of Bikaner (r. 1745-1787) (6124526887).jpg
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]
| reign = 15 May 1745 – 25 March 1787
| predecessor = [[Zorawar Singh of Bikaner|Zorawar Singh]]
| successor = Maharaja Raj Singh
| birth_date = 28 March 1723
| birth_place = Fort Reri, Reri, [[Bikaner]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1787|03|25|1723|||df=y}}
| death_place = [[Junagarh Fort]], [[Bikaner]]
| spouse = *Derawariji (Bhatiyaniji) Ajab Kanwarji from [[Derawar]] in [[Jaisalmer]]
*Kumbhawatji (Kachwahiji) Chandra Kanwarji of Mahar in [[Jaipur]]
*Devadiji (Chauhanji) Akshay Kanwarji of [[Sirohi]]
*Rawalotji (Bhatiyaniji) Chand Kanwarji of [[Jaisalmer]]
*Rajawatji (Kachwahiji) Fateh Kanwarji of [[Kaman, Jaipur|Kaman]] in [[Jaipur]]
*Rajawatji (Kachwahiji) Phool Kanwarji of [[Jhilai]] in [[Jaipur]]
*Parmarji Indra Kanwarji of Jaitsisar in [[Bikaner]]
*Chundawatji Sisodinji Swarup Kanwarji of [[Amet]] in [[Mewar]]
| issue = *Maharaja Raj Singh
*Surtan Singh
*Mokham Singh
*Ajab Singh
*Chatra Singh
*Surat Singh
*Shyam Singh
*Bhupal Singh
*Sabal Singh
*Ram Singh
*Devi Singh
*Kushal Singh
*Guman Singh
*Jagat Singh
*Khuman Singh
*Mohan Singh
*Udai Singh
*Zalim Singh
*Jait Kanwarji m.to Raja Manohar Singh of [[Narwar]]
*Padam Kanwarji m.to Maharao Bishan Singh of [[Bundi]]
*Suraj Kanwarji (marriage not known)
*Sireh Kanwarji (marriage not known)
| house = Bikawat-Rathore
| father = Kunwar Anand Singh of Reri
| mother = Shekhawatji (Kachwahiji) Vijay Kanwarji d.of Kunwar Sawant Singh of [[Khandela]] in [[Jaipur]]
}}

[[Maharaja]] '''Gaj Singh''' (1723 – 25 March 1787) was the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore Rajput]] ruler of its Bikawat sub-clan of the [[Kingdom of Bikaner]] ruling from 1745 to 1787. During this period, the Kingdom was a vassal state of the imperial [[Mughal Empire]].

[[File:Maharaja Gaj Singhji (1723, r.1745-1787) of Bikaner worshiping goddess Karni Mata.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Gaj Singhji of Bikaner worshiping goddess [[Karni Mata]]]]
== Biography ==
Gaj Singh was born in 1723. He was the son of Maharaj Anand Singh, and the cousin of his predecessor [[Zorawar Singh of Bikaner|Maharaja Zorawar Singh]]. Zorawar had died childless, and the claimants to the throne were Gaj and his brother Maharaj Amar Singh. In 1746, Gaj was enthroned, and Amar defected to [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]]. The Maharaja of Jodhpur, [[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Abhai Singh]] allying himself with Amar Singh, sent a large force which invaded Bikaner and encamped outside the city. The Bikaner army had anticipated the invasion, and had prepared accordingly. However, no decisive battle was fought and the armies remained in a standoff for many months. The Maharaja of Jodhpur proposed a division of Bikaner's territory, and this was rejected by Gaj. Finally, in 1747, the two armies engaged in battle with Gaj leading the troops himself, and the invading army was defeated. Upon hearing this, Maharaja [[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Abhai Singh]] dispatched a second army against Bikaner, which was defeated at [[Didwana]].{{Sfn|Sehgal|1962|p=45}}{{sfn|Powlett|1874|pp=49–50}}

Abhai Singh of Jodhpur died in 1749 and was succeeded by his son [[Ram Singh of Marwar|Ram Singh]]. Ram Singh ruled for two years before he was defeated by the combined forces of [[Bakht Singh of Marwar|Bakht Singh]] and Maharaja Gaj Singh of Bikaner. Bakht was enthroned and subsequently, Gaj returned to Bikaner. He entered Jodhpur again soon after, to assist Bakht against an invading force led by Ram Singh. This force was defeated, and Gaj returned to Bikaner a second time. However, Bakht Singh died in 1752 and Gaj recognized his son [[Vijay Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Vijay Singh]] as the ruler of Jodhpur, according him support.{{Sfn|Sehgal|1962|p=46}}

Gaj proceeded with his forces to assist Vijay Singh, who was facing the combined forces of Ram Singh and the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]. The armies clashed first at Gangarada, and later at Chorasan, and the armies of Gaj and Vijay Singh were defeated. Gaj Singh hosted Vijay Singh at Bikaner, and later the two went to [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] in order to solicit aid from the Maharaja [[Madho Singh I|Madho Singh]]. Madho Singh, however, was allied to Ram Singh, and offered 84 villages to Gaj in exchange for allying himself with Ram Singh. This offer was rejected by Gaj.{{Sfn|Sehgal|1962|p=47}}

In 1752, the Mughal emperor [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Ahmad Shah]] assigned the ''[[pargana]]'' of [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] to Gaj, as Mughal forces were unable to keep it under control. On Gaj Singh's behalf, Mehta Bakhtawar Singh occupied it. Mehta aided the emperor against the vizier Mansur Ali Khan, and for this assistance, Gaj Singh was granted a [[Mansabdar|mansab]] of 7000 [[Mansabdar|zat]] and 5000 horse in 1753. Later, Gaj was also granted the right to mint currency by the Mughal emperor [[Alamgir II]].{{Sfn|Sehgal|1962|p=48}}{{Sfn|Powlett|1874|p=54}}

=== Rebellion of Raj Singh and death ===
Subsequently, the heir apparent Raj Singh along with other Thakurs of the state rose in rebellion. The prince lived at Deshnoke between 1775 and 1780, after which he took shelter at Jodhpur, where he was received by the Maharaja Bijay Singh. Bijay advised the prince to return to Bikaner along with a small contingent. Upon their arrival however, Raj Singh was arrested by his brothers. However, when Gaj fell ill, he summoned Raj Singh and handed over the reins of the state to him, enjoining him not to seek vengeance against his brothers. Gaj Singh died in 1787, and was cremated.{{Sfn|Sehgal|1962|p=48–49}}{{Sfn|Powlett|1874|p=64}}

== Issue ==
Gaj Singh had sixty-one children, not all of them were legitimate. 20 sons and 9 daughters were legitimate (multiple sources say 6 children were legitimate) and they were:

* Maharaja Raj Singh, who succeeded Gaj as Maharaja, r. 25 March 1787 – 25 April 1787, succeeded by his six year old son, Maharaja Pratap Singh who died the same year and was succeeded by one of Raj Singh's younger brother's [[Surat Singh of Bikaner|Maharaja Surat Singh]].
* Maharajkumar Sultan Singh, (son via Maharani Devarji Akhey Kanwar) who fled Bikaner in 1787. Returned to Bikaner in 1801 in an attempt to take over the throne but did not succeed. Ancestor of the Gajsingot Haveliwale Rajvi families of Banisar & Alsar. (1759-1815)
* Maharakjumar Mukham Singh, (son via Maharani Bhatianji Chand Kanwar) who fled Bikaner before the death of his father and died of smallpox in Phalodi before 1787. Ancestor of the Gajsingot Haveliwale Rajvi families of Sainsar & Jhamba. (1758-1787)
* Maharaj Ajab Singh, (son via Maharani Bhatianji Chand Kanwar) who fled Bikaner in 1787 to Sindh and later to Jodhpur. Engaged in constant raids on Bikaner with his brother Maharajkumar Sultan Singh and the Thakurs of Churu, Bhadra & Bhukarka. Ancestor of families of the Thikanas Lohat under Jodhpur and Bhapura and Jasunta under Jaipur. (1762-1801)
* Maharajkumar Chattar Singh, (via Maharani Kacchawji Ranawatji Phool Kanwar) who's descendants - [[Dungar Singh|Maharaja Dungar Singh]] & [[Ganga Singh|Maharaja Ganga Singh]] became Maharaja of Bikaner after the lineage of [[Surat Singh of Bikaner|Maharaja Surat Singh]] came to an end with Maharaja Sardar Singh. Chattar Singh's descendants of Bikaner, Ridi & Tejrasar are the Gajsingot Dyodhiwale Rajvis & the current extended Bikaner Royal Family. (1762-1779)
* [[Surat Singh of Bikaner|Maharaja Surat Singh]], (via Maharani Kacchawatji Ranawatji Phool Kanwar) Maharaja of Bikaner r. 9 October 1787 – 25 March 1828. His lineage of Kings came to an end with his grandson [[Sardar Singh of Bikaner|Maharaja Sardar Singh]] who was succeeded by descendants from his elder brother, Maharajkumar Chattar Singh's branch.
* Maharaj Bhopal Singh, (via Maharani Panwarji). Ancestor of the family of Thikana Sumana. (1769-1831)
* Maharajkumar Shyam Singh, (via Maharani Kacchawji Ranawatji Phool Kanwar). Ancestor of the family of Thikana Manaksar.
* Maharaj Sabal Singh, (via Maharani Bhatianji Chand Kanwar)
* Maharajkumar Ram Singh, (via Maharani Bhatianji Chand Kanwar). died 1762.
* Maharaj Devi Singh, (via Maharani Chundawatji Swarup Kanwar). Imprisoned by his brother [[Surat Singh of Bikaner|Maharaja Surat Singh]] from 1787-1790. Escaped with the help of Thakur Bakhtawar Singh Tanwar of Janjeu and spent his days at the courts of Jaipur, Jodhpur, Alwar, Shahpura & Bundi. Ancestor of Gajsingot Haveliwale Rajvi families of Saloondia, Kurjhari, Dharnok and Rojhari. (born 1773)
* Maharakjumar Kushal Singh, (son via Maharani Bhatianji Chand Kanwar)
* Maharaj Kushal Singh, (son via Maharani Chundawatji Swarup Kanwar). Imprisoned by his brother Maharaja Surat Singh from 1787-1790 with his elder brother Maharaj Devi Singh. Escaped with the help of Thakur Bakhtawar Singh Tanwar of Janjeu. Ancestor of the families of Thikanas Laalsar, Himmatsar & Neena riyasat. (1774-1853)
* Maharaj Guman Singh
* Maharaj Jagat Singh, (son via Maharani Rajawatji Chandra Kanwar)
* Maharaj Kuman Singh
* Maharaj Mohan Singh
* Maharaj Udai Singh, (son via Maharani Rajawatji Chandra Kanwar)
* Maharaj Jalim Singh, (son via Maharani Bhatianji Chand Kanwar)
* Maharaj Ajit Singh
* Maharajkumari Jait Kanwar Baisa, (daughter via Maharani Rajawatji Chandra Kanwar). Married in 1788 to Raja Manohar Singh Bahadur of Narwar and thus Rani Rathoreji Jait Kanwar of Narawar.
* Maharajkumari Sire Kanwar Baisa, (daughter via Maharani Bhatianji Chand Kanwar)
* 3 more daughters (names unknown, via Maharani Devarji Akhey Kanwar.
* Maharajkumari Suraj Kanwar Baisa, (daughter via Maharani Kacchawatji Rajawatji Phool Kanwar)
* 3 more daughters (names unknown, via Maharani Panwarji)
He also left children who were via lesser wives and concubines and thus were not eligible to succeed. Some of them who are known were:

* Rao Raj Daulat Ram
* Rao Raj Prithvi Raj
* Rao Raj Dheerat Singh
* Rao Raj Jait Singh
* Rao Raj Chander Bhan
* Rao Raj Sawai Singh
* Rao Raj Tilok Singh
* Rao Raj Udai Singh

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sehgal |first=K. K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146804/mode/2up |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Bikaner |publisher=Bharat Printers |date=1962 |location=Jaipur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Powlett |first=P. W. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547015/mode/2up |title=Gazetteer of The Bikaner State |date=1874 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Goetz |first=Hermann |author-link=Hermann Goetz |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.14228/ |title=Art and Architecture of Bikaner State |date=1950 |publisher=Bruno Cassirer}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2024}}

[[Category:Maharajas of Bikaner]]
[[Category:1787 deaths]]
[[Category:1723 births]]

Jait Sagar Lake

2026-03-30T03:42:59Z

AlvaJustice117: new initial entry w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Fresh water reservoir in Bundi, Rajasthan}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Jait Sagar Lake
| location = [[Bundi]], [[Rajasthan]]
| coords = {{Coord|25|27|26.49|N|75|38|55.32|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[reservoir]], fresh water
| basin_countries = [[India]]
| cities = [[Bundi]]
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of lake in Rajasthan, India
| image = Bundi mountain (4180261194).jpg
}}

'''Jait Sagar Lake''' is an natural lake or reservoir situated in [[Bundi]] city in the state of [[Rajasthan]] in India. It is surrounded by the hills of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] mountain range. This lake, near Taragarh Fort, is filled with [[lotus flower]]s during winter and monsoon seasons. Jait Sagar is surrounded by towering walls and has four gateways that serve as entry points to the lake. It is located at a distance of less than 3 km from Bundi city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bundi - City of Lakes, Kund and Step wells |url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/hi/bundi.html#main_content |website=Tourism Department, Rajasthan}}</ref>

It is one of the four lakes of Bundi city, the other three being [[Nawal Sagar Lake]], Phool Sagar Lake and Kanak Sagar Lake.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=राजस्थान की प्रमुख झीलें कौन-सी हैं, जानें |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/major-lakes-of-rajasthan-1696662065-2 |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==
The lake was built in the early 14th century A.D. by Mahraja Jaita Meena (last Meena ruler of Bundi), . Later on, it was repaired by Gehlotni Jayvanti, the mother of Rao Raja Surjan Singh (the ruler of Bundi between 1544 and 1585 A.D.) and the masonry work was done.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jait Sagar Lake Bundi, Timings, Entry Fees, Location, Facts, History, Architecture & Visiting Time, Ticket Price |url=https://www.rajasthantourplanner.com/Monuments-Citywise/jait-sagar-lake-bundi.html#google_vignette |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=www.rajasthantourplanner.com}}</ref>

== Architecture and attractions of the lake ==
The lake is 4 km in length. It is flanked by the Aravalli range of mountains and the [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] flowers when in full bloom enhance its beauty during the monsoon (July–September) and winter (October–March) months. It is surrounded by huge walls having four ornamented gateways. Various competitions are held here from time to time. It is home to a wide variety of birds both resident and migratory.<ref name=":0" />

There is a castle-like structure nearby known as [[Sukh Mahal]], built during the reign of Umed Singh. It was host to [[Rudyard Kipling]] who wrote “[[Kim (novel)|Kim]]” during his stay here in the 19th century. It is one of the most visited summer palaces situated in Bundi. With the hills in the background and being surrounded by luxuriant and thriving gardens, Sukh Mahal is a significant tourist attraction. Some influence of [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] art is to be seen in the paintings that adorn the walls of the palace.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukh Mahal Bundi - Most Visited Place During Summer in Bundi |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/rajasthan/sukh-mahal-bundi.html |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.tourmyindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-06-13 |title=Bundi Tourist Place: राजस्थान में बूंदी शहर का है ऐतिहासिक महत्व, जानिए यहां के पांच खास टूरिस्ट प्लेस |url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/states/rajasthan-bundi-has-historical-importance-in-rajasthan-know-five-special-tourist-places-here-2144933 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Lake restoration works ==
In 2015, the administration proposed to initiate boating in Jait Sagar Lake to promote [[tourism]]. Heavy machinery was brought in from [[Udaipur]] to free the lake from lotuses. For months, the lotuses were dug out. It is commonly held however that once the lotus takes hold in a conducive environment, it is simply impossible to eradicate it totally, and that is exactly what happened here: even in the depths of summer, the lotuses never lost ground.

The proposal for boating came around with the sanction of Rs 98 crore for Jait Sagar under the XI Five-Year Plan of [[Government of India|GOI]]. Under the National Lake Conservation Project (NLCP), the state had prioritized lakes for inclusion in the plan. Detailed project reports were framed by the consultants. While 70% funds were to come from the union government, the state government committed to bear 30% of the project cost. Though it is not known exactly how much was spent on the project, sources say it was substantial.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2017-08-10 |title=Lotus lake in Bundi a victim of apathy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/lotus-lake-in-bundi-a-victim-of-apathy/articleshow/59993941.cms |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cleanliness issues ==
In 2020, to save Jait Sagar Lake, aware and concerned city residents started the Save Jait Sagar Lake campaign. Citizens told the district collector that the filth in the lake should be cleaned, and that it should be beautified and conserved by removing lotus roots. Garbage is being dumped everywhere in the lake.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Residents came forward to save Jait Sagar lake campaign started |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/kota/bundi/news/residents-came-forward-to-save-jaitsagar-lake-campaign-started-127765931.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== Events ==
Jait Sagar is a popular destination for organizing events. Every year, [[Bundi Utsav]], a cultural programme held by the tourism department of Rajasthan is organised at the lake shore. Many cultural activities take place under this programme.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-22 |title=Bundi Utsav begins today after a gap of two years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bundi-utsav-begins-today-after-a-gap-of-two-years/articleshow/87841688.cms |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-12-02 |title=Rajasthan: Three-day Bundi Mahotsav in Kota concludes on colourful note |url=https://theprint.in/india/rajasthan-three-day-bundi-mahotsav-in-kota-concludes-on-colourful-note/1868777/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sukh Mahal]]
* [[Taragarh Fort, Bundi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Reservoirs in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Artificial lakes of India]]

{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}
[[Category:14th-century establishments in Asia]]

Mumbai High Field

2026-03-28T11:22:58Z

AlvaJustice117:

{{Short description|Oilfield in India}}
{{multiple issues|
{{context|date=February 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2018}}
{{update|date=February 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox oil field
| name = Mumbai High
| image = Solitary Oil Rig In The Arabian Sea.jpg
| caption = ''Oil Rig at Mumbai High''
| location_map = India
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.41667|71.33333|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| relief = yes
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Gulf of Khambhat]]
| location = off the coast of [[Mumbai]]
| block =
| offonshore = Offshore
| operator = [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]]
| partners =
| contractors =
| discovery = 1974
| start_development =
| start_production = 1976

| peak_year = 1989
| abandonment =
| peak_of_production_oil_bbl/d = 471000
| peak_of_production_oil_tpy =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmscm/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_bcm/y =
| oil_production_bbl/d = 131000
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil = 2025
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d = 10
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas = 2024
| est_oil_bbl =
| est_oil_t =
| recover_oil_bbl =
| recover_oil_t =
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm =
| recover_gas_bft =
| recover_gas_bcm =
| formations =
}}
The '''Mumbai High Field''', formerly called the '''Bombay High Field''',<ref>{{citation |url=https://dghindia.gov.in/index.php/page?pageId=56 |title=Indian Oil and Gas Industry |work=[[Directorate General of Hydrocarbons]] }}</ref> is an offshore [[oilfield]] {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}} off the west coast of [[Mumbai]], in [[Gulf of Cambay]] (now Khambhat) region of India, in about {{convert|75|m|ft|abbr=on}} of water.<ref name="Rao Talukdar 1980 p487"/> The oil operations are run by India's [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC).

Mumbai High field was discovered by an [[India|Indo]]-[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] oil exploration team operating from the seismic exploration vessel ''Academic Arkhangelsky''<ref name="Rao Talukdar 1980 p487"/> during mapping of the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] (earlier Cambay) in 1964–67, followed by a detailed survey in 1972.<ref name="Rao Talukdar 1980 p487"/> The naming of the field is attributed to a team from a survey run in 1965 analysed in the Rashmi building in [[Peddar Road]], Cumballa Hill, Mumbai. The first offshore well was sunk in 1974.<ref name="Rao Talukdar 1980 p487"/>

Every oil resource rock requires [[Structural trap]]s which are mainly salt dome, coral reefs, fault trap and fold trap. In case of Mumbai High, the structure is a "north-northwest to south-southeast trending doubly plunging [[Anticline]] with a [[Fault (geology)|faulted]] east limb", 65 km long and 23 km wide",<ref name="Rao Talukdar 1980 p487"/> and is the most probable reason to call it "Mumbai High".

==Geology==
This is a [[carbonate]] reservoir, the main producing zone, L-III, consisting of sedimentary cycles of [[lagoon]]al, [[algal]] mound, [[foraminifera]]l mound and then coastal marsh, capped by a post-middle [[Miocene]] [[shale]].<ref>Rao, R.P., and Talukdar, S.N., Petroleum Geology of Bombay High Field - India, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, Halbouty, M.T., editor, AAPG Memoir 30, 1980, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, {{ISBN|0891813063}}, p. 504</ref> Mumbai High has three blocks separated by east–west trending faults, all three with different [[Water contact|gas-oil contact]]s but approximately {{convert|1355|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep.<ref>Rao, R.P., and Talukdar, S.N., Petroleum Geology of Bombay High Field, India, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, Halbouty, M.T., editor, AAPG Memoir 30, 1980, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, {{ISBN|0891813063}}, pp. 500 and 503</ref>

==Production==
[[File:ONGC Oil Platform.jpg|thumb|left|ONGC platform at Mumbai High in the [[Arabian Sea]]]]
Mumbai High Field reached its peak production level of 20 million tonnes per year in 1998.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/mumbai-high/ |title=Mumbai High Field |date=21 September 2017 |work=Offshore-technology.com |publisher=Verdict Media Strategies }}</ref>

As of 2004, it supplied 14% of India's oil requirement and accounted for about 38% of all domestic production.

ONGC approved construction of seven pipelines with risers and associated top-side facilities in MHN in April 2007. These pipelines are vital for optimum utilisation from Mumbai High.

Crude oil produced from Mumbai High is considered to be of very good quality as compared to crudes produced in middle east. Mumbai High crude has more than 60% paraffinic content while light Arabian crude has only 25% paraffin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ongc.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020524120941/http://ongc.net/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 24, 2002 |title=Billingual-Home |publisher=ONGC |access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref>

In November 2009, output of Mumbai High fields, that accounted for half of the India's domestic oil production, fell 5.3% to {{convert|347197|oilbbl/d}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/12/25/stories/2009122553051400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230004226/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/12/25/stories/2009122553051400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 30, 2009 |title=November gas production up 47.6%, crude oil down 1.5% |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=25 December 2009 |access-date=14 August 2010}} </ref>

On 1 January 2018 the output of the field was stated as {{convert|205000|oilbbl/d}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ongc-makes-significant-oil-gas-discovery-in-arabian-sea/articleshow/62325917.cms|title = ONGC: ONGC makes significant oil, gas discovery in Arabian Sea |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 January 2018 |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] }}</ref>

In 2020 the output of the field was {{convert|170000|oilbbl/d}} and the output of the Bassein field was {{convert|60000|oilbbl/d}}.
ONGC temporarily suspended operations at two drilling rigs in the Mumbai High and Bassein fields after 54 employees tested positive for coronavirus and one died but the oil and gas production was not impacted.
<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2020/jun/22/ongc-suspends-operations-at-two-rigs-in-arabian-sea-after-corona-positive-cases-tightens-safety-nor-2159943.html |title=ONGC suspends operations at two rigs in Arabian Sea after corona positive cases, tightens safety norms |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=22 June 2020 |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] }}</ref>

As of 2020 Mumbai High and Bassein were India's top oil and gas producing fields, accounting for almost two-third of the country's production.

The field produces {{convert|134000|oilbbl/d}} in 2024. ONGC believes the field still has a balance reserve of 80 million tonnes (610 million barrels) of oil and over 40 bcm of gas and hence, needs partners who can help tap them.<ref> ONGC believes the field still has a balance reserve of 80 million tonnes (610 million barrels) of oil and over 40 bcm of gas and hence, needs partners who can help tap them </ref>

== 2005 major accident ==
On 27 July 2005, a [[2005 Mumbai High fire|major fire]] destroyed the production platform, leaving at least 22 people dead despite rescue measures taken by the [[Indian Coast Guard]]. The platform accounted for {{convert|110000|oilbbl/d}}, or 15% of India's oil production. Rebuilding this was expected to take upwards of 4 months and estimated to cost around ₹1,200 crore or US$300 million.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Bombay High}}
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="Rao Talukdar 1980 p487">Rao, R.P., and Talukdar, S.N., Petroleum Geology of Bombay High Field, India, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, Halbouty, M.T., editor, AAPG Memoir 30, 1980, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, {{ISBN|0891813063}}, p. 487</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160511225227/http://www.dghindia.org/19.aspx Mumbai Offshore Basin]

[[Category:Oil fields in India]]
[[Category:Energy in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:ONGC oil and gas fields]]

Malnutrition in India

2026-03-27T22:08:42Z

AlvaJustice117: enhanced citations for consistency

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
Despite India's 50% increase in GDP since 2013,<ref>{{cite news|title=The Indian exception|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2011/03/31/the-indian-exception|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=13 February 2012|date=31 March 2011}}</ref> more than one-third of the world's [[malnourishment|malnourished]] children live in India. Among these, half of the children under three years old are underweight.

One of the major causes for '''malnutrition in India''' is [[economic inequality]]. Due to the low economic status of some parts of the population, their diet often lacks in both quality and quantity. Women who are malnourished are less likely to have healthy babies. Nutrition deficiencies inflict long-term damage to both individuals and society. Compared with their better-fed peers, nutrition-deficient individuals are more likely to have infectious diseases such as [[pneumonia]] and [[tuberculosis]], which lead to a higher [[mortality rate]]. Besides, nutrition-deficient individuals are less productive at work. Low productivity not only gives them low pay that traps them in a vicious circle of under-nutrition,<ref name="Turning the tide of malnutrition">{{cite web|title=Turning the tide of malnutrition|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2000/WHO_NHD_00.7.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> but also brings inefficiency to the society, especially in India where labor is a major input factor for economic production.<ref>{{cite web|title=A call for reform and action|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|publisher=The World Bank|access-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> On the other hand, over-nutrition also has severe consequences. In India national obesity rates in 2010 were 14% for women and 18% for men with some urban areas having rates as high as 40%.<ref>{{cite news|title=India in grip of obesity epidemic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-in-grip-of-obesity-epidemic/articleshow/6908679.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428213922/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-12/india/28245306_1_obesity-india-and-china-overweight-rates|url-status=live|archive-date=28 April 2013|access-date=14 February 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 November 2010}}</ref> Obesity causes several [[non-communicable disease]]s such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancers and chronic respiratory diseases.<ref name="Turning the tide of malnutrition"/>

==Causes==
The [[World Bank]] estimates that India is one of the highest-ranking countries in the world for the number of children with [[malnutrition]]. The prevalence of underweight children in India is among the highest in the world and is nearly double that of [[Sub Saharan Africa]] with dire consequences for mobility, mortality, productivity, and economic growth.<ref>
{{cite web |url= http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|title= World Bank Report|access-date=2009-03-13|work=Source: The World Bank (2009)|quote= World Bank Report on Malnutrition in India}}</ref>

The 2017 [[Global Hunger Index]] (GHI) Report by [[International Food Policy Research Institute]] (IFPRI) ranked India 100th out of 118 countries with a serious hunger situation. Amongst [[South Asian]] nations, it ranks third behind only Afghanistan and Pakistan with a GHI score of 29.0 ("serious situation").<ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Global Hunger Index Report |url=http://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/129681/filename/129892.pdf#page=21 |publisher=[[International Food Policy Research Institute]] (IFPRI) |access-date=3 November 2015 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413184408/http://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/129681/filename/129892.pdf#page=21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 2019 Global Hunger Index (GHI) report ranked India 102nd out of 117 countries with a serious issue of child wasting. At least one in five children under the age of five years in India is wasted.

India is one of the fastest growing countries in terms of population and economics, sitting at a population of 1.365 billion and growing at 1.5–1.7% annually (from 2001 to 2007).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_pop_grow&idim=country:IND:CHN:USA&hl=en&dl=en|title=World Development Indicators - Google Public Data Explorer|website=www.google.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nutritionschool.co.uk |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150311110924/http://nutritionschool.co.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-03-11 |title= World Bank Report|access-date=2009-11-25|work=Source: The World Bank 2009|quote= India Country Overview 2009}}</ref> Though more than a quarter of the population is still living below the National Poverty Line<ref>{{cite web|url=https://socialjustice.nic.in/UserView/index?mid=76672|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115032049/https://socialjustice.nic.in/UserView/index?mid=76672|archivedate=15 Nov 2016|title=State-Wise Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line by Social Groups, 2004–05}}</ref> its economic growth indicates new opportunities and a movement towards increase in the prevalence of [[chronic diseases]] which is observed in at high rates in developed countries such as United States, Canada and Australia. The combination of people living in poverty and the recent economic growth of India has led to the co-emergence of two types of malnutrition: undernutrition and [[overnutrition]].<ref>{{cite journal |title= Journal of the American Medical Association|volume= 291|issue= 21|pages= 2616–2622|journal=JAMA|quote= The global burden of chronic diseases|doi= 10.1001/jama.291.21.2616|pmid= 15173153|year= 2004|last1= Yach|first1= Derek|last2= Hawkes|first2= Corinna|last3= Gould|first3= C. Linn|last4= Hofman|first4= Karen J.}}</ref>

On the GHI, India is on place 67 among the 80 nations having the worst hunger situation which is worse than nations such as [[North Korea]] or [[Sudan]]. 25% of all hungry people worldwide live in India. Since 1990 there have been some improvements for children but the proportion of hungry in the population has increased. In India 44% of children under the age of 5 are underweight. 72% of infants and 52% of married women have [[anemia]]. Research has conclusively shown that malnutrition during pregnancy causes the child to have an increased risk of future diseases, physical retardation, and reduced cognitive abilities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Varma |first1=Subodh |title=Superpower? 230 million Indians go hungry daily |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Superpower-230-million-Indians-go-hungry-daily/articleshow/11494502.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510153609/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-15/india/30629637_1_anganwadi-workers-ghi-number-of-hungry-people |archive-date=10 May 2013 |date=15 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Causes of Hunger in India|url=https://www.action|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130420025503/http://www.action-man-dossier.co.uk/toy-details.asp?toy=192|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 April 2013|access-date=2020-11-19|website=Action Against Hunger|language=en}}</ref>

An estimated 23.6% of the population of India live below a purchasing power of $1.25 a day. This poverty does not directly lead to malnutrition but it leaves a large chunk of the population without adequate amounts of food. This makes a lack of access to food since people are too poor to go out and purchase it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why India remains malnourished|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/health/why-india-remains-malnourished-42697|access-date=2020-11-19|website=downtoearth.org.in|language=en}}</ref> According to the Registrar General of India, the mortality of children under the age of five was about 59 out of every 1000 live births which is one of the highest rates in the world. It is reported by Save the Children that this is mainly due to malnutrition in the children.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Abhishek|date=2020-03-02|title=Childhood Malnutrition in India|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/perspective-of-recent-advances-in-acute-diarrhea/childhood-malnutrition-in-india|journal=Perspective of Recent Advances in Acute Diarrhea|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.89701|isbn=978-1-78923-865-5|doi-access=free}}</ref> Poor nutrition within the first thousand days of a child's life can have many negative causes to them. It can lead to [[stunted growth]], impaired cognitive ability, reduced school performance, and diseases like diarrhea. According to a report, 68% of deaths in children under 5 years of age, in India, is due to malnutrition.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-25|title=68 Per Cent Of Child Deaths Under Five Years In India Caused By Malnutrition In 2017: Study News|url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/68-per-cent-of-child-deaths-under-five-years-in-india-caused-by-malnutrition-in-2017-study-39470/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=NDTV-Dettol Banega Swasth Swachh India|language=en-US}}</ref>

An [[IIT Delhi]] study found a link between anemia in children under the age of 5 and [[Particulate matter|PM2.5 levels]] in air, with every 10 μg per cubic meter increase in PM2.5 levels being linked to a decrease in [[hemoglobin]] levels by 0.07 g/dL.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Exposure to PM 2.5 raises anaemia risk in kids under 5: IIT-Delhi study |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/exposure-to-pm-2-5-raises-anaemia-risk-in-kids-under-5-study-conducted-by-iit-delhi-7162933/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> A study published in Nature Sustainability says that long term exposure to high PM2.5 levels may be a cause of anemia among women, with their model showing a 7.23% increase in anemia among women of reproductive age for every 10 μg per cubic meter increase in PM2.5 exposure. The same study posits that India fulfilling its clean air targets would reduce the nationwide prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age from 53% to 39.5%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Ekta |last2=Dey |first2=Sagnik |last3=Ghosh |first3=Santu |last4=Sharma |first4=Sumit |last5=Singh |first5=Nimish |last6=Agarwal |first6=Shivang |last7=Tibrewal |first7=Kushal |last8=Venkataraman |first8=Chandra |last9=Kurpad |first9=Anura V. |last10=Cohen |first10=Aaron J. |last11=Wang |first11=Shuxiao |last12=Jain |first12=Srishti |date=2022-08-25 |title=Reducing the burden of anaemia in Indian women of reproductive age with clean-air targets |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-022-00944-2 |journal=Nature Sustainability |volume=5 |issue=11 |language=en |pages=939–946 |doi=10.1038/s41893-022-00944-2 |bibcode=2022NatSu...5..939C |s2cid=251815900 |issn=2398-9629|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Nutritional trends of various demographic groups==
Many factors, including socio-economic status, region affect the nutritional status of Indians. Living in rural areas also contribute to nutritional status.<ref name="NFHS-3 adult">{{cite web |url= http://hetv.org/india/nfhs/nfhs3/NFHS-3-Nutritional-Status-of-Adults.ppt|title= NFHS-3 Nutritional Status of Adults|access-date=2009-11-26}}</ref>

===Socio-economic status===
In general, those who are poor are at risk for under-nutrition, in India<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kanjilal|first=B|title=Nutritional Status of Children in India: Household Socio-Economic Condition as the Contextual Determinant|journal=International Journal for Equity in Health|year=2010|volume=9|pages=19|doi=10.1186/1475-9276-9-19|pmid=20701758|pmc=2931515|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> while those who have high socio-economic status are relatively more likely to be over-nourished. Anemia is negatively correlated with wealth.<ref name="NFHS-3 adult"/>

When it comes to child malnutrition, children in low-income families are more malnourished than those in high-income families. The [[Public distribution system|PDS]] system in India, solely distributes wheat and rice— cereals which provide insufficient protein (another cause of malnutrition). Cultural beliefs, such as religion, may also lead to malnutrition in some cases. Certain religious beliefs such as Hinduism and Sikhism may restrict the consumption of meat products. Other Indians may follow religions which prescribe a strictly vegan diet, refraining from the consumption of any sort of animal product, including dairy and eggs. This can, in some cases, lead to protein deficiency. In India, 56% of poor Indian households consume cereals to meet their protein intake. Studies have shown that the type of protein that cereals contain does not parallel to the proteins that animal products contain (Gulati, 2012).<ref>Gulati, A., Ganesh-Kumar, A., Shreedhar, G., & Nandakumar, T. (2012). Agriculture and malnutrition in India. Food And Nutrition Bulletin, 33(1), 74–86</ref> This phenomenon is most prevalent in the rural areas of India where more malnutrition exists on an absolute level. Whether children are of the appropriate weight and height is highly dependent on the socio-economic status of the population.<ref>{{cite web|title=HUNGaMA Survey Report|url=http://www.hungamaforchange.org/HungamaBKDec11LR.pdf|publisher=Naandi foundation|access-date=1 February 2012}}</ref> Children of families with lower socioeconomic standing are faced with sub-optimal growth. While children in similar communities have shown to share similar levels of nutrition, child nutrition is also differential from family to family depending on the mother's characteristics,{{efn|Explanatory variables of maternal characteristics used were: years of education; [[body mass index]] (BMI); anemia status; autonomy in seeking medical assistance for self; and place of birth for the child in the study.<ref name="Kanjilal 2010"/>}} household ethnicity, and place of residence. It is expected that with improvements in socio-economic welfare, child nutrition will also improve.<ref name="Kanjilal 2010">{{cite journal|last=Kanjilal|first=Barun |author2=Mazumdar |author3=Mukherjee |author4=Rahman|title=Nutritional status of children in India: household socio-economic condition as the contextual determinant|journal=International Journal for Equity in Health|date=January 2010|volume=9|pages=19–31|doi=10.1186/1475-9276-9-19|pmid=20701758 |pmc=2931515 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Region===
Under-nutrition is more prevalent in rural areas, again mainly due to low socioeconomic status. Anemia for both men and women is only slightly higher in rural areas than in urban areas. For example, in 2005, 40% of women in rural areas, and 36% of women in urban areas were found to have mild anemia.<ref name="NFHS-3 adult"/> In urban areas, overweight status and obesity are over three times as high as in rural areas.<ref name="NFHS-3 adult"/>

In terms of geographical regions, [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], Andhra Pradesh, and Bihar have very high rates of under-nutrition. States with the lowest percentage of under-nutrition include Mizoram, Sikkim, Manipur, Kerala, Punjab, and Goa, although the rate is still considerably higher than that of developed nations. Further, anemia is found in over 70% of individuals in the states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Haryana, and Jharkhand. Less than 50% of individuals in Goa, Manipur, Mizoram, and Kerala have anaemia.<ref name="NFHS-3 children">{{cite web |url= http://hetv.org/india/nfhs/nfhs3/NFHS-3-Nutritional-Status-of-Children.ppt|title= NFHS-3 Nutritional Status of Children|access-date=2009-11-26}}</ref>

Punjab, Kerala, and Delhi face the highest rate of overweight and obese individuals.<ref name="NFHS-3 adult"/>

=== Female population ===

==== Dual burden ====
Dual burden is characterized as undernutrition in the form of obesity or underweight, existing within an individual and/or at a societal level. On an individual level, a person can be obese, yet lack enough nutrients for proper nutrition.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Meenakshi|first=J. V.|date=2016-11-01|title=Trends and patterns in the triple burden of malnutrition in India|journal=Agricultural Economics|language=en|volume=47|issue=S1|pages=115–134|doi=10.1111/agec.12304|issn=1574-0862|url=http://www.cdedse.org/pdf/work256.pdf}}</ref> On a societal level, the dual burden refers to populations containing both overweight and underweight individuals co-existing.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Thow|first1=Anne Marie|last2=Kadiyala|first2=Suneetha|last3=Khandelwal|first3=Shweta|last4=Menon|first4=Purnima|last5=Downs|first5=Shauna|last6=Reddy|first6=K. Srinath|date=June 2016|title=Toward Food Policy for the Dual Burden of Malnutrition: An Exploratory Policy Space Analysis in India|journal=Food and Nutrition Bulletin|volume= 37| issue = 3|pages= 261–274|doi=10.1177/0379572116653863|pmid=27312356|s2cid=24424765|url=http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2551418/1/Towards%20food%20policy%20for_GREEN%20AAM.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Women in India share a substantial proportion of the dual burden on malnutrition.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Kulkarni|first1=Vani S.|last2=Kulkarni|first2=Veena S.|last3=Gaiha|first3=Raghav|title=Double Burden of Malnutrition|journal=International Journal of Health Services|volume=47|issue=1|pages=108–133|doi=10.1177/0020731416664666|pmid=27638762|year=2017|s2cid=10303158}}</ref> The primary causes of whether a woman falls into the obese or underweight under-nutritional category is dependent on the socioeconomic status of the individual, and dependent on rural or urban populations. Women with higher economic means in urban areas fall into obese and overnourished category, while conversely lower income women in rural areas are underweight and undernourished.<ref name=":3" /> A consistent factor among dual burden outcomes relates primarily to food security issues. Access to healthy and nutritious foods within India has been increasingly replaced by a large supply of high-calorie, low-nutrient foods.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> The existence of the dual malnutrition problems suggests a need for policy makers to support options which measure nutritional output, as opposed to calories, when deciding policies to ensure a well fed society.<ref name=":5" />

The NFHS-5 conducted in 2019–20 found the nationwide proportion of [[underweight]] women (BMI below 18.5) to be 18.7% and that of [[overweight]] (BMI between 25.0–29.9) and [[obese]] (BMI above or equal to 30.0) women to be 24%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) |url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/factsheet_NFHS-5.shtml |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=rchiips.org |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124231928/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/factsheet_NFHS-5.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Anemia ====
The NFHS-5 found the prevalence of anemia among women (ages 15–49) to be 57% which was an increase of 4% from the previous NFHS-4. This was much higher than the prevalence rate of 25% observed among men of the same age group. The rate of anemia varied depending on the woman's maternity status, education, household wealth, and region. 61% of breast-feeding women were found to be anemic, while 52% of pregnant women were anemic. Prevalence of anemia was found to have decreased with schooling with 52% of women with 12 or more years of schooling being anemic as against 59% of those with no schooling. The rates decreased the most with wealth with 51% of women in the highest quintile being anemic as against 64% in the lowest quintile. Urban women were only marginally less anemic than rural women, while in states of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], and [[Tripura]] more than 60% of women were found to be anemic.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR375/FR375.pdf |title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 2019-21 |publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], Government of India |year=2022 |pages=384–385}}</ref>

==== Domestic violence ====
A strong connection has been found between malnutrition and domestic violence, in particular high levels of anemia and undernutrition.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Ackerson|first1=L. K.|last2=Subramanian|first2=S. V.|date=2008-05-15|title=Domestic Violence and Chronic Malnutrition among Women and Children in India|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|language=en|volume=167|issue=10|pages=1188–1196|doi=10.1093/aje/kwn049|pmid=18367471|issn=0002-9262|pmc=2789268}}</ref> Domestic violence comes in the form of psychological and physical abuse, as a control mechanism towards behaviors within families.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2011-05-01|title=Impacts of domestic violence on child growth and nutrition: A conceptual review of the pathways of influence|journal=Social Science & Medicine|language=en|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1534–1554|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.042|pmid=21492979|issn=0277-9536|last1=Yount|first1=Kathryn M.|last2=Digirolamo|first2=Ann M.|last3=Ramakrishnan|first3=Usha}}</ref> This control affects a woman's autonomy to make decisions in regards to providing food, what type and amount, which leads to adverse nutrition results for herself, and family members.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/domestic-violence-associated-with-chronic-malnutrition-in-women-and-children-in-india/|title=Domestic violence associated with chronic malnutrition in women and children in India|date=2008-04-22|work=News|access-date=2018-04-26|language=en-US}}</ref> Psychological stress also affects anemia through a process labeled [[oxidative stress]]. In moments of high stress, free radicals are produced which attack healthy red blood cells, therefore lowering hemoglobin blood levels and producing anemic malnutrition.<ref name=":2" /> Additionally, physiological or chronic stress is strongly correlated in women being underweight.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ferreira|first1=Marcela de Freitas|last2=Moraes|first2=Claudia Leite de|last3=Reichenheim|first3=Michael Eduardo|last4=Verly Junior|first4=Eliseu|last5=Marques|first5=Emanuele Souza|last6=Salles-Costa|first6=Rosana|last7=Ferreira|first7=Marcela de Freitas|last8=Moraes|first8=Claudia Leite de|last9=Reichenheim|first9=Michael Eduardo|date=January 2015|title=Effect of physical intimate partner violence on body mass index in low-income adult women|journal=Cadernos de Saúde Pública|volume=31|issue=1|pages=161–172|doi=10.1590/0102-311X00192113|pmid=25715300|issn=0102-311X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Children ===
India has one of the worst rates of child malnutrition in the world, with one third of malnourished children globally being Indian. India's performance in child malnutrition has been worse than countries in its neighbourhood with similar per capita incomes, and social makeup. India loses up to 4% of its GDP and 8% of productivity due to child malnutrition, with estimates suggesting reducing child malnutrition alone can add 3% to India's GDP.<ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Abhishek |title=Childhood Malnutrition in India |date=2020-05-06 |url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/perspective-of-recent-advances-in-acute-diarrhea/childhood-malnutrition-in-india |work=Perspective of Recent Advances in Acute Diarrhea |editor-last=K. Bhattacharya |editor-first=Sujit |publisher=IntechOpen |language=en |doi=10.5772/intechopen.89701 |isbn=978-1-78923-865-5 |s2cid=216250905 |access-date=2022-08-19|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Child malnutrition in India: A systemic failure |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/health/child-malnutrition-in-india-a-systemic-failure-76507 |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Management ==
The Government of India has launched several programs to converge the growing rate of nutritious children. They include [[Integrated Child Development Services]], the National Children's Fund (a program administered by the [[National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development]]), and the [[National Health Mission]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICDS|url=https://icds-wcd.nic.in/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National health mission|url=https://nhm.gov.in/}}</ref> To manage nutrition requirements especially following the COVID-19 [[pandemic]], experts have recommended ways in which India can work towards nutrition security.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jayashree|first=R. Gopinath & B.|title=Beyond food rations: Six ways India can ensure nutrition security for its most vulnerable people|url=https://scroll.in/article/961967/beyond-food-rations-six-ways-india-can-ensure-nutrition-security-for-its-most-vulnerable-people|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Scroll.in|date=27 May 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> These include setting up community kitchens, adding pulses and millets to the [[Public distribution system]] and continuing the school Midday Meal Scheme.

===Midday meal scheme in Indian schools===
{{main|Midday Meal Scheme}}
The Indian government started the midday meal scheme on 15 August 1995. It serves millions of children with freshly cooked meals in almost all the government-run schools or schools aided by the government fund.

Apart from this, the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]'s (ISKCON) [[ISKCON Food Relief Foundation]], the Nalabothu Foundation, and the [[Akshaya Patra Foundation]] run the world's largest NGO-run midday meal programs, each serving freshly cooked plant-based meals to over 1.3 million school children in government and government-aided schools in India. These programs are conducted with part subsidies from the government and partly with donations from individuals and corporations. The meals served by Food for Life Annamrita and Akshaya Patra comply with the nutritional norms given by the government of India and aims to eradicate malnutrition among children in India. Food for Life Annamrita (FFLA) is the premier affiliate of [[Food for Life Global]], the world's largest free food relief network, with projects in over 60 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ffl.org/|title=FFL Home - Food Yoga International|date=3 November 2021}}</ref>{{independent source inline|date=September 2021|reason=According to FFLA themselves. Any independent sources agree?}}

===Integrated child development scheme===
The [[government of India]] started a program called [[Integrated Child Development Services]] (ICDS) in 1975. ICDS has been instrumental in improving the health of mothers and children under age 6 by providing health and nutrition education, health services, supplementary food, and pre-school education. ICDS is run by India's central government via the Ministry of Women and Child Development, targeting rural, urban, and tribal populations and has reached over 70 million young children and 16 million pregnant and lactating mothers.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-07-01|title=Political economy of child nutrition policy: A qualitative study of India's Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme|journal=Food Policy|language=en|volume=62|pages=88–98|doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.05.001|issn=0306-9192|last1=Balarajan|first1=Yarlini|last2=Reich|first2=Michael R.}}</ref>

Other programs impacting under-nutrition include the National Midday Meal Scheme, the National Rural Health Mission, and the [[Public Distribution System]] (PDS). The challenge for these programs and schemes is how to increase efficiency, impact, and coverage.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Bal Kuposhan Mukta Bihar (BKMB) is a campaign launched by the Department of Social Welfare, Government of Bihar in 2014.

'''The campaign is based on five "C":'''
* Communication for behavior change
* Capacity building
* Community's access to tangibles and intangibles
* Community participation and
* Collective approach.

The multi-pronged strategy shows that a health issue like malnutrition can be tackled with the help of behaviour change communication (BCC) and other social aspects.<ref>{{Cite web|title = A campaign to end malnutrition in Bihar|url = http://www.ideasforindia.in/Article.aspx?article_id=1448|website = ideasforindia.in|access-date = 2015-10-09|archive-date = 27 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127112852/http://www.ideasforindia.in/Article.aspx?article_id=1448|url-status = dead}}</ref>

===National Children's Fund===
The National Children's Fund was created during the International Year of the Child in 1979 under the Charitable Endowment Fund Act, 1890. This Fund provides support to voluntary organizations that help the welfare of kids. {{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

===National Plan of Action for Children===
India is a signatory to the 27 survival and development goals laid down by the World Summit on children 1990. To implement these goals, the Department of Women & Child Development has formulated a National Plan of Action on Children. Each concerned Central Ministries/Departments, State Governments/U.Ts. and Voluntary Organisations dealing with women and children have been asked to take up appropriate measures to implement the Action Plan. These goals have been integrated into National Development Plans. A Monitoring Committee under the Chairpersonship of Secretary (Women & Child Development) reviews the achievement of goals set in the National Plan of Action. All concerned Central Ministries/Departments are represented on the committee. {{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Fifteen State Governments have prepared State Plan of Action on the lines of National Plan of Action specifying targets for 1995 as well as for 2000 and spelling out strategies for holistic child development. {{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

===United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund===
Department of Women and Child Development is the nodal department for [[UNICEF]]. India is associated with UNICEF since 1949 and is now in the fifth decade of cooperation for assisting most disadvantaged children and their mothers. Traditionally, UNICEF has been supporting India in several sectors like child development, women's development, urban basic services, support for community-based convergent services, health, education, nutrition, water & sanitation, disabled children, children in especially difficult circumstances, information and communication, planning and program support.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} India was a member of the UNICEF Executive Board until 31 December 1997. The board has three regular sessions and one annual session in a year. Strategies and other important matters relating to UNICEF are discussed in those meetings. A meeting of Government of India and UNICEF officials concurred on 12 November 1997 to finalize the strategy and areas for the program of cooperation for the next Master Plan of operations 1999–2002 which is to synchronize with the Ninth Plan of Government of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wcd.nic.in/childdet.htm |title=Child Development Website |access-date=2009-03-14 |work=Source: Child Development programs site (2009) |quote=Programs to address malnutrition in India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206003511/http://www.wcd.nic.in/childdet.htm |archive-date=6 December 2008 }}</ref>

== Combating malnutrition with strategy ==
A Mangalorean doctor Edmond Fernandes piloted a project curated through the [[Edward & Cynthia Institute of Public Health]] in collaboration with [[Government of Karnataka|Women and Child]] Minister of Karnataka [[Halappa Achar]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and demonstrated proof of concept to End Malnutrition burden in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-27 |title=Mangalurean doctor's pilot project helps bring down malnutrition in Yelburga |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/mangalurean-doctors-pilot-project-helps-bring-down-malnutrition-in-yelburga/articleshow/103103565.cms |access-date=2024-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==National Health Mission==

===National Rural Health Mission===

The [[National Rural Health Mission of India]] mission was created for the years 2005–2012, and its goal is to "improve the availability of and access to quality health care by people, especially for those residing in rural areas, the poor, women, and children."

'''The subset of goals under this mission is:'''
#Reduce [[infant mortality rate]] (IMR) and maternal mortality ratio (MMR), Neonatal mortality rate (NMR)
#Provide universal access to public health services
#Prevent and control both communicable and non-communicable diseases, including locally [[Endemism|endemic]] diseases
#Provide access to integrated comprehensive primary healthcare
#Create population stabilization, as well as gender and demographic balance
#Revitalize local health traditions and mainstream [[AYUSH]]
#Finally, to promote healthy lifestyles

The mission has set up strategies and action plan to meet all of its goals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohfw.nic.in/NRHM/Documents/Mission_Document.pdf|title=National Rural Health Mission|access-date=2009-11-26|work=Source: National Rural Health Mission (2005–2012)|archive-date=22 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122195543/http://www.mohfw.nic.in/NRHM/Documents/Mission_Document.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
* [[Obesity in India]]
* [[Health in India]]

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Measham|first=Anthony R. |author2=Meera Chatterjee |title=Wasting away: the crisis of malnutrition in India|url=https://archive.org/details/wastingawaycrisi0000meas|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/wastingawaycrisi0000meas/page/11 11]|quote=Malnutrition in India.|year=1999|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-4435-4}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.teluguaspirant.com/malnutrition-india-shame-humanity/1884/ Malnutrition in India: shame on humanity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007233417/http://www.teluguaspirant.com/malnutrition-india-shame-humanity/1884 |date=7 October 2017 }}
*[https://archive.today/20150311110924/http://nutritionschool.co.uk/ India: Malnutrition Report] [[World Bank]]
*[https://blogs.zoylo.com/child-malnutrition-india-unseen-catastrophe.html Child Malnutrition In India Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706102748/https://blogs.zoylo.com/child-malnutrition-india-unseen-catastrophe.html |date=6 July 2019 }}
*[http://www.delhifoodbanking.org Addressing the Food Insecure and malnutrition in the Delhi/NCR Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928160204/https://delhifoodbanking.org/ |date=28 September 2019 }}

{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:Malnutrition in India| ]]
[[Category:Health in India]]

Hawker Hunter

2026-03-26T11:44:51Z

AlvaJustice117:

{{short description|1950s family of British fighter aircraft}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = Hunter
| image = File:Hunter - Shuttleworth Military Pageant June 2013 (9187713516).jpg
| caption = Two-seat Hunter T.7 at [[Shuttleworth Collection|Shuttleworth]] Military airshow 2013
| type = [[Fighter aircraft|Fighter]] [[Fighter-bomber]]/[[Attack aircraft|Ground attack]] [[Reconnaissance aircraft]]
| national_origin = United Kingdom
| manufacturer = [[Hawker Siddeley]]
| designer =
| first_flight = 20 July 1951
| introduction = 1954
| retired =
| status = Active as a [[warbird]] and contractor [[Aggressor squadron|aggressor aircraft]]
| primary_user = [[Royal Air Force]]
| more_users = [[Indian Air Force]] [[Swedish Air Force]] [[Swiss Air Force]]
| produced =
| number_built = 1,972
| variants =
}}

The '''Hawker Hunter''' is a [[transonic]] British [[jet propulsion|jet-powered]] [[fighter aircraft]] that was developed by [[Hawker Aircraft]] for the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) during the late 1940s and early 1950s. It was designed to take advantage of the newly developed [[Rolls-Royce Avon]] [[turbojet]] engine and the [[swept wing]], and was the first jet-powered aircraft produced by Hawker to be procured by the RAF. On 7 September 1953, the modified first prototype broke the [[Flight airspeed record|world air speed record]] for aircraft, achieving a speed of {{convert|727.63|mph|km/h kn|abbr=on}}.

The single-seat Hunter was introduced to service in 1954 as a manoeuvrable day [[interceptor aircraft]], quickly succeeding [[first-generation jet fighter]]s in RAF service such as the [[Gloster Meteor]] and the [[de Havilland Venom]]. The all-weather/night fighter role was filled by the [[Gloster Javelin]]. Successively improved variants of the type were produced, adopting increasingly more capable engine models and expanding its fuel capacity among other modifications being implemented. Hunters were also used by two RAF display teams: the [[Black Arrows]], who on one occasion looped a record-breaking 22 Hunters in formation, and later the [[No. 92 Squadron RAF#Cold War|Blue Diamonds]], who flew 16 aircraft. The Hunter was also widely exported, serving with a total of 21 overseas air forces.

During the 1960s, following the introduction of the [[supersonic]] [[English Electric Lightning]] in the interceptor role, the Hunter transitioned to being operated as a [[fighter-bomber]] and for [[aerial reconnaissance]] missions, using dedicated variants for these purposes. Two-seat variants remained in use for training and secondary roles with the RAF and the [[Royal Navy]] until the early 1990s. Sixty years after its original introduction it was still in active service, being operated by the [[Lebanese Air Force]] until 2014.

The Hunter saw combat service in a range of conflicts with several operators, including the [[Suez Crisis]], the [[Aden Emergency]], the [[Sino-Indian War]], the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the [[Rhodesian Bush War]], the [[Second Congo War]], the [[Six-Day War]], the [[War of Attrition]] and the [[Yom Kippur War]]. Overall, 1,972 Hunters were manufactured by Hawker Aircraft and its successor, [[Hawker Siddeley]], as well as being [[Licensed production|produced under licence]] overseas. In British service, the Hunter was replaced in its principal roles by the Lightning, the [[Hawker Siddeley Harrier]] and the [[McDonnell Douglas Phantom in UK service|McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II]].

==Development==
===Background===
[[File:farnborough.hunters.arp.jpg|thumb|upright|RAF Hunters of the [[Black Arrows]] performing aerobatics at [[Farnborough Airshow]], 1960.]]
In late 1945, as the [[World War II|Second World War]] came to a close, the [[Attlee ministry|Attlee government]] came to power in Britain.<ref name = "wood 40">Wood 1975, p. 40.</ref> The new government's initial stance on defence was that no major conflict would occur for at least a decade, and thus there would be no need to procure any new aircraft until 1957. In accordance with this policy, aside from a small number of exceptions, the majority of [[List of Air Ministry specifications#1940.E2.80.931949|Specifications]] issued by the [[Air Ministry]] for fighter-sized aircraft during the late 1940s were restricted to research purposes.<ref name = "wood 40 43">Wood 1975, pp. 40–43.</ref> Aviation author Derek Wood describes this policy as being: "a fatal error of judgement which was to cost Britain a complete generation of fighters and heavy bomber aircraft".<ref name = "wood 40"/>

Despite the official halt in procurement, the RAF came to recognise that it would urgently require the development and procurement of fighters equipped with features such as [[swept wing]]s.<ref name = "wood 43 45">Wood 1975, pp. 43–45.</ref> By this time, it had also become apparent that newly developed [[jet propulsion]] would form the future of fighter aircraft development. Many companies were quick to devise their own designs to harness this means of propulsion. [[Hawker Aviation]]'s chief designer, [[Sydney Camm]], had proposed the Hawker P.1040 for the RAF, but the demonstrator failed to interest them.<ref name="Mason p355-6">Mason 1991, pp. 355–356.</ref> Further modifications to the basic design resulted in the [[Hawker Sea Hawk]] [[Carrier-based aircraft|carrier-based fighter]] for the Royal Navy. However, the Sea Hawk possessed a straight wing and was powered by the [[Rolls-Royce Nene]] [[turbojet]] engine, both features that rapidly became obsolete.<ref name = 'Griffin 15'>Griffin 2006, p. 15.</ref>

An "experimental aircraft for investigation into the controllability and stability of swept wings at low speeds" was the subject of [[Air Ministry]] issued [[List of Air Ministry Specifications|Specification E.38/46]]. Sydney Camm designed the [[Hawker P.1052]], which was essentially a Sea Hawk outfitted with a 35-degree swept wing. Performing its first flight in 1948, the P.1052 demonstrated good performance and conducted several carrier trials, but was ultimately determined to not warrant further development into a production aircraft.<ref name="Mason p368-0">Mason 1991, pp. 368–370.</ref> Following interest from the Australian government – which was seeking an all-round jet fighter to replace Mustangs operated by the RAAF – Hawker reworked the second P.1052 prototype into the [[Hawker P.1081]]. This had swept tailplanes, a revised fuselage, and a single jet exhaust at the rear. On 19 June 1950, the P.1081 conducted its maiden flight. However, as the needs of the RAAF, in the Korean War, had become more urgent, Australia instead ordered a mature design, the Gloster Meteor. Further development of the P.1081 was stalled by difficulties with the engine's [[Afterburner|reheat]]. In 1951, the sole P.1081 prototype was lost in a crash.<ref name="Mason p373">Mason 1991, p. 373.</ref>

===P.1067===
A day interceptor powered by a single [[axial compressor]] jet engine – either the [[Rolls-Royce Avon|Rolls Royce AJ.65]] (later known as the Avon), or the [[Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire|Metrovick F.9]] (later known as the Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire) – was the subject of [[Air Ministry]] [[List of Air Ministry specifications#1940.E2.80.931949|Specification F.43/46]], in 1946. The interceptor was to be capable of mounting a radical weapon that would remain purely hypothetical: a 4.5 inch (114 mm) [[recoilless]] cannon. In response, Camm designed a swept-wing aircraft powered by a RR Avon. The major advantages of axial compressor jets were greater thrust and a much smaller engine diameter; the Avon engine output roughly the same power as two [[Rolls-Royce Derwent]]s (the powerplant of the Gloster Meteor, which was to be replaced by the fighter proposed under F.43/46).

In March 1948, the Air Ministry replaced Specification F.43/46 with Specification F.3/48, which demanded a speed of 629 mph (1,010 km/h) at 45,000 ft (13,700 m) and a high rate of climb,<ref name="Jacksonp8">Jackson 1982, p. 8.</ref> while carrying an armament of four {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} or two 30 mm (1.18 in) cannon (rather than the large-calibre gun demanded by the earlier specification).<ref name="Mason fighter p368">Mason 1992, p. 368.</ref> As the Hawker P.1067, Camm's 1946 design was adopted for the new Specification. Initially fitted with a single air intake in the nose and a [[T-tail]], the project rapidly evolved into the more familiar Hunter shape. The intakes were moved to the wing roots to make room for weapons and radar in the nose, and a more conventional tail arrangement was devised as a result of stability concerns.<ref name="Jacksonp10">Jackson 1982, p. 10.</ref>

While the RAF itself had little direct involvement in the [[Korean War]], it underlined the need for new interceptors. This was felt to be so pressing that the RAF was willing to consider accepting interim fighter aircraft, while more capable fighters would continue to be pursued. In particular, the RAF felt that a pair of proposed fighter aircraft from [[Hawker Aircraft]] and [[Supermarine]] were of high importance and thus placed orders for these proposed fighters 'off the drawing board' in 1950.<ref name = "wood 43 46">Wood 1975, pp. 43–46.</ref> The reasoning behind these two aircraft being ordered in 1950 was intended to serve as an insurance policy in the event of either one of these projects failing to produce a viable aircraft; these two aircraft would later become known as the [[Supermarine Swift]] and the Hawker Hunter respectively.<ref name = "wood 45 46">Wood 1975, pp. 45–46.</ref>

[[File:Hawker Hunter F.3 WB188 GC 31.07.76 edited-2.jpg|thumb|left|The prototype Hunter ''WB188'', modified to Mark 3 standard, displayed in its world speed record colours in 1976.]]

[[File:Hawker Hunter - Elvington - BB.jpg|thumb|left|"Miss Demeanour" – a privately owned Hawker Hunter F.58A, 2007.]]

On 20 July 1951, the P.1067 made its [[maiden flight]], flown by [[Neville Duke]], from [[RAF Boscombe Down]], powered by a single 6,500 [[Pound-force|lbf]] (28.91 [[Newton (unit)|kN]]) Avon 103 engine.<ref name="Jacksonp11">Jackson 1982, p. 11.</ref> The second prototype, which was fitted with production-standard avionics, armament and a {{convert|7,550|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} Avon 107 turbojet, first flew on 5 May 1952. As an insurance against development problems on the part of the Avon engine, Hawker modified the design to accommodate another axial turbojet, the {{convert|8,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} [[Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire]] 101. Fitted with a Sapphire, the third prototype flew on 30 November 1952.<ref name="Jacksonp11"/><ref name = 'Griffin 17-18'>Griffin 2006, pp. 17–18.</ref>

On 16 March 1953, the first production standard ''Hunter F.1'', fitted with a single {{convert|7,600|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} Avon 113 turbojet, made its first flight. The first 20 aircraft were, in effect, a pre-production series and featured a number of "one-off" modifications such as [[blown flap]]s and [[area rule]]d fuselage.<ref>Griffin 2006, pp. 18–19.</ref> On 7 September 1953, the sole Hunter Mk 3 (the modified first prototype, ''WB 188'') flown by [[Neville Duke]] broke the world [[air speed record]] for jet-powered aircraft, attaining a speed of {{convert|727.63|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} over [[Littlehampton]], [[West Sussex]].<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200309.html "R.Ae.C. Award Winners."] ''Flight International'', 5 February 1954. Retrieved: 3 November 2009.</ref> This world record stood for less than three weeks before being broken on 25 September 1953 by the Hunter's early rival, the Supermarine Swift, flown by [[Mike Lithgow|Michael Lithgow]].<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cilgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Vm8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3245,3493974&dq=air+speed+record&hl=en "Speed Record Again Broken?"] ''Saskatoon Star-Phoenix,'' 25 September 1953.</ref>{{clear left}}

==Design==

===Overview===
[[File:Hawker Hunter Cockpit (2096004461).jpg|thumb|The cockpit of a preserved Hunter]]
The Hunter entered service with the Royal Air Force as an interceptor aircraft. It was the first jet aircraft produced by Hawker for the RAF. From the outset it was clear that the type had exceptional performance, being the first RAF aircraft capable of effectively matching the [[English Electric Canberra]] bomber. The Hunter also set numerous aviation records, including absolute speed records.<ref name="flight 243">Flight 1955, p. 243.</ref> The type was also lauded for its quick turnaround time, enabled by features such as its removable gun pack and pressurised fuelling system, and for its easy handling in flight.<ref name="flight 243"/>

The definitive version of the Hunter was the FGA.9, on which the majority of export versions were based. Although the Supermarine Swift had initially been politically favoured by the British government,<ref>Geiger 2004, p. 170.</ref> the Hunter proved far more successful, and had a lengthy service life with various operators, in part due to its low maintenance requirements and operating costs,<ref>Laming 1996, p. 53.</ref> while [[Supermarine 545|further development of the Swift]] programme was cancelled in 1955.<ref name = "wood 48">Wood 1975, p. 48.</ref>

As the RAF received newer aircraft capable of [[supersonic]] speeds to perform the air interceptor role, many Hunters were modified and re-equipped for undertaking ground-attack and reconnaissance missions instead. Hunters deemed surplus to the RAF's requirements were also quickly refurbished for continued service abroad. The Hunter would be procured by a considerable number of foreign nations. In addition to former RAF aircraft, roughly half of the nearly 2,000 Hunters produced had been manufactured specifically for overseas customers.<ref>Chesneau 1985, pp. 1–3.</ref> The Hunter would be in operational service with the RAF for over 30 years. As late as 1996, hundreds were still in active service with various operators across the world.<ref name = 'Laming 51'>Laming 1996, p. 51.</ref>

===Armament and equipment===
[[File:Quad ADEN 30mm Cannon.jpg|thumb|upright|A Hunter's removable weapons pack. In the foreground are the {{nowrap|four 30 mm}} ADEN cannons.]]
The single-seat fighter versions of the Hunter were armed with four {{convert|30|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} [[ADEN cannon]], with 150 rounds of ammunition per gun. The cannon and ammunition boxes were contained in a single pack that could be removed from the aircraft for rapid re-arming and maintenance. Unusually, the barrels of the cannon remained in the aircraft while the pack was removed and changed.<ref name="Mason p375">Mason 1991, p. 375.</ref> In the two-seat version, either a single 30 mm ADEN cannon was carried or, in some export versions, two, with a removable ammunition tank. Later versions of the Hunter were fitted with [[SNEB]] pods; these were {{convert|68|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} rocket projectiles in 18-round Matra pods, providing an effective strike capability against ground targets.<ref name="auto">Griffin 2006, p. 27.</ref>

The Hunter featured a nose-mounted [[Radar signal characteristics#Carrier|ranging radar]], providing range input to the gyro gunsight for air-to-air gunnery only.<ref name="flight 243"/> Other equipment included pylon-mounted underwing external fuel tanks, a forward-facing gun camera, and large streamlined pods for collecting expended shell cases beneath the gun pack.<ref name="flight 242"/> These were nicknamed "Sabrinas", after the [[Sabrina (actress)|buxom actress of the time]]. Several variants were fitted with tail-mounted brake parachutes.<ref>Chesneau 1985, p. 3.</ref> Typically, export Hunters were equipped to be compatible with additional types of missiles, such as the [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] [[air-to-air missile]] and the [[AGM-65 Maverick]] [[air-to-surface missile]].<ref name="AFM67"/><ref name="WAPJ20 p141"/>

===Layout and structure===
[[File:IMGL4883Mk58Hunterfest1-20082022.jpg|thumb|left|Ex-Swiss Air Force Hunter Mk 58 J-4040 at Hunterfest (St. Stephan, 2022)]]
The Hunter is a conventional [[swept wing]] all-metal monoplane. The fuselage is of [[monocoque]] construction, with a removable rear section for engine maintenance. The engine is fed through triangular air intakes in the wing roots and has a single jetpipe in the rear of the fuselage. The mid-mounted wings have a leading edge sweep of 35° and slight [[dihedral (aircraft)|anhedral]], the tailplanes and fin are also swept. The Hunter's aerodynamic qualities were increasingly infringed upon by modifications in later production models, such as the addition of external containers to collect spent gun cartridges, underwing fuel tanks to increase range, leading edge extensions to resolve pitch control difficulties, and a large ventral air brake.<ref name = 'Griffin 17-18'/><ref>Chesneau 1985, pp. 1–2.</ref>

Late-production F.6s also featured an [[Stabilator|"all-moving tailplane"]], in which the entire tailplane pivoted to provide better transonic flight control. The elevator was retained as part of the all-moving tailplane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[1.0] Hunter Development & Variants |url=https://www.airvectors.net/avhunt_1.html |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=www.airvectors.net}}</ref>

The airframe of the Hunter consists of six interchangeable major sections: the forward fuselage (housing the cockpit and armament pack), center fuselage (including the integral wing roots and air duct intakes), rear fuselage, tail unit assembly, and two individually produced wings. Production was divided up so major sections could be completed individually and manufacturing of the type could be dispersed to reduce vulnerability to attack.<ref name="flight 242">Flight 1955, p. 242.</ref> Establishing initial full-rate production for the type was difficult, as manufacturing the Hunter required the development of 3,250 tool designs and the procurement of 40,000 fixtures, jigs, and tools.<ref>Flight 1955, pp. 239–242.</ref>

===Engine===
[[File:AvonandHunter.jpg|thumb|The tail and rear fuselage are detachable, providing maintenance access to the aircraft's single engine]]
The P.1067 first flew from [[RAF Boscombe Down]] in [[Wiltshire]] on 20 July 1951, powered by a {{convert|6,500|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} Rolls-Royce Avon 103 engine from an [[English Electric Canberra]] bomber.<ref name="Jacksonp11"/> The second prototype was fitted with a {{convert|7,550|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} Avon 107 turbojet. Hawker's third prototype was powered by an {{convert|8,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} [[Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire]] 101.<ref name="Jacksonp11"/> Production Hunters were fitted with either the Avon or the Sapphire engine.<ref name = 'Griffin 17-18'/>

Early on in the Hunter's service the Avon engines proved to have poor surge margins, and worryingly suffered [[compressor stall]]s when the cannons were fired, sometimes resulting in [[flameout]]s.<ref name="Law 2002, pp. 211-212">Law 2002, pp. 211–212.</ref> The practice of "fuel dipping", reducing fuel flow to the engine when the cannon were fired, was a satisfactory solution.<ref name = 'Griffin 19'/> Although the Sapphire did not suffer from the flameout problems of the Avon and had better fuel economy, Sapphire-powered Hunters suffered many engine failures. The RAF elected to persevere with the Avon to simplify supply and maintenance, since the Canberra bomber used the same engine.<ref name = 'Griffin 25-26'>Griffin 2006, pp. 25–26.</ref>

The RAF sought more thrust than was available from the Avon 100 series; in response Rolls-Royce developed the Avon 200 series engine. This was an almost wholly new design, equipped with a new compressor to put an end to surge problems, an annular combustion chamber, and an improved fuel control system. The resulting Avon 203 produced {{convert|10,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} of thrust, and was the engine for the Hunter F.6.<ref name="auto1">Griffin 2006, p. 26.</ref>

==Operational history==

===Royal Air Force===
[[File:Hawker Hunter T7 59.jpg|thumb|Hunter T.7 of the Empire Test Pilots' School, [[Farnborough Air Show]], September 1959]]

The Hunter F.1 entered service with the Royal Air Force in July 1954. It was the first high-speed jet aircraft equipped with radar and fully powered flight controls to go into widespread service with the RAF. The Hunter replaced the Gloster Meteor, the [[Canadair Sabre]], and the [[de Havilland Venom]] jet fighters in service.<ref name='RAF museum'>[http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/london/collections/aircraft/hawker-hunter-fga9.cfm "Hawker Hunter FGA9 Aircraft History - Post-World War Two Aircraft".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105053653/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/london/collections/aircraft/hawker-hunter-fga9.cfm |date=5 January 2011 }} ''RAF Museum.'' Retrieved: 9 April 2011.</ref> Initially, low internal fuel capacity restricted the Hunter's performance, giving it only a maximum flight endurance of about an hour.<ref name = 'Griffin 19'>Griffin 2006, p. 19.</ref> A fatal accident occurred on 8 February 1956, when a flight of eight Hunters was diverted to another airfield owing to adverse weather conditions. Six of the eight aircraft [[1956 Hawker Hunter multiple aircraft accident|ran out of fuel and crashed]], killing one pilot.<ref name="HansardReport">[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1956/apr/25/hunter-aircraft-report-of-inquiry#S5CV0551P0_19560425_CWA_74 "Hunter Aircraft (Report of Inquiry)."] ''Hansard,'' 25 April 1956. Retrieved: 23 August 2009.</ref>

Another difficulty encountered during the aircraft's introduction was the occurrence of [[Compressor stall|surging and stalling]] with the Avon engines.<ref name="Law 2002, pp. 211-212"/> The F.2, which used the [[Armstrong-Siddeley Sapphire]] engine, did not suffer from this defect.<ref name = 'Griffin 19'/> Further problems occurred; ejected cannon ammunition links had a tendency to strike and damage the underside of the fuselage, and diverting the gas emitted by the cannon during firing was another necessary modification.<ref>Law 2002, p. 167.</ref> The original split-flap airbrakes caused adverse changes in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] trim and were quickly replaced by a single ventral airbrake. This meant, however, that the airbrake could not be used for landings.<ref name = 'Griffin 19'/>

To address the problem of range, a production Hunter F.1 was fitted with a modified wing featuring bag-type fuel tanks in the leading edge and two (or 4 on later aircraft) [[Hardpoint#Wet hardpoint|"wet" hardpoints]] for 100-gallon drop tanks. The resulting Hunter F.4 first flew on 20 October 1954, and entered service in March 1955.<ref name = 'Griffin 25'>Griffin 2006, p. 25.</ref> A distinctive Hunter feature added on the F.4 was the pair of blisters under the cockpit, which collected spent ammunition links to prevent airframe damage. Crews dubbed them "[[Sabrina (actress)|Sabrinas]]" after the contemporary movie star.<ref name ='Griffin 19'/> The Sapphire-powered version of the F.4 was designated the Hunter F.5.<ref name = 'Griffin 25-26'/>

[[File:Hawker Hunter of No 43 Squadron RAF.jpg|thumb|left|Four Hunters of [[No. 43 Squadron RAF|No. 43 Squadron]] in flight, c. 1956]]

The RAF later received Hunters equipped with an improved Avon engine. The Avon 203 produced {{convert|10,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} of thrust and was fitted to ''XF833'', which became the first Hunter F.6.<ref name="auto1"/> Some other revisions on the F.6 included a revised fuel tank layout, the centre fuselage tanks being replaced by new slightly smaller ones in the rear fuselage; the distinctive "dogtooth" leading edge extension (Mod 533) to alleviate the [[pitch-up]] problem; the "Mod 228" wing, with increased structural strength and four (rather than the previous two) "wet" hardpoints, finally giving the aircraft a good ferry range. The Hunter F.6 was given the company designation ''Hawker P.1099''.<ref name="auto1" />

During the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, Hunter F.5s of [[No. 1 Squadron RAF|No. 1]] and [[No. 34 Squadron RAF|No. 34]] Squadrons based at [[RAF Akrotiri]] in [[Cyprus]] flew escort for [[English Electric Canberra]] bombers on offensive missions into Egypt.<ref>Skardon 2010, p. 478.</ref> For most of the conflict the Hunters engaged in local air defence due to their lack of range.<ref>Griffin 2006, p. 93.</ref>

During the [[Brunei Revolt]] in 1962, the Royal Air Force deployed Hunters and [[Gloster Javelin]]s over [[Brunei]] to provide support for British ground forces;<ref>Fowler and Lyles 2006, p. 10.</ref> Hunters launched both dummy and real strafing runs on ground targets to intimidate and pin down rebels.<ref name = 'Fowler 5'>Fowler and Lyles 2006, p. 5.</ref> [[Limbang raid|In one event]], several Bruneian and [[expatriate]] hostages were due to be executed by rebels. Hunter aircraft flew over [[Limbang]] while Royal Marines from 42 Commando rescued the hostages in a fierce battle.<ref name = 'Fowler 5'/> In the following years of the [[Borneo Confrontation]], Hunters were deployed along with other RAF aircraft in [[Borneo]] and [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]].<ref>Moulton, J.L. ''The Royal Marines''. London: Leo Cooper, 1972. {{ISBN|978-0-85052-117-7}}.</ref>

The Hunter F.6 was retired from its day fighter role in the RAF by 1963, being replaced by the much faster English Electric Lightning interceptor.<ref name = 'RAF museum'/> Many F.6s were then given a new lease of life in the [[close air support]] role, converting into the Hunter FGA.9 variant.<ref name = 'RAF museum'/>{{#tag:ref|Originally it had been planned to task the [[Folland Gnat]] with the low-level ground attack missions; however, Hawker converted two aircraft and demonstrated in trials that the Hunter was able to significantly out-perform the Gnat, thus the Hunter was selected instead.<ref name="auto"/>|group=Note}} The FGA.9 saw frontline use from 1960 to 1971, alongside the closely related Hunter FR.10 tactical reconnaissance variant. The Hunters were also used by two RAF display units; the [[Black Arrows]] of [[No. 111 Squadron RAF|No. 111 Squadron]] who set a record by looping and [[barrel roll]]ing 22 Hunters in formation, and later the [[No. 92 Squadron RAF#Cold War|Blue Diamonds]] of [[No. 92 Squadron RAF|No. 92 Squadron]] who flew 16 Hunters.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060503094456/http://www.raf.mod.uk/reds/teamhist2.html "Black Arrows History."] ''Royal Air Force'', Retrieved: 9 April 2011.</ref>

[[File:Hawker Hunter F6A, UK - Air Force AN2269812.jpg|thumb|Hunter F.6A in flight near [[RAF Abingdon]], 1979]]

In [[Aden]] in May 1964, Hunter FGA.9s and FR.10s of [[No. 43 Squadron RAF]] and [[No. 8 Squadron RAF]] were used extensively during the [[Radfan campaign]] against insurgents attempting to overthrow the [[Federation of South Arabia]]. [[Special Air Service|SAS]] forces would routinely call in air strikes that required considerable precision, and, predominantly using [[RP-3|3-inch high explosive rockets]] and 30 mm ADEN cannon, the Hunter proved an able ground-attack platform.<ref>Scholey and Forsyth 2008, pp. 135, 137.</ref> Both squadrons continued operations with their Hunters until the UK withdrew from Aden in November 1967.<ref>Scholey and Forsyth 2008, p. 169.</ref>

Hunters were flown by [[No. 63 Squadron RAF|No.63]], [[No. 234 Squadron RAF|No. 234]] and [[No. 79 Squadron RAF|No. 79 Squadron]]s acting in training roles for foreign and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] students. These remained in service until after the [[BAE Hawk|Hawk T.1]] entered service in the mid-1970s.<ref>Griffin 2006, p. 30.</ref> Two-seat trainer versions of the Hunter, the T.7 and T.8, remained in use for training and secondary roles by the RAF and Royal Navy until the early 1990s; when the [[Blackburn Buccaneer]] retired from service. The requirement for Hunter trainers disappeared so the Buccaneer-orientated trainers were retired, leaving the RN T.8Ms to soldier on for a while longer.<ref name = 'Laming 51'/>

Hunters were also used by the [[Empire Test Pilots' School]] at [[MoD Boscombe Down]]. The Hunter is unusual among swept wing jet aircraft in being able to be safely spun inverted. This would be demonstrated to students of the school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=282|title=Thunder & Lightnings - Hawker Hunter - Survivor XL612|website=www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk}}</ref>

=== Royal Danish Air Force ===
As early as 1953 the first Hunter flew over Denmark, when test pilot Neville Duke demonstrated the F.1 over Copenhagen Airport. During this demonstration, the pilot broke the sound barrier in a shallow dive.

Air Force officials were very impressed with the demonstration and since the Royal Danish Air Force (RDAF) were looking for a replacement for the Gloster Meteors in service at the time, the Hunter was a natural choice. Consequently, a contract for delivery of 30 F.51 was signed on 3 July 1954. RDAF took delivery of the first two of these on 31 January 1956 and nine months later all 30 Hunters had been delivered to 724 Squadron.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.stall.dk/flyvevaabnets-historie-fra-1945/fly-gennem-tiden/hawker-hunter.aspx|title=Stall Aviation 2014|website=www.stall.dk}}</ref>

Since the Hunter was a significantly different aircraft to fly, compared to older types such as the Meteor, the need for a two-seat trainer soon arose, and the RDAF took delivery of two T.53 two-seat trainers in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.draken.dk/Flyvevaabnet/FlyvevaabnetsFly/Hunter.html|title=Main|website=www.draken.dk}}</ref>

In contrast to most other users of the Hunter, RDAF never converted the Hunter to the fighter-bomber role. Although some studies and experiments carried out in 1959, the project never materialised and the Hunter carried on as a day fighter until its retirement in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.draken.dk/Flyvevaabnet/FlyvevaabnetsFly/Hunter.html|title=Main|website=www.draken.dk|access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref>

The last flight of the Hunter in RDAF service was carried out on 30 April 1974. The entire fleet was initially preserved at Aalborg Air Base, in the hopes of a future sale to other users. No such sale was ever carried out, but 16 F.51s and four T.53 (two additional T.53 had been purchased from the Netherlands in 1967) were sent back to Hawker Siddeley in December 1975. Ultimately, most Hunters were sold either to private buyers or to military museums around the world. Only one example (47-401/E-401) was reserved for museum use in Denmark and currently resides in [[Danmarks Flymuseum]] in Stauning.<ref name="auto2"/>

===Indian Air Force===

[[File:Hawker Hunter.jpg|thumb|Indian Air Force Hawker Hunter in the [[Indian Air Force Museum, Palam]]]]
In 1954, [[India]] arranged to purchase Hunters as a part of a wider arms deal with Britain, ordering 140 Hunter single-seat fighters<ref>Fricker and Green 1958, p. 160.</ref> at the same time that [[Pakistan]] announced its purchase of several [[North American F-86 Sabre]] jet fighters.<ref>Kavic 1967, p. 109.</ref> The [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) was the first to operate the Hunter T.66 trainers, placing an initial order in 1957. The more powerful engine was considered beneficial in a hot environment, allowing for greater takeoff weights.<ref>Griffin 2006, p. 31.</ref> During the 1960s, Pakistan investigated the possibility of buying as many as 40 English Electric Lightnings, but Britain was unenthusiastic about the potential sales opportunity because of the damage it would do to its relations with India, which at the time was still awaiting the delivery of large numbers of ex-RAF Hunters.<ref>Pytharian 2000, p. 130.</ref>

By the outbreak of the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, India had assembled one of the largest air forces in Asia, and the Hunter was the nation's primary and most capable interceptor.<ref>Gupta 1997, p. 33.</ref> During the conflict, the Hunter demonstrated its superiority over China's Russian-sourced MiGs and gave India a strategic advantage in the air.<ref name = 'Sieff 83'>Sieff 2009, p. 83.</ref>{{#tag:ref|[[Nikita Khrushchev]] had become distrustful of [[Mao Zedong]], and withheld major technologies such as new Soviet fighter aircraft, thus China's MiGs were very early jet aircraft only.(See [[Sino–Soviet split]])<ref name = 'Sieff 83'/>|group=Note}} India's aerial superiority deterred Chinese [[Ilyushin Il-4]] bombers from attacking targets within India.<ref name = 'Sieff 84'>Sieff 2009, p. 84.</ref> In 1962, India had selected to procure its first supersonic-capable fighter, the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]]; large numbers of Russian-built fighters had increasingly supplemented the ageing Hunters in the interceptor role by 1970.<ref>Gupta 1997, pp. 41–42.</ref>

The Hunter was to play a major role during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]];{{#tag:ref|The IAF had 118 Hunters at their disposal at the beginning of the 1965 conflict.<ref>Coggins 2000, p. 163.</ref>|group=Note}} along with the [[Folland Gnat]], the Hunter was India's primary air defence fighter, and regularly engaged in dogfights with the Pakistani F-86 Sabres<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1965war/1334-alfred-cooke.html|title=One Vs Four : The complete story of Alfred Cooke's epic air combat.|first=Book Excerpt-The India-Pakistan Air War|last=of 1965|website=www.bharat-rakshak.com|access-date=17 February 2016|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422024022/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1965war/1334-alfred-cooke.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and F-104 Starfighters.<ref>Mohan and Chopra 2005, p. 41.</ref> The [[Indo-Pakistani Air War of 1965|aerial war]] saw both sides conducting thousands of sorties in a single month.<ref name=tribune1>Singh, Jasjit. [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070506/spectrum/main1.htm "The 1965 India-Pakistan War: IAF’s Ground Reality".] ''The Sunday Tribune'', 6 May 2007.</ref> Both sides claimed victory in the air war, Pakistan claimed to have destroyed 104 aircraft against its own losses of 19, while India claimed to have destroyed 73 enemy aircraft and lost 35 of its own.<ref>Van Creveld, 2012, pp. 286–287.</ref> Despite the intense fighting, the conflict was effectively a stalemate.<ref>Coggins 2000, pp. 163–164.</ref>

IAF Hunters performed extensive operations during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]; India had six combat-ready squadrons of Hunters at the start of the conflict.<ref name = 'Coggins 165'>Coggins 2000, p. 165.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Each squadron typically had 16 aircraft, meaning India had roughly 96 Hunters available.<ref name = 'Coggins 165'/>|group=Note}} Pakistani infantry and armoured forces attacked the Indian outpost of [[Longewala]] in an event now known as the [[Battle of Longewala]]. Six IAF Hunters stationed at Jaisalmer Air Force Base were able to halt the Pakistani advance at Longewala by conducting non-stop bombing raids. The aircraft attacked Pakistani tanks, armoured personnel carriers and gun positions and contributed to the increasingly chaotic battlefield conditions, which ultimately led to the retreat of Pakistan's ground forces.<ref name = 'Nordeen 100'>Nordeen 1985, p. 100.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Hunters were not fitted with night vision equipment, and as such were delayed from conducting combat missions until dawn.<ref name = 'Nordeen 100'/>|group=Note}} Hunters were also used for many ground-attack missions and raids inside Pakistan's borders, such as the high-profile bombing of the Attock Oil refinery to limit Pakistani fuel supplies.<ref>Jackson 1990, p. 128.</ref> In the aftermath of the conflict, Pakistan claimed to have shot down a total of 32 of India's Hunters.<ref>Coggins 2000, p. 166.</ref>

Due to unfavourable currency conditions and conflicting pressures on the military budget, several prospective procurements of modern aircraft such as the [[SEPECAT Jaguar]] and the [[British Aerospace Sea Harrier]] were put on hold following the 1971 war; the indigenously developed [[HAL HF-24 Marut]] had also not been as successful as hoped, thus the IAF decided to retain the ageing fleets of Hunters and [[English Electric Canberra]] bombers.<ref>Gupta 1997, pp. 48–49.</ref> After considering several foreign aircraft to replace the Hunter, including the [[Dassault Mirage F1]], the [[Saab 37 Viggen]], and several Soviet models, the Indian government announced its intention to procure 200 Jaguars, a large portion of which were to be assembled domestically, in October 1978.<ref>Smith 1994, pp. 99–100.</ref> In 1996, the last of the IAF's Hunters were phased out of service, the last squadron operating Hunters later converting to the newer [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]].<ref>Datta, Saikat.[http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/10209/ "Rest Over, Upgraded Sukhois Set to Fly Again".] ''Indian Express'', 27 September 2002.</ref>

===Swedish Air Force===
[[File:J34-firstF18.jpg|thumb|Swedish Air Force J 34 Hunter, 1955]]
In the early 1950s, the [[Swedish Air Force]] saw the need for an interceptor that could reach enemy bombers at higher altitudes than those attainable by the [[Saab 29 Tunnan|Saab J 29 Tunnan]], which formed the backbone of the fighter force. With the delivery of the supersonic [[Saab 35 Draken|Saab J 35 Draken]] still a few years away, a contract for 120 Hawker Hunter Mk 50s (equivalent to the Mk 4) was therefore signed on 29 June 1954<ref name="Jacksonp70">Jackson 1982, p. 70.</ref> and the first aircraft was delivered on 26 August 1955.<ref name="Mason p600">Mason 1991, p. 600.</ref> The model was designated J 34 and was assigned to the F 8 and F 18 wings that were tasked with defending [[Stockholm]]. The J 34 was armed with four 30 mm (1.18 in) cannon and two [[AIM-9 Sidewinder|Sidewinder]]s. The Swedish Air Force's aerobatic team Acro Hunters used five J 34s during the late 1950s. During the 1960s the J 34s were reassigned to air wings F 9 in Gothenburg and F 10 in Ängelholm, as F 8 was repurposed and F 18 rearmed with the J 35 Draken. The last of the J 34s was retired from service in 1969.<ref name = 'griffin 431'>Griffin 2006, p. 431.</ref>

A project to improve the performance of the J 34 resulted in one Hunter being fitted with a Swedish-designed afterburner in 1958. While this significantly increased the engine's thrust, there was little improvement in overall performance, so the project was shelved.<ref name="Jacksonp70"/><ref name="Mason p398-9">Mason 1991, pp. 398–399.</ref>

===Swiss Air Force===
[[File:Swiss Air Force Hunter and Mirage III-DS in formation.jpg|thumb|A pair of ex-Swiss Air Force Hunters flying in close formation behind a single [[Mirage III]], 2011]]
{{main|Hawker Hunter in service with Swiss Air Force}}
In 1957, the Swiss Air Force performed an extensive evaluation of several aircraft for a prospective purchase; competitors included the [[North American F-86 Sabre]], the [[Folland Gnat]], and the Hawker Hunter; a pair of Hunters were loaned to the Swiss for further trials and testing.<ref name="mason126">Mason 1985, pp.126–127</ref> In January 1958, the government of Switzerland chose to terminate its independent fighter aircraft project, the in-development [[FFA P-16]], instead choosing to order 100 Hunters to replace its existing fleet of [[de Havilland Vampire]] fighters.<ref name = 'Lombardi 50'>Lombardi 2007, p. 50.</ref> Further development of the indigenous P-16 was discontinued.<ref>Condon 2007, pp. 8–9.</ref> This initial order for 100 single-seat Hunters consisted of 12 refurbished RAF F.6s, and 88 new-built F.58s.<ref name="wapj20 p138">Donnet ''World Air Power Journal,'' Volume 20, Spring 1995, p. 138.</ref><ref name="WoF20 p96">Lake ''Wings of Fame'' Volume 20, p. 96.</ref><ref name = 'Martin 321'>Martin 1996, p. 321.</ref>

Swiss Hunters were operated as interceptors, with a secondary ground-attack role; from 1963 onwards, the outboard wing pylons were modified to carry two [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] air-to-air missiles.<ref name = 'Lombardi 51'>Lombardi 2007, p. 51.</ref> In the ground-attack role, the Swiss Air Force maintained an arsenal of conventional iron bombs, a number of compatible [[napalm]] bombs were also maintained for intended use by the Hunters.<ref name = 'Lombardi 50'/> In the interceptor role, the Hunters were supplemented by a [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) defence system also procured from the United Kingdom, based on the [[Bristol Bloodhound]].<ref>Anselmino 1990, p. 21-23.</ref> In case of unserviceable airstrips, Swiss Air Force jets would take off from adjacent highways, using them as improvised runways.<ref>Anselmino1990, pp. 21–23.</ref>

The ''[[Patrouille Suisse]]'' flight demonstration team were prominent fliers of the Hawker Hunter for several decades. Squadron aircraft were fitted with smoke generators on the engine exhausts and, later on, were painted in a distinctive red-and-white livery. The group officially formed on 22 August 1964, and used the Hunter as its display aircraft until it was withdrawn from use in 1994, the team continued to perform flight display using newer aircraft.<ref name = 'Lombardi 50'/><ref>[http://www.lw.admin.ch/internet/luftwaffe/de/home/verbaende/einsatz_lw/kunstflugteam/ps.html ''Patrouille Suisse''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124042533/http://www.lw.admin.ch/internet/luftwaffe/de/home/verbaende/einsatz_lw/kunstflugteam/ps.html |date=2016-01-24 }} Swiss Air Force. Retrieved: 14 April 2011.</ref>

[[File:PatrouilleSuisse1991.jpg|thumb|left|Hunters of the ''[[Patrouille Suisse]]'' in formation flight, c. 1991]]
The Hunter fleet endured several attempts to procure successor aircraft to the type; in the case of the [[Dassault Mirage III]] this had been due to excessive cost overruns and poor project management rather than the attributes of the Hunter itself.<ref name = 'Martin 321'/> A second attempt to replace the Hunter resulted in a competition between the French [[Dassault Mirage III#Derivatives|Dassault Milan]] and the U.S. [[LTV A-7 Corsair II]]. Although the A-7 was eventually chosen as the winner, it would not be purchased and further 30 refurbished Hunters (22 F.58As and eight T.68 trainers) were purchased in 1974 instead.<ref name="WoF20 p96"/><ref name = 'Martin 321'/><ref name="WAPJ20 p140">Donnet ''World Air Power Journal'' Volume 20 Spring 1995, p. 140.</ref>

By 1975, plans were laid to replace the Hunter in the air-to-air role with a more modern fighter aircraft, the [[Northrop F-5|Northrop F-5E Tiger II]].<ref>Martin 1996, p. 322.</ref> The Hunter remained in a key role within the Swiss Air Force; like the RAF's Hunter fleet, the type transitioned to become the country's primary ground attack platform, replacing the Venom. While the Swiss Hunters already had more armament options than the RAF aircraft, being cleared to carry Oerlikon 80 mm rockets instead of the elderly 3-inch rockets used by the RAF, to carry bombs from both inner and outer pylons and to launch AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles,<ref name="WoF20 p81-2">Lake ''Wings of Fame'' Volume 20, pp. 81–82.</ref><ref name="AIjul81 p26">Braybrook ''Air International'' July 1981, p. 26.</ref> the change to a primary air-to-ground role resulted in the Hunter 80 upgrade, adding chaff/flare dispensers, [[BL755]] [[cluster bomb]]s and the ability to carry [[AGM-65 Maverick]] missiles.<ref name="WAPJ20 p141">Donnet ''World Air Power Journal,'' Volume 20, Spring 1995, p. 141.</ref>

In the 1990s, the discovery of wing cracking led to the quick retirement of all Hunter F.58As. The end of the [[Cold War]] also allowed Switzerland to retire its Hunters earlier than expected; the Hunter was completely withdrawn from Swiss service in 1994.<ref name="WAPJ20 p145">Donnet ''World Air Power Journal'' Volume 20, Spring 1995, p. 145.</ref><ref name="WoF20 p82,96">Lake ''Wings of Fame'' Volume 20, pp. 82, 96.</ref><ref>Senior 2003, pp. 33–34, 74.</ref> The Swiss Air Force lost the capability to carry out air-to-ground operations when the Hunters were withdrawn from service.<ref>[http://www.blick.ch/news/politik/kommission-will-erdkampffaehigkeit-f-a-18-jets-sollen-bomber-werden-id6578614.html SVP-Politiker will Kampfjets für Erdkampf ausrüsten] citation: "Nach 1994, als man mit der Stilllegung der Hunter-Jets die Erdkampffähigkeit verlor"</ref>
{{clear}}

===Republic of Singapore Air Force===
[[File:RSAF Hawker Hunter (front).jpg|thumb|A retired [[140 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force]] Hawker Hunter FGA.74S, serial number 527 (ex-RAF ''XF458''), at the RSAF Museum.]]

Singapore was an enthusiastic operator of the Hunter, first ordering the aircraft in 1968 during a massive expansion of the city-state's armed forces; deliveries began in 1971 and were completed by 1973. At the time, considerable international controversy was generated as Britain (and, as was later revealed, the U.S.) had refused to sell Hunters to neighbouring [[Malaysia]], sparking fears of a regional arms race and accusations of [[Elitism|favouritism]].<ref>Jeshurun 1975, pp. 18–19.</ref> The [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] (RSAF) eventually received 46 refurbished Hunters to equip two squadrons.<ref name="AFM67">Atkins, Peter. "Singapore or Bust."''[[Air Forces Monthly]],'' Issue 67, November 1994.{{ISSN|0955-7091}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.pacific-hunter-aviation.com.au/titlesqn.html "RSAF First Squadron Hunter."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731181023/http://www.pacific-hunter-aviation.com.au/titlesqn.html |date=31 July 2016 }} ''Pacific Hunter Aviation.'' Retrieved: 15 April 2011.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The breakdown of Singapore's Hunter fleet being 12 × FGA.74, 26 × FR.74A/B and 8 × T.75/A (excluding one T.75A lost in an accident before delivery).<ref name="AFM67"/>|group=Note}}

In the late 1970s, the Singaporean Hunter fleet was upgraded and modified by Lockheed Aircraft Services Singapore (LASS) with an additional [[hardpoint]] under the forward fuselage and another two inboard pylons (wired only for [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]]s) before the main gears, bringing to a total of seven hardpoints for external stores and weapons delivery. As a result of these upgrades, they were redesignated as FGA.74S, FR.74S and T.75S.<ref name="AFM67"/> The [[RSAF Black Knights]], Singapore Air Force's [[Aerobatics|aerobatic team]], flew Hunters from 1973 until 1989.<ref>[http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/air_force/assets/black_knights/history.html "Black Knights - History".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830033511/http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/air_force/assets/black_knights/history.html |date=30 August 2008 }} ''Republic of Singapore Air Force''. Retrieved: 15 April 2010.</ref>

By 1991, Singapore's fleet of combat aircraft included the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]], the [[Northrop F-5|Northrop F-5 Tiger II]], as well as the locally modernised and upgraded [[ST Aerospace A-4SU Super Skyhawk]]; the Hunters were active but obsolete in comparison. The type was finally retired and phased out of service in 1992, with the 21 surviving airframes being sold off to an Australian [[warbird]] broker, Pacific Hunter Aviation Pty, in 1995.<ref>[http://www.pacific-hunter-aviation.com.au/sales1.html "Hunter for sale."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216145847/http://www.pacific-hunter-aviation.com.au/sales1.html |date=2011-02-16 }} ''Pacific Hunter Aviation.'' Retrieved: 15 April 2011.</ref>

===Lebanese Air Force===
The [[Lebanese Air Force]] operated Hawker Hunters from 1958 to 2014. One Hunter was shot down on the first day of the [[Six-Day War]] by the [[Israeli Air Force]]. They were used infrequently during the [[Lebanese Civil War]],<ref>Hirst 2010, pp. 100–101.</ref> and eventually fell out of usage and went into storage during the 1980s.<ref>Rolland 2003, p. 186.</ref>

In August 2007, the Lebanese Armed Forces planned to put its Hunters back into service following the [[2007 Lebanon conflict]], to deal with [[Fatah al-Islam]] militants in the Nahr el-Bared camp north of Tripoli.<ref>[http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2007/09/the_victory_leb_1.php "Helicopter bombs."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041018/http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2007/09/the_victory_leb_1.php |date=2007-09-28 }} ''yalibnan.com''. Retrieved: 23 July 2009.</ref> The programme was delayed by lack of spare parts for the aircraft, such as cartridges for the Martin-Baker ejection seats.<ref name="AI mar11 p77">Lake ''Air International'' March 2011, p. 77.</ref> On 12 November 2008, 50 years after its original introduction, the Lebanese Air Force returned four of its eight Hunters to service with 2nd Squadron, based at [[Rayak Air Base|Rayak AB]]: one two-seater and three single-seaters. Military exercises were conducted with Hunters, such as those that took place on 12 July 2010.<ref name="AI mar11 p77"/><ref>[http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/getstory?openform&D93B7CF49E99766BC225775E00238E19 "Hawker Hunters to Exercise in Lebanese Airspace."] ''naharnet.com.'' Retrieved: 22 August 2010.</ref> The Hunters were retired from service during 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/aviation/11824122/Shoreham-air-crash-Hawker-Hunter-had-been-mothballed-three-times-but-could-have-flown-for-70-more-years.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/aviation/11824122/Shoreham-air-crash-Hawker-Hunter-had-been-mothballed-three-times-but-could-have-flown-for-70-more-years.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Shoreham air crash: Hawker Hunter had been mothballed three times but 'could have flown for 70 more years'|last=Rayner|first=Gordon|date=25 August 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|access-date=2015-12-08|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Others===

====Africa====
During the 1950s, the [[Royal Rhodesian Air Force]] was an important export customer of Britain, purchasing not only Hunters but also [[De Havilland Vampire]]s and Canberra bombers.<ref name = 'petter 52'>Petter-Bowyer 2005, p. 52.</ref> Rhodesia later deployed its Hunter FGA.9s extensively against [[ZANLA]] and [[ZIPRA]] guerrillas during the [[Rhodesian Bush War]] in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, occasionally engaging in cross-border raids over [[Zambia]] and [[Mozambique]].<ref>"Fireforce Exposed: the Rhodesian Security Forces and their Role in Defending White Supremacy". ''Anti-Apartheid Movement'', 1979, p. 51.</ref> The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwean Air Force]] Hunters were flown to support [[Laurent Kabila]]'s loyalists during the [[Second Congo War]], and were reported to be involved in the [[Mozambican Civil War]].<ref>Beckett and Pimlott 1985, p. 168.</ref> One remained in service in 2022.<ref name="Zimbabwe">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/12/flying-history-zimbabwes-proud-aircraft.html|title=Flying History: Zimbabwe's Proud Aircraft Tradition|access-date= 3 December 2022|archive-url= https://archive.today/20221203145000/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/12/flying-history-zimbabwes-proud-aircraft.html|archive-date= 3 December 2022|url-status= live}}</ref>

In [[Somalia]], the [[Siad Barre]] regime's fleet of ageing Hunters, often piloted by former Rhodesian servicemen, carried out several bombing missions against rebel units in the late 1980s.<ref>Lefebvre 1992, p. 251.</ref>

====Belgium and the Netherlands====
[[File:Twee Hawker Hunters F.Mk.4 op de taxitrack Mokmer voor aanvang van de officiële afscheidsvlucht (2157 016447).jpg|thumb|A pair of [[Royal Netherlands Air Force|Dutch]] Hunter F.4 aircraft operating out of [[Frans Kaisiepo International Airport|Mokmer airport]] in [[New Guinea]], 1962.]]
The [[Belgian Air Component|Belgian Air Force]] received 112 Hunter F.4s between 1956 and 1957 to replace the [[Gloster Meteor|Gloster Meteor F.8]].<ref name="Belgium">Jackson 1977, pp. 63–73.</ref> The aircraft were built under licence in both Belgium and the Netherlands in a joint programme, some using US offshore funding.<ref name="Belgium"/> [[Société Anonyme Belge de Constructions Aéronautiques|SABCA]] and [[Avions Fairey]] built 64 aircraft in Belgium and a further 48 were built in the Netherlands by [[Fokker]].<ref name="Belgium"/> The Hunters were used by Nos. 1, 3 and 9 Wings but did not serve for long; the aircraft with 1 Wing were replaced in 1958 by the [[Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck]], and most were scrapped afterwards.<ref>Jackson 1990, p. 84.</ref>

The Belgian and Dutch governments subsequently ordered the improved Hunter F.6, with Nos. 1, 7 and 9 Wings of the Belgian Air Force receiving 112 Fokker-built aircraft between 1957 and 1958. Although built in the Netherlands, 29 aircraft had been assembled from kits in Belgium by SABCA and 59 by Avions Fairey, and were operated by 7 and 9 Wings.<ref name="Belgium" /> No. 9 Wing was disbanded in 1960, and by 1963 the Hunter squadrons in 7 Wing had also been disbanded. A large number of the surviving Hunters were sold to Hawker Aircraft and re-built for re-export to India and Iraq, with others to Chile, Kuwait and Lebanon.<ref name="Belgium" />

In 1960, the [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]] sent [[No. 322 Squadron RNLAF|No. 322 Squadron]] with its Hunter F.4s and F.6s to [[Biak]] in [[Dutch New Guinea]] for air defense during the [[West New Guinea dispute]] with Indonesia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blauw |first1=J. |last2=Fleuren |first2=W. P. M. |date=July 1962 |title=Hunters van de Koninklijke Luchtmacht in Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea |url=https://www.kvbk.nl/sites/default/files/bestanden/uitgaven/1918/1962/1962-0312-01-0115.PDF |trans-title=Hunters of the Royal Netherlands Air Force in Netherlands New Guinea |format=PDF |journal=De Militaire Spectator |language=Dutch |location=Den Haag |publisher=KVBK |access-date=12 July 2025 |pages=312–314}}</ref> They were withdrawn from the West New Guinea in October 1962.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.322squadron.com/322history.html |title=322 Squadron History |website=322squadron.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030213102523/http://www.322squadron.com/322history.html |archive-date=13 February 2003 |access-date=12 July 2025}}</ref>

====Middle East====
[[File:Hawker Hunter F.73B XF987 Jordan BRO 12.06.71 edited-3.jpg|thumb|Hunter F.73 of the Royal Jordanian Air Force in 1971|264x264px]]
Between 1964 and 1975, both Britain and France delivered significant quantities of arms, including Hunters, to Iraq. The Hunters were far more effective in fighting guerrilla activity than the Russian [[MiG-17]]s then operated by Iraq.<ref>Curtis 1986, p. 128.</ref> In December 1964, a dogfight took place between four Israeli Mirage fighters and four Hunters of the [[Royal Jordanian Air Force]]. Two Mirages were downed and another damaged, without damage to the Hunters.<ref>Pike 2014, Ch. 13.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Where falcons dare: Hamid Anwar (1934-2015)|date=3 July 2015|url=https://thefridaytimes.com/03-Jul-2015/where-falcons-dare-hamid-anwar-1934-2015|publisher=The Friday Times|access-date=12 December 2023}}</ref> In 1967, Hunters of the [[Iraqi Air Force]] saw action after the [[Six-Day War]] between [[Israel]] and several neighbouring [[Arab]] nations. During the [[War of Attrition]] Iraqi Hunters usually operated from bases in Egypt and Syria. While flying a Hunter from Iraqi Airbase H3, Flight Lieutenant [[Saiful Azam]], on exchange from the [[Pakistan Air Force]], shot down three Israeli jets including a [[Sud Aviation Vautour]] and a [[Dassault Mirage III|Mirage IIICJ]].{{#tag:ref|Israeli sources state that the Mirage III and the Hunter were well matched, the Mirage having more advanced avionics while the Hunter had greater agility.<ref name="Pollack">Pollack 2002, p. 294.</ref>|group=Note}} Some missions were also flown by the [[Royal Jordanian Air Force]], but most of the Jordanian Hunters were destroyed on the ground on the first day of the Six-Day War.<ref>Pollack 2002, p. 295.</ref> Replacement Hunters for Jordanian service were acquired from both Britain and [[Saudi Arabia]] in the war's aftermath.<ref>Bahl and Syed 2003, p. 201.</ref> These were used with considerable success in ground attacks against [[Syrian Army]] tanks during the [[Black September in Jordan|Black September Crisis]].<ref name="Pollack"/>

====South America====
During the 1960s and 1970s, Chile completed the acquisition of Hunters from Britain for service in the [[Chilean Air Force]].<ref name = 'Arce 17'>Arce 2004, p. 17.</ref> In June 1973, the [[Liberia]]n [[oil tanker]] ''Napier'' ran aground on [[Guamblin Island]], [[oil spill|accidentally releasing]] 30,000 tons of oil. After the rescue of the crew, the vessel was fired upon and set on fire by Chilean Hunters in an effort to burn the oil to avoid further environmental contamination.<ref>SIGWEB Sistemas integrados de Gestión, Carlos Saldivia, [http://www.sigweb.cl/biblioteca/DerramesPetroleoChile.pdf Las desconocidas historias de los tres derrames de petróleo en Chile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055007/http://www.sigweb.cl/biblioteca/DerramesPetroleoChile.pdf |date=21 September 2013 }}, retrieved on 18 September 2013</ref>

During the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état]], some of the Hunters were used by military officers as part of the effort to successfully overthrow the democratically elected president of Chile, [[Salvador Allende]], on 11 September 1973. On 10 September 1973, coup leaders ordered the Hunters to relocate to [[Talcahuano, Chile|Talcahuano]] in preparation. The following morning, the aircraft were used to conduct bombing missions against [[La Moneda Palace|Palacio de La Moneda]], Allende's official residence in [[Santiago]], and several radio stations loyal to the government.<ref name = 'Arce 17'/> The UK had signed contracts prior to the Chilean coup d'état for delivery of a further seven Hunters, as well as performing engine overhauls and the delivery of other equipment. The government under Prime Minister [[James Callaghan]] delayed the delivery of the aircraft, along with vessels and submarines also on order; the [[trade union]]s took action to block delivery of refurbished Hunter engines at the [[East Kilbride]] plant until October 1978. The action was led by Rolls-Royce workers Bob Fulton, Robert Sommerville and John Keenan, who hid the engines in the factory.<ref>Phythian 2000, p. 105.</ref> The government of Chile bestowed on 16 April 2015, its highest civilian medal, the Order Bernardo O'Higgins Medal, on the three workers for their action of solidarity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chileabroad.gov.cl/reino-unido/2015/03/27/embajador-rolando-drago-condecora-a-trabajadores-escoceses/|title=Embajada de Chile en el Reino Unido » Blog Archive » Embajador Rolando Drago condecora a trabajadores escoceses|access-date=20 April 2015|archive-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427124757/http://chileabroad.gov.cl/reino-unido/2015/03/27/embajador-rolando-drago-condecora-a-trabajadores-escoceses/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The protest is the subject of the 2018 documentary film ''[[Nae Pasaran]]''. In 1982, after the [[Falklands War]], a number of Hunters were air freighted to Chile as part of the arrangements for providing support for UK operations in the South Atlantic.<ref>[http://www.spyflight.co.uk/chile.htm "The Falklands Campaign – the Chilean connection."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430052441/http://www.spyflight.co.uk/chile.htm |date=30 April 2012 }} ''spyflight.co''. Retrieved: 19 September 2013.</ref>

The purchase of Hunters by Chile may have been a factor in the decision by the [[Peruvian Air Force]] to acquire Hunters of its own.<ref>Phythian 2000, p. 129.</ref> Britain was keen to sell to Peru as the decision to sell Hunters to Chile became a controversial political issue for the British government following the Chilean coup; the sale also upheld Britain's concept of regional "balancing".<ref>Phythian 2000, pp. 105–106, 130.</ref>

==Variants==
{{further|Hawker Hunter variants}}

==Operators==

===Military operators===
[[File:Hawker Hunter users.PNG|thumb|upright=1.35|Hunter operators]]
{{Main|List of Hawker Hunter operators}}

{{External media|topic= |width=20% |float=right |video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6o5aQ7Kxo64 Cockpit recording of flight between St Athan and RAF Cranwell] |video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2rh8Qn-iwE Documentary on the Hunter's role in the Battle of Longewala] |video3= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHwwAV12TIA Footage from Swiss Hunter exercise in 1991, including take offs performed upon public roads]}}
*{{flag|Abu Dhabi}}<ref>Jackson 1990, p. 131.</ref>
*{{BEL}}
*{{CHI}}
*{{DNK}}<ref>Jackson 1990, p. 17.</ref><ref name="Schrøder">Schrøder, Hans (1991). "Royal Danish Airforce". Ed. Kay S. Nielsen. Tøjhusmuseet, 1991, p. 63. {{ISBN|87-89022-24-6}}.</ref>
*{{flag|Iraq|1963}}
*{{IND}}
*{{JOR}}
*{{KEN}}<ref name = 'Jackson 137'/>
*{{KWT}}<ref name = 'Jackson 137'>Jackson 1990, p. 137.</ref>
*{{LBN}}
*{{NLD}}
*{{OMN}}<ref>Jackson 1990, p. 138.</ref>
*{{PER}}
*{{QAT}}<ref>Jackson 1990, p. 139.</ref>
*{{flag|Rhodesia}}<ref>Jackson 1982, p. 68.</ref>
*{{SAU}}
*{{SIN}}<ref name="AFM67"/>
*{{SOM}}
*{{SWE}}
*{{SUI}}
*{{UK}}
*{{ZIM}}
[[File:hawker hunter t7 blue diamond in planform arp.jpg|thumb|Hunter T.7 restored by [[Delta Jets]] now Vintage Flyers at [[Kemble Airport]], [[England]]]]
[[File:hunter and meteor at kemble arp.jpg|thumb|[[Gloster Meteor]] NF.11 flies with Hunter Flight Academy's Hawker Hunter T.7A G-FFOX at [[Kemble Air Show]] 2009]]
[[File:Hawker Hunter T7 Shoreham Airshow 2014.jpg|thumb|Hunter T.7 aerobatics, [[Shoreham Airshow]] 2014. This aircraft was destroyed in the [[2015 Shoreham Airshow crash]].]]

===Civil===
A number of civil organisations operate or have operated Hunters for use as aerial targets and for threat simulation under contract with the military. Other Hunters are owned and operated for public display and demonstration:

;Airborne Tactical Advantage Company (ATAC)
* The American company [[Airborne Tactical Advantage Company|ATAC]], based at [[Williamsburg International Airport]] in Newport News, Virginia, has operated 14 former Swiss F.58s on United States government contracts,<ref>[http://www.atacusa.com/aircraft.htm "Aircraft".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028220507/http://www.atacusa.com/aircraft.htm |date=28 October 2011 }} ''Airborne Tactical Advantage Company''. Retrieved: 2 November 2011.</ref> though three have since been lost in accidents.<ref>{{cite web|title=DCA12PA076|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/_layouts/ntsb.aviation/brief.aspx?ev_id=20120518X65127&key=1&queryId=1ab77d18-3112-4e94-af55-8a833120ea1c&pgno=1&pgsize=50&key=1|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board|access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jet crashes in Southern California, killing pilot|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jet-crashes-in-southern-california-killing-pilot/|publisher=CBS News|access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WPR15GA030|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/_layouts/ntsb.aviation/brief.aspx?ev_id=20141029X13346&key=1&key=1|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board|access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Top Gun' style military jet crashes outside Navy base in California, killing pilot|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/pilot-top-gun-style-military-jet-dies-calif-crash-article-1.1992415/|publisher=NYDailyNews|access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PILOT DIES IN MILITARY PLANE CRASH IN PORT HUENEME|date=30 October 2014|url=http://abc7.com/news/pilot-dies-in-military-plane-crash-in-port-hueneme/372327/|publisher=ABC News|access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ATAC HAWKER HUNTER CRASHES OFF THE COAST OF SAN DIEGO|date=24 August 2017|url=https://theaviationgeekclub.com/atac-hawker-hunter-crashes-off-coast-san-diego/|publisher=The Aviation Geek Club|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>

;Apache Aviation
*Contracted by the French Navy, Apache is based at Istres in Provence, France, with frequent deployments to Lorient and Landivisiau in Brittany, other locations as required. Operates two single-seater and one two-seat Hunters. Operations are associated with [[Lortie Aviation]].<ref>[http://www.apache-aviation.fr/anglais/flotte.htm "Fleet".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825201206/http://www.apache-aviation.fr/anglais/flotte.htm |date=25 August 2016 }} ''Apache Aviation''. Retrieved: 14 April 2011.</ref>

;Delta Jets
*Operated between 1995 and 2010 from [[Kemble Airport]] near [[Cirencester]], [[England]] with three operational Hunters. The company went into liquidation in 2010, Hunter G-FFOX (WV318) is now operated by the Hunter Flight academy.<ref>[http://www.touchdown-aviation.com/flying-legends/operator/delta-jets-ltd.php "Delta Jets".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925035317/http://www.touchdown-aviation.com/flying-legends/operator/delta-jets-ltd.php |date=25 September 2017 }} ''Touchdown Aviation'' Retrieved: 3 April 2015.</ref>

;Dutch Hawker Hunter Foundation
*Operated a Hunter T.8C two-seater in RNLAF markings and a single-seat Hunter F.6A in Dutch markings, based at [[Leeuwarden Air Base]] in the Netherlands.<ref>[http://www.dutchhawkerhunter.nl/ "Dutch Hawker Hunter Foundation."] ''Dutch Hawker Hunter''. Retrieved: 3 November 2009.</ref> The two-seater experienced a maintenance problem in 2020, at which point it was decided, that it would be easier, buying another Hunter instead of fixing it. The single-seat Hunter finished flying in 2022.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230201132922/https://dhhf.nl/hunter-news/ DHHF terminates operating Hunter F.6A N-294.], dhhf.nl, 10. April 2022</ref> The then acquired swiss two-seater should again be registered in the UK, but never was registered after its flight from [[St. Gallen–Altenrhein Airport]] to [[MOD St Athan|St. Athan]].<ref>[https://www.key.aero/article/dutch-hawker-hunter-foundation-ends-operations Dutch Hawker Hunter Foundation ends operations], Key Aero, 14. June 2024</ref>

;Embraer
*Operates an ex-Chilean Air Force Hunter T.72 as a [[Chase plane|flight test chase plane]].<ref>[http://www.airliners.net/photo/Embraer/Hawker-Hunter-T72/0506651/L/ "Embraer liveried Hunter."] ''Airliners''. Retrieved: 3 November 2009.</ref>

;Hawker Hunter Aviation
*Based at [[RAF Leeming]], it operates a fleet of 12 Mk 58 and three two-seaters (T.7 and T.8), as well as other aircraft to provide high speed aerial threat simulation, mission support training and trials support services.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hunterteam.com/Aircraft/ |title=Our Aircraft |website=Hawker Hunter Aviation |access-date=19 March 2017}}</ref>

;Hunter Flight Academy.
*Operates a Hunter T.7A G-FFOX (WV318) callsign "FireFox" – a two-seat Hunter in 111sqn "Black Arrows" colours and markings. The Hunter T.7A is based at [[North Weald Airfield]] in the UK.<ref>[http://hunterflightacademy.com/ "Hunter Flight Academy."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523023205/http://hunterflightacademy.com/ |date=23 May 2017 }} ''hunterflightacademy.com''.</ref>

;Horizon Aircraft Services Ltd. (formerly Hunter Flying Ltd.)
*Based at [[MOD St Athan]] in [[Wales]], Horizon maintains over 15 privately owned examples of the Hunter.<ref>Salter, Matthew. [http://www.hunterflyingltd.co.uk/ "Hunter Flying."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004204640/http://www.hunterflyingltd.co.uk/ |date=4 October 2011 }} ''Hunter Flying Ltd.'', March 2012. Retrieved: 26 March 2012.</ref>

;International Test Pilots School

* [[International Test Pilots School]] - three aircraft operating from the [[London International Airport]], [[London, Ontario]], Canada.

;'''Lortie Aviation'''
*[[Lortie Aviation]] of [[Canada]] (formerly known as Northern Lights Combat Air Support) is based in [[Quebec City]] and owns 21 Hunters (mainly ex-Swiss F.58 variants) that are leased out for military training duties.<ref>[http://www.lortieaviation.com "Lortie Aviation Inc."] ''Lortie Aviation''. Retrieved: 6 December 2009.</ref> In August 2021, Lortie was successful as the only bidder to purchase five jets and the spare parts from the [[Lebanese Air Force]], for a price expected to be around US$1m. They were believed to have not been operational since 2010.<ref name="2021-08-12_DN">[https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2021/08/12/canadian-firm-begins-negotiations-to-buy-lebanese-hawker-hunters-jets/ Canadian firm begins negotiations to buy Lebanese Hawker Hunter jets], Agnes Helou, DefenseNews, 2021-08-12</ref>

;Thunder City
*Three flyable Hunters were based at [[Thunder City]] at [[Cape Town International Airport]] in [[South Africa]].<ref>[http://www.incredible-adventures.com/capetown_thunder_city.html "Cape Town Jets: Thunder City."] ''Incredible Adventures'', 2009. Retrieved: 7 October 2009.</ref> Four (of the seven) Hunters owned by Thunder City were up for auction in April 2013 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.go-dove.com/en/event-15794/Thunder-City-Aircraft-Company-Historical-Military-Jets |title=Thunder City Aircraft Company - Historical Military Jets - GoIndustry DoveBid |access-date=2013-07-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202023758/http://www.go-dove.com/en/event-15794/Thunder-City-Aircraft-Company-Historical-Military-Jets |archive-date=2 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }} Liquidity Services Inc, retrieved 27 December 2013.</ref>

;Hangar 51
*Following the death of Thunder City owner Mike "Beachy" Head in May 2017, at the end of 2021, Jay Smith, an ex oil entrepreneur with a passion for fast jets and head of South African aircraft maintenance company Hangar 51, bought the remains of the Thunder City collection from Mike Beachy Head's estate. At least 2 of the Thunder city Hunters were included, Hunter T.2 ZU-CTN and yellow-painted T.8 ZU-AUJ. Thunder City once owned the world’s largest civil collection of ex-military jets including three English Electric Lightnings, three Blackburn Buccaneers, seven Hawker Hunters, one Aerospatiale Puma (a demonstrator of the company’s upgrade and refurbishment services), a Jet Provost and a Gloster Javelin FAW Mk.1 (RAF No. XA553, mounted as a “Gate Guard” on display at the entrance to the company premises).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theaviationgeekclub.com/hangar-51-company-buys-thunder-city-collection-of-ex-military-jets-and-aims-to-use-it-for-adversary-air-services/ |title=Hangar 51 company buys Thunder City collection of Ex-Military Jets and aims to use it for Adversary Air Services |date=19 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.key.aero/article/thunder-city-jets-future |title=THUNDER CITY JETS - THE FUTURE |date=9 February 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=207 | title=Thunder & Lightnings - Hawker Hunter - Survivor XG164 }}</ref>

==Aircraft on display==
* Hunter F.1 WT612 Gate Guardian at [[RAF Henlow]]<ref>{{cite web |title=F.1 WT612 | website=Thunder&Lightinings |url=https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=18 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
* Hunter F.4 at [[Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History]], Brussels, Belgium <ref>{{cite web |title=F.4 IF-70 | website=Thunder&Lightinings |url=https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=155 |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref>
* Hunter F.1 at Vanguard Self Storage Staples Corner, London<ref>{{cite web |title=Exhibits at Vanguard Self Storage, Staples Corner, London |website=Airworld Aviation Museum |url=https://www.vanguardstorage.co.uk/news/vanguard-self-storage-opens-new-storage-facility-at-staples-corner |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref>
* Hunter F.6 XF527 - Gate guardian at [[RAF Halton]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burke |first=Damien |title=Thunder & Lightnings - Hawker Hunter - Survivor XF527 |url=https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=206 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708204916/https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=206 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Hunter FGA.9 XG154 on static display at RAF Museum, Hendon<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawker Hunter FGA9 |website=Royal Air Force Museum |url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/collections/hawker-hunter-fga9/ |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>
* 
* Hunter F.1 at Caernarfon Airworld Museum, Wales<ref>{{cite web |title=Exhibits at the Museum |website=Airworld Aviation Museum |url=https://www.airworldmuseum.com/exhibits |access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref>
* Hunter T.8C WV396 at Tacla Taid Transport Museum, Anglesey, Wales <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=297|title=Thunder & Lightnings - Hawker Hunter - Survivor WV396|first=Damien|last=Burke|work=thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk|access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>
* Hunter GA.11 WV382 on static display at [[East Midlands Aeropark]] [[Leicestershire]]<ref name="em"/>
* Hunter F.6A XE627 at the [[Imperial War Museum Duxford]], Cambridgeshire <ref>{{cite web |title=F.6A XE627 | website=Thunder&Lightinings |url=https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=230 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
* Hunter FR.10 XJ714 on static display at [[East Midlands Aeropark]] [[Leicestershire]]<ref name="em">{{cite web |title=Aeropark Exhibits |website=East Midlands Aeropark |url=http://eastmidlandsaeropark.org/aeropark-exhibits.html |access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref>
* Hunter FR.10 XG172 / XG168 on static display at [[City of Norwich Aviation Museum]] in [[Horsham St Faith|Horsham St Faith, Norfolk]].<ref name="CNAM">{{cite web |title=Aircraft List |url=http://www.cnam.org.uk/aircraft-list |website=City of Norwich Aviation Museum |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref>
* Hunter T.7 XL565 at [[Bruntingthorpe Aerodrome]], Leicestershire (including sections of WT745 & XL591)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=270|title=Thunder & Lightnings - Hawker Hunter - Survivor XL565 (composite with WT745)|first=Damien|last=Burke|work=thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>
* Hunter F.6A XG225 at [[Royal Air Force Museum Midlands]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawker Siddeley Hunter F6A |website=Royal Air Force Museum |url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/collections/hawker-siddeley-hunter-f6a/ |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>
* Hunter T.7A XL 568 at [[Royal Air Force Museum Midlands]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawker Hunter T7A |website=Royal Air Force Museum |url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/collections/hawker-hunter-t7a/ |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>
* Hunter T.7 XL569 on static display at [[East Midlands Aeropark]] [[Leicestershire]]<ref name="em"/>
* Hunter T.8M XL580 at the [[Fleet Air Arm Museum]], Somerset<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawker Hunter T8M |website=Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Museum |url=https://www.fleetairarm.com/exhibit/Hawker-Hunter-T8M/4-6-48.aspx |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603151406/https://www.fleetairarm.com/exhibit/Hawker-Hunter-T8M/4-6-48.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Hunter F.6 on display at the [[National Air Force Museum of Canada]] in [[Trenton, Ontario]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hunter – National Air Force Museum of Canada |url=http://airforcemuseum.ca/eng/?page_id=571 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207192110/http://airforcemuseum.ca/eng/?page_id=571 |archive-date=2024-02-07 |access-date=2020-03-08 |language=en-CA}}</ref>
* Hunter T.7 XL600 on display at the [[Jet Aircraft Museum]], [[London, Ontario]], Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jetaircraftmuseum.ca/projects/hawker-hunter-t7/|title=Hawker Hunter T7 – Jet Aircraft Museum|website=jetaircraftmuseum.ca|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630012123/http://jetaircraftmuseum.ca/projects/hawker-hunter-t7/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Hunter T.7 XL623 under restoration by the Hawker Association at Dunsfold Park, Surrey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=287|title=Thunder & Lightnings - Hawker Hunter - Survivor XL623|first=Damien|last=Burke|work=thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>
* 
* 
* 
* Hunter FGA.78 N-268 at [[Yorkshire Air Museum]], Elvington, North Yorkshire<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawker Hunter FGA.78 |url=http://yorkshireairmuseum.org/exhibits/cold-war-aircraft/hawker-hunter-fga78 |website=Yorkshire Air Museum |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=6 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906095027/https://yorkshireairmuseum.org/exhibits/cold-war-aircraft/hawker-hunter-fga78/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Hunter T.7 XL572 painted blue to represent the Blue Diamonds formation teams lead XL571 at [[Yorkshire Air Museum]], Elvington, North Yorkshire<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawker Hunter T.7 |url=http://yorkshireairmuseum.org/exhibits/cold-war-aircraft/hawker-hunter-t7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429045335/http://yorkshireairmuseum.org/exhibits/cold-war-aircraft/hawker-hunter-t7/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2018 |website=Yorkshire Air Museum |access-date=21 September 2020 }}</ref>
* Hunter T.7 XL618 at [[Newark Air Museum]], Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=285|title=Thunder & Lightnings - Hawker Hunter - Survivor XL618|first=Damien|last=Burke|work=thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>
* Hunter F.1 WT651 at [[Newark Air Museum]], Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=20|title=Thunder & Lightnings - Hawker Hunter - Survivor WT651|first=Damien|last=Burke|work=thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>
* Hunter F.1 WT680 at the Anglia Motel, on the [[A17 road (England)|A17]] West of [[King's Lynn]] in Fleet Hargate, Lincolnshire<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=22|title=Thunder & Lightnings - Hawker Hunter - Survivor WT680|first=Damien|last=Burke|work=thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>
* Hunter F.6 XF527 [[Gate guardian|gate guard]] at [[RAF Halton]], Halton, Buckinghamshire <ref>{{cite web |title=F.6 XF527 | website=Thunder&Lightinings |url=https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=206 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
* 
* 
* Hunter F.6 XF437, later FR-74S at Historical Aircraft Restoration Society, Wollongong, NSW<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hars.org.au/hawker-hunter-fga|title=Hawker Hunter FR-74S - HARS|website=hars.org.au|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-date=15 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515032856/http://hars.org.au/hawker-hunter-fga/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Hunter Mk 50 at [[Flygvapenmuseum]], [[Linköping]], [[Sweden]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flygvapenmuseum.se/samlingar/flygplan/flygvapenmuseum-linkoping/j-34--hawker-hunter-F-4-mk-50/|title=J 34 – Hawker Hunter F.4 Mk 50|website=www.flygvapenmuseum.se|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829033208/http://www.flygvapenmuseum.se/samlingar/flygplan/flygvapenmuseum-linkoping/j-34--hawker-hunter-F-4-mk-50|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Hunter Mk 50 at Svedinos Bil- och Flygmuseum, Ugglarp, [[Sweden]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.svedinos.se/flygmuseum/ |title=Flygmuseum |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=4 December 2024 |quote=}}</ref>
*Hunter F.4 N-122 is in storage at the [[Nationaal Militair Museum]], [[Soesterberg]], The Netherlands.<ref>[https://www.nmm.nl/zoeken-in-de-collectie/detail/470792/ "Hunter / N-122"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015095026/https://www.nmm.nl/zoeken-in-de-collectie/detail/470792/ |date=15 October 2017 }} ''Nationaal Militair Museum'' Retrieved: 14 October 2017.</ref>
*Hunter F6 XE614 on display at [[Queensland Air Museum]], Caloundra<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qam.com.au/portfolio/hawker-hunter-fga-mk-74bs-533-cn-41h679972/|title=HAWKER HUNTER FGA MK 74BS 533 C/N 41H679972 – QAM, Queensland Air Museum|website=qam.com.au|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref>
*Hunter F4 XF311 on display at Queensland Air Museum, Caloundra<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qam.com.au/portfolio/hawker-hunter-f-mk-4-xf311/|title=HAWKER HUNTER F. MK 4 XF311 – QAM, Queensland Air Museum|website=qam.com.au|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref>
*Hunter F.4 N-144 is on display at the Nationaal Militair Museum, [[Soesterberg]], The Netherlands.<ref>[https://www.nmm.nl/zoeken-in-de-collectie/detail/471223/ "Hunter / N-144"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015145840/https://www.nmm.nl/zoeken-in-de-collectie/detail/471223/ |date=15 October 2017 }} ''Nationaal Militair Museum'' Retrieved: 14 October 2017.</ref>
*Hunter F.4 N-112 is now on display at [[Dirgantara Mandala Museum]], [[Yogyakarta]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indomiliter.com/hawker-hunter-f4-jadi-koleksi-museum-dirgantara-mandala/|title=Hawker Hunter F4 Jadi Koleksi Museum Dirgantara Mandala – Indomiliter.com|website=www.indomiliter.com|date=2 April 2018 |access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>
*Hunter F.51 401 is now on display at [[Danmarks Flymuseum]], Stauning, Denmark<ref>{{cite web |title=Flyvevåbenmuseet |website=Danmarks Flymuseum |url=http://flymuseum.dk/flyvevabenmuseet |language=Danish |access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref>
*Hunter F.51 409 repainted as XE683 F Mk.4 on static display at [[City of Norwich Aviation Museum]] in [[Horsham St Faith|Horsham St Faith, Norfolk]].<ref name="CNAM"/>
*Hunter F.51 410 repainted as WV395 is now on display at [[Aviodrome]], [[Lelystad Airport]], The Netherlands <ref>[https://www.aviodrome.nl/collectie/hawker-hunter/ “Hawker Hunter”] Retrieved: 21 February 2024.</ref>
*Hunter F.2 WN904 is on display at [[Sywell Aviation Museum]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sywellaviationmuseum.org.uk/exhibits/external-displays/hawker-hunter-f-mk-2-wn904/|title=Hawker Hunter F.Mk.2 WN904 – Sywell Aviation Museum}}</ref>
*Hunter F.1 WT619 is on display at [[Montrose Air Station Museum]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/local/angus-mearns/1010467/rare-hawker-hunter-high-speed-jet-fighter-arrives-at-montrose-air-station/|title=Rare Hawker Hunter high-speed jet fighter arrives at Montrose Air Station|date=31 October 2019 |publisher=The Courier|access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref>
*Hunter F.1 WT555 is on display within Vanguard Self Storage Staples Corner, London<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vintageaviationecho.com/hawker-hunter-wt555/|title=Restoring WT555, the first production Hawker Hunter F.1|publisher=The Vintage Aviation Echo|access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524153346/https://vintageaviationecho.com/hawker-hunter-wt555/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Hunter PR.11 WT723 Gate Guardian at SCC Technology Campus (displayed), Tyseley, Birmingham <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thunder & Lightnings - Hawker Hunter - Survivor WT723 (ex G-PRII) |url=https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=338 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk}}</ref>
*Hunter Mk 58 J-4001, first Swiss Hunter, repainted and with Swiss modifications removed, is on display at [[Flieger Flab Museum]] at Dubendorf, Switzerland, along with Mk 58A J-4152 of the second series deliveries 1974, and T.Mk 68 J-4204.<ref>[https://airforcecenter.ch/bildergalerie/ Museum website]</ref>
*Hunter Mk 58 J-4013, Swiss test aircraft Hunter (GRD), with dayglow leading wing edges and painted underside is on display at Militärmuseum [[Möriken-Wildegg|Wildegg]], Switzerland, along with Mk 58 J-4041.<ref>[https://www.militaermuseumwildegg.ch/ Museum website]</ref>
*Hunter Mk 58 J-4035 in correct Swiss markings is on display at the [[Pima Air & Space Museum]] in Tucson, AZ.<ref>[https://pimaair.org/museum-aircraft/hawker-hunter/ Hawker Hunter Mk. 58], Pima Air Museum Website</ref>
*Hunter Mk 58 J-4068 in original Swiss markings is on display at the Museo Storico Aeronautico del Friuli Venezia Giulia near [[Pordenone]], Italy.<ref>[https://www.pordenonewithlove.it/it/cosa-fare/cultura/musei/museo-storico-aeronautico-scientifico-e-tecnologico-forze-armate Area Marketing Territoriale Pordenone]</ref>
*Hunter F.6 XG164 is on display at Davidstow Airfield and Cornwall at War Museum, Davidstow, Cornwall, England, PL32 9YF <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thunder & Lightnings - Hawker Hunter - Survivor XG164 |url=https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=207}}</ref>
*Hunter F.3 WB188 is on display at the [[Tangmere Military Aviation Museum]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thunder & Lightnings - Hawker Hunter - Survivor WB188 |url=https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=130}}</ref>
*Hunter F.5 WP190 is on display at the Tangmere Military Aviation Museum<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thunder & Lightnings - Hawker Hunter - Survivor WP190 |url=https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/hunter/survivor.php?id=173}}</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
* 8 February 1956 – Hawker Hunter [[1956 Hawker Hunter multiple aircraft accident|multiple aircraft accident]] after a sudden deterioration in the weather during a dogfight exercise in Norfolk, England.
* 7 June 1957 – Mid-air collision between two 111 Squadron Hunters during an aerobatic display rehearsal near [[North Weald Airfield|RAF North Weald]], Essex, England. One of the damaged Hunters involved limped as far as [[London Stansted Airport|Stansted]], where it managed to land successfully on the long runway; the other ''(XF525'') crashed onto the [[Epping, Essex|Epping]]-[[Ongar railway station|Ongar]] railway at North Weald (the eastern end of the London Underground [[Central line (London Underground)|Central Line]], which closed in 1994). The pilot was killed. The track was badly damaged by wreckage and a steam train was derailed. Three of the 20 passengers were slightly injured and the driver, Arthur Green, who operated out of [[Stratford, London|Stratford]] Depot, was commended for his actions. Wreckage from the jet could be seen in the area for many years afterwards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=58255|title=ASN Aircraft accident 07-JUN-1957 Hawker Hunter F.Mk 6 XF525|first=Harro|last=Ranter}}</ref>
* 5 April 1968 – Alan Pollock, an RAF pilot, made an [[Hawker Hunter Tower Bridge incident|unauthorised flight through Tower Bridge]] in London in protest against the lack of official recognition of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the RAF.
* 22 August 2015 – A Hunter T.7 (G-BXFI{{efn|Although a civil aircraft, it was painted as a Royal Air Force aircraft using its former serial number WV372.}}) [[2015 Shoreham Airshow crash|crashed]] onto the [[A27 road|A27]] arterial road (dual carriageway) between [[Lancing, West Sussex|Lancing]] and [[Shoreham-by-Sea]], West Sussex, England, while taking part in the 2015 [[Shoreham Airshow]]. Eleven people on the ground were killed and several others were injured, including the pilot of the plane. Witnesses told local TV that the jet appeared to have crashed when it failed to pull out of a loop manoeuvre. The UK [[Air Accidents Investigation Branch]] (AAIB) concluded that the crash was caused by the pilot completing the top of the loop at too low an altitude and at too low an airspeed. The AAIB concluded that the pilot may have confused the parameters for the Hunter with the [[BAC Jet Provost]] he had recently flown, saying, "a possible error path was that the pilot recalled the wrong numbers, essentially mixing up the two aircraft".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-34034430|title=Shoreham air crash death toll 'rises to 11'|access-date=23 August 2015|date=23 August 2015|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/Air-Show-Crash-Pilot-Might-Have-Confused-Aircraft-228595-1.html|title = Airshow Crash Pilot Might Have Confused Aircraft|access-date = 6 March 2017|last = Niles|first = Russ|work = AVweb|date = 6 March 2017|archive-date = 6 March 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170306082855/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/Air-Show-Crash-Pilot-Might-Have-Confused-Aircraft-228595-1.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> The pilot was cleared of criminal charges, though the inquest ruled that the victims had been "unlawfully killed".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2019 |title=Shoreham pilot cleared over crash deaths |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-47495885 |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC News Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2022 |title=Shoreham air crash victims unlawfully killed, coroner concludes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-64040265 |work=BBC News}}</ref>
* 26 July 2025 – A privately owned Hunter traveling from [[El Paso, Texas]], to [[Oxnard, California]], passed within two miles ahead of and within a few hundred feet of altitude of [[Southwest Airlines]] Flight 1496, a [[Boeing 737]], causing the passenger jet to climb and descend suddenly and in rapid succession. Southwest 1496 had just left [[Hollywood Burbank Airport]] on a flight to [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], when its [[TCAS]] alarm sounded and the flight crew descended 475 feet, then climbed 600 feet, in about a minute, while the Hunter reacted by climbing about 100 feet in a few seconds. There were no injuries among the passengers, but two flight attendants were treated for injuries. The passenger jet did not declare an emergency and arrived safely in Las Vegas ahead of schedule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/25/us/southwest-fighter-jet-close-call|title=Southwest Airlines jet dives as a fighter jet crosses its path near Los Angeles|access-date=26 July 2025|date=26 July 2025|publisher=CNN}}</ref>

==Specifications (Hunter F.6)==
{{External media
|topic=
|width=
|float=right
|image1=[https://www.flickr.com/photos/flightglobal/15028379744/in/photolist-oU1nHA Cutaway diagram of a Hunter F6], from [[Flight International]]'s flickr page.
}}
[[File:Hawker Hunter 3-view line drawing.svg|thumb|3-view drawing of Hawker Hunter]]
[[File:Hawker Hunter G-10 gun camera port.JPG|thumb|Mounted above the Hunter's nose (ex-RAF XF458) is the G-10 [[gun camera]] port. Note also the two Sidewinder missiles under the starboard wing, a total of four could be carried by the Singaporean FGA/FR.74S variant.<ref name="AFM67"/>]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=The Complete Book of Fighters,<ref name=Green>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=William |title=The Complete Book of Fighters |year=1994 |publisher=Salamander |location=London |isbn=1-85833-777-1 |last2=Swanborough |first2=Gordon |pages=291–293}}</ref> The Great Book of Fighters<ref name=Green2>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=William |title=The Great Book of Fighters |year=2001 |publisher=MBI Publishing |isbn=978-0-7603-1194-3 |first2=Gordon|last2=Swanborough}}</ref>
|prime units?=imp

|crew=1
|length ft=45
|length in=10.5
|length note=
|span ft=33
|span in=8
|span note=
|height ft=13
|height in=2
|height note=
|wing area sqft=349
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil=Hawker 8.5% symmetrical<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight lb=14122
|empty weight note=
|gross weight lb=17750
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight lb=24600
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Rolls-Royce Avon 207]]
|eng1 type=[[turbojet]] engine
|eng1 lbf=10145
|eng1 note=

|max speed mph=623
|max speed note=at {{cvt|36000|ft}}
:::{{cvt|715|mph|km/h kn}} at sea level
|max speed mach=0.94
|cruise speed mph=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed note=
|range miles=
|range note=
|combat range miles=385
|combat range note=
|ferry range miles=1900
|ferry range note=maximum external fuel
|endurance=
|ceiling ft=50000
|ceiling note=
|g limits=
|roll rate=
|climb rate ftmin=17200
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading lb/sqft=51.6
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|thrust/weight=0.56

|more performance=

|guns=4× [[30 mm caliber]] [[ADEN cannon]] in a removable gun pack with 150 rpg
|hardpoints=4 underwing (7 hardpoints on Singaporean FGA/FR.74S, essentially refurbished FGA.9 derived from F.6<ref name="AFM67"/>)
|hardpoint capacity={{convert|7400|lb|abbr=on}}
|hardpoint rockets= 
***4× Matra rocket pods (each with 18 × [[SNEB]] 68 mm (2.68 in) rockets) ''or''
***32× Hispano [[SNORA and SURA-D rockets|SURA R80 80 mm (3.15 in) rockets]]<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%201803.html "Hispano SURA R80 rockets."] ''Flight International''. 30 August 1962, p. 159.</ref>
|hardpoint missiles= 
*** 4× [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] [[Air-to-air missile]]s, mounted on Singaporean FGA/FR.74S<ref name="AFM67"/> (two on Swiss Mk 58<ref name="WoF20 p81-2"/><ref name="AIjul81 p26"/> Dutch F.6's and Swedish Mk 50<ref name = 'griffin 431'/>)
*** 4× [[AGM-65 Maverick]] [[Air-to-surface missile]]s, mounted on Singaporean FGA/FR.74S<ref name="AFM67"/> (two on Swiss Mk 58<ref name="WAPJ20 p141"/>)
|hardpoint bombs=a variety of unguided [[Gravity bomb|iron bomb]]s
|hardpoint other=2× {{Convert|100|impgal|lk=on}} [[drop tank]]s for extended range/loitering time
|avionics=
*[[EKCO|Ekco]] ARI 5820 ranging [[radar]]
}}

==Notable appearances in media==
{{Main|Aircraft in fiction#Hawker Hunter|l1 = Hawker Hunter in fiction}}



==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|related=
|similar aircraft=
*[[Dassault Mystère IV]]
*[[Fiat G.91]]
*[[Mikoyan MiG-17]]
*[[North American F-86 Sabre]]
*[[Saab 32 Lansen]]
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=Note}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* Anselmino, Federico. "Fliegertruppen". ''A&D Magazine'', Rome, June 1990, pp. 21–23.
* Arce, Luz. ''The Inferno: A Story of Terror and Survival in Chile''. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-299-19554-6}}.
* Bahl, Taru and M.H. Syed. ''Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World''. New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications Ltd., 2003. {{ISBN|81-261-1419-3}}.
* Beckett, Ian Frederick William and John Pimlott. [https://books.google.com/books?id=A4M9AAAAIAAJ ''Armed Forces & Modern Counter-Insurgency'']. London: Taylor & Francis, 1985. {{ISBN|0-7099-3236-7}}.
* Bradley, Paul. ''The Hawker Hunter: A Comprehensive Guide''. Bedford, UK: SAM Publications, 2009. {{ISBN|0-9551858-9-0}}.
* Braybrook, Roy. "Hunter... Thirty Years Young". ''Air International'', Vol. 21, No, 1, July 1981, pp. 20–29. Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll. {{ISSN|0306-5634}}.
* Chesneau, Roger. ''Hawker Hunter F Mk 6/T Mk7 - Aeroguide 9.'' Linewrites Ltd, 1985. {{ISBN|0-918805-08-2}}.
* Coggins, Edward V. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MG5wioBJyK0C ''Wings That Stay On'']. Nashville, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company, 2000. {{ISBN|1-56311-568-9}}.
* Condon, Peter D. ''Flying the Classic Learjet''. Peter D. Condon, 2007. {{ISBN|0-646-48135-5}}.
* Curtis, Michael. ''The Middle East Reader''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1986. {{ISBN|0-88738-101-4}}.
* Deacon, Ray. ''Hawker Hunter: 50 Golden Years''. Feltham, UK: Vogelsang Publications, 2001. {{ISBN|0-9540666-0-X}}.
* Donnet, Christophe. "A Farewell to Arms". ''World Air Power Journal''. Volume 20, Spring 1995, pp. 138–145. London: Aerospace Publishing. {{ISSN|0959-7050}}. {{ISBN|1-874023-49-2}}.
* Fowler, Will and Kevin Lyles. ''Britain's Secret War: The Indonesian Confrontation, 1962–66''. London: Osprey Publishing, 2006. {{ISBN|1-84603-048-X}}.
* Geiger, Till. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M75xrc2FbcEC ''Britain and the Economic Problem of the Cold War: The Political Economy and the Economic Impact of the British Defence Effort, 1945–1955'']. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7546-0287-7}}.
* Gupta, Anut. ''Building an Arsenal: The Evolution of Regional Power Force Structures''. Greenwood Publishing, 1997. {{ISBN|0-275-95787-X}}.
* Green, William and John Fricker. ''The Air Forces of the World: Their History, Development, and Present Strength''. London: Macdonald, 1958.
* Griffin, David J. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ih5Vcy2PZXQC ''Hawker Hunter 1951 to 2007'']. Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu Enterprises, 2006. {{ISBN|1-4303-0593-2}}.
* Hall, Alan W. ''Hawker Hunter'' (Warpaint Series No 8). Bedfordshire, UK: Hall Park Books, 1997. {{ISSN|1363-0369}}.
* Hannah, Donald. ''Hawker FlyPast Reference Library''. Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK: Key Publishing Ltd., 1982. {{ISBN|0-946219-01-X}}.
* "Hawker Hunter." ''Vliegend in Nederland 4'' (in Dutch). Eindhoven, Netherlands: Flash Aviation, 1990. {{ISBN|978-90-71553-09-7}}.
* Hirst, David. ''Beware of Small States: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East''. New York: Nation Books, 2010. {{ISBN|1-56858-422-9}}.
* Jackson, Paul A. ''Belgian Military Aviation 1945–1977''. Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland Counties Publications, 1977. {{ISBN|0-904597-06-7}}.
* Jackson, Robert. ''Hawker Hunter: The Operational Record, Volume 31''. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-87474-377-X}}.
* Jackson, Robert. ''Modern Combat Aircraft 15, Hawker Hunter''. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan, 1982. {{ISBN|0-7110-1216-4}}.
* James, Derek N. ''Hawker: Aircraft Album No. 5''. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1973 (First published in the UK by Ian Allan in 1972). {{ISBN|0-668-02699-5}}.
* Jeshurun, Chandran. ''The Growth of the Malaysian Armed Forces, 1963–1973''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1975.
* Kavic, Lorne J. ''India's Quest for Security: Defence Policies, 1947–1965''. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1967.
* Lake, Jon. "Hawker Hunter". ''Wings of Fame''. Volume 20, 2000. pp. 28–97. London: Aerospace Publishing. {{ISSN|1361-2034}}. {{ISBN|1-86184-053-5}}.
* Lake, Jon. "Last Bastion of the Hunter". ''[[Air International]]'', Vol. 80, No 3, March 2011, pp. 74–79. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. {{ISSN|0306-5634}}.
* Laming, Tim. [https://books.google.com/books?id=l11bTcW0OxMC ''Fight's On: Airborne with the Aggressors'']. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 1996. {{ISBN|0-7603-0260-X}}.
* Law, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8Chz2rM0HVIC&pg=PA167 ''Aircraft Stories: Decentering the Object in Technoscience'']. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-8223-2824-0}}.
* Lefebvre, Jeffery A. ''Arms for the Horn: U.S. Security Policy in Ethiopia and Somalia, 1953–1991''. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh, 1992. {{ISBN|0-8229-8533-0}}.
* Lombardi, Fiona. ''The Swiss Air Power: Wherefrom? Whereto?'' Hochschulverlag AG, 2007. {{ISBN|3-7281-3099-0}}.
* Martin, Stephen. ''The Economics of Offsets: Defence Procurement and Countertrade''. London: Routledge, 1996. {{ISBN|3-7186-5782-1}}.
* Mason, Francis K. ''The British Fighter since 1912''. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1992. {{ISBN|1-55750-082-7}}.
* Mason, Francis K. ''Hawker Aircraft since 1920.'' London: Putnam, 1991. {{ISBN|0-85177-839-9}}.
* Mason, Francis K. ''Hawker Hunter: Biography of a Thoroughbred''. Wellingborough, Northampton, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1985. {{ISBN|0-85059-784-6}}.
* McLelland, Tim. ''The Hawker Hunter''. Manchester, UK: Crécy Publishing Ltd., 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-85979-123-6}}.
* Mohan, P. V. S. Jagan and Samir Chopra. ''The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965''. New Delhi, India: Manohar, 2005. {{ISBN|81-7304-641-7}}.
* Nordeen, Lon O. ''Air Warfare in the Missile Age''. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1985. {{ISBN|978-0-87474-680-8}}.
* Petter-Bowyer, Peter J. H. [https://books.google.com/books?id=akwPLOZMZYIC&pg=PA52 ''Winds of Destruction: The Autobiography of a Rhodesian Combat Pilot'']. Johannesburg, South Africa: 30° South Publishers, 2005. {{ISBN|0-9584890-3-3}}.
* Phythian, Mark. ''The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964: To Secure Our Rightful Share''. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-7190-5907-0}}.
* Pike, Richard. ''The Hunter Boys''. UK: Grub Street Publishing, 2014. {{ISBN|978-1909808034}}
* Pollack, Kenneth Michael. ''Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991''. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-8032-3733-2}}.
* Phythian, Mark. [https://books.google.com/books?id=B4hwrv2zhtMC ''The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964'']. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7190-5907-0}}.
* Rolland, John C. ''Lebanon: Current Issues and Background''. New York: Nova Publishers, 2003. {{ISBN|1-59033-871-5}}.
* Scholey, Pete and Frederick Forsyth. ''Who Dares Wins: Special Forces Heroes of the SAS''. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2008. {{ISBN|1-84603-311-X}}.
* Senior, Tim. ''The Air Forces Book of the F/A-18 Hornet''. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2003. {{ISBN|0-946219-69-9}}.
* Smith, Chris Nicholas. ''India's Ad Hoc Arsenal: Direction Or Drift in Defence Policy?''. Oxford University Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-19-829168-X}}.
* Sieff, Martin. ''Shifting Superpowers: The New and Emerging Relationship Between the United States, China, and India''. Washington, D.C.: [[Cato Institute]], 2009. {{ISBN|1-935308-21-1}}.
* Skardon, C Philip. ''A Lesson for Our Times: How America Kept the Peace in the Hungary-Suez Crisis of 1956''. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse, 2010. {{ISBN|1-4208-9102-2}}.
* Thomas, Andrew. ''Assegai Hunters''. ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'' 111, May/June 2004, pp. 74–79. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%200237.html "The Hunters Are Here"]. ''Flight International'', February 1955. pp. 237–243.
* Van Creveld, Martin. ''The Age of Airpower''. PublicAffairs, 2012. {{ISBN|1-61039-108-X}}.
* Winchester, Jim, ed. "Hawker Hunter". ''Military Aircraft of the Cold War'' (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. {{ISBN|1-84013-929-3}}.
* Wood, Derek. ''Project Cancelled''. Macdonald and Jane's Publishers, 1975. {{ISBN|0-356-08109-5}}.

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fradu-hunters.co.uk/ The FRADU Hunters web-site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922212318/http://www.fradu-hunters.co.uk/ |date=22 September 2017 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100408111657/http://www.spyflight.co.uk/fr10.htm Article on Gütersloh Hunters]
* [http://www.warbirdalley.com/hunter.htm Warbird Alley's Hunter information page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081231200450/http://www.wingweb.co.uk/aircraft/Hawker_Hunter_development.html Hawker Hunter development]
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1958/1958%20-%200617.html "Hunter F.6"] a 1958 ''Flight'' article

{{Hawker Aircraft aircraft}}
{{British military aircraft since World War II}}
{{Swedish military aircraft designations}}
{{Authority control}}

{{good article}}

[[Category:1950s British fighter aircraft]]
[[Category:Hawker aircraft|Hunter]]
[[Category:Single-engined jet aircraft]]
[[Category:Cruciform tail aircraft]]
[[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1951]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]

Geoffrey Rothe Clarke

2026-03-26T00:30:05Z

AlvaJustice117: started the entry needs work - done

{{Short description|British civil servant in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

[[File:Geoffrey Rothe Clarke.jpg|thumb|Geoffrey Rothe Clarke in 1924]]
'''Sir Geoffrey Rothe Clarke''', CSI, OBE (1 July 1871 – 1 October 1950) was a senior civil servant in [[British India]] from 1903 to 1925, and thereafter a leading member of British industry until his death, including during [[World War II]].

== Early life ==
Geoffrey Rothe Clarke was born in Midnapore, Bengal, on 1 July 1871.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/|title=India Births and Baptisms|website=www.familysearch.org}}</ref> His father, George Richard Clarke of Waterford,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=16 July 1842|title='Notices'|journal=Waterford Chronicle}}</ref> Ireland, managed indigo plantations in West Bengal,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Geoffrey Rothe Clarke|journal=Thacker's Indian Directory|volume=1866-67}}</ref> while his schoolteacher mother, Margaret Elizabeth ''née'' Brunskill of Mountmellick, Ireland, a keen artist,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukauctioneers.com/auction_catalogue.cfm?M-E-CLARKE-BRITISH-19TH-CENTURY-VIEW-OF-THE-OLD-MACKINNON-S-BREWERY-MUSSOORIE-INDIA-DECEMBER-1888-SIGNED-ON-THE-REVERSE-M-E-CLARKE-WATERCOLOUR-31-X-43CM&itemID=20E9CB0FD7D62EF5DFE4FECEFF590BECEC2CA9C3&auction=21E8C306D4&showLots=50&sortBy=lotsort&lotView=list&imagesOnly=N|title=UK Auctioneers.com|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref> became headmistress of the Cainesville school at Mussoorie, India.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Geoffrey Rothe Clarke|journal=Thacker's Indian Directory|volume=1895-96}}</ref>

Clarke completed his secondary education at the Corrig School, Kingstown, Ireland, that was run by an uncle.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pine|first1=L. G.|title=Burkes' Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Ireland.|date=1958|publisher=Burke’s Peerage Ltd.|location=London|page=119}}</ref> At the age of 19, Clarke entered [[Trinity College Dublin]], commencing a four-year course in Classics and French on 10 October 1890.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Trinity College Dublin archives|journal=Trinity College Dublin Archives}}</ref>

Clarke was the third of five children; his older sister Letitia Marion Dallas (alias Miss Darragh) became a well-known stage actress in Dublin, Manchester and London,<ref>{{cite web|title=Miss Darragh|url=https://shakespeare.emory.edu/miss-darragh/|website=Shakespeare & the Players|date=31 July 2015 |access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref> while his younger brother Reginald joined the Indian Police in 1900, rising to become Chief Commissioner of Calcutta and receiving a knighthood in 1922. Geoffrey and Reginald were among the few civil servants of that time who reached the top of the Indian bureaucracy without an English public school education.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=21 July 1925|title='Ditchers Diary'|journal=Capital (Calcutta)}}</ref>

== Career in the Indian Civil Service ==
Clarke was accepted into the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) in 1895 after passing the ICS competitive entrance examination.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Who's Who|year=1948}}</ref> His first posting was to the Province of [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar and Orissa]] as a District Magistrate. In 1903, he was transferred on promotion to the Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department as Director General for the Punjab Province, followed by similar and higher grade posts in [[Madras]], [[Allahabad]], [[Simla]] and [[Calcutta]]. He became involved in the amalgamation and rapid expansion of India's post and telephone services.
[[File:First Official Airmail Flight by Humber-Sommer biplane - India 1911.jpg|thumb|First Official Airmail Flight by Humber-Sommer biplane India 1911]]

In February 1911, he authorised the world's first official aerial post, flying 6500 mail items five miles from [[Allahabad]] across the confluence of the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers to [[Naini, Prayagraj|Naini]] railway junction for onward transit. The aircraft was a biplane flown by the French pilot, [[Henri Pequet]]. The flight was one of a number of demonstrations given by the Humber Company at The United Provinces Exhibition. A surcharge of six Annas per item raised charitable funds in aid of Holy Trinity Church Allahabad constructing a hostel for Indian students.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2011|title=Stanley Gibbons Stamp Monthly|journal=Centenary of the World's First Official Post}}</ref> The Indian Post Office issued special stamps commemorating the event in 1961, 1986, and 2011.

Clarke was recalled to London in 1916 to serve under [[David Lloyd George]] in the [[Minister of Munitions|Ministry of Munitions]] in order to advise on overcoming the weapons supply crisis in Britain during World War I.<ref name=":0" /> He was sent on a special deputation to the United States and Canada to negotiate procurement contracts, and was made an [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] in 1918 for this service.<ref name=OBE/>

On return to India in March 1917, Clarke was appointed Postmaster General of Bengal and Assam.<ref name="AnAppreciation"/> A year later, he was promoted to Director General of Posts and Telegraphs for British India (including Aden, Burma and Ceylon) as well as a member of the Legislative Council of the [[Governor-General of India]].<ref name=":0" /> Over his seven-year tenure of the Post Office, he oversaw an increase in postal, telephone and telegraph traffic. By obtaining additional investment funding, wireless and telephone infrastructure were installed and usage, especially long distance, grew rapidly. For employees, no distinction of race was made in promotion or pay, such that by the end of his tenure, most higher appointments in the Post Office were held by Indian nationals, including his successor, GP Roy.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sir G. Clarke. Farewell Tribute to Telegraphist|journal=Englishman (India)|page=17 July 1925}}</ref>
[[File:GR Clarke International Postal Conference in Stockholm.jpg|thumb|Geoffrey Clarke (second left) with HK Raha and PW Mukerji, Indian delegates to the 1924 Stockholm International Postal Congress]]
Under his guidance, the Postal Department was the first government department in India to grant official recognition to the organisation of its workers in independent trade unions.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Sympathetic Chief. Farewell to Sir G. Clarke|journal=The Times of India|page=8 August 1925}}</ref> By 1925, the All India Postal Staff union had 70,000 members, and its elected President for that year, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], played a key role in the enactment of the Trade Union Act of 1926, whereby the trade union movement of the subcontinent, for the first time, acquired legal cover for unionising unorganised workers.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Proud for the TU movement of Pakistan, Father of the Nation Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah as Trade Union Leader|url=http://pwf.org.pk/quid_tu_leader.htm|website=Pakistan Workers Federation|access-date=23 February 2014|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150719/http://pwf.org.pk/quid_tu_leader.htm|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>

Clarke represented the Government of India at the International Postal Congresses held in [[Madrid]] (1920),<ref name="AnAppreciation">{{cite journal|title=Sir Geoffrey Clarke. An Appreciation|journal=The Pioneer Mail (India)|date=7 August 1925}}</ref> [[Stockholm]] (1924),<ref name="AnAppreciation"/> and [[Paris]] (1925). At Stockholm he defeated a resolution to deprive India of its separate vote as a member of the International Postal Union. He was knighted in 1925.<ref name=":0"/>

== Career in British Industry and during World War II ==
After retirement from Imperial Service in 1926, Clarke became a director on the boards of [[P&O (company)|P&O]], [[British-India Steam Navigation Company]] and the Anglo-Iranian oil companies, and in 1934 became chairman of The Calcutta Tramways Company.<ref>{{cite journal|title='News of the Day'|journal=The Age (Australia)|date=11 January 1939|page=7}}</ref>

On 1 January 1926, Clarke was employed by the [[Enderby's Wharf|Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company]] (Telcon) as joint managing director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Telegraph_Construction_and_Maintenance_Co|title=Grace's Guide to British Industrial History}}</ref> Although the firm had just received a large order to manufacture and lay a new 3500 nautical mile telegraph cable under the Pacific Ocean, its future was challenged by competition from short-wave radio and the economic depression of the early 1930s. In 1932, he was appointed sole Managing Director, reorganising and concentrating production facilities. Commercial prospects for the company improved when the product base was broadened to include the manufacture of power cables, high frequency cables and magnetic alloys. Clarke was largely responsible for the decision in 1935 to lay the first [[transatlantic telephone cable]]. In the same year, the Company's submarine interests were amalgamated with Siemens Brothers on an equal basis by the formation of Submarine Cables Ltd.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Grace's Guide to British Industrial History}}</ref>

As president of the Association of British Chambers of Commerce from 1936, Clarke made an analysis of the effect of the newly started rearmament program on the structure of British Industry. In 1938, he became a member of the Commonwealth Economic Committee, and of Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]]'s Advisory Panel of Industrialists on Rearmament.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary. Sir Geoffrey Clarke|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=13 October 1950|page=5}}</ref> None of the members received payment for their services, but they caused considerable interest from the Americans who anticipated large contracts.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Orlando Morning Sentinel|date=9 January 1939}}</ref> Clarke was deputy chairman (1929–1931), chairman (1931–1934),<ref>{{cite journal|title=Imperial Air Mail Services|journal=Flight|date=21 June 1934|page=607}}</ref> and president of the [[London Chamber of Commerce & Industry|London Chamber of Commerce]] (1940–1943). He was President of the Associated Chambers of Commerce of Great Britain (1936–1939) and a member of The Council of Foreign Bondholders.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:A_section_of_Pluto_pipe_successively_stripped_away.jpg|thumb|A section of Pluto pipe successively stripped away to reveal the series of layers]]
[[File:A ‘Conundrum’ being prepared for winding pipe.jpg|thumb|A ‘Conundrum’ being prepared for winding pipe]]

With his background knowledge of underwater cabling manufacture, Clarke become a member of a British government committee charged with solving the problem of supplying the advancing Allied forces with petrol, while avoiding enemy attack and adverse weather. The answer was the [[Operation Pluto]] project, initiated by [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]] in 1942. In great secrecy, the committee coordinated the design and manufacture of several hundred miles of flexible pressure resistant piping, through which petrol could be pumped and transported across the English Channel. The pipes were wound in enormous coils called "Conundrums" after their shape, and laid by specially adapted ships. Between August 1944 and May 1945, over 172 million gallons of petrol were delivered to allied forces in France through the PLUTO pipes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Operation Pluto|url=https://d-dayrevisited.co.uk/d-day-history/planning-and-preparation/operation-pluto/}}</ref>

Clarke, who rarely took holidays, retired from his business activities and other interests when forced to do by ill health shortly before his death.<ref>Comment by Michael John Clarke, grandson to Geoffrey Rothe Clarke, November 2017</ref>

== Personal life ==
Clarke married Hilda Geraldine Seymour on 3 February 1899 at St Peter's Church, Fort William, Calcutta. She was the eldest daughter of Colonel Dr. Charles Seymour of the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]]. They outlived three of their five children, and three of their nine grandchildren.

As passengers on [[BOAC Flight 777]], Clarke's only daughter Rotha (Hutcheon) and her two young daughters were killed by enemy action over the [[Bay of Biscay]] on 1 June 1943. Other passengers included the actor ''[[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&context=fac_pm|title=Digital Commons @ Georgia Law}}</ref> Clarke subsequently commissioned a stained glass window at St. Michael's church, [[Llan Ffestiniog]], Wales, to remember the women and children killed during World War II.
[[File:Ffestiniogwindow.jpg|thumb|Detail of memorial window commissioned by Geoffrey Rothe Clarke in 1944 for St Michael's church, Llan Ffestiniog, to commemorate the civilian casualties of World War 2. The window erroneously depicts a De Havilland DH.95 Flamingo, rather than the DC3 of Flight 777]]

Clarke died of cancer on 1 October 1950 at his home in [[Hove]], Sussex, UK, aged 79. A memorial service was held at [[St Mary le Strand]]. His widow, Hilda, died on 24 June 1966, also in Hove.

=== Awards and honours ===
* 1918 Officer of the British Empire<ref name=OBE>{{London Gazette|issue=30460 |date=4 January 1918 |page=376|supp=y}}</ref>
* 1921 Companion of the [[Order of the Star of India|Star of India]]<ref name="AnAppreciation"/>
* 1923 Serbian [[Order of St. Sava]]<ref name="AnAppreciation"/>
* 1925 [[Knight Bachelor]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33020 |date=13 February 1925 |page=1070}}</ref>

== Publications ==
* ''The Outcasts, Being a Brief History of the Maghaya Doms'' Thacker, Spink & Co 1903
* ''The Post Office of India and its Story'' The Bodley Head 1923

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clarke, Geoffrey Rothe}}
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:People from Midnapore]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College Dublin]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Sava]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in England]]

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

2026-03-25T23:45:19Z

AlvaJustice117:

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
| long_title =
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1612 Act No. 6 of 1974]
| territorial_extent = The whole of India
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 23 March 1974
| status = in force
}}

The '''Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=CPCB {{!}} Central Pollution Control Board |url=https://cpcb.nic.in/water-pollution/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250814120919/https://cpcb.nic.in/water-pollution/ |archive-date=2025-08-14 |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=cpcb.nic.in |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Act of parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] enacted to prevent and control [[Water pollution in India|water pollution]] across the country.The law provides for the establishment of Central and State Pollution Control Boards to regulate and monitor water quality. It was one of the earliest legislative efforts by the [[Government of India]] to address [[Natural environment|environmental]] pollution.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/15429/1/the_water_(prevention_and_control_of_pollution)_act,_1974.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240524111134/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/15429/1/the_water_(prevention_and_control_of_pollution)_act,_1974.pdf |archive-date=2024-05-24 |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974 |url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ind2085.pdf |website=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 {{!}} PDF {{!}} Sewage {{!}} Air Pollution |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/118031475/WATER-PREVENTION-AND-CONTROL-OF-POLLUTION-ACT-1974 |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Act was introduced in response to increasing pollution of rivers, lakes, and groundwater caused by industrial effluents, sewage, and agricultural runoff. It aimed to create a uniform legal framework across India for controlling water pollution.

* '''Section 3 & 4:''' Establishment of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs).
* '''Section 17:''' Powers and functions of SPCBs, including inspection, sampling, and enforcement.
* '''Section 24:''' Prohibits the disposal of polluting matter into water bodies without prior consent.
* '''Section 25 & 26:''' Requires industries and operations to obtain consent before discharging sewage or trade effluents.
* '''Section 33:''' Provides Boards with the authority to issue directions, including closure or regulation of industries.
* '''Sections 41–45:''' Provide penalties for non-compliance, obstruction, and environmental damage.

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Water pollution in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1974]]

{{India-law-stub}}

Mary Pat Fisher

2026-03-25T18:18:56Z

AlvaJustice117:

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Mary Pat Fisher''' is an author, her books include the inspirational book ''Heart of Gold: The Light Within Life'' and the textbook ''Living religions: an encyclopedia of the world's faiths''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BN&p_theme=bn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB195EDCACF79D1&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=HIGH PRIESTESS AMONG HOST OF PARTICIPANTS AT INTERFAITH FORUM|date=May 18, 1991|newspaper=[[The Buffalo News]]|access-date=26 January 2010}}</ref>

==Qualifications==
Lives in the [[Gobind Sadan]], an interfaith community in India, founded by Baba Virsa Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://storiesfromparadise.org/|title=Stories From Paradise - Gobind Sadan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/product/Living-Religions-9E/9780205956401.page|title = Living Religions}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Mary Pat|title=Heart of Gold: The Light Within Life|location=Storrs, Conn.|publisher=Fenton Valley Press|date=1985|isbn=978-0961514952}}
*{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Mary Pat|title=Everyday Miracles in the House of God: Stories from Gobind Sadan India|url=https://archive.org/details/everydaymiracles0000fish|url-access=registration|publisher=Gobind Sadan Pubns|location=New Delhi|date=1992|isbn=978-0963329004}}
*{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Mary Pat|title=Living religions: an encyclopedia of the world's faiths|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London|date=1997|isbn=978-1-86064-148-0|oclc=41293467|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytOHbLdtSY4C&q=%22Mary%20Pat%20Fisher%22&pg=PP1}}
*{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Mary Pat|title=An anthology of living religions|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, N.J.|date=2000|isbn=978-0-13-015657-0|oclc=43083659|url=https://archive.org/details/anthologyoflivin00mary}}
*{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Mary Pat|title=Women in religion|publisher=Pearson Longman|location=NY|date=2007|isbn=978-0-321-19481-7|oclc=56482413|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninreligion00fish}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fisher, Mary Pat}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Religious writers]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

St. Xavier's College Jaipur

2026-03-24T10:01:36Z

AlvaJustice117: starting first article from scratch.

{{Short description|Jesuit college in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = St Xavier's College Jaipur
| image_name = Sxcjpr.png

| image_size =
| image_alt = Image of the campus
| caption =
| motto = '''''Competence, Character, Compassion''''', meaning ''Developing competencies, Building character, Creating compassion''
| mottoeng =
| established = July 2010
| academic_affiliation = [[University of Rajasthan]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Jesuit]] ([[Catholic]])
| principal = Rev Dr (Fr) Arokya Swamy SJ
| undergrad = 2000
| postgrad =
| city = [[Jaipur]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|26|48|18.38|N|75|40|37.19|E|display=title,inline|region:IN_type:edu}}
| campus_type = rural
| campus_size = 30 Acres
| type = [[Private university|Private, Self-financed]]
| logo = XavJaipur.png
| logo_size = 150px
| website = {{URL|https://sxcjpr.edu.in/}}
}}

'''St. Xavier's College Jaipur''', is a [[Jesuit]] college in the city of [[Jaipur]] in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It was established in 2010, and is a [[co-educational]], self-financed [[Catholic]] minority institution, affiliated to the [[University of Rajasthan]].{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} It offers [[undergraduate]] courses in [[arts]], [[science]], [[management]], [[computers]] and [[commerce]]. The college also offers Master of Arts in English and Economics and Master of Commerce in EAFM and HRM.

==History==

St. Xavier's College was founded in July 2010 in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Now-a-St-Xaviers-College-in-Jaipur/articleshow/5681023.cms|title=Now, a St Xavier's College in Jaipur|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2021-06-25|first=Rachna|last=Singh|date=14 March 2010}}</ref> The [[Jesuits]] first came to [[Jaipur]] in 1729 at the invitation of Maharaja Sawai [[Jai Singh II]] in order to help in setting up an astronomical observatory.<ref>[http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af6_345.pdf DLI.]</ref><ref>[Lettrs Edificantes et Curieusus, Tome Deuxieme, Paris, 1843: pp. 772-778]</ref>

==See also==
{{stack}}
* [[List of Jesuit educational institutions|List of Jesuit Educational Institutions]]
* [[List of Jesuit sites|List of Jesuit Sites]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Jesuit Colleges in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Xavier's College, Jaipur}}
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Commerce colleges in India]]
[[Category:Arts colleges in India]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in India]]

{{Rajasthan-university-stub}}
{{Catholic-university-stub}}

Ganesha

2026-03-18T21:51:59Z

AlvaJustice117: formatting fix

{{Short description|Hindu god of new beginnings, wisdom and luck}}
{{Redirect-multi|3|Vinayaka|Ganapati|Lambodara||Vinayaka (disambiguation)|and|Ganapati (disambiguation)|and|Lambodara (film)|and|Ganesha (disambiguation)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Ganesha
| gender = Male
| father = [[Shiva]]
| mother = [[Parvati]]
| siblings = [[Kartikeya]] (brother) [[Ashokasundari]] (sister)
| consort = [[Consorts of Ganesha#Buddhi (Wisdom)|Buddhi]], [[Riddhi]] and [[Siddhi]] or [[brahmacharya|celibate]] in some traditions
| deity_of = god of New Beginnings, Wisdom and Luck; Remover of Obstacles{{Sfn|Heras|1972|p=58}}{{Sfn|Getty|1936|p= 5}} 
[[Parabrahman| The Supreme Being]] ([[Ganapatya]])
| image = Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg
| caption = [[Basohli]] miniature, c. 1730. [[National Museum, New Delhi]]<ref>"Ganesha getting ready to throw his lotus. Basohli miniature, circa 1730. National Museum, New Delhi. In the {{IAST|Mudgalapurāṇa}} (VII, 70), in order to kill the demon of egotism ({{IAST|Mamāsura}}) who had attacked him, {{IAST|Gaṇeśa Vighnarāja}} throws his lotus at him. Unable to bear the fragrance of the divine flower, the demon surrenders to {{IAST|Gaṇeśha}}." For quotation of description of the work, see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1997|p=73}}.</ref>
| alt = Attired in an orange dhoti, a four-armed elephant-headed man sits on a large lotus. His body is red in colour and he wears various golden necklaces and bracelets and a snake around his neck. On the three points of his crown, budding lotuses have been fixed. He holds in his two right hands the rosary (lower hand) and a cup filled with three modakas (round yellow sweets), a fourth modaka held by the curving trunk is just about to be tasted. In his two left hands, he holds a lotus in the upper hand and an axe in the lower one, with its handle leaning against his shoulder.
| day = [[Tuesday]] or [[Wednesday]], [[Sankashti Chaturthi]]
| affiliation =
| mantra = {{IAST|Oṃ Śrī Gaṇeśāya Namaḥ Oṃ Gaṃ Gaṇapataye Namaḥ}}
| abode = [[Kailasha]] (with parents)
| weapon = {{hlist|[[Parashu|{{IAST|Paraśu}} (axe)]]|[[Pasha (Hinduism)|{{IAST|pāśa}}]]|[[Elephant goad|{{IAST|aṅkuśa}} (elephant goad)]]}}
| mount = [[Mouse]]
| symbols = {{hlist|[]]|[[Om]]|[[Modak]]}}
| festivals = {{hlist|[[Ganesh Chaturthi]]|[[Ganesh Jayanti]]}}
| texts = {{hlist|''[[Ganesha Purana]]''|''[[Mudgala Purana]]''|''[[Ganapati Atharvashirsa]]''}}
| equivalent1_type = Japanese Buddhist
| equivalent1 = [[Kangiten]]
| children = Shubha/Ksema and Labha (Sons)
| temple = [[Ashtavinayaka|Ashtavinayaka Temples, Maharashtra]]
}}
'''Ganesha''' or '''Ganesh''' ({{langx|sa|गणेश}}, {{IAST3|Gaṇeśa}}, {{IPA|sa|ɡɐˈɳeːɕɐ|IPA}}), also known as '''Ganapati''', '''Vinayaka''' and '''Pillaiyar''', is one of the best-known and most revered and worshipped [[Deva (Hinduism)|deities]] in the [[Hindu deities|Hindu pantheon]]{{Sfn|Ramachandra Rao|1992|p=6}} and is the Supreme god in the [[Ganapatya]] sect.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ganesha, most popular deity|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/189334/ganesha-most-popular-deity.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905005655/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/189334/ganesha-most-popular-deity.html|archive-date=September 5, 2025}}</ref> His depictions are found throughout [[India]].<ref>{{Spaces|5}}
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=1}} "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} is often said to be the most worshipped god in India."
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Getty|1936|p=1}} "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}, Lord of the {{IAST|Gaṇas}}, although among the latest deities to be admitted to the Brahmanic pantheon, was, and still is, the most universally adored of all the Hindu gods and his image is found in practically every part of India."</ref> [[Hindu denominations]] worship him regardless of affiliations.<ref>{{Spaces|5}}
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ramachandra Rao|1992|p=1}}
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1997|p=1}}
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=1}}</ref> Ganesha also holds the Title of "Pratham Pujya" (the god to be worshipped initially before the worship of any other Deity). Devotion to Ganesha is widely diffused and extends [[Ganesha in world religions|to Jains and Buddhists]] and beyond India.<ref>{{Spaces|5}}
*Chapter XVII, "The Travels Abroad", in: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|pp=175–187}}. For a review of Ganesha's geographic spread and popularity outside of India.
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Getty|1936|pp=37–38}}, For discussion of the spread of Ganesha worship to Nepal, [[Xinjiang|Chinese Turkestan]], Tibet, Burma, Siam, [[Indochina|Indo-China]], Java, Bali, Borneo, China, and Japan
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1997|pp=311–320}}
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997|p=13}}
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Apte|1965|pp=2–3}}</ref>

Although Ganesha has many attributes, he is readily identified by his [[Asiatic Elephant|elephant]] head and four arms.<ref>Martin-Dubost, p. 2.</ref> He is widely revered, more specifically, as the remover of obstacles and bringer of good luck;<ref>For Ganesha's role as an eliminator of obstacles, see commentary on {{IAST|Gaṇapati Upaniṣad}}, verse 12 in {{Harvnb|Saraswati|2004|p=80}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= India - Mahabharata. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar Abroad 1994 (India) |first1=Carole|last1=DeVito|first2=Pasquale|last2=DeVito|publisher=United States Educational Foundation in India|year=1994|page=4}}</ref> the patron of [[The arts|arts]] and [[science]]s; and the [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]] of logic, intellect, and wisdom.<ref>{{Harvnb|Heras|1972|p=58}}</ref> As the god of beginnings, he is honoured at the start of rites and ceremonies. Ganesha is also invoked during writing sessions as a patron of letters and learning.{{Sfn|Getty|1936|p= 5}}<ref name = "Vignesha">''Vigna'' means "obstacles", while ''Nasha'' means "destroy". These ideas are so common that Courtright uses them in the title of his book, ''Ganesha: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings''.</ref> Several texts relate [[Mythological anecdotes of Ganesha|anecdotes]] associated with his birth and exploits.

Ganesha is mentioned in Hindu texts between the 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE, and a few Ganesha images from the 4th and 5th centuries CE have been documented by scholars.<ref>Narain, A.K. "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}: The Idea and the Icon" in {{Harvnb|Brown|1991|p=27}}</ref> Hindu texts identify him as the son of [[Parvati]] and [[Shiva]] of the [[Shaivism]] tradition, but he is a pan-Hindu god found in its various traditions.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin D.|first=Flood|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0521438780|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/14 14]–18, 110–113|author-link=Gavin Flood|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Vasudha|first=Narayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0Mm6S1XFYAC|title=Hinduism|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2009|isbn=978-1435856202|pages=30–31|author-link=Vasudha Narayanan}}</ref> In the ''Ganapatya'' tradition of Hinduism, Ganesha is the Supreme Being.<ref>For history of the development of the ''{{IAST|gāṇapatya}}'' and their relationship to the wide geographic dispersion of Ganesha worship, see: Chapter 6, "The {{IAST|Gāṇapatyas}}" in: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997|pp=176–213}}.</ref> Ganesha is also considered as the incarnation of "Mahaganapati"(Superior form of Ganesha). The principal texts on Ganesha include the ''[[Ganesha Purana]]'', the ''[[Mudgala Purana]]'', and the ''[[Ganapati Atharvaśīrṣa|Ganapati Atharvasirsha]]''
Swati Gupta

==Etymology and other names==
{{main|108 Names of Ganesh}}
[[File:700 CE Kalinga style Ganesha with mouse below, Someshwara Temple, Mukhalingam, Andhra Pradesh - 110.jpg|thumb|700-CE Kalinga-style Ganesha with [[shrew]] below, Someshwara Temple, [[Mukhalingam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]

Ganesha has been ascribed many other titles and epithets, including ''Ganapati'' (''Ganpati''), ''Vighneshvara'', and ''Pillaiyar''. The Hindu title of respect ''[[Shri]]'' ({{langx|sa|श्री}}; [[IAST]]: ''{{IAST|śrī}}''; also spelled ''Sri'' or ''Shree'') is often added before his name.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 April 2019|title=Lord Ganesha – Symbolic description of Lord Ganesha {{!}} – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/rituals-puja/symbolic-description-of-lord-ganesha/articleshow/68207007.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115155341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/rituals-puja/symbolic-description-of-lord-ganesha/articleshow/68207007.cms|archive-date=15 November 2020|access-date=4 November 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

The name ''Ganesha'' is a Sanskrit compound, joining the words ''[[gana]]'' ({{IAST|gaṇa}}), meaning a 'group, multitude, or categorical system' and ''isha'' ({{IAST|īśa}}), meaning 'lord or master'.<ref>* Narain, A. K. "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}: A Protohistory of the Idea and the Icon". {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|pp=21–22}}.
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Apte|1965|p=395}}.</ref> The word ''gaṇa'' when associated with Ganesha is often taken to refer to the gaṇas, a troop of semi-divine beings that form part of the retinue of [[Shiva]], Ganesha's father.<ref>For the derivation of the name and relationship with the {{IAST|gaṇas}}, see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965|p=2}}</ref> The term more generally means a category, class, community, association, or corporation.{{Sfn|Apte|1965|p= 395}} Some commentators interpret the name "Lord of the {{IAST|Gaṇas}}" to mean "Lord of Hosts" or "Lord of created categories", such as the elements.<ref>The word ''gaṇa'' is interpreted in this metaphysical sense by Bhāskararāya in his commentary on the {{IAST|gaṇeśasahasranāma}}. See in particular commentary on verse 6 including names {{IAST|Gaṇeśvaraḥ}} and {{IAST|Gaṇakrīḍaḥ}} in: {{Harvnb|Śāstri Khiste|1991|pp=7–8}}.</ref> ''Ganapati'' ({{lang|sa|गणपति}}; {{IAST|gaṇapati}}), a synonym for ''Ganesha'', is a compound composed of ''{{IAST|gaṇa}}'', meaning "group", and ''{{IAST|pati}}'', meaning "ruler" or "lord".{{Sfn|Apte|1965|p= 395}} Though the earliest mention of the word ''Ganapati'' is found in [[hymn]] 2.23.1 of the 2nd-millennium BCE ''[[Rigveda]]'', it is uncertain that the Vedic term referred specifically to Ganesha.{{Sfn|Grimes|1995|pp=17–19, 201}}<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_२.२३ Rigveda Mandala 2] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001602/https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6:_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A8.%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9|date=2 February 2017}}, Hymn 2.23.1, Wikisource, Quote: गणानां त्वा '''गणपतिं''' हवामहे कविं कवीनामुपमश्रवस्तमम् । ज्येष्ठराजं ब्रह्मणां ब्रह्मणस्पत आ नः शृण्वन्नूतिभिः सीद सादनम् ॥१॥; For translation, see {{Harvard citation no brackets|Grimes|1995|pp=17–19}}</ref> The ''[[Amarakosha]]'',<ref>
* {{Harvnb|Oka|1913|p=8}} for source text of {{IAST|Amarakośa}} 1.38 as {{IAST|vināyako vighnarājadvaimāturagaṇādhipāḥ – apyekadantaherambalambodaragajānanāḥ}}.
* {{Harvnb|Śāstri|1978}} for text of ''{{IAST|Amarakośa}}'' versified as 1.1.38.</ref> an early Sanskrit lexicon, lists eight synonyms of ''Ganesha'': ''Vinayaka'', ''{{IAST|Vighnarāja}}'' (equivalent to ''Vighnesha''), ''{{IAST|Dvaimātura}}'' (one who has two mothers),<ref>Y. Krishan, ''{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}: Unravelling an Enigma'', 1999, p. 6): "Pārvati who created an image of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} out of her bodily impurities but which became endowed with life after immersion in the [[sacred waters]] of the Gangā. Therefore he is said to have two mothers—Pārvati and Gangā and hence called dvaimātura and also Gāngeya."</ref> ''{{IAST|Gaṇādhipa}}'' (equivalent to ''Ganapati'' and ''Ganesha''), ''Ekadanta'' (one who has one tusk), ''[[Heramba]]'', ''Lambodara'' (one who has a pot belly, or, literally, one who has a hanging belly), and ''Gajanana'' (''{{IAST|gajānana}}''), having the face of an [[elephant]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1999|p=6}}</ref>

''Vinayaka'' ({{lang|sa|विनायक}}; ''{{IAST|vināyaka}}'') or ''Binayaka'' is a common name for Ganesha that appears in the {{IAST|Purāṇa}}s and in Buddhist Tantras.<ref name="Thapan">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997|p=20}}</ref> This name is reflected in the naming of the eight famous Ganesha temples in [[Maharashtra]] known as the ''[[Ashtavinayak]]'' ({{langx|mr|अष्टविनायक}}, {{IAST|aṣṭavināyaka}}).<ref>For the history of the ''{{IAST|aṣṭavināyaka}}'' sites and a description of pilgrimage practices related to them, see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Mate|1962|pp=1–25}}</ref> The names ''Vighnesha'' ({{lang|sa|विघ्नेश}}; ''{{IAST|vighneśa}}'') and ''Vighneshvara'' ({{lang|sa|विघ्नेश्वर}}; ''{{IAST|vighneśvara}}'') (Lord of Obstacles)<ref name="Vighnesha">These ideas are so common that Courtright uses them in the title of his book, ''Ganesha: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings''. For the name ''Vighnesha'', see: {{Harvnb|Courtright|1985|pp= 156, 213}}</ref> refers to his primary function in Hinduism as the master and remover of obstacles (''{{IAST|vighna}}'').<ref name="Krishanvii">For Krishan's views on Ganesha's dual nature see his quote: "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} has a dual nature; as Vināyaka, as a ''{{IAST|grāmadevatā}}'', he is ''{{IAST|vighnakartā}}'', and as {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} he is ''{{IAST|vighnahartā}}'', a ''{{IAST|paurāṇic devatā}}''." ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1999|p=viii}})</ref>

A prominent name for Ganesha in the [[Tamil language]] is ''Pillai'' ({{langx|ta|பிள்ளை}}) or ''Pillaiyar'' ({{lang|ta|பிள்ளையார்}}).<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965|p=367}}.</ref> A. K. Narain differentiates these terms by saying that ''pillai'' means a "child" while ''pillaiyar'' means a "noble child". He adds that the words ''pallu'', ''pella'', and ''pell'' in the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian family of languages]] signify "tooth or tusk", also "[[elephant]] tooth or tusk".<ref>Narain, A. K. "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}: The Idea and the Icon".{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=25}}</ref> Anita Raina Thapan notes that the [[Root (linguistics)|root word]] ''pille'' in the name ''Pillaiyar'' might have originally meant "the young of the elephant", because the [[Pali]] word ''pillaka'' means "a young elephant".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997|p=62}}</ref>

In the [[Burmese language]], Ganesha is known as ''Maha Peinne'' ({{lang|my|မဟာပိန္နဲ}}, {{IPA|my|məhà pèiɰ̃né|pron}}), derived from [[Pali]] {{IAST|Mahā Wināyaka}} ({{lang|my|မဟာဝိနာယက}}).<ref>{{Citation |title=Myanmar-English Dictionary |year=1993 |publisher=Dunwoody Press |location=Yangon |isbn=978-1881265474 |url=http://sealang.net/burmese/dictionary.htm |access-date=20 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210001846/http://www.sealang.net/burmese/dictionary.htm |archive-date=10 February 2010 }}</ref> The widespread name of Ganesha in [[Thailand]] is Khanet (can be transliterated as Ganet), or the more official title of ''Phra Phi Khanet''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Justin Thomas McDaniel|title=The Lovelorn Ghost and the Magical Monk: Practicing Buddhism in Modern Thailand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMWrAgAAQBAJ |year=2013 | publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231153775|pages=156–157}}</ref> The earliest images and mention lists Ganesha as a major deity in present-day Indonesia,<ref>{{citation|jstor=3351212|title=A Note on the Recently Discovered Gaṇeśa Image from Palembang, Sumatra|journal=Indonesia|volume=43|issue=43|pages=95–100|last1=Brown|first1=Robert L.|year=1987|doi=10.2307/3351212|hdl=1813/53865|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam dating to the 7th and 8th centuries,{{Sfn|Brown|1991|pp=176, 182, Note: some scholars suggest adoption of Ganesha by the late 6th century CE, see p. 192 footnote 7}} and these mirror Indian examples of the 5th century or earlier.{{Sfn|Brown|1991|p=190}} In [[Sri Lanka]]n, among [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] Buddhists, he is known as ''Gana deviyo'', and revered along with [[Vishnu]], [[Kartikeya|Skanda]], [[Buddha]] and other deities.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Clifford Holt |title=Buddha in the Crown : Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aT3AMR8g1gEC|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195362466|pages=6, 100, 180–181}}</ref>

== Iconography ==
[[File:India ganesha.jpg|thumb|A 13th-century statue of Ganesha, [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]]-style, [[Karnataka]]]]

Ganesha is a popular figure in [[Indian art]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Metcalf|Metcalf|p=vii}}</ref> Unlike those of some deities, representations of Ganesha show wide variations and distinct patterns changing over time.<ref>* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965}}, for a comprehensive review of iconography abundantly illustrated with pictures.
* Chapter X, "Development of the Iconography of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}", in: {{Harvnb|Krishan|1999|pp=87–100}}, for a survey of iconography with emphasis on developmental themes, well-illustrated with plates.
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Pal|1995}}, for a richly illustrated collection of studies on specific aspects of Ganesha with a focus on art and iconography.</ref> He may be portrayed standing, dancing, heroically taking action against demons, playing with his family as a boy, sitting down on an elevated seat, or engaging in a range of contemporary situations.

Ganesha images were prevalent in many parts of [[India]] by the 6th century.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=175}}</ref> The 13th century statue pictured is typical of Ganesha statuary from 900 to 1200, after Ganesha had been well-established as an independent deity with his own sect. This example features some of Ganesha's common iconographic elements. A virtually identical statue has been dated between 973 and 1200 by Paul Martin-Dubost,<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1997}}, p. 213. In the upper right corner, the statue is dated as (973–1200).</ref> and another similar statue is dated 12th century by Pratapaditya Pal.<ref>Pal, p. vi. The picture on this page depicts a stone statue in the [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art|Los Angeles County Museum]] of Art that is dated as c. 12th century. Pal shows an example of this form dated c. 13th century on p. viii.</ref> Ganesha has the head of an elephant and a big belly. This statue has four arms, which is common in depictions of Ganesha. He holds his own broken tusk in his lower-right hand and holds a delicacy, which he samples with his trunk, in his lower-left hand. The motif of Ganesha turning his trunk sharply to his left to taste a sweet in his lower-left hand is a particularly archaic feature.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=176}}</ref> A more primitive statue in one of the [[Ellora Caves]] with this general form has been dated to the 7th century.<ref>See photograph 2, "Large Ganesh", in: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Pal|1995|p=16}}</ref> Details of the other hands are difficult to make out on the statue shown. In the standard configuration, Ganesha typically holds an [[Parashu|axe]] or a [[Ankus|goad]] in one upper arm and a [[Pasha (Hinduism)|pasha]] ([[noose]]) in the other upper arm. In rare instances, he may be depicted with a human head.{{refn|group=note|For the human-headed form of Ganesha in:
* [[Adi Vinayaka]] temple near [[Koothanur|Koothanur, Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agasthiar.org/a/adinmv.htm|title=Adi Vinayaka - The Primordial Form of Ganesh.|website=agasthiar.org|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>
* [[Cambodia]], see {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=10}}
* [[Nandrudayan Vinayaka Temple]].<ref>{{cite news|date=10 October 2003|title=Vinayaka in unique form|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/10/10/stories/2003101001411200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150501000652/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/10/10/stories/2003101001411200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2015|access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref>
* [[Uthrapathiswaraswamy Temple]].<ref>Catlin, Amy; "Vātāpi Gaṇapatim": Sculptural, Poetic, and Musical Texts in the Hymn to Gaṇeśa" in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|pp=146, 150}}</ref>}}

The influence of this old constellation of iconographic elements can still be seen in contemporary representations of Ganesha. In one modern form, the only variation from these old elements is that the lower-right hand does not hold the broken tusk but is turned towards the viewer in a gesture of protection or fearlessness (Abhaya [[mudra]]).<ref>In:

* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965|pp=197–198}}
* photograph 9, "Ganesh images being taken for immersion", in: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Pal|1995|pp=22–23}}. For an example of a large image of this type being carried in a festival procession.
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Pal|1995|p=25}}, For two similar statues about to be immersed.</ref> The same combination of four arms and attributes occurs in statues of Ganesha dancing, which is a very popular theme.<ref>In:
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Pal|1995|pp=41–64}}. For many examples of Ganesha dancing.
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=183}} For the popularity of the dancing form.</ref>

=== Common attributes ===
{{for|thirty-two popular iconographic forms of Ganesha|Thirty-two forms of Ganesha}}

[[File:Ganesha Nurpur miniature circa 1810 Dubost p64.jpg|thumb|A typical four-armed form. Miniature of [[Nurpur State|Nurpur]] school (circa 1810)<ref>Four-armed {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}. Miniature of Nurpur school, circa 1810. Museum of Chandigarh. For this image see: Martin-Dubost (1997), p. 64, which describes it as follows: "On a terrace leaning against a thick white bolster, {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} is seated on a bed of pink lotus petals arranged on a low seat to the back of which is fixed a parasol. The elephant-faced god, with his body entirely red, is dressed in a yellow [[dhoti]] and a yellow scarf fringed with blue. Two white mice decorated with a pretty golden necklace salute {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} by joining their tiny feet together. {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} counts on his rosary in his lower right hand; his two upper hands brandish an axe and an elephant goad; his fourth hand holds the broken left tusk."</ref>]]

Ganesha has been represented with the head of an elephant since the early stages of his appearance in Indian art.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|p=77}}</ref> Puranic myths provide many explanations for how he got his elephant head.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=3}}</ref> One of his popular forms, ''[[Heramba|Heramba-Ganapati]]'', has five elephant heads, and other less-common variations in the number of heads are known.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|p=78}}</ref> While some texts say that Ganesha was born with an elephant head, he acquires the head later in most stories.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=76}}</ref> The most recurrent motif in these stories is that Ganesha was created by [[Parvati]] using clay to protect her and [[Shiva]] beheaded him when Ganesha came between Shiva and Parvati. Shiva then replaced Ganesha's original head with that of an elephant.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=77}}</ref> Details of the battle and where the replacement head came from vary from source to source.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|pp=77–78}}</ref> Another story says that Ganesha was created directly by Shiva's laughter. Because Shiva considered Ganesha too alluring, he gave him the head of an elephant and a protruding belly.<ref>For creation of Ganesha from Shiva's laughter and subsequent curse by Shiva, see ''Varaha Purana'' 23.17 as cited in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=77}}.</ref>

Ganesha's earliest name was ''Ekadanta'' (One Tusked), referring to his single whole tusk, the other being broken.{{Sfn|Getty|1936|p= 1}} Some of the earliest images of Ganesha show him holding his broken tusk.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Heras|1972|p=29}}</ref> The importance of this distinctive feature is reflected in the ''[[Mudgala Purana]]'', which states that the name of Ganesha's second [[incarnation]] is Ekadanta.<ref>Granoff, Phyllis. "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} as Metaphor". {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|pp=92–94}}</ref> Ganesha's protruding belly appears as a distinctive attribute in his earliest statuary, which dates to the Gupta period (4th to 6th centuries).<ref>"Ganesha in Indian Plastic Art" and ''Passim''. {{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|p=78}}</ref> This feature is so important that according to the ''Mudgala Purana'', two different incarnations of Ganesha use names based on it: ''Lambodara'' (Pot Belly, or, literally, Hanging Belly) and ''Mahodara'' (Great Belly).<ref>Granoff, Phyllis. "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} as Metaphor". {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=76}}</ref> Both names are Sanskrit compounds describing his belly (IAST: ''{{IAST|udara}}'').<ref>For translation of ''Udara'' as "belly" see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Apte|1965|p=268}}</ref> The ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' says that Ganesha has the name Lambodara because all the universes (i.e., [[World egg|cosmic eggs]]; IAST: ''{{IAST|brahmāṇḍas}}'') of the past, present, and future are present in him.<ref>
* ''Br. P.'' 2.3.42.34
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997|p=200}}, For a description of how a variant of this story is used in the ''Mudgala Purana'' 2.56.38–9</ref>

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The number of Ganesha's arms varies; his best-known forms have between two and sixteen arms.<ref>For an iconographic chart showing number of arms and attributes classified by source and named form, see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|pp=191–195}} Appendix I.</ref> Many depictions of Ganesha feature four arms, which is mentioned in Puranic sources and codified as a standard form in some iconographic texts.<ref>For history and prevalence of forms with various arms and the four-armed form as one of the standard types see: {{Harvnb|Krishan|1999|p=89}}.</ref> His earliest images had two arms.<ref>
* {{Harvnb|Krishan|1999|p=89}}, For two-armed forms as an earlier development than four-armed forms.
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=103}} Maruti Nandan Tiwari and Kamal Giri say in "Images of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} In Jainism" that the presence of only two arms on a Ganesha image points to an early date.</ref> Forms with 14 and 20 arms appeared in Central India during the 9th and the 10th centuries.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965|p=120}}.</ref> The serpent is a common feature in Ganesha iconography and appears in many forms.<ref>
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965|p=202}}, For an overview of snake images in Ganesha iconography.
* {{Harvnb|Krishan|1999|pp=50–53}}, For an overview of snake images in Ganesha iconography.</ref> According to the ''Ganesha Purana'', Ganesha wrapped the serpent [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]] around his neck.<ref>'''[[Ganesha Purana]]'''
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965|p=202}}. For the [[Ganesha Purana]] references for {{IAST|Vāsuki}} around the neck and use of a serpent-throne.
* {{Harvnb|Krishan|1999|pp=51–52}}. For the story of wrapping {{IAST|Vāsuki}} around the neck and {{IAST|Śeṣa}} around the belly and for the name in his sahasranama as {{IAST|Sarpagraiveyakāṅgādaḥ}} ("Who has a serpent around his neck"), which refers to this standard iconographic element.</ref> Other depictions of snakes include use as a sacred thread (IAST: ''{{IAST|yajñyopavīta}}'')<ref>* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965|p=202}}. For the text of a stone inscription dated 1470 identifying Ganesha's sacred thread as the serpent {{IAST|Śeṣa}}.
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|p=92}}. For the snake as a common type of ''{{IAST|yajñyopavīta}}'' for Ganesha.</ref> wrapped around the stomach as a belt, held in a hand, coiled at the ankles, or as a throne. Upon Ganesha's forehead may be a [[third eye]] or the sectarian mark (IAST: {{IAST|[[tilaka]]}}), which consists of three horizontal lines.<ref>* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|p=81}}. ''tilaka'' with three horizontal lines.
* the ''{{IAST|dhyānam}}'' in: Sharma (1993 edition of ''Ganesha Purana'') I.46.1. For Ganesa visualized as ''{{IAST|trinetraṁ}}'' (having three eyes).</ref> The ''Ganesha Purana'' prescribes a ''tilaka'' mark as well as a crescent moon on the forehead.<ref>* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|p=81}}. For a citation to ''Ganesha Purana'' I.14.21–25 and For a citation to ''Padma Purana'' as prescribing the crescent for decoration of the forehead of Ganesha
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Bailey|1995|pp=198–199}}. For the translation of ''Ganesha Purana'' I.14, which includes a meditation form with the moon on forehead.</ref> A distinct form of Ganesha called ''Bhalachandra'' (IAST: ''{{IAST|bhālacandra}}''; "Moon on the Forehead") includes that iconographic element.<ref>
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|p=81}} For Bhālacandra as a distinct form worshipped.
* Sharma (1993 edition of Ganesha Purana) I.46.15. For the name Bhālacandra appearing in the Ganesha Sahasranama
</ref>

Ganesha is often described as red in colour.<ref name="Nagar, Preface">{{Cite book|last=Civarāman̲|first=Akilā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyb8oAEACAAJ|title=Sri Ganesha Purana|date=2014|publisher=Giri Trading Agency|isbn=978-81-7950-629-5|language=en}}</ref> Specific colours are associated with certain forms.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Martin-Dubost|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5DjAAAAMAAJ|title=Gaṇeśa, the Enchanter of the Three Worlds|date=1997|publisher=Franco-Indian Research|isbn=978-81-900184-3-2|pages=412–416|language=en}}</ref> Many examples of color associations with specific meditation forms are prescribed in the Sritattvanidhi, a treatise on [[Hindu iconography]]. For example, white is associated with his representations as ''Heramba-Ganapati'' and ''Rina-Mochana-Ganapati'' (Ganapati Who Releases from Bondage).<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1997|pp=224–228}}</ref> ''Ekadanta-Ganapati'' is visualised as blue during meditation in that form.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1997|p=228}}</ref>

=== Vahanas ===
[[File:Thajavur Ganesha.jpg|thumb|Ganesha on his [[vahana]] ''mūṣaka'' the rat, c. 1820]]
The earliest Ganesha images are without a [[vahana]] (mount/vehicle).<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1999|pp=47–48, 78}}</ref> Of [[Mudgala Purana#Eight incarnations of Ganesha|the eight incarnations of Ganesha described in the ''Mudgala Purana'']], Ganesha uses a [[mouse]] (shrew) in five of them, a lion in his incarnation as ''Vakratunda'', a peacock in his incarnation as ''Vikata'', and [[Shesha]], the divine serpent, in his incarnation as ''Vighnaraja''.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1981–1982|p=49}}</ref> ''Mohotkata'' uses a [[lion]], ''{{IAST|Mayūreśvara}}'' uses a peacock, ''Dhumraketu'' uses a [[horse]], and ''Gajanana'' uses a mouse, in the [[Mahotkata|four incarnations of Ganesha]] listed in the ''Ganesha Purana''. Jain depictions of Ganesha show his vahana variously as a [[mouse]], [[elephant]], [[tortoise]], ram, or [[Peafowl|peacock]].<ref>

* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1999|pp=48–49}}
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Bailey|1995|p=348}}. For the Ganesha Purana story of {{IAST|Mayūreśvara}} with the peacock mount (GP I.84.2–3)
* Maruti Nandan Tiwari and Kamal Giri, "Images of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} In Jainism", in: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|pp=101–102}}.</ref>

Ganesha is often shown riding on or attended by a [[mouse]].<ref>* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992}}. Preface.
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965|pp=231–244}}.</ref> Martin-Dubost says that the rat began to appear as the principal vehicle in sculptures of Ganesha in central and western India during the 7th century; the rat was always placed close to his feet.<ref>See note on figure 43 in: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1997|p=144}}.</ref> The mouse as a mount first appears in written sources in the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' and later in the ''Brahmananda Purana'' and ''Ganesha Purana'', where Ganesha uses it as his vehicle in his last incarnation.<ref>Citations to ''Matsya Purana'' 260.54, ''Brahmananda Purana Lalitamahatmya'' XXVII, and ''[[Ganesha Purana]]'' 2.134–136 are provided by: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1997|p=231}}.</ref> The [[Ganapati Atharvashirsa]] includes a meditation verse on Ganesha that describes the mouse appearing on his flag.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1997|p=232}}.</ref> The names ''{{IAST|Mūṣakavāhana}}'' (mouse-mount) and ''{{IAST|Ākhuketana}}'' (rat-banner) appear in the ''[[Ganesha Sahasranama]]''.<ref>For {{IAST|Mūṣakavāhana}} see v. 6. For Ākhuketana see v. 67. In: ''{{IAST|Gaṇeśasahasranāmastotram: mūla evaṁ srībhāskararāyakṛta 'khadyota' vārtika sahita}}''. ({{IAST|Prācya Prakāśana: Vārāṇasī}}, 1991). Source text with a commentary by {{IAST|[[Bhaskararaya|Bhāskararāya]]}} in Sanskrit.</ref>

The mouse is interpreted in several ways. According to Grimes, "Many, if not most of those who interpret {{IAST|Gaṇapati}}'s mouse, do so negatively; it symbolizes ''[[Tamas (philosophy)|{{IAST|tamoguṇa}}]]'' as well as desire".<ref>For a review of different interpretations, and quotation, see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Grimes|1995|p=86}}.</ref> Along these lines, Michael Wilcockson says it symbolises those who wish to overcome desires and be less selfish.<ref>''A Student's Guide to AS Religious Studies for the OCR Specification,'' by Michael Wilcockson, p. 117</ref> Krishan notes that the rat is destructive and a menace to crops. The Sanskrit word ''{{IAST|mūṣaka}}'' (mouse) is derived from the root ''{{IAST|mūṣ}}'' (stealing, robbing). It was essential to subdue the rat as a destructive pest, a type of ''vighna'' (impediment) that needed to be overcome. According to this theory, showing Ganesha as master of the rat demonstrates his function as ''Vigneshvara'' (Lord of Obstacles) and gives evidence of his possible role as a folk ''grāma-devatā'' (village deity) who later rose to greater prominence.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1999|pp=49–50}}</ref> Martin-Dubost notes a view that the rat is a symbol suggesting that Ganesha, like the rat, penetrates even the most secret places.<ref>* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965|p=231}}
* Rocher, Ludo. "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}<nowiki/>'s Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature", in: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=73}}. For mention of the interpretation that "the rat is 'the animal that finds its way to every place,'"</ref>

== Features ==
{{CSS image crop|Image=Dagdusheth Ganpati 02.JPG|bSize=400|cWidth=213|cHeight=250|oTop=40|oLeft=50|Description=The central icon of Ganesha at the [[Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati temple]].|Align=left}}

=== Removal of obstacles ===
Ganesha is ''Vighneshvara'' (''Vighnaraja,'' [[Marathi language|Marathi]] – ''Vighnaharta)'', the Lord of Obstacles, both of a material and spiritual order.<ref>"Lord of Removal of Obstacles", a common name, appears in the title of Courtright's ''{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings''. For equivalent Sanskrit names ''Vighneśvara'' and ''Vighnarāja'', see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Mate|1962|p=136}}</ref> He is popularly worshipped as a remover of obstacles, though traditionally he also places obstacles in the path of those who need to be checked. Hence, he is often worshipped by the people before they begin anything new.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://chopra.com/articles/ganesha-the-remover-of-obstacles| title=Ganesha: The Remover of Obstacles| date=31 May 2016| access-date=29 August 2019| archive-date=31 October 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031193717/https://chopra.com/articles/ganesha-the-remover-of-obstacles| url-status=dead}}</ref> Paul Courtright says that Ganesha's ''dharma'' and his raison d'être is to create and remove obstacles.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Courtright|1985|p=136}}</ref>

Krishan notes that some of Ganesha's names reflect shadings of multiple roles that have evolved over time.<ref name="Krishanvii"/> Dhavalikar ascribes the quick ascension of Ganesha in the Hindu pantheon, and the emergence of the {{IAST|Ganapatyas}}, to this shift in emphasis from ''{{IAST|vighnakartā}}'' (obstacle-creator) to ''{{IAST|vighnahartā}}'' (obstacle-averter).<ref>For Dhavilkar's views on Ganesha's shifting role, see Dhavalikar, M.K. "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}: Myth and reality" in {{Harvnb|Brown|1991|p=49}}</ref> However, both functions continue to be vital to his character.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=6}}</ref>

=== Buddhi (Intelligence) ===
Ganesha is considered to be the Lord of letters and learning.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|p=5}}.</ref> In Sanskrit, the word ''[[buddhi]]'' is an active noun that is variously translated as intelligence, wisdom, or intellect.{{Sfn|Apte|1965|p= 703}} The concept of buddhi is closely associated with the personality of Ganesha, especially in the Puranic period, when many stories stress his cleverness and love of intelligence. One of Ganesha's names in the ''[[Ganesha Purana]]'' and the ''[[Ganesha Sahasranama]]'' is ''Buddhipriya''.<ref>''Ganesha Purana'' I.46, v. 5 of the Ganesha Sahasranama section in GP-1993, Sharma edition. It appears in verse 10 of the version as given in the Bhaskararaya commentary.</ref> This name also appears in a list of 21 names at the end of the ''Ganesha Sahasranama'' that Ganesha says are especially important.<ref>Sharma edition, GP-1993 I.46, verses 204–206. The Bailey edition uses a variant text, and where Sharma reads ''Buddhipriya'', Bailey translates ''Granter-of-lakhs.''</ref> The word ''priya'' can mean "fond of", and in a marital context it can mean "lover" or "husband",<ref>Practical Sanskrit Dictionary By [[Arthur Anthony McDonell]]; p. 187 (''priya''); Published 2004; [[Motilal Banarsidass]] Publ; {{ISBN|8120820002}}</ref> so the name may mean either "Fond of Intelligence" or "Buddhi's Husband".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1999|pp=60–70}}p. discusses Ganesha as "Buddhi's Husband".</ref>

=== Om ===
[[File:Ganesha asianartmuseumsf.jpg|thumb|upright|175px|Ganesha, Chola period, early 13th century.]]
Ganesha is identified with the Hindu [[mantra]] [[Om]]. The term ''{{IAST|oṃkārasvarūpa}}'' (Om is his form), when identified with Ganesha, refers to the notion that he personifies the primal sound.<ref>Grimes, p. 77.</ref> The ''[[Ganapati Atharvashirsa]]'' attests to this association. [[Chinmayananda Saraswati|Chinmayananda]] translates the relevant passage as follows:{{Sfn|Chinmayananda|1987|p= 127, In Chinmayananda's numbering system, this is ''upamantra'' 8.}}

{{quote|(O Lord Ganapati!) You are (the Trimurti) [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Shiva|Mahesa]]. You are [[Indra]]. You are fire <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Agni]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> and air <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Vayu|{{IAST|Vāyu}}]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>. You are the sun <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Surya|{{IAST|Sūrya}}]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> and the moon <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Chandra]]ma<nowiki>].</nowiki> You are [[Brahman]]. You are (the three worlds) Bhuloka [earth], Antariksha-loka [space], and [[Swarga]]loka [heaven]. You are Om. (That is to say, You are all this).}}

Some devotees see similarities between the shape of Ganesha's body in iconography and the shape of Om in the [[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] scripts.<ref>For examples of both, see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Grimes|1995|pp=79–80}}</ref>

=== First chakra ===
According to [[Kundalini yoga]], Ganesha resides in the first [[chakra]], called [[Muladhara]] ({{IAST|mūlādhāra}}). ''Mula'' means "original, main"; ''adhara'' means "base, foundation". The muladhara chakra is the principle on which the manifestation or outward expansion of primordial Divine Force rests.<ref name="T83">Tantra Unveiled: Seducing the Forces of Matter & Spirit By Rajmani Tigunait; Contributor Deborah Willoughby; Published 1999; Himalayan Institute Press; p. 83; {{ISBN|0893891584}}</ref> This association is also attested to in the ''[[Ganapati Atharvaśīrṣa|Ganapati Atharvashirsa]]''. Courtright translates this passage as follows: "You continually dwell in the [[sacral plexus]] at the base of the spine [{{IAST|mūlādhāra cakra}}]."<ref name="courtright">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Courtright|1985|p=253}}.</ref> Thus, Ganesha has a permanent abode in every being at the Muladhara.{{Sfn|Chinmayananda|1987|p= 127, In Chinmayananda's numbering system this is part of ''upamantra'' 7. 'You have a permanent abode (in every being) at the place called "Muladhara"'.}} Ganesha holds, supports and guides all other chakras, thereby "governing the forces that propel the [[wheel of life]]".<ref name="T83" />

== Family and consorts ==
{{see also|Mythological anecdotes of Ganesha|Consorts of Ganesha}}
[[File:Ganesha Kangra miniature 18th century Dubost p51.jpg|thumb|left|[[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] giving a bath to Ganesha. Kangra miniature, 18th century. [[Allahabad Museum]], New Delhi.<ref>This work is reproduced and described in Martin-Dubost (1997), p. 51, which describes it as follows: "This square shaped miniature shows us in a Himalayan landscape the god {{IAST|Śiva}} sweetly pouring water from his {{IAST|kamaṇḍalu}} on the head of baby {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}. Seated comfortably on the meadow, {{IAST|Pārvatī}} balances with her left hand the baby {{IAST|Gaņeśa}} with four arms with a red body and naked, adorned only with jewels, tiny anklets and a golden chain around his stomach, a necklace of pearls, bracelets and armlets."</ref>]]

Though Ganesha is popularly held to be the son of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]], the [[Puranas|Puranic]] texts give different versions about his birth.<ref>In:
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|pp=7–14}}. For a summary of Puranic variants of birth stories.
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965|pp=41–82}}. Chapter 2, "Stories of Birth According to the {{IAST|Purāṇas}}".</ref> In some he was created by Parvati,<ref>''Shiva Purana'' IV. 17.47–57. ''Matsya Purana'' 154.547.</ref> or by Shiva<ref>Linga Purana</ref> or created by Shiva ''and'' Parvati,<ref>''{{IAST|Varāha}} Purana'' 23.18–59.</ref> in another he appeared mysteriously and was discovered by Shiva and Parvati<ref>For summary of ''Brahmavaivarta Purana, Ganesha Khanda'', 10.8–37, see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|pp=11–13}}.</ref> or he was born from the elephant headed goddess Malini after she drank Parvati's bath water that had been thrown in the river.<ref name="Melton2011">{{cite book|last=Melton|first=J. Gordon|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PA325|date=13 September 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1598842050|pages=325–}}</ref>

The family includes his brother, the god of war, [[Kartikeya]], who is also called Skanda and Murugan.<ref>For a summary of variant names for Skanda, see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997|p=300}}.</ref> Regional differences dictate the order of their births. In northern India, Skanda is generally said to be the elder, while in the south, Ganesha is considered the firstborn.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Khokar|Saraswati|2005}} p.4.</ref> In [[North India|northern India]], Skanda was an important martial deity from about 500 BCE to about 600 CE, after which worship of him declined significantly. As Skanda fell, Ganesha rose. Several stories tell of sibling rivalry between the brothers<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=79}}.</ref> and may reflect sectarian tensions.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Oka|1913|p=38}}.</ref>
[[File:Ganapati1.jpg|thumb|Ganesha with consorts Riddhi and Siddhi (spiritual power), Painting titled "Riddhi Siddhi" by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] (1848–1906)]]
Ganesha's marital status, the subject of considerable scholarly review, varies widely in mythological stories.<ref name="lawrence_cohen">For a review, see: Cohen, Lawrence. "The Wives of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}". {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|pp=115–140}}</ref> One pattern of myths identifies Ganesha as an unmarried ''[[Brahmacharya|brahmachari]]''.<ref>In:
*{{Harvnb|Getty|1936|p=33}}. "According to ancient tradition, {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} was a {{IAST|Brahmacārin}}, that is, an unmarried deity; but legend gave him two consorts, personifications of Wisdom (Buddhi) and Success (Siddhi)."
*{{Harvnb|Krishan|1999|p=63}}. "... in the ''{{IAST|smārta}}'' or orthodox traditional religious beliefs, {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} is a bachelor or ''{{IAST|brahmacārī}}''"</ref> This view is common in southern India and parts of northern India.<ref>For discussion on celibacy of Ganesha, see: Cohen, Lawrence, "The Wives of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}", in: {{Harvnb|Brown|1991|pp=126–129}}.</ref> Another popularly-accepted mainstream pattern associates him with the concepts of ''Buddhi'' (intellect), ''Siddhi'' (spiritual power), and ''Riddhi'' (prosperity); these qualities are personified as goddesses, said to be Ganesha's wives.<ref>For a review of associations with Buddhi, Siddhi, Riddhi, and other figures, and the statement "In short the spouses of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} are the personifications of his powers, manifesting his functional features...", see: {{Harvnb|Krishan|1999|p=62}}.</ref> He also may be shown with a single consort or a nameless servant (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|daşi}}'').<ref>For single consort or a nameless ''{{IAST|daşi}}'' (servant), see: Cohen, Lawrence, "The Wives of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}", in: {{Harvnb|Brown|1991|p=115}}.</ref> Another pattern connects Ganesha with the goddess of culture and the arts, [[Sarasvati]] or {{IAST|Śarda}} (particularly in [[Maharashtra]]).<ref>For associations with Śarda and [[Sarasvati]] and the identification of those goddesses with one another, see: Cohen, Lawrence, "The Wives of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}", in: {{Harvnb|Brown|1991|pp=131–132}}.</ref> He is also associated with the goddess of luck and prosperity, [[Lakshmi]].<ref>For associations with Lakshmi see: Cohen, Lawrence, "The Wives of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}", in: {{Harvnb|Brown|1991|pp=132–135}}.</ref> Another pattern, mainly prevalent in the [[Bengal]] region, links Ganesha with the banana tree, [[Kala Bo]].<ref>For discussion of the Kala Bou, see: Cohen, Lawrence, "The Wives of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}", in: {{Harvnb|Brown|1991|pp=124–125}}.</ref>

The ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' says that Ganesha had begotten two sons: {{IAST|Kşema}} (safety) and {{IAST|Lābha}} (profit). In northern Indian variants of this story, the sons are often said to be {{IAST|Śubha}} (auspiciousness) and {{IAST|Lābha}}.<ref>For statement regarding sons, see: Cohen, Lawrence, "The Wives of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}", in: {{Harvnb|Brown|1991|p=130}}.</ref> The 1975 [[Hindi film]] ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' shows Ganesha married to Riddhi and Siddhi and having a daughter named [[Santoshi Mata|Santoshi Ma]], the goddess of satisfaction. This story has no Puranic basis, but Anita Raina Thapan and Lawrence Cohen cite Santoshi Ma's cult as evidence of Ganesha's continuing evolution as a popular deity.<ref>In:
* Cohen, Lawrence. "The Wives of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}". {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=130}}.
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997}}, p. 15–16, 230, 239, 242, 251.</ref>

== Worship and festivals ==
[[File:Durga Puja Köln 2009 4.jpg|thumb|175px|upright|Ganesha worshipped in the [[Durga Puja]] celebrations in [[Cologne]]|left]]

Ganesha is worshipped on many religious and secular occasions; especially at the beginning of ventures such as buying a vehicle or starting a business.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1981–1982|pp=1–3}}</ref> K.N Soumyaji says, "there can hardly be a [Hindu] home [in India] which does not house an idol of Ganapati. ... Ganapati, being the most popular deity in India, is worshipped by almost all castes and in all parts of the country".<ref>K.N. Somayaji, ''Concept of Ganesha'', p. 1 as quoted in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1999|pp=2–3}}</ref> Devotees believe that if Ganesha is propitiated, he grants success, prosperity and protection against adversity.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1999|p=38}}</ref>

Ganesha is a non-sectarian deity. Hindus of all denominations invoke him at the beginning of prayers, important undertakings, and religious ceremonies.<ref>For worship of Ganesha by "followers of all sects and denominations, Saivites, Vaisnavites, Buddhists, and Jainas" see {{Harvnb|Krishan|1981–1982|p=285}}</ref> Dancers and musicians, particularly in southern India, begin art performances such as the [[Bharatnatyam|Bharatanatyam]] dance with a prayer to Ganesha.<ref name="Nagar, Preface" /> [[Mantra]]s such as ''Om Shri {{IAST|Gaṇeshāya}} Namah'' (Om, salutation to the Illustrious Ganesha) are often used. One of the most famous mantras associated with Ganesha is ''Om {{IAST|Gaṃ}} Ganapataye Namah'' (Om, {{IAST|Gaṃ}}, Salutation to the Lord of Hosts).<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Grimes|1995|p=27}}</ref>

Devotees offer Ganesha sweets such as [[modak]]a and small sweet balls called [[laddu]]s. He is often shown carrying a bowl of sweets, called a ''{{IAST|modakapātra}}''.<ref>The term ''modaka'' applies to all regional varieties of cakes or sweets offered to Ganesha. {{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965|p=204}}.</ref> Because of his identification with the color red, he is often worshipped with [[red sandalwood]] paste ({{IAST|raktachandana}})<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965|p=369}}.</ref> or red flowers. {{IAST|Dūrvā}} grass (''[[Cynodon dactylon]]'') and other materials are also used in his worship.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965|pp=95–99}}</ref>

Festivals associated with Ganesh are [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganesha Chaturthi]] or Vināyaka chaturthī in the ''[[paksha|{{IAST|śuklapakṣa}}]]'' (the fourth day of the waxing moon) in the month of ''[[Bhadrapada]]'' (August/September) and the [[Ganesh Jayanti]] (Ganesha's birthday) celebrated on the ''cathurthī'' of the ''{{IAST|śuklapakṣa}}'' (fourth day of the waxing moon) in the month of ''[[Maagha|magha]]'' (January/February)."<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997}} p. 215</ref>

===Ganesh Chaturthi===
[[File:Ganesh mimarjanam EDITED.jpg|thumb|175px|upright|Street festivities in [[Hyderabad]], India during the festival of Ganesh Chaturthi]]

An annual festival honours Ganesha for ten days, starting on Ganesh Chaturthi, which typically falls in late August or early September.<ref>For the fourth waxing day in {{IAST|Māgha}} being dedicated to Ganesha ({{IAST|Gaṇeśa-caturthī}}) see: {{Harvard citation|Bhattacharyya|1956}}., "Festivals and Sacred Days", in: Bhattacharyya, volume IV, p. 483.</ref> The festival begins with people bringing in clay idols of Ganesha, symbolising the god's visit. The festival culminates on the day of [[Ananta Chaturdashi]], when the idols (''[[murti]]s'') are immersed in the most convenient body of water.<ref>''The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra''; Edited By Eleanor Zelliot, Maxine Berntsen, pp. 76–94 ("The Ganesh Festival in Maharashtra: Some Observations" by Paul B. Courtright); 1988; SUNY Press; {{ISBN|088706664X}}</ref>  Some families have a tradition of immersion on the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, or 7th day. In 1893, [[Lokmanya Tilak]] transformed this annual Ganesha festival from private family celebrations into a grand public event.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Metcalf|Metcalf}}, p. 150.</ref> He did so "to bridge the gap between the [[Brahmin]]s and the non-Brahmins and find an appropriate context in which to build a new grassroots unity between them" in his nationalistic strivings against the British in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>In:
*{{Harvard citation|Brown|1991|p=9}}.
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997|p=225}} For Tilak's role in converting the private family festivals to a public event in support of [[Indian nationalism]].</ref> Because of Ganesha's wide appeal as "the god for Everyman", Tilak chose him as a rallying point for Indian protest against British rule.<ref>In:
*Momin, A.R., ''The Legacy of G.S. Ghurye: A Centennial Festschrift'', p. 95.
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991}}, p. 9. For Ganesha's appeal as "the god for Everyman" as a motivation for Tilak.</ref> Tilak was the first to install large public images of Ganesha in [[Pandal|pavilions]], and he established the practice of submerging all the public images on the tenth day.<ref>For Tilak as the first to use large public images in ''{{IAST|maṇḍapas}}'' (pavilions or tents) see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997}}, p. 225.</ref>

Today, Hindus across India celebrate the Ganapati festival with great fervour, though it is most popular in the state of Maharashtra.<ref>For Ganesh Chaturthi as the most popular festival in Maharashtra, see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997}}, p. 226.</ref><ref>"{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} in a Regional Setting". {{Harvard citation no brackets|Courtright|1985}}, p. 202–247.</ref> The festival also assumes huge proportions in [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], and in the surrounding belt of Ashtavinayaka temples.

=== Temples ===
{{further|List of Ganapati temples|Ashtavinayak}}
[[File:Morgaon.jpg|thumb|upright|The Morgaon temple, the chief Ashtavinyak temple]]In Hindu temples, Ganesha is depicted in various ways: as a subordinate deity (''{{IAST|pãrśva-devatã}}''); as a deity related to the principal deity (''{{IAST|parivāra-devatã}}''); or as the principal deity of the temple ({{IAST|pradhāna}}).<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1999}}, p. 92</ref> As the god of transitions, he is placed at the doorway of many Hindu temples to keep out the unworthy, which is analogous to his role as Parvati's doorkeeper.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991}}, p. 3</ref> In addition, several shrines are dedicated to Ganesha himself, of which the Ashtavinayak (Sanskrit: अष्टविनायक; {{IAST|aṣṭavināyaka}}; lit. "eight Ganesha (shrines)") in Maharashtra are particularly well known. Located within a 100-kilometer radius of the city of [[Pune]], each of the eight shrines celebrates a particular form of Ganapati, complete with its own lore.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Grimes|1995}}, p. 110–112</ref> The eight shrines are: [[Morgaon Ganesha Temple|Morgaon]], [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Siddhatek|Siddhatek]], [[Ballaleshwar Pali|Pali]], [[Varadvinayak|Mahad]], [[Chintamani Temple, Theur|Theur]], [[Lenyadri]], [[Vigneshwara Temple, Ozar|Ozar]] and [[Ranjangaon Ganpati|Ranjangaon]].

There are many other important Ganesha temples at the following locations: [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Siddhivinayak temple]] in Mumbai, Ganpatipule temple at [[Ganpatipule]], Binkhambi Ganesh mandir in Kolhapur, Jai Vinayak temple in Jaigad, Ratnagiri, [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]] in Maharashtra; [[Chintaman Ganesh temple, Ujjain|
Ujjain]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]; [[Jodhpur]], [[Nagaur]] and Raipur ([[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]) in [[Rajasthan]]; Baidyanath in [[Bihar]]; [[Baroda]], Dholaka, and [[Valsad]] in [[Gujarat]] and Dhundiraj Temple in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Prominent Ganesha temples in southern India include the following: [[Vinayaka Temple, Kanipakam|Kanipakam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]; the [[Rockfort Ucchi Pillayar Temple]] at [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Arulmigu Munthi Vinayagar Temple|Puliakulam Munthi Vinayagar Temple]] at [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Major Ganesha Temples around the world|url=https://tamilminutes.com/famous-vinayagar-temple-in-the-world/|date=31 August 2022|newspaper=Tamil Minutes|access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> and [[Karpaka Vinayakar Temple|Karpaga Vinayagar Temple]] in [[Pillayarpatti|Pillaiyarpatti]] which is a town named after Ganesha in [[Tamil Nadu]]; [[Kottarakkara Sree Mahaganapathi Kshethram|Kottarakkara]], [[Trivandrum|Pazhavangadi]], [[Madhur Temple|Kasargod]] in [[Kerala]]; [[Hampi]], and [[Ganesha Temple, Idagunji|Idagunji]] in [[Karnataka]]; and [[Bhadrachalam]] in [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Murthy|1985}}, p. 91–92</ref>

T. A. Gopinatha notes, "Every village however small has its own image of ''{{IAST|Vighneśvara}}'' (Vigneshvara) with or without a temple to house it in. At entrances of villages and forts, below ''{{IAST|pīpaḹa}}'' ([[Sacred fig]]) trees ... in a niche ... in temples of ''{{IAST|Viṣṇu}}'' (Vishnu) as well as ''{{IAST|Śiva}}'' (Shiva) and also in separate shrines specially constructed in ''{{IAST|Śiva}}'' temples ... the figure of ''{{IAST|Vighneśvara}}'' is invariably seen."<ref>T.A. Gopinatha; ''Elements of Hindu Iconography'', p. 47–48 as quoted in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1999|p=2}}</ref> Ganesha temples have also been built outside of India, including [[Southeast Asia]], [[Nepal]] (including the four ''Vinayaka'' shrines in the [[Kathmandu Valley]]),<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1999}}, p. 147–158</ref> and in several western countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ganapati.club.fr/anglais/tslesganesheng.html|title=Ganesha Temples worldwide|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217044207/http://ganapati.club.fr/anglais/tslesganesheng.html|archive-date=17 December 2007}}</ref>

== Rise to prominence ==

=== First appearance ===
[[File:Kabul ganesh khingle.jpg|thumb|175px|upright|The ''[[Gardez Ganesha]]'', a 7th-century marble Ganesha found in [[Gardez]], Afghanistan, and once displayed at Dargah Pir Rattan Nath, [[Kabul]].<ref>The inscription says that this "great and beautiful image of {{IAST|Mahāvināyaka}}" was consecrated by the [[Turk Shahis|Shahi]] King Khingala. For photograph of statue and details of inscription, see: Dhavalikar, M.K., "{{IAST|Gaņeśa}}: Myth and Reality", in: {{Harvnb|Brown|1991|pp=50, 63}}.</ref><ref>{{citation|jstor=29755703|title=A Note on Two Gaṇeśa Statues from Afghanistan|journal=East and West|volume=21|issue=3/4|pages=331–336|last1=Dhavalikar|first1=M. K.|year=1971}}</ref>]]

Some scholars have proposed an elephant–headed anthropomorphic figure on [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]] coins from the 1st century BCE to be an early representation of Ganesha, but this has been strongly contested.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title=On the so-called earliest representation of Ganesa |journal=Topoi. Orient-Occident |date=1993 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=425–453 |doi=10.3406/topoi.1993.1479 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/topoi_1161-9473_1993_num_3_2_1479}}</ref> Others have suggested Ganesha may have been an emerging deity in India and southeast Asia around the 2nd century CE based on the evidence from archaeological excavations in Mathura and outside India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Brown|1991|pages=6–7}}</ref> The first [[terracotta]] images of Ganesha are from 1st century CE and were found in Ter, Pal, Verrapuram, and [[Chandraketugarh]]. These figures are small, with an elephant head, two arms, and endomorphic physique. The earliest Ganesha icons in stone were carved in Mathura during Kushan times (2nd–3rd centuries CE).<ref name="Kumar, Ajit 2007. pp. 89-91">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Ajit|date=2007 |title=A Unique Early Historic Terracotta Ganesa Image from Pal, District Aurangabad, Maharashtra |url=https://www.academia.edu/4417003 |journal=Kala, the Journal of Indian Art History Congress |volume=11 |language=en|pages=89–91}}</ref>

Ganesha appeared in his classic form as a clearly-recognizable deity with well-defined iconographic attributes in the early 4th to 5th centuries CE.{{Sfn|Brown|1991|pp=19–21, chapter by AK Narain}} Some of the earliest known Ganesha images include two images found in eastern Afghanistan. The first image was discovered in the ruins north of [[Kabul]], along with those of [[Surya]] and [[Shiva]] and is dated to the 4th century. The second image found in [[Gardez]], known as the [[Gardez Ganesha]], has an inscription on the pedestal that has helped date it to the 5th century. Another Ganesha sculpture is embedded in the walls of Cave 6 of the [[Udayagiri Caves]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. This is dated to the 5th century. An early iconic image of Ganesha with elephant head, a bowl of sweets and a goddess sitting in his lap has been found in the ruins of the [[Bhumara Temple]] in Madhya Pradesh, and this is dated to the 5th-century [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|p=4}}</ref>{{Sfn|Brown|1991|pp=50–55, 120}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Raman Sukumar|title=The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation |url=https://archive.org/details/livingelephantse00suku_0 |url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198026730|pages=[https://archive.org/details/livingelephantse00suku_0/page/67 67]–68}}</ref> Other recent discoveries, such as one from Ramgarh Hill, are also dated to the 4th or 5th century.{{Sfn|Brown|1991|pp=50–55, 120}} An independent cult with Ganesha as the primary deity was well established by about the 10th century.{{Sfn|Brown|1991|pp=19–21, chapter by AK Narain}} Narain summarises the lack of evidence about Ganesha's history before the 5th century as follows:{{Sfn|Brown|1991|pp=19–21, chapter by AK Narain}}

{{quote|What is inscrutable is the somewhat dramatic appearance of Gaṇeśa on the historical scene. His antecedents are not clear. His wide acceptance and popularity, which transcend sectarian and territorial limits, are indeed amazing. On the one hand, there is the pious belief of the orthodox devotees in Gaṇeśa's Vedic origins and in the {{IAST|Purāṇic}} explanations contained in the confusing, but nonetheless interesting, mythology. On the other hand, there are doubts about the existence of the idea and the icon of ''this'' deity" before the fourth to fifth century A.D. ... [I]n my opinion, indeed there is no convincing evidence [in ancient Brahmanic literature] of the existence of this divinity prior to the fifth century.}}

The evidence for an even more ancient Ganesha, suggests Narain, may reside outside Brahmanic or Sanskritic traditions, or outside geocultural boundaries of India.{{Sfn|Brown|1991|pp=19–21, chapter by AK Narain}} Ganesha appears in [[China]] by the 6th century and his artistic images in temple settings as the remover of obstacles in South Asia appear by about 400 CE.{{Sfn|Brown|1991|p=2}} {{Sfn|Brown|1991|p=8}} He is, states Bailey, recognised as goddess Parvati's son and integrated into [[Shaivism]] theology by early centuries of the common era.{{Sfn|Bailey|1995|p=ix}}

=== Possible influences ===
[[File:Prambanan-ganesha.jpg|thumb|upright|175px|9th-century Ganesha Statue in [[Prambanan]], [[Java]], Indonesia]]
Courtright reviews various speculative theories about the early history of Ganesha, including supposed tribal traditions and animal cults, and dismisses all of them in this way:<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Courtright|1985}} p. 10–11.</ref>
{{quote|In this search for a historical origin for Gaṇeśa, some have suggested precise locations outside the {{IAST|Brāhmaṇic}} tradition.... These historical locations are intriguing to be sure, but the fact remains that they are all speculations, variations on the Dravidian hypothesis, which argues that anything not attested to in the Vedic and Indo-European sources must have come into {{IAST|Brāhmaṇic}} religion from the Dravidian or aboriginal populations of India as part of the process that produced Hinduism out of the interactions of the Aryan and non-Aryan populations. There is no independent evidence for an elephant cult or a totem; nor is there any archaeological data pointing to a tradition prior to what we can already see in place in the {{IAST|Purāṇic}} literature and the iconography of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}.}}

Thapan's book on the development of Ganesha devotes a chapter to speculations about the role elephants had in early India but concludes that "although by the second century CE the elephant-headed ''{{IAST|yakṣa}}'' form exists it cannot be presumed to represent {{IAST|Gaṇapati-Vināyaka}}. There is no evidence of a deity by this name having an elephant or elephant-headed form at this early stage. {{IAST|Gaṇapati-Vināyaka}} had yet to make his debut."<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997}}, p. 75.</ref>

The [[Pashupati seal]] (c. 2300 BCE - 2000 BCE) depicts 4 animals including an elephant around a deity who is claimed by some to be [[Shiva]]. Brown notes that this seal indicates the sacredness of elephants before Vedic period.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=33}}</ref> One theory of the origin of Ganesha is that he gradually came to prominence in connection with the four [[Vinayakas]] ({{IAST|Vināyakas}}).<ref>In:

*''Passim''. {{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997}}.
*Rocher, Ludo. "Gaṇeśa's Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature". {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991}}, p. 70–72.</ref> In the [[Yajurveda]], the {{IAST|Vināyakas}} were a group of four troublesome demons who created obstacles and difficulties<ref>''Aitareya Brāhmana'', I, 21.</ref> but who were easily propitiated.<ref>Bhandarkar. [[Vaishnavism|Vaisnavism]], Saivism and other Minor Sects. p. 147–148.</ref> The name Vināyaka is a common name for Ganesha both in the {{IAST|Purāṇas}} and in Buddhist Tantras.<ref name="Thapan" /> Krishan is one of the academics who accept this view, stating flatly of Ganesha, "He is a non-Vedic god. His origin is to be traced to the four Vināyakas, evil spirits, of the ''Mānavagŗhyasūtra'' (7th–4th century BCE) who cause various types of evil and suffering".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1999}}, p. vii.</ref> Depictions of elephant-headed human figures, which some identify with Ganesha, appear in [[Indian art]] and [[Indian coinage|coinage]] as early as the 2nd century.<ref>For a discussion of early depiction of elephant-headed figures in art, see {{Harvnb|Krishan|1981–1982|pp=287–290}} or {{Harvnb|Murthy|1985|pp=31–32}}</ref> According to Ellawala, the elephant-headed Ganesha as lord of the Ganas was known to the people of [[Sri Lanka]] in the early pre-Christian era.{{Sfn|Ellawala|1969| p= 159}}

=== Vedic and epic literature ===
[[File:Ganesa writing the Mahabharat.jpeg|thumb|250px|17th-century [[Rajasthan]] I manuscript of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' depicting [[Vyasa]] narrating the ''Mahabharata'' to Ganesha, who serves as the scribe]]
The title "Leader of the group" (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|gaṇapati}}'') occurs twice in the ''[[Rig Veda]]'', but in neither case does it refer to the modern Ganesha. The term appears in RV 2.23.1 as a title for [[Brahmanaspati]], according to commentators.<ref>Wilson, H. H. ''{{IAST|Ṛgveda Saṃhitā}}''. Sanskrit text, English translation, notes, and index of verses. Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45. Volume II: {{IAST|Maṇḍalas}} 2, 3, 4, 5. Second Revised Edition; Edited and Revised by Ravi Prakash Arya and K. L. Joshi. (Parimal Publications: Delhi, 2001). (Vol. II); {{ISBN|8171101380}} (Set). RV 2.23.1 (2222) {{IAST|gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnāmupamaśravastamam}} | 2.23.1; "We invoke the {{IAST|Brahmaṇaspati}}, chief leader of the (heavenly) bands; a sage of sages."</ref> While this verse doubtless refers to Brahmanaspati, it was later adopted for worship of Ganesha and is still used today.<ref>In:

*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|p=3}}.
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mate|1962|p=1}}.</ref> In rejecting any claim that this passage is evidence of Ganesha in the ''Rig Veda'', Ludo Rocher says that it "clearly refers to {{IAST|Bṛhaspati}}—who is the deity of the hymn—and {{IAST|Bṛhaspati}} only".<ref>Rocher, Ludo. "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}'s Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature". {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991}}, p. 69. {{IAST|Bṛhaspati}} is a variant name for Brahamanaspati.</ref> Equally clearly, the second passage ([[Mandala 10|RV 10]].112.9) refers to [[Indra]],<ref>Rocher, Ludo. "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}'s Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature". {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991}}, p. 69–70.</ref> who is given the epithet '{{IAST|gaṇapati}}', translated "Lord of the companies (of the ''Maruts'')."<ref>Wilson, H.H. ''{{IAST|Ṛgveda Saṃhitā}}''. Sanskrit text, English translation, notes, and index of verses. Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45. Volume IV: {{IAST|Maṇḍalas}} 9, 10. Second Revised Edition; Edited and Revised by Ravi Prakash Arya and K.L. Joshi. (Parimal Publications: Delhi, 2001). (Vol. IV); {{ISBN|8171101380}} (Set). RV 10.112.9 (10092) {{IAST|ni ṣu sīda gaṇapate gaṇeṣu tvāmāhurvipratamaṃ kavīnām}}; "Lord of the companies (of the ''[[Maruts]]''), sit down among the companies (of the worshippers), they call you the most sage of sages".</ref> However, Rocher notes that the more recent [[Ganapatya]] literature often quotes the Rigvedic verses to give Vedic respectability to Ganesha.<ref>For use of RV verses in recent Ganapatya literature, see Rocher, Ludo. "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}'s Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature" in {{Harvnb|Brown|1991|p=70}}</ref>

The Sangam period Tamil poet [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] (3rd century BCE), invokes Ganesha while preparing the invitation to the three Tamil Kingdoms for giving away in marriage of Angavay and Sangavay of [[Ceylon]] in marriage to the King of [[Tirukoilur|Tirucovalur]] (pp. 57–59).<ref name="Robinson1873">{{cite book |author= Edward Jewitt Robinson |title=Tamil Wisdom; Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages, and Selections from their writings |url=https://archive.org/details/tamilwisdomtradi00robiuoft |year=1873 |publisher= Wesleyan Conference Office | location=London}}</ref>

Two verses in texts belonging to [[Yajurveda|Black Yajurveda]], ''{{IAST|Maitrāyaṇīya Saṃhitā}}'' (2.9.1)<ref>The verse : "{{IAST|tát karāţāya vidmahe}} | {{IAST|hastimukhāya dhîmahi}} | {{IAST|tán no dántî pracodáyāt}}||"</ref> and ''{{IAST|Taittirīya Āraṇyaka}}'' (10.1),<ref>The verse: " {{IAST|tát púruṣâya vidmahe vakratuṇḍāya dhîmahi}}| {{IAST|tán no dántî pracodáyāt}}||"</ref> appeal to a deity as "the tusked one" ({{IAST|Dantiḥ}}), "elephant-faced" (Hastimukha), and "with a curved trunk" ({{IAST|Vakratuṇḍa}}). These names are suggestive of Ganesha, and the 14th-century commentator [[Sayana]] explicitly establishes this identification.<ref>For text of ''{{IAST|Maitrāyaṇīya Saṃhitā}}'' 2.9.1 and ''{{IAST|Taittirīya Āraṇyaka}}'' 10.1 and identification by {{IAST|Sāyaṇa}} in his commentary on the {{IAST|āraṇyaka}}, see: Rocher, Ludo, "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}'s Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature" in {{Harvnb|Brown|1991|p=70}}.</ref> The description of Dantin, possessing a twisted trunk ({{IAST|vakratuṇḍa}}) and holding a corn-sheaf, a sugar cane,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|year=2001|title=Sugarcane Gaṇapati|url=https://www.academia.edu/2378055|journal=East and West, Rome|volume=51|issue=3/4|pages=379–84|jstor=29757520|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201041014/http://www.academia.edu/2378055/Sugarcane_Ganapati|archive-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> and a club,<ref>Taittiriya Aranyaka, X, 1, 5.</ref> is so characteristic of the Puranic Ganapati that Heras says "we cannot resist to accept his full identification with this Vedic Dantin".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Heras|1972}}, p. 28.</ref> However, Krishan considers these hymns to be post-Vedic additions.<ref>In:

*{{Harvnb|Krishan|1981–1982|p=290}}
*{{Harvnb|Krishan|1999|pp=12–15}}. For arguments documenting interpolation into the ''{{IAST|Maitrāyaṇīya Saṃhitā}}''</ref> Thapan reports that these passages are "generally considered to have been interpolated". Dhavalikar says, "the references to the elephant-headed deity in the ''{{IAST|Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā}}'' have been proven to be very late interpolations, and thus are not very helpful for determining the early formation of the deity".<ref>*Thapan, p. 101. For interpolation into the {{IAST|Maitrāyaṇīya Saṃhitā}} and {{IAST|Taittirīya Āraṇyaka}}.
*Dhavalikar, M.K. "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}: Myth and reality" in {{Harvnb|Brown|1991|pp=56–57}}. For Dhavilkar's views on Ganesha's in early Literature.</ref>

Ganesha does not appear in the [[Indian epic]] literature that is dated to the [[Vedic period]]. A late interpolation to the epic poem ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (1.1.75–79{{efn|Bombay edition}}) says that the sage [[Vyasa]] ({{IAST|Vyāsa}}) asked Ganesha to serve as his scribe to transcribe the poem as he dictated it to him. Ganesha agreed but only on the condition that Vyasa recites the poem uninterrupted, that is, without pausing. The sage agreed but found that to get any rest he needed to recite very complex passages so Ganesha would have to ask for clarifications. The story is not accepted as part of the original text by the editors of the critical edition of the ''Mahabharata'',<ref>Rocher, Ludo "Ganesa's Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature". Brown, pp. 71–72.</ref> in which the twenty-line story is relegated to a footnote in an appendix.<ref>''{{IAST|Mahābhārata}}'' Vol. 1 Part 2. Critical edition, p. 884.</ref> The story of Ganesha acting as the scribe occurs in 37 of the 59 manuscripts consulted during the preparation of the critical edition.<ref>For a statement that "Fifty-nine manuscripts of the ''{{IAST|Ādiparvan}}'' were consulted for the reconstruction of the critical edition. The story of {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} acting as the scribe for writing the ''{{IAST|Mahābhārata}}'' occurs in 37 manuscripts", see: {{Harvnb|Krishan|1999|p=31, note 4}}.</ref> Ganesha's association with mental agility and learning is one reason he is shown as scribe for {{IAST|Vyāsa}}'s dictation of the ''Mahabharata'' in this interpolation.<ref>Brown, p. 4.</ref> Richard L. Brown dates the story to the 8th century, and [[Moriz Winternitz]] concludes that it was known as early as c. 900, but it was not added to the ''Mahabharata'' some 150 years later. Winternitz also notes that a distinctive feature in [[South India]]n manuscripts of the ''Mahabharata'' is their omission of this Ganesha legend.<ref>Winternitz, Moriz. "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} in the {{IAST|Mahābhārata}}". Journal of [[Royal Asiatic Society|the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] (1898:382). Citation provided by Rocher, Ludo. "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}'s Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature". {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991}}, p. 80.</ref> The term ''{{IAST|vināyaka}}'' is found in some recensions of the ''{{IAST|Śāntiparva}}'' and ''{{IAST|Anuśāsanaparva}}'' that are regarded as interpolations.<ref>For interpolations of the term vināyaka see: {{Harvnb|Krishan|1999|p=29}}.</ref> A reference to ''{{IAST|Vighnakartṛīṇām}}'' ("Creator of Obstacles") in ''Vanaparva'' is also believed to be an interpolation and does not appear in the critical edition.<ref>For reference to {{IAST|Vighnakartṛīṇām}} and translation as "Creator of Obstacles", see: {{Harvnb|Krishan|1999|p=29}}.</ref>

=== Puranic period ===
{{details|Mythological anecdotes of Ganesha}}
[[File:Ganesha pachayatana.jpg|thumb|A Ganesha-centric Panchayatana: Ganesha (centre) with Shiva (top left), Devi (top right), Vishnu (bottom left) and Surya (bottom right).]]
Stories about Ganesha often occur in the [[Puranas|Puranic]] corpus. Brown notes while the Puranas "defy precise chronological ordering", the more detailed narratives of Ganesha's life are in the late texts, c. 600–1300.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991}}, p. 183.</ref> Yuvraj Krishan says that the Puranic myths about the birth of Ganesha and how he acquired an elephant's head are in the later Puranas, which were composed of c. 600 onwards. He elaborates on the matter to say that references to Ganesha in the earlier Puranas, such as the Vayu and Brahmanda Puranas, are later interpolations made during the 7th-10th centuries.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1999}}, p. 103.</ref>

In his survey of Ganesha's rise to prominence in [[Sanskrit literature]], Ludo Rocher notes that:<ref>Rocher, Ludo. "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}'s Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature". {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991}}, p. 73.</ref>

{{quote|Above all, one cannot help being struck by the fact that the numerous stories surrounding {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} concentrate on an unexpectedly limited number of incidents. These incidents are mainly three: his birth and parenthood, his elephant head, and his single tusk. Other incidents are touched on in the texts, but to a far lesser extent.}}

Ganesha's rise to prominence was codified in the 9th century when he was formally included as one of the five primary deities of [[Smartism]]. [[Adi Shankara]] popularised the "worship of the five forms" ([[Panchayatana puja]]) system among orthodox Brahmins of the Smarta tradition.<ref>*{{Harvard citation|Courtright|1985|p=163}} For Dating of the ''{{IAST|pañcāyatana pūjā}}'' and its connection with {{IAST|Smārta}} Brahmins.
*Bhattacharyya, S., "Indian Hymnology", in: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Bhattacharyya|1956|pp=volume IV|p=470}}. Volume VI. For the "five" divinities (''{{IAST|pañcādevatā}}'') becoming "the major deities" in general, and their listing as Shiva, Shakti, Vishnu, Surya, and Ganesha.</ref> This worship practice invokes the five deities Ganesha, [[Vishnu]], Shiva, [[Devi]], and [[Surya]].<ref>{{Spaces|5}}
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Grimes|1995}}, p. 162.
*{{Harvard citation no brackets|Pal|1995}}, p. ix.</ref> Adi Shankara instituted the tradition primarily to unite the principal deities of these five major sects on an equal status. This formalised the role of Ganesha as a complementary deity.

=== Second Millennium CE Scriptures ===
{{further|Ganesha Purana|Mudgala Purana|Ganapati Atharvashirsa}}

[[File:Ganesha.jpg|thumb|upright|175px|8th-century Ganesha sculpture in Cham Museum [[Da Nang|Danang]], [[Central Vietnam]]|left]]

In the [[Ganapatya]] tradition founded in the ''Ganesha Purana'' and the ''Mudgala Purana,'' Ganesha is worshipped as one of the five principle deities along with Siva, Vishnu, the Sun, Ganesha, and the Goddess.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997}}, pp. 196–197. Addresses the {{IAST|pañcāyatana}} in the {{IAST|Smārta}} tradition and the relationship of the ''Ganesha Purana'' and the ''Mudgala Purana'' to it.</ref>

The date of composition for the ''Ganesha Purana'' and the ''Mudgala Purana''—and their dating relative to one another—has sparked academic debate. Both works were developed over time and contain age-layered strata. Anita Thapan reviews comment about dating and provide her own judgment. "It seems likely that the core of the Ganesha Purana appeared around the twelfth and thirteenth centuries", she says, "but was later interpolated."<ref>For a review of major differences of opinions between scholars on dating, see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997|pp=30–33}}.</ref> Lawrence W. Preston considers the most reasonable date for the ''Ganesha Purana'' to be between 1100 and 1400, which coincides with the apparent age of the sacred sites mentioned by the text.<ref>Preston, Lawrence W., "Subregional Religious Centers in the History of Maharashtra: The Sites Sacred to {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}", in: N.K. Wagle, ed., ''Images of Maharashtra: A Regional Profile of India''. p. 103.</ref>

R.C. Hazra suggests that the ''Mudgala Purana'' is older than the ''Ganesha Purana'', which he dates between 1100 and 1400.<ref>R.C. Hazra, "The {{IAST|Gaṇeśa Purāṇa}}", ''Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute'' (1951); 79–99.</ref> However, Phyllis Granoff finds problems with this relative dating and concludes that the ''Mudgala Purana'' was the last of the philosophical texts concerned with Ganesha. She bases her reasoning on the fact that, among other internal evidence, the ''Mudgala Purana'' specifically mentions the ''Ganesha Purana'' as one of the four Puranas (the ''Brahma'', the ''Brahmanda'', the ''Ganesha'', and the ''Mudgala'' Puranas) which deal at length with Ganesha.<ref>Phyllis Granoff, "{{IAST|Gaṇeśa}} as Metaphor", in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|pp=94–95}}, note 2.</ref> While the kernel of the text must be old, it was interpolated until the 17th and 18th centuries as the worship of Ganapati became more important in certain regions.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997}}, pp. 30–33.</ref> Another highly regarded scripture in the ''Ganapatya'' tradition, the Sanskrit ''Ganapati Atharvashirsa'', was probably composed during the 16th or 17th century.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Courtright|1985|p=252}}.</ref>{{Sfn|Grimes|1995|pp=21–22}}

The ''[[Ganesha Sahasranama]]'' is part of the Puranic literature, and is a litany of a thousand names and attributes of Ganesha. Each name in the [[sahasranama]] conveys a different meaning and symbolises a different aspect of Ganesha. Versions of the ''Ganesha Sahasranama'' are found in the ''Ganesha Purana''.{{Sfn|Bailey|1995|pp=258–269}}

== Beyond India and Hinduism ==
{{Photomontage
| photo1a = TibetianGanpati.jpg
| photo2a = Lambang Kota Salatiga.png
| photo2b = Buddhist Ganesha.jpg
| photo3a = 雙身歡喜天 - Sōshin Kangiten.png
| photo3b = Bronze Ganesh, the largest in the world. - panoramio.jpg
| position = right
| size = 250
| color = #F5F5F5
| border = 0
| color_border = black
| spacing = 3
| text = (clockwise from top) Ganesha in Tibet (as Maharakta), Nepal, Thailand, Japan (as [[Kangiten]]) and coat of arms of [[Salatiga]], Indonesia.
}}
{{details|Ganesha in world religions}}Commercial and cultural contacts extended India's influence in Western and Southeast Asia. Ganesha is one of a number of Hindu deities who consequently reached foreign lands.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992}}, p. 175.</ref>

Ganesha was particularly worshipped by traders and merchants, who went out of India for commercial ventures.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992|p=174}}.</ref> From approximately the 10th century onwards, new networks of exchange developed including the formation of trade guilds and a resurgence of money circulation. During this time, Ganesha became the principal deity associated with traders.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997}}, p. 170.</ref> The earliest inscription invoking Ganesha before any other deity is associated with the merchant community.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997}}, p. 152.</ref>

Hindus migrated to [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] and took their culture, including Ganesha, with them.{{Sfn|Getty|1936|p= 55}} Statues of Ganesha are found throughout the region, often beside Shiva sanctuaries. The forms of Ganesha found in the Hindu art of the [[Philippines]], [[Java]], [[Bali]], and [[Borneo]] show specific regional influences.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Getty|1936}}, p. 55–66.</ref> The spread of Hindu culture throughout Southeast Asia established Ganesha worship in modified forms in Burma, Cambodia, and Thailand. In [[Indochina]], Hinduism and [[Buddhism]] were practised side by side, and mutual influences can be seen in the iconography of Ganesha in the region.{{Sfn|Getty|1936|p= 52}} In Thailand, Cambodia, and among the Hindu classes of the [[Cham (Asia)|Chams]] in Vietnam, Ganesha was mainly thought of as a remover of obstacles.<ref name="Brown">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Brown|1991|p=182}}.</ref>

Amongst Indonesians who predominantly profess the Islamic faith, Ganesha is not worshipped, but seen as a symbol of knowledge, wisdom and education. Many Indonesian public universities feature Ganesha's likeness in their grounds or logo. [[Blitar]], [[Salatiga]] City, and [[Kediri Regency]] are among three local governments that include Ganesha in their regency/city official seals. Indonesia is the only country to have featured Ganesha on its banknotes ([[Banknotes of the rupiah#Updates to high denominations, introduction of the Rp100,000 note (1998-1999)|20 thousand denomination]], between 1998 and 2008), although it is no longer in circulation.

Before the arrival of [[Islam]], Afghanistan had close cultural ties with India, and the adoration of both Hindu and Buddhist deities was practised. Examples of sculptures from the 5th to the 7th centuries have survived, suggesting that the worship of Ganesha was then in vogue in the region.<ref>In:

* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992}}, p. 175.
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1965}}, p. 311.</ref>

=== In Buddhism ===
{{main|Ganesha in Buddhism}}
Ganesha appears in [[Mahayana]] Buddhism, not only in the form of the Buddhist god {{IAST|Vināyaka}}, but also as a Hindu demon form with the same name.{{Sfn|Getty|1936|pp= 37–45}} His image appears in Buddhist sculptures during the late Gupta period.{{Sfn|Getty|1936|p= 37}} As the Buddhist god {{IAST|Vināyaka}}, he is often shown dancing. This form, called {{IAST|Nṛtta}} Ganapati, was popular in northern India, later adopted in Nepal, and then in Tibet.{{Sfn|Getty|1936|p= 38}} In Nepal, the Hindu form of Ganesha, known as [[Heramba]], is popular; he has five heads and rides a lion.{{Sfn|Getty|1936|p= 40}}

Ganapati (also known as Vinayaka in Buddhism) was adopted as a deity into Indian [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism and Ganapati (Tibetan: ''tshogs bdag'') remains a deity in the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] pantheon.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Nagar|1992}}, p. 185.</ref><ref>Wayman, Alex (2006). ''Chanting the Names of Manjushri''. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers: p. 76. {{ISBN|8120816536}}</ref><ref name=":0">Wilkinson, Christopher. "The Tantric Ganesa: Text Preserved in the Tibetan Canon." in Brown, Robert L. (editor) (1991) ''Studies of an Asian God,'' pp. 235-274. State University of New Ytrrk Pre'ss,Albany</ref> There are thirty texts contained in the [[Tibetan Buddhist canon]] which deal with Ganesha.<ref name=":0" /> In these texts, which are Indian texts preserved in Tibetan translation, Ganapati is depicted as a wealth deity which can also grant worldly pleasures like sex and food. He is also depicted as a protector from negative forces, demons, and sickness.<ref name=":0" /> In these tantric Buddhist sources, Ganesha is generally presented as an emanation of the Bodhisattva [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokitesvara]].<ref name=":0" />

Ganesha also appears in China and Japan in forms that show distinct regional character. In [[North China|northern China]], the earliest known stone statue of Ganesha carries an inscription dated to 531.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1997}}, p. 311.</ref> In Japan, where Ganesha is known as [[Kangiten]], the Ganesha cult was first mentioned in 806.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Martin-Dubost|1997}}, p. 313.</ref>

Derived from Mahāvināyaka, Ganesha is known as Mahāpeinne (မဟာပိန္နဲ) in Burmese.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Myanmar-English Dictionary |publisher=Department of the [[Myanmar Language Commission]] |date=1993}}</ref> The worship of Mahāpeinne Nat in Myanmar started around the early [[Nyaungyan period|Second Ava Period]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=သာယာအေးမြ နတ်တော်လ|url=http://mdn.gov.mm/en/node/149536|website=MDN - Myanmar DigitalNews|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref> [[Konbaung Dynasty|Konbaung]] king [[Mindon Min]] recognized the Mahapeinne Nat (Ganesh) alongside Thurathati
(Sarasvati), Sandi (Dewi), Paramithwa (Siva), and
Beithano (Visnu) as Natkyi (နတ်ကြီး) or greater Nat.<ref>{{Cite journal|title="Counting to 37: Sir Richard Carnac Temple and the Thirty-Eighth Nat"|url=https://www.academia.edu/41718491|journal= Journal of Burma Studies|date=2019-01-01|doi=10.1353/JBS.2019.0010|first=Sally|last=Bamford |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=163–252 }}</ref>

Today in Buddhist Thailand, Ganesha is also regarded as a remover of obstacles, and as the god of success.<ref name="Brown" /> Thailand regards Ganesha mainly as the god of arts and academics. The belief was initiated by King [[Vajiravudh]] of the [[Chakri dynasty]] who was devoted to Ganesha personally. He even built a Ganesha shrine at his personal palace, [[Sanam Chandra Palace]] in [[Nakhon Pathom Province]] where he focused on his academic and literary works. His personal belief regarding Ganesha as the god of arts formally became prominent following the establishment of the [[Fine Arts Department (Thailand)|Fine Arts Department]]. Today, Ganesha is depicted both in the seal of the Fine Arts Department, and Thailand's first prominent fine arts academy; the [[Silpakorn University]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=วัฒนะมหาตม์ |first=กิตติ |date=November 2011 |title=พระคเณศไม่ใช่เทพศิลปะ รัชกาลที่ 6 ทรงทำให้เป็นเทพศิลปะ |trans-title=Ganesh was not the god of art. King Vajiravudh was the one who made him be one. |url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_5821 |journal=ศิลปวัฒนธรรม (Arts and Culture) |language=TH |issue=November 2011 |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Jainism ===
The canonical literature of [[Jainism]] does not mention the worship of Ganesha.<ref name="Krishan">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Krishan|1999}}, p. 121.</ref> However, Ganesha is worshipped by some [[Jainism|Jains]], for whom he appears to have taken over certain functions of the god of wealth, [[Kubera]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997}}, p. 157.</ref> Jain ties with the trading community support the idea that Jainism took up Ganesha worship as a result of commercial connections and influence of Hinduism.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997}}, p. 151, 158, 162, 164, 253.</ref> The earliest known Jain Ganesha statue dates to about the 9th century.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Murthy|1985}}, p. 122.</ref> A 15th-century Jain text lists procedures for the installation of its images.<ref name="Krishan"/> Images of Ganesha appear in some Jain temples of Rajasthan and Gujarat.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thapan|1997}}, p. 158.</ref>

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

== Citations ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==See also==
*{{annotated link|Thirty-two forms of Ganesha}}
== General references ==
{{refbegin|33em}}
*{{Cite book|last=Pal|first=Pratapaditya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eY7XAAAAMAAJ|title=Ganesh, the Benevolent|publisher=[[Marg (magazine)|Marg Publications]]|year=1995|isbn=9788185026312|location=[[University of Michigan|the University of Michigan]]|author-link=Pratapaditya Pal}}
* {{Cite book|last=Apte|first=Vaman Shivram|title=The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary|year=1965|edition=Fourth revised and enlarged|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8120805675}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bailey|first=Greg|title=Ganeśapurāna: Introduction, translation, notes and index|year=1995|publisher=Harrassowitz|isbn=978-3447036474}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Bhattacharyya|editor-first=Haridas|title=The Cultural Heritage of India|year=1956|publisher=The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture|location=Calcutta |ISBN=9788185843056}} Four volumes.
* {{Citation| last =Brown| first =Robert| year = 1991| title =Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God | location =Albany| publisher =State University of New York | isbn =978-0791406571 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oF-Hqih3pBAC}}
* {{Citation |last=Chinmayananda |first=Swami |author-link=Chinmayananda |title=Glory of Ganesha |year=1987 |publisher=Central Chinmaya Mission Trust |location=Bombay |isbn= 978-8175973589}}
* {{Citation |last=Courtright |first=Paul B. |title={{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings |year=1985 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0195057423 }}
* {{Citation |last=Ellawala|first=H |title=Social History of Early Ceylon |year=1969 |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs |location=Colombo }}.
* {{cite book|last=Getty|first=Alice|year=1936|title=Gaṇeśa: A Monograph on the Elephant-Faced God|edition=1992 reprint|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-8121503778}}
* {{Citation |series=SUNY Series in Religious Studies |last=Grimes |first=John A. |title=Ganapati: Song of the Self |year=1995 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=978-0791424407 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duOe-jM8kRIC}}
* {{Citation |last=Heras |first=H. |title=The Problem of Ganapati |year=1972 |publisher=Indological Book House |location=Delhi }}
* {{Citation |last1=Khokar |first1=Ashish |first2=S. |last2=Saraswati |title=Ganesha-Karttikeya |year=2005 |publisher=Rupa and Co |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-8129107763}}
* {{Citation |last=Krishan |first=Yuvraj |year=1981–1982 |title={{IAST|The Origins of Gaṇeśa}} |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=285–301 |doi=10.2307/3249845 |publisher=Artibus Asiae Publishers |jstor=3249845}}
* {{Citation| last =Krishan| first =Yuvraj| year = 1999| title =Gaṇeśa: Unravelling An Enigma | location =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | isbn =978-8120814134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKoyRJxj9jUC}}
* {{Citation| first= K. Krishna | last=Murthy | year=1985 | title= Mythical Animals in Indian Art|location=New Delhi| publisher = Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0391032873 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMI4rZuRs1MC}}
* {{Citation|last=Martin-Dubost|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5DjAAAAMAAJ|title=Gaṇeśa, the Enchanter of the Three Worlds|publisher=Franco-Indian Research|year=1965|isbn=9788190018432|location=[[University of Michigan|the University of Michigan]]}}
* {{Citation |last=Mate |first=M.S. |title=Temples and Legends of Maharashtra |year=1962 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |oclc=776939647 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Metcalf |first1=Thomas R.|last2=Metcalf |first2=Barbara Daly|title=A Concise History of India |isbn=978-0521630276 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7ac}}
*{{cite book|last=Nagar|first=Shanti Lal|year=1992|title=The Cult of Vinayaka|publisher=Intellectual Publishing House|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7076-044-3}}
* {{Citation| last =Oka | first =Krishnaji Govind| year =1913| title =The Nāmalingānuśāsana (Amarakosha) of Amarasimha: with the Commentary ({{IAST|Amarakoshodghāṭana}}) of Kshīrasvāmin
| location =Poona| publisher =Law Printing Press| url=https://archive.org/details/namalinganusasan00amariala| access-date =14 September 2007}}.
* {{Citation |last=Ramachandra Rao |first=S.K. |title=The Compendium on Gaṇeśa |year=1992 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications |location=Delhi |isbn= 978-8170308287 }}
* {{Citation| last =Saraswati| first =Swami Tattvavidananda | year = 2004| title ={{IAST|Gaṇapati Upaniṣad}} | location =Delhi | publisher =D.K. Printworld Ltd. | isbn =978-8124602652}}
* {{Citation | last=Śāstri Khiste | first={{IAST|Baṭukanātha}} | year=1991 | title={{IAST|Gaṇeśasahasranāmastotram: mūla evaṁ srībhāskararāyakṛta 'khadyota' vārtika sahita}}
| place={{IAST|Vārāṇasī}} | publisher=Prācya Prakāśana }}. Source text with a commentary by Bhāskararāya in Sanskrit.
* {{Citation | last=Śāstri | first=Hargovinda | year=1978 | title={{IAST|Amarkoṣa}} with Hindi commentary | place=Vārānasi | publisher=Chowkhambā Sanskrit Series Office }}
* {{cite book|last=Thapan|first=Anita Raina|title=Understanding Gaṇapati: Insights into the Dynamics of a Cult|year=1997|publisher=Manohar Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8173041952}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070210051104/http://ganapati.club.fr/anglais/indexe.html Ganesh: Symbol and presence]


{{Ganesha|state=expanded}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Burmese nats}}
{{subject bar|portal1=India|portal2=Hinduism|wikt=y|commons=y|q=y|d=y|d-search= Q1579|portal3=Religion}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ganesha| ]]
[[Category:Animal gods]]
[[Category:Arts gods]]
[[Category:Creator gods]]
[[Category:Buddhist gods]]
[[Category:Commerce gods]]
[[Category:Elephants in Indian culture]]
[[Category:Abundance gods]]
[[Category:Fortune gods]]
[[Category:Jain minor deities]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Knowledge gods]]
[[Category:Mythological human–animal hybrids]]
[[Category:Wisdom gods]]
[[Category:Names of God in Sikhism]]
[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Buddhism and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Elephants in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Elephants in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Mythological elephants]]
[[Category:Liminal gods]]
[[Category:Children of Shiva]]

Soomra dynasty

2026-03-15T23:21:43Z

AlvaJustice117:

{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Muslim dynasty in Sindh}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = {{Langx|sd|{{Naskh|سومرا گهراڻو}}}}
| conventional_long_name = Soomra dynasty
| common_name = Sindh, Balochistan, Gujarat
| status = Vassals of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] (1026–1351)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stanton |first1=Andrea |title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa, Volume 4 |date=2012 |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=110 |isbn=978-1-4129-8176-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&dq=soomras+vassal+abbasids&pg=RA3-PA110}}</ref> Tributary of the [[Ghaznavids]] (1026–1030)
| year_start = 1026
| year_end = 1351 (Continued in exile until 1440 in [[Umerkot]])
| date_start =
| date_end =
| event_start = Soomra dynasty begins
| event_end = Soomra dynasty ends
| p1 = Habbari dynasty
| flag_p1 =
| p2 =
| flag_p2 =
| s1 = Samma Dynasty
| flag_s1 =
| s2 =
| flag_s2 =
| image_flag =
| image_map = {{South Asia in 1175|center||{{Annotation|44|75|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|45px]]}}}}
| image_map_caption =
| religion = [[Shia]] [[Ismaili]]
| capital = Mansura (1026) Thari (in present-day [[Badin District]] in [[Sindh]])
| official_languages = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (in Arabic and Devanagari scripts)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Panhwar |first1=M. H. |title=An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of Sindh: 1011–1351 AD |date=2003 |publisher=Soomra National Council, Pakistan |page=222 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lakho |first1=Ghulam Muhammad |title=The Samma Kingdom of Sindh: historical studies |date=2006 |publisher=Institute of Sindhology, University of Jamshoro |location=Jamshoro |isbn=9789694050782 |pages=176-177 |edition=1st}}</ref>
| common_languages = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (native language) [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (liturgical language)
| government_type = Monarchy
| title_leader =
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 = 1026–1030
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 = 1333–1351 1351–1355 in exile
| footnotes =
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today = [[Sindh]]
}}
{{History of Pakistan}}
The '''Soomra dynasty''' ({{langx|sd|{{Naskh|سومرا گهراڻو}}|translit=Sūmrā Gharāṇō}})<ref name="NB2021">{{cite book |last1=Balocu |first1=Nabī Bakhshu Khānu |title=Jāmiʻ Sindhī lughāta |date=2021 |publisher=Sindhī Adabī Borḍ |page=1036}}</ref> was a late medieval dynasty of [[Sindh]] ruled by the [[Soomro]] [[tribe]] of [[Sindh]], and at times adjacent regions, located in what is now [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=The Arab Conquest |journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |date=2007 |volume=36 |issue=1 |page=91 |quote=The Soomras are believed to be Parmar Rajputs found even today in Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Kutch and Sindh. The Cambridge History of India refers to the Soomras as "a Rajput dynasty the later members of which accepted Islam" (p. 54 ).}}</ref>

== Sources ==
The only extant source is the ''Diwan-i Farruhi'', a Persian chronicle by Abul-Hasan Ali describing [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]'s invasion (1025 AD) of [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansura]], the erstwhile capital of Sindh.<ref name=":1" /> Contemporary coinage from Sindh is scarce and of poor quality with offset flans — while some of them can be read to contain the name of [[Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah]] and [[Al-Mustansir Billah]], the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid Caliphs]] from 1021 until 1094, thereafter, they lack the name of the issuer and cannot evidence the dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fishman |first1=A. M. |title=The silver damma : on the mashas, daniqs, qanhari dirhams and other diminutive coins of India, 600–1100 CE |last2=Todd |first2=I. J. |publisher=IIRNS Publications |year=2018 |isbn=978-81-938291-0-3 |location=Mumbai, India |pages=176–184 |language=en |chapter=Uncertain Late Habbarid and Soomra Sindh ca. 1000-50 CE |oclc=1097788735}}</ref>

== History ==
===Establishment===
The early history of Soomras is unclear. Ali describes the flight and eventual death by drowning of Hafif (var. Khafif), then-ruler of Sindh, during the faceoff with Mahmud but does not specify whether he was the last Habbarid or first Soomra.<ref name=":1" />{{efn|C. 1105, Isma'ilis of Multan had sought refuge in Masura during Ghazni's invasion of the city and reasons for his campaign(s) against Hafif are noted to be the flourishing river trade of Isma'ilis and his (Hafif's) alliance with Jats.}} Later chroniclers like [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] (c. late 12th c.) and [[Ibn Khaldun]] (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid.<ref name=":1" /> The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this vacuum.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Collinet|first=Annabelle|title=Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547503-6|editor-last=Boivin|editor-first=Michel|location=Karachi|pages=9, 11, 113 (note 43)|language=en|chapter=Chronology of Sehwan Sharif through Ceramics (The Islamic Period)}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Boivin|first=Michel|title=Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547503-6|editor-last=Boivin|editor-first=Michel|location=Karachi|pages=30|language=en|chapter=Shivaite Cults And Sufi Centres: A Reappraisal Of The Medieval Legacy In Sindh}}</ref>

According to [[André Wink]], the Soomras were a dynasty of local origin, later claiming to be Rajputs as well as [[Arabs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&q=al+hind+andre+wink |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries |date=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-0-391-04173-8 |pages=166 |language=en|quote= The Sumras were a dynasty of local origin, later claiming to be Rajputs as well as Arabs, and are clearly distinguishable from the pastoral-nomadic Jats or Mids.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Habibullah |title=The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD) |journal=University of Karachi |url=https://uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf}}</ref> They have been retrospectively claimed to be [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar Rajputs]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_xtAAAAMAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty |title=History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages |date=2007 |publisher=Sang-e Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-2020-0 |pages=218 |language=en |quote=But as many kings of the dynasty bore Hindu names, it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin. Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs, but of this there is no definite proof.}}</ref> In [[Ain-i-Akbari]] (16th century) the Soomra dynasty is mentioned as of a [[Rajput]] lineage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460916 |title=Ain-i-akbari Of Abul Fazl I Allami Vol. 2 Ed. 2nd |date=1949 |pages=343}}</ref> Some of them were adherents of [[Isma'ilism]] — Arab travelers held them to be [[Qarmatians]], and correspondence with the Fatimid caliph, [[Al-Mustansir Billah]] has been located.<ref name=":2" />

=== Territory ===
The [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] and [[Ghaznavids]] continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomras.<ref name=":1" /> The precise delineations have yet to be discovered, but the Soomras were probably centered in lower Sindh.<ref name=":1" /> One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to [[Iltutmish]], the [[Sultan of Delhi]], and was allowed to continue as a vassal.<ref name="Ray2019">{{cite book |author=Aniruddha Ray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43 |title=The Sultanate of Delhi (1206–1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture |date=4 March 2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-00-000729-9 |pages=43–}}</ref>

== List of Soomro rulers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Lifespan
!Reign Start
!Reign End
|-
|Khafif
|976-1026
(aged 49-50)
|1010
|1026
|-
|[[Soomar]]
|998-1053
(aged 54-55)
|1026
|1053
|-
|[[Asimuddin Bhoongar|Bhungar I]]
|1023–1068
(aged 44–45)
|1053
|1068
|-
|Dodo I
|1046–1092
(aged 45–46)
|1068
|1092
|-
|[[Zainab Tari]]
|1068-?
|1092
|1098 (as Regent)
|-
|Sanghar
|1076–1107
(aged 30–31)
|1092
|1107
|-
|Khafif II
|1087–1142
(aged 54–55)
|1107
|1142
|-
|Umar I
|1095–1181
(aged 85–86)
|1142
|1181
|-
|Dodo II
|1134–1195
(aged 60–61)
|1181
|1195
|-
|Bhungar II
|1164–1226
(aged 61–62)
|1195
|1226
|-
|Chanesar
|1193–1237
(aged 43–44)
|(1st reign) 1226
|1228
|-
|Ganhwar
|1200–1241
(aged 40–41)
|(1st reign)
1228-
|1236
|-
|Chanesar
|1193–1371
(aged 43–44)
|(2nd reign) 1236
|1237
|-
|Ganhwar
|1200–1241
(aged 40–41)
|(2nd reign)
1237
|1241
|-
|Muhammad Tur
|1221–1256
(aged 34–35)
|1241
|1256
|-
|Ganhwar II
|1238–1259
(aged 20–21)
|1256
|1259
|-
|Dodo III
|1254–1273
(aged 19–20)
|1259
|1273
|-
|Tai
|1268–1283
(aged 14–15)
|1273
|1283
|-
|Chanesar II
|1270–1300
(aged 29–30)
|1283
|1300
|-
|Bhungar III
|1291–1315
(aged 23–24)
|1300
|1315
|-
|Khafif III
|1297–1333
(aged 35–36)
|1315
|1333
|-
|Dodo IV
|1298–1336
(aged 37–38)
|1333
|1336
|-
|Umar II
|1315–1337
(aged 21–22)
|1336
|1337
|-
|Bhungar IV
|1319–1341
(aged 21–22)
|1337
|1341
|-
|Hamir II
|1322–1351
(aged 28–29)
|1341
|1351
|}

== Kingdom of Umarkot ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Lifespan
!Reign Start
!Reign End
|-
|Umar III
|1340–1390
(aged 49–50)
|1351
|1390
|-
|Bhungar V
|1358–1400
(aged 41–42)
|1390
|1400
|-
|Hamir III
|1377–1440
(aged 62–63)
|1400
|1440
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Monarchs of Sindh]]
* [[Soomro]]
* [[Dodo Chanesar]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{History of Sindh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian dynasties]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan|Sindh]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1351]]

Don 2

2026-03-13T18:16:54Z

AlvaJustice117:

{{short description|2011 Indian film directed by Farhan Akhtar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Don 2: The King Is Back
| image = Don 2 poster.jpg
| alt = A poster of Don 2
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Farhan Akhtar]]
| producer = {{ubl|Farhan Akhtar|[[Ritesh Sidhwani]]|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Farhan Akhtar
* Ameet Mehta
* Amrish Shah
}}
{{Infobox | decat=yes | child=yes | label1=Dialogues by | data1=Farhan Akhtar}}
| based_on = {{Based on|Characters|[[Salim–Javed]]}}
| starring = 
{{Plainlist|
*Shah Rukh Khan
*[[Priyanka Chopra]]
*[[Boman Irani]]
*[[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]]
*[[Alyy Khan|Ally Khan]]
*[[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawwab Shah]]
*[[Sahil Shroff]]
*[[Om Puri]]
*[[Lara Dutta]]
}}
| music = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cinematography = Jason West
| editing = Anand Subaya
| studio = {{ubl|[[Excel Entertainment]]|[[Red Chillies Entertainment]]}}
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2011|12|23}}
| runtime = 148 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=Don 2 |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/don-2-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzm3mdu|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=5 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075048/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/don-2-2011-0 |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}76 crore<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=29|title=Don 2|work=Box Office India|access-date=26 Sep 2019}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}202.81 crore<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
}}

'''''Don 2: The King Is Back''''', better simply known as '''''Don 2''''', is a 2011 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Farhan Akhtar]]. It is the second instalment in the [[Don (franchise)|''Don'']] reboot series and sequel to the 2006 film [[Don (2006 Hindi film)|''Don'']]. It was jointly produced by Akhtar, [[Ritesh Sidhwani]], and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] under their banners [[Excel Entertainment]] and [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]. The film stars Khan as the titular [[Antihero|anti-hero]], and [[Priyanka Chopra]] as [[Roma (character)|Roma]], alongside [[Lara Dutta]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]], [[Om Puri]], [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]], and [[Alyy Khan]] in supporting roles. Set five years after the events of the first film, [[Don (character)|Don]], a powerful international drug lord, plans to steal currency printing from a bank in [[Berlin]] to take over the [[Counterfeit|counterfeiting]] business in [[Europe]], while Roma has joined the [[Interpol]] to hunt him down. The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], with lyrics written by [[Javed Akhtar]].

Following the success of the first film, Akhtar began planning a sequel in 2007, although plans did not materialize. The project was later announced in early 2010, with filming scheduled to commence later that year. [[Principal photography]] took place primarily in [[Berlin]], where most of the film was shot. Jason West handled the cinematography, while Anand Subaya edited the film.

''Don 2'' was released on 23 December 2011 in 2D and [[3D film|3D]] formats, along with dubbed versions in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]. Upon release, the film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics who praised the cinematography, production design, music, action sequences, and cast performances, but criticised it pacing and perceived lack of suspense compared to the first film. ''Don 2'' was a commercial success, grossing over {{INRConvert|202.81|c}} to emerge as the [[List of Hindi films of 2011|third highest-grossing film of the year]].

At the [[57th Filmfare Awards]], ''Don 2'' received 5 nominations including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Farhan) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khan), and won 2 awards – [[Filmfare Award for Best Action|Best Action]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]].

== Plot ==
Five years after the events of [[Don (2006 Hindi film)|''Don'']], Don now plans to take over the European drug trade next. The European drug cartel bosses meet to discuss about killing Don as he is jeopardizing their business by undercutting their prices. Living in [[Thailand]] for the last five years, Don goes to a remote settlement to pick up a shipment of cocaine. Don gets cornered by his own associates, who reveal that they were offered a deal by the Europeans to have their cocaine from Asia open for sale in Europe. Don makes his way out by killing the men and destroying the entire settlement.

Don returns to [[Malaysia]] and surrenders to Detective Malik and Roma, who has now joined [[Interpol]], where he is sentenced to death, sent to prison and soon meets his old rival Vardhaan. Vardhaan tries to exact revenge on Don for having him imprisoned but agrees to work together when Don offers him an opportunity to escape. Don and Vardhaan eventually break out by poisoning the other inmates. Don meets his trusted companion Ayesha and they retrieve a tape from a secret locker in [[Zurich]] whose key was under Vardhaan's possession. It shows J. K. Diwan, vice president of the [[Euro]]-printing [[DZ Bank|DZB]], paying Singhania to kill James Werden, the original choice for the bank’s president, so that Diwan's superior Fabian Kohl would get the post. Singhania was killed by Vardhaan five years earlier. Don blackmails Diwan into giving him the discs containing the bank's blueprints so that he can steal the printing plates. Diwan gives him blank discs and hires Abdul Jabbar, a deadly hit man.

Don escapes and bribes Jabbar to work for him instead. With no other choice, Diwan gives him the real discs. Roma and Malik arrive in [[Berlin]] and unsuccessfully interrogate Diwan, while Don and his team execute a bank robbery. After stealing the printing plates, Don is betrayed by Vardhaan and Jabbar, but Don, having anticipated this, escapes from the bank. Don's team member Sameer, whom Don met earlier to discuss his plans, calls the police on Don, who ends up being arrested.

However, Don blackmails Diwan into giving him German [[Legal immunity|immunity]] in exchange for erasing the evidence of him being involved in James Warden's death. Furious, Don negotiates with the [[German police|Berlin Police]] and Interpol over surrendering the plates and a disc, which contains the details of the European underworld, in exchange for the safety of the hostages and defusing the bombs in the bank.
Don and Roma reach Vardhaan after a bloody combat with his thugs and find themselves in a standoff. Though ordered by Vardhaan and Jabbar - and Don - Roma is unable to kill Don and is shot by Jabbar in response; she still has feelings for him, but does not want to kill him illegally. Despite the setback, Don subdues Vardhaan and kills Jabbar. Following Vardhaan's arrest, Don obtains his immunity papers and surrenders the plates and the disc as agreed, while also getting Roma to an ambulance. Later, Don detonates a bomb planted in Diwan's car, killing Diwan and seemingly destroying the plates he had taken.

It is later revealed that Don still has the real currency plates as the ones that were destroyed in the car explosion were fake. It also turns out that Sameer was actually still loyal to Don and informing the police was part of Don's plan. The disc actually contains the names of the European cartel bosses, who conspired to finish Don. As a result, Kohl and the European cartel bosses end up being arrested and sent to prison, alongside Vardhaan. Having succeeded in taking down Vardhaan and the European bosses, Don becomes the king of both the Asian and European underworlds with Sameer and Ayesha by his side. Don calls it the [[perfect crime]].

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as [[Don (character)|Mark "Don" vijay]]
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] as [[Roma (character)|Roma Bhagat]]
* [[Boman Irani]] as Vardhaan Makhija
* [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] as Sameer "Sam" Ali
* [[Om Puri]] as Detective Vishal Malik
* [[Lara Dutta]] as Ayesha Singh
* [[Alyy Khan|Ally Khan]] as J. K. Diwan
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawwab Shah]] as Abdul Jabbar
* [[Sahil Shroff]] as Arjun Shergill
* Wolfgang Stegemann as Karl Cost, Jabbar's German aide
* Rike Schmid as Yana Ali, Sameer's wife
* [[Martin Goeres]] as Jabbar's Goon
* Timo Honsa as Jabbar's Goon
* Christian Maria Goebel as Fabian Kohl
* Günter Barton as James Werden
* Bianca Karsten as Sophie Kohl
* Hans-Eckart Eckhardt as Dr. Diedrich Schneider
* Klaus Schindler as Commissioner Muller, Berlin Police
* Jason West as Jimmy Coogan
* Ridzuan Hashim as Jaruwan
* Adi Putra as Don's Malaysian lawyer
* [[Florian Lukas]] as Officer Jens Berkel
* Nicolas Walier as [[SEK (Germany)|SEK]] officer
* Sten Jacobs as [[SEK (Germany)|SEK]] officer
* [[Rajesh Khattar]] as Cartel boss Singhania (archive footage)
* [[Hrithik Roshan]] as Don (disguised face; special appearance)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
A sequel was announced in 2007, a year after the release of ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'' (2006) by [[Farhan Akhtar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Shah-Rukh-Khan-planning-Don-2/Article1-230099.aspx |title=Shah Rukh Khan planning Don 2 |work=Hindustan Times|date=14 June 2007 |access-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114132019/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-planning-don-2/article1-230099.aspx |archive-date=14 January 2014 }}</ref> However, the film got delayed due to [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s shoulder surgery.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/SRK-to-perform-daring-stunts-in-Don-2/articleshow/4652055.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083627/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-14/news-interviews/28182661_1_shah-rukh-khan-s-homepage-stunts-don-2and |url-status=live |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=SRK to perform daring stunts in Don 2 |date=14 June 2009|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 November 2011}}</ref> The original cast reprised their roles except for [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Ishaa Koppikar]];<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/No-Don-2-for-Arjun/articleshow/6317869.cms|title=No 'Don 2' for Arjun |work=The Times of India|date= 16 August 2010|access-date=26 November 2011}}</ref> [[Lara Dutta]] and [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] were cast in new roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-lara-dutta-excited-about-her-super-sophisticated-role-in-don-2-1469809 |title=Lara Dutta excited about her super-sophisticated role in 'Don 2' |work=Daily News and Analysis|date=21 November 2010 |access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> Akhtar said that he decided to make a sequel to his 2006 film because it "gave him a lot of freedom to explore the character".<ref name="DNA">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_don-2-will-touch-upon-don-s-past-farhan-akhtar_1623284 |title=Don 2 will touch upon Don's past: Farhan Akhtar |work=Daily News and Analysis|date=8 December 2011 |access-date=21 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125064818/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_don-2-will-touch-upon-don-s-past-farhan-akhtar_1623284 |archive-date=25 January 2012 }}</ref> Khan copyrighted a tattoo of "D" on his arm and grew his hair long for the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/srk-registers-don-2-tattoo-in-his-name/817871/ |title=SRK registers Don 2 tattoo in his name |work=The Indian Express|date=15 July 2011|access-date=26 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Check-out-Shah-Rukhs-pony-tail/articleshow/9783916.cms|title=Check out Shah Rukh's pony tail|date=30 August 2011|work=Times of India}}</ref>

Khan exercised extensively for the role and performed almost all the stunts by himself. ''Don 2'' marked Khan's return to playing villains after earlier films such as ''[[Darr]]'' and ''[[Baazigar]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/srk-excited-about-world-s-first-bad-guy-sequel-don-2_101893.htm |title=SRK excited about world's first 'bad guy sequel' Don 2 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=31 March 2011 |access-date=12 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109075911/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/srk-excited-about-world-s-first-bad-guy-sequel-don-2_101893.htm |archive-date=9 January 2012 }}</ref> Chopra learned martial arts and trained for over two months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/priyankas-kicking-some-serious-ass-2524.html |title=Priyanka's kicking SRK serious ass |publisher=[[Filmfare]] |date=11 July 2011 |access-date=5 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817020205/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/priyankas-kicking-some-serious-ass-2524.html |archive-date=17 August 2011 }}</ref> [[Boman Irani]] lost 12 kg for the role and grew a beard to make his character look "cold, cunning and deceitful"; he felt that playing a villain was "a big stretch" for him as an actor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Boman-Irani-loses-12-kg-for-Don-2/Article1-690743.aspx|title=Boman Irani loses 12 kg for Don 2|last=Bansal|first=Robin|work=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502082603/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Boman-Irani-loses-12-kg-for-Don-2/Article1-690743.aspx|date=28 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2011}}</ref> Dutta was cast after Koppikar, who played the role in ''Don'', dropped out of the film. She was recommended to Akhtar by Khan, who had worked with her on ''[[Billu]]'' in 2009. However, her role was changed after her casting, and turned out to be a different character than Koppikar's. In an interview with ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'', Dutta said that it was exciting to play a new character, since there would be no predecessor to live up to.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Cinema-Interviews/Lara-Dutta-super-excited-about-new-character-in-Don-2/Article1-602083.aspx|title= Lara Dutta super-excited about "new" character in Don-2|work=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113034706/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Cinema-Interviews/Lara-Dutta-super-excited-about-new-character-in-Don-2/Article1-602083.aspx |date=13 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 January 2012 }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Cityscape Berlin.jpg|thumb|300px|''Don 2'' was extensively shot in [[Berlin]].]]
[[Principal photography]] of ''Don 2'' began in October 2010 in [[Berlin]], becoming the first Hindi film to be shot there. The decision to shoot in the city was made after Khan attended the [[Berlin International Film Festival]] for its screening of ''[[My Name is Khan]]'' and realised that the city provided the required realistic backdrop for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1395309 |title=With Don 2, SRK joins Tom Cruise and Brad Pitt |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107225936/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1395309 |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Berlin">{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/oct/151010-Shah-Rukh-Khan-Don-2-sequel-German.htm |title=Don 2 gets a bill waiver |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=15 October 2010 |access-date=30 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414231416/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/oct/151010-Shah-Rukh-Khan-Don-2-sequel-German.htm |archive-date=14 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1"/> Before shooting began the German government announced the film on its website, promising support and co-operation during filming.<ref name = "Berlin"/> A 70-member Indian crew travelled to the city for two weeks of preparation for shooting. Scenes were filmed at the [[Brandenburg Gate]], the [[Alexanderplatz]], the [[French Cathedral, Berlin|French Cathedral]] and the [[East Side Gallery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/other-world/berlin-woos-india-1.997341 |title=Berlin woos India |publisher=Gulf News |date=23 March 2012 |access-date=30 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329222710/http://gulfnews.com/news/world/other-world/berlin-woos-india-1.997341 |archive-date=29 March 2012 }}</ref> The German government provided €3 million in incentives to the film's producers, since it was shot in Berlin. The shoot cost €6.8 million.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/bollywood-fans-descend-on-berlin-for-shah-rukh-priyanka-shoot-news-international-kkxmunedhcf.html |title=Bollywood fans descend on Berlin for Shah Rukh, Priyanka shoot |website=[[Sify]] |date=23 October 2010 |access-date=5 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123102114/http://www.sify.com/news/bollywood-fans-descend-on-berlin-for-shah-rukh-priyanka-shoot-news-international-kkxmunedhcf.html |archive-date=23 January 2014 }}</ref>

Khan experimented with several looks and performed his own stunts in the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-was-scared-to-do-stunts-myself-in-don-2-shah-rukh-khan-1628042|title=I was scared to do stunts myself in 'Don 2': Shah Rukh Khan|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=20 December 2011|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-did-his-own-stunts-in-don-2-farhan-akhtar/|title=Shah Rukh Khan did his own stunts in Don 2 – Farhan Akhtar|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=12 December 2011|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> In Berlin, he performed a 300-foot jump for a scene.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/srk-does-300-feet-jump-for-don-2/697125 |title=SRK does 300 feet jump for 'Don 2' |work=The Indian Express |date=13 October 2010 |access-date=26 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119191203/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/srk-does-300-feet-jump-for-don-2/697125 |archive-date=19 November 2010 }}</ref> A car-chase scene using 67 cars closed main thoroughfares (including the Brandenburg Gate) for three weeks. Each day, alternate routes were provided around roads cordoned off for filming.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Shah-Rukh-blows-up-67-cars-for-Don-2/Article1-784437.aspx |title=Shah Rukh blows up 67 cars for Don 2 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=23 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221122931/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Shah-Rukh-blows-up-67-cars-for-Don-2/Article1-784437.aspx |archive-date=21 December 2011 }}</ref> The shooting schedule also included a special appearance by [[Hrithik Roshan]], whose presence was kept under wraps by filmmakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/oct/281010-Hrithik-Roshan-Berlin-Farhan-Akhtar-Don-2.htm |title=Hrithik in Don 2? |work=Mid-Day |access-date=30 March 2012 |date=28 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107235924/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/oct/281010-Hrithik-Roshan-Berlin-Farhan-Akhtar-Don-2.htm |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref> In December 2010, the Berlin schedule ended.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-10-01/don2-farhan-akhtar-02-12-10.html |title=Don is back from Berlin |website=Behindwoods |access-date=19 July 2011 |date=2 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202143456/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-10-01/don2-farhan-akhtar-02-12-10.html |archive-date=2 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/27/priyanka-chopra-to-return-in-don-sequel.htm Priyanka Chopra to return in Don sequel – Rediff] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703085637/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/27/priyanka-chopra-to-return-in-don-sequel.htm |date=3 July 2012 }}</ref> In February 2011, the actors flew to [[Malaysia]], where several scenes were shot in Malacca Prison with prisoners as extras. A section of the prison block was made available for filming, with special T-shirts distinguishing crew members from prisoners in the high-security zone.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/SRK-in-Malaysia-for-Don-2/Article1-662655.aspx |title=SRK in Malaysia for Don 2 |work= Hindustan Times |date=15 February 2011 |access-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218032449/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/SRK-in-Malaysia-for-Don-2/Article1-662655.aspx |archive-date=18 February 2011 }}</ref> Khan trained with Hollywood stunt and fight director Wolfgang Stegemann, who also played Karl in the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Shah-Rukh-Khans-daredevilry/articleshow/11031166.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112222246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-09/news-interviews/30491048_1_stunts-action-scenes-films |url-status=live |archive-date=12 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Shah Rukh Khan's daredevilry |access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref>

In September 2011, filming resumed on a song featuring the two leads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20110184520&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=135062 |title=Farhan stunned with 3D trailer of RA.One |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=19 September 2011 |author=Indo-Asian News Service |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923195754/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20110184520&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=135062 |archive-date=23 September 2011 |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service }}</ref> Another song was shot with Khan in Goa in late November, only a month before the film's release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/bollywood/last-minute-song-n-dance-971 |title=Last minute song-n-dance |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 November 2011 |access-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128194015/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/bollywood/last-minute-song-n-dance-971 |archive-date=28 November 2011 }}</ref> The song was shot as an action sequence, but did not appear in the film.<ref name=d2promo>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-don-2-farhan-akhtar-priyanka-chopra-147148-2011-11-28 |title=SRK shoots special Don 2 promo video |work=India Today|date=29 November 2011 |access-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130030800/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-don-2-farhan-akhtar-priyanka-chopra/1/161968.html |archive-date=30 November 2011 }}</ref> In August 2011, the producers said they will release ''Don 2'' in [[Stereoscopy|3D]]. The idea of [[2D to 3D conversion|3D conversion]] occurred to Akhtar while shooting; after tests in [[Los Angeles]], it was decided to convert the entire film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Don-2-in-3D/articleshow/9694279.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412063051/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-22/news-interviews/29914362_1_3d-d-format-conversion|url-status=live|archive-date=12 April 2012|title=Don 2 in 3D |date=22 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 November 2011}}</ref> The director of photography had used special lenses, which made conversion easier. Sidhwani said that the idea of converting the film into 3D came to him after seeing ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]''. Chuck Comisky, a veteran S-3D innovator who supervised 3D stereo and visual effects for ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' and ''[[Sanctum (film)|Sanctum]]'', was given the job.<ref name="3Dcomic"/> Anand Subaya was the editor and Jason West served as the director of photography.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Farhan-Akhtar-gets-ZNMD-editor-for-Don-2/articleshow/9920572.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112222239/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-09/news-interviews/30134592_1_farhan-akhtar-editing-znmd|url-status=live|archive-date=12 November 2013|title=Farhan Akhtar gets ZNMD editor for Don 2|date= 9 September 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 November 2011}}</ref> The [[digital intermediate]] and VFX of ''Don 2'' were by Pixion Studios, and the 3D conversion by [[Reliance MediaWorks Ltd|Reliance Mediaworks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2938 |title=Highlights of VFX and post-production for Bollywood films in 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=31 December 2012 |access-date=30 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118131409/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2938 |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Don 2 (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], with lyrics written by [[Javed Akhtar]]. The album contains nine compositions: four original songs, two instrumentals, a dialogue snippet, and two remix out of four original songs. The vocals were performed by [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Anusha Mani]], [[Usha Uthup]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]], [[KK (singer)|KK]] and [[Caralisa Monteiro]]. It was released on 16{{nbsp}}November 2011 by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/don-2-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1122289050|title=Don 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=16 November 2011 |publisher=iTunes|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
[[File:Team Don2.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Four actors casually dressed and actress in white sleeveless dress|(''from left to right'') [[Sahil Shroff]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Ritesh Sidhwani]] and [[Farhan Akhtar]] at a promotional event for ''Don 2'' in [[Mumbai]], 2011]]
The distributors, [[Reliance Entertainment]], bought the rights to ''Don 2'' from Excel Entertainment for {{INRConvert|850|m}} and spent another {{INRConvert|220|m}} on prints and marketing.<ref name="sequel"/> [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] acquired the satellite rights for {{INRConvert|370|m}}.<ref name="sequel">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-14/news/30516115_1_big-hindi-film-release-satellite-deal-reliance-entertainment|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113180147/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-14/news/30516115_1_big-hindi-film-release-satellite-deal-reliance-entertainment|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2013|title=Shah Rukh Khan's Don 2: Zee Entertainment bags satellite rights for Rs 37 crore|work=The Economic Times|date=14 December 2011|access-date=14 December 2011}}</ref> Distribution rights in Tamil Nadu and Kerala were bought by Sudha Screen's Sreeraj for an undisclosed price.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/don-2-goes-for-record-price-in-tn-kerala-news-malayalam-llkrtwjfjhc.html |title=Don 2 goes for record price in TN & Kerala|website=[[Sify]]|date=10 December 2011|access-date=12 December 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217064450/http://www.sify.com/movies/don-2-goes-for-record-price-in-tn-kerala-news-malayalam-llkrtwjfjhc.html |archive-date=17 December 2011 }}</ref> The music rights of ''Don 2'' were sold to T-Series for {{INRConvert|100|m}}. The theatrical trailer and poster for ''Don 2'' were released with ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''. A second trailer was released online on 24 October 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/watch-the-slick-new-don-2-trailer-is-out/167549-8-66.html |title=Watch: The slick new 'Don 2' trailer is out! |publisher=[[IBN Live]]|access-date=15 July 2011 |date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717072248/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/watch-the-slick-new-don-2-trailer-is-out/167549-8-66.html |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref> The film previewed at the [[Dubai International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Shah-Rukh-Khan-unveils-the-first-look-of-Don-2/Article1-780023.aspx |title=Shah Rukh Khan unveils the first look of Don 2 |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 December 2011 |access-date=12 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107051752/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Shah-Rukh-Khan-unveils-the-first-look-of-Don-2/Article1-780023.aspx |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref> The producers collaborated with [[McDonald's]] and [[Café Coffee Day]] in 20 cities to provide free Internet access with Wi-Fi in their stores so that viewers could watch songs in 3D on their computers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/don-2-bets-bignew-media-for-promotions/459093/|title=Don 2 bets big on new media for promotions|work=Business standard|date=19 December 2011 |access-date=23 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611013046/http://business-standard.com/india/news/don-2-bets-bignew-media-for-promotions/459093/ |archive-date=11 June 2012 }}</ref>

The producers decided to publicize the dialogue from ''Don 2'' by releasing 10 lines delivered by Don as "Don Says...": one line each Friday from 15 October until the film's release on 23 December. The lines were released simultaneously across all media platforms: television, print, radio, Internet and mobile.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/WATCH-Don-2-s-teaser-dialogue/Article1-756846.aspx|title=Watch the slick new 'Don 2' trailer|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=17 October 2011|date=13 October 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114201655/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/WATCH-Don-2-s-teaser-dialogue/Article1-756846.aspx|archive-date=14 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Shah-Rukhs-Don-isms-on-demand/articleshow/11106719.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113194634/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/news-interviews/30516519_1_hai-mushkil-hi-nahin-farhan |url-status=live |archive-date=13 November 2013 |title=Shah Rukh's Don-isms on demand |date=1 January 1970|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref> The filmmakers also released a limited-edition toy version. The toy, [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] dressed as Don, is the first [[bobblehead]] of a Bollywood star.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Shah-Rukh-Khan-turns-toy-boy/articleshow/11144478.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330125710/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-17/news-interviews/30528317_1_shah-rukh-khan-toy-don-avatar |url-status=live |archive-date=30 March 2013 |title=Shah Rukh Khan turns toy boy |date=17 December 2011|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> The cast, director and producers embarked on a multi-city tour across India (including [[Patna]]) to promote the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_shah-rukh-khan-to-begin-don-2-promotional-tour-from-patna_1624815 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to begin Don 2 promotional tour from Patna |publisher=DNAIndia.com |date=12 December 2011 |access-date=12 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126054727/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_shah-rukh-khan-to-begin-don-2-promotional-tour-from-patna_1624815 |archive-date=26 January 2012 }}</ref> Interrupted by security problems, the tour resumed from [[Nagpur]] to [[Ahmedabad]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and other cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-don-2-promotional-tour-for-don-2-raone-148841-2011-12-14 |title=SRK falters in the first leg of his Don 2 promo tour|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 December 2011|access-date=16 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216031458/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-don-2-promotional-tour-for-don-2-ra.one/1/164321.html |archive-date=16 December 2011 }}</ref>

In October 2011 a comic book based on ''Don 2'', ''Don: The Origin'', was published that was about Don's past.<ref name="3Dcomic">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Don-2-comic-books-to-hit-stands-before-film-s-release/Article1-760630.aspx |title=Don 2 comic books to hit stands before film's release |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 November 2011 |date=23 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126163129/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Don-2-comic-books-to-hit-stands-before-film-s-release/Article1-760630.aspx |archive-date=26 November 2011}}</ref> [[Excel Entertainment]] collaborated with India's largest video-game company, Gameshastra, on a console game. The firm developed a third-person action-adventure console game in which the player performs actions similar to Don's in the film.<ref name=games>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/now-a-video-game-on-don-2/210029-11.html |title=Now, a video game on 'Don 2' |publisher=[[CNN IBN]] |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904012150/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/now-a-video-game-on-don-2/210029-11.html |archive-date=4 September 2013 }}</ref> A social game, ''Don – The Social Mobsters Game'' (developed by Mango Games), was launched on Facebook. It is available on Android and PSN for [[PlayStation 3]] platforms. Sidhwani said, "This is the first time a game is based on an Indian film that will be launched on four platforms. For an iconic character like Don, I think this was the best way to keep the hysteria going amongst his fans."<ref name=games/> A [[PlayStation 2]] game, ''[[Don 2: The King is Back (video game)|Don 2: The King is Back]]'', was released in India in February 2013 to tie in with the film, also serving as the final [[PAL]] game for the console.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/now-a-video-game-on-don-2-426499.html|title=Now, a video game on 'Don 2'|publisher=CNN-News18|date=8 December 2011|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> [[Mobile video game]]s were also Fugu Mobile and included ''Don 2: The Pursuit'' (a [[Racing video game|racing game]]) and ''Don 2: Prison Break'' and ''Don 2: Eliminate Vardhan''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FuguMobile |url=https://phoneky.com/games/?q=FuguMobile |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=phoneky.com}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Don 2'' was released worldwide 23 December 2011 on 3,105 screens in the domestic market, including 500 prints in [[3D film|3D]], and on 650 screens in 40 countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/businesstalk/id/511/date/2011-12-28 |title=Don 2 Business |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=27 December 2011 |access-date=29 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107180037/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/businesstalk/id/511/date/2011-12-28 |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/box-office/2011/don-2-box-office-report-overseas-collection-271211.html |title=Shahrukh's Don 2 sets new records at Overseas Box Office |publisher=Oneindia |date=27 December 2011 |access-date=29 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106202414/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/box-office/2011/don-2-box-office-report-overseas-collection-271211.html |archive-date=6 January 2012 }}</ref> The dubbed versions in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] were released with the Hindi version.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/aug/220811-bollywood-B-Towns-3D-explosion.htm|title=B-Town's 3D explosion|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]|date=22 August 2011|access-date=22 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909035927/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/aug/220811-bollywood-B-Towns-3D-explosion.htm|archive-date=9 September 2011}}</ref> The second phase of the film's international release began in January 2012 in 84 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-don-2-first-day-collection-149831-2011-12-24 |title=Don 2' grosses Rs. 15 crore on first day |work=India Today|date=25 December 2012 |access-date=29 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217191953/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-don-2-first-day-collection/1/165796.html |archive-date=17 February 2012 }}</ref> From 9 February 2012 to 19 February 2012, ''Don 2'' was screened at the World Premiere Cinema theatre during the 62nd [[Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/SRK-to-attend-Don-2-screening-at-Berlinale/Article1-798927.aspx |title=SRK to attend Don 2 screening at Berlinale |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 January 2012 |access-date=6 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119183943/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/SRK-to-attend-Don-2-screening-at-Berlinale/Article1-798927.aspx |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/feb/08/sci-fi-nazi-berlin-film-festival?newsfeed=true |title=SFinnish sci-fi Nazi movie is hot ticket at Berlinale |work=The Guardian |date=8 February 2012 |access-date=10 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114002304/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/feb/08/sci-fi-nazi-berlin-film-festival?newsfeed=true |archive-date=14 November 2013 }}</ref> [[Reliance Entertainment]] obtained a "[[John Doe]]" order from the [[Delhi High Court]] allowing it to serve cease-and-desist notices on film pirates.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pirates of Don 2 beware|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/bollywood/pirates-don-2-beware-634|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=23 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107185552/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/bollywood/pirates-don-2-beware-634|archive-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>

A month before ''Don 2''{{'}}s release, Nariman Films, producers of ''Don'', sent a legal notice to [[Reliance Entertainment|Reliance]] and [[Excel Entertainment]] about the sequel. According to the notice, Nariman had given the rights to Excel Entertainment in perpetuity for ''Don'' alone.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/SRKs-Don-2-release-wont-be-hampered/articleshow/10782102.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113225016/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-18/news-interviews/30414632_1_title-copyright-infringement-legal-notice-nariman-films|url-status=live|archive-date=13 November 2013|title=SRK's Don 2 release won't be hampered|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 November 2011|access-date=19 November 2011}}</ref> On 19 December, a week before ''Don 2''{{'}}s release, the [[Bombay High Court]] refused to stay the film's release; the court's ruling considered the film's scheduled release on 21 December overseas and 23 December in India, for which many theaters had been booked.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/don-2-hc-refuses-to-stay-release-of-film-for-copyright-violation/articleshow/11171273.cms |title=Don 2: HC refuses to stay release of film for copyright violation |work=The Economic Times|date=19 December 2011|access-date=23 December 2011}}</ref>

The smoking scenes in the film came with a disclaimer per [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health Ministry]]'s advice to the producers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/smoking-scenes-not-blurred-in-don-2-farhan/883743/ |title=Smoking scenes not blurred in 'Don 2': Farhan |work=The Indian Express|date=5 December 2011|access-date=5 December 2011}}</ref> The DVD was released on 7 February 2012 with two different versions, Blu-ray and a special feature releasing on 10 April and 24 May.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Don-2-Shahrukh-Khan/dp/B006YP4FMY|title=Don 2|date=7 February 2012 |publisher=Amazon|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===

''Don 2'' received positive reviews from critics, receiving praise for its story, cinematography, production design, soundtrack, background score, action sequences and performances of the cast.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/12/23/review-round-up-srks-a-good-villain-in-don-2/|title=Review Round-Up: SRK's a Good Villain in 'Don 2′|last=Sahni|first=Diksha|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=23 December 2011|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref>

{{As of|2020|06}}, the film holds a 63% approval rating on [[review aggregator]] site ''[[Rotten Tomatoes]]'', based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 6.68 out of 10.<ref>{{cite web|title=Don 2 (2011)|date=22 December 2011 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/don_2/|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=20 June 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114180714/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/don_2/|archive-date=14 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 4 stars out of 5 and called it "a classic action/crime thriller that doesn't let go, even for a moment. More importantly, the plot has been finely crafted, with every twist and turn falling into place like a complicated albeit neat little jigsaw."<ref>{{cite news|title=Don 2 movie review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Don-2/movie-review/11205411.cms|last=Kazmi|first=Nikhat|work=The Times of India|date=22 December 2011|access-date=23 December 2011|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110093411/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/don-2/movie-review/11205411.cms|archive-date=10 January 2012 }}</ref> Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' also rated the film 4 stars out of 5, and praised the performances by Khan, Chopra and Irani, remarking "They carry the film through its flat moments. It's not very taut, but ''Don 2'' serves up enough thrills in the finale and that alone makes it worth a watch."<ref>{{cite web|title=Don 2|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/don-2_-99.html|last=Gupta|first=Rachit|work=[[Filmfare]]|date=23 December 2011 |access-date=23 December 2011|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201015/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/don-2-2868.html |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref> Priya Joshi of ''[[Digital Spy]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5, praising its dramatic conclusion which she thought was brilliantly executed, and wrote that it "is a thoroughly exhilarating action-fest, fashioned in a Bollywood-style – and a shot of adrenaline amidst the usual elf-inspired festive film fare."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/review/a357193/don-2-review.html |title='Don 2' review – Bollywood Review |publisher=Digital Spy |date=23 December 2011 |access-date=24 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107195946/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/review/a357193/don-2-review.html |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref>

A review carried by ''[[The Express Tribune]]'' called the film "a visual masterpiece", adding that "it sets a very high benchmark for future Indian action films."<ref>{{cite news|last=Mahmood|first=Rafay|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/316484/film-review-don-2-making-a-killing/|title=Film review: Don 2 – making a killing|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=14 January 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413125723/http://tribune.com.pk/story/316484/film-review-don-2-making-a-killing/|archive-date=13 April 2012 }}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5, feeling that the second half took the film to another level, and wrote "Akhtar chooses an entirely new concept, garnishes it with classic action, stunning visuals, giving it an international look and feel".<ref>{{cite web|title=Don 2 Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/525404|date=23 December 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175606/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/525404 |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref> Aniruddha Guha of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave 3 out of 5 complimenting Khan's performance and action sequences, which he thought made the film work.<ref>{{cite news|title=Review: Shah Rukh Khan makes Don 2 work |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-shah-rukh-khan-makes-don-2-work_1629155 |access-date=23 December 2011 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=23 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104223811/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-shah-rukh-khan-makes-don-2-work_1629155 |archive-date=4 January 2012 }}</ref> ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave it 2.5 out of 5, praising Khan's performance and wrote "The film is slick, the cinematography is captivating but the racy, edge of the seat pace that you expect from an action thriller of this kind is sorely missing."<ref>{{cite news|last=Shetty |first=Shubha |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/dec/231211-Don-2-movie-review-Shah-Rukh-Khan.htm |title=Don 2 – Movie Review |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=23 December 2011 |access-date=24 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107171746/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/dec/231211-Don-2-movie-review-Shah-Rukh-Khan.htm |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref>

[[Raja Sen]] of ''Rediff.com'' termed the film as "a glossy, unashamed action offering polished within an inch of itself, visually coming together seamlessly and effectively."<ref name="sen">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-don-two-both-plastic-and-explosive/20111223.htm |title=Raja Sen: Don 2, both plastic and explosive |publisher=Rediff |author=Raja Sen |date=23 December 2011 |access-date=23 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105050635/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-don-two-both-plastic-and-explosive/20111223.htm |archive-date=5 January 2012 }}</ref> Sen also added that "although the film has been impressively produced, it has been let down by the over-the-top acting by Khan, while other actors were underused and were given nothing much to do."<ref name="sen" /> [[Rajeev Masand]] gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, calling it "spectacularly boring", and wrote "''Don 2'' is nicely shot, and there are moments where Khan is riveting. But that's not enough to hold your interest for well over two hours…even the actor's most loyal fans will find themselves yawning."<ref>{{cite web|title=Heist makes waste|url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/heist-makes-waste/|publisher=Rajeevmasand.com|access-date=23 December 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107195943/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/heist-makes-waste/|archive-date=7 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sonia Chopra of ''[[Sify]]'' also gave 2.5 out of 5, feeling that the original film was better as compared to the sequel but praised the action sequences, writing "The car chases are superb and will have you at the edge of your seat. For the rest of the film though, you'll be slouching on that very seat, waiting for the thrills that the ''Don'' series promises."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/don-2-review-where-s-don-this-is-a-con-review-bollywood-14986476.html |title=Movie Review:Don 2 review: Where's Don? This is a con! |author=Chopra, Sonia|website=[[Sify]]|date=23 December 2011 |access-date=24 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921201029/http://www.sify.com/movies/don-2-review-where-s-don-this-is-a-con-review-bollywood-14986476.html |archive-date=21 September 2013 }}</ref> Writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', [[Mayank Shekhar]] was disappointed with the film, calling it "never ending" and criticized the stretched storyline.<ref>{{cite news|title=Don 2 Review |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Mayank-Shekhar-s-review-Don-2/Article1-786223.aspx |access-date=23 December 2011 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=23 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224041729/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Mayank-Shekhar-s-review-Don-2/Article1-786223.aspx |archive-date=24 December 2011 }}</ref> Sudhish Kamath of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said "The editor wishes his studio exploded and didn't have to put this together. But he's getting a fat cheque. He does his job to the best of his ability and is almost done when he hears that line “Don Ko Pakadna Mushkil Hi Nahin...”"<ref>{{cite web|title=Don 2 - Two plates and a ham burglar|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/don-2-two-plates-and-a-ham-burglar/article2744512.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 July 2020|first=Sudhish|last=Kamath|date=24 December 2011}}</ref>

Among the overseas reviewers, Lisa Tsering of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote: "Khan's foray into bad-boy territory is all swagger with not much substance."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/don-2-film-review-shah-rukh-khan-277022|title=Don 2: Film Review|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=30 December 2011|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref> David DeWitt of ''[[The New York Times]]'' called it the "slick cousin" of "''[[Mission: Impossible (film)|Mission: Impossible]]'' and ''[[Ocean's Eleven]]''".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/movies/don-2-with-shah-rukh-khan-and-priyanka-chopra-review.html|title=Bollywood Baddie Is Ready to Take On Europe|last=DeWitt|first=David|work=The New York Times|date=22 December 2011|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref>

== Box office ==
=== Domestic ===
''Don 2'' was made with a production cost of {{INRConvert|760|m}} excluding SRK's acting fee with shares in profits which is {{INRConvert|650|m}}. On its first day, ''Don 2'' had 80-percent occupancy levels throughout India. In multiplexes its occupancy level was 75%-80% percent and 70–75 percent in single-screen theatres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3831&nCat= |title=Don 2 Has 70% All India First Day Opening |publisher=BoxOfficeIndia.Com |work=24 December 2009
|access-date=24 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201747/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3831&nCat= |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|147|m}} from its Hindi version,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4006&nCat=
|publisher=Box office India
|title=Top Opening Days ALL TIME
|date=6 February 2012
|access-date=6 March 2012
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204172910/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4006&nCat=
|archive-date=4 December 2013
}}</ref> in the process becoming the third-[[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest opening-day]] grossing Indian film (fourth-highest for the Hindi version)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=3840&nCat= |title=All Time Top Opening Days DON 2 Fourth |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=24 December 2011 |access-date=24 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104144802/http://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=3840&nCat= |archive-date=4 January 2012 }}</ref> and the highest opening-day grossing film on a non-holiday Friday.<ref name="opening day">{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/shah-rukh-khan%E2%80%99s-don-2-day-1-box-office-break-down/ |title=Don 2 Day One Breakdown |publisher=[[Komal Nahta]] |date=24 December 2011 |access-date=24 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904201612/http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/shah-rukh-khan%E2%80%99s-don-2-day-1-box-office-break-down/ |archive-date=4 September 2012 }}</ref> The film increased its earnings by about 20–25 percent in high-end cinemas during its second and third days, aided by a sizeable increase in multiplex revenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3844&nCat= |title=Don 2 Second Day Business |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=25 December 2011 |access-date=25 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201802/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3844&nCat= |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref> Over the weekend, ''Don 2'' grossed {{INRConvert|470|m}} from its Hindi version and another {{INRConvert|15|m}} from its Tamil and Telugu versions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4013&nCat= |title=Top Opening Weekends All Time AGNEEPATH 5th |publisher=Box Office India |date=7 February 2012 |access-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419144655/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4013&nCat= |archive-date=19 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It held well the following week, collecting a total of {{INRConvert|700|m}} by the end of its first week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4015&nCat= |title=Top Opening Weeks All Time UPDATED |date=8 February 2012 |access-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212035945/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4015&nCat= |archive-date=12 February 2012 }}</ref> During the film's second weekend, ''Don 2'' grossed {{INRConvert|145|m}} from its Hindi version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3876&nCat= |title=Don 2 Has Excellent Second Weekend |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=2 January 2012 |access-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104143929/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3876&nCat= |archive-date=4 January 2012 }}</ref> The film held well during its second week, declining 62 percent and collecting {{INRConvert|270|m}} from its Hindi version<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4052&nCat= |title=Top Second Weeks ALL TIME Updated 16/02/12 |publisher=Box Office India |date=17 February 2012 |access-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220221441/http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4052&nCat= |archive-date=20 February 2012 }}</ref> and thus taking its two-week total to {{INRConvert|970|m}}. The second-week total of ''Don 2'' was the second-highest of 2011, after ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]''. By the end of its theatrical run the [[Hindi]] version of ''Don 2'' grossed {{INRConvert|1.06|b}} in India and regional versions added a further {{INR}}60 million for a grand total of {{INRConvert|1.12|b}} including Tamil and Telugu,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4240&nCat= |title=Top Lifetime Nett Grossers All Time UPDATED 04/04/12 |publisher=Box Office India |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=5 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006030639/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4240&nCat= |archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref> making it the highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2011.

=== International ===
''Don 2'' was released overseas in two phases, with most major markets covered in the first phase. The film set several records on its opening day. It grossed $550,000 from 164 theatres in the United States. In the United Kingdom, ''Don 2''{{'}}s revenue debuted in the top ten, earning $527,000 in three days from 76 theatres; in the Middle East, the film grossed $930,000 in two days. It broke the record for the highest single-day revenue in Australia ([[Australian dollar|$]]62,000), grossing $136,000 in Australia, New Zealand and Fiji during the first two days of its run.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The film grossed {{INRConvert|16.9|m}} during its first week in Pakistan, breaking all previous records.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/315044/lights-camera-action-the-revival-of-the-cinema-industry-in-pakistan/ |title=Lights, camera, action!: The revival of the cinema industry in Pakistan |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |date=15 December 2011 |access-date=2 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103191254/http://tribune.com.pk/story/315044/lights-camera-action-the-revival-of-the-cinema-industry-in-pakistan/ |archive-date=3 January 2012 }}</ref> ''Don 2'' grossed {{INRConvert|371|m}} over the weekend, and {{INRConvert|504|m}} during its first week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/boxofficeoverseas/date/2011-12-28 |title='Don 2' $6.50 million opening weekend |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 December 2011 |access-date=2 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107180005/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/boxofficeoverseas/date/2011-12-28 |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/specialfeatures/id/166 |title=Overseas: 'Don 2' $ 8.47 million in Week 1 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 December 2011 |access-date=3 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107181628/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/specialfeatures/id/166 |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref> It set a record for the all-time biggest opening week for a Hindi film in North America, earning $2.64 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20120191686&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=164256 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710105100/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20120191686&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=164256 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2012 |title=SRK starrer Don 2 doing roaring business in US |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=6 January 2012 |access-date=14 January 2012 }}</ref> The film was the highest-grossing Bollywood film overseas in 2011. During the second phase of its release, which began in February 2012, ''Don 2'' earned $112,027 in Germany and $5,041 in Austria.<ref name="Don 2 foreign gross">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=don2.htm |title=Don 2 foreign gross |publisher=Box Office Mojo |date=2 March 2012 |access-date=2 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311073803/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=don2.htm |archive-date=11 March 2012 }}</ref> It grossed $11.24 million on the overseas market and was the [[List of Bollywood highest-grossing films in overseas markets|third highest-grossing Bollywood film]] overseas at that time, after ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' and ''[[3 Idiots]]''.<ref name="Don 2 foreign gross"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4847&nCat= |title=Top Ten Overseas: EK THA TIGER Sixth |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=30 August 2012 |access-date=30 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901195904/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4847&nCat= |archive-date=1 September 2012 }}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
|rowspan="2" |2012
| Most Entertaining Actor in an Action Film – Male
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite episode|title=Big Star Entertainment Awards 2012|series=Big Star Entertainment Awards|network=STAR India|date=31 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in an Action Film – Female
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]
|rowspan="3" |2012
| Top Grosser of the Year
| ''Don 2''
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite episode|title=ETC Bollywood Business Awards 2011|series=ETC Bollywood Business Awards|network=ETC|date=11 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| Most Profitable Director
| {{Sort|Akhtar|[[Farhan Akhtar]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| Most Popular First Look of a Film
| rowspan="2" | ''Don 2''
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |[[57th Filmfare Awards|29 January 2012]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Nominations for 57th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2974/2974 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113194825/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2974/2974 |archive-date=13 January 2012 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Winners of 57th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3028/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 January 2012 |access-date=28 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712170218/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3028 |archive-date=12 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{Sort|Akhtar|[[Farhan Akhtar]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
| {{sort|Barsch|Matthias Barsch}}
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
| {{sort|Kamte|Nakul Kamte}}
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[IIFA Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | [[13th IIFA Awards|9 June 2012]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for IIFA Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3351 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=5 May 2012 |access-date=17 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719073859/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3351 |archive-date=19 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]
| {{sort|Irani|[[Boman Irani]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" | Lions Gold Awards
| rowspan="2" |
| Favourite Actor in a Leading Role – Male
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood stars grace 18th Lions Gold Awards |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/jan/120112-Bollywood-stars-grace-18th-Lions-Gold-Awards.htm |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715035721/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/jan/120112-Bollywood-stars-grace-18th-Lions-Gold-Awards.htm |archive-date=15 July 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| Favourite Actor in a Leading Role – Female
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" | National Media Network Film & TV Awards
|
| Best Director
| {{Sort|Akhtar|[[Farhan Akhtar]]}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/vidya-bags-best-actress-for-the-dirty-picture-162242 |title=Vidya bags best actress for The Dirty Picture |work=NDTV |date=30 Dec 2011 |access-date=2014-03-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527093133/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/vidya-bags-best-actress-for-the-dirty-picture-162242 |archive-date=27 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| rowspan="6" |
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" |<ref>{{cite web|title=7th Apsara Awards Nominees |url=http://apsaraawards.org/7th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |publisher=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]] |access-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504100107/http://apsaraawards.org/7th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date= 4 May 2012 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=7th Apsara Awards Winners |url=http://apsaraawards.org/7th_apsara_awards_winners.html |publisher=Producers Guild Film Awards |access-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111005819/http://apsaraawards.org/7th_apsara_awards_winners.html |archive-date=11 November 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| Best Entertainer of the Year – Male
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Entertainer of the Year – Female
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| {{sort|Kamte|Nakul Kamte}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Sound Mixing
| {{sort|Kamte|Nakul Kamte}}, Debajit Changmai
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Special Effects
| {{sort|Sutar|Prasad Sutar}}
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="6" |
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for 18th Annual Colors Screen Awards 2012|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2951 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=6 January 2012|access-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121053726/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2951 |archive-date=21 January 2016 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Playing Favourites|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/playing-favourites/896285/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 18th Annual Colors Screen Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2987/Winners+of+18th+Annual+Colors+Screen+Awards+2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=8 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426180845/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2987/Winners%2Bof%2B18th%2BAnnual%2BColors%2BScreen%2BAwards%2B2012 |archive-date=26 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor (Popular Choice)|Best Actor (Popular Choice)]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)|Best Actress (Popular Choice)]]
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]]
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}, [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Action
| {{sort|Barsch|Matthias Barsch}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
| {{sort|Sutar|Prasad Sutar}}, Viral Thakkar
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="6"|
| [[Stardust Award for Film of the Year|Best Film]]
| ''Don 2''
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" |<ref name=stardust11>{{cite web|title=Nominations of Stardust Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3060 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=6 February 2012 |access-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213203922/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3060 |archive-date=13 February 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Dream Director|Best Director]]
| {{Sort|Akhtar|[[Farhan Akhtar]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Actor of the Year – Male|Actor of the Year – Male]]
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Actor of the Year – Female|Actor of the Year – Female]]
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor – Thriller/Action
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress – Thriller/Action
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''Don 2''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2998 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619193032/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2998 |archive-date=19 June 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Akhtar|[[Farhan Akhtar]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Sort|Khan|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male (Critics)]]
| {{won}}
|}

== Future ==
About a sequel, [[Shah Rukh Khan]] said: "It would be great to revisit ''Don'' after some time. I’ve told Farhan that we could take 60 days out of our schedule and make a ''[[Don 3]]''. But we need a script first, one that could take the last 10 minutes of ''Don 2'' forward to another differently exciting thriller."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/When-we-are-bored-we-could-make-a-Don-3-SRK/Article1-786946.aspx |title=When we are bored we could make a Don 3: SRK |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 December 2011 |access-date=14 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107185043/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/When-we-are-bored-we-could-make-a-Don-3-SRK/Article1-786946.aspx |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref> Farhan Akhtar also expressed a desire to take the story forward, and said he was fascinated by the character of Don. However, the filmmaker wanted to explore other genres without restriction and added that he was currently focusing on his acting career.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/bollywood/ill-make-i-don-3-i-says-farhan-akhtar-159402 |title=I'll make Don 3 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=20 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110062909/http://www.ndtv.com/article/bollywood/ill-make-i-don-3-i-says-farhan-akhtar-159402 |archive-date=10 January 2012 }}</ref>

In August 2014, it was reported that Farhan Akhtar planned to play a role in the film. In October 2015, Akhtar said that ''Don 3'' will go on floors by late 2016. However, the film is at the scripting stage. It has also been reported that [[Katrina Kaif]] will replace [[Priyanka Chopra]] in the next installment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.brecorder.com/arts-a-leisure/50-movies/191571-farhan-akhtar-to-play-a-prominent-role-in-%E2%80%98don-3%E2%80%99-along-with-shahrukh-khan.html |title=Farhan Akhtar to play a prominent role in 'Don 3' along with Shahrukh Khan |date=30 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212143005/http://www.brecorder.com/arts-a-leisure/50-movies/191571-farhan-akhtar-to-play-a-prominent-role-in-%E2%80%98don-3%E2%80%99-along-with-shahrukh-khan.html |archive-date=12 February 2015 }}</ref> But the makers denied this, stating that the only constant in the third installment will be dependent on Don, the rest of the characters, and the script.

In May 2023, news articles reported that [[Farhan Akhtar]] was finishing the script for ''Don 3''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ritesh-sidhwani-confirms-don-3-farhan-akhtar-is-finishing-the-script/articleshow/100222879.cms | title=Ritesh Sidhwani confirms 'Don 3': Farhan Akhtar is finishing the script | newspaper=The Times of India | date=14 May 2023 }}</ref> The third installment, ''[[Don 3]]'', was officially announced in August 2023 by Farhan Akhtar and Excel Entertainment, with [[Ranveer Singh]] replacing Shah Rukh Khan in the role of ''Don''.

== See also ==
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|1285241|Don 2}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175403/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/525404 ''Don 2''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]
* {{Rottentomatoes|don_2|Don 2}}

{{Don And Remakes|state=expanded}}
{{Farhan Akhtar}}
{{Ritesh Sidhwani}}
{{Salim-Javed}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

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Ankit, Pallavi & Friends

2026-03-03T18:01:59Z

AlvaJustice117: Started basic post added tags...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ankit, Pallavi & Friends...
| image = Ankit, Pallavi & Friends.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Hari Yelleti
| producer = Kishore Ganji
| writer =
| starring = [[Nikhil Siddhartha]] [[Megha Burman]]
| music = Vinu Thomas
| cinematography = Malini Dasari
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| released = {{Film date|2008|09|05|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Ankit, Pallavi & Friends''''' is a 2008 Indian Telugu-language film directed by debutant Hari Yelleti. It stars [[Nikhil Siddhartha]] and [[Megha Burman]] in the lead roles. Set in contemporary times, it follows the lives of five friends pursuing their post-college dreams, tracing their friendships, love lives, and careers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-apf.html|title=Ankit, Pallavi & Friends pressmeet - Telugu cinema - Nikhil & Megha Burman|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=8 December 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129042622/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-apf.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/16slid1.htm|title=rediff.com: 'Cinema gives me a high'|website=Specials.rediff.com|access-date=8 December 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129042315/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/16slid1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-apf.html|title=Ankit Pallavi and friends music launch - Telugu cinema - Nikhil & Megha Burman|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=8 December 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129042314/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-apf.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film released on 5 September 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ankit, Pallavi & Friends – Popcorn Flick!!! |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/A/Ankith_Pallavi_and_Friends/Ankith_Pallavi_review.html |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=123Telugu.com |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707134941/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/A/Ankith_Pallavi_and_Friends/Ankith_Pallavi_review.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Ankit is a carefree youngster who likes to live on his terms. He aspires to become a renowned musician. His parents support him. Pallavi is an exact opposite of Ankit. While Ankit believes in living life to the fullest, without a care in the world, Pallavi is seen working hard all the time. She is a software engineer in a big multinational.

The two are childhood friends and they have three other common friends. One wants to go to the US at any cost and is all the time making trips to the US consulate for a visa. The other wants to do social service. The third dreams of starting his own business but does not know what business to enter.

Over a period of time, Ankit and Pallavi fall in love. But Pallavi does not like the carefree attitude of Ankit and his casual approach to life. She chides him for this and tells him that unless he takes his life seriously, she will leave him. They part ways at the interval.

As luck would have it, Ankit manages to land an offer to compose the music for a programme being conducted by UNICEF for an orphanage. His friend manages to land a job at the same orphanage. The orphanage is run by Sita.

Ankit becomes a big star after the success of his musical show. He is now a celebrity. Pallavi still longs to be with Ankit but is afraid to meet him as she thinks that Ankit will misunderstand her for coming to him only after seeing his success. Ankit also misses Pallavi very badly. The friends then plan a party and invite both Ankit and Pallavi, with the hope of bringing them together and become successful.

The film argues that happiness is a choice and that it is right around us only if we choose to pick it. It opened to good reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nikhil Siddhartha]] as Ankit Adesara
* [[Megha Burman]] as Pallavi
* Ping Pong Surya as Ravi
* [[Venu Yeldandi]] as Sunil
* Pradeep as Gopi
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
*[[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]] as Ankit's father
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Sita
*[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]]
* Santosh Pawan
}}

== Production ==
The music of this film was composed by a relative newcomer, Vinu Thomas. The film was edited by [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]], with Malini Dasari doing the [[cinematography]].

== Music ==
The film has seven songs composed by Vinu Thomas.

* "Premani" - Karunya, Gayatri
* "Dost Hey Dost" - Ranjith, [[Geetha Madhuri]], Balu Thankachan
* "Leletha Puvvule" - Karthik
* "Tell Me Em Kaavalo" - Ranjith, [[Geetha Madhuri]], Balu Thankachan
* "Aalagake Allari Vayasa" - Pranavi, Balu Thankachan

== Release ==
''Rediff'' gave the film a rating of two out of five stars and wrote that "The film is rather simplistic and tackles the situation between the lovers in a basic way. Perhaps Hari Yeleti could have added more dimensions to this love story to make it more engaging and appealing".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/08ssa.htm|title=Review: Ankith Pallavi & Friends|website=Rediff.com|access-date=8 December 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129042317/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/08ssa.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' noted that "Overall, the movie disappoints".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/This-love-story-disappoints/article15297856.ece|title=This love story disappoints|date=7 September 2008|access-date=8 December 2021|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129045957/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/This-love-story-disappoints/article15297856.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1294135}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ankit, Pallavi and Friends}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]

Seevalaperi Pandi

2026-03-03T04:55:36Z

AlvaJustice117: starting some stub w/ refs.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seevalaperi Pandi
| image = Seevalaperi Pandi.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Pratap Pothen]]
| story = Sowba
| producer = P G Srikanth
| screenplay = [[K. Rajeshwar]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]|[[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]]|[[Ahana]]}}
| music = [[Adithyan]]
| cinematography = Aravind Kamalanathan
| editing = [[B. Lenin|B Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan|V T Vijayan]]
| studio = Radhi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|06|24}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Seevalaperi Pandi''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[biographical film|biographical]] [[crime action film]] directed by [[Pratap Pothen]] and written by [[K. Rajeshwar]]. It is based on the life of the Indian criminal of the same name. The film was released on 24 June 1994, and its success was a turning point in the lead actor [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]'s career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seevalapperi Pandi ( 1994 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1840 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040519202508/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1840 |archive-date=19 May 2004 |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2007 |title=Napoleon going steady |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/34832.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203203842/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/34832.html |archive-date=3 December 2015 |access-date=3 February 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

== Plot ==
'Seevalaperi' Pandi, a brave man is married to Velammal. They both live with his mother, and his elder brother Malayandi. The village leader, Grams, impressed by Pandi's strength, hires him as his bodyguard.

Grams is a good man, but he ruined the lives of some villagers because of his wrong judgments. Nayanar, Sivankalai, Karuppaiah, Mookaiah, and Oochandi were against Grams's decisions that affected the villagers. Together with the help of Pandi, they plot to kill Grams. Pandi and his associates kill Grams, but they immediately surrender. At the trial, Pandi's associates are free to go, while Pandi receives a death sentence. While Pandi waits for his death, his associates promise him that they will help his family.

At the last-minute, Pandi receives a reprieve. His sentence is life imprisonment. Pandi lives in jail, hoping his co-killers have helped his family as promised. His brother and wife reveal that his mother had died due to lack of food. Nayanar has not helped his family out with money or food as promised. He also updates Pandi that they treat him with no respect at all and instead used to abuse his family.

Pandi escapes from jail the very night and decides to take revenge on his former associates. Pandi visits Nayanar seeking vengeance. Nayanar has a different story, fooling Pandi to turn him against his brother. Once Pandi has left, Nayanar informs police of Pandi's escape. Pandi, now hunted by the police, decides to take revenge on his former associates.

On this journey, he steals from the rich who earned their money and helps the poor. Very soon, he becomes a local hooded warrior, and people show support towards him. This troubles the police, and a special sub-inspector gets the case. The sub-inspector enters the village people in disguise to arrest Pandi, but the locals do not help him.

Pandi now lives under the name Konar and assists another village head Ravi ([[Nizhalgal Ravi]]). Ravi is unaware that he is Pandi in disguise. One fateful night, Pandi fights with his wife. Pandi decides to surrender, but police catch him before he can do so.

At the station, high-ranked officials decide to kill Pandi. They expect that the locals will favour Pandi in court cases and not get a conviction. The police decide to escort Pandi to a dark and deserted place to shoot him. This way they can avoid the complicated situation and deliver their justice. The sub-inspector warns Pandi of the officials' plot to kill him. Pandi refuses to escape. Pandi's final words were to treat all men equal and remove caste-based differences.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Pandi
*[[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]] as Velammal
*[[Ahana]] as Oyila
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Aliyan
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Ravi Muthaliyar
*[[Vijayachander]] as Grams
*R. P. Viswam as Nayanar
*[[Alex (actor)|Alex]] as Sivankalai
*[[Suryakanth (actor)|Suryakanth]] as Karuppaiah
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Mookaiah
*Prasanna Kumar as Oochandi
*[[Charle]]
*[[Chinni Jayanth]]
*[[Nellai Siva]]
*G. D. Ramesh as Rajkumar
*Madhan Gabriel as Pandi's brother
*[[Rangammal]] as Pandi's mother
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as Astrologer
*[[Sathyapriya]] as Grams' wife
*Master Dinesh as Arumugam
*Baboos as Muruga
*[[Silk Smitha]] as an [[item number]]
*John Babu in a special appearance
}}

== Production ==
Rajeshwar went to Tirunelveli and stayed in the city to gather material for the film. He interacted with the locals for over three months. Though the film was based on the life of a person of the same name, several scenes were fictional. Rajeshwar stated: "The characters and incidents are embellished to make the movie more interesting".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Deepika |date=6 January 2015 |title=K RAJESHWAR INTERVIEW: FUTURE PERFECT |url=http://silverscreen.in/features/rajeshwar-interview-futuristic/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109103207/http://silverscreen.in/features/rajeshwar-interview-futuristic/ |archive-date=9 January 2015 |access-date=9 January 2015 |website=Silverscreen}}</ref> The film was primarily based on a novel written by Sowba that was serialised in a Tamil magazine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=12 April 2014 |title=The dreams of a journalist over a beer |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blogs-end-of-the-day/article5905122.ece |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024001138/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blogs-end-of-the-day/article5905122.ece |archive-date=24 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ராமையா |first=தினேஷ் |date=23 June 2021 |title=ஒரிஜினல் சீவலப்பேரி பாண்டி யார்? #27YearsOfSeevalaperiPandi |url=https://tamilnadunow.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/original-seevalaperi-pandi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923100814/https://tamilnadunow.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/original-seevalaperi-pandi/ |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=Tamilnadu Now |language=ta}}</ref> Pratap initially wanted [[Mammootty]] in the title role, but he declined due to unavailability of dates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2015 |title=Dulquer Salmaan confirms joint project with Prathap Pothen, Anjali Menon, Rajiv Menon |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/dulquer-salmaan-dq-prathap-pothen-anjali-menon-rajiv-rajeev-ravi-charlie-martin-prakkat-649134 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812185433/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/dulquer-salmaan-dq-prathap-pothen-anjali-menon-rajiv-rajeev-ravi-charlie-martin-prakkat-649134 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> Boys Rajan made his debut playing the role of a police inspector.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jv9y35uo2GY&t=576s|title=திருநங்கையாக நடிக்கணும்னு ஆசை. - Actor Boys Rajan | Virunthinar Pakkam | Jaya TV|date=28 August 2022|work=[[Jaya TV]]|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=11 May 2025|language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Adithyan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seevalaperi Pandi (1994) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000370.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827093650/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000370.html |archive-date=27 August 2013 |access-date=3 February 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

"Oyila Paadum Paatule" was programmed by Harris Jayaraj<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIeByGxCTgE |title=Harris Jayaraj 's connection with Seevalaperi Pandi ! {{!}} DO YOU KNOW ? {{!}} Episode 51 {{!}} Adithyan |date=2018-01-03 |last=Top10 Cinema |access-date=2025-05-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Aruvi Onnu Kulikudhu" || [[Swarnalatha]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || 4:05
|-
| "Kelakku Sevakaiyile" || Rajagopal, [[Sujatha Mohan]], P. G. Srikanth || [[K. Rajeshwar]] || 3:45
|-
| "Masala Araikura" || Mano, Asha Latha || rowspan=3|Vairamuthu || 4:54
|-
| "Oyila Paadum Paatule" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 6:13
|-
| "Thirunvelli Seemayile" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 5:00
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that life story of Pandi "has been brought alive on the screen by deft handling by Prathap Pothen and a very inspired performance by Napolean".<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 1994 |title=Story of the outlaw |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940624&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=29 August 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film became a box-office hit and a turning point in Napoleon's career.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2008 |title=Napoleon in 'Pallikondapuram' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/39258.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213171119/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/39258.html |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=3 February 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinema Profile |url=http://www.actornapoleon.com/CinemaProfile.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119120033/http://www.actornapoleon.com/CinemaProfile.php |archive-date=19 November 2017 |access-date=3 February 2013 |website=ActorNapoleon.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0254777}}

{{Pratap Pothen}}

[[Category:1990s biographical films]]
[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Biographical action films]]
[[Category:Biographical films about criminals]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pratap Pothen]]
[[Category:Films scored by Adithyan]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Rajeshwar]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Prathi Gnayiru 9 Manimudhal 10.30 Varai

2026-03-03T04:36:12Z

AlvaJustice117: starting new info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prathi Gnayiru 9 Manimudhal 10.30 Varai
| image =
| caption =
| director = M. Anbu
| writer =
| starring = Suresh S. [[Poornitha]]
| cinematography = Salai Sahadevan
| producer = Salai Maitri
| music = [[John Peter (music director)|John Peter]]
| editing = Kumar
| studio = Vision 21
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|11|17}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Prathi Gnayiru 9 Manimudhal 10.30 Varai''''' ({{translation|Every Sunday from 9:00 to 10:30}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] directed by M. Anbu and starring Suresh S. and [[Poornitha]].

== Plot ==
Four carefree college students, Ramesh, Remo, Murugan and Seetharaman, on holiday, mistake Kalyani for a call girl and rape her. Realising their mistake, they hurriedly return to Chennai.

Ramesh is married off to a distant relative by his father. Only to discover, after the wedding, that his wife resembles Kalyani. This sends a chill down the spines of Ramesh's friends. A sequence of events lead to Kalyani taking revenge on the friends. Whether they realized their mistake and whether they are taken to task forms the rest of the storyline. In the end Kalyani fatally poisons Ramesh with chili smoke.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kaatrullavarai|Suresh S.]] as Ramesh
* [[Poornitha]] as Kalyani
* [[Karunas]] as Remo
* [[Lollu Sabha Balaji|'Super 10' Balaji]]
* Ravi
* Rekhasri
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Police officer
* [[Vasu Vikram]] as Policeman
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Ramesh's father
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
* [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as Kalyani's mother
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]]
* [[Singamuthu]]
}}

==Production==
Kalyani Suresh or [[Poornitha]], then aged 15, agreed to do the film because she liked the character.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Joseph |first1=Raveena |last2=Ramanujam |first2=Srinivasa |date=13 November 2015 |title=Child stars on the big screen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/child-stars-on-the-big-screen/article7873221.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406193743/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/child-stars-on-the-big-screen/article7873221.ece |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=4 September 2020 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[John Peter (composer)|John Peter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prathi Gnayiru 9.30 to 10.00 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/prathi-gnayiru-9-30-to-10-00-original-motion-picture/1552004654 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240215131831/https://music.apple.com/in/album/prathi-gnayiru-9-30-to-10-00-original-motion-picture/1552004654 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dhumkara Kara
| extra1 = [[Karunas]]
| length1 = 4:04
| title2 = Kakinada
| extra2 = [[Premgi Amaren]], Sam P. Keerthan
| length2 = 3:48
| title3 = Maarappu
| extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Priya
| length3 = 3:24
| title4 = Nallathore
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| length4 = 2:38
| title5 = Ottrai Roja
| extra5 = [[Harish Raghavendra]]
| length5 = 4:40
| title6 = Soodu Paraka
| extra6 = [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
| length6 = 4:28
| total_length = 23:02
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''Indiaglitz'' opined that "Anbu has taken a serious theme and has laced it with glamour which sometimes takes the focus away from the movie. Nevertheless, the performance of the artistes call for appreciation and the director is to be lauded for the same".<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2006 |title=Prathi Gnayiru 9 Manimudhal 10.30 Varai Review |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/prathi-gnayiru-9-manimudhal-1030-varai-tamil-movie-review-8808.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118135547/https://www.indiaglitz.com/prathi-gnayiru-9-manimudhal-1030-varai-tamil-movie-review-8808.html |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' opined that "The film opens with the shot of a woman cutting a solitary figure on a hillock near the waters, as she looks out into the beyond. The film ends there too. A very aesthetically taken shot. Wish the rest of the film's sensibility matched with it!".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=22 November 2006 |title=Pirathi Nyayir 9 Mani Muthal 10-30 Mani Varai |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/11sunday.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116224635/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/11sunday.asp |archive-date=16 January 2007 |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDB title}}

[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2006 drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Peter (composer)]]

V. S. Rajan

2026-03-01T02:53:13Z

AlvaJustice117: starting some post first draft.

{{Short description|Singaporean dermatologist}}
'''Venkatesan Sundarajan''' '''Rajan''' (1934 – 15 July 1983) was a Singaporean dermatologist and the medical superintendent of the [[Middle Road Hospital]]. He was especially known for his teaching, research, and public health organizational work in venereal disease, especially gonorrhea, as well as dermatology.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 1983 |title=Professor V S Rajan, Md, FRCP(Ed) |journal=British Journal of Venereal Diseases |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=411 |issn=0007-134X |pmc=1046257 |author1=RSM }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rajan studied at the [[Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya]]. He graduated from the university with a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]].<ref name = "ST">{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 16 July 1983|title= Director of hospital dies of virus infection|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19830716-1.2.32|work= [[The Straits Times]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 10 December 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
From 1972 to 1983, Rajan served as the medical superintendent of the [[Middle Road Hospital]]. As the superintendent of the hospital, he was instrumental in the establishment of facilities and services for [[mycology]], [[dermatopathology]] and [[immunodermatology]], which advanced the field of dematology in Singapore.<ref name = "TM">{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 10 November 2023|title= NSC names auditorium after Prof Rajan|url= https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/tabla/nsc-names-auditorium-after-prof-rajan|work= [[tabla!]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 10 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goh |first=Chee-Leok |date=August 1993 |title=History of Dermatology and Venereology in Singapore |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1993.tb05045.x |journal=International Journal of Dermatology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=613–617 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-4362.1993.tb05045.x |pmid=8407084 |issn=0011-9059|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He was awarded the [[Pingat Pentadbiran Awam]] (Gold) in 1980. In 1982, he became an associate professor of dermatology and venereal diseases at the [[National University of Singapore]]. He also served as the chairman of the [[Dermatological Society of Singapore]].<ref name = "ST"/>

From 1970 to 1983, he served on the management committee of the [[Singapore Indian Fine Arts Society]]. He was also a member of the [[Hindu Advisory Board]] and the [[Tamil Language Cultural Society]]. He served as the vice-president of the [[Indian Education Trust]].<ref name = "TM"/>

==Personal life and death==
Rajan was married and had a son. He died of a viral infection on 15 July 1983.<ref name = "ST"/> He was 49.<ref name="TM" />

Following his death, the Dr V. S. Rajan Memorial Scholarship Fund was established in his memory.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 13 August 1983|title= Scholarship fund in memory of Dr Rajan|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19830814-1.2.33|work= [[The Straits Times]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 10 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 12 August 1983|title= Appeal for donations to Dr V S Rajan's scholarship fund|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/singmonitor19830812-2.2.5.15|work= The Singapore Monitor|location= Singapore|access-date= 10 December 2023}}</ref> On the first anniversary of his death, the Singapore Indian Fine Arts Society staged a musical recital in his memory.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 13 July 1984|title= Concert in memory of Dr Rajan|url= https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19840713-1.2.109.11|work= [[The Straits Times]]|location= Singapore|access-date= 10 December 2023}}</ref> In 2023, the [[National Skin Centre]] named an auditorium after him.<ref name = "TM"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rajan+VS&cauthor_id=5111698 PubMed search for VS Rajan]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajan, V. S}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Malaya alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Singaporean dermatologists]]
[[Category:Venereologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Singaporean medical doctors]]
[[Category:Singaporean healthcare managers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National University of Singapore]]

Hello Curry

2026-02-21T15:27:00Z

AlvaJustice117: improved article based on references

{{Short description|Food delivery and restaurant company}}
{{Notability|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Hello Curry Pvt. Ltd.
| logo = Hello Curry logo.png
| industry = Food delivery and restaurant
| fate =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = Early 2014
| founders = Sandeep Penumatsa & Raju Bhupathi
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city = [[Hyderabad]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = [[Hyderabad]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Pune]], [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]]
| key_people =
| products =
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| website = {{URL|http://www.hellocurry.com/index.php}}{{dead link|date=April 2023}}
}}

'''Hello Curry Pvt. Ltd.''' was an Indian [[food delivery]] and [[Quick Service Restaurant]] (QSR) company headquartered in [[Hyderabad]], India.<ref name="TOI 2015" /><ref name="SH 2016" /><ref name="Advani 2015" /> Founded in early 2014, it was one of the early food technology startups to gain prominence in the Hyderabad market, focusing on delivering Indian curry-based meals in a fast-food format with attractive packaging. By November 2015 they had 32 outlets for its food delivery operations.<ref name="Kalavalapalli 2015" /><ref name="Official" />

== History ==
Hello Curry was founded in early 2014 by Raju Bhupathi and Sandeep Penumatsa. The core idea was to address the lack of reliable and quick delivery options for Indian cuisine by offering standardized, quick-service Indian food, focusing on taste, quality, and innovative packaging. They delivered [[fast food]] prepared at partner restaurants.<ref name="Kalavalapalli-2" /><ref name="TheTOI-2" /> The company quickly gained traction, becoming a popular food-tech startup in Hyderabad.

By November 2015, the company had expanded its operations to 32 outlets. It also expanded its physical presence by opening its first dine-in QSR restaurant, also named "Hello Curry", in Hyderabad in January 2015.<ref name="Rajendra 2015" /> Hello Curry also started a new product line called '''Hello Paratha''' in September 2015, which purveyed stuffed parathas, often utilizing a "Kitchen in Commercial Kitchen (KICK)" model where they partnered with existing restaurants for food preparation and delivery logistics, while Hello Curry handles expenses for food and packaging.<ref name="Kalavalapalli-2" />

The company was financially backed, having raised a seed funding round from Sri Capital in March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hello Curry raises $500K in seed funding from SRI Capital, Eyes Around $10M More |url=https://www.vccircle.com/hello-curry-raises-500k-seed-funding-sri-capital-eyes-around-10m-more |last=Verma |first=Anuradha |date=2014-04-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322091243/https://www.vccircle.com/hello-curry-raises-500k-seed-funding-sri-capital-eyes-around-10m-more |archive-date=2025-03-22 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=[[VCCircle]] |language=en-in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="SH 2016">{{Cite web |last=SH |first=Salman |title=Hello Curry acquires meal-box delivery startup The First Meal |url=https://www.medianama.com/2016/04/223-hello-curry-thefirstmeal-acquisition/ |date=2016-04-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411191022/https://www.medianama.com/2016/04/223-hello-curry-thefirstmeal-acquisition/ |archive-date=2025-04-11 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Medianama |language=en-in}}</ref>
<ref name="TOI 2015">{{Cite web |title=Restaurant Review : Hello Curry Indian |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Restaurant-Review-Hello-Curry-Indian/articleshow/49686239.cms |date=2015-11-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203040417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Restaurant-Review-Hello-Curry-Indian/articleshow/49686239.cms |archive-date=2018-12-03 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-in}}</ref>
<ref name="Kalavalapalli 2015">{{Cite web |last=Kalavalapalli |first=Yogendra |title=As food tech industry struggles, Hello Curry eyes national expansion |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/xprjkXgywq2KAIBDAL5I3H/As-food-tech-industry-struggles-Hello-Curry-eyes-national-e.html |date=2015-11-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710154337/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/xprjkXgywq2KAIBDAL5I3H/As-food-tech-industry-struggles-Hello-Curry-eyes-national-e.html |archive-date=2024-07-10 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=[[Live Mint]] |language=en-in}}</ref>
<ref name="Kalavalapalli-2">{{Cite web |last=Kalavalapalli |first=Yogendra |title=Hello Curry starts new brand, to expand through new business model |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/1vp3Z80ljixWWBOb66RHgN/Hello-Curry-starts-new-brand-to-expand-through-new-business.html |date=2015-09-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411191201/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/1vp3Z80ljixWWBOb66RHgN/Hello-Curry-starts-new-brand-to-expand-through-new-business.html |archive-date=2025-04-11 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=[[Live Mint]] |language=en-in}}</ref>
<ref name="TheTOI-2">{{Cite web |title=Restaurant Review: Hello Curry (Hyderabad) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Restaurant-Review-Hello-Curry-Hyderabad/articleshow/47707455.cms |date=2015-06-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626052600/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Restaurant-Review-Hello-Curry-Hyderabad/articleshow/47707455.cms |archive-date=2015-06-26 |access-date=2015-06-26 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-in}}</ref>
<ref name="Advani 2015">{{Cite web |last=Advani |first=Shonali |title=Hello Curry acquires The First Meal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/hello-curry-biryani360-chai-point-innovating-around-packaging-with-themes-of-convenience/articleshow/47021010.cms |date=2015-04-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411191243/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/hello-curry-biryani360-chai-point-innovating-around-packaging-with-themes-of-convenience/articleshow/47021010.cms |archive-date=2025-04-11 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en-in}}</ref>
<ref name="Rajendra 2015">{{Cite web |last=Rajendra |first=Ranjani |title=Food on the go |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/food-on-the-go/article6933078.ece |date=2015-02-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809030339/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/food-on-the-go/article6933078.ece |archive-date=2020-08-09 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-in}}</ref>
<ref name="Official">{{Cite web |title=Hello Curry: About Us |url=http://www.hellocurry.com/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620141901/http://www.hellocurry.com/about.php |archive-date=2016-06-20 |website=Hello Curry |language=en-in}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618121957/http://www.hellocurry.com/index.php |date=2016-06-18 |title=Official website}}
* {{Facebook|id=HelloCurry|name=Hello Curry}}

{{portal bar|Companies|Food|India}}
{{Online food ordering}}

[[Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Restaurants in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Telangana]]

Md. Abdul Kadir

2026-02-20T20:45:45Z

AlvaJustice117: updated details

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (died 2019)}}
{{similar names|Abdul Qadir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Md. Abdul Kadir
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date= 10 December 2019
| death_place = [[Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital]], [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]].
| occupation= Politician
| party = [[Awami League]]
}}

'''Md. Abdul Kadir''' (died 10 December 2019) was a Bangladeshi politician from [[Kishoreganj District|Kishorganj]] belonging to [[Awami League]]. He took part in the [[Liberation War of Bangladesh]].<ref name=a/> He was elected as a member of the [[East Pakistan Provincial Assembly]].

==Biography==
Abdul Kadir was elected as a member of the [[East Pakistan Provincial Assembly]] in 1970 as an [[Awami League]] candidate.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/country/2019/12/10/482328 |script-title=bn:কিশোরগঞ্জের সাবেক প্রাদেশিক পরিষদ সদস্য আব্দুল কাদের আর নেই |date=10 December 2019 |language=bn |access-date=11 December 2019 |work=Bangladesh Pratidin}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/obituary/254225/আবদুল-কাদের |script-title=bn:আবদুল কাদের |date=11 December 2019 |language=bn |newspaper=Jugantor |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bhorerkagoj.com/print-edition/2019/12/11/282921.php |script-title=bn:সাবেক এমপিএ আবদুল কাদের মারা গেছেন |date=11 December 2019 |language=bn |newspaper=Bhorer Kagoj |access-date=11 December 2019 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211121013/http://www.bhorerkagoj.com/print-edition/2019/12/11/282921.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1971 he took part in the [[Liberation War of Bangladesh]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Abdul Kadir died on 10 December 2019 in [[Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital]], [[Dhaka]].<ref name=a>{{cite news |script-title=bn:সাবেক এমপিএ মুক্তিযোদ্ধা আব্দুল কাদিরের মৃত্যু |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/758259.details |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |work=Banglanews24.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:কিশোরগঞ্জে প্রবীণ রাজনীতিক আব্দুল কাদিরের দাফন সম্পন্ন |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/samagrabangladesh/article1699081.bdnews |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |work=bdnews24.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:রাষ্ট্রীয় মর্যাদায় সাবেক এমপিএ আবদুল কাদিরের দাফন সম্পন্ন |url=https://www.ntvbd.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8-669829 |work=NTV |date=11 December 2019 |language=bn |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Kadir, Md.}}
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:People from Kishoreganj District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]
[[Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]

{{Dhaka-AL-politician-stub}}

Raebareli Assembly constituency

2026-02-20T16:58:16Z

AlvaJustice117: starting a post.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rae Bareli
| constituency_no = 180
| map_image = 180-Raebareli.svg
| mla = [[Aditi Singh Raebareli|Aditi Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Rae Bareli district|Rae Bareli]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}
'''Rae Bareli''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Rae Bareli in the [[Rae Bareli district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

'''[[Raebareli|Rae Bareli]]''' (रायबरेली) is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 180 amongst 403 constituencies.

Currently this seat belongs to '''[[Aditi Singh (politician)|Aditi Singh]]''' who won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]], as Congress candidate, defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate '''Shabaj Khan''' by a margin of more than 90,000 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rae-bareli.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref> In May 2020, Aditi Singh was suspended from Congress Party for indiscipline amidst rumours that she was getting close to BJP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/congress-suspends-aditi-singh-from-womens-wing-after-raebareli-mla-slammed-party-for-fraud/594972|title=Congress suspends Aditi Singh from women's wing, after Raebareli MLA slammed party for 'fraud'|website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref> In November 2021 Aditi Singh officially joined BJP.<ref name="election2021">{{Cite news|title=As Exodus Continues in Congress, Raebareli MLA Aditi Singh Joins BJP|date=24 November 2021 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/as-exodus-continues-in-congress-raebareli-mla-aditi-singh-speculated-to-join-bjp-soon-4482074.html}}</ref>

==Vidhan Sabha Members==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Rae Bareli Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rae-bareli.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Krishna Pal Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|Rati Pal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Madan Mohan Misra
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Sunita Chauhan
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Mohan Lal Tripathi
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramesh Chandra Shukla
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ashok Singh (politician, born 1955)|Ashok Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Akhilesh Kumar Singh]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Peace Party of India}}" |
|[[Peace Party of India]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Aditi Singh (politician)|Aditi Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}
==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24180.htm?ac=180|title = Election Commission of India}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rae Bareli<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Aditi Singh (politician)|Aditi Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:102429}}
|percentage = 44.51
|change = +30.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ram Pratap Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:95254}}
|percentage = 41.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Manish Chauhan
|votes = {{formatnum:14954}}
|percentage = 6.5
|change = -55.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mo. Ashraf
|votes = {{formatnum:9331}}
|percentage = 4.06
|change = -14.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2281}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change = -0.7
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7175}}
|percentage = 3.11
|change = -39.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:230100}}
|percentage = 62.82
|change = +3.81
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===

{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Raebarel<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Aditi Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:128319}}
|percentage = 61.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mhd. Shahbaz Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:39156}}
|percentage = 18.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anita Srivastava
|votes = {{formatnum:28821}}
|percentage = 13.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3448}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:89163}}
|percentage = 43.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:207329}}
|percentage = 59.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
* Akhilesh Kumar Singh (Peace Party) : 75,588 votes.
* Ram Pratap Yadav(RP) (SP) : 46,094 votes.

===1967===
* M. M. Misra (INC) : 24,422 votes.
* J. Prasad (BJS) : 6,999 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Raebareli]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Raebareli district]]

Novoneel Chakraborty

2026-02-18T01:24:35Z

AlvaJustice117: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Indian Author of fiction|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2018}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=December 2020}}
{{COI|date=May 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| image =
| birth_place = [[Silchar]], [[Assam]], India
| occupation = Author
| language = English
| genre = Erotic Thrillers
| birth_date = 27 October 1984
}}

'''Novoneel Chakraborty''' is an Indian author and scriptwriter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-06|title="If you are being harassed, involve your parents, teachers. Go to the police if need be," says author Novoneel Chakraborty|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/if-you-are-being-harassed-involve-your-parents-teachers-go-to-the-police-if-need-be-says-author-novoneel-chakraborty/story-CD1LRFJJ2cFYsHLwtJPjWI.html|access-date=2020-12-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Chakraborty was born in Silchar, Assam and has lived in Assam,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Taking tips from everyday life|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/dec/16/taking-tips-from-everyday-life-2076565.html|access-date=2020-12-28|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> West Bengal and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He did his schooling at [[Cathedral School of Lucknow|Cathedral School, Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Romance Books written by Novoneel chakraborty at Best Price - markmybook.com|url=https://markmybook.com/author?category=19&author=Novoneel%20chakraborty|access-date=2020-12-28|website=markmybook.com}}</ref>

His first book, ''A thing beyond forever'', was published in 2009.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chakraborty|first=Novoneel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8P1mswEACAAJ|title=A Thing Beyond Forever|date=June 2009|publisher=Srishti Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-88575-67-1|language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he began writing for digital storytelling platform Wattpad using the pen name Elizabeth Eli.<ref name=":0" />

His book "The Forever series" found its place in Times of India's Most Stunning Books of 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-12|title="Always float, never swim", says Novoneel Chakraborty.|url=https://www.laughalaughi.com/interviews/always-float-never-swim-says-novoneel-chakraborty/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=LaughaLaughi|language=en-US}}</ref>

His thriller series ''The Stranger Trilogy'' was translated into six Indian languages and has been adapted into a web series titled ''Hello Mini'' by Applause Entertainment and Rose movies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Novoneel Chakraborty writes a beguiling tale about urban loneliness - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/novoneel-chakraborty-writes-a-beguiling-tale-about-urban-loneliness/articleshow/79544496.cms|access-date=2020-12-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> His thriller novel ''Black Suits You'' has been adapted by AltBalaji into web series ''Bekaboo.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=AltBalaji's latest thriller Bekaboo strikes the right chord with viewers|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2019/may/18/altbalajis-latest-thriller-bekaboo-strikes-the-right-chord-with-viewers-15050.html|access-date=2020-12-28|website=www.indulgexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

== List of Works ==

===Novels===
* ''A thing beyond forever'' (September 2010)
* ''That Kiss in the Rain'' (November 2011)
* ''How about a SIN tonight?'' (May 2012)
* ''Ex...a twisted love story'' (October 2013)
* The Stranger Trilogy
** ''Marry me, Stranger'' (November 2014)<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-novoneel-chakraborty-on-his-new-book-marry-me-stranger-2054145 | title=Novoneel Chakraborty on his new book 'Marry Me, Stranger' | publisher=DNA | date=20 January 2015 | access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref>
** ''All yours, Stranger'' (July 2015)<ref>{{cite news |title=Riding on Stranger Tides |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Riding-on-Stranger-Tides/2015/07/13/article2916560.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031052229/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Riding-on-Stranger-Tides/2015/07/13/article2916560.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2015 |access-date=22 December 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |date=13 July 2015}}</ref>
** ''Forget me not, Stranger'' (April 2016)
* ''Black suits you'' (November 2016)
* "Forever Series"
** ''Forever Is a Lie'' (August 2017)
** ''Forever Is True'' (October 2017)
* ''Cheaters'' (February 2018)
*''The Best Couple Ever'' (October 2018)
*''Red Suits You'' (October 2018)
*''Half Torn Hearts'' (February 2019)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Novoneel Chakraborty on his new book and the three women who influence him|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/novoneel-chakraborty-on-his-new-book-and-the-three-women-who-influence-him/cid/1689050|access-date=2020-12-28|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
*''Do You Love Me Enough?'' (June 2019)
*''Roses Are Blood Red'' (December 2019)
*''Chill Down the Spine'' (April 2020)
*''Cross Your Heart, Take My Name'' (November 2020)
*''Whisper To Me Your Lies'' (October 2021)
*''A Thousand Kisses Deep'' (July 2022)
*''Heart On The Edge'' (December 2022)
*''The Heartbreak Club: One Girl Vs One Twisted Legacy'' (March 2024)
*''Remember Me As Yours'' (June 2024)
*''The Heartbreak Club Files 2: No Time to Blink'' (April 2025)

===Television===
* Million Dollar Girl ([[Channel V India|Channel V]])
* Secret Diaries (Channel V)
* Twist Waala Love (Channel V)
* Pyaar Tuney Kya Kiya ([[Zing TV]])
* [[Savdhaan India]] ([[star bharat]])
* Mann Mein Vishwas Hai ([[Sony TV (India)|Sony]])
* Love is in the stories ([[Romedy Now]])

===Web series===
* Marry Me, Stranger as "''[[Hello Mini]]''" (2019) released on [[MX Player]]
* All Yours, Stranger as "''[[Hello Mini 2]]''" (2021) released on MX Player
*Forgot me not, Stranger as "''Hello Mini 3''" (2021) released on MX Player
* Black Suits You as "''Bekaboo''" (2019) released on ([[ALTBalaji]])
* "[[RejctX|Rejctx]]" (2019) released on [[ZEE5]] original
* "[[RejctX#Season 2 2|Rejctx 2]]" (2020) released on [[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5 originals]]
* Forever Series as "[[Roohaniyat]]" (2022) on [[MX Player]]
* The Heartbreak Club: One Girl Vs One Twisted Legacy as ''[[Kill Dill|Kill Dill – The Heartbreak Club]]'' (2025) on [[Amazon miniTV|Amazon]] [[MX Player]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Khurana | first=Archika | title=The Heartbreak Club Season 1 Review: Anushka Sen and Prit Kamani shine in this twisted thriller that stumbles along the way | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/kill-dill-the-heartbreak-club/kill-dill-the-heartbreak-club-season-1/seasonreview/119659213.cms | website=The Times of India | date=29 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{facebook.com|officialnbc}}
* [https://penguin.co.in/book_author/novoneel-chakraborty/ Novoneel Chakraborty] at [[Penguin India]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Novoneel}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Assam]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:21st-century writers]]

Sangita Mukhopadhyay

2026-02-11T07:03:32Z

AlvaJustice117: starting the pg from scratch.

{{short description|Indian molecular biologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sangita Mukhopadhyay
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Khargapur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Cell biology]] | [[Immunology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Central Drug Research Institute]] | [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar]] | [[Utkal University]] |[[National Institute of Immunology, India|National Institute of Immunology]] | [[University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[immunosuppression]]
| awards = {{ublist| 1993 Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund Award | 1996 IIS Apeeza Trust Award | 2003 [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|DST]] Young Scientist Award | 2003 Third World Women Scientist Grant Award | 2004 [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] Young Women Bioscientist Award | 2007 [[Department of Biotechnology|DBT]] National Young Woman Bioscientist Award | 2008 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] | 2008 Woman Bioscientist Award | 2011 [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] Basanti Devi Amir Chand Prize | 2015 [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] Chaturvedi Ghanshyam Das Jaigopal Memorial Award }}
}}
'''Sangita Mukhopadhyay''' (born 1 January 1966) is an Indian molecular cell biologist, immunologist and the head of the molecular biology group at the [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]]. Known for her studies on [[immunosuppression]] and infection biology, Mukhopadhyay is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies namely the [[Indian National Science Academy]], the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded her the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for her contributions to biosciences in 2008.

== Biography ==
[[File:Utkal University Main Gate.jpg|thumb|left|Utkal University - main gate]]
Born on the [[New Year's Day]] of 1966 at [[Khargapur]] in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Mukhopadhyay,_Dr_Sangita |title=Fellow profile |date=2018-01-16 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref> Sangita Mukhopadhyay completed her MSc with a gold medal and did her doctoral studies at the [[Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar]] which fetched her a Phd from [[Utkal University]] in 1998 for her thesis on ''[[immunoregulation]] in [[filariasis]]''.<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdfd.org.in/labpages/sangita.html |title=Faculty profile |date=2018-01-17 |website=Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics |access-date=2018-01-17 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Subsequently, she did the post-doctoral work at the [[National Institute of Immunology, India|National Institute of Immunology]] and, later, in U.S.A. at the [[University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston]].<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P16-1721 |title=Indian fellow |date=2018-01-12 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2018-01-12 |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181818/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P16-1721 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On her return to India, she joined the [[Central Drug Research Institute]] in 1999 and after a short stint, moved to the [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] (CDFD). She later became the head of the Molecular Biology Group at the Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the institute and holds the position of a Grade IV staff scientist. At her laboratory, she hosts many research scholars who are involved in the studies in the disciplines of [[cell signaling]] and [[signal transduction]], [[Immunity (medical)|immunity]], [[macrophage|macrophage biology]] and [[tuberculosis]].<ref name="Sangita Group">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdfd.org.in/labpages/sangita_group.html |title=Sangita Group |website=www.cdfd.org.in |access-date=2018-01-18 |archive-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128221518/http://cdfd.org.in/labpages/sangita_group.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Mukhopadhyay resides at [[Jamia Osmania]], a suburb of [[Hyderabad]] in [[Telangana]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=A |title=NASI fellows |date=2018-01-12 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2018-01-12 |archive-date=26 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726040729/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=A |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:CDC Tuberculosis (TB) Transmission and Pathogenesis Video.webm|thumb|235px|CDC Tuberculosis (TB) Transmission and Pathogenesis Video]]
Mukhopadhyay's research focus is on the molecular study of the ''immune responses signaling networks'' caused by the [[pathogens]].<ref name="Molecular Cell Biology -: Research">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdfd.org.in/labpages/molecular_cell_biology.html |title=Molecular Cell Biology -: Research |date=2018-01-18 |website=www.cdfd.org.in |access-date=2018-01-18 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201114506/http://cdfd.org.in/labpages/molecular_cell_biology.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> During her post-doctoral days, she worked on the immunological studies of ''macrophage signaling pathways and regulation of [[T cell]] functions'' and elucidated how the macrophage effector-APC functions were affected by the enzyme, [[bruton's tyrosine kinase]] (Btk).<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Later, concentrating on the [[pathogenesis]] of [[tuberculosis]], she identified several [[Phycoerythrin|PE]]/PPE family proteins of [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]], the causative pathogen of tuberculosis, and described the roles of two such proteins; her findings have reportedly assisted in developing new diagnostic tools, drug targets and therapeutic protocols. Her studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=QRA6ohEAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2018-01-08 |publisher=Google Scholar |access-date=2018-01-08}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 45 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/39276227_Sangita_Mukhopadhyay |title=On ResearchGate |date=2018-01-09 |access-date=2018-01-09}}</ref> Besides, she has also contributed chapters to books published by others.<ref name="PrasadFavas2018">{{cite book|author1=M.N.V. Prasad|author2=Paulo Jorge de Campos Favas|author3=Subodh Kumar Maiti|title=Bio-Geotechnologies for Mine Site Rehabilitation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh8wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR12|date=10 January 2018|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-812987-6|pages=12–}}</ref>

Mukhopadhyay is a member of the Task Force on Infectious Disease Biology of the Department of Biotechnology of India<ref name="Task Force on Infectious Disease Biology">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/IDB-Task-Force.pdf |title=Task Force on Infectious Disease Biology |date=2014 |website=Department of Biotechnology of India |access-date=2018-01-18 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629072357/http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/IDB-Task-Force.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is a life member of the Indian Immunology Society,<ref name="Life member - IIS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianimmunology.org/Copy%20of%20IIS%20Members%20List%20(Merged%20Second%20List_900-957)_Updated%20as%20on%2003-10-2017.htm |title=Life member - IIS |date=2018-01-18 |website=Indian Immunology Society |access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref> the Molecular Immunology Forum, India and the [[Indian Science Congress Association]].<ref name="Government of India, Indian Science Congress">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/life_members.php |title=Government of India, Indian Science Congress |date=2018-01-18 |website=www.sciencecongress.nic.in |access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref> She has undertaken several research projects for agencies such as the Department of Biotechnology of India, the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]], the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and [[The World Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Molecular Cell Biology -: Research" /> She has also served as a reviewer for various journals including [[BMC Hematology]], a [[BioMed Central]] publication.<ref name="BMC Hematology reviewer acknowledgement 2015">{{Cite journal |last=Boodhun |first=Nawsheen |date=2016-02-22 |title=BMC Hematology reviewer acknowledgement 2015 |journal=BMC Hematology |volume=16 |pages=5 |doi=10.1186/s12878-016-0044-x |issn=2052-1839|pmc=4340858 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Jawahralal Nehru Memorial Fund Award in 1993 for academic excellence and the Apeeza Trust Award of the Indian Immunology Society in 1996.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> She has received two Young Scientist Awards, the Best Best Young Scientist Award of the Indian Immunology Society in 1997 and the Young Scientist Award of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] in 2003.<ref name="Faculty profile" /> The next year, she received the 2004 Young Women Bioscientist of Promise Award of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] (DBT) of the Government of India awarded her the National Young Woman Bioscientist Award in 2007<ref name="Women scientists zindabad!">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-life/women-scientists-zindabad/article1115132.ece |title=Women scientists zindabad! |date=2008-05-30 |work=The Hindu Business Line |access-date=2018-01-18 |language=en}}</ref> and a year later, DBT honored her again with the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2008.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> She has received two awards from the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]; the Basanti Devi Amir Chand Prize in 2011<ref name="Basanti Devi Amir Chand Prize">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icmr.nic.in/award/ICMR%20Awards%20citations%2020011-12.pdf |title=Basanti Devi Amir Chand Prize |date=2018-01-18 |website=Indian Council of Medical Research |access-date=2018-01-18 |archive-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112230725/http://icmr.nic.in/award/ICMR%20Awards%20citations%2020011-12.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Chaturvedi Ghanshyam Das Jaigopal Memorial Award in 2015.<ref name="Chaturvedi Ghanshyam Das Jaigopal Memorial Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icmr.nic.in/award/ICMR_Award_citations_2015-16.pdf |title=Chaturvedi Ghanshyam Das Jaigopal Memorial Award |date=2018-01-18 |website=Indian Council of Medical Research |access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref>

The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected her as a fellow in 2010<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2018-01-12 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2018-01-12 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and she received the elected fellowship of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 2013.<ref name="Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows/M |title=Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences |date=2018-01-16 |website=www.ias.ac.in |language=en |access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref> In 2016, the [[Indian National Science Academy]] also elected her as a fellow.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017-12-26 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-26}}</ref> She is also an elected fellow of the [[American Society of Hematology]] and the [[American Association of Immunologists]] and a former overseas associate of the [[Department of Biotechnology]] (2005).<ref name="Indian fellow" /> The award orations delivered by her include the Kanishka Oration of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]].<ref name="Ghulam Nabi Azad presents ICMR Awards to 51 scientists">{{Cite news |url=http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2013/09/24/ghulam-nabi-azad-presents-icmr-awards-to-51-scientists/ |title=Ghulam Nabi Azad presents ICMR Awards to 51 scientists |work=India Medical Times |access-date=2018-01-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> She is also a recipient of the women scientist research grant of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] which she received in 2003.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Khalid Hussain |last2=Mukhopadhyay |first2=Sangita |date=2015-05-01 |title=Macrophage takeover and the host–bacilli interplay during tuberculosis |journal=Future Microbiology |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=853–872 |doi=10.2217/fmb.15.11 |pmid=26000654 |issn=1746-0913}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Sangita |last2=Nair |first2=Shiny |last3=Ghosh |first3=Sudip |date=2012-03-01 |title=Pathogenesis in tuberculosis: transcriptomic approaches to unraveling virulence mechanisms and finding new drug targets |journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=463–485 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00302.x |pmid=22092372 |issn=0168-6445|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Sangita |last2=Balaji |first2=Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy |title=The PE and PPE proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis |journal=Tuberculosis |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=441–447 |doi=10.1016/j.tube.2011.04.004|year=2011 |pmid=21527209 }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
* [[Macrophage]]
{{Div col end}}
{{portal|India|Biology|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.mgu.ac.in/files/Temperary%20Vacances.pdf |title=Principal Investigator - Research Projects |date=2018-01-18 |website=Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics |access-date=2018-01-18}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukhopadhyay, Sangita}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston alumni]]
[[Category:Indian immunologists]]
[[Category:Indian cell biologists]]
[[Category:Indian women molecular biologists]]

Lala Kamlapat Singhania

2026-02-08T09:21:50Z

AlvaJustice117: adding new bio

{{Short description|Indian industrialist (1884–1937)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lala Kamlapat Singhania
| image = Kamlapat Singhania 2010 stamp of India.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1884|11|7}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1937|5|31|1884|11|7}}
| death_place = [[Kanpur]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| citizenship =
| other_names =
| known_for = [[J. K. Organisation]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| employer =
| occupation = Industrialist
| spouse = Rampyari Singhania
| children = [[Padampat Singhania]] [[Kailashpat Singhania]] [[Lala Lakshmipat Singhania|Lakshmipat Singhania]]
| parents = Juggilal Singhania Chandribai Singhania
| relatives = [[Madan Behari Singhania]] [[Gautam Singhania]] [[Vijaypat Singhania]] [[Gopal Krishna Singhania]] [[Hari Shankar Singhania]] [[Shashvat Singhania]]
| family = [[Singhania family]]
| networth =
| years_active =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Lala Kamlapat Singhania'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/supreme-court-singhania-group-juhu-property-dispute|title=When SC Held a Rare Sunday Session for Singhania Property Dispute|work=The Quint|access-date=26 February 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/muHXGyt0UPkb7QRGiKx85N/Put-a-framework-in-place-for-transfer-of-wealth.html|title=Put a framework in place for transfer of wealth|last=Vishwanathan|first=Vivina|date=15 September 2017|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/business/jk-organisations-rs-20000-crore-investment-plans-on-track-192179/|title=JK Organisation's Rs.20,000 crore investment plans on track|last=Service|first=Indo-Asian News|date=12 November 2014|work=India.com|access-date=26 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> (7 November 1884 – 31 May 1937) was an Indian [[industrialist]], who founded the [[J. K. Organisation]], one of India's largest conglomerate companies. He was born to a [[Marwari people|Marwari]] [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] family in [[Kanpur]], then part of the [[North-Western Provinces]] in British Raj.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jkbschool.org/about-jk-legacy/|title=JKBS is a Management Educational Institute Founded by Well-Known JK Organization|work=JK Business School|access-date=26 February 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
He was the founder of several companies which came under the umbrella of JK Organization. The first major business set up by him was a [[cotton mill]] with the name of Juggilal Kamlapat Cotton Spinning & Weaving Mills in 1921 which laid the foundation for JK Organisation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jkcotton.com/about-company-profile.html|title=J.K. COTTON SPINNING & WEAVING MILLS CO.LTD.|website=www.jkcotton.com|access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kamlapat Singhania was born to Juggilal and Chandribai Singhania on 7 November 1884 in [[Kanpur]]. He was born into an occupational community of [[merchant]]s, [[banker]]s, [[money-lender]]s, [[Trader (finance)|traders]] and [[Broker-dealer|dealers]]. His father was a successful businessman and belonged to the [[Singhania family]] of Singhana.<ref name="Marwar">{{Cite news|url=http://www.marwar.com/people/tribute/juggilal-kamlapat-venerable-architects-of-the-jk-group.html|title=Juggilal & Kamlapat: Venerable architects of the JK Group – Marwar|date=10 June 2016|work=Marwar|access-date=25 February 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

He joined the family business and assisted his father in expanding the business from traditional money-lending operations to trading in areas such as cotton, pulses and sugar cane.<ref name="Marwar" />

==Business career==
Kamlapat decided to start a cotton mill as opposed to being selling agents for established mills, as the Singhanias had been until then.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Kamlapat secured a loan with the aim of setting up a cotton mill. Along with his father's contribution he established Juggilal Kamlapat Cotton Spinning & Weaving Mills in 1921. JK Cotton Spinning & Weaving Mills produced cotton cloth and yarn and was a successful venture.<ref name="Marwar" />

He went on to set up several mills – Kamla Ice Factory in 1921, JK Oil Mills in 1924, JK Hosiery Factory in 1929, JK Jute Mills in 1931, MP Sugar Mills in 1932, JK Cotton Manufacturers Ltd in 1933 and JK Iron & Steel Co Ltd in 1934.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmfb38bD-wgC&q=J.K.Group|title=Planning & Development of an Industrial Town: A Study of Kanpur|last=Singh|first=Surendra Nath|date=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992417|language=en}}</ref> Kamlapat constructed a new building - Kamla Tower - across street from the family's Kanpur residence in 1934. Kamla Tower became the headquarters of Kamlapat's expanding organization and housed the offices for various companies he founded. The building was inspired by the design features of [[Big Ben]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.touristlocation.com/kamla-tower/|title=Kamla Tower – Tourist Location|date=15 December 2017|work=Tourist Location|access-date=27 February 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> It is still operational and serves as the headquarters of JK Cement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/from-the-mag/yadupati-singhania-ceo-jk-cement-best-ceo-business-today-survey-legacy-growth/story/267692.html|title=King of Cawnpore- Business News|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=10 January 2018 |access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
In 1935, Kamlapat and his family moved from Kanpur residence to a newly constructed 20-acre bungalow near the [[Ganges]] called Ganga Kutir (Ganga Cottage). He also purchased a second property from an [[Englishman]], which was named Kamla Retreat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/travel/feature/top-enchanting-places-to-visit-in-kanpur_1869682.htm|title=Top enchanting places to visit in Kanpur!|date=27 March 2016|work=Zee News|access-date=27 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> Kamlapat died in 1937 and was survived by his sons – Padampat, Kailashpat and Lakshmipat.<ref name="Marwar" />

==Family history==
As per records of [[JK Temple]] Kanpur, Vinodi Das Singhania left his home in [[Singhana, Rajasthan|Singhana]] – a little town in the Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan – in 1775. He resettled in [[Farrukhabad]], a small business town near Kanpur. He started off as a Banker and diversified into trading. This was the time when East India Company was entering India. His sons – Ramsukhdas and Sarbsukhdas – later joined the family business and opened branch offices in Kanpur, [[Kolkata]], [[Varanasi]] and [[Mirzapur]].<ref name="Marwar" />

After Ramsukhdas and Sarbsukhdas, the business was passed on to Ramsukhdas' son, Sewaram. Baldeodas took over the reins of the business along with his brother Munnalal from his father Sewaram. During this time the family also earned the royal title of 'Rajah Sahib'. Baldeodas had six sons and among them was Juggilal who took over the family business and played an important role in expanding and diversifying the business from bankers and traders to industrialists.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rc0tAAAAMAAJ&q=lala+kamlapat+singhania|title=The Aggarwals: a socio-economic study|last=Gupta|first=Badlu Ram|date=1975|publisher=S. Chand|isbn=9780883867150|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMEtAAAAMAAJ&q=baldevdas+munna+lal+singhania|title=Lakshmipat Singhania: his concepts and creations|last=Rao|first=P. Chentsal|date=July 1986|publisher=Vikas|isbn=9780706930474|language=en}}</ref> In 1905, Juggilal and his family shifted to their Kanpur house after a division in the family business which then owned two flour mills — the Ganges Flour Mill and Cawnpore Flour Mill — apart from being the sole selling agents for Elgin Mills, Cawnpore Cotton Mills and Victoria Mills. The division created two new business units – Baldeodas-Kedarnath and Baijnath-Juggilal.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQdDDwAAQBAJ&q=Baldeo+Das-Kedarnath+and+Baijnath-Juggilal&pg=PA58|title=Kanpur Unveiled|last=Trivedi|first=Preeti|date=1 December 2017|publisher=Bhartiya Sahitya Inc.|isbn=9781613016282|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kamlapat married Rampyari Devi and they had three daughters and three sons: Padampat, Kailashpat and Lakshmipat Singhania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.istampgallery.com/lakshmipat-singhania/|title=Lala Lakshmipat Singhania|website=www.istampgallery.com|date=15 November 2010 |language=en-US|access-date=27 February 2018 |author1=Admin }}</ref>

==Legacy==
JK Organisation founded by Kamlapat is one of the largest [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerates]] in India today, with multiple million and billion dollar companies under its belt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/strategy-and-management/how-jk-cement-optimized-its-supply-chain-through-rfid-technology/53444272|title=How JK Cement optimized its supply chain through RFID technology – ET CIO|last=www.ETCIO.com|website=ETCIO.com|language=en|access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref> Several of these companies are listed publicly and have market capitalization in upwards of billion dollars. Some of the publicly listed companies are JK Tyre, JK Cement, JK Lakshmi Cement, JK Paper, Jaykay Enterprises, JK Sugar, JK Agri Genetics (JK Seeds) and JK Dairy (Umang Dairies).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forum.valuepickr.com/t/umang-dairies-turn-around-company-by-jk-group/1524|title=Umang Dairies: Turn around company by JK Group|website=ValuePickr Forum|date=31 May 2015 |language=en|access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jkcement.com/the_company|title=JK Cement – Company Profile|website=www.jkcement.com|access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref> Privately held companies of the group are [[Raymond Group]], J.K. Ansell, JK Technosoft, JK Fenner, Global Strategic Technologies and Dwarkesh Energy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/corporate/now-gautam-singhania-wants-to-make-raymond-soar/story/229416.html|title=The 'Complete Man' undergoing changes- Business News|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=27 February 2016 |access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jkorg.in/index.php/businesses/dwarkesh-energy|title=Dwarkesh Energy|website=www.jkorg.in|access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref>

Kamlapat founded the Merchants' Chamber of Uttar Pradesh in 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merchantschamberup.com/activities.php|title=Activities by Merchants' Chamber of Uttar Pradesh|website=www.merchantschamberup.com|access-date=25 February 2018}}</ref> Kamla Nagar in Kanpur — a township for JK employees – is named after Kamlapat Singhania. A number of institutions founded by members of Singhania family bears his name. Some of them are [http://lksec.org/ LK Singhania Education Centre at Gotan], [[JK Lakshmipat University]], JK Institute of Radiology and Cancer Research at Kanpur, Lala Kamlapat Memorial Hospital at Kanpur, [[J.K. Institute of Applied Physics and Technology]] (University of Allahabad) and JK Institute of Sociology and Human Relations (University of Lucknow).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lksec.org/|title=History & Overview {{!}} LK SINGHANIA EDUCATION CENTRE, GOTAN|website=lksec.org|language=en-US|access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Rallies-nukkad-natak-to-end-tobacco-menace/articleshow/13696909.cms|title=Rallies, nukkad natak to end tobacco menace – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jkinstitute.ac.in/|title=Department of Electronics & Communication – J.K. Institute, University of Allahabad, Allahabad|website=www.jkinstitute.ac.in|language=en-gb|access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref> A commemorative stamp was issued in 2010 by the Indian government honoring Lala Kamlapat Singhania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stampsofindia.com/lists/stamps/2010stamps.html|title=2010 Stamps of India|website=stampsofindia.com|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2010.aspx|title=Postage Stamps 2010|website=postagestamps.gov.in|language=en|access-date=26 February 2018|archive-date=8 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608233453/http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2010.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.jkorg.in/index.php/founders-promoters Founders of JK Organisation]
*[http://www.jkcotton.com/about-our-founder.html JK Cotton limited – Our Founders]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singhania, Kamlapat}}
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the textile industry]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Marwari people]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Industrial history of India]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the cement industry]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the oil industry]]

Pawan Gill

2026-02-07T22:27:37Z

AlvaJustice117: starting new info

{{Short description|Canadian film producer}}

{{Undisclosed paid|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pawan Gill
| caption = Gill on film shoot
| birth_place = [[Vancouver, British Columbia]], Canada
| occupation = Film producer, filmmaker
| organisation = Brat Films
| years_active = 2005–present
| known_for = ''[[Shadaa]]'', ''[[Puaada]]'', ''[[Super Singh]]''
| website = {{url|https://www.instagram.com/thepawangill}}
}}

'''Pawan Gill''' is a film producer and filmmaker born and raised in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=McSheffrey |first1=Elizabeth |title=Punjabi film shot in Metro Vancouver breaks boundaries and box office records|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8351503/punjabi-film-metro-vancouver-breaks-boundaries-box-office-records/ |website=globalnews.ca |publisher=Global News |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> now based in [[Mumbai, India]]. He has his ancestral roots hailing from [[Ludhiana, Punjab]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Jasmine |title=Heart in his roots |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/heart-in-his-roots-416515 |work=The Tribune |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> He is known for producing films like ''[[Shadaa]]'', ''[[Puaada]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vashisht |first1=Neha |title=Pawan Gill on 'Puaada': Ammy Virk and Sonam Bajwa were always the first choices for this film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/biginterview-pawan-gill-on-puaada-ammy-virk-and-sonam-bajwa-were-always-the-first-choices-for-this-film/articleshow/85150324.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> ''[[Super Singh]]'' and ''[[Honsla Rakh]]''.

==Career==
He moved to India in 2005 to pursue a career as a filmmaker after studying filmmaking at [[Vancouver Film School]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nuttall |first1=Jeremy |title=After two decades of dreaming and working, Canada’s Gill brothers make big splash in India’s film industry with ‘Jersey’ |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2022/04/27/after-two-decades-of-dreaming-and-working-canadas-gill-brothers-make-big-splash-in-indias-film-industry-with-jersey.html |work=The Star |access-date=29 April 2022}}</ref> he started work as an assistant director with [[Yashraj Films]] where he worked for five years on such films like [[Neal 'n' Nikki|''Neal 'n' Nikki'']] and [[Dhoom 2|''Dhoom 2'']]. Thereafter he branched out on his own as a director with the film {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Jo Hum Chahein]]}} and then went on to produce [[Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin|''Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin'']].<ref name="auto"/> He and filmmaker [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]] set up their company Brat Films where he has produced [[Super Singh|''Super Singh'']],<ref>{{cite web |title=Super Singh, a desi superhero with a global standing |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/super-singh-a-desi-superhero-with-a-global-standing-set-for-june-16-launch/story-8J9ZzLVt2NCfdbzEwg77LM.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 June 2017 |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Shadaa]]'' and ''[[Puaada]]''. He co-produced the blockbuster [[Honsla Rakh|''Honsla Rakh'']]<ref>{{cite web |last1=McSheffrey |first1=Elizabeth|title=Punjabi film shot in Metro Vancouver breaks boundaries and box office records|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8351503/punjabi-film-metro-vancouver-breaks-boundaries-box-office-records/ |website=globalnews.ca |publisher=Global News |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> with actor [[Diljit Dosanjh]], this is his third film as a producer with the Punjabi actor,<ref>{{cite web |title=Diljit Dosanjh turns producer with Honsla Rakh |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/diljit-dosanjh-turns-producer-with-honsla-rakh-punjabi-film-to-also-feature-bigg-boss-fame-shehnaaz-gill-9319311.html |work=First Post |date=18 February 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> their film [[Shadaa]] set new box office records in Punjabi cinema.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} His company's first Hindi language feature film [[Jersey (2022 film)|''Jersey'']] starring Bollywood superstar [[Shahid Kapoor]] produced by his brother [[Aman Gill]] released on April 22, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nuttall |first1=Jeremy |title=After two decades of dreaming and working, Canada’s Gill brothers make big splash in India’s film industry with ‘Jersey’ |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2022/04/27/after-two-decades-of-dreaming-and-working-canadas-gill-brothers-make-big-splash-in-indias-film-industry-with-jersey.html |work=The Star |access-date=29 April 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He has a twin brother [[Aman Gill]], who also works in the film industry, he started his career as an executive producer on the film [[Black (2005 film)|''Black'']].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Jasmine |title=Twin Take |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140530/ttlife1.htm#3 |work=The Tribune |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> He has produced several Bollywood films including [[Jersey (2021 film)|''Jersey'']] and [[Udta Punjab|''Udta Punjab'']] starring [[Shahid Kapoor]] amongst many others.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vashisht |first1=Neha |title=BigInterview: Pawan Gill |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/biginterview-pawan-gill-on-puaada-ammy-virk-and-sonam-bajwa-were-always-the-first-choices-for-this-film/articleshow/85150324.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
[[File:Varun Dhawan and Jagdeep Sidhu at screening of Shadaa.jpg|thumb|Pawan Gill (''on the far right'') with [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Jagdeep Sidhu]] and twin brother [[Aman Gill]] during a special screening of ''Shadaa'']]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Story
! Writer
! Producer
|-
| 2011 || {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Jo Hum Chahein]]}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin]]'' || ||{{yes}} || ||{{yes}}
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Super Singh]]'' || || || ||{{yes}}
|-
|2019
|''[[Shadaa]]'' || || || ||{{Yes}}
|-
|2021
|''[[Puaada]]'' || || || ||{{Yes}}
|-
|2021
|''[[Honsla Rakh]]'' || || || ||{{Yes}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2093619}}
* {{BH person|pawan-gill}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Pawan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Vancouver]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Film producers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriates in India]]

Tutinama

2026-01-20T03:51:24Z

AlvaJustice117: starting the entry from scratch.

{{short description|14th-century series of stories}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Tutinama (Tales of a Parrot)
| image = Parrot addressing Khojasta in Tutinama commisioned by Akbar, c1556-1565.jpg
| caption = Parrot addressing Khojasta
| genre = [[Fables]]
| author = [[Nakhshabi]]
| language = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| release_date = 14th century
| country = India
}}

'''''Tutinama''''' ({{Langx|fa|طوطی‌نامه}}), literal meaning "Tales of a Parrot", is a 14th-century series of 52 stories in [[Persian language|Persian]]. The work remains well-known largely because of a number of lavishly illustrated manuscripts, especially a version containing 250 miniature paintings commissioned by the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] in the 1550s. The Persian text used was edited in the 14th century from an earlier anthology 'Seventy Tales of the Parrot' in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] compiled under the title [[Śukasaptati]] (a part of ''katha'' literature) dated to the 12th century. In India, parrots (in light of their purported conversational abilities) are popular as storytellers in works of fiction.<ref>Beach (1992), 21–38</ref><ref name=Thane>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orientalthane.com/speeches/speech2008.htm|title=Institute for Oriental Study, Thane: Seminar on "Suhbashita, Panchatantra & Gnomic Literature in Ancient & Medieval India"|work=Effect of this Migration on Art|access-date=2009-09-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820052550/http://www.orientalthane.com/speeches/speech2008.htm|archive-date=2012-08-20}}</ref><ref name=Wilson>{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first= Horace Hayman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7gIAAAAQAAJ&q=Tuti+Nama&pg=PA55|title= Notes on the Indica of Ctesias |work=Tuti nama|pages =52–53|accessdate=2009-09-23|publisher= Ashmolean society|year=1836}}</ref><ref name=Haksar>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=3233|title=Shuka Saptati – Seventy Tales of the Parrot|author=A N D Haksar|access-date=2009-09-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223070843/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=3233|archive-date=2012-02-23}}</ref><ref name=chapatti>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chapatimystery.com/archives/optical_character_recognition/the_parrot.html|title= The Parrot|work= Chapati Mystery|date= 5 July 2005|accessdate=2009-09-21}}</ref>

The adventure stories narrated by a parrot, night after night, for 52 successive nights, are moralistic stories to persuade his female owner Khojasta not to commit any adulterous act with any lover, in the absence of her husband. She is always on the point of leaving the house to meet her lover, until the loyal parrot detains her by a fascinating story.

Several illustrated manuscript copies survive, the most famous made for the Mughal Emperor Akbar over the five years after he ascended the throne in 1556,<ref>Beach (1992), 34</ref><ref name =Asher>{{Cite book|last=Asher|first= Catherine Ella Blanshard|author2=Cynthia Talbot |title= India before Europe|pages=313|work=Painting the Imperial Image =135–136|accessdate=2009-09-23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&q=Tutinama%27%27%27&pg=RA1-PA136|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780521809047}}</ref> by two Persian artists named [[Mir Sayyid Ali]] and [[Khwaja Abdus Samad|Abdus Samad]] working in the court workshop.<ref name="Beach 1992, 28-29">Beach (1992), 28-29</ref> This is almost entirely in the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]. A second version made for Akbar is now dispersed among several museums, but with the largest part in the [[Chester Beatty Library]] in [[Dublin]]; this is thought to date to about 1580.<ref>Losty, 32</ref><ref name=Nastaliq>{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00xcallig/mughalearly/tutinamah1580/tutinamah1580.html|title= Nasta'liq calligraphy as patronized by Akbar, c.1580|accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref>

==Text==
The authorship of the text of the ''Tutinama'' is credited to Ziya'al-Din Nakhshabi or just [[Nakhshabi]], a [[Persia]]n physician and a [[Sufi]] [[saint]] who had migrated to [[Badayun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India in the 14th century, who wrote in the [[Persian language]]. He had translated and/or edited a classical Sanskrit version of the stories similar to ''Tutinama'' into Persian, around 1335 AD. It is conjectured that this small book of short stories, moralistic in theme, influenced Akbar during his formative years. It is also inferred that since Akbar had a [[harem]] (of women siblings, wives and women servants), the moralistic stories had specific orientation towards the control of women.<ref name=Thane/><ref name=chapatti/><ref name =Asher/>

==Akbar's first version==
The two artists [[Mir Sayyid Ali]] and [[Abd al-Samad]] were invited by [[Humayun]] around 1530–40 to teach this art to himself and to his son Akbar. Initially, the artists came to [[Kabul]] with Humayun (where he was in exile) and in later years shifted to [[Delhi]] when he won back his empire from the [[Suri Dynasty]]. The artists then moved to [[Fatehpur Sikri]] with the Mughal Emperor Akbar, where a huge workshop of artists were engaged in producing miniatures. This type of painting came to be known as [[Mughal painting]], during Akbar's reign from 1556 to 1605 (when under Emperor Akbar's leadership the Mughal empire became most powerful). Akbar provided personal patronage to promote this form of miniature paintings, not only through Iranian artists but also involved a large number of Indian artists who were also well versed in local styles of such miniature paintings that were produced in the imperial workshops. It thus developed as a unique blend of Indian, [[Persian miniature|Persian]] and Islamic styles.<ref>see for next para</ref>

Most of the paintings are now in the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]; some are also in the [[British Library]]. This became the precursor for many more refined forms of Mughal miniature painting portfolios such as the [[Hamzanama]] (Adventures of [[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Amir Hamza]]), [[Akbarnama]] (Book of Akbar), [[Jahangirnama]] (Tuzk-e-Jahangiri an autobiography of [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Jahangir]]) and so forth, which were created during the reign of subsequent Moghul rulers (16th century to 19th century) as [[Mughal paintings]], but also with distinct Indian, [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Jainism|Jain]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] influences. The Mughal style covered mainly portraits of Mughal emperors, Queens, court scenes, hunting scenes, special ceremonies, battle scenes, love scenes and various activities of royal rulers. This format of miniatures was also widely adopted by [[Rajput]] and [[Malwa]] rulers.<ref name=chapatti/><ref name =Asher/><ref name="Beach 1992, 28-29"/><ref name=Mughal>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html|title=History of Mughal Painting|accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref><ref name=Skelton>{{Cite book|last=Skelton|first= Robert|author2=Rosemary Crill |author3=Andrew Topsfield |author4=Susan Stronge |author5=Victoria and Albert Museum |title=Arts of Mughal India: studies in honour of Robert Skelton |work=Tutinama|pages=55, 63, 65|accessdate=2009-09-24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcOfAAAAMAAJ&q=Tutinama%27%27%27|publisher= Victoria & Albert Museum|year= 2004|isbn=9788188204342}}</ref><ref name=miniature>{{Cite web|url=http://www.miniatureclub.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828050339/http://www.miniatureclub.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-08-28|title=Miniatures|access-date=2009-09-24|publisher=Miniature Club}}</ref>

In one miniature the figure of the king in the story is the earliest known portrait of Akbar.<ref>Beach (1987), 56</ref>

==Theme of the story==
[[File:Indischer Maler um 1580 001.jpg|thumb|right|260px|The Parrot addresses Khojasta, a scene from the Tutinama (1556–1565) paintings<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/object.php?q=fsg_F1991.8 | title=Collections | work=National Museum of Asian Art }}</ref>]]
The main narrator of the 52 stories of ''Tutinama'' is a parrot, who tells stories to his owner, a woman called Khojasta, in order to prevent her from committing any illicit affair while her husband (a merchant by the name Maimunis) is away on business. The merchant had gone on his business trip leaving behind his wife in the company of a [[mynah]] and a parrot. The wife strangles the mynah for advising her not to indulge in any illicit affair. The parrot, realising the gravity of the situation, adopts a more indirect approach of narrating fascinating stories over the next fifty-two nights. The stories are narrated every successive night for 52 nights as an entertaining episode to keep Khojasta's attention and distract her from going out.<ref>Beach (1992), 21</ref><ref name=Nastaliq>{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00xcallig/mughalearly/tutinamah1580/tutinamah1580.html|title= Nasta'liq calligraphy as patronized by Akbar, c.1580|accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref>

;One story
A particular tale narrated by the parrot to rivet the attention of his mistress, as she is about to leave the house in the night, is also depicted in the 35th to 37th paintings in the illustrated version of the Tutinama. The story related by the parrot is of a [[Brahmin]] boy falling in love with a princess, considered a fated (doomed) situation. But a solution to this is provided by a magician friend of the Brahmin in the form of magic beads to help his friend to turn into a beautiful woman to seek entry into the palace to be with his loved one. The magician further facilitates the meeting of his friend with the king's daughter by telling the King that the girl in question was his daughter-in-law. On seeking entry into the palace the Brahmin discloses his true identity to his adored princess. But a twist is introduced into the tale with the King's son beholding a beautiful girl (the Brahmin in disguise) while taking bath in a pond falls in love with her. To avoid discovery of his true identity, the Brahmin runs away with the King's daughter. The magician then appears before the King seeking return of his daughter-in-law. But the King realising the true state of the two missing girls, compensates the magician with rich gifts. The gifts are passed on by the magician to his Brahmin friend and his wife to enable them to lead a happy life. The parrot concludes the narration, towards day break, with the advice to Kojasta that she should also have everything in life including her husband.<ref>Beach (1987), 53</ref>

==Style of paintings==
[[File:MoghulWomen2.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] women dancing [[Kathak]] style]]
It is said that the text of the Tutinama was written in Nasta'liq calligraphy style. But each of the paintings seen in various libraries across the world focus on a single topic or episode of the stories. The straightforwardness of expressions seen in the paintings is attributed to the influence of pre-Mughal paintings. Several portfolios of Tutinama are also stated to be similar to the [[Malwa]] manuscripts with illustrations (dated to 1439 AD) but with distinct perfection. The difference is traced to the tasteful colours in Tutinama paintings, which make it rich in colours with graded quality.<ref name=Nastaliq/><ref name =Schimmel>{{Cite book|last= Schimmel|first= Annemarie|author2=Burzine K. Waghmar |title= The Empire of the great Mughals: history, art and culture|work=Tutinama|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/269 269]|accessdate=2009-09-23|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne
|url-access= registration|quote= Tutinama|publisher= Reaktion Books|year=2004|isbn= 9781861891853}}</ref><ref name=Qaisar>{{Cite book|last= Qaisar|first= Ahsan Jan |author2=Som Prakash Verma |author3=Saiyid Nurul Hasan|title= Art and culture: felicitation volume in honour of Professor S. Nurul Hasan |work=Tutinama|pages=60–62|accessdate=2009-09-24|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=N4BuAAAAMAAJ&q=Tutinama%27%27%27|publisher= Publication Scheme|year=1993|isbn=9788185263823}}</ref>

The popular dance form of [[Kathak]], considered a combination of Indian and Persian forms, got a medium for display in the paintings of the Tutinama, the Akbarnama and the Tarrikh-e-Khandan-e-Timuria. In these paintings, men and women are shown wearing long flowing robes and high conical caps in standing positions. Even some paintings depicted two different groups of dancers. It is stated that 350 dancers, who were brought to Akbar's court from Iran by force, probably represented the ancient traditions of dances of Iran. It is inferred that over the years, assimilation of the Persian and the Indian people took place and provided the backdrop for the present Kathak dance style in India.<ref name=colossium>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/mar2709/colosseum.html|title= The Colosseum|accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sindbad-Nameh]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* [[Milo Beach|Beach, Milo Cleveland]] (1992), ''Mughal and Rajput painting'', Part 1, Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, 1992 (pp. 21–38), [https://books.google.com/books?id=0RjwxGMKC9cC&pg=PA21 google books]
* [[Milo Beach|Beach, Milo Cleveland]] (1987), ''Early Mughal painting'', Harvard University Press, 1987 (pp. 51–54), {{ISBN|9780674221857}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmcoF12hi3AC&pg=PA51 google books]
*Losty, J. P. Roy, Malini (eds), ''Mughal India: Art, Culture and Empire'', 2013, British Library, {{ISBN|0712358706}}, 9780712358705
* Stephen, A. Condie, and Z̤iyāʼ al-Dīn Nakhshabī. ''Fairy Tales of a Parrot''. London: E. Nister, 1892.

==External links==
* [[iarchive:tutinamahtootina00lond/page/n7/mode/2up|Tutinamah]], [[Internet Archive]].

{{Commons category|Tutinama}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mughal art]]
[[Category:Persian-language literature]]
[[Category:Islamic illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:British Library oriental manuscripts]]
[[Category:16th-century illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Indian manuscripts]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian short story collections]]
[[Category:Fantasy anthologies]]
[[Category:Collections of fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian legends]]
[[Category:Erotic short story collections]]
[[Category:Erotic literature]]
[[Category:Sexuality in India]]
[[Category:14th-century Persian books]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

Uttama Villain release and loss issues

2026-01-15T22:20:03Z

AlvaJustice117: starting new data initial version.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{italic title|string=Uttama Villain}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
The 2015 Tamil-language film ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' directed by [[Ramesh Aravind]] and starring [[Kamal Haasan]], faced significant issues during its release. The film faced numerous postponements, due to post-production delays and the financial constraints surrounding the production company [[Thirrupathi Brothers]]. On the day of its scheduled release on 1 May 2015, the film was not released in theatres due to the disputes between the producers and financiers. With the intervention of the [[Nadigar Sangam]] and [[Tamil Film Producers Council]], as well as Haasan's assurance to settle the financiers, the film opened with noon shows on 2 May 2015, a day after the original release.

The film's delayed release resulted in a loss of around {{INRConvert|10|c|year=2015}} business on the opening day. Furthermore, it [[Box-office bomb|underperformed at the box-office]] causing significant financial problems to the company; this resulted in their subsequent productions, excluding ''[[Rajinimurugan]]'', either remained unreleased or its production being halted. In 2024, Lingusamy asserted that the film was responsible for the company's decline and accused Kamal for not compensating the losses.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 May 2024 |title=5 Kollywood controversy that made headlines in recent times |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/5-kollywood-controversy-that-made-headlines-in-recent-times/photostory/110337018.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607143244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/5-kollywood-controversy-that-made-headlines-in-recent-times/photostory/110337018.cms |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Overview ==
''Uttama Villain'' was presented by [[N. Lingusamy]] under Thirrupathi Brothers who co-produced it with Haasan's [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] on a first-copy basis.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=4 March 2014 |title='Uttama Villain' – First Look : Inspiration or copy? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Uthama-Villains-first-look-Inspiration-or-copy/articleshow/31398126.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429032108/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Uthama-Villains-first-look-Inspiration-or-copy/articleshow/31398126.cms |archive-date=29 April 2016 |access-date=15 March 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film began production in March 2014, with principal photography being commenced on the same month and continued till August.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2014 |title='Uttama Villain' to start from March first week |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/uthama-villain-to-start-from-march-first-week-news-tamil-oc2jwOjeeiasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810200919/http://www.sify.com/movies/uthama-villain-to-start-from-march-first-week-news-tamil-oc2jwOjeeiasi.html |archive-date=10 August 2014 |access-date=9 August 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2014 |title=Shoot of Kamal Haasan's 'Uttama Villain' set to wrap up |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/shoot-of-kamal-haasan-s-uttama-villain-set-to-wrap-up-114080900120_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508014653/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/shoot-of-kamal-haasan-s-uttama-villain-set-to-wrap-up-114080900120_1.html |archive-date=8 May 2015 |access-date=9 August 2014 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> It was originally scheduled to be released in the last quarter of 2014, but due to incomplete post-production works, the film was delayed continuously until it was planned for a theatrical release in the summer of 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2014 |title=Ramesh Aravind talks about 'Uttama Villain' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ramesh-aravind-talks-about-uttama-villain-news-tamil-oigjqNdegbejh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806120934/http://www.sify.com/movies/ramesh-aravind-talks-about-uttama-villain-news-tamil-oigjqNdegbejh.html |archive-date=6 August 2014 |access-date=15 July 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan's Uttama Villain Release Delayed Due to VFX Work |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kamal-haasans-uttama-villain-release-delayed-due-to-vfx-work-752166 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715150243/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kamal-haasans-uttama-villain-release-delayed-due-to-vfx-work-752166 |archive-date=15 July 2021 |access-date=15 July 2021 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The film also faced protests from [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) and [[Indian National League]], on the accounts of hurting religious sentiments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2015 |title=VHP calls for ban on 'Uttama Villain' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/VHP-calls-for-ban-on-Uttama-Villain/articleshow/46835832.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413094158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/VHP-calls-for-ban-on-Uttama-Villain/articleshow/46835832.cms |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=12 March 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Financial constraints ===
When the film was under production, Thirrupathi Brothers suffered losses due to the failure of [[Suriya]]-starrer ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'', which was produced by the company and also directed by Lingusamy.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1780899080891154757 |user=filmsandstuffs |title=Thiruppathi Brothers produced and released both 'ANJAAN' and 'UTTAMA VILLAIN' around the same timeline, AUG 2014 and MAY 2015 respectively. |author=Films and Stuffs |date=18 April 2024 |access-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241212104741/https://x.com/filmsandstuffs/status/1780899080891154757 |archive-date=12 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> This prompted the producers to sell the distribution rights to [[Eros International]] for acquiring funding and further borrowed money from local financiers, ensuring them for distributing the film.<ref name=":1" /> A week prior to the film's release, R. Thangaraj of Thangam Cinemas filed a lawsuit against Lingusamy for non-payment of {{INRConvert|2|c|year=2014}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2015 |title=Plea seeks stay on release of Uttama Villain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Plea-seeks-stay-on-release-of-Uttama-Villain/articleshow/47045010.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429112607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Plea-seeks-stay-on-release-of-Uttama-Villain/articleshow/47045010.cms |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=12 March 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2015 |title='Uttama Villain' producers to settle all dues before release |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/uttama-villain-producers-to-settle-all-dues-before-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530103028/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/uttama-villain-producers-to-settle-all-dues-before-release/ |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Despite assurance that the pending dues would be cleared before release,<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2015 |title=Uttama Villain producers to repay loan before April 28 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/uttama-villain-producers-to-repay-loan-before-april-28/article7139684.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117040854/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/uttama-villain-producers-to-repay-loan-before-april-28/article7139684.ece |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> it was later reported that the film had nearly a debt of ₹20–40 crore (equivalent to ₹30–60 crore or US$3.5–6.9 million in 2023).{{Efn|While Sreedhar Pillai reported that the film had dues of around {{INRConvert|20|c|year=2015}}, the film's Andhra Pradesh and Telangana distributor C. Kalyan reported the debt amount to be {{INRConvert|40|c|year=2015}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=3 May 2015 |title=Uttama Villain: Rs 40 crore in debt, Rs 2 crore in losses |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150502/entertainment-tollywood/article/uttama-villain-rs-40-crore-debt-rs-2-crore-losses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626234438/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150502/entertainment-tollywood/article/uttama-villain-rs-40-crore-debt-rs-2-crore-losses |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>}} Eros International refuted to waive a part of the loan as the amount was too high and the company also faced losses while distributing ''[[Lingaa]]'' and ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Thimmayya |first=Daniel |date=2 May 2015 |title=Furore in Theaters as Kamal's Uttama Villain's Release Delayed for 'Financial Dues' to Eros International |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/May/01/furore-in-theaters-as-kamals-uttama-villains-release-delayed-for-financial-dues-to-eros-international-754810.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250320140726/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/May/01/furore-in-theaters-as-kamals-uttama-villains-release-delayed-for-financial-dues-to-eros-international-754810.html |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Stalling of the release ==
On 1 May 2015, when the film was finally scheduled for release in India,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2015 |title=Uttama Villain release delayed, early morning shows cancelled |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/uttama-villain-release-delayed-early-morning-shows-cancelled/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021184928/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/uttama-villain-release-delayed-early-morning-shows-cancelled/ |archive-date=21 October 2015 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> the early morning and afternoon shows were cancelled due to the disputes between producers and financiers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2015 |title=Uttama Villain release further delayed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Uttama-Villain-morning-shows-cancelled-on-day-on-day-of-release/article60329008.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403011905/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Uttama-Villain-morning-shows-cancelled-on-day-on-day-of-release/article60329008.ece |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2015 |title=Uttama Villain release delayed, makers owe distributors Rs 5 cr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/uttama-villain-release-delayed-makers-owe-distributors-rs-5-cr/story-Ouf9SJlarQ05m2HAHe5iKP.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420072513/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/uttama-villain-release-delayed-makers-owe-distributors-rs-5-cr/story-Ouf9SJlarQ05m2HAHe5iKP.html |archive-date=20 April 2016 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravikumar |first=R |date=1 May 2015 |title=Tussle between producer, financiers stalls release of Uttama Villain |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tussle-between-producer-financiers-stalls-release-of-uttama-villain/article7162161.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320140858/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tussle-between-producer-financiers-stalls-release-of-uttama-villain/article7162161.ece |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref> Supposedly, the financiers held back the [[Computer file|digital projection keys]]{{Efn|The [[computer files|digital file]] which the films were stored and transmitted with the help of a "key delivery message" from the post-production companies}} due to the uncertainty regarding the clearance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> An executive from [[Qube Cinema Technologies|Qube Cinemas]] stated that 184 theatres had inquired for the print in advance and had transmitted to them, but most of them were yet to confirm the film's screenings.<ref name=":0" /> Lingusamy with the executives of Eros International, and [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]] of [[Studio Green]] and other distributors discussed about amicably solving the financial tussles but nothing was finalised.<ref name=":0" />

Several fans of Haasan expressed disappointment on the film's shows being cancelled, with many refusing to vacate their seats at the theatre auditorium, claiming that they would wait until they release the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel Stalin |first=J Sam |date=1 March 2015 |title=Fans Protest as Shows of Kamal Haasan's Uttama Villain Cancelled |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/fans-protest-as-shows-of-kamal-haasans-uttama-villain-cancelled-759691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320141154/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/fans-protest-as-shows-of-kamal-haasans-uttama-villain-cancelled-759691 |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan fans stage protest after 'Uttama Villain's shows are cancelled |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kamal-haasan-fans-stage-protest-after-uttama-villains-shows-are-cancelled/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021185323/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kamal-haasan-fans-stage-protest-after-uttama-villains-shows-are-cancelled/ |archive-date=21 October 2015 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Some hardcore fans protested outside the theatre premises who opined that Haasan's previous film ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' also met with [[Vishwaroopam controversies|the similar fate prior to its release]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=1 May 2015 |title=Cancellation of Uttama Villain show disappoints Kamal fans |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/cancellation-of-uttama-villain-show-disappoints-kamal-fans/article7163232.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250320141235/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/cancellation-of-uttama-villain-show-disappoints-kamal-fans/article7163232.ece |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYPJmBJ7twE |title=Fans protest as shows of Kamal Haasan's 'Uttama Villain' cancelled |date=1 May 2015 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=18 December 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250320141714/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYPJmBJ7twE |archive-date=20 March 2025 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref> With ''Uttama Villain''<nowiki/>'s sudden stalling, many theatres decided to screen ''[[Vai Raja Vai]]'', the [[Aishwarya Dhanush]]-directorial which released on the same day, and many of the Hassan fans choosing to watch that film as an alternative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=1 May 2015 |title=Uttama Villain release postponed |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/uttama-villain-release-postponed/20150501.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120002716/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/uttama-villain-release-postponed/20150501.htm |archive-date=20 November 2015 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Rakesh Gowthaman, who owns Vettri Theatres, claimed that he had cancelled majority of the shows and instead screened ''Vai Raja Vai'' and ''[[Kanchana 2]]'', due to the uncertainty regarding the film's release.<ref name=":0" />

Unlike in India, the film's overseas theatrical release was not impacted, since Raaj Kamal Films International had its distribution rights outside India, while the domestic rights were with Thirrupathi Brothers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2 May 2015 |title=Trouble in Kollywood |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/uttama-villain-release-controversies/article7164723.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816183136/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/uttama-villain-release-controversies/article7164723.ece |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=12 March 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> The [[Tamil Film Producers Council]] and [[Nadigar Sangam]] discussed with Lingusamy and the distributors to sort out the financial issues, while Haasan who attended the film's premiere in [[Dubai]], flew back to Chennai, and intervened with both parties, regarding the same.<ref name=":1" /> By the following day (2 May), both parties reached out with an amicable solution and the film eventually opened on the same day with matinee shows across Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel Stalin |first=J Sam |date=2 May 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan's Uttama Villain Released After Financial Dispute Was Settled |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/uttama-villain-to-release-today-shows-start-from-noon-759955 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320141434/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/uttama-villain-to-release-today-shows-start-from-noon-759955 |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 May 2015 |title='Uttama Villain' to release from afternoon show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/uttama-villain-to-release-from-afternoon-show/articleshow/47129528.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505061108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/uttama-villain-to-release-from-afternoon-show/articleshow/47129528.cms |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Financial performance and impact ==
Sreedhar Pillai, Tamil film trade analyst had admitted that the release issue "has tarnished the image of Kollywood" and compared this incident to ''[[Kaavalan]]'' (2011), ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' (2014) and ''[[Madha Gaja Raja]]'' (2025) whose releases were stalled due to last minute financial constraints.<ref name=":1" /> The subsequent delayed release had resulted in a loss of around ₹8–10 crore (equivalent to ₹12–18 crore US$1.4–2.1 million) from domestic market.<ref name=":1" /> According to Pillai, the film was bought for {{INRConvert|55|c|year=2015}} on a first copy basis and another {{INRConvert|5|c|year=2015}} for print and advertising costs, which was "overpriced for a 'class film', as the trade would say, which has limited appeal and will not go down to B and C markets".<ref name=":1" /> He further cited ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' and ''[[Kanchana 2]]'', released two weeks before ''Uttama Villain'' and were financially successful, due to its cost-effective production, mainly recovering the budget within opening weekend and fetching additional revenue from non-theatrical deals becoming profitable for all stakeholders and advised Tamil film producers to control costs.<ref name=":1" />

''Uttama Villain'' underperformed at the box office owing to the delayed release and lack of wide audience appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan's Loss Became Aishwaryaa R Dhanush's Gain |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kamal-haasans-loss-became-aishwaryaa-r-dhanushs-gain-763751 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320141844/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kamal-haasans-loss-became-aishwaryaa-r-dhanushs-gain-763751 |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |language=en}}</ref> According to trade analyst Trinath, the film failed to break even after two weeks of its release, further stating "Big budget star vehicles rely heavily on the collections of the opening weekend. For ''Uttama Villain'', an opening day collection of nearly Rs.10 crore was expected going by the pre-release buzz. But since the release got delayed, the numbers were affected."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2015 |title=Delayed release impacts Kamal Haasan's 'Uttama Villain' at box office |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/delayed-release-impacts-kamal-haasans-uttama-villain-at-box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022003458/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/delayed-release-impacts-kamal-haasans-uttama-villain-at-box-office/ |archive-date=22 October 2015 |access-date=15 July 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |language=en}}</ref> Its failure further impacted Thirrupathi Brothers to experience significant financial problems. ''[[Rajinimurugan]]'', the company's subsequent production, starring [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and directed by [[Ponram]], was scheduled for a 2015 release;<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2015 |title=Rajini Murugan to be postponed? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/150914/entertainment-kollywood/article/rajini-murugan-be-postponed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319193719/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/150914/entertainment-kollywood/article/rajini-murugan-be-postponed |archive-date=19 March 2020 |access-date=19 March 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> however, it was subsequently delayed due to the financial problems before [[Pen Studios|Pen India Limited]] acquiring its distribution rights and ultimately releasing it for 14 January 2016 ([[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]).<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2016 |title=K'wood heroes give money to facilitate their film's releases |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kwood-heroes-give-money-to-facilitate-their-films-releases/articleshow/50467146.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112094220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kwood-heroes-give-money-to-facilitate-their-films-releases/articleshow/50467146.cms |archive-date=12 January 2016 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2016 |title=Rajini Murugan, Gethu... Tamil screens to overflow on Pongal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rajini-murugan-gethu-tamil-screens-to-overflow-on-pongal/story-ZnEuPVj9fhA2CWYLjDFrhL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129193144/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rajini-murugan-gethu-tamil-screens-to-overflow-on-pongal/story-ZnEuPVj9fhA2CWYLjDFrhL.html |archive-date=29 January 2016 |access-date=19 March 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite the film's commercial success, it could not help the company overcome its financial crisis resulting in their subsequent ventures—''[[Idam Porul Yaeval]]'', ''Naan Thaan Siva'' and ''Ra Ra Rajasekhar''—becoming unreleased or ultimately halted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=31 January 2018 |title=Seenu Ramasamy on a filmmaking spree |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jan/31/seenu-ramasamy-goes-on-a-filmmaking-spree-4282.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808110540/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jan/31/seenu-ramasamy-goes-on-a-filmmaking-spree-4282.html |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2022 |title=Idam Porul Yaeval gets a clearance from High Court? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/oct/17/idam-porul-yaeval-gets-a-clearance-from-high-court-35722.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020152951/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/oct/17/idam-porul-yaeval-gets-a-clearance-from-high-court-35722.html |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2022 |title=Seenu Ramasamy's Idam Porul Yaeval, starring Vijay Sethupathi & Vishnu Vishal, to finally release soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/seenu-ramasamys-idam-porul-yaeval-starring-vijay-sethupathi-vishnu-vishal-to-finally-release-soon/articleshow/94925570.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020154055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/seenu-ramasamys-idam-porul-yaeval-starring-vijay-sethupathi-vishnu-vishal-to-finally-release-soon/articleshow/94925570.cms |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After sorting out the financial and legal issues, the company then returned to film industry by distributing lower-budget films [[Beginning (2023 film)|''Beginning'']] (2023), [[Rail (2024 film)|''Rail'']] and ''[[Thiru.Manickam]]'' (both 2024).<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2023 |title=Kamal Haasan to do a film for Lingusamy's production house to compensate Uttama Villain's loss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-to-do-a-film-for-lingusamys-production-house-to-compensate-uttama-villains-loss/articleshow/96718888.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118051556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-to-do-a-film-for-lingusamys-production-house-to-compensate-uttama-villains-loss/articleshow/96718888.cms |archive-date=18 January 2023 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Accusations towards Kamal Haasan ==
Lingusamy asserted on the film's failure being responsible for the company's financial problems at multiple instances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2022 |title=Lingusamy opens up about Uttama Villain's failure and why he doesn't blame Kamal Haasan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lingusamy-uttama-villain-failure-kamal-haasan-8234763/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028090210/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lingusamy-uttama-villain-failure-kamal-haasan-8234763/ |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=18 April 2024 |title=Lingusamy rubbishes rumors on 'Uttama Villain' being a profitable venture and Kamal Haasan's trajectories over 'Dhrishyam' remake rights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lingusamy-rubbishes-rumors-on-uttama-villain-being-a-profitable-venture-and-kamal-haasans-trajectories-over-dhrishyam-remake-rights/articleshow/109400735.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527170844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lingusamy-rubbishes-rumors-on-uttama-villain-being-a-profitable-venture-and-kamal-haasans-trajectories-over-dhrishyam-remake-rights/articleshow/109400735.cms |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In April 2024, in an interaction with [[Chitra Lakshmanan]], Lingusamy while reiterating the film's failure impacting the company, further accused Haasan claiming that he made significant changes to the script.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=18 May 2024 |title=Director Lingusamy opens up about Kamal Haasan's Uthama Villain setback, says his changes were not incorporated |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/director-lingusamy-opens-about-kamal-haasans-uthama-villain-setback-says-his-changes-were-not-incorporated/cafb3400ca469 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119235520/https://www.ottplay.com/news/director-lingusamy-opens-about-kamal-haasans-uthama-villain-setback-says-his-changes-were-not-incorporated/cafb3400ca469 |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> He pointed that he wanted to make a film on the lines of [[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|''Apoorva Sagodharargal'']] (1989) and ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' (1992) and Haasan had narrated the story based on it, which had [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] playing a parallel lead role. However, the several developments in the script found it difficult for Lingusamy to produce the venture.<ref name=":2" /> Stating that while making ''Uttama Villain'', Lingusamy provided several corrections but Haasan never incorporated it despite agreeing to.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=Lingusamy: 'Uttama Villain was the reason behind my financial crisis… I asked Kamal Haasan to make many changes in vain' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lingusamy-uttama-villain-was-the-reason-behind-my-financial-crisis-kamal-haasan-9278121/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503154213/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lingusamy-uttama-villain-was-the-reason-behind-my-financial-crisis-kamal-haasan-9278121/ |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Lingusamy further added that the production house had acquired the remake rights of ''[[Drishyam]]'' (2013) and was keen on remaking it with Haasan, who initially refused and later did the film with another producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=18 April 2024 |title=Lingusamy on 'Uttama Villain' failure: 'Kamal Haasan kept changing the script' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lingusamy-on-uttama-villain-failure-kamal-haasan-kept-changing-the-script-2528710-2024-04-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503110801/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lingusamy-on-uttama-villain-failure-kamal-haasan-kept-changing-the-script-2528710-2024-04-18 |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

After the film's release and underperformance, Haasan assured Lingusamy to do another film under {{INRConvert|30|c|year=2015}} budget to compensate the losses faced by the company, but the film was never materialised.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan may do another film for producer Lingusamy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kamal-haasan-may-do-another-film-for-producer-lingusamy-115071100212_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419095230/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kamal-haasan-may-do-another-film-for-producer-lingusamy-115071100212_1.html |archive-date=19 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |language=en-us }}</ref> In May 2024, Lingusamy's brother Subash Chandra Bose filed a case against Haasan at the Tamil Film Producers Council regarding this incident and further pledged the association to negotiate with Haasan and amicably solve the issue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2024 |title=Lingusamy files a complaint against Kamal Haasan with Producers Council for Uttama Villain: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/lingusamy-files-a-complaint-against-kamal-haasan-with-producers-council-for-uttama-villain-report-101714725645001.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606165338/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/lingusamy-files-a-complaint-against-kamal-haasan-with-producers-council-for-uttama-villain-report-101714725645001.html |archive-date=6 June 2024 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-us }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=3 May 2024 |title=Complaint filed against Kamal Haasan by 'Uttama Villain' producers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/complaint-filed-against-kamal-haasan-by-uttama-villain-producer-lingusamy-2534786-2024-05-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503110622/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/complaint-filed-against-kamal-haasan-by-uttama-villain-producer-lingusamy-2534786-2024-05-03 |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[P. L. Thenappan]], who shared a working relationship with Haasan as a producer and co-producer in several of his films, clarified on the dispute between Haasan and the makers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2024 |title=Producer and actor PL Thenappan clarifies on 'Uttama Villain' row; defends Kamal Haasan's side |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/producer-and-actor-pl-thenappan-clarifies-on-uttama-villain-row-defends-kamal-haasans-side/articleshow/110323811.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606085149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/producer-and-actor-pl-thenappan-clarifies-on-uttama-villain-row-defends-kamal-haasans-side/articleshow/110323811.cms |archive-date=6 June 2024 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=19 May 2024 |title=Kamal Haasan is not in the wrong: Producer PL Thenappan slams Lingusamy over Uttama Villain controversy |url=https://www.desimartini.com/movies/celebrities/kamal-haasan-is-not-in-the-wrong-producer-pl-thenappan-slams-lingusamy-over-uttama-villain-controversy/f99084280d347/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622055735/https://www.desimartini.com/movies/celebrities/kamal-haasan-is-not-in-the-wrong-producer-pl-thenappan-slams-lingusamy-over-uttama-villain-controversy/f99084280d347/ |archive-date=22 June 2024 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[Desimartini]] |language=en}}</ref> Thenappan, who was a former secretary of the TFPC, during ''Uttama Villain''<nowiki/>'s release claimed that Haasan had earlier signed an agreement with Thirrupathi Brothers, which was then transferred to Studio Green as Gnanavel Raja helped the company resolve the financial issues. He further added that Haasan had allocated dates from October–December 2015 but the producers either could not arrange funds or they did finalise a story until then, causing delays claiming that the issue was solved back then.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2024 |title=Producer PL Thenappan comes out in support of Kamal Haasan in Uttama Villain controversy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/producer-pl-thenappan-comes-out-in-support-of-kamal-haasan-in-uttama-villain-controversy-9344859/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525014930/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/producer-pl-thenappan-comes-out-in-support-of-kamal-haasan-in-uttama-villain-controversy-9344859/ |archive-date=25 May 2024 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lingaa loss issues|''Lingaa'' loss issues]] – controversy revolving over the financial performance of the [[Lingaa|2014 film]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2015 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:Controversies about films in India]]
[[Category:Salary controversies in film]]
[[Category:2015 controversies]]

Brahmavidya Upanishad

2026-01-13T14:46:28Z

AlvaJustice117: fix

{{short description|Sanskrit text, Yoga Upanishad}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = Aum Om navy blue circle coral.svg
| caption =Om
| name = Brahmavidya
| Devanagari = ब्रह्मविद्या
| Sanskrit_transliteration = [[Brahmavidya|Brahmavidyā]]
| meaning = Knowledge of ''[[Brahman]]''
| composition_date = ~100 BCE to 300 CE{{Sfn|Flood|1996|p=96}}
| type = [[Yoga]]{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|p=567}}
| Veda = [[Krishna Yajurveda]]
| chapters = 1
| verses = varies by manuscript (14 to 110)
| philosophy = Yoga, Vedanta
}}

The '''''Brahmavidya Upanishad''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: ब्रह्मविद्या उपनिषत्, [[IAST]]: Brahmavidyā Upaniṣad) is a Sanskrit text and one of the minor [[Upanishads]] of [[Hinduism]].{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=557, 713}} It is one of twenty [[Yoga Upanishads]] in the four [[Vedas]].{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=vii}}

Two major versions of its manuscripts are known. One has fourteen verses that is attached to Atharvaveda,{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=667-670}} while another larger manuscript exists in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|p=667}} language which has one hundred and ten verses and is attached to the [[Krishna Yajurveda]].{{Sfn|Prasoon|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=198-216}}

The Upanishad mainly explains the structure of [[Om]], aspect of its sound, its placement, its beginning and end, and the significance of the ''Laya'' (fading away of its sound).{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=252}}{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|p=668}} [[Om]] is [[Brahman]] (ultimate reality), asserts the text.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|p=667}} The text is notable for stating that gods live inside human body as five Atmans, with Vishnu in the throat, Rudra in the middle of the palate, Shiva in the forehead, Sadashiva at the tip of nose, and the Brahman in the heart.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=205}}{{Sfn|Larson| Bhattacharya |2008|p=610}} The innermost Atman, states the text, is same as the all transcendent Paramatman, the Brahman pervading everywhere.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=205-206}}

It is also called as '''''Brahmavidyopanishad'''''.{{Sfn|Karl H. Potter|1995|p=1472}}<ref>Vedic Literature, Volume 1, {{Google books|2YIoAAAAYAAJ|A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts|page=PA482}}, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras, India, page 482</ref> It is listed at number 40 in the serial order of the [[Muktika]] enumerated by [[Rama]] to [[Hanuman]] in the modern era [[anthology]] of 108 Upanishads.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=556-557}}

==Chronology==
The text was, states [[Mircea Eliade]], possibly composed after the [[Maitri Upanishad]]. He dates it in the same period as the didactic parts of the [[Mahabharata]], the chief [[Sannyasa]] Upanishads and along with other early Yoga Upanishads such as Brahmabindu, Ksurika, [[Tejobindu Upanishad|Tejobindu]], [[Yogatattva Upanishad|Yogatattva]], Nadabindu, Yogashikha, Dhyanabindu and [[Amritabindu Upanishad|Amritabindu]].<ref name=eliadeyif128/> These and the Brahmavidya text, adds Eliade, were composed earlier than the ten or eleven later yogic Upanishads such as the Yoga-kundali, Varaha and Pashupatabrahma Upanishads.<ref name=eliadeyif128>Mircea Eliade (1970), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|0-691017646}}, pages 128-129</ref>

[[Gavin Flood]] dates the Brahmavidya text, along with other Yoga Upanishads, to be probably from the 100 BCE to 300 CE period.{{Sfn|Flood|1996|p=96}}

==Contents==
{{Quote box
|quote ='''The secret knowledge of Yoga'''
<poem>
This science should be bestowed on a devoted pupil,
who looks up to his [[Guru]], and is dedicated,
to a [[Grihastha|householder]] or [[Brahmacharya|Brahmachari]],
to a [[Vanaprastha|Vanaprasthi]] or [[Sannyasa|mendicant]],
the yogic knowledge gives eternal bliss.
</poem>
|source = —''Brahmavidya Upanishad 46-56''{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|pp=verses 46-56}}{{Sfn|Larson| Bhattacharya |2008|p=610}}
|width = 35%
| bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
The ''Brahmavidya Upanishad'' has 110 verses. The key issues dealt with in the scripture are [[Brahmavidya]] – the knowledge of ''[[Brahman]]'', the character of Brahman, the [[Om]] symbol and an individual's nature of self-consciousness, human attachments and freedom therefrom.{{Sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|2008|p=609}}

The first ten verses say that Om is composed of the three syllables, naming ''A'', ''u'' and ''m''. The syllable “m” is added a diacritic ([[Anusvara]]) in the form of dot ([[bindu (symbol)|bindu]]) above it which gives the word a spiritual sound.{{Sfn|Vogel|1947|p=46}} The syllables are compared with three [[Veda]]s as well as three worlds – [[Svarga]] (heaven, upper realms), [[Prithvi]] (earth) and [[Patala]] (lower realms). It is stated as representing the sun, moon and fire ([[agni]]). The Sushumna ''[[Nadi (yoga)|Nadi]]'' (channel) which runs along the [[spinal cord]] of the body is described. The sun's brightness emanating from 72,000 channels is compared to the [[Sushumna]].{{Sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|2008|p=609}}

The chanting of Om by the sage causes him to be one with the Brahman, in a similar fashion as the sound of bells coalesce into “sound of [[peace]]” releasing him from his strong convictions.{{Sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|2008|p=609}} The sound of Om is compared to the sound made by a metallic vessel or the sound of a bell, which gradually terminates into silence.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|p=670}}

The supreme self (Atman), asserts the text, lives in the heart.{{Sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|2008|p=610}} To know that self, is to be released from all bondage.{{Sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|2008|p=610}} This knowledge is achieved with devotion and dedication to a preceptor (Guru), and consists in the realization of the nondual identity of the self and Brahman, accompanied by a renunciation of all attachments.{{Sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|2008|p=610}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|pp=verses 19-26}}

The text states that chanting the ''soham'' which means “I am that”, is akin to chanting Om and it enables realization of self in the same way as [[ghee]] (clarified butter) is sourced to milk. The chanting done, with the cords in the middle of the body, is compared to the realization one attains through yogic exercise of the [[Kundalini]]. The "Supreme Self" ([[Paramatman]]) is compared to the ''[[hamsa]]'' bird residing in the heart of all as soul; the self-realization of which frees one of worldly bondages.{{Sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|2008|p=610}}

{{Quote box
|quote ='''The [[Guru]]'''
<poem>
इत्येषं त्रिविधो ज्ञेय आचार्यस्तु महीतले ।
चोदको दर्शयेन्मार्गं बोधकः स्थानमाचरेत् ॥ ५२॥
मोक्षदस्तु परं तत्त्वं यज्ज्ञात्वा परमश्नुते ।
प्रत्यक्षयजनं देहे सङ्क्षेपाच्छृणु गौतम ॥ ५३॥

The best ''Acharya'' (Guru) is the prompter, the awakener, and the bestower of liberation. He points the path, shows the way to meditation practice. He awakens the means to know self through "That thou art, thou art that". He bestows liberation through the Brahman knowledge, "all is of my form, there is not even a speck beyond me".
</poem>
|source = —''Brahmavidya Upanishad 52-53''{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p=verses 52-53}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=207}}
|width = 35%
| bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
The practice of yogic exercises, through a [[guru]] (who is identified as the Lord), has the power to realize the ultimate self and Brahman, and thus detach oneself from the [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]], Veda and sciences and so forth. The realization of Paramatman is said to be achieved only via a guru or the Vedas. The nature of Paramatman is explained further and identified with the deities [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and [[Purusha]].{{Sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|2008|p=610}}

The text describes the difference between ''[[jiva]]'' (the living being) and ''Brahman'' (the infinite Self). Five selves are related to five ''Pancha-Brahma'' deities Brahma, Vishnu, Rudra, Maheshvara and Sadashiva. They are said to reside in "the heart, throat, palate, forehead and the tip of the nose" in the body.{{Sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|2008|p=610}} For example, Brahman is said to be positioned 12 [[aṅgula]] (a finger's breadth) from the extreme end of the nose. It is the location whose control can bring back the breath, and link it to the mind to achieve the secret of utmost happiness, which will be oblivious to the externalities of sight and feelings.{{Sfn|Nair|2007|p=76}}

Yoga, which enables one to attain to be rid of aspects of good and evil, is to be imparted only by a guru to a student who deserves it and has the sincerity of devotion and desire to learn it.{{Sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|2008|p=610}}

==Commentary==
A part of the text is found in chapter 8 of the ''Kubjika Upanishad'', states Jan Schoterman, in the discussion of the Pranava (Om).{{Sfn|Schoterman|1992|p=323}} [[Paul Deussen]] translated the shorter manuscript of the Upanishad with 14 verses.<ref>Deussen pp. 667–670</ref>

==See also==
*[[Brahma Upanishad]]
*[[Jabala Upanishad]]
*[[Yogatattva Upanishad]]
*[[Yoga Vasistha]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last= Ayyangar |first=TR Srinivasa |title=The Yoga Upanishads |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n241/mode/2up |year=1938 |publisher=The Adyar Library }}
*{{cite book|last= Deussen |first=Paul |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA665|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | author-link =Gavin Flood | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0521438780 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo }}

* {{cite book|first=Teun |last=Goudriaan |title=Ritual and Speculation in Early Tantrism: Studies in Honor of Andre Padoux |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvKkr0EjTP8C |year=1992|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0898-8}}
** {{harvc |last=Schoterman |first=Jan |c=The Kubjikā Upanisad and Its Atharvavedic Character |pages=313–326 |in=Goudriaan |year=1992}}

*{{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/brahmavidya.pdf |title= ब्रह्मविद्योपनिषत् (Brahmavidya Upanishad)|access-date=12 January 2016| language = sa|last= Hattangadi| first= Sunder| year= 2000 }}
*{{cite book|last1= Larson |first1=Gerald James |last2= Bhattacharya |first2=Ram Shankar |title=Yoga : India's Philosophy of Meditation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC&pg=PA609|year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3349-4}}
*{{cite book|last= Nair |first=Shantha N. |title=Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzFvE0IR7rkC&pg=PT216 |date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1020-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Nair |first=Sreenath |title=Restoration of Breath: Consciousness and Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OurFVARfq0C&pg=PA76| year=2007|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2306-2}}
*{{cite book|last= Prasoon |first=Prof.S.K. |title=Indian Scriptures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvmAwVXPKbQC&pg=PT82| year=2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1007-8}}
*{{cite book|author=Karl H. Potter|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Bibliography, Vol. 1. Sect. 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrAyj17GDM4C|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0308-4}}
*{{cite book|last= Vogel |first=Jean Ph. Vogel|title=India antiqua|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GckUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA46|year=1947|publisher=Brill Archive|id=GGKEY:5XD2J7XAQB6}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305140056/http://www.gayathrimanthra.com/contents/documents/Vedic-related/Brahmavidya_Upanishad.pdf Brahmavidya Upanishad] in Sanskrit

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Mukhya Upanishads}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]

Monirul Islam (politician)

2026-01-02T20:10:53Z

AlvaJustice117: adding a details - done

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{Other uses|Monirul Islam (disambiguation){{!}}Monirul Islam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Monirul Islam
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2011
| term_end = 2021
| predecessor = [[Nabanita Mukherjee]]
| successor = [[Abhijit Sinha]]
| constituency = [[Labpur Assembly constituency|Labpur]]
| birth_date ={{Birth year and age|1960}}
| birth_place = [[Birbhum district]], [[West Bengal]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| education =
}}
'''Monirul Islam''' (born 1960) was an Indian farmer, social worker and politician belonging to the [[Trinamool Congress]]. He served as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] for a decade.

==Early life and family==
Monirul Islam was born in 1960 to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in the [[Birbhum district]] of [[West Bengal]]. He was the son of Ahasan Ahamad and obtained his [[Higher Secondary Certificate]] from the Ramnagar Sahora Union High School in 1976.<ref name=bio>{{cite web|title=Monirul Islam (AITC)|website=My Neta|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=387|year=2011}}</ref>

==Career==
Islam contested in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as a [[Trinamool Congress]] candidate for [[Labpur Assembly constituency]], defeating former MLA and Marxist politician Nabanita Mukherjee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2011/labhpur/|title=Labhpur, 2011|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> He contested in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and was re-elected to Labpur after winning against Marxist candidate Syed Mahfuzul Karim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2016/labpur/|title=Labpur, 2016|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> Islam contested in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] on an independent ticket but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2021/labpur/|title=Labpur, 2021|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam, Monirul}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{WestBengal-BJP-politician-stub}}
{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Arshad Syed

2025-12-31T07:44:51Z

AlvaJustice117: Started new stub needs work...

{{Short description|Indian television and film writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''Arshad Sayed''' is an Indian television and film writer. His first movie as director will be ''Satra Ko Shaadi Hai''.

==Filmography==

=== Movies ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Movie
! Role
|-
|2025||'' [[Deva (2024 film)|Deva]]''|| Writer<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-pooja-hegde-starrer-deva-wraps-first-schedule/ |title=Shahid Kapoor, Pooja Hegde starrer Deva wraps up first schedule : Bollywood News |date=23 December 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|2021||'' Woh Ladki Hai Kahaan''|| Director/writer
|-
| 2020|| ''Satra Ko Shaadi Hai'' || Director
|-
| 2019|| ''[[Student of the Year 2]]'' || Writer
|-
| 2014|| ''[[Shaadi Ke Side Effects]]'' || Dialogues/Screenplay
|-
|2013|| ''[[Gori Tere Pyaar Mein]]'' || Story
|-
|2011 || ''[[Chalo Dilli]]'' || Story/Screenplay
|-
|2010 || ''[[Hum Tum Aur Ghost]]'' || Dialogues/Screenplay
|-
|2008 || ''[[Dasvidaniya]]'' || Writer
|-
|2007 || ''[[MP3: Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar]]'' ||
|-
|2007 || ''[[Go (2007 film)]]'' || Writer
|}

=== Television===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Show
! Role
|-
|2025
|''[[Bhay: The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery]]''
|writer
|-
| 2010-2013|| ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'' || Story/Dialogues/Screenplay
|-
| 2001-2004|| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' || Story/Dialogues/Screenplay
|-
| 2004|| ''[[The Great Indian Comedy Show]]'' || Writer
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1656334}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sayed, Arshad}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian television writers]]
[[Category:Indian male television writers]]

Pundalik

2025-11-25T18:31:58Z

AlvaJustice117:

{{POV|date=September 2023}}
{{Short description|Character in Hindu mythology}}
{{distinguish|Paundraka Vasudeva}}
{{Infobox deity|type=hindu
|name= Pundalik
|image= Pandharpur2013Ashad - panoramio (23).jpg
|caption = Pundalik's temple at Pandharpur
|affiliation = [[Varkari]]
}}

'''Pundalik''' ({{langx|mr|पुंडलिक}}) or '''Pundarika''' ({{Langx|kn|ಪುಂಡರೀಕ}}), ({{Langx|sa|पुण्डरीक|translit=Puṇḍarīka}}) was an Indian saint and a devotee of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity [[Vithoba]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-15 |title=The Story of Panduranga Vitthal and Pundalik, Pandharpur's Divinity |url=https://www.templepurohit.com/story-panduranga-vitthal-pundalik/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination {{!}} Bhakti, Shraddha Aur Ashirwad |language=en-US}}</ref> Vithoba is a [[Vaishnava]] deity, considered a reincarnation of [[Vishnu]] and [[Krishna]]. Pundalik is believed to have brought Vithoba to [[Pandharpur]], where the deity's main shrine stands today. He is also regarded as the historical founder of the [[Varkari]] sect, which is centered on the worship of Vithoba.

Pundalik was one of the earliest practitioners of [[Kundalini]] Yoga. As he was considered a master of Kundalini Yoga, people used to call him ''"Kundalik."'' Over time, the name evolved into "Pundalik," symbolising Kundalini energy in the form of Vitthala (also known as [[Pandurang|Panduranga]]). Vitthala of [[Pandharpur]] is regarded as an incarnation of [[Lord Vishnu|Vishnu]] or [[Lord Krishna|Krishna]]. According to legends, Vitthala also represents the symbol of [[Kundalini]] energy. However, in Hinduism, this energy is believed to spiritually reside within all beings.

The brick on which Vitthala stands represents the ''[[Muladhara]] Chakra'', the foundation of Kundalini energy. His hands, positioned like bows, symbolise the ''Ida'' and ''Pingala [[nadi]]s'', which intersect at the central channel of the body, known as the ''[[Sushumna]]'' or ''Brahma [[nadi]]''. His body represents ''Purusha'', signifying [[Vishnu]] or [[Krishna]], while the ''tilaka'' (the mark on his forehead) represents the ''[[Ajna]] Chakra'' (also known as the ''Guru Chakra'' or ''Third-Eye Chakra''). This subtle energy centre, believed to be located between the eyebrows along the spinal column, is mentioned by [[Krishna]] in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.

==History==
Pundalik is a historical figure associated with the establishment and propagation of the Vithoba-centric Varkari sect.<ref>Sand (1990) p. 35</ref> [[Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar]] considers him the founder of the sect and the one who spread it in the Maratha region.<ref name="Bhandarkar125126">Bhandarkar (1995) pp. 125–26</ref>

Frazer, Edwards, and P. R. Bhandarkar (1922) suggest that Pundalik attempted to unify the worship of Shiva and Vishnu, with this tradition originating in Karnataka.<ref name="Sand37">Sand (1990) p. 37</ref> Ranade (1933) believes that Pundalik, a Kannada saint, was not only the founder of the Varkari tradition but also the first great devotee or high priest of the Pandharpur temple.<ref>Ranade (1933) pp. 183–84</ref> Upadhyaya supports the priest theory but rejects the idea of Pundalik’s Kannada origin.<ref name="Sand37" />

Tulpule also accepts that Pundalik was the historical founder of the Varkari sect but refrains from assigning a specific date to him due to a "lack of authentic evidence."<ref name="Sand37" /> According to M. S. Mate, Pundalik played a key role in persuading the [[Hoysala]] king [[Vishnuvardhana]] to build the Pandharpur temple dedicated to Vishnu, placing him in the early 12th century.<ref name="Sand38">Sand (1990) p. 38</ref>

Deleury (1960) believes that Pundalik was a mystic influenced by the Vaishnava [[Haridasa]] sect of [[Karnataka]] and that he brought a significant transformation in the worship of Vithoba. He not only founded the Varkari sect but was also the first to identify Vithoba with [[Vishnu]]. Pundalik's fame led to the renaming of Pandharpur as ''Paundrika-Kshetra''—the sacred place of Pundalik.<ref name="Sand38" />

Other scholars, such as Raeside (1965), Dhanpalvar (1972), and Vaudeville (1974), have questioned the historicity of Pundalik altogether, dismissing him as a mythical figure.

In his analysis of the text Panduranga Mahatmya by Sridhar (discussed in the "Legend" section ahead), Raeside suggests that the legend of the devotee Pundalik could have been nothing more than a derivative of a [[Puranic]] legend.<ref>Raeside (1965) p. 85</ref> Dhanpalvar strongly agreed with this possibility.<ref>Sand (1990) p. 39</ref> Vaudeville observed that the legend of Pundalik of Pandharpur closely resembles the story of Pundarika, the devotee of Vishnu, from the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>Sand (1990) p. 140</ref>

Religious historian [[R.C. Dhere]], a [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] winner for his book ''Sri Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvaya'', opines that the identification of Vithoba with Vishnu led to the transformation of the Shaiva ([[Shiva]]-related) Pundarika shrine into the Vaishnava shrine of the devotee Pundalik. The main argument supporting this hypothesis is that Pundalik’s memorial shrine is a Shaiva shrine, rather than a Vaishnava one, as it contains a ''Shiva [[Linga]]'', the symbolic representation of Shiva.<ref>Sand (1990) p. 40</ref>

==Legends==
[[File:Vithoba Pundalik.jpg|thumb|Image of a [[gopuram]] of a Pandharpur temple near Vithoba's central temple, depicting Vithoba (standing dark figure, left) waiting on the brick as Pundalik (centre) serves his parents.]]
Texts that narrate the legend of Pundalik and Vithoba can be categorised into three traditions: the Varkari tradition, the Brahmin tradition, and what Raeside refers to as a "third tradition," which incorporates elements of both Varkari and Brahmin traditions. The Varkari texts are written in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], the Brahmin texts in [[Sanskrit]], and the texts of the "third tradition" are Marathi compositions authored by Brahmins.

The Varkari texts include ''Bhaktalilamrita'' and ''Bhaktavijaya'' by [[Mahipati]], ''Pundalika-Mahatmya'' by [[Bahinabai]], and a long ''abhanga'' by [[Namdev]]. All these texts narrate the legend of Pundalik.

The Brahmin texts comprise:
* Two versions of ''Panduranga-Mahatmya'' from the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' (consisting of 900 verses),
* ''Panduranga-Mahatmya'' from the ''[[Padma Purana]]'' (consisting of 1,200 verses),
* ''Bhima-Mahatmya'', also from the ''Padma Purana'', and
* Another ''Panduranga-Mahatmya'', found in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]''.<ref name="Sand56">Sand (1990) p. 56</ref><ref>Sand (1990) p. 33</ref><ref>For the complete English translation of ''Bhaktavijaya'', which narrates the legend of Pundalik see ''Stories of Indian Saints'' (1988) by Mahīpati, Justin Edwards Abbott, and Narhar R. Godbole.</ref>

The "third tradition" is represented in two works:
* ''Panduranga-Mahatmya'' by the Brahmin Sridhara (consisting of 750 verses), and
* Another work of the same name by Prahlada Maharaj (consisting of 181 verses).<ref>Sand (1990) p. 34</ref><ref name="sridhra">For a complete Marathi text and English translation of ''Panduranga-Mahatmya'' by Sridhara see Raeside (1965) pp. 81-100</ref>

There are three versions of the Pundalik legend, two of which appear as textual variants in the ''Skanda Purana'' (1.34–67).

According to the first version, the ascetic Pundarika (Pundalik) is described as a devotee of Vishnu, dedicated to serving his parents. The god [[Gopal (Krishna)|Gopala]]-Krishna, a form of Vishnu, arrives from [[Govardhan]]a as a cowherd, accompanied by his grazing cows, to meet Pundarika. Krishna is depicted in a ''digambara'' (unclothed) form, adorned with ''makara-kundala'' (crocodile-shaped earrings), the ''srivatsa'' mark, a headdress of peacock feathers, and with his hands resting on his hips while holding a cowherd’s staff between his thighs.

Pundarika requests Krishna to remain in this form on the banks of the Chandrabhaga River, believing that his presence will make the site both a ''[[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]]'' (a sacred place near a water body) and a ''[[kshetra]]'' (a sacred place near a temple).<ref name="Sand41f">Sand (1990) pp. 41–42</ref> This location is identified as modern-day Pandharpur, situated on the banks of the Chandrabhaga. The description of Krishna in this legend closely resembles the features of the Pandharpur image of Vithoba.<ref>Bakker (1990) p. 78</ref>

The second version of the legend describes Vithoba appearing before Pundalik as ''[[Bala Krishna]]'' the five-year-old child form of Krishna. This version is found in manuscripts of both Puranas, the work of Prahlada Maharaj, and the writings of poet-saints, notably Tukaram.<ref>Sand (1990) p. 50</ref>

The third version of the Pundalik legend appears in Sridhara’s work and as a variant in the Padma Purana. In this account, Pundalik, a Brahmin deeply in love with his wife, neglects his aged parents. However, after meeting the sage Kukkuta, he undergoes a transformation and dedicates his life to serving them.

One day, Krishna arrives at ''Dandivana'' forest, near Pundalik’s house, searching for his angry wife, [[Rukmini]], who has left him. After some coaxing, Krishna pacifies Rukmini and then visits Pundalik, finding him engaged in serving his parents. To avoid interrupting his service, Pundalik throws a brick outside for Krishna to stand on. Krishna waits patiently on the brick until Pundalik completes his duties.

Impressed by Pundalik’s devotion, Krishna grants him a boon. Pundalik requests that his deity, in the form of Vithoba—standing arms akimbo on the brick—remain there with Rukmini, as ''Rakhumai'', to bless devotees forever.<ref name="Bhandarkar125126" /><ref name="sridhra" /><ref name="Sand41f" /><ref>Pande (2008) p. 508</ref>

==In popular culture==
''[[Panduranga Mahatyam (film)|Panduranga Mahatyam]]'', 1957 Telugu film based on his life story, as is the Marathi film, ''[[Bhakta Pundalik]]'' (1975), also ''[[Shree Pundalik]]'' (1912), a silent film.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==

* {{cite book|title=Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems|author= Bhandarkar, Ramakrishna Gopal|author-link= Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5zKrCIBmBwC&dq=Vithoba&pg=PA125 |pages= 124–27|year=1995|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-0122-X|orig-year=1913}}
* {{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=McwUAAAAIAAJ&dq=Hoysala+literature&pg=PA64 |title=The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature|author = Bakker, Hans|year = 1990|publisher = BRILL|isbn = 90-04-09318-4|access-date=2008-09-20}}
* {{cite journal|url = http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2008/PB_2008_September.pdf|title = The Vithoba of Pandharpur|journal = Prabuddha Bharata|volume = 113|issue = 9|access-date = 2008-10-29|author = Pande, Dr Suruchi|date = September 2008|publisher = Advaita Ashrama: the Ramakrishna Order started by Swami [[Vivekananda]]|pages = 504–8|issn = 0032-6178|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081221081744/http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2008/PB_2008_September.pdf|archive-date = 2008-12-21}}
* {{cite journal|jstor= 611710|title= The "Pāṇḍuranga-Māhātmya" of Śrīdhar|journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume = 28|issue = 1|author = Raeside, I. M. P.| year= 1965|publisher = Cambridge University Press on behalf of [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], [[University of London]]|pages= 81–100|issn = 0041-977X|doi= 10.1017/S0041977X00056779 |s2cid= 163780933}}
* {{cite book|title= INDIAN MYSTICISM: Mysticism in Maharashtra |author= Ranade, Ramchandra Dattatraya|url= https://archive.org/details/historyofindianp029240mbp|format=PDF|publisher= Aryabhushan Press|year=1933|series= History of Indian Philosophy|volume= 7}}
* {{cite book|author= Sand, Erick Reenberg|chapter= The Legend of Puṇḍarīka: The Founder of Pandharpur|pages= 33–61|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPgBdyxD5MkC&dq=The+Legend+of+Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dar%C4%ABka:+the+Founder+of+Pandharpur&pg=PA33| title=The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature|editor = Bakker, Hans|isbn=90-04-09318-4|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]]|location=Leiden|year = 1990}}
* {{cite journal|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Wq4IAAAAQAAJ&dq=Vitthal&pg=PA64|title= On the Intermixture of Buddhism with Brahmanism in the religion of the Hindus of the Dekhan| journal = The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume = 7| access-date= 2008-11-04 |author = Stevenson, Rev. J| year= 1843|publisher = periodical [[Royal Asiatic Society]] of Great Britain and Ireland|pages= 1–8|issn = 1356-1863|location = London | doi=10.1017/s0035869x00155625}}

[[Category:Warkari]]
[[Category:People in Hindu mythology]]

Nat (caste)

2025-10-27T18:57:53Z

AlvaJustice117: adding details - done

{{short description|Hindu Social group in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{POV|date=August 2023}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}

{{Infobox ethnic group|
| image = File:Nuts, jugglers and acrobats, low caste Hindoos, Delhi (NYPL b13409080-1125433).jpg
| group = Nat
| poptime =
| popplace = [[North India]] {{*}} [[Pakistan]]
| region1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| pop1 = 214,344 (2011)
| region2 = [[Bihar]]
| pop2 = 166,987 (2023){{Efn|Hindu and Muslim}}
| region3 = [[Rajasthan]]
| pop3 = 65,904 (2011)
| langs = Regional dialects
| rels = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] {{*}} [[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]
| related = [[Bazigar]] • [[Perna (caste)|Perna]]
}}

The '''Nat''' are a [[Caste system in India|caste]] found in northern [[India]]. Their traditional occupation has been that of entertainers and dancers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parameswaran|first=Felix Gaedtke, Gayatri|title=Nat Purwa: Where prostitution is a tradition|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/1/19/nat-purwa-where-prostitution-is-a-tradition|access-date=2021-12-20|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>

==History and origin==
Those of Bihar claim a [[Rajput]] origin, and have traditions similar to the [[Bazigar]] caste. The word ''nat'' in [[Sanskrit]] means a dancer, and the Nat were traditionally entertainers and jugglers. They have fourteen sub-groups, being the Nituria, Rarhi, Chhabhayia, Tikulhara, Tirkuta, Pushtia, Rathore, Solanki, Kazarhatia, Kathbangi, Banwaria, Kougarh, Lodhra, Korohia, and Gulgulia or Gauleri. The Nat maintain strict clan [[exogamy]], and each clan is of equal status.<ref name="poi722">People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part Two edited by Surendra Gopal and Hetukar Jha, pages 722-725</ref>

In [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], the Nat claim to be by origin [[Brahmin]] of [[Marwar]], whose duty was supply of funeral pyres. On a particular occasion, as the community was transporting the funeral pyre, a member of the party died. This was seen as a bad omen, and the community were outcastes. They therefore took the occupation of dancing. They are closely connected with the Bazigar community, who are the jugglers of Punjab. But the two communities remain distinct, and do not intermarry. The community have [[Scheduled Caste]] status, and are found mainly in the districts of [[Gurdaspur]] and [[Amritsar]].<ref name="poi722"/>

In [[Haryana]], Nat traditions say that they are descended from two [[Chamar]] brothers, Asa and Basa. The community is divided along religious lines, with a separate and distinct community of Muslim Nat. There traditional occupation was that of an acrobat and entertainer, and provided entertainment to the courts of the various princes.<ref name="poi380">People of India Haryana Volume XXIII edited by M.K Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 380 to 385 Manohar</ref>

== Language ==
{{Redirect-distinguish-text|Naṭī language|the [[Nāti language]] of Vanuatu}}
The Nats do not have a distinct language of their own, but instead speak the regional dialects of the areas they are found in. Grierson, however, reported in 1922 that the Nat groups additionally use an artificial [[Cant (language)|secret language]], known by names such as ''naṭī'', ''naṭõ kī bolī, khara khare''. The variety of this language used in Uttar Pradesh shows some features typical of [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]].<ref>{{LSI|11|chapter = Naṭī|pp=121–23}}</ref>

==Present circumstances==
===Bihar===
According to the 2023 Bihar caste census the Nat community has a population of 166,987, of which 105,358 (63.09%) are Hindu and 61,629 (36.91%) Muslim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Caste Wise Population Share Full List: बिहार में किस जाति की कितनी संख्या, आबादी में कितना प्रतिशत हिस्सेदारी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-caste-survey-counting-census-full-list-population-share-percent-obc-ebc-upper-caste-muslim-hindu-sc-st-8792660.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> The community is now associated with cattle trading, with poorer members being [[Aggressive panhandling|professional beggars]]. Like other nomadic communities they are extremely marginalised. They speak the [[Magahi language]] and are found in [[Gaya district|Gaya]], [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] and [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]] districts. There are also some Nats in [[Muzaffarpur district]] who primarily speak [[Bajjika]] and now claim use the surname ''Rai''.<ref name="poi722"/>

The Hindu Nats are classified as a Scheduled Caste while the Muslim Nats are classified as Extremely Backward Class (EBC) in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-01 |title=Pasmanda outfit cites Bihar OBC, EBC list to demand caste census for Muslims |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/pasmanda-outfit-cites-bihar-obc-ebc-list-to-demand-caste-census-for-muslims-7481587/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Punjab===
The Nat are a poor landless community and they are mainly engaged as unskilled labourers. They have now abandoned their traditional occupation of rope dancing. The community is strictly endogamous, and consist of a number of clans, the main ones being the Muchal, Bhati and Puwar. Like other Hindu communities, they practice clan exogamy. The community was nomadic, but they are now settled. They remain one of the most marginal communities in Punjab.<ref>People of India Punjab Volume XXXVII edited by I.J.S Bansal and Swaran Singh pages 334 to 337 Manohar</ref>

===Haryana===
The Nat in Haryana remain a semi-nomadic community found mainly in the districts of [[Karnal]], [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Rohtak]]. They speak the [[Haryanvi language]] and understand [[Hindi]]. The Nat consist of a number of exogamous clans, the main ones being the Dagariya, Sansebar, Baraike, Khoyareke, Paharike, Nangariye, Dhadhasiya, Palike, Jirmichya, Dangiya, Kotiya, Shirkarake, Dilwati, Occhluke, Rashidiya, and Badanke. The Nat are no longer involved in their traditional occupation, and are now largely landless agriculture workers, migrating to different places in search of employment.<ref name="poi380"/>

===Uttar Pradesh===
The [[2011 Census of India]] for Uttar Pradesh showed the total Nat Scheduled Caste population (Hindus only) as 214,344.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A10/SC-0900-PCA-A-10-ddw.xlsx |title= A-10 Individual Scheduled Caste Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix - Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref> There are two endogamous sub-groups in the state, being the Bajania Nat and the Brijbasi Nat

====Bajania Nat====
Bajania Nat get their name from the Hindi word ''bajana'', which means to play a musical instruments. They were traditionally the acrobats and tumblers of village India. The Bajania are largely a nomadic community, with the community establishing camps at the end of villages. The Nat are further divided into five groups, the Karnat, Kalabaz, who are also known as Thakur Nat, the Kabutar Bhanmata, the Chamar Nat, and finally the Muslim Nat, which are now practically a separate and distinct community. Each of these sub-grouping was associated with a particular occupation, the Karnat were singers, while the Kalabaz were acrobats. The five sub-divisions are further sub-divided into clans, known as [[gotra]]s. Among the Karnat, the main gotras are the Mutana, Chapaneri, Rangni, Nakna, Sakodaria, Makriyana and Gagolia. Marriages are strictly prohibited within the clan. With the exception of the Muslim Nat, all the subgroups are Hindu and their tribal deities are [[Kali]] Maiya and Bundela.<ref name="poi128">People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part One edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 128 to 135 Manohar Publications</ref>

The traditional occupation of the Nat in Uttar Pradesh was village entertainer, and they were acrobats, jugglers, tightrope walkers and singers. With the growth in televisions, the community has seen a decline in their traditional occupations, which has led to a decline in their economic circumstances. This is seen in the prevalence of child labour among the community. Furthermore, as a [[Dalit]] community, they often suffer from societal discrimination. Each of their encampment consists of a caste council, known as path. The panth resolves intra community disputes, and also acts as a crude welfare association.<ref name="poi128"/>

====Brijbasi Nat====
{{Distinguish|Brij Bhasha}}
The Brijbasi Nat name figuratively means an inhabitant of Brij or modern day [[Mathura]], and as such they are a territorial grouping, their name meaning the Nat of Braj country. The community is found mainly in [[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]], [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]], [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]], [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]], [[Budaun district|Budaun]], [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]], [[Etawah district|Etawah]] and [[Agra district]]s. They speak [[Braj Bhasha]] and are Hindus. The Brijbasi have [[Durga]] as their tribal deity.<ref name="poi355">People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part One edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 355 to 357Manohar Publications</ref>

They are strictly endogamous, and practice clan exogamy. The Brijbasi community consists of seven clans, namely the Bijrawat, Dharam Saut, Kakera, gwal, Kurra, Mucchar and Wadaut. Marriages are strictly prohibited within the clan. The Brijbasi are a landless community, and they are mainly musicians and dancers. At the time of social functions, they are required to perform for their patrons, who tend to belong to the locally dominant castes. But a greater number are now employed as wage labourers. They live in multi-caste villages, but occupy their own distinct quarters. As a Dalit community, they often suffer from societal discrimination. Each of their settlement contains an informal caste council, known as a biradari panchayat. The panchayat acts as instrument of social control, dealing with issues such as divorce and adultery.<ref name="poi355"/>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Punjab]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Haryana]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Bihar]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Delhi]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Odisha]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]

Malasar people

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AlvaJustice117: adding new data - done

{{for|the village|Malasar (village)}}
'''Malasar Tribe''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]] : மலைசர்) are a designated [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] in the Indian states of [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |pages=26–27 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |accessdate=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archivedate=7 November 2013 }}</ref> The Malasar Tribe people are one of the earliest known inhabitants of the [[Western Ghats]], in [[Anaimalai Hills]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} ''[[Malasar language|Malasar]]'' is an unclassified [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern Dravidian language]] spoken by a [[Scheduled tribe]] of [[India]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India| ]]
[[Category:Adivasi]]
{{India-ethno-stub}}

List of Odia films of 1974

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AlvaJustice117: adding new entry - done

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1974:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1974 in film|1974]]'''
|-
|''[[Mana Akasha]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Mana Akasha|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0249781/|access-date=2019-02-02}} {{unreliable?|date=September 2022}}</ref>||[[Nitai Palit]]||[[Shriram Panda]], [[Tripura Misra]], [[Shanti Swaroop]]|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1974 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1974]]
[[Category:Lists of 1974 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1974 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1970s in Orissa]]

Kaptanganj Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:10:21Z

AlvaJustice117: new new info initial version - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kaptanganj
| map_image = 308-Kaptanganj.svg
| mla = [[Kavindra Chaudhary]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Basti district|Basti]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,65,410
| constituency_no = 308
}}

'''Kaptanganj''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Kaptanganj in the [[Basti district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/kaptanganj-mla-results|title=KAPTANGANJ Election Result 2017, Uttar Pradesh|publisher=NDTV|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2017-1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kaptanganj-election-results-2017-live-chandra-prakash-of-bjp-wins-1358742.html|title=Kaptanganj Election Results 2017 Live: Chandra Prakash of BJP Wins|publisher=News18|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2017-2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017/articleshow/56804891.cms|title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2017|publisher=Times Of India|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>

Kaptanganj is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Basti Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 308 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Kaptanganj Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kaptanganj.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Ram Lakhan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Milan Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Ambika Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |Krishan Kinkar Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Ram Prasad Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Chandra Prakash Shukla]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Kavindra Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaptanganj<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Kavindra Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:94273}}
|percentage = 43.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Chandra Prakash Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:70094}}
|percentage = 32.46
|change = {{decrease}}2.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Zaheer Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:40381}}
|percentage = 18.7
|change = {{decrease}}12.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ambika Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3527}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change = {{decrease}}28.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1221}}
|percentage = 0.57
|change = {{decrease}}0.38
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24179}}
|percentage = 11.2
|change = {{increase}}7.8
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215925}}
|percentage = 59.09
|change = {{increase}}0.92
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===

This seat belonged to [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''[[Chandra Prakash Shukla]]''' who won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate '''[[Ram Prasad Chaudhary]]''' by a margin of 6,827 votes.<ref name="election2017-3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kaptanganj.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Kaptanganj<ref name="election2017"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chandra Prakash Shukla]]
|votes = {{formatnum:70527}}
|percentage = 35.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Ram Prasad Chaudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:63700}}
|percentage = 31.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Krishna Kinkar Singh Rana
|votes = {{formatnum:60142}}
|percentage = 29.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1898}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6827}}
|percentage = 3.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:201124}}
|percentage = 58.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}0.69
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Kaptanganj<ref name="election2012">{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2012 Results|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Ram Prasad Chaudhary]]
|votes = 67,416
|percentage = 36.05
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Trayambak Nath
|votes = 56,346
|percentage = 30.13
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Krishna Kinkar Singh Rana
|votes = 46,636
|percentage = 24.94
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ganesh Narayan Mishra
|votes = 5,741
|percentage = 3.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 11 candidates
|votes = 10,853
|percentage = 5.80
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 11,070
|percentage = 5.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,86,992
|percentage = 59.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* https://www.expressmorning.online/2021/07/kaptanganj.html

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.93|83.71|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Basti district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Barsaat Ki Ek Raat

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AlvaJustice117: quick improve citations for consistency and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Anusandhan (1981 film)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}